diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38bbf744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[alias]
+xtask = "run --quiet --package xtask --"
+
+[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
+rustflags = ["-C", "target-feature=+simd128"]
diff --git a/.changeset/config.json b/.changeset/config.json
index 92dff1ee..12e6b9c0 100644
--- a/.changeset/config.json
+++ b/.changeset/config.json
@@ -7,13 +7,6 @@
   "access": "public",
   "baseBranch": "main",
   "updateInternalDependencies": "patch",
-  "ignore": [
-    "@latkit/colors-example",
-    "@latkit/linked-example",
-    "@latkit/monitor-example",
-    "@latkit/network-example",
-    "@latkit/video-example",
-    "@latkit/diagram-example",
-    "@latkit/benchmark"
-  ]
+  "privatePackages": { "version": false, "tag": false },
+  "ignore": []
 }
diff --git a/.changeset/data-contract.md b/.changeset/data-contract.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75e4a31d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/data-contract.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+'latkit': minor
+---
+
+Patches are bytes written in TypeScript, datasets change in place, and types come from latkit's schema both ways.
+
+- Added: `Patch` without WebAssembly (`Patch.to(dataset)`, `fromBytes`, `stream`, `extend`), `Data.read` for latkit bytes and GeoJSON, `data.snapshot()`, queries' `ids`, `total`, and `contains`, `outputs.ts` (events, hits, stats, work, descriptions), and the documentation on Read the Docs.
+- Changed: `data.apply(patch)` changes the dataset in place; selections, row fits, `select` and `delete` events, and `neighbors` are row sets `{ data, table, ids }`; `Hit.mark` is the mark's name; picks, locations, and layouts reject with `timeout` past a deadline; `view.arrange()` answers patches that name their datasets; field kinds name geometries (`point`, `path`, `parts`, `polygons`); pictures and videos no longer make the pipelines only input needs.
+- Renamed: `put` to `replace`, a query's `where` to `filter`, vertices' `status` to `ring`, `rings` and (off plots) `trace` to `geometry`, `{ colormap: value, map }` to `{ colormap: map, value }`, `{ scale: value, range }` to `{ scale: [low, high], value }`, grid pitches to `{ lines: { pitch } }` and `{ dots: { pitch, snap } }`, the `'earth'` space to `'mercator'`, `forms.ts` to `inputs.ts`, and the error code `load` to `io`.
+- Removed: `geojson()` (`Data.read`), `Data.fromBytes`, patch handles and their `destroy()`, `removeTiles` (`removeData`), and bare numbers as row counts (`{ count }`).
diff --git a/.changeset/foundation.md b/.changeset/foundation.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5941c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/foundation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+'latkit': minor
+---
+
+Histories fetched in spans, and a frame's work follows what changed.
+
+- Added: time tiles. `view.setTiles(name, url)` opens a `frames.json` manifest, as `latkit tile` writes it, and fetches the spans of each sampled field's history its lines draw, at the detail they draw; a span still loading draws the coarser one above it.
+- Added: `Patch.frames(table, field, { level, first }, at, values)`, a run of a sampled field's entries, as a time tile holds them.
+- Changed: errors reading JSON (scenes, cameras, fits, queries, rows, budgets, shots) name the path to what could not be read, such as `scene.marks[2].vertices.color`.
+- Changed: a patch evaluates only the pages it wrote; a transition evaluates once and blends each frame; rows drawn through tiles keep their places while the camera moves, so only arriving rows upload; the views of a `Gpu` share its budget, none planning past it together.
diff --git a/.changeset/opening.md b/.changeset/opening.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4155aa2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/opening.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+---
+'latkit': minor
+---
+
+Views open in the time of their slowest pipeline with no frame held back and compile a third fewer pipelines, a patch costs the rows it changed, an edit of a diagram derives only what it reaches, text sets its fields on the GPU, geometry no longer answers the pointer unless asked, and diagrams draw what focus and drags mean.
+
+- Added: `gpu.step(now)` draws one frame now, and from the first no animation frames are asked for: a harness steps every frame itself; `gpu.done()` resolves once the GPU finished what was submitted, every readback landed, and every pipeline asked for compiled; `gpu.landed()` once work a view waits on lands after the call, or a view asks for a frame; `view.wantsFrame`.
+- Added: `Work.late` counts pipelines made without being asked for ahead; `Waiting` names `compiling` while the pipelines a view draws with compile.
+- Changed: a view asks for every pipeline its scene can use the first time it draws, and the browser compiles them off its GPU thread, the largest first: what it draws with all at once, the view drawing once that landed and keeping its last frame until then; what lights rows, probes, and answers picks a few at a time while frames draw, those waiting until it landed. No frame waits on a compile and nothing compiles where it is first used; `complete` waits for all of it.
+- Changed: the wasm is built without wasm-opt: as small over the wire, and views open sooner, the browser no longer compiling one giant function before their first frame.
+- Changed: one probe program per kind of mark answers the hover, picks, boxes, and `locate`, a step at a time: a page compiles about a third fewer pipelines and finishes opening sooner.
+- Changed: `pick` lists every row within reach, however many: a mark with more than 1,024 asks again with room for all of them.
+- Changed: text sets its distance fields on the GPU, every run set in a frame at once: the host only rasterizes, so labels fill in faster.
+- Changed: an edit of the values a diagram sizes and places rows by derives only the rows it wrote and what they reach: their boxes, the groups around them, and the wires they move. A text column written over codes only the rows written.
+- Changed: appends one after another to a table, as a stream of frames makes, write as one change.
+- Changed: unless `pick` says, rows that are things answer the pointer (vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry does not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts, borders, roads); `pick: true` makes a map's states or cells answer it.
+- Changed: a fit in a diagram frames its sheet, blocks and wires, at once without a readback; labels place once a fit has moved the camera; a mark with no rows no longer holds a fit back.
+- Changed: a patch of values in a table drawn in part writes only the rows whose values changed.
+- Changed: a `drag` event's `position` is where the dragged row goes: where it was grabbed, moved as the pointer moved, snapped to a diagram's dots when its grid snaps.
+- Changed: error paths run through the mark's kind, as its JSON does: `marks[2].vertices.color`.
+- Changed: the expression node types are named for what they are: `FieldNode`, `ColorNode`, … `ColormapNode`; a size in units is `Units`, your own colormap `CustomColormap`.
+- Fixed: lines seen up close no longer break up or vanish: a stroke reaching behind the eye is cut at the near plane instead of dropped, and its pixels are placed on screen however differently deep its ends lie.
+- Fixed: a hovered or selected group glows about its border instead of hiding what it holds; a lit block keeps its ports on top; wires stop at the rims of ports, so arrowheads show; rounded wires draw no stray junction dots; an unlabeled block makes room for its ports; great circles settle while their vertices animate.
+- Fixed: ports and group borders read against light themes.
diff --git a/.changeset/panel-text.md b/.changeset/panel-text.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95a728b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/panel-text.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+'latkit': patch
+---
+
+Keep font-atlas uploads in command order when several views render before one GPU submission.
+Multi-panel pictures and videos now retain every panel's titles, axis labels, and legends.
diff --git a/.changeset/release-contract.md b/.changeset/release-contract.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa94f8de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/release-contract.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+'latkit': minor
+---
+
+Establish the LATK v1 format and tighten the npm, Rust, and CLI release contracts.
+
+- LATK now has a versioned header, 64-bit absolute sample indexes, explicit stored detail levels, and bounded decoding. Regenerate earlier unversioned files and time tiles from their source data.
+- Added `latkit/core` for DOM-free builders and CPU-only Rust expressions, queries, and data loading.
+- Fixed video cancellation and output cleanup, arbitrary query field names, URL resolution, and shared GPU device callback ownership.
+- Public declarations and API/CLI references now come from checked sources. Packages include consistent MIT licensing and third-party notices.
+- Releases verify the installed npm tarball and both Cargo artifacts, and resume missing publications safely before tagging.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 5127d909..ef3877f8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,14 +1,70 @@
 name: CI
 
+# What a release depends on: the crates build, pass their tests, document, and package on every
+# platform they ship to; the npm tarball works in a consumer; the docs build. Frame budgets and the
+# benchmark need a GPU, which runners lack: run `cargo xtask check` and `cargo xtask bench` locally.
 on:
   pull_request:
   push:
-    branches:
-      - main
+    branches: [main]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+# A new push to a pull request cancels its older run; every commit to main runs to the end, since
+# the release waits on it.
+concurrency:
+  group: ci-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+  CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0
 
 jobs:
-  quality:
+  # What a pull request touched; a push to main checks everything.
+  changes:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: read
+    outputs:
+      rust: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || steps.filter.outputs.rust == 'true' }}
+      npm: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || steps.filter.outputs.npm == 'true' }}
+      docs: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || steps.filter.outputs.docs == 'true' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v4
+        id: filter
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+        with:
+          filters: |
+            rust: &rust
+              - 'crates/**'
+              - 'xtask/**'
+              - '.cargo/**'
+              - '*.toml'
+              - 'Cargo.lock'
+              - 'docs/reference/**'
+              - '.github/workflows/ci.yml'
+            npm:
+              - *rust
+              - 'npm/**'
+              - 'benchmark/**'
+              - 'package.json'
+              - 'pnpm-*.yaml'
+              - '*.config.*'
+              - 'tsconfig*.json'
+            docs:
+              - 'docs/**'
+              - '.readthedocs.yaml'
+              - 'npm/test/consumer/quickstart.ts'
+              - '.github/workflows/ci.yml'
+
+  # Prettier over every file: cheap, and any pull request can unformat one.
+  format:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 10
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v6
@@ -20,30 +76,68 @@ jobs:
           cache: pnpm
       - run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
       - run: pnpm format:check
-      - run: pnpm build
-      - run: pnpm lint
-      - run: pnpm build:examples
-      - run: pnpm typecheck
-      - run: pnpm test:run
-      - run: pnpm -r --filter "./packages/**" exec npm pack --dry-run
 
-  bench:
-    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+  rust:
+    needs: changes
+    if: needs.changes.outputs.rust == 'true'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v6
+      - run: rustup toolchain install
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
         with:
-          version: 10.30.0
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+      - run: cargo fmt --all --check
+      - run: cargo clippy --locked --workspace --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+      - run: cargo clippy --locked -p latkit --no-default-features --all-targets -- -D warnings
+      - run: cargo clippy --locked -p latkit-js --target wasm32-unknown-unknown -- -D warnings
+      # Lavapipe, Vulkan on the CPU, runs the GPU tests instead of skipping; text tests need fonts.
+      - name: Install a software Vulkan driver and fonts for the GPU tests
+        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y mesa-vulkan-drivers fonts-dejavu-core
+      - run: cargo test --locked --workspace
+        env:
+          LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU: 1
+      - run: cargo test --locked -p latkit --no-default-features
+        env:
+          LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU: 1
+      - name: Document the library
+        run: cargo doc --locked -p latkit --no-deps --all-features
+        env:
+          RUSTDOCFLAGS: -D warnings
+      - name: Verify the native package
+        run: cargo package --locked -p latkit
+      - name: Verify the browser-target package
+        run: cargo package --locked -p latkit --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --features web
+      - name: Keep native font code out of browser builds
+        run: cargo check --locked -p latkit --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --features native,web
+
+  # The CLI's native code on the other platforms it installs on; Linux runs in `rust`.
+  native-cli:
+    needs: changes
+    if: needs.changes.outputs.rust == 'true'
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [macos-latest, windows-latest]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - run: rustup toolchain install
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
         with:
-          node-version: 24
-          cache: pnpm
-      - run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
-      - run: pnpm bench:gate
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+      - run: cargo test --locked --package latkit --features native --lib --test validation
+      - run: cargo test --locked --package latkit-cli
 
-  docs:
+  # The npm package: built from the crate, checked, tested, every pipeline compiled in Chrome on
+  # SwiftShader, and the packed tarball installed and drawn in a consumer.
+  npm:
+    needs: changes
+    if: needs.changes.outputs.npm == 'true'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 40
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v6
@@ -53,9 +147,56 @@ jobs:
         with:
           node-version: 24
           cache: pnpm
+      - run: rustup toolchain install
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+      - run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
+      - name: Read the WASM bindings generator's version
+        id: bindgen
+        run: |
+          echo "version=$(python3 -c 'import tomllib; print(next(p["version"] for p in tomllib.load(open("Cargo.lock", "rb"))["package"] if p["name"] == "wasm-bindgen"))')" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+      - uses: actions/cache@v4
+        id: bindgen-cache
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo/bin/wasm-bindgen
+          key: wasm-bindgen-cli-${{ steps.bindgen.outputs.version }}
+      - name: Install the matching WASM bindings generator
+        if: steps.bindgen-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install wasm-bindgen-cli --version "${{ steps.bindgen.outputs.version }}" --locked
+      - run: pnpm --dir npm/examples exec playwright-core install --with-deps chromium
+      - run: cargo xtask wasm --dev
+      - run: pnpm lint
+      - run: node npm/docs.mjs --check
+      - run: pnpm typecheck
+      - run: pnpm test
+      - run: cargo xtask browser
+      - run: cargo xtask package
+      - run: cargo xtask package-test
+
+  # The docs as Read the Docs builds them: a warning fails.
+  docs:
+    needs: changes
+    if: needs.changes.outputs.docs == 'true'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: '3.13'
-      - run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
-      - run: python -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-      - run: pnpm docs:build
+          cache: pip
+          cache-dependency-path: docs/requirements.txt
+      - run: pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+      - run: sphinx-build -W --keep-going -b html docs target/docs
+
+  # The one check branch protection requires: every job above passed, or was not needed.
+  passed:
+    name: CI passed
+    if: always()
+    needs: [changes, format, rust, native-cli, npm, docs]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    steps:
+      - if: contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled')
+        run: exit 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 06834095..f3ec8441 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -1,74 +1,121 @@
 name: Release
 
+# Once CI passes on main, releases the commit it tested.
 on:
-  push:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  workflow_run:
+    workflows:
+      - CI
+    types:
+      - completed
     branches:
       - main
 
 concurrency: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
 
 permissions:
-  contents: write
-  id-token: write
-  pull-requests: write
+  contents: read
 
 env:
   CI: true
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+  CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0
   NPM_CONFIG_ACCESS: public
   NPM_CONFIG_PROVENANCE: true
 
 jobs:
+  # What the commit releases: pending changesets open or update the version PR, a version not yet
+  # tagged publishes, and a tagged one has nothing left to do.
+  plan:
+    # A push's run only: a pull request's run can come from a fork's branch named main.
+    if: (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main') || (github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' && github.event.workflow_run.event == 'push')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+      contents: read
+    outputs:
+      step: ${{ steps.plan.outputs.step }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha || github.sha }}
+      - name: Verify manual recovery uses a commit that passed CI
+        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          gh run list --workflow ci.yml --branch main --commit "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" --json conclusion --jq 'any(.[]; .conclusion == "success")' | grep -qx true
+      - name: Decide what the commit releases
+        id: plan
+        run: |
+          version=$(jq -r .version npm/package.json)
+          if compgen -G '.changeset/*.md' > /dev/null; then
+            echo "step=version" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          elif git ls-remote --exit-code --tags origin "refs/tags/latkit@$version" > /dev/null; then
+            echo "step=none" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          else
+            echo "step=publish" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          fi
+
   release:
-    name: Version or publish packages
+    name: Version or publish
+    needs: plan
+    if: needs.plan.outputs.step != 'none'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+      id-token: write
+      pull-requests: write
+    env:
+      PUBLISH: ${{ needs.plan.outputs.step == 'publish' }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout repo
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha || github.sha }}
           fetch-depth: 0
-
-      - name: Setup pnpm
-        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v6
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v6
         with:
           version: 10.30.0
-
-      - name: Setup Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
         with:
           node-version: 24
           cache: pnpm
           registry-url: https://registry.npmjs.org/
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
-
-      - name: Check formatting
-        run: pnpm format:check
-
-      - name: Build packages
-        run: pnpm build
-
-      - name: Lint sources
-        run: pnpm lint
-
-      - name: Build examples
-        run: pnpm build:examples
-
-      - name: Typecheck packages
-        run: pnpm typecheck
-
-      - name: Test packages
-        run: pnpm test:run
-
-      - name: Check publish payloads
-        run: pnpm -r --filter "./packages/**" exec npm pack --dry-run
-
-      - name: Create release PR or publish to npm
+      - run: rustup toolchain install
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
+      - name: Read the WASM bindings generator's version
+        if: env.PUBLISH == 'true'
+        id: bindgen
+        run: |
+          echo "version=$(python3 -c 'import tomllib; print(next(p["version"] for p in tomllib.load(open("Cargo.lock", "rb"))["package"] if p["name"] == "wasm-bindgen"))')" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+      - uses: actions/cache@v4
+        if: env.PUBLISH == 'true'
+        id: bindgen-cache
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo/bin/wasm-bindgen
+          key: wasm-bindgen-cli-${{ steps.bindgen.outputs.version }}
+      - name: Install the matching WASM bindings generator
+        if: env.PUBLISH == 'true' && steps.bindgen-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install wasm-bindgen-cli --version "${{ steps.bindgen.outputs.version }}" --locked
+      - if: env.PUBLISH == 'true'
+        run: pnpm --dir npm/examples exec playwright-core install --with-deps chromium
+      # The tarball a consumer installs, checked in Chrome; `pnpm release` publishes this file.
+      - if: env.PUBLISH == 'true'
+        run: cargo xtask package
+      - if: env.PUBLISH == 'true'
+        run: cargo xtask package-test
+      # One retryable release verifies npm and both crates before creating tags.
+      - name: Open a version pull request, or publish all distributions
         id: changesets
         uses: changesets/action@v1
         with:
+          version: pnpm version-packages
           publish: pnpm release
           commit: 'chore: version packages'
           title: 'chore: version packages'
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index daf8bdbe..13cafb73 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 node_modules/
 dist/
 coverage/
-docs/_build/
-docs/api/reference/
-.turbo/
 .DS_Store
 *.log
 
-output/
-.bench/
-benchmark/.results/
 .playwright-cli/
+.playwright-mcp/
 
 .impeccable/
+target/
+/npm/pkg/
+
+# The CLI examples' videos: each example's README says how to render its own.
+/crates/latkit-cli/examples/*/*.mp4
diff --git a/.prettierignore b/.prettierignore
index 19de8ce2..a380b666 100644
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 node_modules
 dist
 coverage
-docs/_build
-docs/api/reference
 pnpm-lock.yaml
-packages/*/dist
-examples/*/dist
 .impeccable/
-.bench/
-benchmark/.results/
 
-output/
 .playwright-cli/
-packages/monitor/tests/browser/generated
+target
+npm/pkg
+npm/dist
+crates/latkit/colormaps
+npm/test/scenes.js
+# Written by the CLI examples' scripts, and by the bench.
+crates/latkit-cli/examples/**/*.json
+benchmark/baselines
+# Written by the schema test: LATKIT_BLESS=1 cargo test -p latkit --test schema.
+npm/schema.json
diff --git a/.readthedocs.yaml b/.readthedocs.yaml
index 6e1f35cc..82447157 100644
--- a/.readthedocs.yaml
+++ b/.readthedocs.yaml
@@ -4,14 +4,6 @@ build:
   os: ubuntu-24.04
   tools:
     python: '3.13'
-    nodejs: '24'
-  jobs:
-    post_install:
-      - corepack enable
-      - corepack prepare pnpm@10.30.0 --activate
-      - corepack pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
-    pre_build:
-      - corepack pnpm docs:api
 
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   install:
diff --git a/.vscode/tasks.json b/.vscode/tasks.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22becc20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.vscode/tasks.json
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+{
+  "version": "2.0.0",
+  "tasks": [
+    {
+      "label": "examples",
+      "detail": "Stop any running example server, build the wasm (--dev), serve the example suite at http://127.0.0.1:5200, and open it",
+      "type": "shell",
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+          "running": { "label": "$(sync~spin) Examples" }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "examples: stop",
+      "detail": "Stop whatever serves the example suite at http://127.0.0.1:5200",
+      "type": "process",
+      "command": "powershell.exe",
+      "args": [
+        "-NoProfile",
+        "-Command",
+        "$ids = Get-NetTCPConnection -LocalPort 5200 -State Listen -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Select-Object -ExpandProperty OwningProcess -Unique; foreach ($id in $ids) { taskkill /PID $id /T /F | Out-Null }; if ($ids) { 'Stopped the example server.' } else { 'No example server was running.' }"
+      ],
+      "osx": {
+        "command": "sh",
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+          "-c",
+          "pids=$(lsof -ti tcp:5200 -sTCP:LISTEN); if [ -n \"$pids\" ]; then kill $pids && echo 'Stopped the example server.'; else echo 'No example server was running.'; fi"
+        ]
+      },
+      "linux": {
+        "command": "sh",
+        "args": [
+          "-c",
+          "pids=$(lsof -ti tcp:5200 -sTCP:LISTEN); if [ -n \"$pids\" ]; then kill $pids && echo 'Stopped the example server.'; else echo 'No example server was running.'; fi"
+        ]
+      },
+      "problemMatcher": [],
+      "presentation": { "reveal": "silent", "close": true },
+      "options": {
+        "statusbar": { "label": "$(debug-stop)", "detail": "Stop the example server" }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06a9b180
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+ "serde_json",
+ "toml_edit",
+]
+
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+ "zerofrom",
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+ "synstructure",
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+ "zerofrom",
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+ "zerovec-derive",
+]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "34df6fc39dbd26ddc9c10e6a2984476e13acce22e64e4487636ef494369225da"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 3.0.9",
+]
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+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d593867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+[workspace]
+members = ["crates/*", "xtask"]
+default-members = ["crates/latkit"]
+resolver = "3"
+
+[workspace.package]
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.99"
+license = "MIT"
+repository = "https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit"
+homepage = "https://latkit.readthedocs.io"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+url = "2"
+futures-util = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+toml_edit = "0.25"
+latkit = { version = "0.1.0", path = "crates/latkit", default-features = false }
+
+thiserror = "2"
+hashbrown = { version = "0.17", default-features = false, features = ["default-hasher", "inline-more"] }
+rustc-hash = "2"
+
+# Match Gpu::new: primary native backends and browser WebGPU, without unused GLES.
+wgpu = { version = "30", default-features = false, features = ["std", "parking_lot", "dx12", "metal", "vulkan", "wgsl", "webgpu"] }
+bytemuck = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+glam = "0.34"
+web-time = "1"
+
+wesl = "0.6"
+naga = { version = "30", features = ["wgsl-in"] }
+
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive", "rc"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+serde_path_to_error = "0.1"
+schemars = { version = "1", default-features = false, features = ["derive", "std", "preserve_order"] }
+flate2 = "1"
+image-webp = "0.2"
+jpeg-encoder = "0.7"
+png = "0.18"
+
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
+wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
+js-sys = "0.3"
+web-sys = "0.3"
+console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
+
+proptest = "1"
+pollster = "0.4"
+cosmic-text = { version = "0.19", default-features = false, features = ["std", "swash", "fontconfig"] }
+clap = { version = "4", default-features = false, features = ["derive", "std", "help", "usage", "error-context"] }
+tempfile = "3"
+windows = { version = "0.62.2", features = [
+    "Win32_Media_MediaFoundation",
+    "Win32_System_Com",
+    "Win32_System_Ole",
+    "Win32_System_Variant",
+] }
+# What `windows::core::implement` expands to: COM objects of ours, such as callbacks.
+windows-core = "0.62.2"
+
+[workspace.lints.rust]
+unsafe_code = "deny"
+missing_docs = "warn"
+unreachable_pub = "warn"
+
+[workspace.lints.clippy]
+pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+module_name_repetitions = "allow"
+must_use_candidate = "allow"
+missing_errors_doc = "allow"
+missing_panics_doc = "allow"
+cast_possible_truncation = "allow"
+cast_precision_loss = "allow"
+cast_sign_loss = "allow"
+cast_possible_wrap = "allow"
+similar_names = "allow"
+many_single_char_names = "allow"
+float_cmp = "allow"
+struct_excessive_bools = "allow"
+
+[profile.release]
+lto = "fat"
+codegen-units = 1
+
+# The executable: release speed for its CPU work (JSON, PNG, layout, text), without symbols.
+[profile.cli]
+inherits = "release"
+strip = true
+
+[profile.wasm]
+inherits = "release"
+opt-level = 3
+panic = "abort"
+strip = true
+
+[profile.wasm-dev]
+inherits = "wasm"
+opt-level = 2
+lto = false
+codegen-units = 16
+incremental = true
+
+[profile.dev.package."*"]
+opt-level = 2
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index be9b98e6..05c77d09 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,73 +1,47 @@
-<p align="center">
-  <img src="docs/_static/banner.png" alt="Latkit visualization banner" width="100%">
-</p>
-
 # Latkit
 
 [![CI](https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/latkit/badge/?version=latest)](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
-
-TypeScript tools for WebGPU network views, maps, time-series plots, block diagrams, and video
-export.
-
-[Documentation](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) · [API reference](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/index.html) · [Examples](examples)
 
-## Install
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/model @latkit/gpu @latkit/network
-```
+Columnar data drawn as vertices, edges, lines, and areas on the GPU: networks on a plane, a map, or
+a globe, plots of sampled fields, and block diagrams, from a scene and named data. One Rust crate
+draws them, in the browser through the npm package and natively through the CLI.
 
-Use an ESM bundler and a WebGPU-capable browser.
+| Part                              | Use                                                                                        |
+| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [`latkit`](crates/latkit)         | The library: data, expressions, scenes, views, pictures, and video                         |
+| [npm `latkit`](npm)               | The library in the browser, its scenes as JSON with generated types                        |
+| [`latkit-cli`](crates/latkit-cli) | Scenes of JSON or binary data rendered to images and videos                                |
+| [Examples](npm/examples)          | Every feature on a page, and the browser gate that drives them                             |
+| [Benchmark](benchmark)            | Each scenario's phases up its sizes, held to committed work and times                      |
+| [Docs](docs)                      | How-tos for the npm package and the CLI, on [Read the Docs](https://latkit.readthedocs.io) |
 
-## Draw a network
+The `@latkit/*` TypeScript packages, a lighter alternative without WebAssembly, are maintained on
+the [`npm/js`](https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/tree/npm/js) branch.
 
 ```ts
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source,
-  vertices: { Bus: { color: 'load', labels: 'name' } },
-  edges: { Line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-});
-network.on('select', (items) => console.log(items));
-network.set({ at: 12 });
-
-network.destroy(); // never closes the source or the GPU
+import { loadLatkit, Patch, type Scene } from 'latkit';
+
+const { Data, Gpu } = await loadLatkit();
+const gpu = await Gpu.create();
+const data = new Data('grid').apply(new Patch().replace('Bus', [1, 2], { x: [0, 30], y: [0, 20] }));
+const scene: Scene = {
+  space: 'plane',
+  marks: [{ vertices: { of: ['grid', 'Bus'], position: ['x', 'y'], radius: 6 } }],
+};
+const view = gpu.view(scene);
+gpu.canvas(document.querySelector('canvas')!).show([view]);
+view.setData(data);
 ```
 
-`source` is a `Data` from [`@latkit/model`](packages/model). `canvas` needs a CSS size; the network
-draws on it and handles its input. Geographies, monitors, and diagrams work the same way; see
-[views](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/views.html).
-
-## Packages
-
-| Package                         | Use                                                |
-| ------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
-| [model](packages/model)         | Columnar data, bounded reads, the `Model` contract |
-| [connect](packages/connect)     | Carry a model across a WebSocket                   |
-| [gpu](packages/gpu)             | The shared GPU, compositions, and colors           |
-| [network](packages/network)     | Vertices and edges, flat or on a globe             |
-| [geography](packages/geography) | The earth beneath: areas, lines, and vector tiles  |
-| [monitor](packages/monitor)     | Time-series plots and live telemetry               |
-| [diagram](packages/diagram)     | Block diagrams with layout, routing, and editing   |
-| [video](packages/video)         | MP4 and WebM export                                |
-
 ## Develop
 
-Requires Node.js 24 and pnpm 10.30.
+Requires Rust (pinned in `rust-toolchain.toml`), Node.js 24, and pnpm 10.30.
 
 ```sh
 pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/network-example dev
-pnpm quality
-pnpm build:examples
-pnpm docs:build
+cargo xtask examples --open   # the example pages at http://127.0.0.1:5200
+cargo xtask check             # format, lint, test, typecheck, and the browser gate
+cargo xtask bench --quick     # every benchmark scenario once, at its smallest size
 ```
 
-See [release checks](docs/release-process.md) for browser tests and packaging.
-
 Created by [Luke Lowery](https://lukelowry.github.io/). [MIT License](LICENSE).
diff --git a/benchmark/README.md b/benchmark/README.md
index f93a9d9d..30e9801f 100644
--- a/benchmark/README.md
+++ b/benchmark/README.md
@@ -1,31 +1,29 @@
-# Benchmarks
+# Benchmark
 
-Each `*.bench.ts` times one package, or several together, through public entry points only, at
-several sizes, such as 10 thousand to a million buses. A null WebGPU device (`device.ts`) does no
-GPU work, so the benchmarks time the JavaScript a frame costs and need no GPU. Real GPU timings come
-from each package's browser check. Text goes through a fixed-metric rasterizer, so the benchmarks
-count rasterizations rather than timing fonts.
+Each scenario's phases, up its sizes, in Chrome: time, GPU time, and the work the GPU did, held to
+committed baselines. The page steps every frame itself, each waiting for the GPU rather than the
+clock, so a run draws the same frames on any device; how frames pace a page is the gate's to judge.
 
 ```sh
-pnpm bench          # build, then run every benchmark
-pnpm bench:update   # also record each benchmark's work per run in work.json
-pnpm bench:gate     # run, then check against .bench/base.json and work.json
+cargo xtask bench --quick            # each scenario once at its smallest size: phases and work
+cargo xtask bench                    # every size while the last fits, 3 repeats
+cargo xtask bench --only grid,labels # some scenarios
+cargo xtask bench --software         # SwiftShader on the CPU: work is judged, times only reported
+cargo xtask bench --update           # lay this run's results over the baselines
 ```
 
-## Gate
+A run fails on:
 
-The gate (`gate.ts`) fails when a benchmark does not complete, or when its work per run grows past
-`work.json`. Work is exact on any machine: queries, uploads, and their cache hits; uploaded, staged,
-and copied bytes; allocations, submissions, evictions, rasterizations, and vertices drawn. The null
-device counts each draw's vertices times its instances; indirect draws count none. Commit
-`work.json` with the change that moves it. CI gates every pull request.
+- an error, a frame drawn while nothing changed, a pipeline compiled where it was first used
+  (`late`), or resident data over its budget;
+- a phase growing with size faster than its order;
+- more work than `baselines/work.json`: exactly for what the data sets (`uploaded`, `evaluated`,
+  `jobs`, `pipelines`, `late`, `resident`) in a phase that acts once, and within 2× for what moves
+  with the frame a job or a fetch lands in (`written`, `readbacks`, `texts`, every count of a phase
+  acting each frame, and all of a scenario fed by fetches);
+- in a full sweep, on the machine `baselines/<machine>.json` was taken on, a phase over 1.25× slower,
+  and for a phase acting once, later by over a timer tick (16 ms).
 
-Timings vary between runs, even on one machine, so the gate only reports them:
-
-- benchmarks whose fastest and median runs are both more than 25% slower than `.bench/base.json`;
-- time per item that grows more than 3× from the smallest size to the largest: cache misses alone
-  can double it across a 100× range, while quadratic work multiplies it by a hundred.
-
-To record a base, run `pnpm bench --outputJson .bench/base.json` on the base branch. Without it,
-the gate skips that comparison. Compare timings by running the base and the change alternately,
-several times each.
+On a machine with two GPUs, Chrome draws on the fast one. Reports and results land in
+`target/bench/`. Scenarios are in `page/scenarios.ts`, the data they draw in `page/data.ts`, and how
+a phase is measured in `page/stage.ts`.
diff --git a/benchmark/baselines/nvidia-turing-nvidia-geforce-rtx-2080-super-chrome-156.json b/benchmark/baselines/nvidia-turing-nvidia-geforce-rtx-2080-super-chrome-156.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1c98524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/baselines/nvidia-turing-nvidia-geforce-rtx-2080-super-chrome-156.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1445 @@
+{
+ "machine": "nvidia turing NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2080 SUPER · Chrome 156",
+ "times": {
+  "start": {
+   "10000": {
+    "init": {
+     "time": 280,
+     "gpu": 0
+    },
+    "data": {
+     "time": 20.799999952316284,
+     "gpu": 0
+    },
+    "load": {
+     "time": 353.30000001192093,
+     "gpu": 0.284448
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  "points": {
+   "1000": {
+    "init": {
+     "time": 142.4000000357628,
+     "gpu": 0
+    },
+    "data": {
+     "time": 14.100000023841858,
+     "gpu": 0
+    },
+    "load": {
+     "time": 350,
+     "gpu": 0.119456
+    },
+    "pan": {
+     "time": 0.099999994,
+     "gpu": 0.073792
+    },
+    "zoom": {
+     "time": 0.099999994,
+     "gpu": 0.067584
+    },
+    "restyle": {
+     "time": 5.5,
+     "gpu": 0.070016
+    },
+    "one row": {
+     "time": 0.099999994,
+     "gpu": 0.085568
+    },
+    "every row": {
+     "time": 3.900000035762787,
+     "gpu": 0.085664
+    },
+    "first pick": {
+     "time": 9,
+     "gpu": 0.085824
+    },
+    "pick": {
+     "time": 8.300000011920929,
+     "gpu": 0.085728
+    },
+    "hover": {
+     "time": 13.699999988079071,
+     "gpu": 0.085856
+    },
+    "select": {
+     "time": 7.400000035762787,
+     "gpu": 0.085824
+    }
+   },
+   "10000": {
+    "init": {
+     "time": 177.70000004768372,
+     "gpu": 0
+    },
+    "data": {
+     "time": 17,
+     "gpu": 0
+    },
+    "load": {
+     "time": 354.0999999642372,
+     "gpu": 0.280032
+    },
+    "pan": {
+     "time": 0.099999994,
+     "gpu": 0.145408
+    },
+    "zoom": {
+     "time": 0.099999994,
+     "gpu": 0.085152
+    },
+    "restyle": {
+     "time": 9.400000035762787,
+     "gpu": 0.106496
+    },
+    "one row": {
+     "time": 0.19999999,
+     "gpu": 0.168576
+    },
+    "every row": {
+     "time": 4.800000011920929,
+     "gpu": 0.168448
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+}
diff --git a/benchmark/connect.bench.ts b/benchmark/connect.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f8c6878..00000000
--- a/benchmark/connect.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-import { afterAll, describe } from 'vitest';
-import { protocol } from '@latkit/connect';
-import { connected, schema, sizes, split, suite, voltages } from './harness.ts';
-
-const bounds = { messageBytes: 64 << 20, metadataBytes: 64 << 10, publicationBatches: 64 };
-
-describe.each(sizes)('connect %i buses', async (buses) => {
-  const frame = voltages(buses, 0),
-    payload = protocol.decode(
-      protocol.preparePublication(frame, 1, schema, bounds).encode(1),
-      bounds,
-    ).payload;
-  let blocks = 0;
-  const { model, close } = await connected(function* (_fields, context) {
-    const parts = split(frame, Math.floor((context.maxBlockBytes - 4096) / 4));
-    blocks = parts.length;
-    for (let f = 0; !context.signal.aborted; f++)
-      for (const part of parts) yield { ...part, firstFrame: f, coordinates: Float64Array.of(f) };
-  });
-  const stream = model.monitor!([{ from: 'Bus', select: ['voltage'] }]);
-  await stream.next();
-  afterAll(close);
-  const measure = suite(`connect ${buses} buses`, buses);
-  measure('encode frame', () => protocol.preparePublication(frame, 1, schema, bounds).encode(1));
-  measure('decode frame', () => protocol.decodePublication({ bytes: payload }, schema, bounds));
-  measure('stream frame', async () => {
-    for (let read = 0; read < blocks; read++) await stream.next();
-  });
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/device.test.ts b/benchmark/device.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ec3ca00..00000000
--- a/benchmark/device.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { copyUpload } from './device.ts';
-
-it('copies typed-array elements inside the supplied view, not its backing buffer', () => {
-  const data = Uint32Array.of(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
-  expect(new Uint32Array(copyUpload(data.subarray(1, 4), 1, 1).buffer)).toEqual(Uint32Array.of(30));
-  expect(new Uint32Array(copyUpload(data.subarray(1, 4), 1).buffer)).toEqual(
-    Uint32Array.of(30, 40),
-  );
-  const copy = copyUpload(data);
-  data.fill(0);
-  expect(new Uint32Array(copy.buffer)).toEqual(Uint32Array.of(10, 20, 30, 40, 50));
-});
-it('uses bytes for buffers and DataViews, including a nonzero view offset', () => {
-  const buffer = Uint8Array.from({ length: 24 }, (_, i) => i).buffer;
-  expect([...copyUpload(buffer, 4, 4)]).toEqual([4, 5, 6, 7]);
-  expect([...copyUpload(new DataView(buffer, 8, 12), 4, 4)]).toEqual([12, 13, 14, 15]);
-  expect(copyUpload(buffer, 24)).toHaveLength(0);
-});
-it('rejects ranges that slice would silently clamp', () => {
-  const data = new Uint32Array(4);
-  for (const [offset, count] of [
-    [-1, 1],
-    [0.5, 1],
-    [3, 2],
-    [5, 0],
-    [0, -1],
-  ])
-    expect(() => copyUpload(data, offset, count)).toThrow(RangeError);
-  expect(() => copyUpload(new Uint8Array(3))).toThrow(/four bytes/);
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/device.ts b/benchmark/device.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b91bdf0..00000000
--- a/benchmark/device.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-/** Copy exactly the source range accepted by queue.writeBuffer. */
-export function copyUpload(
-  data: Parameters<GPUQueue['writeBuffer']>[2],
-  dataOffset = 0,
-  size?: number,
-): Uint8Array {
-  const view = ArrayBuffer.isView(data),
-    unit = view && 'BYTES_PER_ELEMENT' in data ? Number(data.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT) : 1,
-    bytes = view
-      ? new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength)
-      : new Uint8Array(data),
-    elements = bytes.byteLength / unit,
-    count = size ?? elements - dataOffset;
-  if (
-    !Number.isSafeInteger(dataOffset) ||
-    !Number.isSafeInteger(count) ||
-    dataOffset < 0 ||
-    count < 0 ||
-    dataOffset > elements ||
-    count > elements - dataOffset
-  )
-    throw new RangeError('Invalid upload source range');
-  if ((count * unit) % 4) throw new RangeError('Upload size must be a multiple of four bytes');
-  return bytes.slice(dataOffset * unit, (dataOffset + count) * unit);
-}
-
-/** Vertices each null device was asked to draw: the GPU work its frames would cost. */
-const drawn = new WeakMap<GPUDevice, { vertices: number }>();
-export function drawnVertices(device: GPUDevice): number {
-  return drawn.get(device)?.vertices ?? 0;
-}
-
-/** A WebGPU device that does no GPU work: benchmarks time the JavaScript a frame costs. */
-export function nullDevice(): GPUDevice {
-  Object.assign(globalThis, {
-    GPUBufferUsage: bits(
-      'MAP_READ MAP_WRITE COPY_SRC COPY_DST INDEX VERTEX UNIFORM STORAGE INDIRECT QUERY_RESOLVE',
-    ),
-    GPUTextureUsage: bits('COPY_SRC COPY_DST TEXTURE_BINDING STORAGE_BINDING RENDER_ATTACHMENT'),
-    GPUShaderStage: bits('VERTEX FRAGMENT COMPUTE'),
-    GPUMapMode: bits('READ WRITE'),
-  });
-  // Encoders and passes accept any call and count the vertices each draw asks for; everything else
-  // is a distinct object, as on a real device.
-  const work = { vertices: 0 };
-  const sink: object = new Proxy(
-    {},
-    {
-      get: (_, key) =>
-        key === 'then'
-          ? undefined
-          : key === 'draw'
-            ? (vertices: number, instances = 1) => {
-                work.vertices += vertices * instances;
-                return sink;
-              }
-            : () => sink,
-    },
-  );
-  const done = Promise.resolve();
-  const device = {
-    limits: {
-      maxBufferSize: 1 << 30,
-      maxStorageBufferBindingSize: 1 << 30,
-      maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage: 10,
-      maxUniformBufferBindingSize: 65536,
-      minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment: 256,
-      minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment: 256,
-      maxTextureDimension1D: 8192,
-      maxTextureDimension2D: 8192,
-      maxTextureDimension3D: 2048,
-      maxTextureArrayLayers: 256,
-      maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension: 65535,
-    },
-    features: new Set(),
-    lost: new Promise(() => {}),
-    queue: {
-      // Copies as a real queue does, so upload cost stays in the measurement.
-      writeBuffer: (
-        _buffer: GPUBuffer,
-        _offset: number,
-        data: Parameters<GPUQueue['writeBuffer']>[2],
-        dataOffset = 0,
-        size?: number,
-      ) => void copyUpload(data, dataOffset, size),
-      writeTexture() {},
-      copyExternalImageToTexture() {},
-      submit() {},
-      onSubmittedWorkDone: () => done,
-    },
-    createBuffer: ({ size, usage }: GPUBufferDescriptor) => ({
-      size,
-      usage,
-      destroy() {},
-      mapAsync: () => done,
-      getMappedRange: () => new ArrayBuffer(size),
-      unmap() {},
-    }),
-    createTexture: ({ size, format, usage, sampleCount }: GPUTextureDescriptor) => {
-      const [width, height = 1, depthOrArrayLayers = 1] = size as number[];
-      return {
-        width,
-        height,
-        depthOrArrayLayers,
-        format,
-        usage,
-        sampleCount: sampleCount ?? 1,
-        destroy() {},
-        createView: () => ({}),
-      };
-    },
-    createShaderModule: () => ({ getCompilationInfo: async () => ({ messages: [] }) }),
-    createRenderPipelineAsync: async () => ({ getBindGroupLayout: () => ({}) }),
-    createComputePipelineAsync: async () => ({ getBindGroupLayout: () => ({}) }),
-    createRenderPipeline: () => ({ getBindGroupLayout: () => ({}) }),
-    createComputePipeline: () => ({ getBindGroupLayout: () => ({}) }),
-    createBindGroup: () => ({}),
-    createBindGroupLayout: () => ({}),
-    createPipelineLayout: () => ({}),
-    createSampler: () => ({}),
-    createQuerySet: () => ({ destroy() {} }),
-    createCommandEncoder: () => sink,
-    pushErrorScope() {},
-    popErrorScope: async () => null,
-    addEventListener() {},
-    removeEventListener() {},
-    destroy() {},
-  } as unknown as GPUDevice;
-  drawn.set(device, work);
-  return device;
-}
-const bits = (names: string) =>
-  Object.fromEntries(names.split(' ').map((name, i) => [name, 1 << i]));
diff --git a/benchmark/diagram.bench.ts b/benchmark/diagram.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c7480300..00000000
--- a/benchmark/diagram.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-import { describe } from 'vitest';
-import { createDiagram, type Diagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-import { busIndex, counters, draw, gpu, grid, suite } from './harness.ts';
-
-interface DragControls {
-  preview(items: readonly unknown[], delta: readonly [number, number] | null): void;
-  move(
-    items: readonly unknown[],
-    delta: readonly [number, number],
-  ): Diagram.MoveProposal | undefined;
-}
-
-/** Include the large routed scene, with fewer repetitions at forty thousand blocks. */
-describe.each([100, 1_000, 10_000, 40_000])('diagram %i blocks', async (blocks) => {
-  const device = await gpu(),
-    data = grid(blocks, true);
-  const config: Diagram.Config = {
-    source: data,
-    vertices: { Bus: {} },
-    edges: { Branch: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-    // Large stress scenes explicitly opt into a larger picking budget.
-    ...(blocks >= 40_000 ? { limits: { pickingBytes: 128 * 1024 ** 2 } } : {}),
-  };
-  const view = createDiagram(device, config);
-  await draw(device, view, 0, 'complete');
-  const measure = suite(
-    `diagram ${blocks} blocks`,
-    blocks,
-    () => counters(device),
-    blocks >= 40_000 ? 3 : 8,
-  );
-  measure('layout', async () => {
-    const fresh = createDiagram(device, config);
-    await draw(device, fresh, 0, 'complete');
-    fresh.destroy();
-  });
-  measure('cached frame', () => draw(device, view));
-  // Nothing is sampled, so playback must not read the scene again.
-  measure('playback frame', (i) => draw(device, view, i));
-  measure('pick', () => view.pick([640, 360]));
-  // A drag previews one vertex moving; its gestures drive the view's controls.
-  const controls = (view as unknown as { readonly controls: DragControls }).controls,
-    dragged = await view.pick([640, 360], { radiusPx: 4000, limit: 1 });
-  measure('drag frame', (i) => {
-    controls.preview(dragged, [8 * (1 + (i % 4)), 0]);
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-  measure('drag end', () => {
-    controls.preview([], null);
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-  // A block selected draws over the rest; clearing it draws as before.
-  measure('select', (i) => {
-    view.select(i % 2 ? [] : dragged);
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-  measure('restyle', (i) => {
-    view.set({ edgeWidthPx: 1 + (i % 2) });
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-  // A sampled color restyles on the GPU at each coordinate and never rereads the scene.
-  const styled = createDiagram(device, { ...config, vertices: { Bus: { color: 'voltage' } } });
-  await draw(device, styled, 0, 'complete');
-  measure('styled playback', (i) => draw(device, styled, i));
-});
-/** Rings of four blocks, as a grid case's generators: parts that pack, and that route alone. */
-describe.each([1_000, 10_000])('diagram %i blocks in rings', async (blocks) => {
-  const device = await gpu(),
-    config: Diagram.Config = {
-      source: grid(blocks, true, 4),
-      vertices: { Bus: {} },
-      edges: { Branch: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-    };
-  const view = createDiagram(device, config);
-  await draw(device, view, 0, 'complete');
-  const measure = suite(`diagram ${blocks} blocks in rings`, blocks, () => counters(device), 8);
-  measure('layout', async () => {
-    const fresh = createDiagram(device, config);
-    await draw(device, fresh, 0, 'complete');
-    fresh.destroy();
-  });
-  // Accepting a move reads the positions again, and only the part that moved routes again.
-  const controls = (view as unknown as { readonly controls: DragControls }).controls,
-    moved = [{ kind: 'vertex', source: config.source, index: busIndex(blocks), row: 0 }];
-  measure('move', (i) => {
-    const proposal = controls.move(moved, [8 * (1 + (i % 4)), 0])!;
-    view.set({ vertices: { Bus: proposal.positions.Bus } });
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/gate.ts b/benchmark/gate.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b53081ce..00000000
--- a/benchmark/gate.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * The benchmark regression gate.
- *
- *   node benchmark/gate.ts base.json head.json   check head against benchmark/work.json
- *   node benchmark/gate.ts --update              record this run's work as benchmark/work.json
- *
- * It fails only when exact work per run grows. Timings vary between runs, even on one machine, so it
- * reports benchmarks that ran slower than the base branch, and time per item that grows faster than
- * linearly with size, without failing.
- */
-import { existsSync, readdirSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-
-type Work = Record<string, Record<string, number>>;
-interface Benchmark {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly min: number;
-  readonly median: number;
-}
-interface Report {
-  readonly files: readonly {
-    readonly groups: readonly {
-      readonly fullName: string;
-      readonly benchmarks: readonly Benchmark[];
-    }[];
-  }[];
-}
-
-const SLOWER = 1.25,
-  SLACK_MS = 0.02,
-  // Across a 100× size range, cache misses alone can double the time per item; quadratic work
-  // multiplies it by a hundred.
-  SUPERLINEAR = 3;
-const committed = new URL('./work.json', import.meta.url),
-  results = new URL('./.results/work/', import.meta.url);
-
-/** This run's work, merged from every group's file. */
-function measured(): Work {
-  if (!existsSync(results)) return {};
-  return Object.assign(
-    {},
-    ...readdirSync(results).map(
-      (file) => JSON.parse(readFileSync(new URL(file, results), 'utf8')) as Work,
-    ),
-  ) as Work;
-}
-/**
- * Timings in milliseconds by `group > benchmark`, and the benchmarks that did not complete: this
- * run fails on one, while a base run's only goes uncompared.
- */
-function timings(path: string): {
-  readonly times: Map<string, Benchmark>;
-  readonly incomplete: readonly string[];
-} {
-  const report = JSON.parse(readFileSync(path, 'utf8')) as Report,
-    times = new Map<string, Benchmark>(),
-    incomplete: string[] = [];
-  for (const file of report.files)
-    for (const group of file.groups) {
-      const name = group.fullName.split(' > ').at(-1)! + ' > ';
-      for (const benchmark of group.benchmarks)
-        if (Number.isFinite(benchmark.min) && Number.isFinite(benchmark.median))
-          times.set(name + benchmark.name, benchmark);
-        else incomplete.push(name + benchmark.name);
-    }
-  return { times, incomplete };
-}
-
-if (process.argv[2] === '--update') {
-  const work = measured();
-  writeFileSync(committed, JSON.stringify(sort(work), null, 2) + '\n');
-  console.log('Recorded work for ' + Object.keys(work).length + ' benchmarks.');
-  process.exit(0);
-}
-
-const [basePath, headPath] = process.argv.slice(2),
-  failures: string[] = [],
-  notes: string[] = [],
-  timed: string[] = [];
-
-// 1. Exact work per run may not grow.
-const expected = existsSync(committed) ? (JSON.parse(readFileSync(committed, 'utf8')) as Work) : {},
-  work = measured();
-for (const [name, counters] of Object.entries(expected)) {
-  const now = work[name];
-  if (!now) {
-    notes.push('no work recorded: ' + name);
-    continue;
-  }
-  for (const [counter, value] of Object.entries(counters)) {
-    const current = now[counter] ?? 0;
-    if (current > value) failures.push(`work ${name}: ${counter} ${value} → ${current}`);
-    else if (current < value) notes.push(`less work ${name}: ${counter} ${value} → ${current}`);
-  }
-}
-for (const name of Object.keys(work))
-  if (!expected[name]) notes.push('new benchmark without recorded work: ' + name);
-
-// 2. Time against the base branch, measured on the same machine. Noise rarely slows both the fastest
-// and the median run.
-const { times: head, incomplete } = timings(headPath);
-for (const name of incomplete) failures.push('did not complete: ' + name);
-if (basePath && existsSync(basePath)) {
-  const { times: base, incomplete: uncompared } = timings(basePath);
-  for (const name of uncompared) notes.push('no base timing to compare: ' + name);
-  const slower = (now: number, before: number) => now > before * SLOWER + SLACK_MS;
-  for (const [name, time] of head) {
-    const before = base.get(name);
-    if (before && slower(time.min, before.min) && slower(time.median, before.median))
-      timed.push(`slower ${name}: ${before.median.toFixed(3)} → ${time.median.toFixed(3)} ms`);
-  }
-} else notes.push('no base timings; skipped the comparison against the base branch');
-
-// 3. Time per item may grow at most 3× from the smallest to the largest size.
-const scaled = new Map<string, { size: number; perItem: number }[]>();
-for (const [name, { median: time }] of head) {
-  // Groups are named `<package> <size> <unit>`, such as `network 100000 buses`.
-  const match = /^(.*?) (\d+) (\w+) > (.*)$/.exec(name);
-  if (!match) continue;
-  const key = match[1] + ' ' + match[3] + ' > ' + match[4],
-    size = Number(match[2]);
-  scaled.set(key, [...(scaled.get(key) ?? []), { size, perItem: time / size }]);
-}
-for (const [name, points] of scaled) {
-  if (points.length < 2) continue;
-  points.sort((a, b) => a.size - b.size);
-  const first = points[0],
-    last = points.at(-1)!;
-  if (last.perItem > first.perItem * SUPERLINEAR)
-    timed.push(
-      `superlinear ${name}: ${(first.perItem * 1e6).toFixed(1)} → ${(last.perItem * 1e6).toFixed(1)} ns per item`,
-    );
-}
-
-for (const note of notes) console.log(note);
-if (timed.length)
-  console.log('Timings to check by hand; one run can differ by 2×:\n' + timed.join('\n'));
-if (failures.length) {
-  console.error(failures.join('\n'));
-  process.exit(1);
-}
-console.log(`Benchmarks pass: ${head.size} timed, ${Object.keys(work).length} with recorded work.`);
-
-function sort(work: Work): Work {
-  return Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(work).sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b)));
-}
diff --git a/benchmark/gpu.bench.ts b/benchmark/gpu.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c3e71168..00000000
--- a/benchmark/gpu.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-import { describe } from 'vitest';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Data, FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import { counters, draw, frames, gpu, grid, sizes, suite } from './harness.ts';
-
-/** A renderer that reads fields and uploads them each frame, as every view does. */
-function uploads(data: Data, fields: Readonly<Record<string, FieldInput>>): kit.Renderer {
-  return {
-    capture: () => ({
-      prepare: async (frame) => {
-        for await (const block of frame.reader.fields({ source: data, from: 'Bus', fields }))
-          frame.upload(block, { select: Object.keys(fields), float64: 'relative' });
-        return { encode() {}, submitted() {}, discard() {} };
-      },
-      release() {},
-    }),
-    destroy() {},
-  };
-}
-
-describe.each(sizes)('gpu %i buses', async (buses) => {
-  const device = await gpu(),
-    data = grid(buses);
-  const staticFields = uploads(data, { load: 'load', position: 'position' }),
-    sampled = uploads(data, { voltage: 'voltage' });
-  const measure = suite(`gpu ${buses} buses`, buses, () => counters(device));
-  measure('cold upload', () => {
-    device.trim();
-    return draw(device, staticFields);
-  });
-  measure('resident redraw', () => draw(device, staticFields));
-  measure('playback frame', (i) => draw(device, sampled, i));
-  measure('field scale', async () => {
-    const scope = device.reader.open();
-    try {
-      return await kit.fieldScale(scope, {
-        source: data,
-        from: 'Bus',
-        field: 'voltage',
-        window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, frames - 1] },
-      });
-    } finally {
-      scope.close();
-    }
-  });
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/harness.ts b/benchmark/harness.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b2c5515..00000000
--- a/benchmark/harness.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@
-import { mkdirSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import type { AddressInfo } from 'node:net';
-import { bench } from 'vitest';
-import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';
-import { acceptModel, connectModel, type ConnectedModel } from '@latkit/connect';
-import { createData, textColumn, type Data, type Index, type Model } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu, kit, type Gpu, type TextRasterizer, type View } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { drawnVertices, nullDevice } from './device.ts';
-
-/** Every scalable benchmark runs at these sizes; the gate checks growth across them. */
-export const sizes = [10_000, 100_000, 1_000_000];
-/** Sampled frames in each grid: more than any benchmark runs, so playback always reaches a new one. */
-export const frames = 32;
-
-export const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time', unit: 's' },
-  types: {
-    Bus: {
-      fields: {
-        position: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-        load: { type: 'float32' },
-        voltage: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-      },
-    },
-    Branch: {
-      fields: {
-        from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-        to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-export const busIndex = (buses: number): Index => ({
-  source: 'grid',
-  type: 'Bus',
-  version: String(buses),
-});
-export const branchIndex = (buses: number): Index => ({
-  source: 'grid',
-  type: 'Branch',
-  version: String(buses),
-});
-
-/**
- * Buses on a √n lattice, branches to their right and lower neighbours, `frames` of voltages. `ids`
- * names every row, as views that propose edits need. With `ring`, branches instead close each run
- * of that many buses into a loop, as a grid case's generators and their controllers are, with no
- * branch between loops.
- */
-export function grid(buses: number, ids = false, ring = 0): Data {
-  return createData(schema, batches(buses, ids, ring));
-}
-/** Every batch of a grid: its rows, then each frame. */
-export function batches(buses: number, ids = false, ring = 0): Data.Batch[] {
-  return [
-    ...topology(buses, ids, ring),
-    ...Array.from({ length: frames }, (_, f) => voltages(buses, f)),
-  ];
-}
-/** The static rows of a grid. */
-export function topology(buses: number, ids = false, ring = 0): Data.Batch[] {
-  const width = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(buses)),
-    from: number[] = [],
-    to: number[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < buses; i++) {
-    if (ring) {
-      const first = i - (i % ring),
-        next = first + ((i - first + 1) % ring);
-      if (next !== i && next < buses) {
-        from.push(i);
-        to.push(next);
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    if ((i + 1) % width && i + 1 < buses) {
-      from.push(i);
-      to.push(i + 1);
-    }
-    if (i + width < buses) {
-      from.push(i);
-      to.push(i + width);
-    }
-  }
-  const position = new Float64Array(buses * 2);
-  for (let i = 0; i < buses; i++) {
-    position[i * 2] = i % width;
-    position[i * 2 + 1] = Math.floor(i / width);
-  }
-  const bus = busIndex(buses);
-  return [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index: bus,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: buses },
-      ...(ids && { ids: names('bus', buses) }),
-      columns: {
-        position: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          size: 2,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: buses,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: buses * 2, values: position },
-        },
-        load: numbers(Float32Array.from({ length: buses }, (_, i) => (i % 97) / 97)),
-      },
-    },
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index: branchIndex(buses),
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: from.length },
-      ...(ids && { ids: names('branch', from.length) }),
-      columns: {
-        from: {
-          kind: 'reference',
-          index: bus,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: from.length,
-          values: Uint32Array.from(from),
-        },
-        to: {
-          kind: 'reference',
-          index: bus,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: to.length,
-          values: Uint32Array.from(to),
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ];
-}
-/** One frame of bus voltages at coordinate `frame`. */
-export function voltages(buses: number, frame: number): Data.SampleBatch {
-  const values = Float32Array.from(
-    { length: buses },
-    (_, i) => 1 + Math.sin(i * 0.01 + frame * 0.2) / 20,
-  );
-  return {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index: busIndex(buses),
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: buses },
-    firstFrame: frame,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.of(frame),
-    columns: { voltage: { ...numbers(values), rowStride: 1, frameStride: buses } },
-  };
-}
-/** A frame cut into row ranges of at most `rows`, as a producer publishes one that is too big. */
-export function split(frame: Data.SampleBatch, rows: number): Data.SampleBatch[] {
-  const column = frame.columns.voltage;
-  return Array.from({ length: Math.ceil(column.length / rows) }, (_, b) => {
-    const offset = b * rows,
-      length = Math.min(rows, column.length - offset);
-    return {
-      ...frame,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset, count: length },
-      columns: {
-        voltage: { ...column, values: column.values.subarray(offset, offset + length), length },
-      },
-    };
-  });
-}
-/** A model connected over a local WebSocket, and accepted at the other end. */
-export async function connected(monitor: Model['monitor']) {
-  const server = new WebSocketServer({ port: 0, host: '127.0.0.1', perMessageDeflate: false });
-  await new Promise((resolve) => server.once('listening', resolve));
-  const accepted = new Promise<ConnectedModel>((resolve, reject) =>
-    server.once('connection', (socket) => void acceptModel({ socket }).then(resolve, reject)),
-  );
-  const connection = await connectModel(
-    { name: 'grid', schema, monitor },
-    { url: 'http://127.0.0.1:' + (server.address() as AddressInfo).port },
-  );
-  const model = await accepted;
-  return {
-    model,
-    async close() {
-      await connection.close();
-      await model.close();
-      await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
-    },
-  };
-}
-function names(prefix: string, count: number) {
-  return textColumn(Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => prefix + i));
-}
-function numbers(values: Float32Array) {
-  return { kind: 'numeric' as const, offset: 0, length: values.length, values };
-}
-
-/** Text with fixed metrics, so frames with labels need no canvas. */
-const rasterizer: TextRasterizer = {
-  rasterize: async (input) => ({
-    width: 8,
-    height: 8,
-    coverage: new Uint8Array(64).fill(255),
-    advance: input.text.length * 0.55,
-    left: 0,
-    top: -0.75,
-    ascent: 0.75,
-    descent: 0.2,
-  }),
-};
-const rasterizations = new WeakMap<Gpu, () => number>();
-export async function gpu(): Promise<Gpu> {
-  let count = 0;
-  const device = await createGpu({
-    device: nullDevice(),
-    text: {
-      rasterizer: {
-        rasterize: (input, options) => {
-          count++;
-          return rasterizer.rasterize(input, options);
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    budget: { cpuBytes: 512 * 1024 ** 2, gpuBytes: 2 * 1024 ** 3, entries: 100_000 },
-  });
-  rasterizations.set(device, () => count);
-  return device;
-}
-/** Work is scoped to each benchmark GPU, including its text rasterizer and the vertices it draws. */
-export function counters(device: Gpu) {
-  return {
-    ...device.stats(),
-    rasterized: rasterizations.get(device)?.() ?? 0,
-    vertices: drawnVertices(device.device),
-  };
-}
-
-const surfaces = new WeakMap<Gpu, kit.RenderTarget>();
-/** One offscreen 1280 × 720 frame of a view or renderer through the public render path. */
-export async function draw(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  view: View | kit.Renderer,
-  at = 0,
-  completion: 'progressive' | 'complete' = 'progressive',
-): Promise<void> {
-  let target = surfaces.get(gpu);
-  if (!target) {
-    const texture = gpu.device.createTexture({
-      size: [1280, 720],
-      format: 'rgba8unorm',
-      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-    });
-    target = {
-      device: gpu.device,
-      format: 'rgba8unorm',
-      width: 1280,
-      height: 720,
-      texture: () => texture,
-    };
-    surfaces.set(gpu, target);
-  }
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    completion,
-    views: [
-      {
-        renderer: 'capture' in view ? view : kit.rendererOf(view),
-        target,
-        at,
-        viewport: { width: 1280, height: 720, pixelRatio: 1 },
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  await gpu.idle();
-}
-
-/** Drain an async iterable, as a consumer of blocks would. */
-export async function drain(blocks: AsyncIterable<unknown>): Promise<number> {
-  let count = 0;
-  for await (const _ of blocks) count++;
-  return count;
-}
-
-/** Counters that only grow; the gate compares their change per run. */
-const COUNTERS = [
-  'queries',
-  'queryHits',
-  'uploads',
-  'uploadedBytes',
-  'uploadHits',
-  'gpuCopiedBytes',
-  'allocations',
-  'submissions',
-  'evictions',
-  'stagedBytes',
-  'rasterized',
-  'vertices',
-] as const;
-type Counters = Partial<Record<(typeof COUNTERS)[number], number>>;
-const work: Record<string, Record<string, number>> = {};
-
-/**
- * Benchmarks in one group. Each records its deterministic work per run, from `stats`, for the gate;
- * larger sizes run fewer iterations.
- */
-export function suite(
-  group: string,
-  size: number,
-  stats?: () => Counters,
-  iterations = size >= 1_000_000 ? 6 : size >= 100_000 ? 12 : 24,
-) {
-  return (name: string, run: (i: number) => unknown): void => {
-    let i = 0,
-      runs = 0,
-      before: Counters | undefined;
-    bench(
-      name,
-      async () => {
-        runs++;
-        await run(i++);
-      },
-      {
-        iterations,
-        time: 0,
-        warmupIterations: 2,
-        warmupTime: 0,
-        setup: (_task, mode) => {
-          runs = 0;
-          if (mode === 'run') before = stats?.();
-        },
-        teardown: (_task, mode) => {
-          if (mode !== 'run' || !before || !stats) return;
-          const after = stats();
-          work[group + ' > ' + name] = Object.fromEntries(
-            COUNTERS.filter((key) => after[key] !== undefined).map((key) => [
-              key,
-              round(((after[key] ?? 0) - (before![key] ?? 0)) / Math.max(1, runs)),
-            ]),
-          );
-          record(group);
-        },
-      },
-    );
-  };
-}
-const round = (value: number) => Math.round(value * 1000) / 1000;
-/** Each group writes its own file, so benchmark files may run in parallel. */
-function record(group: string): void {
-  const entries = Object.fromEntries(
-    Object.entries(work).filter(([key]) => key.startsWith(group + ' > ')),
-  );
-  const directory = new URL('./.results/work/', import.meta.url);
-  mkdirSync(directory, { recursive: true });
-  writeFileSync(
-    new URL(group.replace(/[^\w-]+/g, '-') + '.json', directory),
-    JSON.stringify(entries, null, 2) + '\n',
-  );
-}
diff --git a/benchmark/index.html b/benchmark/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..723fc62a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
+    <title>latkit bench</title>
+    <style>
+      html,
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        background: #000;
+      }
+      /* Tracks never size from a canvas's own pixels, so a canvas has its final size before it draws. */
+      main {
+        position: fixed;
+        inset: 0;
+        display: grid;
+        grid-auto-rows: minmax(0, 1fr);
+      }
+      canvas {
+        display: block;
+        width: 100%;
+        height: 100%;
+        min-width: 0;
+        min-height: 0;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main></main>
+    <script type="module" src="/page/main.ts"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/benchmark/judge.ts b/benchmark/judge.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b504c6ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/judge.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/**
+ * What the runs say. Rules that hold on any machine: no errors, nothing drawn idle, no pipeline
+ * compiled where it was first used, resident data within its budget, every phase growing no faster
+ * than its order, and no more work than the work baseline. Frames are stepped, each waiting for the
+ * GPU, so what the data and the frames drawn set (`EXACT`) is held exactly in a phase that acts once
+ * and settles, unless fetched data feeds it; the rest, and every count of a phase acting each frame,
+ * moves with the frame a job or a fetch lands in, and is held within `STEADY`. Then, on the machine
+ * the times baseline was taken on, no phase much slower.
+ */
+import type { Work } from 'latkit';
+import type { Listed, Run } from './page/main.ts';
+
+/** A phase at a size, across repeats: times their medians, work its least. */
+export interface Summary {
+  /** A steady phase's CPU per frame, else its milliseconds. */
+  time: number;
+  gpu: number;
+  steady: boolean;
+  /** Frames drawn, median. */
+  frames: number;
+  work: Work & { resident: number };
+}
+
+type By<T> = Record<string, Record<number, Record<string, T>>>;
+export type WorkBaseline = By<Summary['work']>;
+export interface TimeBaseline {
+  machine: string;
+  times: By<{ time: number; gpu: number }>;
+}
+export type Growth = Partial<Record<'time' | 'gpu' | 'uploaded' | 'resident', number>>;
+export interface Verdict {
+  failures: string[];
+  notes: string[];
+  summaries: By<Summary>;
+  /** The exponent each measure grows by, by scenario and phase. */
+  exponents: Record<string, Record<string, Growth>>;
+}
+
+/** How far a fitted exponent may pass its order: noise, and a change of regime between sizes. */
+const SLACK = 0.2;
+/** Milliseconds a phase acting once may land later than its baseline by: a timer tick, which is
+ * 15.6 ms on Windows, so readbacks answer one tick or the next. */
+const TICK = 16;
+/** Bytes a changed row uploads at least: its page, 65,536 rows of four bytes. */
+const PAGE = 65536 * 4;
+/** Below these a cost counts as these: too small to fit an exponent to, or to call slower. A frame's
+ * CPU time is read on a page's clock, which steps by 0.1 ms, so it counts from five steps; a phase
+ * acting once lands on a tick. */
+const FLOOR = { frame: 0.5, action: TICK, bytes: 64 * 1024 };
+/** How much slower than the baseline a median may be. */
+const SLOWER = 1.25;
+/** Work the data and the frames drawn alone set, which repeats exactly once a phase settles. */
+const EXACT = new Set(['uploaded', 'evaluated', 'jobs', 'pipelines', 'late', 'resident']);
+/** How much more of the rest a phase may do than the baseline: the frame a job or a fetch lands in
+ * moves label placements and tiles by up to about 1.7×, and a per-frame blowup by far more. */
+const STEADY = 2;
+/** Below these, work counts as these when it is held within `STEADY`: bytes, and other counts. */
+const WORK_FLOOR = { bytes: 64 * 1024, count: 8 };
+const BYTES = new Set(['uploaded', 'written', 'resident']);
+
+const median = (xs: number[]) =>
+  [...xs].sort((a, b) => a - b)[Math.floor((xs.length - 1) / 2)] ?? 0;
+const sum = (xs: number[]) => xs.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+const mib = (n: number) => `${(n / 2 ** 20).toFixed(1)} MiB`;
+
+/** The least-squares slope of log cost against log size: the exponent the cost grows by. */
+function slope(points: (readonly [number, number])[]): number {
+  const xs = points.map(([n]) => Math.log(n));
+  const ys = points.map(([, c]) => Math.log(c));
+  const [mx, my] = [sum(xs) / xs.length, sum(ys) / ys.length];
+  return sum(xs.map((x, i) => (x - mx) * (ys[i]! - my))) / sum(xs.map((x) => (x - mx) ** 2));
+}
+
+function summarize(runs: Run[]): By<Summary> {
+  const out: By<Summary> = {};
+  const groups = Map.groupBy(runs, (r) => `${r.scenario}\0${r.size}`);
+  for (const group of groups.values()) {
+    const { scenario, size, phases } = group[0]!;
+    for (const [phase, { steady }] of Object.entries(phases)) {
+      const costs = group.map((r) => r.phases[phase]!);
+      const work = costs.map((c) => ({ ...c.work, resident: c.resident }));
+      ((out[scenario] ??= {})[size] ??= {})[phase] = {
+        steady,
+        time: median(costs.map((c) => (steady ? c.cpu : c.ms))),
+        gpu: median(costs.map((c) => c.gpu)),
+        frames: median(costs.map((c) => c.frames)),
+        work: Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.keys(work[0]!).map((k) => [
+            k,
+            Math.min(...work.map((w) => w[k as keyof typeof w])),
+          ]),
+        ) as unknown as Summary['work'],
+      };
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function judge(
+  runs: Run[],
+  list: Listed[],
+  base: { work?: WorkBaseline; times?: TimeBaseline },
+): Verdict {
+  const failures: string[] = [];
+  const notes: string[] = [];
+  for (const r of runs) {
+    const at = `${r.scenario} at ${r.size}`;
+    for (const error of r.errors) failures.push(`${at}: ${error}`);
+    if (r.idle) failures.push(`${at}: ${r.idle} frames drawn while nothing changed`);
+    for (const [phase, { work }] of Object.entries(r.phases))
+      if (work.late)
+        failures.push(
+          `${at}, ${phase}: ${work.late} pipelines compiled where first used, not asked for ahead`,
+        );
+    const resident = Math.max(...Object.values(r.phases).map((c) => c.resident));
+    if (resident > r.budget)
+      failures.push(`${at}: ${mib(resident)} resident, over its ${mib(r.budget)} budget`);
+  }
+  const summaries = summarize(runs);
+  const exponents: Verdict['exponents'] = {};
+  const sameMachine = !!base.times && base.times.machine === runs[0]?.machine;
+  for (const scenario of list) {
+    const bySize = summaries[scenario.name];
+    if (!bySize) continue;
+    const sizes = Object.keys(bySize)
+      .map(Number)
+      .sort((a, b) => a - b);
+    for (const [phase, order] of Object.entries(scenario.orders)) {
+      const at = sizes.filter((n) => bySize[n]![phase]);
+      if (!at.length) continue;
+      const steady = bySize[at[0]!]![phase]!.steady;
+      const grows = (read: (s: Summary) => number, floor: number) =>
+        at.length > 1
+          ? slope(at.map((n) => [n, Math.max(read(bySize[n]![phase]!), floor)] as const))
+          : undefined;
+      const fit: Growth = {
+        time: grows((s) => s.time, steady ? FLOOR.frame : FLOOR.action),
+        gpu: grows((s) => s.gpu, FLOOR.frame),
+        // Pages are what changes upload: below a page a frame drawn, bytes count as that.
+        uploaded: grows((s) => Math.max(s.work.uploaded, s.frames * PAGE), FLOOR.bytes),
+        resident: grows((s) => s.work.resident, FLOOR.bytes),
+      };
+      (exponents[scenario.name] ??= {})[phase] = fit;
+      const past = (what: string, e: number | undefined, limit: number | undefined) => {
+        if (e !== undefined && limit !== undefined && e > limit + SLACK)
+          failures.push(
+            `${scenario.name} ${phase}: ${what} grows as n^${e.toFixed(2)}, past n^${limit}`,
+          );
+      };
+      past('time', fit.time, order.time);
+      past('uploaded bytes', fit.uploaded, order.bytes);
+      // What stays resident is the data's footprint, set by loading; later phases only add to it.
+      if (phase === 'load') past('resident bytes', fit.resident, order.bytes);
+      for (const n of at) {
+        const now = bySize[n]![phase]!;
+        const where = `${scenario.name} at ${n}, ${phase}`;
+        const baseline: Partial<Summary['work']> = base.work?.[scenario.name]?.[n]?.[phase] ?? {};
+        for (const [k, was] of Object.entries(baseline) as [keyof Summary['work'], number][]) {
+          const is = now.work[k];
+          const floor = BYTES.has(k) ? WORK_FLOOR.bytes : WORK_FLOOR.count;
+          const exact = !now.steady && !scenario.fetches && EXACT.has(k);
+          const most = exact ? was : Math.max(was, floor) * STEADY;
+          if (is > most) failures.push(`${where}: ${k} ${is}, was ${was}`);
+          else if (is < was) notes.push(`${where}: ${k} ${is}, was ${was}; --update keeps it`);
+        }
+        const then = sameMachine ? base.times!.times[scenario.name]?.[n]?.[phase] : undefined;
+        const floor = now.steady ? FLOOR.frame : TICK;
+        if (then && now.time > then.time * SLOWER + floor)
+          failures.push(`${where}: ${now.time.toFixed(2)} ms, was ${then.time.toFixed(2)}`);
+        else if (then && now.time < then.time / SLOWER)
+          notes.push(
+            `${where}: ${now.time.toFixed(2)} ms, was ${then.time.toFixed(2)}; --update keeps it`,
+          );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { failures, notes, summaries, exponents };
+}
+
+const map = <T>(v: Verdict, read: (s: Summary) => T): By<T> =>
+  Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(v.summaries).map(([s, bySize]) => [
+      s,
+      Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(bySize).map(([n, byPhase]) => [
+          n,
+          Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(byPhase).map(([p, x]) => [p, read(x)])),
+        ]),
+      ),
+    ]),
+  );
+
+/** `run` laid over `base`, scenario by size: each size this run measured replaces the base's, and
+ * the rest stays. */
+function over<T>(run: By<T>, base: By<T> = {}): By<T> {
+  const out = structuredClone(base);
+  for (const [scenario, bySize] of Object.entries(run))
+    Object.assign((out[scenario] ??= {}), bySize);
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** The work baseline: this run's laid over `base`. */
+export function work(v: Verdict, base?: WorkBaseline): WorkBaseline {
+  const measured = map(v, (s) => s.work);
+  return over(measured, base);
+}
+
+/** The times baseline of `machine`: this run's laid over `base`, where `base` was taken on it. */
+export function times(v: Verdict, machine: string, base?: TimeBaseline): TimeBaseline {
+  const measured = map(v, (s) => ({ time: s.time, gpu: s.gpu }));
+  return { machine, times: over(measured, base?.machine === machine ? base.times : undefined) };
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/model.bench.ts b/benchmark/model.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 03f9f9f5..00000000
--- a/benchmark/model.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-import { describe } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  appendData,
-  createData,
-  createMemory,
-  createReader,
-  read,
-  selectBatches,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { batches, drain, frames, grid, schema, sizes, suite, voltages } from './harness.ts';
-
-describe.each(sizes)('model %i buses', (buses) => {
-  const data = grid(buses),
-    input = batches(buses),
-    next = voltages(buses, frames),
-    reader = createReader({ memory: createMemory({ cpuBytes: 512 * 1024 ** 2 }) }),
-    window = { kind: 'range', between: [0, frames - 1] } as const;
-  const fields = () => {
-    const scope = reader.open();
-    return drain(scope.fields({ source: data, from: 'Bus', fields: { load: 'load' } })).finally(
-      () => scope.close(),
-    );
-  };
-  const measure = suite(`model ${buses} buses`, buses, () => reader.stats());
-  measure('createData', () => createData(schema, input));
-  measure('appendData frame', () => appendData(data, [next]));
-  measure('read rows', () => drain(read(data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Bus', select: ['load'] })));
-  measure('read samples', () =>
-    drain(read(data, { kind: 'samples', from: 'Bus', select: ['voltage'], window })),
-  );
-  measure('read envelope', () =>
-    drain(read(data, { kind: 'envelope', from: 'Bus', select: ['voltage'], window, buckets: 8 })),
-  );
-  measure('selectBatches', () =>
-    drain(selectBatches(data, [{ from: 'Bus', select: ['load', 'voltage'] }])),
-  );
-  measure('reader fields, cold', () => {
-    reader.trim();
-    return fields();
-  });
-  measure('reader fields, cached', fields);
-  measure('reader extent', async () => {
-    const scope = reader.open();
-    try {
-      return await scope.extent({ source: data, from: 'Bus', field: 'voltage', window });
-    } finally {
-      scope.close();
-    }
-  });
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/monitor.bench.ts b/benchmark/monitor.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 37b90512..00000000
--- a/benchmark/monitor.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,289 +0,0 @@
-import { describe } from 'vitest';
-import { appendData, type Data, type Domain } from '@latkit/model';
-import { pulse, type RGBA, type Colormap } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor, type Monitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { busIndex, counters, draw, frames, gpu, grid, suite, voltages } from './harness.ts';
-
-/** A frame of voltages swinging wider than any before, as a disturbance grows: every frame is a new extreme. */
-function swelling(buses: number, frame: number): Data.SampleBatch {
-  const batch = voltages(buses, frame),
-    swing = 0.05 + frame * 0.01,
-    values = Float32Array.from(
-      { length: buses },
-      (_, i) => 1 + Math.sin(i * 0.01 + frame * 0.2) * swing,
-    );
-  return {
-    ...batch,
-    columns: { voltage: { ...batch.columns.voltage, values } },
-  };
-}
-
-/** A trace per row: monitors scale with the rows they draw. */
-describe.each([100, 1_000, 10_000])('monitor %i rows', async (rows) => {
-  const device = await gpu();
-  let data = grid(rows);
-  // A fixed window with room for the stream, as a run that declares its domain uses.
-  const config: Monitor.Config = {
-    source: data,
-    traces: { voltage: { from: 'Bus', y: 'voltage' } },
-    camera: { x: [0, frames * 4] },
-  };
-  const view = createMonitor(device, config);
-  await draw(device, view, 0, 'complete');
-  const measure = suite(`monitor ${rows} rows`, rows, () => counters(device), 12);
-  measure('first frame', async () => {
-    const fresh = createMonitor(device, config);
-    await draw(device, fresh, 0, 'complete');
-    fresh.destroy();
-  });
-  measure('cached frame', () => draw(device, view));
-  // Moving the playhead never reads history again.
-  measure('playhead', (i) => draw(device, view, i % frames));
-  // A quarter in: inside the recorded frames of the wide window.
-  measure('pick', () => view.pick([280, 360], { radiusPx: 24 }));
-  // Each new frame draws alone, joined to the last.
-  measure('stream frame', async (i) => {
-    data = appendData(data, [voltages(rows, frames + i)]);
-    view.set({ source: data });
-    await draw(device, view, frames + i, 'complete');
-  });
-  // A new window redraws history behind the shown image.
-  measure('change window', async (i) => {
-    view.set({ camera: { x: [0, frames * 4 + 1 + (i % 2)] } });
-    await draw(device, view, 0, 'complete');
-  });
-  // Each new frame a new extreme, with the values fitted: the fit grows, history stands.
-  let swollen = grid(rows);
-  const growing = createMonitor(device, { ...config, source: swollen });
-  await draw(device, growing, 0, 'complete');
-  measure('stream frame, growing extremes', async (i) => {
-    swollen = appendData(swollen, [swelling(rows, frames + i)]);
-    growing.set({ source: swollen });
-    await draw(device, growing, frames + i, 'complete');
-  });
-});
-
-/** How a scenario's traces look this iteration: mapped traces' domain and colormap, fixed traces' color. */
-interface Look {
-  readonly domain: Domain;
-  readonly colormap: Colormap.Name;
-  readonly color: RGBA;
-}
-const lookAt = (i: number): Look => ({
-  domain: [0.95 - i * 1e-3, 1.05 + i * 1e-3],
-  colormap: i % 2 ? 'magma' : 'viridis',
-  color: [0.2 + (i % 5) * 0.15, 0.6, 0.9, 0.8],
-});
-/** The `i`th of `n` equal row ranges. */
-const part = (rows: number, i: number, n: number) => {
-  const offset = Math.floor((rows * i) / n);
-  return { kind: 'range' as const, offset, count: Math.floor((rows * (i + 1)) / n) - offset };
-};
-const fixed = (color: RGBA, rows?: ReturnType<typeof part>) => ({
-  from: 'Bus',
-  y: 'voltage',
-  color,
-  ...(rows && { rows }),
-});
-const mapped = (look: Look, rows?: ReturnType<typeof part>, shift = 0) => ({
-  from: 'Bus',
-  y: 'voltage',
-  color: {
-    field: 'voltage',
-    domain: [look.domain[0] - shift, look.domain[1] + shift] as const,
-    colormap: look.colormap,
-  },
-  ...(rows && { rows }),
-});
-/**
- * Trace setups, each over every row: one trace, or four drawing a quarter each, so every setup draws
- * the same segments. Fixed traces take a color; mapped traces color by what they plot.
- */
-const SCENARIOS: Record<
-  string,
-  { traces(rows: number, look: Look): Monitor.Config['traces']; style?: Partial<Monitor.Config> }
-> = {
-  'one fixed trace': { traces: (_, look) => ({ a: fixed(look.color) }) },
-  'one mapped trace': { traces: (_, look) => ({ a: mapped(look) }) },
-  'one trace colored by another field': {
-    traces: (_, look) => ({
-      a: {
-        from: 'Bus',
-        y: 'voltage',
-        color: {
-          field: 'load',
-          domain: [look.domain[0] - 0.95, look.domain[1] - 0.05] as const,
-          colormap: look.colormap,
-        },
-      },
-    }),
-  },
-  'one following trace': {
-    traces: (_, look) => ({
-      a: { from: 'Bus', y: 'voltage', color: { field: 'voltage', colormap: look.colormap } },
-    }),
-  },
-  'four fixed traces': {
-    traces: (rows, look) =>
-      Object.fromEntries(
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((name, i) => [
-          name,
-          fixed([look.color[0], look.color[1], i / 4, 0.8], part(rows, i, 4)),
-        ]),
-      ),
-  },
-  'four mapped traces, one look': {
-    traces: (rows, look) =>
-      Object.fromEntries(
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((name, i) => [name, mapped(look, part(rows, i, 4))]),
-      ),
-  },
-  'four mapped traces, four looks': {
-    traces: (rows, look) =>
-      Object.fromEntries(
-        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((name, i) => [name, mapped(look, part(rows, i, 4), i * 0.01)]),
-      ),
-  },
-  // Past the looks an image keeps apart, the rest bake into its color layer.
-  'eight traces colored by another field, eight looks': {
-    traces: (rows, look) =>
-      Object.fromEntries(
-        Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, i) => [
-          't' + i,
-          {
-            from: 'Bus',
-            y: 'voltage',
-            rows: part(rows, i, 8),
-            color: {
-              field: 'load',
-              domain: [look.domain[0] - 0.95 - i * 0.01, look.domain[1] - 0.05] as const,
-              colormap: look.colormap,
-            },
-          },
-        ]),
-      ),
-  },
-  'two fixed, two mapped traces': {
-    traces: (rows, look) => ({
-      a: fixed(look.color, part(rows, 0, 4)),
-      b: mapped(look, part(rows, 1, 4)),
-      c: fixed([0.9, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8], part(rows, 2, 4)),
-      d: mapped(look, part(rows, 3, 4)),
-    }),
-  },
-  'one mapped trace, msaa': { traces: (_, look) => ({ a: mapped(look) }), style: { msaa: 4 } },
-};
-
-/** Each setup through every change an application makes, at two sizes: what each costs. */
-describe.each(
-  Object.keys(SCENARIOS).flatMap((scenario) =>
-    [1_000, 10_000].map((rows) => [scenario, rows] as const),
-  ),
-)('monitor %s %i rows', async (scenario, rows) => {
-  const device = await gpu(),
-    { traces, style } = SCENARIOS[scenario],
-    configOf = (source: Data, i = 0): Monitor.Config => ({
-      source,
-      traces: traces(rows, lookAt(i)),
-      camera: { x: [0, frames * 4] },
-      // Large enough for every setup; the memory each holds is reported apart.
-      limits: { historyBytes: 1024 ** 3 },
-      ...style,
-    });
-  /** A monitor drawn whole, before anything is measured. */
-  const ready = async (extra: Partial<Monitor.Config> = {}) => {
-    const view = createMonitor(device, { ...configOf(grid(rows)), ...extra });
-    await draw(device, view, 0, 'complete');
-    return view;
-  };
-  const measure = suite(`monitor ${scenario} ${rows} rows`, rows, () => counters(device), 12);
-  const at = (view: Monitor, i: number, set: Parameters<Monitor['set']>[0]) => {
-    view.set(set);
-    return draw(device, view, i % frames, 'complete');
-  };
-
-  measure('first frame', async () => {
-    const fresh = createMonitor(device, configOf(grid(rows)));
-    await draw(device, fresh, 0, 'complete');
-    fresh.destroy();
-  });
-  const cached = await ready();
-  measure('cached frame', () => draw(device, cached));
-  measure('playhead', (i) => draw(device, cached, i % frames));
-  measure('pick', () => cached.pick([280, 360], { radiusPx: 24 }));
-  // The pointer rests while the playhead moves: what was drawn stands, and so does its answer.
-  measure('pick during playback', async (i) => {
-    await draw(device, cached, i % frames);
-    return cached.pick([280, 360], { radiusPx: 24 });
-  });
-
-  // A live run: each new frame draws alone, joined to the last.
-  let streamed = grid(rows);
-  const stream = await ready();
-  measure('stream frame', async (i) => {
-    streamed = appendData(streamed, [voltages(rows, frames + i)]);
-    stream.set({ source: streamed });
-    await draw(device, stream, frames + i, 'complete');
-  });
-  // As live extremes widen the domain, and a fixed color changes.
-  const recolor = await ready();
-  measure('recolor', (i) => at(recolor, i, { traces: traces(rows, lookAt(i + 1)) }));
-  // A new colormap; for fixed traces, a new theme's trace color.
-  const palette = await ready();
-  measure('palette', (i) =>
-    at(palette, i, {
-      traces: traces(rows, { ...lookAt(0), colormap: i % 2 ? 'viridis' : 'magma' }),
-      traceColor: i % 2 ? [0.23, 0.72, 0.88, 0.7] : [0.88, 0.5, 0.2, 0.7],
-    }),
-  );
-  // Both in one change, as a live run streams with a global domain.
-  let live = grid(rows);
-  const both = await ready();
-  measure('stream frame, new look', async (i) => {
-    live = appendData(live, [voltages(rows, frames + i)]);
-    both.set({ source: live, traces: traces(rows, lookAt(i + 1)) });
-    await draw(device, both, frames + i, 'complete');
-  });
-  // A live run of growing extremes with fitted values, as Studio streams one: mapped traces' global
-  // domain widens with each frame, and fixed colors stay as they are.
-  let swollen = grid(rows);
-  const growing = await ready();
-  measure('stream frame, growing extremes', async (i) => {
-    swollen = appendData(swollen, [swelling(rows, frames + i)]);
-    growing.set({
-      source: swollen,
-      traces: traces(rows, { ...lookAt(i + 1), color: lookAt(0).color }),
-    });
-    await draw(device, growing, frames + i, 'complete');
-  });
-  // Selecting a row draws it over the rest; clearing removes it.
-  const select = await ready();
-  measure('select', (i) => {
-    select.select(i % 2 ? [] : [{ source: select.config.source, index: busIndex(rows), row: 7 }]);
-    return draw(device, select, 0, 'complete');
-  });
-  // A new window draws history again, behind the shown image.
-  const windowed = await ready();
-  measure('change window', (i) =>
-    at(windowed, i, { camera: { x: [0, frames * 4 + 1 + (i % 2)] } }),
-  );
-  // A new width moves every line's pixels.
-  const width = await ready();
-  measure('trace width', (i) => at(width, i, { traceWidthPx: i % 2 ? 1.25 : 2 }));
-  // A small trace comes and goes beside the rest.
-  const adding = await ready();
-  measure('add trace', (i) =>
-    at(adding, i, {
-      traces: {
-        ...traces(rows, lookAt(0)),
-        extra:
-          i % 2
-            ? null
-            : { from: 'Bus', y: 'voltage', rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 16 } },
-      },
-    }),
-  );
-  // A shade that moves every frame.
-  const shaded = await ready({ shade: pulse() });
-  measure('animated shade', () => draw(device, shaded));
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/network.bench.ts b/benchmark/network.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c414636..00000000
--- a/benchmark/network.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-import { describe } from 'vitest';
-import { createNetwork, type Network } from '@latkit/network';
-import { branchIndex, busIndex, counters, draw, gpu, grid, sizes, suite } from './harness.ts';
-
-describe.each(sizes)('network %i buses', async (buses) => {
-  const device = await gpu(),
-    data = grid(buses);
-  const config: Network.Config = {
-    source: data,
-    vertices: {
-      Bus: {
-        x: 'position',
-        y: { field: 'position', component: 1 },
-        color: { field: 'voltage', domain: [0.95, 1.05] },
-        radiusPx: 'load',
-      },
-    },
-    edges: { Branch: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-  };
-  const view = createNetwork(device, config);
-  await draw(device, view);
-  const measure = suite(`network ${buses} buses`, buses, () => counters(device));
-  measure('first frame', async () => {
-    const fresh = createNetwork(device, config);
-    await draw(device, fresh);
-    fresh.destroy();
-  });
-  measure('cached frame', () => draw(device, view));
-  measure('playback frame', (i) => draw(device, view, i));
-  // Before anything moves the fitted camera.
-  measure('pick', () => view.pick([640, 360]));
-  measure('restyle', (i) => {
-    view.set({ vertices: { Bus: { radiusPx: i % 2 ? 'load' : null } } });
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-  // A wider color domain, as a live run's extremes grow: the same reads, new uniforms.
-  measure('recolor', (i) => {
-    view.set({
-      vertices: {
-        Bus: { color: { field: 'voltage', domain: [0.95 - i * 1e-3, 1.05 + i * 1e-3] } },
-      },
-    });
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-  measure('camera move', (i) => {
-    view.set({ camera: { scale: 1 + (i % 8) } });
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-  // A bus and a branch selected draw over the rest; clearing them draws as before.
-  measure('select', (i) => {
-    view.select(
-      i % 2
-        ? []
-        : [
-            { kind: 'vertex', source: data, index: busIndex(buses), row: 7 },
-            { kind: 'edge', source: data, index: branchIndex(buses), row: 7 },
-          ],
-    );
-    return draw(device, view);
-  });
-});
-
-// Positions from layout alone: stress places every bus by its branches once, then frames reuse it.
-describe.each(sizes.filter((buses) => buses <= 100_000))(
-  'network %i buses unpositioned',
-  async (buses) => {
-    const device = await gpu(),
-      config: Network.Config = {
-        source: grid(buses),
-        vertices: { Bus: { radiusPx: 'load' } },
-        edges: { Branch: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-      };
-    const view = createNetwork(device, config);
-    await draw(device, view);
-    const measure = suite(`network ${buses} buses unpositioned`, buses, () => counters(device));
-    measure('first frame', async () => {
-      const fresh = createNetwork(device, config);
-      await draw(device, fresh);
-      fresh.destroy();
-    });
-    measure('cached frame', () => draw(device, view));
-    measure('restyle', (i) => {
-      view.set({ vertices: { Bus: { radiusPx: i % 2 ? 'load' : null } } });
-      return draw(device, view);
-    });
-  },
-);
diff --git a/benchmark/package.json b/benchmark/package.json
index 9cae5579..00314dcd 100644
--- a/benchmark/package.json
+++ b/benchmark/package.json
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
 {
-  "name": "@latkit/benchmark",
+  "name": "latkit-bench",
   "private": true,
   "version": "0.0.0",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit"
+    "bench": "node run.ts"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/connect": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/diagram": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/monitor": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/network": "workspace:*"
+    "latkit": "link:../npm"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@types/ws": "^8.18.2",
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "ws": "8.21.0"
+    "@types/node": "^26.1.1",
+    "playwright-core": "1.64.0",
+    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
+    "vite": "^7.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/benchmark/page/data.ts b/benchmark/page/data.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0326817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/page/data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/**
+ * What the scenarios draw, made before anything is measured: deterministic, so every run counts the
+ * same work, and linear in size. Each returns a `Write` that only hands latkit the arrays.
+ */
+import { reference, type Values } from 'latkit';
+import type { Write } from './stage.ts';
+
+/** Axis coordinates a second. */
+const RATE = 60;
+
+/** Numbers in [0, 1), the same every run. */
+function random(seed: number): () => number {
+  let s = seed >>> 0 || 1;
+  return () => (s = (Math.imul(s, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0) / 2 ** 32;
+}
+
+/** `n` points in the unit square, each with a value, and a name when `named`. */
+export function scatter(n: number, seed = 1, named = false): Write {
+  const next = random(seed);
+  const [x, y, v] = [new Float64Array(n), new Float64Array(n), new Float32Array(n)];
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) [x[i], y[i], v[i]] = [next(), next(), next()];
+  const fields: Record<string, Values> = { x, y, v };
+  if (named) fields.name = Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => `P${i}`);
+  return (p) => p.set('Point', { count: n }, fields);
+}
+
+/** About `n` buses in a square lattice over most of the globe, each joined to its right and lower
+ * neighbours: a grid's shape at any size. */
+export function lattice(n: number): Write {
+  const side = Math.max(2, Math.round(Math.sqrt(n)));
+  const count = side * side;
+  const [lon, lat, load] = [
+    new Float64Array(count),
+    new Float64Array(count),
+    new Float32Array(count),
+  ];
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    lon[i] = -170 + (340 * (i % side)) / (side - 1);
+    lat[i] = -75 + (150 * Math.floor(i / side)) / (side - 1);
+    load[i] = Math.hypot(lon[i]! / 170, lat[i]! / 75) / Math.SQRT2;
+  }
+  const lines = 2 * side * (side - 1);
+  const [from, to] = [new Uint32Array(lines), new Uint32Array(lines)];
+  let e = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    if (i % side < side - 1) {
+      from[e] = i;
+      to[e++] = i + 1;
+    }
+    if (i + side < count) {
+      from[e] = i;
+      to[e++] = i + side;
+    }
+  }
+  return (p) =>
+    p
+      .set('Bus', { count }, { lon, lat, load })
+      .set('Line', { count: lines }, { from: reference('Bus', from), to: reference('Bus', to) });
+}
+
+/** `n` edges among 16 vertices on a ring, each joining a vertex to the next: lanes by the thousand. */
+export function lanes(n: number): Write {
+  const k = 16;
+  const x = Float64Array.from({ length: k }, (_, i) => Math.cos((2 * Math.PI * i) / k));
+  const y = Float64Array.from({ length: k }, (_, i) => Math.sin((2 * Math.PI * i) / k));
+  const from = Uint32Array.from({ length: n }, (_, e) => e % k);
+  const to = Uint32Array.from({ length: n }, (_, e) => (e + 1) % k);
+  return (p) =>
+    p
+      .set('Point', { count: k }, { x, y, v: new Float32Array(k) })
+      .set('Link', { count: n }, { from: reference('Point', from), to: reference('Point', to) });
+}
+
+/** `n` regular 32-gons in a grid over the mercator world, each with a value. */
+export function polygons(n: number, sides = 32): Write {
+  const across = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(2 * n));
+  const [w, h] = [340 / across, 140 / Math.ceil(n / across)];
+  const r = 0.4 * Math.min(w, h);
+  const rings = new Array<[number, number][][]>(n);
+  const v = new Float32Array(n);
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const [cx, cy] = [-170 + ((i % across) + 0.5) * w, -70 + (Math.floor(i / across) + 0.5) * h];
+    const ring = Array.from({ length: sides + 1 }, (_, k): [number, number] => {
+      const a = (2 * Math.PI * (k % sides)) / sides;
+      return [cx + r * Math.cos(a), cy + r * Math.sin(a)];
+    });
+    rings[i] = [ring];
+    v[i] = (i % 97) / 97;
+  }
+  return (p) => p.set('Region', { count: n }, { rings, v });
+}
+
+/** `n` blocks in trees of 64: each block's output is a net, which its two children's inputs name. */
+export function blocks(n: number): Write {
+  const input = new Array<number | null>(n);
+  const name = new Array<string>(n);
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const k = i % 64;
+    input[i] = k === 0 ? null : i - k + ((k - 1) >> 1);
+    name[i] = `Block ${i}`;
+  }
+  return (p) =>
+    p
+      .set('Net', { count: n }, { k: new Float32Array(n) })
+      .set(
+        'Block',
+        { count: n },
+        { name, in: reference('Net', input), out: reference('Net', { count: n }) },
+      );
+}
+
+const wave = (r: number, f: number) => Math.sin(r * 0.37 + f * 0.05) + (r % 10) * 0.2;
+
+/** `rows` traces of `frames` samples at 60 a second, each its own wave. */
+export function traces(rows: number, frames: number): Write {
+  const all = new Float32Array(rows * frames);
+  for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++) for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) all[f * rows + r] = wave(r, f);
+  const k = Float32Array.from({ length: rows }, (_, r) => r);
+  return (p) => {
+    p.axis('time', 's').set('Signal', { count: rows }, { k });
+    for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
+      p.append(f / RATE, 'Signal', { v: all.subarray(f * rows, (f + 1) * rows) });
+    return p;
+  };
+}
+
+/** `count` patches recording the frames from `from` on, each forgetting what falls `history` behind. */
+export function feed(rows: number, from: number, count: number, history: number): Write[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i): Write => {
+    const f = from + i;
+    const v = Float32Array.from({ length: rows }, (_, r) => wave(r, f));
+    return (p) => p.append(f / RATE, 'Signal', { v }).forget((f - history) / RATE);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/page/main.ts b/benchmark/page/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85e3d2da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/page/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/**
+ * The bench page, one implementation of the contract the runner drives: `bench.ready()` resolves
+ * once a GPU device can be made; `bench.list()` names the scenarios and the orders their phases
+ * keep; `bench.run(name, size)` builds one at a size on a fresh GPU and measures it; `bench.lost()`
+ * says whether that GPU's device was lost. The runner opens a fresh page for every run, so nothing
+ * carries over but the browser's shader cache.
+ */
+import { loadLatkit, type Gpu } from 'latkit';
+import { LOAD, scenarios, type Order } from './scenarios.ts';
+import { Stage, type Cost } from './stage.ts';
+
+export interface Listed {
+  name: string;
+  about: string;
+  unit: string;
+  sizes: readonly number[];
+  cold: boolean;
+  fetches: boolean;
+  orders: Record<string, Order>;
+}
+
+export interface Run {
+  scenario: string;
+  size: number;
+  /** The adapter and browser: times compare only on the same machine. */
+  machine: string;
+  /** Every phase in order: `init`, `data`, `load`, then the scenario's. */
+  phases: Record<string, Cost>;
+  /** Frames drawn over frames stepped once everything settled: none, for views that sleep. */
+  idle: number;
+  /** Bytes the budget lets data take. */
+  budget: number;
+  /** What the views told went wrong. */
+  errors: string[];
+}
+
+/** What data may take unless a scenario sets it: fixed, so the work counted is every device's. */
+const BUDGET = { bytes: 256 * 2 ** 20, uploadPerFrame: 32 * 2 ** 20 };
+
+/** The GPU of the run under way, which `lost` asks after. */
+let current: Gpu | undefined;
+
+/** Resolves once a GPU device can be made: a wedged driver hangs here, so the runner asks first. */
+async function ready(): Promise<void> {
+  (await (await loadLatkit()).Gpu.create()).destroy();
+}
+
+/** Whether the run's device was lost: the runner asks after a failure, and stops the sweep if so. */
+function lost(): boolean {
+  return current?.lost ?? false;
+}
+
+function list(): Listed[] {
+  return Object.entries(scenarios).map(([name, s]) => ({
+    name,
+    about: s.about,
+    unit: s.unit,
+    sizes: s.sizes,
+    cold: !!s.cold,
+    fetches: !!s.fetches,
+    orders: {
+      init: { time: 0 },
+      data: { time: 1 },
+      load: s.load ?? LOAD,
+      ...Object.fromEntries(s.phases.map((p) => [p.name, p.order])),
+    },
+  }));
+}
+
+async function run(name: string, size: number): Promise<Run> {
+  const scenario = scenarios[name];
+  if (!scenario) throw new Error(`no scenario ${name}`);
+  console.debug('phase init');
+  const begun = performance.now();
+  const latkit = await loadLatkit();
+  const gpu = (current = await latkit.Gpu.create());
+  const ms = performance.now() - begun;
+  gpu.budget = scenario.budget ?? BUDGET;
+  const built = scenario.build(size);
+  const stage = new Stage(latkit, gpu, await canvases(scenario.views?.(size) ?? 1), size);
+  const none = { frames: 0, cpu: 0, cpu95: 0, gpu: 0, resident: 0, steady: false };
+  // Each phase says when it starts, so a page that stops answering is known by where it stopped.
+  const named = <T>(phase: string, run: () => Promise<T>) => {
+    console.debug(`phase ${phase}`);
+    return run().catch((error: unknown) => {
+      throw new Error(`${phase}: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`);
+    });
+  };
+  const phases: Record<string, Cost> = {
+    init: { ...none, ms, work: gpu.work },
+    data: await named('data', () => stage.ingest(built.data)),
+    load: await named('load', () => stage.load(built.scene, built.tiles, built.camera)),
+  };
+  for (const phase of scenario.phases)
+    phases[phase.name] = await named(phase.name, () => phase.run(stage));
+  const idle = await named('idle', () => stage.idle());
+  return {
+    scenario: name,
+    size,
+    machine: await machine(),
+    phases,
+    idle,
+    budget: gpu.budget.bytes,
+    errors: stage.errors,
+  };
+}
+
+/** `n` canvases filling the page in a grid, laid out before any view draws. */
+async function canvases(n: number): Promise<HTMLCanvasElement[]> {
+  const main = document.querySelector('main')!;
+  main.style.gridTemplateColumns = `repeat(${Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(n))}, minmax(0, 1fr))`;
+  const made = Array.from({ length: n }, () => main.appendChild(document.createElement('canvas')));
+  await new Promise((resolve) => requestAnimationFrame(resolve));
+  return made;
+}
+
+/** The adapter, asked for as latkit asks for its own, and the browser. */
+async function machine(): Promise<string> {
+  interface Adapter {
+    info?: { vendor?: string; architecture?: string; description?: string };
+  }
+  interface Options {
+    powerPreference: 'high-performance';
+  }
+  const gpu = (navigator as { gpu?: { requestAdapter(o: Options): Promise<Adapter | null> } }).gpu;
+  const info = (await gpu?.requestAdapter({ powerPreference: 'high-performance' }))?.info;
+  const chrome = /Chrome\/(\d+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent)?.[1];
+  const adapter = [info?.vendor, info?.architecture, info?.description].filter(Boolean).join(' ');
+  return `${adapter || 'unknown adapter'} · Chrome ${chrome}`;
+}
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    bench: { ready: typeof ready; list: typeof list; run: typeof run; lost: typeof lost };
+  }
+}
+window.bench = { ready, list, run, lost };
diff --git a/benchmark/page/scenarios.ts b/benchmark/page/scenarios.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8443d8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/page/scenarios.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+/**
+ * Every scenario: what it sweeps, the scene and data at each size, and what it does. Each phase
+ * declares how its cost may grow with size, so the sweep checks the README's rules: CPU per frame
+ * stays flat in the rows, a one-row change costs the same at any size, restyling moves no data,
+ * views share pages, and loading grows no faster than the data. `init`, `data`, and `load` come
+ * first in every scenario, and idle frames are counted after the last.
+ */
+import { field, type Budget, type Camera, type ColormapName, type Scene, type Space } from 'latkit';
+import * as make from './data.ts';
+import { deadline, type Cost, type Stage, type Write } from './stage.ts';
+
+export interface Scenario {
+  /** What it stresses. */
+  about: string;
+  /** What a size counts, and the sizes swept, smallest first; `--quick` runs the smallest. */
+  unit: string;
+  sizes: readonly number[];
+  build(size: number): Built;
+  phases: readonly Phase[];
+  /** How `load` may grow; with the data, in time and bytes, unless set. */
+  load?: Order;
+  /** Views of one GPU drawing the scene; one unless set. */
+  views?(size: number): number;
+  /** The GPU's budget, where the scenario is about it. */
+  budget?: Budget;
+  /** Run in a fresh browser without a shader cache: what a first visit costs. */
+  cold?: boolean;
+  /** Its data is fetched as the camera asks, so what it uploads moves with the frame a fetch lands in. */
+  fetches?: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface Built {
+  scene: Scene;
+  /** Each dataset, made beforehand, so `data` times latkit alone. */
+  data: Record<string, Write>;
+  /** Vector tiles by dataset name: URL templates the bench server answers. */
+  tiles?: Record<string, string>;
+  /** Where the view looks; it fits everything unless set. */
+  camera?: Camera;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How a phase's cost may grow with size: 0 not at all, 1 no faster than linearly. `time` is a steady
+ * phase's CPU per frame or an action's milliseconds; `bytes` is what it uploaded and what stays
+ * resident. A measure left out is held only to the baselines.
+ */
+export interface Order {
+  time?: 0 | 1;
+  bytes?: 0 | 1;
+}
+
+export interface Phase {
+  name: string;
+  order: Order;
+  run(stage: Stage): Promise<Cost>;
+}
+
+export const LOAD: Order = { time: 1, bytes: 1 };
+export const DECADES = [1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6, 2e6];
+/** Frames a steady phase acts in: past its warm-up, enough for a steady median, and no more. */
+export const FRAMES = 40;
+export const HISTORY = 1024;
+type MapCamera = Extract<Camera, { center: unknown }>;
+
+// Scenes.
+
+/** Dataset `d`'s points, colored by `v` through `colormap`, labeled by `label` when given. */
+const dots = (space: Space, colormap: ColormapName = 'viridis', label?: string): Scene => ({
+  space,
+  ease: 0,
+  marks: [
+    {
+      vertices: {
+        of: ['d', 'Point'],
+        position: ['x', 'y'],
+        color: field('v').colormap(colormap).domain(0, 1),
+        ...(label ? { label: field(label) } : {}),
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+});
+
+/** Dataset `g`'s buses, colored by load, and the lines between them. */
+const grid = (space: Space): Scene => ({
+  space,
+  ease: 0,
+  marks: [
+    { edges: { of: ['g', 'Line'], ends: ['from', 'to'], width: 0.6 } },
+    {
+      vertices: {
+        of: ['g', 'Bus'],
+        position: ['lon', 'lat'],
+        color: field('load').colormap('viridis').domain(0, 1),
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+});
+
+const plot: Scene = {
+  space: 'plot',
+  ease: 0,
+  marks: [{ lines: { of: ['t', 'Signal'], trace: 'v' } }],
+};
+
+const sheet: Scene = {
+  space: 'diagram',
+  ease: 0,
+  layout: { layered: { flow: 'right' } },
+  marks: [
+    { edges: { of: ['d', 'Net'], route: 'orthogonal' } },
+    {
+      vertices: {
+        of: ['d', 'Block'],
+        marker: 'block',
+        label: { text: 'name' },
+        ports: [
+          ['in', 'left'],
+          ['out', { side: 'right', output: true }],
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+// Phases.
+
+/** Pans and zooms gently about where the views looked, a frame at a time, back to where it began. */
+const pan = (order: Order = { time: 0 }): Phase => ({
+  name: 'pan',
+  order,
+  run: (s) => {
+    const start = s.view.camera as MapCamera;
+    const reach = s.across(200);
+    return s.steady(FRAMES, (i) => {
+      const t = (2 * Math.PI * i) / FRAMES;
+      const center: [number, number] = [
+        start.center[0] + reach * Math.sin(t),
+        start.center[1] + 0.5 * reach * Math.sin(2 * t),
+      ];
+      for (const v of s.views)
+        v.camera = { ...start, center, zoom: start.zoom + 0.3 * Math.sin(2 * t) };
+    });
+  },
+});
+
+/** Zooms two levels in and back: labels give way, tiles refine. */
+const zoom = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'zoom',
+  order: { time: 0 },
+  run: (s) => {
+    const start = s.view.camera as MapCamera;
+    return s.steady(FRAMES, (i) => {
+      for (const v of s.views)
+        v.camera = { ...start, zoom: start.zoom + 2 * Math.sin((Math.PI * i) / FRAMES) };
+    });
+  },
+});
+
+/** Recolors through `scene`'s colormap: the GPU evaluates again; no data moves. */
+const restyle = (scene: Scene): Phase => ({
+  name: 'restyle',
+  order: { bytes: 0 },
+  run: (s) => s.once(() => s.show(scene)),
+});
+
+/** Changes one row's value every frame: what one row costs at any size. */
+const one = (data: string, table: string, name: string): Phase => ({
+  name: 'one row',
+  order: { time: 0, bytes: 0 },
+  run: (s) =>
+    s.steady(FRAMES, (i) => s.apply(data, (p) => p.set(table, [i], { [name]: [(i % 10) / 10] }))),
+});
+
+/** Changes every row's value at once. */
+const every = (data: string, table: string, name: string): Phase => ({
+  name: 'every row',
+  order: { time: 1, bytes: 1 },
+  run: (s) => {
+    const n = s.count(data, table);
+    const values = Float32Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => (i % 7) / 7);
+    return s.once(() => s.apply(data, (p) => p.set(table, { count: n }, { [name]: values })));
+  },
+});
+
+/** Asks what lies under the middle, as a click does: how long the answer takes. The first ask in a
+ * page makes the query's pipelines; later asks reuse them. */
+const pick = (): Phase[] => [
+  {
+    name: 'first pick',
+    order: { time: 0, bytes: 0 },
+    run: (s) => s.once(() => s.view.pick(s.middle, 6)),
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'pick',
+    order: { time: 0, bytes: 0 },
+    run: (s) => s.once(() => s.view.pick(s.middle, 6)),
+  },
+];
+
+/** Moves the pointer onto a row near the middle and waits for the view to name it. */
+const hover = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'hover',
+  order: { time: 0, bytes: 0 },
+  run: async (s) => {
+    const [hit] = await deadline(s.until(s.view.pick(s.middle, 40)), 10_000, 'a row to hover');
+    if (!hit) {
+      const seen = { middle: s.middle, camera: s.view.camera, stats: s.view.stats };
+      throw new Error(`nothing near the middle to hover: ${JSON.stringify(seen)}`);
+    }
+    const told: unknown[] = [];
+    try {
+      return await s.once(
+        () =>
+          new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+            const stop = s.view.on('hover', ({ hit: h }) => {
+              told.push(h?.row ?? null);
+              if (!h) return;
+              stop();
+              resolve();
+            });
+            s.pointer('pointermove', hit.point);
+          }),
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      const seen = {
+        at: hit.point,
+        hit: hit.row,
+        told,
+        camera: s.view.camera,
+        stats: s.view.stats,
+      };
+      throw new Error(`${String(error)}; ${JSON.stringify(seen)}`, { cause: error });
+    }
+  },
+});
+
+/** Selects a hundred rows: the glow, and what dims; a table drawn through tiles keeps them drawn. */
+const select = (data: string, table: string): Phase => ({
+  name: 'select',
+  order: { time: 0 },
+  run: (s) =>
+    s.once(() => s.view.select([{ data, table, ids: Array.from({ length: 100 }, (_, id) => id) }])),
+});
+
+/** Moves every row to a new place at once, easing: CPU per frame while they fly. */
+const move = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'move',
+  order: { time: 0, bytes: 1 },
+  run: (s) => {
+    const next = make.scatter(s.size, 2);
+    return s.steady(FRAMES, (i) => i === 0 && s.apply('d', next));
+  },
+});
+
+/** Records a frame of every trace each animation frame, as a live feed does, forgetting the oldest. */
+const stream = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'stream',
+  order: { time: 1, bytes: 1 },
+  run: (s) => {
+    const feed = make.feed(s.size, HISTORY, FRAMES, HISTORY);
+    return s.steady(FRAMES, (i) => s.apply('t', feed[i]!));
+  },
+});
+
+/** Moves the coordinate shown across what was recorded: the playhead, and colors read at it. */
+const scrub = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'scrub',
+  order: { time: 0, bytes: 0 },
+  run: (s) => {
+    const [a, b] = s.span('t');
+    return s.steady(FRAMES, (i) => {
+      for (const v of s.views) v.at = a + ((b - a) * i) / FRAMES;
+    });
+  },
+});
+
+/** Narrows the window shown from everything to its last tenth: levels of detail give way, each
+ * trace's finer one uploading as it first draws. */
+const narrow = (order: Order = { time: 0, bytes: 0 }): Phase => ({
+  name: 'narrow',
+  order,
+  run: (s) => {
+    const [a, b] = s.span('t');
+    return s.steady(FRAMES, (i) => {
+      for (const v of s.views) v.camera = { x: [a + ((b - a) * 0.9 * i) / FRAMES, b], y: null };
+    });
+  },
+});
+
+/** Renames a block every frame, so it resizes and its tree routes again: an edit at any size. */
+const edit = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'edit',
+  order: { time: 0, bytes: 0 },
+  run: (s) =>
+    s.steady(FRAMES, (i) =>
+      s.apply('d', (p) => p.set('Block', [1 + (i % 63)], { name: [`Renamed block ${i}`] })),
+    ),
+});
+
+/** Lays every block out again. */
+const arrange = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'arrange',
+  order: { time: 1 },
+  run: (s) => s.once(() => s.view.arrange()),
+});
+
+/** A shot of every view side by side, the scenario's size in pixels, at 16:9. */
+function shot(s: Stage) {
+  const width = Math.round(Math.sqrt((s.size * 16) / 9) / 4) * 4;
+  const height = Math.round((width * 9) / 16 / 2) * 2;
+  const n = s.views.length;
+  return new s.latkit.Shot([width, height]).panels(s.views.map((_, i) => [i / n, 0, 1 / n, 1]));
+}
+
+const image = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'image',
+  order: { time: 1 },
+  run: (s) => s.once(() => shot(s).image(s.views)),
+});
+
+const png = (): Phase => ({
+  name: 'png',
+  order: { time: 1 },
+  run: async (s) => {
+    const picture = await deadline(shot(s).image(s.views), 60_000, 'a picture');
+    return s.once(() => picture.encode('png'));
+  },
+});
+
+/** Thirty frames of video, turning; held, nothing moves, so frames after the first cost nothing. */
+const video = (moving: boolean): Phase => ({
+  name: moving ? 'video' : 'held',
+  order: moving ? { time: 1 } : {},
+  run: (s) => {
+    const start = s.view.camera as MapCamera;
+    return s.once(async () => {
+      const video = shot(s).video(s.gpu, 30, new WritableStream<Uint8Array>());
+      for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
+        if (moving)
+          for (const v of s.views) v.camera = { ...start, bearing: start.bearing + 2 * i };
+        await video.frame(s.views);
+      }
+      await video.finish();
+    });
+  },
+});
+
+// Scenarios.
+
+export const scenarios: Record<string, Scenario> = {
+  start: {
+    about: 'a first visit: latkit, the GPU, and pipelines made without a shader cache',
+    unit: 'rows',
+    sizes: [1e4],
+    cold: true,
+    build: (n) => ({ scene: dots('plane'), data: { d: make.scatter(n) } }),
+    phases: [],
+  },
+  points: {
+    about: 'vertices on a plane, colored through a colormap',
+    unit: 'rows',
+    sizes: DECADES,
+    build: (n) => ({ scene: dots('plane'), data: { d: make.scatter(n) } }),
+    phases: [
+      pan(),
+      zoom(),
+      restyle(dots('plane', 'magma')),
+      one('d', 'Point', 'v'),
+      every('d', 'Point', 'v'),
+      ...pick(),
+      hover(),
+      select('d', 'Point'),
+    ],
+  },
+  grid: {
+    about: 'a lattice grid on the globe: buses, and the geodesic lines between them',
+    unit: 'buses',
+    sizes: DECADES,
+    build: (n) => ({
+      scene: grid({ earth: { projection: 'globe' } }),
+      data: { g: make.lattice(n) },
+    }),
+    phases: [pan(), zoom(), one('g', 'Bus', 'load'), ...pick(), hover()],
+  },
+  labels: {
+    about: 'every vertex labeled: placement, collisions, and the texts set',
+    unit: 'rows',
+    // From ten thousand rows on, more labels show than a frame sets texts for, so a frame's CPU
+    // holds at the text budget however many rows are labeled.
+    sizes: [1e4, 1e5, 1e6],
+    build: (n) => ({
+      scene: dots('plane', 'viridis', 'name'),
+      data: { d: make.scatter(n, 1, true) },
+    }),
+    phases: [pan(), zoom()],
+  },
+  lanes: {
+    about: 'edges by the thousand between the same sixteen pairs of vertices',
+    unit: 'edges',
+    sizes: [1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5],
+    build: (n) => ({
+      scene: {
+        space: 'plane',
+        ease: 0,
+        marks: [
+          { edges: { of: ['d', 'Link'], ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
+          { vertices: { of: ['d', 'Point'], position: ['x', 'y'] } },
+        ],
+      },
+      data: { d: make.lanes(n) },
+    }),
+    phases: [pan(), ...pick()],
+  },
+  areas: {
+    about: 'polygons of 33 points on the mercator map, triangulated in jobs',
+    unit: 'polygons',
+    sizes: [1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 3e4],
+    build: (n) => ({
+      scene: {
+        space: 'mercator',
+        ease: 0,
+        marks: [
+          {
+            areas: {
+              of: ['m', 'Region'],
+              geometry: 'rings',
+              color: field('v').colormap('viridis').domain(0, 1),
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      data: { m: make.polygons(n) },
+    }),
+    phases: [pan(), zoom(), one('m', 'Region', 'v'), ...pick()],
+  },
+  tiles: {
+    about: 'vector tiles fetched as the camera asks for them, from a local server',
+    unit: 'squares a tile',
+    sizes: [16, 256, 4096],
+    fetches: true,
+    build: (n) => ({
+      scene: {
+        space: 'mercator',
+        ease: 0,
+        marks: [{ areas: { of: ['t', 'cells'], color: '#4a7fb5' } }],
+      },
+      data: {},
+      tiles: { t: `${location.origin}/tiles/${n}/{z}/{x}/{y}.mvt` },
+      camera: { center: [0, 20], zoom: 3, pitch: 0, bearing: 0 },
+    }),
+    phases: [pan(), zoom()],
+  },
+  diagram: {
+    about: 'blocks with ports in trees of 64, laid out in layers, wires routed around them',
+    unit: 'blocks',
+    sizes: [1e2, 1e3, 1e4],
+    build: (n) => ({ scene: sheet, data: { d: make.blocks(n) } }),
+    phases: [pan(), edit(), arrange()],
+  },
+  traces: {
+    about: 'a plot of traces 1,024 frames long, fed a frame every animation frame',
+    unit: 'traces',
+    sizes: [10, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4],
+    build: (n) => ({ scene: plot, data: { t: make.traces(n, HISTORY) } }),
+    // Every trace narrowed uploads its finer level.
+    phases: [stream(), scrub(), narrow({ time: 0, bytes: 1 }), hover()],
+  },
+  history: {
+    about: 'one trace with a long history: levels of detail',
+    unit: 'frames',
+    sizes: [1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6],
+    build: (n) => ({ scene: plot, data: { t: make.traces(1, n) } }),
+    phases: [scrub(), narrow()],
+  },
+  transition: {
+    about: 'every row moving to a new place at once, easing over a second',
+    unit: 'rows',
+    sizes: [1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6],
+    build: (n) => ({ scene: { ...dots('plane'), ease: 1 }, data: { d: make.scatter(n) } }),
+    phases: [move()],
+  },
+  views: {
+    about: 'views of one GPU drawing one dataset: pages shared, not copied',
+    unit: 'views',
+    sizes: [1, 2, 4, 8],
+    views: (n) => n,
+    // Room for eight views' own rows, which the views' shares of a budget hold together, so the
+    // bytes that grow would be pages copied.
+    budget: { bytes: 1024 * 2 ** 20, uploadPerFrame: 32 * 2 ** 20 },
+    load: { time: 1, bytes: 0 },
+    build: () => ({ scene: grid('plane'), data: { g: make.lattice(1e5) } }),
+    phases: [pan({ time: 1, bytes: 0 })],
+  },
+  budget: {
+    about: 'a 16 MiB budget: what draws fits, through tiles, and nothing fails',
+    unit: 'buses',
+    sizes: [1e5, 1e6, 2e6],
+    budget: { bytes: 16 * 2 ** 20, uploadPerFrame: 4 * 2 ** 20 },
+    load: { time: 1 },
+    build: (n) => ({ scene: grid('plane'), data: { g: make.lattice(n) } }),
+    phases: [pan(), zoom()],
+  },
+  shots: {
+    about: 'pictures and video of two views of a 100,000-bus grid',
+    unit: 'pixels',
+    sizes: [960 * 540, 1920 * 1080, 3840 * 2160],
+    views: () => 2,
+    build: () => ({ scene: grid('plane'), data: { g: make.lattice(1e5) } }),
+    phases: [image(), png(), video(true), video(false)],
+  },
+};
diff --git a/benchmark/page/stage.ts b/benchmark/page/stage.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b9f264e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/page/stage.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+/**
+ * Where a run happens, and the one way anything in it is measured. The stage steps every frame
+ * itself, a sixtieth of a second apart on its own clock, and each frame waits for the GPU (its work
+ * done, its readbacks landed, the pipelines asked for compiled), never for time: a run draws the same
+ * frames however fast the device is, so what it counts repeats. A phase is an action, timed from when
+ * it starts until everything settled: no view wants a frame, every view is complete, and no tile is
+ * loading; work under way that wakes no frame is waited for as it lands. A steady phase acts before
+ * each of a number of frames, so each act shows in its own frame, and its CPU and GPU time are per
+ * frame. A lost device fails the phase at once, and every wait races a deadline.
+ */
+import {
+  Patch,
+  type Camera,
+  type Data,
+  type Gpu,
+  type Latkit,
+  type Scene,
+  type View,
+  type Work,
+} from 'latkit';
+
+/** Writes a dataset's rows into a patch, from arrays made beforehand. */
+export type Write = (patch: Patch) => Patch;
+
+/** What a phase cost. */
+export interface Cost {
+  /** Milliseconds from the action until everything settled. */
+  ms: number;
+  /** Frames drawn meanwhile. */
+  frames: number;
+  /** Milliseconds every view together took to record a frame on the CPU: median, 95th percentile. */
+  cpu: number;
+  cpu95: number;
+  /** Milliseconds a frame took on the GPU, median; 0 where the device cannot measure. */
+  gpu: number;
+  /** What the GPU did until everything settled. */
+  work: Work;
+  /** Bytes of data pages on the GPU afterwards. */
+  resident: number;
+  /** Whether it acted every frame, so `cpu` is its time; else `ms` is. */
+  steady: boolean;
+}
+
+/** Milliseconds between stepped frames: a display's sixtieth of a second. */
+const FRAME = 1000 / 60;
+/** The most frames a phase may take to settle: ten seconds of a display's frames. */
+const MOST = 600;
+/** Frames stepped once everything settled, in which nothing should draw. */
+const IDLE = 10;
+/** Milliseconds a frame, or work landing, may take: past it, something hangs. */
+const DEADLINE = 30_000;
+/** The longest a phase may take; the runner grows sizes within it. */
+export const LIMIT = 10_000;
+/** Frames a steady phase takes before it measures. */
+export const WARM = 10;
+
+const quantile = (xs: number[], q: number) =>
+  xs.length ? [...xs].sort((a, b) => a - b)[Math.floor(q * (xs.length - 1))]! : 0;
+
+/** `work`, or an error naming `what` once `ms` pass. */
+export function deadline<T>(work: Promise<T>, ms: number, what: string): Promise<T> {
+  let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
+  const late = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+    timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(`${what} took over ${ms} ms`)), ms);
+  });
+  return Promise.race([work, late]).finally(() => clearTimeout(timer));
+}
+
+/** What the frames a phase stepped drew. */
+interface Drawn {
+  frames: number;
+  cpu: number[];
+  gpu: number[];
+}
+
+export class Stage {
+  readonly latkit: Latkit;
+  readonly gpu: Gpu;
+  readonly canvases: readonly HTMLCanvasElement[];
+  /** The scenario's size. */
+  readonly size: number;
+  readonly views: View[] = [];
+  /** Errors the views told: a mark that does not fit its data fails the run. */
+  readonly errors: string[] = [];
+  scene!: Scene;
+  readonly #data = new Map<string, Data>();
+  /** The stepped frames' clock, milliseconds. */
+  #now = performance.now();
+
+  constructor(latkit: Latkit, gpu: Gpu, canvases: readonly HTMLCanvasElement[], size: number) {
+    [this.latkit, this.gpu, this.canvases, this.size] = [latkit, gpu, canvases, size];
+  }
+
+  get view(): View {
+    return this.views[0]!;
+  }
+
+  /** The middle of the first view, in its CSS pixels. */
+  get middle(): [number, number] {
+    const canvas = this.canvases[0]!;
+    return [canvas.clientWidth / 2, canvas.clientHeight / 2];
+  }
+
+  /** Units across `px` CSS pixels at the middle of the first view. */
+  across(px: number): number {
+    const [x, y] = this.middle;
+    const [a, b] = [this.view.ground([x, y]), this.view.ground([x + px, y])];
+    return a && b ? Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]) : 1;
+  }
+
+  /** Rows of `table` in dataset `name`. */
+  count(name: string, table: string): number {
+    return this.#data.get(name)!.ids(table).length;
+  }
+
+  /** The axis coordinates dataset `name` recorded. */
+  span(name: string): [number, number] {
+    return this.#data.get(name)!.span ?? [0, 1];
+  }
+
+  /** Takes each dataset in: latkit's work alone, the arrays made beforehand. */
+  ingest(data: Record<string, Write>): Promise<Cost> {
+    const { Data } = this.latkit;
+    return this.once(() => {
+      for (const [name, write] of Object.entries(data))
+        this.#data.set(name, new Data(name).apply(write(new Patch())));
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Opens a view on each canvas and draws `scene`: from nothing to everything drawn. */
+  load(scene: Scene, tiles: Record<string, string> = {}, camera?: Camera): Promise<Cost> {
+    this.scene = scene;
+    return this.once(() => {
+      for (const canvas of this.canvases) {
+        const view = this.gpu.view(scene);
+        this.gpu.canvas(canvas).show([view]);
+        view.on('error', (error) =>
+          this.errors.push(`${error.path ?? ''} ${error.message}`.trim()),
+        );
+        for (const data of this.#data.values()) view.setData(data);
+        for (const [name, url] of Object.entries(tiles)) view.setTiles(name, url);
+        if (camera) view.camera = camera;
+        else view.fit('all');
+        this.views.push(view);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Shows `scene` in every view. */
+  show(scene: Scene): void {
+    this.scene = scene;
+    for (const view of this.views) view.show(scene);
+  }
+
+  /** Writes a patch into dataset `name` and gives every view the next version. */
+  apply(name: string, write: Write): void {
+    const data = this.#data.get(name)!.apply(write(new Patch()));
+    for (const view of this.views) view.setData(data);
+  }
+
+  /** Sends a pointer event at `point`, CSS pixels in the first view, as a person's would arrive. */
+  pointer(type: string, [x, y]: [number, number], buttons = 0): void {
+    const canvas = this.canvases[0]!;
+    const box = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+    canvas.dispatchEvent(
+      new PointerEvent(type, {
+        clientX: box.left + x,
+        clientY: box.top + y,
+        buttons,
+        pointerId: 1,
+        pointerType: 'mouse',
+        isPrimary: true,
+        bubbles: true,
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Acts once, and measures until everything settled. */
+  once(act: () => unknown): Promise<Cost> {
+    return this.#phase(false, async (drawn) => {
+      await this.until(Promise.resolve().then(act), drawn, true);
+      await this.#settle(drawn, true);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** `answer`, stepping frames until it comes: what waits on a frame, as a pick or a hover told
+   * does, gets one, and what waits on work landing is waited for. */
+  async until<T>(
+    answer: Promise<T>,
+    drawn: Drawn = { frames: 0, cpu: [], gpu: [] },
+    measuring = false,
+  ): Promise<T> {
+    let came = false;
+    const coming = answer.then(
+      () => (came = true),
+      () => (came = true),
+    );
+    const late = performance.now() + DEADLINE;
+    for (let frames = 0; !came;) {
+      if (this.gpu.lost) throw new Error('the GPU device was lost');
+      if (frames > MOST || performance.now() > late)
+        throw new Error(
+          `no answer after ${frames} frames: waiting on ${this.#waiting() || 'nothing'}`,
+        );
+      if (this.views.some((v) => v.wantsFrame)) {
+        await this.#frame(drawn, measuring);
+        frames++;
+      } else await Promise.race([coming, this.gpu.landed().catch(() => {})]);
+    }
+    return answer;
+  }
+
+  /** Calls `act(i)` before each of `count` frames, and measures until everything settled. */
+  steady(count: number, act: (i: number) => void): Promise<Cost> {
+    return this.#phase(true, async (drawn) => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        act(i);
+        await this.#frame(drawn, i >= WARM);
+      }
+      await this.#settle(drawn, false);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Frames drawn over `IDLE` frames stepped once everything settled: none, for views that sleep. */
+  async idle(): Promise<number> {
+    const drawn: Drawn = { frames: 0, cpu: [], gpu: [] };
+    await this.#settle(drawn, false);
+    const before = drawn.frames;
+    for (let i = 0; i < IDLE; i++) await this.#frame(drawn, false);
+    return drawn.frames - before;
+  }
+
+  async #phase(steady: boolean, drive: (drawn: Drawn) => Promise<void>): Promise<Cost> {
+    const before = this.gpu.work;
+    const drawn: Drawn = { frames: 0, cpu: [], gpu: [] };
+    const begun = performance.now();
+    await drive(drawn);
+    const ms = performance.now() - begun;
+    const after = this.gpu.work;
+    const work = Object.fromEntries(
+      Object.entries(after).map(([k, v]) => [k, v - before[k as keyof Work]]),
+    ) as unknown as Work;
+    return {
+      ms,
+      frames: drawn.frames,
+      cpu: quantile(drawn.cpu, 0.5),
+      cpu95: quantile(drawn.cpu, 0.95),
+      gpu: quantile(drawn.gpu, 0.5),
+      work,
+      resident: this.views[0]?.stats.resident ?? 0,
+      steady,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /** Steps one frame, once the GPU is done with the last, and counts what the views drew in it:
+   * their CPU and GPU time, when `measuring`. */
+  async #frame(drawn: Drawn, measuring: boolean): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.gpu.lost) throw new Error('the GPU device was lost');
+    const before = this.views.map((v) => v.stats.frames);
+    this.gpu.step((this.#now += FRAME));
+    await deadline(this.gpu.done(), DEADLINE, 'a frame');
+    let [drew, cpu, gpu] = [false, 0, 0];
+    this.views.forEach((view, i) => {
+      const stats = view.stats;
+      if (stats.frames === before[i]) return;
+      [drew, cpu, gpu] = [true, cpu + stats.cpuMs, gpu + stats.gpuMs];
+    });
+    if (!drew) return;
+    drawn.frames++;
+    if (measuring) {
+      drawn.cpu.push(cpu);
+      if (gpu) drawn.gpu.push(gpu);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Steps frames until everything settled: no view wants a frame, every view is complete, and no
+   * tile is loading. Work under way that wakes no frame, as a layout or a fetch, is waited for as it
+   * lands. What a once phase draws is `measuring`. */
+  async #settle(drawn: Drawn, measuring: boolean): Promise<void> {
+    await deadline(this.gpu.done(), DEADLINE, 'the GPU');
+    for (let frames = 0; frames < MOST;) {
+      if (this.gpu.lost) throw new Error('the GPU device was lost');
+      if (this.views.some((v) => v.wantsFrame)) {
+        await this.#frame(drawn, measuring);
+        frames++;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (this.views.every((v) => !v.stats.waiting.length && !v.stats.tilesLoading)) return;
+      await deadline(this.gpu.landed(), DEADLINE, `${this.#waiting()} landing`);
+    }
+    throw new Error(
+      `still drawing after ${MOST} frames: waiting on ${this.#waiting() || 'nothing'}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** What the views wait on. */
+  #waiting(): string {
+    const tiles = this.views.some((v) => v.stats.tilesLoading) ? ['tiles'] : [];
+    return [...new Set(this.views.flatMap((v) => v.stats.waiting)), ...tiles].join(', ');
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/pipeline.bench.ts b/benchmark/pipeline.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9dadce94..00000000
--- a/benchmark/pipeline.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-import { afterAll, describe } from 'vitest';
-import { createComposition } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { appendData, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-import {
-  connected,
-  counters,
-  draw,
-  frames,
-  gpu,
-  grid,
-  sizes,
-  split,
-  suite,
-  voltages,
-} from './harness.ts';
-
-/**
- * The integrated path for one published frame: a producer publishes it over a WebSocket, the host
- * appends it to its data, and a network and a monitor composed on one canvas draw it.
- */
-describe.each(sizes)('pipeline %i buses', async (buses) => {
-  const device = await gpu(),
-    frame = voltages(buses, 0);
-  let data = grid(buses),
-    blocks = 0;
-  const { model, close } = await connected(function* (_fields, context) {
-    const parts = split(frame, Math.floor((context.maxBlockBytes - 4096) / 4));
-    blocks = parts.length;
-    for (let f = frames; !context.signal.aborted; f++)
-      for (const part of parts) yield { ...part, firstFrame: f, coordinates: Float64Array.of(f) };
-  });
-  const stream = model.monitor!([{ from: 'Bus', select: ['voltage'] }]);
-  const network = createNetwork(device, {
-    source: data,
-    vertices: {
-      Bus: {
-        x: 'position',
-        y: { field: 'position', component: 1 },
-        color: { field: 'voltage', domain: [0.95, 1.05] },
-      },
-    },
-    edges: { Branch: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-  });
-  // A fixed window with room for the run, as a model that declares its domain gives.
-  const monitor = createMonitor(device, {
-    source: data,
-    traces: {
-      voltage: { from: 'Bus', y: 'voltage', rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 100 } },
-    },
-    camera: { x: [0, frames * 4] },
-  });
-  const composition = createComposition(device, {
-    views: [
-      { view: network, region: [0, 0, 1, 0.6] },
-      { view: monitor, region: [0, 0.6, 1, 0.4] },
-    ],
-  });
-  await draw(device, composition, frames - 1, 'complete');
-  afterAll(async () => {
-    composition.destroy();
-    network.destroy();
-    monitor.destroy();
-    await close();
-  });
-  const measure = suite(`pipeline ${buses} buses`, buses, () => counters(device));
-  measure('publication to frame', async () => {
-    const batches: Data.SampleBatch[] = [];
-    do batches.push(...((await stream.next()).value as Data.SampleBatch[]));
-    while (batches.length < blocks);
-    data = appendData(data, batches);
-    network.set({ source: data });
-    monitor.set({ source: data });
-    await draw(device, composition, batches[0].firstFrame);
-  });
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/report.ts b/benchmark/report.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8fe7101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/report.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * The characterization: per scenario, a row per phase and measure, a column per size, and the
+ * exponent each grows by.
+ */
+import type { Listed } from './page/main.ts';
+import type { Summary, Verdict } from './judge.ts';
+
+const ms = (v: number) => v.toFixed(v < 10 ? 2 : v < 100 ? 1 : 0);
+const bytes = (v: number) =>
+  v < 2 ** 20 ? `${(v / 1024).toFixed(0)}K` : `${(v / 2 ** 20).toFixed(v < 10 * 2 ** 20 ? 1 : 0)}M`;
+const count = (n: number) =>
+  n >= 1e6 ? `${+(n / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M` : n >= 1e3 ? `${+(n / 1e3).toFixed(1)}k` : `${n}`;
+
+/** Each scenario's phases at each size, and the exponent each grows by. */
+export function report(list: Listed[], { summaries, exponents }: Verdict): string {
+  const out: string[] = [];
+  for (const scenario of list) {
+    const bySize = summaries[scenario.name];
+    if (!bySize) continue;
+    const sizes = Object.keys(bySize)
+      .map(Number)
+      .sort((a, b) => a - b);
+    out.push('', `${scenario.name}: ${scenario.about}`);
+    out.push(
+      `${scenario.unit.padEnd(26)}${sizes.map((n) => count(n).padStart(9)).join('')}   grows`,
+    );
+    for (const phase of Object.keys(bySize[sizes[0]!]!)) {
+      const e = exponents[scenario.name]?.[phase];
+      const steady = bySize[sizes[0]!]![phase]!.steady;
+      type Row = [string, (s: Summary) => number, (v: number) => string, number | undefined];
+      const rows: Row[] = [
+        [steady ? 'cpu ms/frame' : 'ms', (s) => s.time, ms, e?.time],
+        ['gpu ms/frame', (s) => s.gpu, ms, e?.gpu],
+        ['uploaded', (s) => s.work.uploaded, bytes, e?.uploaded],
+        ...(phase === 'load'
+          ? [['resident', (s: Summary) => s.work.resident, bytes, e?.resident] as Row]
+          : []),
+      ];
+      for (const [label, read, format, grows] of rows) {
+        const cells = sizes.map((n) => bySize[n]?.[phase]);
+        const time = label.includes('ms') && !label.startsWith('gpu');
+        if (!time && cells.every((s) => !s || !read(s))) continue;
+        const values = cells.map((s) => (s ? format(read(s)) : '-').padStart(9)).join('');
+        const exponent = grows === undefined ? '' : `n^${grows.toFixed(2)}`;
+        out.push(`  ${`${phase} ${label}`.padEnd(24)}${values}   ${exponent}`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return out.join('\n');
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/run.ts b/benchmark/run.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dd7a05a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/run.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+/**
+ * The benchmark: each scenario up its sizes, each run in a fresh page, judged and reported.
+ *
+ *   cargo xtask bench [--quick] [--only a,b] [--repeats n] [--update] [--software]
+ *
+ * --quick runs each scenario once at its smallest size, a smoke test of every phase and the work
+ * gate in under a minute on a GPU; how phases grow, and their times, take the full sweep. --update lays this run's
+ * baselines over the committed ones, keeping what it did not run; --software draws with SwiftShader
+ * on the CPU, as Linux always does: its work counts the same, its times only report, and no shader
+ * can hang the GPU.
+ *
+ * A scenario climbs its sizes while the last one's phases, grown as their orders say, fit a phase's
+ * limit. A failure ends its scenario; a lost device, or a page that stopped answering, ends the
+ * sweep, since the next scenario would meet a resetting driver, and resets in a row are what wedge
+ * one. Every wait races a deadline.
+ */
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { parseArgs } from 'node:util';
+import { createServer } from 'vite';
+import { STEP, deadline, launch, type Chrome } from '../npm/examples/gate/browser.ts';
+import { judge, times, work, type TimeBaseline, type WorkBaseline } from './judge.ts';
+import { report } from './report.ts';
+import type { Listed, Run } from './page/main.ts';
+import { LIMIT } from './page/stage.ts';
+
+const { values: flags } = parseArgs({
+  options: {
+    quick: { type: 'boolean' },
+    only: { type: 'string' },
+    repeats: { type: 'string' },
+    update: { type: 'boolean' },
+    software: { type: 'boolean' },
+  },
+});
+const repeats = flags.quick ? 1 : Number(flags.repeats ?? 3);
+if (!Number.isInteger(repeats) || repeats < 1)
+  throw new Error(`--repeats takes a count, not ${flags.repeats}`);
+const only = flags.only?.split(',');
+const software = flags.software || process.platform === 'linux';
+const here = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const baselines = path.join(here, 'baselines');
+const results = path.resolve(here, '../target/bench');
+/** Timestamps, for what a frame costs the GPU. The page steps its frames, each as soon as the GPU
+ * finished the last, so the display's pace never enters a run. */
+const FLAGS = ['--enable-webgpu-developer-features'];
+/** The same page on every machine, so what it counts compares, and small enough that SwiftShader
+ * draws a frame quickly. */
+const PAGE = { viewport: { width: 800, height: 500 }, deviceScaleFactor: 2 };
+/** Milliseconds a page may say nothing: each phase says when it starts, then acts and settles
+ * within its limits. */
+const QUIET = 2 * LIMIT + 20_000;
+
+/** A failed run, and whether the sweep stops there. */
+class Failure extends Error {
+  readonly fatal: boolean;
+  constructor(message: string, fatal: boolean) {
+    super(message);
+    this.fatal = fatal;
+  }
+}
+
+/** `work`, or an error once the page has said nothing for `QUIET` ms since `heard()`. */
+function watched<T>(work: Promise<T>, heard: () => number, what: string): Promise<T> {
+  let timer: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;
+  const silent = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+    timer = setInterval(() => {
+      if (performance.now() - heard() > QUIET)
+        reject(new Error(`${what} said nothing for ${QUIET} ms`));
+    }, 1_000);
+  });
+  return Promise.race([work, silent]).finally(() => clearInterval(timer));
+}
+
+/** The first phase of `last` that, grown to `size` as its order says (linearly where it says
+ * nothing), would pass a phase's limit. */
+function outgrown(last: Run, size: number, orders: Listed['orders']): string | undefined {
+  const grown = ([phase, cost]: [string, Run['phases'][string]]) =>
+    cost.ms * (size / last.size) ** (orders[phase]?.time ?? 1);
+  return Object.entries(last.phases).find((entry) => grown(entry) > LIMIT)?.[0];
+}
+
+const server = await createServer({
+  root: here,
+  configFile: path.join(here, 'vite.config.ts'),
+  logLevel: 'error',
+  server: { port: 5230, strictPort: false },
+});
+await deadline(server.listen(), STEP, 'serve the bench');
+const address = server.resolvedUrls?.local[0];
+if (!address) throw new Error('the bench has no address');
+const url = address;
+const runs: Run[] = [];
+const failures: string[] = [];
+const notes: string[] = [];
+let list: Listed[] = [];
+
+/** One run of `scenario` at `size`: in a fresh page of `warm`, or, for a cold scenario, of a fresh
+ * Chrome without a shader cache. */
+async function measure(warm: Chrome, scenario: Listed, size: number): Promise<Run> {
+  if (!scenario.cold) return visit(warm, scenario, size);
+  const cold = await launch([...FLAGS, '--disable-gpu-shader-disk-cache'], software);
+  try {
+    return await visit(cold, scenario, size);
+  } finally {
+    await cold.close();
+  }
+}
+
+/** One run in a fresh page of `chrome`; a failure is fatal when the device was lost, or the page
+ * cannot say. */
+async function visit(chrome: Chrome, scenario: Listed, size: number): Promise<Run> {
+  const page = await deadline(chrome.browser.newPage(PAGE), STEP, 'open a page');
+  const errors: string[] = [];
+  let [phase, heard] = ['opening', performance.now()];
+  page.on('pageerror', (e) => errors.push(e.message));
+  page.on('console', (m) => {
+    if (m.type() === 'error') errors.push(m.text());
+    if (m.type() === 'debug' && m.text().startsWith('phase '))
+      [phase, heard] = [m.text().slice(6), performance.now()];
+  });
+  try {
+    await deadline(page.goto(url), STEP, 'open the bench page');
+    const run = await watched(
+      page.evaluate(([name, n]) => window.bench.run(name, n), [scenario.name, size] as const),
+      () => heard,
+      `${scenario.name} at ${size}`,
+    );
+    run.errors.push(...errors);
+    return run;
+  } catch (error) {
+    const lost = await deadline(
+      page.evaluate(() => window.bench.lost()),
+      5_000,
+      'ask after the device',
+    ).catch(() => true);
+    throw new Failure(
+      `${scenario.name} at ${size}, ${phase}: ${String(error).split('\n')[0]}`,
+      lost,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    await deadline(page.close(), 5_000, 'close the page').catch(() => {});
+  }
+}
+
+const warm = await launch(FLAGS, software);
+try {
+  const page = await deadline(warm.browser.newPage(PAGE), STEP, 'open a page');
+  await deadline(page.goto(url), STEP, 'open the bench page');
+  // Making a device is where a wedged driver hangs, so the sweep starts only once one is made.
+  await deadline(
+    page.evaluate(() => window.bench.ready()),
+    15_000,
+    'make a GPU device: a wedged driver hangs here, and needs a reset before benchmarking',
+  );
+  list = await deadline(
+    page.evaluate(() => window.bench.list()),
+    STEP,
+    'list the scenarios',
+  );
+  await deadline(page.close(), 5_000, 'close the page').catch(() => {});
+  const unknown = only?.filter((name) => !list.some((s) => s.name === name)) ?? [];
+  if (unknown.length)
+    throw new Error(
+      `no scenario ${unknown.join(', ')}; there are ${list.map((s) => s.name).join(', ')}`,
+    );
+  for (const scenario of list.filter((s) => !only || only.includes(s.name))) {
+    const sizes = flags.quick ? scenario.sizes.slice(0, 1) : scenario.sizes;
+    try {
+      // A first run fills the shader cache, so the measured ones load warm; `start` alone loads cold.
+      if (!scenario.cold && !flags.quick) await measure(warm, scenario, sizes[0]!);
+      let last: Run | undefined;
+      for (const size of sizes) {
+        const phase = last && outgrown(last, size, scenario.orders);
+        if (last && phase) {
+          const ms = last.phases[phase]!.ms.toFixed(0);
+          notes.push(
+            `${scenario.name} stops before ${size}: its ${phase} took ${ms} ms at ${last.size}`,
+          );
+          break;
+        }
+        for (let r = 0; r < repeats; r++) {
+          const run = await measure(warm, scenario, size);
+          console.log(
+            `  ${scenario.name} at ${size}: loaded in ${run.phases.load?.ms.toFixed(0)} ms` +
+              (run.errors.length ? `, ${run.errors.length} errors` : ''),
+          );
+          runs.push((last = run));
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      const failure = error instanceof Failure ? error : new Failure(String(error), true);
+      failures.push(failure.message.slice(0, 400));
+      console.log(`  ${failure.message.slice(0, 300)}`);
+      if (failure.fatal) {
+        failures.push(
+          'the GPU lost its device or stopped answering, so the sweep stops: reset the driver before running again',
+        );
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+} finally {
+  await warm.close();
+  await server.close();
+}
+
+const read = <T>(file: string): T | undefined =>
+  fs.existsSync(file) ? (JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8')) as T) : undefined;
+const write = (file: string, value: unknown) =>
+  fs.writeFileSync(file, `${JSON.stringify(value, null, 1)}\n`);
+const machines = [...new Set(runs.map((r) => r.machine))];
+if (machines.length > 1)
+  failures.push(
+    `runs drew on different GPUs, so their times cannot compare: ${machines.join('; ')}`,
+  );
+if (!runs.length) failures.push('nothing ran');
+const machine = machines[0] ?? 'unknown';
+const slug = machine
+  .toLowerCase()
+  .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
+  .replace(/^-|-$/g, '');
+const workFile = path.join(baselines, 'work.json');
+const timesFile = path.join(baselines, `${slug}.json`);
+// A quick run, once each without a warm-up, holds no times to the baselines its warm repeats took.
+const verdict = judge(runs, list, {
+  work: read<WorkBaseline>(workFile),
+  times: flags.quick ? undefined : read<TimeBaseline>(timesFile),
+});
+console.log(`\n${machine}`);
+console.log(report(list, verdict));
+if (runs.length) {
+  fs.mkdirSync(results, { recursive: true });
+  write(path.join(results, `${Date.now()}.json`), { machine, runs });
+}
+// Baselines come only from runs that all completed without errors; what they measured, slower or
+// faster, is what --update accepts.
+if (flags.update) {
+  if (failures.length || runs.some((r) => r.errors.length)) {
+    failures.push('baselines not written: a run failed or reported errors');
+  } else {
+    fs.mkdirSync(baselines, { recursive: true });
+    write(workFile, work(verdict, read<WorkBaseline>(workFile)));
+    write(timesFile, times(verdict, machine, read<TimeBaseline>(timesFile)));
+  }
+}
+console.log('');
+for (const note of [...notes, ...verdict.notes]) console.log(`note ${note}`);
+const failed = [...failures, ...verdict.failures];
+for (const failure of failed) console.error(`FAIL ${failure}`);
+process.exit(failed.length ? 1 : 0);
diff --git a/benchmark/text.bench.ts b/benchmark/text.bench.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b8be38b..00000000
--- a/benchmark/text.bench.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-import { describe } from 'vitest';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { counters, draw, gpu, suite } from './harness.ts';
-
-describe('gpu text 1000 labels', async () => {
-  const device = await gpu();
-  const runs = Array.from({ length: 1000 }, (_, i) => ({
-    text: 'Bus ' + i,
-    size: 12,
-    position: [0, i * 16] as const,
-  }));
-  const text: kit.Renderer = {
-    capture: () => ({
-      prepare: async (frame) => {
-        await frame.text({ runs });
-        return { encode() {}, submitted() {}, discard() {} };
-      },
-      release() {},
-    }),
-    destroy() {},
-  };
-  const measure = suite('gpu text 1000 labels', 1000, () => counters(device), 8);
-  measure('cold text', () => {
-    device.trim();
-    return draw(device, text);
-  });
-  measure('resident text', () => draw(device, text));
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/tiles.ts b/benchmark/tiles.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eeb52baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/tiles.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/**
+ * Vector tiles made on request, so the tiles scenario fetches over HTTP as a map does, the same
+ * bytes every run and nothing from the network: `/tiles/<squares>/<z>/<x>/<y>.mvt`, one layer
+ * `cells` of that many squares in a grid over the tile.
+ */
+import type { Plugin } from 'vite';
+
+export function tiles(): Plugin {
+  return {
+    name: 'bench-tiles',
+    configureServer(server) {
+      server.middlewares.use((req, res, next) => {
+        const match = /^\/tiles\/(\d+)\/\d+\/\d+\/\d+\.mvt$/.exec(req.url ?? '');
+        if (!match) return next();
+        res.setHeader('content-type', 'application/vnd.mapbox-vector-tile');
+        res.end(tile(Number(match[1])));
+      });
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const varint = (n: number): number[] => {
+  const out: number[] = [];
+  for (; n > 127; n = Math.floor(n / 128)) out.push((n % 128) | 128);
+  return [...out, n];
+};
+const zigzag = (n: number) => (n << 1) ^ (n >> 31);
+const key = (field: number, wire: number) => varint((field << 3) | wire);
+const bytes = (field: number, payload: number[]) => [
+  ...key(field, 2),
+  ...varint(payload.length),
+  ...payload,
+];
+
+/** A tile of `squares` squares, clockwise exterior rings in the tile's 4096 units. */
+function tile(squares: number): Uint8Array {
+  const side = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(squares));
+  const step = Math.floor(4096 / side);
+  const size = Math.floor(step * 0.8);
+  const features = Array.from({ length: squares }, (_, i) => {
+    const [x, y] = [(i % side) * step, Math.floor(i / side) * step];
+    // MoveTo one point, LineTo three, ClosePath.
+    const path = [
+      9,
+      zigzag(x),
+      zigzag(y),
+      26,
+      zigzag(size),
+      0,
+      0,
+      zigzag(size),
+      zigzag(-size),
+      0,
+      15,
+    ];
+    return bytes(2, [
+      ...key(1, 0),
+      ...varint(i + 1),
+      ...key(3, 0),
+      3,
+      ...bytes(4, path.flatMap(varint)),
+    ]);
+  });
+  const name = [...new TextEncoder().encode('cells')];
+  const layer = [
+    ...key(15, 0),
+    2,
+    ...bytes(1, name),
+    ...features.flat(),
+    ...key(5, 0),
+    ...varint(4096),
+  ];
+  return new Uint8Array(bytes(3, layer));
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/tsconfig.json b/benchmark/tsconfig.json
index 0be86ddb..97bf6c7e 100644
--- a/benchmark/tsconfig.json
+++ b/benchmark/tsconfig.json
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 {
-  "extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
   "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "node"],
+    "target": "ES2024",
+    "module": "NodeNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "NodeNext",
+    "strict": true,
+    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
+    "erasableSyntaxOnly": true,
     "allowImportingTsExtensions": true,
-    "noEmit": true
+    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "noEmit": true,
+    "types": ["node"],
+    "lib": ["ES2024", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable", "ESNext.Disposable"]
   },
-  "include": ["*.ts"]
+  "include": ["*.ts", "page"]
 }
diff --git a/benchmark/vite.config.ts b/benchmark/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b76f2314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+import { tiles } from './tiles.ts';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [tiles()],
+  // The package loads its wasm next to itself; prebundling would move it.
+  optimizeDeps: { exclude: ['latkit'] },
+  build: { target: 'es2022' },
+});
diff --git a/benchmark/vitest.config.ts b/benchmark/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bb434559..00000000
--- a/benchmark/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-import { defineProject } from 'vitest/config';
-
-export default defineProject({
-  test: {
-    name: 'benchmark',
-    include: ['*.test.ts'],
-    benchmark: { include: ['*.bench.ts'] },
-  },
-});
diff --git a/benchmark/work.json b/benchmark/work.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 66ed9a1f..00000000
--- a/benchmark/work.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6038 +0,0 @@
-{
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-  "network 1000000 buses > recolor": {
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diff --git a/clippy.toml b/clippy.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80c14b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clippy.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Names of formats and products that read as prose, not code.
+doc-valid-idents = ["GeoJSON", "TileJSON", "PMTiles", "WebCodecs", "OKLab", ".."]
+# Every write to the GPU is counted: through `gpu::work::Queue`, never the raw queue.
+disallowed-methods = [
+  { path = "wgpu::Queue::write_buffer", reason = "write through gpu::work::Queue, which counts" },
+  { path = "wgpu::Queue::write_texture", reason = "write through gpu::work::Queue, which counts" },
+]
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/Cargo.toml b/crates/latkit-cli/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61ba945c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+name = "latkit-cli"
+description = "Render latkit scenes of JSON or binary data to images and videos."
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords = ["visualization", "rendering", "video", "graph", "cli"]
+categories = ["command-line-utilities", "visualization", "multimedia::video"]
+readme = "README.md"
+include = ["LICENSE", "src/**", "README.md"]
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "latkit"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+latkit = { workspace = true, features = ["native"] }
+clap.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+schemars.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/packages/diagram/LICENSE b/crates/latkit-cli/LICENSE
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/diagram/LICENSE
rename to crates/latkit-cli/LICENSE
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/README.md b/crates/latkit-cli/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..628da428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# latkit CLI
+
+Draws latkit scenes of datasets into images, image sequences, raw frames, and videos, on the
+machine's GPU, with the same renderer as the browser package. Inputs are latkit's JSON, so any
+language can write them. The package is `latkit-cli`; the executable is `latkit`.
+
+```sh
+cargo install latkit-cli
+latkit validate scene.json -d grid.json
+latkit render scene.json -d grid.json -o grid.png --size 2400x1350 --scale 2
+latkit render scene.json -d grid.json --frames frames.jsonl --fps 60 -o film.mp4
+latkit query grid.bin '{"of":"Branch","filter":{"op":"gt","args":["loading",90]},"limit":20}'
+latkit tile history.bin -o history/   # time tiles a view fetches in spans: --tiles grid=history/frames.json
+latkit schema scene > scene.schema.json
+```
+
+Commands, inputs, frames, outputs, and diagnostics are in
+[the documentation](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cli.html).
+[The gallery](examples/cli-gallery/README.md), [the 70,000-bus fault](examples/bus-fault/README.md),
+and [the WECC240 fault](examples/wecc240-fault/README.md) are made with Python and this CLI alone.
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/README.md b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcbb95d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Line-opening orbit
+
+[Preview](preview.png) · The video is not in Git: [reproduce it](#reproduce) to write
+`animation.mp4` here.
+
+A close 108° orbit around the network, starting farther toward the East Coast
+and stopping before the far-western viewpoint. Magnification stays nearly
+constant, with a higher viewing angle throughout and no late pullback or dip.
+Centering and rotation change smoothly along the shorter arc.
+
+The saved simulation and visual scales come from the [original example](../branch-opening/README.md):
+70,000 buses, the Little Rock–Newark 765 kV line opening at 1 s, 0.4× playback,
+reduced height, no plot, 1920 × 1080 at 60 fps. The video is 23.517 seconds (1,411 frames).
+The original example and its video remain separate.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+Run from the repository root with the saved study in `target/branch-opening/`:
+
+```powershell
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/render.py --cli target/cli/latkit.exe --preview
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/render.py --cli target/cli/latkit.exe
+```
+
+Python prepares the documents; Latkit draws and encodes the video. The shared
+[data recipe](../branch-opening/render.py) and state boundaries are read from the
+original example. Generated inputs go into `target/branch-opening-orbit/`.
+No simulation rerun, duplicated frequency recording, or full image sequence is needed.
+
+Edit [camera.json](camera.json) to change the orbit.
+`at` is simulation time in seconds, `center` is longitude/latitude,
+`scale` is the plane's pixels per coordinate unit, and `pitch`/`bearing` are degrees.
+The recipe writes native CLI `camera` values into every frame. Monotone cubic Hermite
+interpolation gives continuous camera velocity without overshooting keyframes;
+zoom interpolates in logarithmic space, with gentle starts and stops.
+
+`--preview --at 5.8` shows the matching camera at that simulation time. `--prepare-only`
+writes the inputs and prints the complete CLI command. `--source`, `--work`, `--output`,
+and `--limit` support alternate data, scratch directories, and short previews.
+Each output's JSON records its camera path, source checksum, timing, and render command.
+
+Frequency and height retain the original example's interpretation: a filtered
+voltage-angle frequency estimate and an exaggerated, nonlinear height encoding.
+Close framing favors the network and response over peripheral state boundaries.
+
+The delivered video was decoded end to end (1,411 frames), with sample
+brackets checked at every frame and framing inspected around the opening and
+along the camera path.
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/animation.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/animation.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b05172a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/animation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+{
+  "buses": 70000,
+  "branches": 88207,
+  "event": {
+    "branch": "branch_59757_59774_1",
+    "action": "open",
+    "at_s": 1.0
+  },
+  "frames": 1411,
+  "fps": 60,
+  "resolution": [
+    1920,
+    1080
+  ],
+  "seconds": 23.516666666666666,
+  "playback_speed": 0.4,
+  "simulation_start_s": 0.6,
+  "simulation_end_s": 10.0,
+  "source_samples": 602,
+  "source_sample_hz": 60,
+  "frequency_sha256": "b72edd6eac9313d37344ebfeb952f45d2bbfd167a46ddc4727602a555d969862",
+  "source_statistics": {
+    "rows": 602,
+    "duplicate_times": 1,
+    "nonfinite": 0,
+    "pre_event_max_abs_hz": 4.79100583710488e-07,
+    "min_hz": -1.646875017187117,
+    "max_hz": 0.6834897947345193,
+    "post_1_1_max_abs_hz": 0.24483731315202817,
+    "bus_count": 70000,
+    "final_time_s": 10.0,
+    "peak_bus_id": 59774,
+    "buses_over_10_millihz_after_1_1": 70000,
+    "late_peak_quantiles_hz": [
+      0.06676637830185664,
+      0.08986788489515062,
+      0.11676234152644169
+    ]
+  },
+  "estimator": "Causal 20 ms filtered derivative of unwrapped bus voltage angle; both event sides retained, including the angle-jump impulse.",
+  "height_scale": 4.764463688617888,
+  "height_gain": 0.45,
+  "camera_bearings_degrees": [
+    -70,
+    -48,
+    -12,
+    15,
+    38
+  ],
+  "camera_start": {
+    "center": [
+      -84.5,
+      37.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.247927513443585,
+    "pitch": 50.0,
+    "bearing": -70.0
+  },
+  "camera_end": {
+    "center": [
+      -87.0,
+      37.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.247927513443585,
+    "pitch": 48.0,
+    "bearing": 38.0
+  },
+  "height_formula": "height_scale * asinh(df / 0.02) / asinh(0.35 / 0.02)",
+  "color_domain_hz": [
+    -0.2,
+    0.2
+  ],
+  "shot": "orbit",
+  "camera_path": {
+    "title": "Orbit",
+    "keyframes": [
+      {
+        "at": 0.6,
+        "center": [
+          -84.5,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 38,
+        "pitch": 50,
+        "bearing": -70
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 2.8,
+        "center": [
+          -85,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 40,
+        "pitch": 48,
+        "bearing": -48
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 5.8,
+        "center": [
+          -86,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 40,
+        "pitch": 46,
+        "bearing": -12
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 8.0,
+        "center": [
+          -86.5,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 38,
+        "pitch": 46,
+        "bearing": 15
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 10.0,
+        "center": [
+          -87,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 38,
+        "pitch": 48,
+        "bearing": 38
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "camera_interpolation": "monotone cubic Hermite; zoom interpolated logarithmically",
+  "render_seconds": 6.510786099999677,
+  "total_seconds": 7.860526299999037,
+  "output_bytes": 46677759,
+  "command": [
+    "target/cli/latkit.exe",
+    "render",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening-orbit/map.json",
+    "--data",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening-orbit/grid.json",
+    "--data",
+    "states=<repo>/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening-orbit/map-camera.json",
+    "--deadline",
+    "120",
+    "--frames",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening-orbit/frames.jsonl",
+    "--font",
+    "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf",
+    "--size",
+    "1920x1080",
+    "--fps",
+    "60",
+    "--bitrate",
+    "16000000",
+    "--output",
+    "<repo>/examples/branch-opening-orbit/animation.mp4"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/camera.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/camera.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f7734e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/camera.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "title": "Orbit",
+  "keyframes": [
+    {"at": 0.6, "center": [-84.5, 37.5], "scale": 38, "pitch": 50, "bearing": -70},
+    {"at": 2.8, "center": [-85, 37.5], "scale": 40, "pitch": 48, "bearing": -48},
+    {"at": 5.8, "center": [-86, 37.5], "scale": 40, "pitch": 46, "bearing": -12},
+    {"at": 8.0, "center": [-86.5, 37.5], "scale": 38, "pitch": 46, "bearing": 15},
+    {"at": 10.0, "center": [-87, 37.5], "scale": 38, "pitch": 48, "bearing": 38}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/preview.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/preview.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f45cb50b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/preview.json
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+{
+  "buses": 70000,
+  "branches": 88207,
+  "event": {
+    "branch": "branch_59757_59774_1",
+    "action": "open",
+    "at_s": 1.0
+  },
+  "frames": 1,
+  "fps": 60,
+  "resolution": [
+    1920,
+    1080
+  ],
+  "seconds": 0.016666666666666666,
+  "playback_speed": 0.4,
+  "simulation_start_s": 1.3,
+  "simulation_end_s": 1.3,
+  "source_samples": 602,
+  "source_sample_hz": 60,
+  "frequency_sha256": "b72edd6eac9313d37344ebfeb952f45d2bbfd167a46ddc4727602a555d969862",
+  "source_statistics": {
+    "rows": 602,
+    "duplicate_times": 1,
+    "nonfinite": 0,
+    "pre_event_max_abs_hz": 4.79100583710488e-07,
+    "min_hz": -1.646875017187117,
+    "max_hz": 0.6834897947345193,
+    "post_1_1_max_abs_hz": 0.24483731315202817,
+    "bus_count": 70000,
+    "final_time_s": 10.0,
+    "peak_bus_id": 59774,
+    "buses_over_10_millihz_after_1_1": 70000,
+    "late_peak_quantiles_hz": [
+      0.06676637830185664,
+      0.08986788489515062,
+      0.11676234152644169
+    ]
+  },
+  "estimator": "Causal 20 ms filtered derivative of unwrapped bus voltage angle; both event sides retained, including the angle-jump impulse.",
+  "height_scale": 4.764463688617888,
+  "height_gain": 0.45,
+  "camera_bearings_degrees": [
+    -70,
+    -48,
+    -12,
+    15,
+    38
+  ],
+  "camera_start": {
+    "center": [
+      -84.5789981472381,
+      37.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.265635391121904,
+    "pitch": 49.639156421351686,
+    "bearing": -66.38449885908227
+  },
+  "camera_end": {
+    "center": [
+      -84.5789981472381,
+      37.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.265635391121904,
+    "pitch": 49.639156421351686,
+    "bearing": -66.38449885908227
+  },
+  "height_formula": "height_scale * asinh(df / 0.02) / asinh(0.35 / 0.02)",
+  "color_domain_hz": [
+    -0.2,
+    0.2
+  ],
+  "shot": "orbit",
+  "camera_path": {
+    "title": "Orbit",
+    "keyframes": [
+      {
+        "at": 0.6,
+        "center": [
+          -84.5,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 38,
+        "pitch": 50,
+        "bearing": -70
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 2.8,
+        "center": [
+          -85,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 40,
+        "pitch": 48,
+        "bearing": -48
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 5.8,
+        "center": [
+          -86,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 40,
+        "pitch": 46,
+        "bearing": -12
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 8.0,
+        "center": [
+          -86.5,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 38,
+        "pitch": 46,
+        "bearing": 15
+      },
+      {
+        "at": 10.0,
+        "center": [
+          -87,
+          37.5
+        ],
+        "scale": 38,
+        "pitch": 48,
+        "bearing": 38
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "camera_interpolation": "monotone cubic Hermite; zoom interpolated logarithmically",
+  "render_seconds": 0.7592546000014408,
+  "total_seconds": 1.438417400000617,
+  "output_bytes": 1129145,
+  "command": [
+    "target/cli/latkit.exe",
+    "render",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening-orbit/map.json",
+    "--data",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening-orbit/grid.json",
+    "--data",
+    "states=<repo>/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening-orbit/map-camera.json",
+    "--deadline",
+    "120",
+    "--at",
+    "1.3",
+    "--font",
+    "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf",
+    "--size",
+    "1920x1080",
+    "--fps",
+    "60",
+    "--bitrate",
+    "16000000",
+    "--output",
+    "<repo>/examples/branch-opening-orbit/preview.png"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/preview.png b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/preview.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d5515b4
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/preview.png differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/render.py b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6288e221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening-orbit/render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+"""A close orbit of the saved line-opening recording, rendered by the Latkit CLI.
+
+Reuses the original example's data preparation without modifying it. Edit
+camera.json to change the path; Python's standard library is sufficient.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import bisect
+import importlib.util
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+EXAMPLE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+ROOT = EXAMPLE.parent.parent
+BASE = EXAMPLE.parent / "branch-opening"
+
+
+def load_recipe():
+    # Loading the shared recipe should not create files in the original example.
+    sys.dont_write_bytecode = True
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("branch_opening", BASE / "render.py")
+    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+    return module
+
+
+def interpolate(times, values, at):
+    """Monotone cubic Hermite: continuous velocity, no overshoot, soft endpoints."""
+    i = min(max(bisect.bisect_right(times, at) - 1, 0), len(times) - 2)
+    h = times[i + 1] - times[i]
+    u = min(1, max(0, (at - times[i]) / h))
+
+    def slope(k):
+        if k == 0 or k == len(times) - 1:
+            return 0.0
+        before, after = times[k] - times[k - 1], times[k + 1] - times[k]
+        a = (values[k] - values[k - 1]) / before
+        b = (values[k + 1] - values[k]) / after
+        if a * b <= 0:
+            return 0.0
+        w1, w2 = 2 * after + before, after + 2 * before
+        return (w1 + w2) / (w1 / a + w2 / b)
+
+    return ((2 * u**3 - 3 * u**2 + 1) * values[i]
+            + (u**3 - 2 * u**2 + u) * h * slope(i)
+            + (-2 * u**3 + 3 * u**2) * values[i + 1]
+            + (u**3 - u**2) * h * slope(i + 1))
+
+
+def camera_at(path, at):
+    keys = path["keyframes"]
+    times = [k["at"] for k in keys]
+    sample = lambda values: interpolate(times, values, at)
+    return {"center": [sample([k["center"][axis] for k in keys]) for axis in range(2)],
+            "zoom": sample([math.log2(k["scale"]) for k in keys]),
+            "pitch": sample([k["pitch"] for k in keys]),
+            "bearing": sample([k["bearing"] for k in keys])}
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--source", type=Path, default=ROOT / "target/branch-opening")
+    parser.add_argument("--work", type=Path, default=ROOT / "target/branch-opening-orbit", help="generated CLI inputs")
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, default=EXAMPLE, help="defaults to this example directory")
+    parser.add_argument("--cli", default="latkit")
+    parser.add_argument("--font", type=Path)
+    parser.add_argument("--preview", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("--at", type=float, default=1.3, help="preview time in simulation seconds")
+    parser.add_argument("--limit", type=int)
+    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.limit is not None and args.limit < 1:
+        parser.error("--limit must be positive")
+
+    recipe = load_recipe()
+    path = recipe.read(EXAMPLE / "camera.json")
+    keys = path["keyframes"]
+    if len(keys) < 2 or any(b["at"] <= a["at"] for a, b in zip(keys, keys[1:])):
+        parser.error("camera keyframes must have strictly increasing times")
+    if any(k["scale"] <= 0 or not 0 <= k["pitch"] < 90 for k in keys):
+        parser.error("camera scale must be positive, and pitch must be in [0, 90)")
+    frames = [args.at] if args.preview else recipe.playback_times()
+    if args.limit is not None:
+        frames = frames[:args.limit]
+    if frames[0] < keys[0]["at"] or frames[-1] > keys[-1]["at"]:
+        parser.error("the camera path does not cover the requested simulation time")
+    job = args.work.resolve()
+    output = args.output.resolve()
+    started = time.perf_counter()
+    metadata = recipe.prepare(args.source.resolve(), job, frames)
+
+    scene = recipe.read(job / "map.json")
+    scene["title"] = f"ACTIVSg70k / {path['title']}"
+    recipe.write(job / "map.json", scene)
+    recipe.write(job / "map-camera.json", camera_at(path, frames[0]))
+    sequence = [json.loads(line) for line in (job / "frames.jsonl").read_text().splitlines()]
+    with (job / "frames.jsonl").open("w", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n") as stream:
+        for frame in sequence:
+            frame["camera"] = camera_at(path, frame["at"])
+            stream.write(json.dumps(frame, allow_nan=False) + "\n")
+
+    metadata.update({"shot": "orbit", "camera_path": path,
+                     "camera_bearings_degrees": [k["bearing"] for k in keys],
+                     "camera_start": camera_at(path, frames[0]), "camera_end": camera_at(path, frames[-1]),
+                     "camera_interpolation": "monotone cubic Hermite; zoom interpolated logarithmically"})
+    output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    result = output / ("preview.png" if args.preview else "animation.mp4")
+    inputs = [str(job / "map.json"), "--data", str(job / "grid.json"),
+              "--data", f"states={BASE / 'states.geojson'}", "--camera", str(job / "map-camera.json"),
+              "--deadline", "120"]
+    inputs.extend(["--at", str(args.at)] if args.preview else ["--frames", str(job / "frames.jsonl")])
+    font = args.font or (Path("C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf") if os.name == "nt" else None)
+    if font:
+        inputs.extend(["--font", str(font)])
+    render = [args.cli, "render", *inputs, "--size", f"{recipe.W}x{recipe.H}",
+              "--fps", str(recipe.FPS), "--bitrate", "16000000", "--output", str(result)]
+    print(subprocess.list2cmdline(render), flush=True)
+    if args.prepare_only:
+        return
+    subprocess.run([args.cli, "validate", *inputs], check=True)
+    render_started = time.perf_counter()
+    subprocess.run(render, check=True)
+    metadata.update({"render_seconds": time.perf_counter() - render_started,
+                     "total_seconds": time.perf_counter() - started, "output_bytes": result.stat().st_size,
+                     "command": [part.replace(str(ROOT), "<repo>").replace(os.sep, "/") for part in render]})
+    recipe.write(output / ("preview.json" if args.preview else "animation.json"), metadata)
+    print(f"Saved {result} ({metadata['output_bytes'] / 1e6:.2f} MB; {metadata['render_seconds']:.1f} s rendering)", flush=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/README.md b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45b260e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# ACTIVSg70k line opening — Python + Latkit CLI
+
+[Preview](preview.png) · The video is not in Git: [render the saved study](#render-the-saved-study)
+to write `animation.mp4` here.
+
+The synthetic 70,000-bus network responds to the Little Rock–Newark 765 kV line
+(`branch_59757_59774_1`) opening at 1 s. It stays open. The video shows simulation
+0.6–10 s at a constant 0.4× speed: **1,411 frames, 60 fps, 1920 × 1080,
+23.517 seconds**. The map fills the frame, and a dashed gold line marks the disconnected
+branch. A gentle 30° camera sweep reveals the response from changing angles.
+
+[`render.py`](render.py) uses Python's standard library and the Latkit CLI. Latkit
+draws the network, state boundaries, labels, and frequency legend, and encodes H.264
+through its native Windows MP4 output. There is no Rust consumer, browser renderer,
+Python imaging dependency, or external encoder in this recipe.
+
+## Render the saved study
+
+From the repository root, with Python 3.10+ and the saved study present:
+
+```powershell
+cargo build --locked -p latkit-cli --profile cli
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/render.py --cli target/cli/latkit.exe --preview
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/render.py --cli target/cli/latkit.exe
+```
+
+An installed CLI works too: `python crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/render.py`.
+Use `--preview --at 2.5` for a different still, `--limit 120 --output target/preview`
+for a short movie, or `--prepare-only` to write the inputs and print the complete
+CLI command. Scene and camera JSON are generated in `target/branch-opening/render/`;
+edit those and run the printed CLI command directly to experiment with the view.
+A recipe rerun regenerates its inputs.
+
+The optional positional argument selects another saved-study directory. Its files are:
+
+```text
+target/branch-opening/
+  buses.json
+  topology.json
+  runs/little-rock-60hz/
+    frequency_metadata.json
+    frequency.f32
+```
+
+The recording is local, ignored data; it is **not included in Git**. The small state
+boundary asset is reused from the earlier bus-fault recording and included here.
+`animation.json` and `preview.json` record the command, source checksum, scales,
+dimensions, and render timing. Native MP4 output currently requires Windows.
+
+## Data and display
+
+The study used `ghcr.io/lukelowry/gridkit:develop-perf`, image ID
+`sha256:befba9e16edce341888e73c05b9d2c35aedf1357fa18b54c56114dbe25ccd565`,
+and the original ACTIVSg70k case, SHA-256
+`8c3d1edd9deaf409436b1f38e55f41c963d08eae7709474bcfb2c1dffadbdb15`.
+The full simulation manifest remains beside the recording.
+
+Only bus voltage angles were monitored, at 60 Hz over 0–10 s, with both sides of
+the event retained. Frequency is the causal 20 ms filtered derivative of unwrapped
+voltage angle, expressed as Hz deviation from 60 Hz. The raw angles were streamed
+and discarded. This is a bus voltage-frequency estimate, not generator rotor speed.
+The switching angle jump produces a brief impulse (about −1.647 to +0.683 Hz).
+
+Colors saturate at ±0.20 Hz. Signed height is exaggerated by
+`height_scale * asinh(df / 0.02) / asinh(0.35 / 0.02)`; it is a visual encoding of
+frequency, not physical displacement. The height gain is 0.45 of the earlier view,
+reducing displacement by 55% while preserving its sign and nonlinear scale. The
+camera keeps a fixed center, zoom, and 48° pitch, with bearing easing from −10° to
++20° over the full recording. This keeps the initial peak in view and makes the
+geography easier to follow. There is no bottom plot or trace legend.
+
+`HEIGHT_GAIN` and `BEARINGS` near the top of `render.py` control the exaggeration
+and camera sweep. The camera path uses simulation time, so an arbitrary preview
+matches that moment in the movie.
+
+For slow motion, Latkit interpolates between the original samples and computes the
+height expression on the GPU. The recipe appends only samples needed for the next
+picture and forgets older ones. Its timestamp comparison exactly matches Latkit's:
+the retained lower sample must be **at or before** the requested time. Both event
+sides remain distinct, so post-opening data never leaks into pre-opening pictures.
+No dense interpolated cache, height cache, or full image sequence is written.
+
+The CLI validates the generated documents before rendering. The delivered MP4 was
+also decoded end to end and checked around the event and sample boundaries.
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/animation.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/animation.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9aa05e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/animation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+{
+  "buses": 70000,
+  "branches": 88207,
+  "event": {
+    "branch": "branch_59757_59774_1",
+    "action": "open",
+    "at_s": 1.0
+  },
+  "frames": 1411,
+  "fps": 60,
+  "resolution": [
+    1920,
+    1080
+  ],
+  "seconds": 23.516666666666666,
+  "playback_speed": 0.4,
+  "simulation_start_s": 0.6,
+  "simulation_end_s": 10.0,
+  "source_samples": 602,
+  "source_sample_hz": 60,
+  "frequency_sha256": "b72edd6eac9313d37344ebfeb952f45d2bbfd167a46ddc4727602a555d969862",
+  "source_statistics": {
+    "rows": 602,
+    "duplicate_times": 1,
+    "nonfinite": 0,
+    "pre_event_max_abs_hz": 4.79100583710488e-07,
+    "min_hz": -1.646875017187117,
+    "max_hz": 0.6834897947345193,
+    "post_1_1_max_abs_hz": 0.24483731315202817,
+    "bus_count": 70000,
+    "final_time_s": 10.0,
+    "peak_bus_id": 59774,
+    "buses_over_10_millihz_after_1_1": 70000,
+    "late_peak_quantiles_hz": [
+      0.06676637830185664,
+      0.08986788489515062,
+      0.11676234152644169
+    ]
+  },
+  "estimator": "Causal 20 ms filtered derivative of unwrapped bus voltage angle; both event sides retained, including the angle-jump impulse.",
+  "height_scale": 4.764463688617888,
+  "height_gain": 0.45,
+  "camera_bearings_degrees": [
+    -10,
+    20
+  ],
+  "camera_start": {
+    "center": [
+      -92,
+      36.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.087462841250339,
+    "pitch": 48,
+    "bearing": -10
+  },
+  "camera_end": {
+    "center": [
+      -92,
+      36.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.087462841250339,
+    "pitch": 48,
+    "bearing": 20
+  },
+  "height_formula": "height_scale * asinh(df / 0.02) / asinh(0.35 / 0.02)",
+  "color_domain_hz": [
+    -0.2,
+    0.2
+  ],
+  "render_seconds": 6.544604299997445,
+  "total_seconds": 7.592458800005261,
+  "output_bytes": 46411083,
+  "command": [
+    "target/cli/latkit.exe",
+    "render",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening/render/map.json",
+    "--data",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening/render/grid.json",
+    "--data",
+    "states=<repo>/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening/render/map-camera.json",
+    "--frames",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening/render/frames.jsonl",
+    "--deadline",
+    "120",
+    "--font",
+    "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf",
+    "--size",
+    "1920x1080",
+    "--fps",
+    "60",
+    "--bitrate",
+    "16000000",
+    "--output",
+    "<repo>/examples/branch-opening/animation.mp4"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/preview.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/preview.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2519afb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/preview.json
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+{
+  "buses": 70000,
+  "branches": 88207,
+  "event": {
+    "branch": "branch_59757_59774_1",
+    "action": "open",
+    "at_s": 1.0
+  },
+  "frames": 1,
+  "fps": 60,
+  "resolution": [
+    1920,
+    1080
+  ],
+  "seconds": 0.016666666666666666,
+  "playback_speed": 0.4,
+  "simulation_start_s": 1.3,
+  "simulation_end_s": 1.3,
+  "source_samples": 602,
+  "source_sample_hz": 60,
+  "frequency_sha256": "b72edd6eac9313d37344ebfeb952f45d2bbfd167a46ddc4727602a555d969862",
+  "source_statistics": {
+    "rows": 602,
+    "duplicate_times": 1,
+    "nonfinite": 0,
+    "pre_event_max_abs_hz": 4.79100583710488e-07,
+    "min_hz": -1.646875017187117,
+    "max_hz": 0.6834897947345193,
+    "post_1_1_max_abs_hz": 0.24483731315202817,
+    "bus_count": 70000,
+    "final_time_s": 10.0,
+    "peak_bus_id": 59774,
+    "buses_over_10_millihz_after_1_1": 70000,
+    "late_peak_quantiles_hz": [
+      0.06676637830185664,
+      0.08986788489515062,
+      0.11676234152644169
+    ]
+  },
+  "estimator": "Causal 20 ms filtered derivative of unwrapped bus voltage angle; both event sides retained, including the angle-jump impulse.",
+  "height_scale": 4.764463688617888,
+  "height_gain": 0.45,
+  "camera_bearings_degrees": [
+    -10,
+    20
+  ],
+  "camera_start": {
+    "center": [
+      -92,
+      36.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.087462841250339,
+    "pitch": 48,
+    "bearing": -9.525683133795017
+  },
+  "camera_end": {
+    "center": [
+      -92,
+      36.5
+    ],
+    "zoom": 5.087462841250339,
+    "pitch": 48,
+    "bearing": -9.525683133795017
+  },
+  "height_formula": "height_scale * asinh(df / 0.02) / asinh(0.35 / 0.02)",
+  "color_domain_hz": [
+    -0.2,
+    0.2
+  ],
+  "render_seconds": 0.93470410000009,
+  "total_seconds": 1.631355599995004,
+  "output_bytes": 892404,
+  "command": [
+    "target/cli/latkit.exe",
+    "render",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening/render/map.json",
+    "--data",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening/render/grid.json",
+    "--data",
+    "states=<repo>/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/branch-opening/render/map-camera.json",
+    "--at",
+    "1.3",
+    "--deadline",
+    "120",
+    "--font",
+    "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf",
+    "--size",
+    "1920x1080",
+    "--fps",
+    "60",
+    "--bitrate",
+    "16000000",
+    "--output",
+    "<repo>/examples/branch-opening/preview.png"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/preview.png b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/preview.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bbd2356
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/preview.png differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/render.py b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..375fb729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+"""Render the saved ACTIVSg70k line-opening study using Python and the Latkit CLI.
+
+Python prepares JSON and selects slices of the original float32 recording. Latkit
+interpolates the samples, computes elevation, draws the map, and encodes the MP4.
+Requires Python 3.10+; no third-party Python packages or external encoder.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import bisect
+import hashlib
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import subprocess
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+EXAMPLE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+ROOT = EXAMPLE.parent.parent
+W, H, FPS = 1920, 1080, 60
+SPEED = 0.4
+HEIGHT_GAIN = 0.45
+BEARINGS = [-10, 20]
+BRANCH = "branch_59757_59774_1"
+EVENT = 1.0
+BACKGROUND = "#090d12"
+PALETTE = ["#1f52f2", "#2ea6f2", "#4d6e7a", "#ffa13b", "#ff3b1c"]
+
+
+def read(path):
+    return json.loads(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8-sig"))
+
+
+def write(path, value):
+    path.write_text(json.dumps(value, ensure_ascii=False, allow_nan=False, indent=2) + "\n",
+                    encoding="utf-8", newline="\n")
+
+
+def op(name, *args):
+    return {"op": name, "args": list(args)}
+
+
+def sha256(path):
+    digest = hashlib.sha256()
+    with path.open("rb") as stream:
+        for chunk in iter(lambda: stream.read(1024 * 1024), b""):
+            digest.update(chunk)
+    return digest.hexdigest()
+
+
+def playback_times():
+    # 0.6--10 s at a constant 0.4x: 1,411 pictures, 23.517 s.
+    count = round((10 - 0.6) * FPS / SPEED) + 1
+    return [round(0.6 + k * SPEED / FPS, 12) for k in range(count)]
+
+
+def camera_at(at):
+    # A small arc with gentle starts and stops; previews follow the same path.
+    u = min(1, max(0, (at - 0.6) / (10 - 0.6)))
+    eased = u * u * (3 - 2 * u)
+    return {"center": [-92, 36.5], "zoom": math.log2(34), "pitch": 48,
+            "bearing": BEARINGS[0] + (BEARINGS[1] - BEARINGS[0]) * eased}
+
+
+def prepare(source, job, frames):
+    recording = source / "runs/little-rock-60hz"
+    meta = read(recording / "frequency_metadata.json")
+    ids, times = meta["bus_ids"], meta["times"]
+    frequency = recording / "frequency.f32"
+    n = len(ids)
+    if (n != 70000 or len(set(ids)) != n or meta["dtype"] != "f32le"
+            or meta["layout"] != "frame-major"
+            or frequency.stat().st_size != n * len(times) * 4
+            or any(b < a for a, b in zip(times, times[1:]))):
+        raise ValueError("Unexpected recording dimensions, format, or sample order")
+    if not times[0] <= min(frames) <= max(frames) <= times[-1]:
+        raise ValueError("Requested frames lie outside the recording")
+    job.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    def bracket(at):
+        # Match Latkit's exact <= comparison. An epsilon here can select a sample
+        # just AFTER `at`, then `forget` removes the last sample Latkit can read.
+        lower = bisect.bisect_right(times, at) - 1
+        upper = min(lower + 1, len(times) - 1)
+        assert times[lower] <= at <= times[upper]
+        return lower, upper
+
+    def append(start, end):
+        return {"append": {"at": times[start:end + 1], "table": "Bus", "fields": {
+            "df": {"file": os.path.relpath(frequency, job).replace(os.sep, "/"),
+                   "dtype": "f32le", "offset": start * n * 4, "count": (end - start + 1) * n}
+        }}}
+
+    buses = {b["bus_id"]: b for b in read(source / "buses.json")}
+    ordered = [buses[i] for i in ids]
+    lon = [b["longitude"] for b in ordered]
+    lat = [b["latitude"] for b in ordered]
+    branches = read(source / "topology.json")
+    selected = [e for e in branches if e["id"] == BRANCH]
+    if len(selected) != 1 or (selected[0]["bus1"], selected[0]["bus2"]) != (59757, 59774):
+        raise ValueError("The selected branch does not match the saved topology")
+    widths = [0.7 + min(1, max(0, (min(buses[e["bus1"]]["kv"], buses[e["bus2"]]["kv"]) - 69) / 696))
+              for e in branches]
+    opened = frames[0] >= EVENT
+    lower, loaded = bracket(frames[0])
+    write(job / "grid.json", {"name": "grid", "patch": [
+        {"axis": {"name": "time", "unit": "s"}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": ids, "fields": {
+            "lon": lon, "lat": lat,
+            "label": [{59757: "Little Rock", 59774: "Newark"}.get(i, "") for i in ids],
+        }}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Branch", "ids": [e["id"] for e in branches], "fields": {
+            "width": widths, "in_service": [not (opened and e["id"] == BRANCH) for e in branches],
+            "from": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [e["bus1"] for e in branches]},
+            "to": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [e["bus2"] for e in branches]},
+        }}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Outage", "ids": [BRANCH], "fields": {
+            "from": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [59757]},
+            "to": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [59774]},
+            "opened": [opened], "status": ["765 kV / OPEN" if opened else "765 kV / CLOSED"],
+        }}},
+        append(lower, loaded),
+    ]})
+
+    # asinh(df / 0.02), expressed with the CLI's ordinary GPU expression operators.
+    # Use abs/sign to avoid cancellation in ln(x + sqrt(x*x+1)) for negative x.
+    x = op("div", op("abs", "df"), 0.02)
+    magnitude = op("ln", op("add", x, op("sqrt", op("add", op("mul", x, x), 1))))
+    signed = {"when": [[op("lt", "df", 0), op("neg", magnitude)]], "otherwise": magnitude}
+    height_scale = HEIGHT_GAIN * 1.7 * 0.15 * max(max(lon) - min(lon), max(lat) - min(lat))
+    elevation = op("mul", signed, height_scale / math.asinh(0.35 / 0.02))
+    theme = {"background": BACKGROUND, "text": "#c9d4dc", "font": "Segoe UI, sans-serif", "fontSize": 15}
+    scenes = {
+        "map.json": {
+            "space": {"plane": {"grid": "off"}}, "ease": 0,
+            "theme": {**theme, "edge": None, "laneBow": 0},
+            "title": "ACTIVSg70k / Line opening",
+            "subtitle": f"Little Rock - Newark, 765 kV / Opens at 1 s / Constant {SPEED:g}x speed",
+            "marks": [
+                {"lines": {"of": ["states", "polygons"], "color": "#5c7a8f6b", "width": 0.75,
+                           "visible": op("not", op("or", {"is": ["name", "Alaska"]},
+                                                   {"is": ["name", "Hawaii"]}))}},
+                {"edges": {"of": ["grid", "Branch"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "width": "width", "visible": "in_service"}},
+                {"edges": {"of": ["grid", "Outage"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "width": 2.5,
+                           "color": "#ffde86", "dash": "opened",
+                           "label": {"text": "status", "size": 13, "priority": 100}}},
+                {"vertices": {"of": ["grid", "Bus"], "position": ["lon", "lat"], "radius": 0.8,
+                              "elevation": elevation,
+                              "color": {"colormap": {"kind": "diverging", "colors": PALETTE},
+                                        "value": "df", "domain": [-0.2, 0.2]},
+                              "label": {"text": "label", "size": 14, "priority": 101},
+                              "legend": "Bus frequency deviation / Hz"}},
+            ],
+        },
+        "map-camera.json": camera_at(frames[0]),
+    }
+    for name, scene in scenes.items():
+        write(job / name, scene)
+
+    with (job / "frames.jsonl").open("w", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n") as stream:
+        for at in frames:
+            lower, upper = bracket(at)
+            patch = []
+            if upper > loaded:
+                # At t < 1, only the pre-switch sample at 1 s has been appended.
+                # Append the second side only at/after the event, preventing anticipation.
+                patch.append(append(loaded + 1, upper))
+                patch.append({"forget": {"before": times[lower]}})
+                loaded = upper
+            if not opened and at >= EVENT:
+                patch.extend([
+                    {"set": {"table": "Branch", "ids": [BRANCH], "fields": {"in_service": [False]}}},
+                    {"set": {"table": "Outage", "ids": [BRANCH], "fields": {"opened": [True], "status": ["765 kV / OPEN"]}}},
+                ])
+                opened = True
+            frame = {"at": at, "camera": camera_at(at)}
+            if patch:
+                frame["patch"] = {"grid": patch}
+            stream.write(json.dumps(frame, allow_nan=False) + "\n")
+    return {"buses": n, "branches": len(branches),
+            "event": {"branch": BRANCH, "action": "open", "at_s": EVENT},
+            "frames": len(frames), "fps": FPS, "resolution": [W, H], "seconds": len(frames) / FPS,
+            "playback_speed": SPEED,
+            "simulation_start_s": frames[0], "simulation_end_s": frames[-1],
+            "source_samples": len(times), "source_sample_hz": meta["nominal_sample_hz"],
+            "frequency_sha256": sha256(frequency), "source_statistics": meta["statistics"],
+            "estimator": meta["estimator"], "height_scale": height_scale,
+            "height_gain": HEIGHT_GAIN, "camera_bearings_degrees": BEARINGS,
+            "camera_start": camera_at(frames[0]), "camera_end": camera_at(frames[-1]),
+            "height_formula": "height_scale * asinh(df / 0.02) / asinh(0.35 / 0.02)",
+            "color_domain_hz": [-0.2, 0.2]}
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("source", nargs="?", type=Path, default=ROOT / "target/branch-opening")
+    parser.add_argument("--work", type=Path, default=ROOT / "target/branch-opening/render")
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, default=EXAMPLE)
+    parser.add_argument("--cli", default="latkit")
+    parser.add_argument("--font", type=Path, help="TTF/OTF fallback; defaults to Segoe UI on Windows")
+    parser.add_argument("--preview", action="store_true", help="render one PNG instead of the movie")
+    parser.add_argument("--at", type=float, default=1.3, help="preview simulation time, seconds")
+    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true", help="write CLI inputs and print the command")
+    parser.add_argument("--limit", type=int, help="render the first N movie frames for a quick check")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.limit is not None and args.limit < 1:
+        parser.error("--limit must be positive")
+    frames = [args.at] if args.preview else playback_times()
+    if args.limit is not None:
+        frames = frames[:args.limit]
+    job, output = args.work.resolve(), args.output.resolve()
+    started = time.perf_counter()
+    metadata = prepare(args.source.resolve(), job, frames)
+    output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    result = output / ("preview.png" if args.preview else "animation.mp4")
+    inputs = [str(job / "map.json"), "--data", str(job / "grid.json"),
+              "--data", f"states={EXAMPLE / 'states.geojson'}",
+              "--camera", str(job / "map-camera.json")]
+    inputs.extend(["--at", str(args.at)] if args.preview else ["--frames", str(job / "frames.jsonl")])
+    inputs.extend(["--deadline", "120"])
+    font = args.font or (Path("C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf") if os.name == "nt" else None)
+    if font:
+        inputs.extend(["--font", str(font)])
+    render = [args.cli, "render", *inputs, "--size", f"{W}x{H}", "--fps", str(FPS),
+              "--bitrate", "16000000", "--output", str(result)]
+    print(subprocess.list2cmdline(render), flush=True)
+    if args.prepare_only:
+        return
+    subprocess.run([args.cli, "validate", *inputs], check=True)
+    render_started = time.perf_counter()
+    subprocess.run(render, check=True)
+    metadata.update({"render_seconds": time.perf_counter() - render_started,
+                     "total_seconds": time.perf_counter() - started, "output_bytes": result.stat().st_size,
+                     "command": [part.replace(str(ROOT), "<repo>").replace(os.sep, "/") for part in render]})
+    write(output / ("preview.json" if args.preview else "animation.json"), metadata)
+    print(f"Saved {result} ({metadata['output_bytes'] / 1e6:.2f} MB; {metadata['render_seconds']:.1f} s rendering)", flush=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5707288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"featurecla": "Admin-1 scale rank", "scalerank": 2, "adm1_code": "USA-3563", "diss_me": 3563, "iso_3166_2": "US-AK", "wikipedia": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska", "iso_a2": "US", "adm0_sr": 6, "name": "Alaska", "name_alt": "AK|Alaska", "name_local": null, "type": "State", "type_en": "State", "code_local": "US02", "code_hasc": "US.AK", "note": null, "hasc_maybe": null, "region": "West", "region_cod": null, "provnum_ne": 0, "gadm_level": 1, "check_me": 20, "datarank": 1, "abbrev": "Alaska", "postal": "AK", "area_sqkm": 0, "sameascity": -99, "labelrank": 0, "name_len": 6, "mapcolor9": 1, "mapcolor13": 1, "fips": "US02", "fips_alt": null, "woe_id": 2347560, "woe_label": "Alaska, US, United States", "woe_name": "Alaska", "latitude": 65.3609, "longitude": -151.604, "sov_a3": "US1", "adm0_a3": "USA", "adm0_label": 2, "admin": "United States of America", "geonunit": "United States of America", "gu_a3": "USA", "gn_id": 5879092, "gn_name": "Alaska", "gns_id": -1, "gns_name": null, "gn_level": 1, "gn_region": null, "gn_a1_code": "US.AK", "region_sub": "Pacific", "sub_code": null, "gns_level": -1, "gns_lang": null, "gns_adm1": null, "gns_region": null, "min_label": 3.5, "max_label": 7.5, "min_zoom": 2, "wikidataid": "Q797", "name_ar": "\u0623\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627", "name_bn": "\u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be", "name_de": "Alaska", "name_en": "Alaska", "name_es": "Alaska", "name_fr": "Alaska", "name_el": "\u0391\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1", "name_hi": "\u0905\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e", "name_hu": "Alaszka", "name_id": "Alaska", "name_it": "Alaska", "name_ja": "\u30a2\u30e9\u30b9\u30ab\u5dde", "name_ko": "\uc54c\ub798\uc2a4\uce74", "name_nl": "Alaska", "name_pl": "Alaska", "name_pt": "Alasca", "name_ru": "\u0410\u043b\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430", "name_sv": "Alaska", "name_tr": "Alaska", "name_vi": "Alaska", "name_zh": "\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u5dde", "ne_id": 1159308731, "name_he": "\u05d0\u05dc\u05e1\u05e7\u05d4", "name_uk": "\u0410\u043b\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430", "name_ur": "\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627", "name_fa": "\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627", "name_zht": "\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u5dde", "FCLASS_ISO": null, "FCLASS_US": null, "FCLASS_FR": null, "FCLASS_RU": null, "FCLASS_ES": null, "FCLASS_CN": null, "FCLASS_TW": null, "FCLASS_IN": null, "FCLASS_NP": null, "FCLASS_PK": null, "FCLASS_DE": null, "FCLASS_GB": null, "FCLASS_BR": null, "FCLASS_IL": null, "FCLASS_PS": null, "FCLASS_SA": null, "FCLASS_EG": null, "FCLASS_MA": null, "FCLASS_PT": null, "FCLASS_AR": null, "FCLASS_JP": null, "FCLASS_KO": null, "FCLASS_VN": null, "FCLASS_TR": null, "FCLASS_ID": null, "FCLASS_PL": null, "FCLASS_GR": null, "FCLASS_IT": null, "FCLASS_NL": null, "FCLASS_SE": null, "FCLASS_BD": null, "FCLASS_UA": null, "FCLASS_TLC": null}, "bbox": [-178.194518, 51.603676, -130.014073, 71.407687], "geometry": {"type": "MultiPolygon", "coordinates": 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/README.md b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..844d6bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# 70,000-bus fault — Python + latkit CLI
+
+[Preview](preview.png) · The animation is not in Git: [`render.py`](render.py), run as below,
+writes `animation.mp4` here.
+
+The saved ACTIVSg70k recording: simulation 0.6–1.4 s at 0.1×, then 1.4–10 s at 1×, 997 frames at
+60 fps and 1920 × 1080. The fault is on bus 56923 at 1 s and clears at 1.15 s. Every bus keeps its
+frequency-dependent color and signed height; a plot below traces six buses with a playhead.
+
+[`render.py`](render.py) uses only Python's standard library. It writes the grid and the traced
+buses as latkit JSON, whose frame columns are slices of the saved float32 caches, and a frame per
+output frame that appends them. latkit reads the states' GeoJSON, draws the map with its title and
+legend over the plot, and encodes the MP4: 5.5 s for the 997 frames on an RTX 2080 SUPER.
+
+```sh
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/render.py <outputs> --cli target/cli/latkit --preview
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/render.py <outputs> --cli target/cli/latkit
+```
+
+`<outputs>` is the recording's directory: `buses.json`, `topology.json`, `usa-states.geojson`,
+`depth-metadata.json`, and the frame-major caches `depth-frequency.f32` and `depth-height.f32` in
+the metadata's bus order. They are not in this repository. Frequency comes from a causal 20 ms
+filtered derivative of bus voltage angle; height is `asinh(df / 0.02) / asinh(0.35 / 0.02)`; colors
+clip to ±0.05 Hz.
+
+The recipe writes its JSON to `target/bus-fault/` and keeps existing scenes and cameras there, so
+edits survive a rerun. `--prepare-only` prints the command without rendering; `--limit N` renders the
+first N frames. `animation.json` and `preview.json` record the command and timings.
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/animation.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/animation.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd927c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/animation.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"buses": 70000, "branches": 88207, "traced": [56923, 65829, 56291, 38205, 14472, 1373], "frames": 997, "fps": 60, "simulation_start_s": 0.6, "simulation_end_s": 10.0, "height_scale": 10.58769708581753, "resolution": [1920, 1080], "seconds": 16.616666666666667, "render_seconds": 4.656766100000823, "total_seconds": 6.257235100001708, "command": ["target/cli/latkit.exe", "render", "target/bus-fault/map.json", "target/bus-fault/plot.json", "--data", "target/bus-fault/grid.json", "--data", "target/bus-fault/trace.json", "--data", "states=<source>/usa-states.geojson", "--panel", "0,0,1,0.84", "--panel", "0,0.84,1,0.16", "--camera", "target/bus-fault/map-camera.json", "--camera", "target/bus-fault/plot-camera.json", "--frames", "target/bus-fault/frames.jsonl", "--font", "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf", "--size", "1920x1080", "--fps", "60", "--output", "examples/bus-fault/animation.mp4"]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/preview.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/preview.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ccbd4f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/preview.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"buses": 70000, "branches": 88207, "traced": [56923, 65829, 56291, 38205, 14472, 1373], "frames": 1, "fps": 60, "simulation_start_s": 1.3, "simulation_end_s": 1.3, "height_scale": 10.58769708581753, "resolution": [1920, 1080], "seconds": 0.016666666666666666, "render_seconds": 0.9005362000025343, "total_seconds": 1.7516155999983312, "command": ["target/cli/latkit.exe", "render", "target/bus-fault/map.json", "target/bus-fault/plot.json", "--data", "target/bus-fault/grid.json", "--data", "target/bus-fault/trace.json", "--data", "states=<source>/usa-states.geojson", "--panel", "0,0,1,0.84", "--panel", "0,0.84,1,0.16", "--camera", "target/bus-fault/map-camera.json", "--camera", "target/bus-fault/plot-camera.json", "--frames", "target/bus-fault/frames.jsonl", "--font", "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf", "--size", "1920x1080", "--fps", "60", "--output", "examples/bus-fault/preview.png"]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/preview.png b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/preview.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5322c626
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/preview.png differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/render.py b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b5eaf91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/bus-fault/render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+"""Reproduce the 70k-bus fault recording with Python and the latkit CLI.
+
+Python writes latkit's JSON documents: the grid, whose frame columns are slices of the saved float32
+caches, a frame per output frame that appends them, and a few buses' traces for a plot. latkit
+reads the states' GeoJSON itself, draws the map with its title and legend over the plot, and
+encodes the MP4. No Rust, browser, NumPy, Pillow, or FFmpeg is used.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+W, H, FPS = 1920, 1080, 60
+PALETTE = ["#1f52f2", "#2ea6f2", "#4d6e7a", "#ffa13b", "#ff3b1c"]
+FAULT = 56923
+BACKGROUND = "#090d12"
+
+
+def read(path):
+    return json.loads(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8-sig"))
+
+
+def write(path, value):
+    path.write_text(json.dumps(value, ensure_ascii=False, allow_nan=False), encoding="utf-8", newline="\n")
+
+
+def relative(path):
+    """`path` from the working directory when it lies under it."""
+    path = Path(path).resolve()
+    return path.relative_to(Path.cwd()).as_posix() if path.is_relative_to(Path.cwd()) else path.as_posix()
+
+
+def prepare(source, job, indices):
+    meta = read(source / "depth-metadata.json")
+    ids, times = meta["bus_ids"], meta["simulation_times"]
+    n = len(ids)
+    assert n == 70_000 and len(set(ids)) == n and len(times) == 997 and meta["fps"] == FPS
+    for name in ("depth-frequency.f32", "depth-height.f32"):
+        assert (source / name).stat().st_size == n * len(times) * 4
+    job.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    def frame(k):
+        """Frame k of the saved caches: one value per bus, in the metadata's order."""
+        return {
+            field: {"file": str(source / name), "dtype": "f32le", "offset": k * n * 4, "count": n}
+            for field, name in (("df", "depth-frequency.f32"), ("height", "depth-height.f32"))
+        }
+
+    buses = {b["bus_id"]: b for b in read(source / "buses.json")}
+    ordered = [buses[i] for i in ids]
+    lon = [b["longitude"] for b in ordered]
+    lat = [b["latitude"] for b in ordered]
+    edges = read(source / "topology.json")
+    kv = lambda e: min(buses[e["bus1"]]["kv"], buses[e["bus2"]]["kv"])
+    widths = [0.7 + min(1, max(0, (kv(e) - 69) / 696)) for e in edges]
+    first = indices[0]
+    write(job / "grid.json", {"name": "grid", "patch": [
+        {"axis": {"name": "time", "unit": "s"}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": ids, "fields": {"lon": lon, "lat": lat}}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Branch", "ids": {"count": len(edges)}, "fields": {
+            "width": widths,
+            "from": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [e["bus1"] for e in edges]},
+            "to": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [e["bus2"] for e in edges]},
+        }}},
+        {"append": {"at": times[first], "table": "Bus", "fields": frame(first)}},
+    ]})
+
+    # The fault bus and five across the grid, west to east, traced over the whole recording.
+    west_to_east = sorted(range(n), key=lambda i: lon[i])
+    traced = [ids.index(FAULT)] + [west_to_east[round(q * (n - 1))] for q in (0.05, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.95)]
+    values = []
+    with (source / "depth-frequency.f32").open("rb") as f:
+        for k in range(len(times)):
+            for i in traced:
+                f.seek((k * n + i) * 4)
+                values.append(struct.unpack("<f", f.read(4))[0])
+    write(job / "trace.json", {"name": "trace", "patch": [
+        {"axis": {"name": "time", "unit": "s"}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [ids[i] for i in traced], "fields": {"group": list(range(len(traced)))}}},
+        {"append": {"at": times, "table": "Bus", "fields": {"df": values}}},
+    ]})
+
+    height_scale = 1.7 * 0.15 * max(max(lon) - min(lon), max(lat) - min(lat))
+    theme = {"background": BACKGROUND, "text": "#c9d4dc", "font": "Segoe UI, sans-serif", "fontSize": 15}
+    scenes = {
+        "map.json": {
+            "space": {"plane": {"grid": "off"}}, "ease": 0,
+            "theme": {**theme, "edge": None, "laneBow": 0},
+            "title": "ACTIVSg70k",
+            "subtitle": f"A fault on bus {FAULT} at 1 s, cleared at 1.15 s",
+            "marks": [
+                {"lines": {"of": ["states", "polygons"], "color": "#5c7a8f6b", "width": 0.75}},
+                {"edges": {"of": ["grid", "Branch"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "width": "width"}},
+                {"vertices": {
+                    "of": ["grid", "Bus"], "position": ["lon", "lat"], "radius": 0.8,
+                    "elevation": {"op": "mul", "args": ["height", height_scale]},
+                    "color": {"colormap": {"kind": "diverging", "colors": PALETTE},
+                              "value": "df", "domain": [-0.05, 0.05]},
+                    "legend": "Bus frequency deviation · Hz",
+                }},
+            ],
+        },
+        "plot.json": {
+            "space": {"plot": {"x": {"label": "Simulation time · s"}, "y": {"label": "Δf · Hz", "precision": 2}}},
+            "ease": 0,
+            "theme": {**theme, "fontSize": 13, "playhead": "#eff5f8"},
+            "marks": [{"lines": {"of": ["trace", "Bus"], "trace": "df", "width": 1.4,
+                                 "color": {"colormap": "tableau10", "value": "group"}}}],
+        },
+        "map-camera.json": {"center": [-87.8, 35], "zoom": math.log2(40), "pitch": 55, "bearing": 8},
+        "plot-camera.json": {"x": [times[0], times[-1]], "y": [-0.05, 0.05]},
+    }
+    # Keep camera and style edits when rerunning the recipe.
+    for name, value in scenes.items():
+        if not (job / name).exists():
+            write(job / name, value)
+
+    with (job / "frames.jsonl").open("w", encoding="utf-8") as lines:
+        for k in indices:
+            patch = [{"append": {"at": times[k], "table": "Bus", "fields": frame(k)}}, {"forget": {"before": times[k]}}]
+            lines.write(json.dumps({"at": times[k], "patch": {"grid": patch}}, allow_nan=False) + "\n")
+    return {"buses": n, "branches": len(edges), "traced": [ids[i] for i in traced], "frames": len(indices),
+            "fps": FPS, "simulation_start_s": times[indices[0]], "simulation_end_s": times[indices[-1]],
+            "height_scale": height_scale}
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("source", type=Path, help="the saved recording's outputs directory")
+    parser.add_argument("--work", type=Path, default=Path("target/bus-fault"))
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, default=Path(__file__).resolve().parent)
+    parser.add_argument("--cli", default="latkit")
+    parser.add_argument("--font", type=Path, default=Path("C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf"))
+    parser.add_argument("--preview", action="store_true", help="render one frame, at 1.3 s, as a PNG")
+    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("--limit", type=int, help="render the first N frames")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    source, job, output = args.source.resolve(), args.work.resolve(), args.output.resolve()
+    times = read(source / "depth-metadata.json")["simulation_times"]
+    indices = [min(range(len(times)), key=lambda k: abs(times[k] - 1.3))] if args.preview else list(range(len(times)))
+    if args.limit is not None:
+        if args.limit < 1:
+            parser.error("--limit must be positive")
+        indices = indices[:args.limit]
+    started = time.perf_counter()
+    metadata = prepare(source, job, indices)
+    output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    result = output / ("preview.png" if args.preview else "animation.mp4")
+    inputs = [args.cli, str(job / "map.json"), str(job / "plot.json"),
+              "--data", str(job / "grid.json"), "--data", str(job / "trace.json"),
+              "--data", f"states={source / 'usa-states.geojson'}",
+              "--panel", "0,0,1,0.84", "--panel", "0,0.84,1,0.16",
+              "--camera", str(job / "map-camera.json"), "--camera", str(job / "plot-camera.json"),
+              "--frames", str(job / "frames.jsonl"), "--font", str(args.font)]
+    render = [inputs[0], "render", *inputs[1:], "--size", f"{W}x{H}", "--fps", str(FPS), "--output", str(result)]
+    print(subprocess.list2cmdline(render), flush=True)
+    if args.prepare_only:
+        return
+    subprocess.run([inputs[0], "validate", *inputs[1:]], check=True)
+    render_started = time.perf_counter()
+    subprocess.run(render, check=True)
+    # The record names the source as <source> and other files from the working directory.
+    command = [relative(part) if os.path.isabs(part) else part for part in
+               (part.replace(str(source), "<source>").replace(os.sep, "/") for part in render)]
+    metadata.update({"resolution": [W, H], "seconds": len(indices) / FPS,
+                     "render_seconds": time.perf_counter() - render_started,
+                     "total_seconds": time.perf_counter() - started, "command": command})
+    write(output / ("preview.json" if args.preview else "animation.json"), metadata)
+    print(f"Saved {relative(result)} ({metadata['render_seconds']:.1f} s rendering)", flush=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/README.md b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f283eca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# CLI gallery
+
+1600 × 1000 PNGs drawn by the `latkit` CLI, titles included, with no postprocessing. The data is
+synthetic and generated locally.
+
+## Helios
+
+480 buses and 896 branches, with flowing edges, data-driven colors, and labels.
+
+![Helios transmission network](helios.png)
+
+## Interference
+
+33,600 particles colored and sized by the interaction of two radial waves.
+
+![Particle interference field](interference.png)
+
+## Tidal forms
+
+100 closed contours of 48,100 coordinates, with harmonic deformations and a continuous palette.
+
+![Tidal contour artwork](tides.png)
+
+## Reproduce
+
+[`gallery.py`](gallery.py) writes each picture's scene (`NAME.json`) and dataset (`NAME.data.json`)
+as latkit JSON, then renders them, every picture framing the same box with `--fit`:
+
+```sh
+cargo build --locked -p latkit-cli --profile cli
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/gallery.py --cli target/cli/latkit --font C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf
+latkit render crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.json -d crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.data.json -o helios.png --size 1600x1000
+```
+
+These renders use Segoe UI; without `--font` the CLI uses system fonts, so text can differ.
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/gallery.py b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/gallery.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8650fe47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/gallery.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+"""Write the CLI gallery's datasets and scenes as latkit JSON, and render each with the CLI.
+
+    python crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/gallery.py --cli target/cli/latkit
+
+Every picture is drawn by latkit, titles included, with no postprocessing. The data is synthetic.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import math
+import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+TAU = 2 * math.pi
+# Every picture frames the same box, whatever its geometry.
+FRAME = {"bounds": {"min": [-760, -460, 0], "max": [760, 460, 0]}}
+
+
+def rounded(values, digits=3):
+    return [round(v, digits) for v in values]
+
+
+def put(table, count, fields):
+    return {"replace": {"table": table, "ids": {"count": count}, "fields": fields}}
+
+
+def scene(title, subtitle, marks):
+    return {
+        "space": {"plane": {"grid": "off"}}, "ease": 0,
+        "theme": {"background": "#080f1c", "text": "#c7d5e4", "font": "sans-serif", "fontSize": 13,
+                  "halo": 0, "flow": "#d9fff0a0", "flowSpacing": 100},
+        "title": title, "subtitle": subtitle, "marks": marks,
+    }
+
+
+def helios():
+    x, y, heat, radius, names, start, end = [], [], [], [], [], [], []
+    for ring in range(5):
+        for node in range(96):
+            angle = node * TAU / 96 + ring * 0.075
+            r = 92 + ring * 55 + 8 * math.sin(angle * 6)
+            x.append(190 + r * math.cos(angle))
+            y.append(-35 + r * math.sin(angle))
+            heat.append(0.25 + 0.7 * math.sin(angle * 0.5 + ring * 0.3) ** 2)
+            radius.append(5 if node % 12 == 0 else 2.3)
+            names.append(f"S{node // 12 + 1:02}" if ring == 4 and node % 12 == 0 else "")
+            here = ring * 96 + node
+            start.append(here)
+            end.append(ring * 96 + (node + 1) % 96)
+            if ring > 0:
+                start.append(here)
+                end.append((ring - 1) * 96 + (node + 3) % 96)
+            if ring == 0 and node % 3 == 0:
+                start.append(here)
+                end.append((node + 37) % 96)
+    notes = ["480 BUSES", "896 BRANCHES", "Five concentric regions", "One connected system", "Synthetic topology / 01"]
+    data = [
+        put("Bus", len(x), {"x": rounded(x), "y": rounded(y), "heat": rounded(heat), "radius": radius, "name": names}),
+        put("Branch", len(start), {"from": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": start}, "to": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": end}}),
+        put("Note", len(notes), {"x": [-660] * 5, "y": [200, 155, 80, 35, -40], "text": notes}),
+    ]
+    marks = [
+        {"edges": {"of": ["art", "Branch"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "width": 0.85, "flow": 18}},
+        {"vertices": {"of": ["art", "Bus"], "position": ["x", "y"], "radius": "radius",
+                      "color": {"colormap": "viridis", "value": "heat", "domain": [0, 1]},
+                      "label": {"text": "name", "size": 13, "color": "#c0e5dd"}}},
+        {"vertices": {"of": ["art", "Note"], "position": ["x", "y"], "radius": 0, "color": "#00000000",
+                      "label": {"text": "text", "size": 17, "color": "#9dcabf"}}},
+    ]
+    return data, scene("01 / HELIOS", "Flow through a synthetic transmission network", marks)
+
+
+def interference():
+    x, y, heat, radius = [], [], [], []
+    for row in range(140):
+        for column in range(240):
+            px = column / 239 * 1280 - 640
+            py = row / 139 * 560 - 315
+            a = math.sin(math.hypot(px + 260, py + 20) * 0.035)
+            b = math.cos(math.hypot(px - 240, py - 10) * 0.045)
+            value = (a + b + 2) * 0.25
+            x.append(px + 9 * math.sin(py * 0.022))
+            y.append(py + 13 * math.sin(px * 0.016 + py * 0.01))
+            heat.append(0.18 + value * 0.82)
+            radius.append(0.8 + value * 1.7)
+    data = [put("Particle", len(x), {"x": rounded(x, 2), "y": rounded(y, 2), "heat": rounded(heat), "radius": rounded(radius)})]
+    marks = [{"vertices": {"of": ["art", "Particle"], "position": ["x", "y"], "radius": "radius",
+                           "color": {"colormap": "magma", "value": "heat", "domain": [0, 1]}}}]
+    return data, scene("02 / INTERFERENCE", "33,600 particles / two wave sources / one interference field", marks)
+
+
+def tides():
+    paths, levels = [], []
+    for contour in range(100):
+        level = contour / 99
+        r = 55 + 250 * level
+        path = []
+        for step in range(481):
+            a = step / 480 * TAU
+            ripple = 1 + 0.12 * math.sin(a * 3 + level * 5) + 0.07 * math.cos(a * 7 - level * 4)
+            path.append([round(95 + 1.65 * r * ripple * math.cos(a), 2), round(-35 + 0.83 * r * ripple * math.sin(a), 2)])
+        paths.append(path)
+        levels.append(round(level, 4))
+    data = [put("Contour", len(paths), {"geometry": paths, "level": levels})]
+    marks = [{"lines": {"of": ["art", "Contour"], "width": 1.15,
+                        "color": {"colormap": "turbo", "value": "level", "domain": [0, 1]}}}]
+    return data, scene("03 / TIDAL FORMS", "100 closed contours / 48,100 coordinates / harmonic geometry", marks)
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
+    parser.add_argument("--cli", default="latkit", help="the latkit executable")
+    parser.add_argument("--font", help="a font file for every text; system fonts otherwise")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    for name, make in (("helios", helios), ("interference", interference), ("tides", tides)):
+        patch, picture = make()
+        data, scene_path, image = HERE / f"{name}.data.json", HERE / f"{name}.json", HERE / f"{name}.png"
+        document = json.dumps({"name": "art", "patch": patch}, separators=(",", ":"))
+        data.write_text(document + "\n", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n")
+        scene_path.write_text(json.dumps(picture, indent=2) + "\n", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n")
+        command = [args.cli, "render", str(scene_path), "--data", str(data), "--output", str(image),
+                   "--size", "1600x1000", "--elapsed", "1.25", "--fit", json.dumps(FRAME)]
+        if args.font:
+            command += ["--font", args.font]
+        subprocess.run(command, check=True)
+        print(image.relative_to(HERE.parents[1]).as_posix())
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.data.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.data.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60e3e8f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.data.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"name":"art","patch":[{"replace":{"table":"Bus","ids":{"count": 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diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f89c0bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.json
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
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+    "halo": 0,
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+          "Branch"
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+        "color": {
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+          "color": "#9dcabf"
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diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.png b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10394733
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/helios.png differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.data.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.data.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7df41cf4
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d33c2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "space": {
+    "plane": {
+      "grid": "off"
+    }
+  },
+  "ease": 0,
+  "theme": {
+    "background": "#080f1c",
+    "text": "#c7d5e4",
+    "font": "sans-serif",
+    "fontSize": 13,
+    "halo": 0,
+    "flow": "#d9fff0a0",
+    "flowSpacing": 100
+  },
+  "title": "02 / INTERFERENCE",
+  "subtitle": "33,600 particles / two wave sources / one interference field",
+  "marks": [
+    {
+      "vertices": {
+        "of": [
+          "art",
+          "Particle"
+        ],
+        "position": [
+          "x",
+          "y"
+        ],
+        "radius": "radius",
+        "color": {
+          "colormap": "magma",
+          "value": "heat",
+          "domain": [
+            0,
+            1
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.png b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..028269b6
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/interference.png differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.data.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.data.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..779c1acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.data.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67f2f0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{
+  "space": {
+    "plane": {
+      "grid": "off"
+    }
+  },
+  "ease": 0,
+  "theme": {
+    "background": "#080f1c",
+    "text": "#c7d5e4",
+    "font": "sans-serif",
+    "fontSize": 13,
+    "halo": 0,
+    "flow": "#d9fff0a0",
+    "flowSpacing": 100
+  },
+  "title": "03 / TIDAL FORMS",
+  "subtitle": "100 closed contours / 48,100 coordinates / harmonic geometry",
+  "marks": [
+    {
+      "lines": {
+        "of": [
+          "art",
+          "Contour"
+        ],
+        "width": 1.15,
+        "color": {
+          "colormap": "turbo",
+          "value": "level",
+          "domain": [
+            0,
+            1
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.png b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7dce140d
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/cli-gallery/tides.png differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/README.md b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc4cbecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# WECC240 fault — GridKit + Latkit CLI
+
+[Preview](preview.png) · The video is not in Git: [reproduce it](#reproduce) to write
+`animation.mp4` here.
+
+The reference WECC240 fault is applied at **John Day, bus 4005**, at 1.00 s and
+cleared at 1.15 s, with fault impedance R = 0, X = 0.01 p.u. The model contains
+243 buses, 447 branches, 103 synchronous machines, and 37 inverter groups.
+GridKit simulates 0–10 s; Latkit renders **1920 × 1080, 60 fps, 1,561 frames**
+into a 26.017-second H.264 MP4. Playback slows to 0.1× around the fault and runs
+at 0.5× elsewhere.
+
+The preview, case, compact recordings, and reproduction scripts are included in
+Git. Intermediate CSV and generated CLI inputs stay in `target/`.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+From the repository root, with Python 3.10+, Docker, and the image available locally:
+
+```powershell
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/simulate.py
+cargo build --locked -p latkit-cli --profile cli
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/render.py --preview
+python crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/render.py
+```
+
+Skip the first command to render the included recording without Docker.
+`render.py` finds `target/cli/latkit.exe` (or `target/cli/latkit`), then falls back
+to an installed `latkit`. Use `--cli PATH` to select another executable,
+`--preview --at 1.12` for a still, or `--limit 120 --output target/wecc-preview`
+for a short movie. `--prepare-only` writes scene/data/camera/frame inputs under
+`target/wecc240-fault/render/` and prints the CLI command.
+Native MP4 encoding currently requires Windows; the Python recipes use only
+the standard library. State boundaries reuse [`../branch-opening/states.geojson`](../branch-opening/states.geojson).
+
+## Simulation and display
+
+The run used `ghcr.io/lukelowry/gridkit:develop-perf`, pinned for execution to:
+
+```text
+sha256:befba9e16edce341888e73c05b9d2c35aedf1357fa18b54c56114dbe25ccd565
+```
+
+`simulate.py` resolves the requested tag to its local image ID before running,
+with two CPUs and networking disabled. To reproduce with this exact image, pass
+that ID through `--image`. The saved [metadata](recording/metadata.json) includes
+the image labels, case hashes, solver settings, sample times, and recording hashes.
+
+Monitors sample at 240 Hz, retaining both sides of fault application and clearing:
+2,403 samples total. The map shows bus frequency deviation, estimated with a
+20 ms causal filtered derivative of unwrapped voltage angle; switching angle
+jumps contribute impulses. Colors saturate at ±0.1 Hz. Height exaggerates this
+same quantity with an `asinh` scale; it is a visual displacement.
+
+The upper plot shows actual GENROU rotor-speed deviation (`omega × 60 Hz`) for
+4039_G, the machine with the largest absolute excursion. The lower plot shows
+faulted-bus voltage. A white playhead follows simulation time. These are distinct
+measurements: estimated bus frequency, rotor speed, and voltage.
+
+Only monitor selection and monitor names change in the runtime case.
+GridKit reports initialization adjustments to small Hygov time constants and
+Repca reactive limits; the complete messages are retained in [solver.txt](solver.txt).
+`animation.json` and `preview.json` record render settings, timing, and hashes.
+
+## Source
+
+`source.case.json` comes from GridKit's
+`cases/PhasorDynamics/WECC240/WECC240.case.json`; only line endings are normalized
+to LF. Fault parameters match its
+`examples/PhasorDynamics/Validation/WECC240/WECC240.solver.json`.
+The upstream case README credits the National Laboratory of the Rockies test
+case repository. The GridKit notice is retained in [SOURCE-LICENSE.txt](SOURCE-LICENSE.txt).
+
+This product includes software produced by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract
+No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the Department of Energy.
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/SOURCE-LICENSE.txt b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/SOURCE-LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c58bcc5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/SOURCE-LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Copyright (c) 2025, UT-Battelle.
+All rights reserved.
+
+GridKit™ version 0.1
+
+
+Open Source License:
+
+Subject to the conditions of this License, UT-Battelle, LLC, hereby grants
+free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive,
+no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable copyright license to use, copy, modify,
+merge, publish, distribute, and/or sublicense copies of the Software.
+
+1. Redistributions of Software must retain the above open source license grant,
+copyright and license notices, this list of conditions, and the disclaimer
+listed below.  Changes or modifications to, or derivative works of the
+Software must be noted with comments and the contributor and organization's
+name.  If the Software is protected by a proprietary trademark owned by
+UT-Battelle, LLC or the Department of Energy, then derivative works of the
+Software may not be distributed using the trademark without the prior written
+approval of the trademark owner.
+
+2. Neither the names of Licensor nor the Department of Energy may be used to
+endorse or promote products derived from this Software without their specific
+prior written permission.
+
+3. The Software, with or without modification, must include the following
+acknowledgment: "This product includes software produced by UT-Battelle, LLC
+under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the Department of Energy.”
+
+
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+DISCLAIMER:
+
+UT-BATTELLE, LLC, AND THE GOVERNMENT MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS AND DISCLAIM ALL
+WARRANTIES, BOTH EXPRESSED AND IMPLIED. THERE ARE NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR THAT THE
+USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, TRADEMARK, OR
+OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS, OR THAT THE SOFTWARE WILL ACCOMPLISH THE INTENDED
+RESULTS OR THAT THE SOFTWARE OR ITS USE WILL NOT RESULT IN INJURY OR DAMAGE.
+THE USER ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALL LIABILITIES, PENALTIES, FINES, CLAIMS,
+CAUSES OF ACTION, AND COSTS AND EXPENSES, CAUSED BY, RESULTING FROM OR ARISING
+OUT OF, IN WHOLE OR IN PART THE USE, STORAGE OR DISPOSAL OF THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/animation.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/animation.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7e9dce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/animation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+{
+  "bus_count": 243,
+  "branch_count": 447,
+  "machine_count": 103,
+  "traced_machines": [
+    "4039_G"
+  ],
+  "traced_bus_ids": [
+    4005
+  ],
+  "events": [
+    {
+      "time": 1.0,
+      "type": "fault_on",
+      "bus": 4005,
+      "R": 0.0,
+      "X": 0.01
+    },
+    {
+      "time": 1.15,
+      "type": "fault_off",
+      "bus": 4005
+    }
+  ],
+  "gridkit_image_id": "sha256:befba9e16edce341888e73c05b9d2c35aedf1357fa18b54c56114dbe25ccd565",
+  "recording_hashes": {
+    "frequency.f32": {
+      "bytes": 2335716,
+      "sha256": "b7246f9a31c11fbaf71cf2096b56f17eff38d3a95b548e361ebdd7f8dbc5d4f3"
+    },
+    "voltage.f32": {
+      "bytes": 2335716,
+      "sha256": "dd22306b958667941a4c81885ba43304105f00cad92db2140132278aac664bf8"
+    },
+    "rotor.f32": {
+      "bytes": 990036,
+      "sha256": "53a6ec1b32450176ec3362feb64ca76544f88f3c6ec6bb6811395cd4ec348a39"
+    }
+  },
+  "frames": 1561,
+  "fps": 60,
+  "resolution": [
+    1920,
+    1080
+  ],
+  "seconds": 26.016666666666666,
+  "simulation_start_s": 0.0,
+  "simulation_end_s": 10.0,
+  "playback": "0.5x before 0.75 s; 0.1x from 0.75 to 1.5 s; 0.5x thereafter",
+  "color_domain_hz": [
+    -0.1,
+    0.1
+  ],
+  "height": "1.4 * asinh(df / 0.01) / asinh(0.1 / 0.01); exaggerated visual displacement",
+  "render_seconds": 7.429454600031022,
+  "output_bytes": 45918877,
+  "command": [
+    "<repo>/target/cli/latkit.exe",
+    "render",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/map.json",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/rotor.json",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/voltage.json",
+    "--data",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/grid.json",
+    "--data",
+    "states=<repo>/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson",
+    "--panel",
+    "0,0,0.68,1",
+    "--panel",
+    "0.68,0,0.32,0.5",
+    "--panel",
+    "0.68,0.5,0.32,0.5",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/map-camera.json",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/rotor-camera.json",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/voltage-camera.json",
+    "--frames",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/frames.jsonl",
+    "--deadline",
+    "120",
+    "--insets",
+    "20,12,12,8",
+    "--font",
+    "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf",
+    "--size",
+    "1920x1080",
+    "--fps",
+    "60",
+    "--bitrate",
+    "14000000",
+    "--output",
+    "<repo>/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/animation.mp4"
+  ],
+  "sha256": "cafe2f8bfbeb7187b22cdd7a35af136cad7d53a2f43aa5f877b86cabde7d987c"
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/preview.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/preview.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7fcbe8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/preview.json
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+{
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+  "branch_count": 447,
+  "machine_count": 103,
+  "traced_machines": [
+    "4039_G"
+  ],
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+    4005
+  ],
+  "events": [
+    {
+      "time": 1.0,
+      "type": "fault_on",
+      "bus": 4005,
+      "R": 0.0,
+      "X": 0.01
+    },
+    {
+      "time": 1.15,
+      "type": "fault_off",
+      "bus": 4005
+    }
+  ],
+  "gridkit_image_id": "sha256:befba9e16edce341888e73c05b9d2c35aedf1357fa18b54c56114dbe25ccd565",
+  "recording_hashes": {
+    "frequency.f32": {
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+      "sha256": "b7246f9a31c11fbaf71cf2096b56f17eff38d3a95b548e361ebdd7f8dbc5d4f3"
+    },
+    "voltage.f32": {
+      "bytes": 2335716,
+      "sha256": "dd22306b958667941a4c81885ba43304105f00cad92db2140132278aac664bf8"
+    },
+    "rotor.f32": {
+      "bytes": 990036,
+      "sha256": "53a6ec1b32450176ec3362feb64ca76544f88f3c6ec6bb6811395cd4ec348a39"
+    }
+  },
+  "frames": 1,
+  "fps": 60,
+  "resolution": [
+    1920,
+    1080
+  ],
+  "seconds": 0.016666666666666666,
+  "simulation_start_s": 1.12,
+  "simulation_end_s": 1.12,
+  "playback": "0.5x before 0.75 s; 0.1x from 0.75 to 1.5 s; 0.5x thereafter",
+  "color_domain_hz": [
+    -0.1,
+    0.1
+  ],
+  "height": "1.4 * asinh(df / 0.01) / asinh(0.1 / 0.01); exaggerated visual displacement",
+  "render_seconds": 2.3411011999705806,
+  "output_bytes": 448738,
+  "command": [
+    "<repo>/target/cli/latkit.exe",
+    "render",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/map.json",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/rotor.json",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/voltage.json",
+    "--data",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/grid.json",
+    "--data",
+    "states=<repo>/crates/latkit-cli/examples/branch-opening/states.geojson",
+    "--panel",
+    "0,0,0.68,1",
+    "--panel",
+    "0.68,0,0.32,0.5",
+    "--panel",
+    "0.68,0.5,0.32,0.5",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/map-camera.json",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/rotor-camera.json",
+    "--camera",
+    "<repo>/target/wecc240-fault/render/voltage-camera.json",
+    "--at",
+    "1.12",
+    "--deadline",
+    "120",
+    "--insets",
+    "20,12,12,8",
+    "--font",
+    "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf",
+    "--size",
+    "1920x1080",
+    "--fps",
+    "60",
+    "--bitrate",
+    "14000000",
+    "--output",
+    "<repo>/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/preview.png"
+  ],
+  "sha256": "e642c2ad8707f50eedf91ccb988ee1e78812f72b557d38fe02c972cab1bdeb33"
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/preview.png b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/preview.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38204ba4
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/preview.png differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/frequency.f32 b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/frequency.f32
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3eec40a
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diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/metadata.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2e3db01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3526 @@
+{
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+  "files": {
+    "frequency.f32": {
+      "bytes": 2335716,
+      "sha256": "b7246f9a31c11fbaf71cf2096b56f17eff38d3a95b548e361ebdd7f8dbc5d4f3"
+    },
+    "voltage.f32": {
+      "bytes": 2335716,
+      "sha256": "dd22306b958667941a4c81885ba43304105f00cad92db2140132278aac664bf8"
+    },
+    "rotor.f32": {
+      "bytes": 990036,
+      "sha256": "53a6ec1b32450176ec3362feb64ca76544f88f3c6ec6bb6811395cd4ec348a39"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/rotor.f32 b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/rotor.f32
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1220fad
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/rotor.f32 differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/voltage.f32 b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/voltage.f32
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62696820
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/recording/voltage.f32 differ
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/render.py b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2714685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+"""Render the saved WECC240 fault with the Latkit CLI, including native H.264 encoding."""
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import subprocess
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+EXAMPLE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+REPO = EXAMPLE.parents[3]
+W, H, FPS = 1920, 1080, 60
+PANELS = ["0,0,0.68,1", "0.68,0,0.32,0.5", "0.68,0.5,0.32,0.5"]
+PALETTE = ["#3972fa", "#52c6ea", "#829aa6", "#ffbd68", "#fc624e"]
+
+
+def read(path):
+    return json.loads(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8-sig"))
+
+
+def write(path, value):
+    path.write_text(json.dumps(value, indent=2, allow_nan=False) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+def op(name, *args):
+    return {"op": name, "args": list(args)}
+
+
+def playback():
+    frames = []
+    for start, end, speed in [(0, 0.75, 0.5), (0.75, 1.5, 0.1), (1.5, 10, 0.5)]:
+        count = round((end - start) * FPS / speed)
+        frames.extend(round(start + k * speed / FPS, 12) for k in range(count))
+    return frames + [10.0]
+
+
+def camera(at):
+    u = max(0, min(1, at / 10))
+    return {
+        "center": [-115.6, 40.7], "zoom": math.log2(60), "pitch": 35,
+        "bearing": -8 + 16 * u * u * (3 - 2 * u),
+    }
+
+
+def status(at):
+    return "PRE-FAULT" if at < 1 else "FAULT ON" if at < 1.15 else "FAULT CLEARED"
+
+
+def prepare(work, frames):
+    work.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    case = read(EXAMPLE / "source.case.json")
+    meta = read(EXAMPLE / "recording/metadata.json")
+    times, ids = meta["times"], meta["bus_ids"]
+    for name, expected in meta["files"].items():
+        data = (EXAMPLE / "recording" / name).read_bytes()
+        if len(data) != expected["bytes"] or hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest() != expected["sha256"]:
+            raise ValueError(f"The saved recording changed: {name}")
+    if not times[0] <= frames[0] <= frames[-1] <= times[-1]:
+        raise ValueError("Render times lie outside the simulation")
+    by_id = {b["number"]: b for b in case["buses"]}
+    buses = [by_id[i] for i in ids]
+    branches = [d for d in case["devices"] if d["class"] == "Branch"]
+    machines = {d["id"]: d for d in case["devices"] if d["class"] == "Genrou"}
+    ordered_machines = [machines[i] for i in meta["machine_ids"]]
+    selected = [max(range(len(ordered_machines)), key=lambda i: meta["statistics"]["machine_peak_abs_frequency_hz"][i])]
+    rotor_names = [meta["machine_ids"][i].removesuffix("_genrou") for i in selected]
+    voltage_ids = [4005]
+
+    def column(name, rows):
+        return {
+            "file": os.path.relpath(EXAMPLE / "recording" / name, work).replace(os.sep, "/"),
+            "dtype": "f32le", "count": len(times) * rows,
+        }
+
+    named = {i: by_id[i]["name"].strip() for i in [1001, 2201]}
+    named[4005] = f"4005 / {status(frames[0])}"
+    patch = [
+        {"axis": {"name": "time", "unit": "s"}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": ids, "fields": {
+            "lon": [b["extension"]["longitude"] for b in buses],
+            "lat": [b["extension"]["latitude"] for b in buses],
+            "label": [named.get(i, "") for i in ids],
+            "priority": [1000 if i == 4005 else 1 for i in ids],
+            "is_fault": [i == 4005 for i in ids],
+            "faulted": [i == 4005 and 1 <= frames[0] < 1.15 for i in ids],
+            "voltage_trace": [i in voltage_ids for i in ids],
+        }}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Branch", "ids": [b["id"] for b in branches], "fields": {
+            "from": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [b["ports"]["bus1"] for b in branches]},
+            "to": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [b["ports"]["bus2"] for b in branches]},
+            "width": [0.8 + min(by_id[b["ports"]["bus1"]]["params"]["kv"], by_id[b["ports"]["bus2"]]["params"]["kv"]) / 500
+                      for b in branches],
+        }}},
+        {"replace": {"table": "Machine", "ids": meta["machine_ids"], "fields": {
+            "traced": [i in selected for i in range(len(ordered_machines))],
+        }}},
+        {"append": {"at": times, "table": "Bus", "fields": {
+            "df": column("frequency.f32", len(ids)), "vm": column("voltage.f32", len(ids)),
+        }}},
+        {"append": {"at": times, "table": "Machine", "fields": {
+            "df": column("rotor.f32", len(ordered_machines)),
+        }}},
+    ]
+    write(work / "grid.json", {"name": "grid", "patch": patch})
+    # The original samples fit in memory for 243 buses. No interpolated cache is needed:
+    # Latkit reads at each frame's time and preserves the duplicate event timestamps.
+    x = op("div", op("abs", "df"), 0.01)
+    magnitude = op("ln", op("add", x, op("sqrt", op("add", op("mul", x, x), 1))))
+    signed = {"when": [[op("lt", "df", 0), op("neg", magnitude)]], "otherwise": magnitude}
+    elevation = op("mul", signed, 1.4 / math.asinh(0.1 / 0.01))
+    theme = {"background": "#0a111b", "text": "#d5e1ed", "font": "Segoe UI, sans-serif", "fontSize": 17}
+    map_scene = {
+        "space": {"plane": {"grid": "off"}}, "ease": 0,
+        "theme": {**theme, "edge": None, "laneBow": 0},
+        "title": "WECC 240 / FAULT RESPONSE",
+        "subtitle": "JOHN DAY / Bus 4005 / Applied 1.00 s / Cleared 1.15 s",
+        "marks": [
+            {"lines": {"of": ["states", "polygons"], "color": "#58718b70", "width": 0.9}},
+            {"edges": {"of": ["grid", "Branch"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "width": "width"}},
+            {"vertices": {
+                "of": ["grid", "Bus"], "position": ["lon", "lat"], "elevation": elevation,
+                "radius": {"when": [["faulted", 8], ["is_fault", 5]], "otherwise": 2.8},
+                "color": {"colormap": {"kind": "diverging", "colors": PALETTE}, "value": "df", "domain": [-0.1, 0.1]},
+                "label": {"text": "label", "size": 15, "priority": "priority"},
+                "legend": "Bus frequency deviation / Hz",
+            }},
+        ],
+    }
+
+    def plot(title, table, field, visible, color):
+        return {
+            "space": {"plot": {"x": {"label": "Simulation time / s"},
+                               "y": {"label": title, "precision": 3 if field == "df" else 2}}},
+            "ease": 0, "theme": {**theme, "background": "#101b28", "fontSize": 14, "playhead": "#f3f7fc"},
+            "marks": [{"lines": {
+                "of": ["grid", table], "trace": field, "width": 2.0, "visible": visible,
+                "color": color,
+            }}],
+        }
+
+    write(work / "map.json", map_scene)
+    write(work / "rotor.json", plot(f"{rotor_names[0]} / Rotor speed deviation / Hz",
+                                  "Machine", "df", "traced", "#ffcb72"))
+    write(work / "voltage.json", plot("4005 / JOHN DAY / Voltage / p.u.",
+                                    "Bus", "vm", "voltage_trace", "#66d6ef"))
+    write(work / "map-camera.json", camera(frames[0]))
+    write(work / "rotor-camera.json", {"x": [0, 10], "y": [-0.05, 0.12]})
+    write(work / "voltage-camera.json", {"x": [0, 10], "y": [0.88, 1.12]})
+    previous_status = status(frames[0])
+    with (work / "frames.jsonl").open("w", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n") as stream:
+        for at in frames:
+            frame = {"at": at, "camera": [camera(at), None, None]}
+            phase = status(at)
+            if phase != previous_status:
+                frame["patch"] = {"grid": [{"set": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [4005], "fields": {
+                    "label": [f"4005 / {phase}"], "faulted": [phase == "FAULT ON"],
+                }}}]}
+                previous_status = phase
+            stream.write(json.dumps(frame, allow_nan=False) + "\n")
+    return {
+        "bus_count": len(ids), "branch_count": len(branches), "machine_count": len(ordered_machines),
+        "traced_machines": rotor_names, "traced_bus_ids": voltage_ids,
+        "events": meta["study"]["events"], "gridkit_image_id": meta["image_id"],
+        "recording_hashes": meta["files"], "frames": len(frames), "fps": FPS,
+        "resolution": [W, H], "seconds": len(frames) / FPS,
+        "simulation_start_s": frames[0], "simulation_end_s": frames[-1],
+        "playback": "0.5x before 0.75 s; 0.1x from 0.75 to 1.5 s; 0.5x thereafter",
+        "color_domain_hz": [-0.1, 0.1],
+        "height": "1.4 * asinh(df / 0.01) / asinh(0.1 / 0.01); exaggerated visual displacement",
+    }
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    default_cli = REPO / "target/cli" / ("latkit.exe" if os.name == "nt" else "latkit")
+    parser.add_argument("--cli", default=str(default_cli) if default_cli.exists() else "latkit")
+    parser.add_argument("--work", type=Path, default=REPO / "target/wecc240-fault/render")
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, default=EXAMPLE)
+    parser.add_argument("--preview", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("--at", type=float, default=1.12)
+    parser.add_argument("--limit", type=int)
+    parser.add_argument("--prepare-only", action="store_true")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.limit is not None and args.limit < 1:
+        parser.error("--limit must be positive")
+    frames = [args.at] if args.preview else playback()
+    if args.limit is not None:
+        frames = frames[:args.limit]
+    work, output = args.work.resolve(), args.output.resolve()
+    metadata = prepare(work, frames)
+    output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    result = output / ("preview.png" if args.preview else "animation.mp4")
+    inputs = [str(work / f"{name}.json") for name in ("map", "rotor", "voltage")]
+    inputs += ["--data", str(work / "grid.json"), "--data",
+               f"states={EXAMPLE.parent / 'branch-opening/states.geojson'}"]
+    for panel in PANELS:
+        inputs += ["--panel", panel]
+    for name in ("map", "rotor", "voltage"):
+        inputs += ["--camera", str(work / f"{name}-camera.json")]
+    inputs += ["--at", str(args.at)] if args.preview else ["--frames", str(work / "frames.jsonl")]
+    inputs += ["--deadline", "120", "--insets", "20,12,12,8"]
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        inputs += ["--font", "C:/Windows/Fonts/segoeui.ttf"]
+    command = [args.cli, "render", *inputs, "--size", f"{W}x{H}", "--fps", str(FPS),
+               "--bitrate", "14000000", "--output", str(result)]
+    print(subprocess.list2cmdline(command), flush=True)
+    if args.prepare_only:
+        return
+    subprocess.run([args.cli, "validate", *inputs], check=True)
+    started = time.perf_counter()
+    subprocess.run(command, check=True)
+    metadata.update({
+        "render_seconds": time.perf_counter() - started, "output_bytes": result.stat().st_size,
+        "command": [part.replace(str(REPO), "<repo>").replace(os.sep, "/") for part in command],
+        "sha256": hashlib.sha256(result.read_bytes()).hexdigest(),
+    })
+    write(result.with_suffix(".json"), metadata)
+    print(f"Saved {result}: {metadata['output_bytes'] / 1e6:.2f} MB in {metadata['render_seconds']:.2f} s", flush=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/simulate.py b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/simulate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e478e442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/simulate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+"""Simulate the reference WECC240 fault with GridKit; compact the monitors for Latkit."""
+
+import argparse
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import json
+import math
+import re
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+EXAMPLE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+REPO = EXAMPLE.parents[3]
+IMAGE = "ghcr.io/lukelowry/gridkit:develop-perf"
+TAU = 0.02
+EVENTS = [
+    {"time": 1.0, "type": "fault_on", "bus": 4005, "R": 0.0, "X": 0.01},
+    {"time": 1.15, "type": "fault_off", "bus": 4005},
+]
+
+
+def read(path):
+    return json.loads(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8-sig"))
+
+
+def write(path, value):
+    path.write_text(json.dumps(value, indent=2, allow_nan=False) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+def sha(path):
+    return hashlib.sha256(path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+
+
+def simulate(work, image):
+    work.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    source = EXAMPLE / "source.case.json"
+    case = read(source)
+    # Only monitor selection and monitor names change; physical inputs remain untouched.
+    for bus in case["buses"]:
+        bus["name"] = str(bus["number"])
+        bus["mon"] = ["Vm", "Va"]
+    for device in case["devices"]:
+        device.pop("mon", None)
+        if device["class"] == "Genrou":
+            device["mon"] = ["omega"]
+    for signal in case["signals"]:
+        signal.pop("mon", None)
+    (work / "case.json").write_text(json.dumps(case, separators=(",", ":")), encoding="utf-8")
+    study = {
+        "system_model_file": "case.json", "output_file": "monitor.csv",
+        "dt_monitor": 1 / 240, "tmax": 10.0, "max_steps": 1_000_000,
+        "rel_tol": 1e-7, "abs_tol": 1e-9, "events": EVENTS,
+    }
+    write(work / "study.json", study)
+    info = json.loads(subprocess.check_output(["docker", "image", "inspect", image]))[0]
+    command = [
+        "docker", "run", "--rm", "--pull=never", "--network=none", "--cpus", "2",
+        "--env", "OMP_NUM_THREADS=2", "--env", "OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS=1",
+        "--mount", f"type=bind,source={work},target=/workspace",
+        "--workdir", "/workspace", info["Id"], "DynamicSimulation", "study.json",
+    ]
+    started = time.perf_counter()
+    with (work / "solver.log").open("wb") as log:
+        result = subprocess.run(command, stdout=log, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+    metadata = {
+        "image": image, "image_id": info["Id"], "image_labels": info["Config"]["Labels"],
+        "source": "ORNL/GridKit/cases/PhasorDynamics/WECC240/WECC240.case.json",
+        "source_sha256": sha(source), "prepared_case_sha256": sha(work / "case.json"),
+        "study": study, "exit_code": result.returncode,
+        "simulation_wall_seconds": time.perf_counter() - started,
+    }
+    write(work / "simulation.json", metadata)
+    if result.returncode:
+        raise RuntimeError((work / "solver.log").read_text(errors="replace"))
+    return metadata
+
+
+def compact(work):
+    metadata = read(work / "simulation.json")
+    if metadata["exit_code"] != 0 or metadata["source_sha256"] != sha(EXAMPLE / "source.case.json"):
+        raise ValueError("The saved simulation must match the included case and have completed successfully")
+    case = read(EXAMPLE / "source.case.json")
+    buses = case["buses"]
+    machines = [d for d in case["devices"] if d["class"] == "Genrou"]
+    ids = [b["number"] for b in buses]
+    destination = EXAMPLE / "recording"
+    destination.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+    times, duplicate_times = [], []
+    frequency = [0.0] * len(ids)
+    previous = None
+    peaks = [0.0] * len(ids)
+    machine_peaks = [0.0] * len(machines)
+    voltage_min = [math.inf] * len(ids)
+    pre_event_peak = 0.0
+    with (work / "monitor.csv").open(newline="") as stream, \
+            (destination / "frequency.f32").open("wb") as frequencies, \
+            (destination / "voltage.f32").open("wb") as voltages, \
+            (destination / "rotor.f32").open("wb") as rotors:
+        rows = csv.reader(stream)
+        header = next(rows)
+        vm = [header.index(f"Bus_{i}_Vm") for i in ids]
+        va = [header.index(f"Bus_{i}_Va") for i in ids]
+        omega = [header.index(f"Genrou_{d['id']}_omega") for d in machines]
+        for line in rows:
+            row = [float(value) for value in line]
+            if len(row) != len(header) or not all(math.isfinite(v) for v in row):
+                raise ValueError("Malformed or nonfinite monitor row")
+            at, theta = row[0], [row[i] for i in va]
+            if previous is not None:
+                dt = at - times[-1]
+                if dt < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("Monitor time reversed")
+                delta = [(a - b + math.pi) % (2 * math.pi) - math.pi
+                         for a, b in zip(theta, previous)]
+                if dt == 0:
+                    duplicate_times.append(at)
+                    frequency = [f + d / (2 * math.pi * TAU) for f, d in zip(frequency, delta)]
+                else:
+                    decay = math.exp(-dt / TAU)
+                    frequency = [decay * f + (1 - decay) * d / (2 * math.pi * dt)
+                                 for f, d in zip(frequency, delta)]
+            volts = [row[i] for i in vm]
+            # GENROU omega is per-unit speed deviation, not absolute speed.
+            rotor = [case["params"]["freq_base"] * row[i] for i in omega]
+            for values, output in ((frequency, frequencies), (volts, voltages), (rotor, rotors)):
+                output.write(struct.pack(f"<{len(values)}f", *values))
+            peaks = [max(p, abs(f)) for p, f in zip(peaks, frequency)]
+            machine_peaks = [max(p, abs(f)) for p, f in zip(machine_peaks, rotor)]
+            voltage_min = [min(a, b) for a, b in zip(voltage_min, volts)]
+            if at < 1:
+                pre_event_peak = max(pre_event_peak, max(map(abs, frequency)))
+            previous = theta
+            times.append(at)
+    if len(times) != 2403 or times[-1] != 10 or duplicate_times != [1.0, 1.15]:
+        raise ValueError("Expected 240 Hz over 0–10 s, retaining both sides of both events")
+    if pre_event_peak > 1e-5:
+        raise ValueError("The pre-fault state did not remain at equilibrium")
+    metadata.update({
+        "bus_ids": ids, "machine_ids": [d["id"] for d in machines],
+        "machine_bus_ids": [d["ports"]["bus"] for d in machines],
+        "times": times, "samples": len(times), "sample_hz": 240,
+        "dtype": "f32le", "layout": "frame-major", "duplicate_times": duplicate_times,
+        "frequency_estimator": "20 ms causal filtered derivative of unwrapped bus voltage angle; event angle jumps retained",
+        "frequency_filter_tau_s": TAU, "frequency_units": "Hz deviation from 60 Hz",
+        "rotor_units": "GENROU omega * 60, Hz deviation from synchronous speed",
+        "voltage_units": "per unit",
+        "statistics": {
+            "pre_fault_max_abs_frequency_hz": pre_event_peak,
+            "bus_peak_abs_frequency_hz": peaks, "machine_peak_abs_frequency_hz": machine_peaks,
+            "bus_min_voltage_pu": voltage_min,
+        },
+        "files": {name: {"bytes": (destination / name).stat().st_size, "sha256": sha(destination / name)}
+                  for name in ("frequency.f32", "voltage.f32", "rotor.f32")},
+    })
+    write(destination / "metadata.json", metadata)
+    log = re.sub(r"\x1b\[[0-9;]*m", "", (work / "solver.log").read_text())
+    (EXAMPLE / "solver.txt").write_text(log, encoding="utf-8")
+    print(f"Saved {len(times)} samples: {len(ids)} buses, {len(machines)} synchronous machines.", flush=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--work", type=Path, default=REPO / "target/wecc240-fault")
+    parser.add_argument("--image", default=IMAGE)
+    parser.add_argument("--reuse", action="store_true", help="compact an existing successful run")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    work = args.work.resolve()
+    if not args.reuse:
+        simulate(work, args.image)
+    compact(work)
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/solver.txt b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/solver.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c4b35d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/solver.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[WARNING] Hygov: Tr, Tf, Tg, Tw, and Tnp below 0.001 s are raised to preserve Hessenberg form
+[WARNING] Repca: initial reactive PI output is outside [Qmin, Qmax]; the limits are adjusted to include the initialized value
+[SUMMARY] Complete in 0.507613 seconds
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/source.case.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/source.case.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ca0379a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/source.case.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27581 @@
+{
+  "header": {
+    "format_version": 0.2,
+    "format_revision": 0,
+    "case_name": "WECC240",
+    "case_description": "",
+    "case_comments": ""
+  },
+  "params": {
+    "freq_base": 60.0,
+    "va_base": 100000000.0
+  },
+  "buses": [
+    {
+      "number": 1001,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "FOURCORN",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0291178854372438,
+        "Vi": 0.10050546385827296
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.79104,
+        "longitude": -113.740793
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1002,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "FOURCORN",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0032050288440562,
+        "Vi": 0.1475662615574077
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 345.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.321766,
+        "longitude": -112.086864
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1003,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "FOURCORN",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9731683917939695,
+        "Vi": -0.004970202771357422
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 230.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 36.652361,
+        "longitude": -111.331526
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1004,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "SAN JUAN",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9750083889067531,
+        "Vi": 0.33205210625568937
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 345.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.948556,
+        "longitude": -109.788292
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1032,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "FCNGN4CC",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0015564684871028,
+        "Vi": 0.15773042379182503
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 36.598981,
+        "longitude": -112.054306
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1034,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "SJUAN G4",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9684387912559518,
+        "Vi": 0.3606341824247621
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.09398,
+        "longitude": -109.788292
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1101,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "CORONADO",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9817288403261187,
+        "Vi": -0.2372941158573136
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.998612,
+        "longitude": -114.346366
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1102,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "CHOLLA",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9911787882031262,
+        "Vi": -0.08302254767036511
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 345.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 36.668367,
+        "longitude": -113.350101
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1131,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "CORONADO",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9841390269038477,
+        "Vi": -0.22466520004927026
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.247111,
+        "longitude": -113.350101
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1201,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MOENKOPI",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0840856880765497,
+        "Vi": -0.12579664590720174
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.168218,
+        "longitude": -114.613339
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1202,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "NAVAJO",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.077540070445575,
+        "Vi": -0.07285279279270523
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.943311,
+        "longitude": -114.782639
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1232,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "NAVAJO 2",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0783785013749112,
+        "Vi": -0.057202406790463976
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.675315,
+        "longitude": -116.156573
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1301,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MEAD",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0295416878422843,
+        "Vi": -0.1790777485711603
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 37.938065,
+        "longitude": -117.908175
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1302,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "H ALLEN",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0031906476403882,
+        "Vi": -0.20748574427235075
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 38.361733,
+        "longitude": -116.924934
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1303,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "H ALLEN",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9697210881035389,
+        "Vi": -0.26394325445288835
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 345.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 38.523226,
+        "longitude": -116.091457
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1331,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "HOOVER",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0327887989266924,
+        "Vi": -0.15963854865450935
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 38.507614,
+        "longitude": -118.077475
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1333,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "H ALLEN",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9789437262325904,
+        "Vi": -0.23992078469011754
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 39.010702,
+        "longitude": -116.924934
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1401,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "PALOVRDE",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0007416182190785,
+        "Vi": -0.2640855482760244
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.976431,
+        "longitude": -115.32312
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1402,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "WESTWING",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.992803796506842,
+        "Vi": -0.3683836828133849
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 36.561594,
+        "longitude": -115.961227
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1403,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "PARKER",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.002713928087405,
+        "Vi": -0.2575738183209373
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 230.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.113847,
+        "longitude": -115.829421
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 1431,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "PALOVRD2",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0156571770372371,
+        "Vi": -0.2238705814068629
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.729446,
+        "longitude": -115.238446
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2000,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MEXICO",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9574411831779276,
+        "Vi": -0.28862849322034656
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 230.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.297952,
+        "longitude": -118.241794
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2030,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MEXICO",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9622086686257666,
+        "Vi": -0.2772296896864369
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.150117,
+        "longitude": -118.177975
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2100,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "IMPERIAL",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0106471695431412,
+        "Vi": -0.2231978164697469
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 230.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.212286,
+        "longitude": -116.144263
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2130,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "IMPERIAL",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0125355376272693,
+        "Vi": -0.2170399742555953
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.444485,
+        "longitude": -115.867712
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2201,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MIGUEL",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.8892165103680651,
+        "Vi": -0.4436522372250774
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.718903,
+        "longitude": -118.331141
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2202,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MIGUEL",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.8770950011639516,
+        "Vi": -0.4605788667938676
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 230.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.496665,
+        "longitude": -118.684275
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2203,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MISSION",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.8879448550434562,
+        "Vi": -0.47072173767196135
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 230.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.934562,
+        "longitude": -119.041664
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2233,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MISSION",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.8918895552561795,
+        "Vi": -0.46722178204038184
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.098921,
+        "longitude": -118.914025
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2301,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "IMPRLVLY",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.000405604495706,
+        "Vi": -0.26766941321129933
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.850762,
+        "longitude": -117.880151
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2302,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "IMPRLVLY",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0047474357675403,
+        "Vi": -0.24841006440961605
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 230.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.538755,
+        "longitude": -117.812077
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2332,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "IMPRLVLY",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.0059463388354748,
+        "Vi": -0.2443372613350076
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 20.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 34.376289,
+        "longitude": -117.756767
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2400,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "DEVERS",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9687697509488613,
+        "Vi": -0.3485044292044673
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.218248,
+        "longitude": -117.433415
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2401,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "LUGO",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 1.020185317104043,
+        "Vi": -0.24861917121833166
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 36.298976,
+        "longitude": -118.960826
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2402,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "MIRALOMA",
+      "init": {
+        "Vr": 0.9812428318038446,
+        "Vi": -0.3189001946872327
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "kv": 500.0
+      },
+      "mon": [],
+      "extension": {
+        "latitude": 35.761927,
+        "longitude": -120.296779
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "number": 2403,
+      "class": "Bus",
+      "name": "VALLEY",
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+        "Tfv": 0.05000000074505806,
+        "Tp": 0.25,
+        "fdbd1": -1.0,
+        "fdbd2": 1.0,
+        "Ddn": 0.0,
+        "Dup": 0.0,
+        "femax": 99.0,
+        "femin": -99.0,
+        "Kpg": 1.0,
+        "Kig": 0.05000000074505806,
+        "Pmax": 1.0,
+        "Pmin": 0.0,
+        "Tlag": 0.10000000149011612
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "Genrou",
+      "id": "8033_H_genrou",
+      "ports": {
+        "bus": 8033,
+        "pmech": 605,
+        "efd": 606,
+        "speed": 607
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "p0": 11.819999694824219,
+        "q0": 2.597295045852661,
+        "H": 3.6600000858306885,
+        "D": 0.0,
+        "Ra": 0.0,
+        "Tdop": 6.0,
+        "Tdopp": 0.5,
+        "Tqop": 1.0,
+        "Tqopp": 0.05000000074505806,
+        "Xd": 1.399999976158142,
+        "Xdp": 0.30000001192092896,
+        "Xdpp": 0.20000000298023224,
+        "Xq": 1.350000023841858,
+        "Xqp": 0.6000000238418579,
+        "Xqpp": 0.20000000298023224,
+        "Xl": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "S10": 0.029999999329447746,
+        "S12": 0.4000000059604645,
+        "mva": 1394.0
+      },
+      "mon": [
+        "omega"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "Hygov",
+      "id": "8033_H_hygov",
+      "ports": {
+        "speed": 607,
+        "pmech": 605
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "Trate": 1394.0,
+        "Rperm": 0.05000000074505806,
+        "Rtemp": 0.07500000298023224,
+        "Tr": 12.0,
+        "Tf": 0.5,
+        "Tg": 20.5,
+        "Velm": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "Gmax": 1.0,
+        "Gmin": 0.0,
+        "Tw": 15.0,
+        "At": 1.5,
+        "Dturb": 0.0,
+        "Qnl": 0.07999999821186066,
+        "Tn": 0.0,
+        "Tnp": 0.0,
+        "db1": 0.0,
+        "db2": 0.0,
+        "Hdam": 1.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "SexsPti",
+      "id": "8033_H_sexs_pti",
+      "ports": {
+        "bus": 8033,
+        "efd": 606
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "Ta": 1.0000000149011612,
+        "Tb": 10.0,
+        "Te": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "K": 100.0,
+        "Efdmax": 3.0,
+        "Efdmin": 0.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "Genrou",
+      "id": "8034_G_genrou",
+      "ports": {
+        "bus": 8034,
+        "pmech": 608,
+        "efd": 609,
+        "speed": 610
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "p0": 29.459999084472656,
+        "q0": 2.3936679363250732,
+        "H": 3.6600000858306885,
+        "D": 0.0,
+        "Ra": 0.0,
+        "Tdop": 6.0,
+        "Tdopp": 0.5,
+        "Tqop": 1.0,
+        "Tqopp": 0.05000000074505806,
+        "Xd": 1.399999976158142,
+        "Xdp": 0.30000001192092896,
+        "Xdpp": 0.20000000298023224,
+        "Xq": 1.350000023841858,
+        "Xqp": 0.6000000238418579,
+        "Xqpp": 0.20000000298023224,
+        "Xl": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "S10": 0.029999999329447746,
+        "S12": 0.4000000059604645,
+        "mva": 3754.0
+      },
+      "mon": [
+        "omega"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "GastPti",
+      "id": "8034_G_gast_pti",
+      "ports": {
+        "pmech": 608,
+        "speed": 610
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "Trate": 3754.0,
+        "R": 0.07999999821186066,
+        "T1": 0.30000001192092896,
+        "T2": 0.30000001192092896,
+        "T3": 3.0,
+        "At": 1.0,
+        "Kt": 2.0,
+        "Vmax": 1.0,
+        "Vmin": 0.0,
+        "Dturb": 0.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "SexsPti",
+      "id": "8034_G_sexs_pti",
+      "ports": {
+        "bus": 8034,
+        "vs": 611,
+        "efd": 609
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "Ta": 1.0000000149011612,
+        "Tb": 10.0,
+        "Te": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "K": 100.0,
+        "Efdmax": 3.0,
+        "Efdmin": 0.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "Ieeest",
+      "id": "8034_G_ieeest",
+      "ports": {
+        "input": 610,
+        "output": 611
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "A1": 1.0130000114440918,
+        "A2": 0.013000000268220901,
+        "A3": 0.0,
+        "A4": 0.0,
+        "A5": 1.0130000114440918,
+        "A6": 0.11299999803304672,
+        "T1": 3.0,
+        "T2": 0.019999999552965164,
+        "T3": 0.0,
+        "T4": 0.0,
+        "T5": 1.649999976158142,
+        "T6": 1.649999976158142,
+        "Ks": 3.0,
+        "Lsmin": -0.10000000149011612,
+        "Lsmax": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "Vcl": 0.0,
+        "Vcu": 0.0,
+        "Tdelay": 0.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "Genrou",
+      "id": "8034_H_genrou",
+      "ports": {
+        "bus": 8034,
+        "pmech": 612,
+        "efd": 613,
+        "speed": 614
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "p0": 4.269999980926514,
+        "q0": 2.3936679363250732,
+        "H": 3.6600000858306885,
+        "D": 0.0,
+        "Ra": 0.0,
+        "Tdop": 6.0,
+        "Tdopp": 0.5,
+        "Tqop": 1.0,
+        "Tqopp": 0.05000000074505806,
+        "Xd": 1.399999976158142,
+        "Xdp": 0.30000001192092896,
+        "Xdpp": 0.20000000298023224,
+        "Xq": 1.350000023841858,
+        "Xqp": 0.6000000238418579,
+        "Xqpp": 0.20000000298023224,
+        "Xl": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "S10": 0.029999999329447746,
+        "S12": 0.4000000059604645,
+        "mva": 544.0
+      },
+      "mon": [
+        "omega"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "Hygov",
+      "id": "8034_H_hygov",
+      "ports": {
+        "speed": 614,
+        "pmech": 612
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "Trate": 544.0,
+        "Rperm": 0.05000000074505806,
+        "Rtemp": 0.07500000298023224,
+        "Tr": 12.0,
+        "Tf": 0.5,
+        "Tg": 20.5,
+        "Velm": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "Gmax": 1.0,
+        "Gmin": 0.0,
+        "Tw": 15.0,
+        "At": 1.5,
+        "Dturb": 0.0,
+        "Qnl": 0.07999999821186066,
+        "Tn": 0.0,
+        "Tnp": 0.0,
+        "db1": 0.0,
+        "db2": 0.0,
+        "Hdam": 1.0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "class": "SexsPti",
+      "id": "8034_H_sexs_pti",
+      "ports": {
+        "bus": 8034,
+        "efd": 613
+      },
+      "params": {
+        "Ta": 1.0000000149011612,
+        "Tb": 10.0,
+        "Te": 0.10000000149011612,
+        "K": 100.0,
+        "Efdmax": 3.0,
+        "Efdmin": 0.0
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/verification.json b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/verification.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7c2879b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/examples/wecc240-fault/verification.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "file": "animation.mp4",
+  "sha256": "cafe2f8bfbeb7187b22cdd7a35af136cad7d53a2f43aa5f877b86cabde7d987c",
+  "decoder": "7.1-essentials_build-www.gyan.dev built with gcc 14.2.0 (Rev1, Built by MSYS2 project)",
+  "codec": "h264",
+  "resolution": [
+    1920,
+    1080
+  ],
+  "fps": 60.0,
+  "decoded_frames": 1561,
+  "duration_seconds": 26.016666666666666,
+  "decode_errors": 0,
+  "inspected_frame_indices": [
+    0,
+    250,
+    329,
+    340,
+    960,
+    1560
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/src/args.rs b/crates/latkit-cli/src/args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..908aebe1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/src/args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+//! The command line: what `render`, `validate`, `inspect`, `query`, `tile`, and `schema` take, and the
+//! checks that fail as usage errors before anything is read.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use clap::{Args, CommandFactory, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum, error::ErrorKind};
+use latkit::{ImageFormat, Pixels, Shot};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(name = "latkit", version, about = "Render scenes of JSON or binary data to images and videos")]
+pub(crate) struct Cli {
+    /// Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+    #[arg(long, global = true, value_enum, default_value = "human")]
+    pub(crate) diagnostics: Diagnostics,
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    pub(crate) command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, ValueEnum)]
+pub(crate) enum Diagnostics {
+    Human,
+    Json,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(crate) enum Command {
+    /// Draw scenes of datasets into an image, image sequence, raw frames, or a video
+    Render(Job),
+    /// Check everything render reads, frames included, without a GPU
+    Validate(Job),
+    /// Describe datasets as JSON: tables, rows, fields and their kinds, the axis and its span
+    Inspect {
+        /// Dataset files, each [NAME=]FILE; - reads stdin
+        #[arg(required = true, value_name = "[NAME=]FILE")]
+        data: Vec<Source>,
+        /// The longest a dataset may take to load, in seconds
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "30", value_parser = deadline)]
+        deadline: Duration,
+    },
+    /// Print the JSON Schema of what latkit reads: every input, or one of them
+    Schema {
+        /// One input's schema
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        input: Option<Input>,
+    },
+    /// Read rows back as JSON Lines, an object a row: those a query keeps, sorted and paged
+    Query {
+        /// The dataset, [NAME=]FILE; - reads stdin
+        #[arg(value_name = "[NAME=]FILE")]
+        data: Source,
+        /// The query: JSON such as {"of":"Branch","filter":{"op":"gt","args":["loading",90]}}, or a
+        /// file of it
+        #[arg(value_name = "QUERY")]
+        query: String,
+        /// The longest the dataset may take to load, in seconds
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "30", value_parser = deadline)]
+        deadline: Duration,
+    },
+    /// Write a dataset as time tiles: frames.json, which --tiles opens, the dataset without its
+    /// sampled fields' histories, and their spans at every level of detail
+    Tile {
+        /// The dataset, [NAME=]FILE; - reads stdin
+        #[arg(value_name = "[NAME=]FILE")]
+        data: Source,
+        /// The directory the tiles go in
+        #[arg(short, long, value_name = "DIR")]
+        output: PathBuf,
+        /// Entries a span holds: frames, or buckets of a level of detail; a multiple of 8
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "256")]
+        chunk: u32,
+        /// The longest the dataset may take to load, in seconds
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "30", value_parser = deadline)]
+        deadline: Duration,
+    },
+}
+
+/// What a render draws and where it goes.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct Job {
+    /// Scene JSON files, one per panel; - reads stdin
+    #[arg(required = true, value_name = "SCENE")]
+    pub(crate) scenes: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    /// A dataset: JSON document, latkit bytes, or GeoJSON (which needs a NAME); NAME= renames it
+    #[arg(short, long, value_name = "[NAME=]FILE")]
+    pub(crate) data: Vec<Source>,
+    /// Tiles every view fetches as dataset NAME: time tiles' frames.json, or vector tiles' PMTiles
+    /// file, TileJSON, or {z}/{x}/{y} template
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "NAME=FILE")]
+    pub(crate) tiles: Vec<Source>,
+    /// Image file, %d pattern for an image sequence, or - for stdout
+    #[arg(short, long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    pub(crate) output: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// What to write; otherwise the output's extension says, or PNG for stdout
+    #[arg(long, value_enum)]
+    pub(crate) format: Option<Format>,
+    /// A JPEG's quality, from 1, smallest, to 100, sharpest
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "90", value_parser = clap::value_parser!(u8).range(1..=100))]
+    pub(crate) quality: u8,
+    /// The picture's width and height in pixels, such as 1920x1080
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "1600x900", value_parser = size)]
+    pub(crate) size: [u32; 2],
+    /// Pixels per CSS pixel: views lay out size / scale CSS pixels, so 2 draws twice as sharp
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "1", value_parser = positive)]
+    pub(crate) scale: f32,
+    /// A scene's panel of the picture, X,Y,WIDTH,HEIGHT as fractions; one per scene, in order
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "X,Y,W,H", value_parser = panel)]
+    pub(crate) panel: Vec<[f32; 4]>,
+    /// Keep alpha where the themes' backgrounds would be
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) transparent: bool,
+    /// The longest a picture, or a video frame, may take, in seconds
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "30", value_parser = deadline)]
+    pub(crate) deadline: Duration,
+    /// TTF/OTF/TTC file; repeat for fallbacks; replaces system fonts
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    pub(crate) font: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    /// Camera JSON for a scene, in scene order; a view without one fits
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    pub(crate) camera: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    /// What a view without a camera frames: "all", or a fit as JSON
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "all", value_name = "FIT")]
+    pub(crate) fit: String,
+    /// CSS pixels kept clear at the top, right, bottom, and left, T,R,B,L
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "T,R,B,L", value_parser = insets)]
+    pub(crate) insets: Option<[f32; 4]>,
+    /// The axis coordinate shown; sampled fields read their last frame at or before it
+    #[arg(long, value_parser = finite, allow_hyphen_values = true)]
+    pub(crate) at: Option<f64>,
+    /// A still's effect time in seconds, where elapsed time and flowing comets read it
+    #[arg(long, value_parser = seconds, conflicts_with = "frames")]
+    pub(crate) elapsed: Option<Duration>,
+    /// Frames as JSON Lines, one per output frame, or - for stdin
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    pub(crate) frames: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// Output frames a second
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "60", value_parser = fps)]
+    pub(crate) fps: f64,
+    /// MP4 bits a second; about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame otherwise
+    #[arg(long, value_parser = clap::value_parser!(u32).range(1..))]
+    pub(crate) bitrate: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// An input `schema` describes.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, ValueEnum)]
+pub(crate) enum Input {
+    /// A scene
+    Scene,
+    /// A dataset's JSON document
+    Data,
+    /// A patch's JSON
+    Patch,
+    /// A query of `latkit query`
+    Query,
+    /// A camera of `--camera`
+    Camera,
+    /// A fit of `--fit`
+    Fit,
+    /// A line of `--frames`
+    Frames,
+}
+
+/// What an output is.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, ValueEnum)]
+pub(crate) enum Format {
+    /// PNG, lossless with alpha: one picture, or one a frame where the output has a %d pattern
+    Png,
+    /// JPEG at --quality, its alpha dropped: one picture, or one a frame
+    Jpeg,
+    /// WebP, lossless with alpha: one picture, or one a frame
+    Webp,
+    /// Raw RGBA, straight alpha, frames back to back
+    Rgba,
+    /// YUV4MPEG2: 4:2:0 BT.709 limited range, for any encoder
+    Y4m,
+    /// H.264 in fragmented MP4, from the platform's encoder
+    Mp4,
+}
+
+/// A dataset or tiles argument: `[NAME=]FILE`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Source {
+    pub(crate) name: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for Source {
+    type Err = String;
+    fn from_str(value: &str) -> Result<Source, String> {
+        let named = value.split_once('=').filter(|(name, _)| {
+            !name.is_empty() && name.chars().all(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '_' | '-' | '.'))
+        });
+        Ok(match named {
+            Some((name, path)) if !path.is_empty() => Source { name: Some(name.into()), path: path.into() },
+            Some(_) => return Err("NAME= names a file".into()),
+            None => Source { name: None, path: value.into() },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Format {
+    /// The bytes its pictures compose into.
+    pub(crate) fn pixels(self) -> Pixels {
+        match self {
+            Format::Mp4 | Format::Y4m => Pixels::Nv12,
+            Format::Png | Format::Jpeg | Format::Webp | Format::Rgba => Pixels::Rgba,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The image file it writes, at `quality` for a JPEG; `None` for raw frames and video.
+    pub(crate) fn image(self, quality: u8) -> Option<ImageFormat> {
+        match self {
+            Format::Png => Some(ImageFormat::Png),
+            Format::Jpeg => Some(ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality }),
+            Format::Webp => Some(ImageFormat::WebP),
+            Format::Rgba | Format::Y4m | Format::Mp4 => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Job {
+    /// What the output is: `--format`, else its extension, else PNG.
+    pub(crate) fn format(&self) -> Format {
+        self.format.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let extension = self.output.as_deref().and_then(Path::extension).and_then(|e| e.to_str());
+            match extension.map(str::to_ascii_lowercase).as_deref() {
+                Some("mp4") => Format::Mp4,
+                Some("y4m") => Format::Y4m,
+                Some("rgba") => Format::Rgba,
+                Some("jpg" | "jpeg") => Format::Jpeg,
+                Some("webp") => Format::Webp,
+                _ => Format::Png,
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The picture the job takes: its size, scale, panels, alpha, and deadline.
+    pub(crate) fn shot(&self) -> Shot {
+        let shot = Shot::new(self.size).scale(self.scale).deadline(self.deadline).panels(self.panel.clone());
+        if self.transparent { shot.transparent() } else { shot }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the output names one file a frame: a `%d` or `%0Nd` pattern.
+    pub(crate) fn sequence(&self) -> bool {
+        self.output.as_deref().is_some_and(|p| pattern(p).is_some())
+    }
+}
+
+/// The `%d` or `%0Nd` of a path's file name, and its width.
+pub(crate) fn pattern(path: &Path) -> Option<(std::ops::Range<usize>, usize)> {
+    let text = path.to_str()?;
+    let at = text.rfind('%')?;
+    let rest = &text[at + 1..];
+    let digits = rest.find('d')?;
+    let width = &rest[..digits];
+    if !width.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) || width.len() > 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some((at..at + digits + 2, width.parse().unwrap_or(0)))
+}
+
+impl Cli {
+    /// The checks clap cannot make, failing as usage errors: one reader of stdin, an output a render
+    /// can write, and a panel for each scene.
+    pub(crate) fn check(&self) -> clap::error::Result<()> {
+        let invalid = |message: &str| Self::command().error(ErrorKind::InvalidValue, message);
+        let job = match &self.command {
+            Command::Render(job) | Command::Validate(job) => job,
+            Command::Inspect { data, .. } => {
+                if data.iter().filter(|s| is_stdio(&s.path)).count() > 1 {
+                    return Err(Self::command().error(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, "only one input can read stdin"));
+                }
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            Command::Schema { .. } | Command::Tile { .. } => return Ok(()),
+            Command::Query { data, query, .. } => {
+                if is_stdio(&data.path) && query == "-" {
+                    return Err(Self::command().error(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, "only one input can read stdin"));
+                }
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+        let stdin = job.scenes.iter().chain(job.data.iter().map(|s| &s.path)).chain(&job.frames).chain(&job.camera);
+        if stdin.filter(|path| is_stdio(path)).count() > 1 {
+            return Err(Self::command().error(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, "only one input can read stdin"));
+        }
+        if job.tiles.iter().any(|t| t.name.is_none()) {
+            return Err(invalid("--tiles takes NAME=FILE"));
+        }
+        if job.scenes.len() > 1 && job.panel.len() != job.scenes.len() {
+            return Err(invalid("a shot of several scenes takes a --panel for each"));
+        }
+        if job.scenes.len() == 1 && job.panel.len() > 1 {
+            return Err(invalid("one scene fills one panel"));
+        }
+        if job.camera.len() > job.scenes.len() {
+            return Err(invalid("--camera is one per scene"));
+        }
+        let Some(output) = &job.output else {
+            if matches!(self.command, Command::Render(_)) {
+                return Err(Self::command().error(ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument, "render takes --output"));
+            }
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        let format = job.format();
+        let extension = output.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()).map(str::to_ascii_lowercase);
+        let known = matches!(extension.as_deref(), Some("png" | "jpg" | "jpeg" | "webp" | "mp4" | "y4m" | "rgba"));
+        if job.format.is_none() && !is_stdio(output) && !known {
+            return Err(invalid(
+                "--output ends in .png, .jpg, .webp, .mp4, .y4m, or .rgba, or --format says what it is",
+            ));
+        }
+        let video = matches!(format, Format::Mp4 | Format::Y4m);
+        if (video || job.sequence()) && job.frames.is_none() {
+            return Err(invalid("a video or an image sequence takes --frames"));
+        }
+        if job.sequence() && (format.image(job.quality).is_none() || is_stdio(output)) {
+            return Err(invalid("a %d pattern names an image file a frame"));
+        }
+        job.shot().check(format.pixels()).map_err(|e| invalid(&e.to_string()))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn is_stdio(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    path == Path::new("-")
+}
+
+fn finite(value: &str) -> Result<f64, String> {
+    value.parse::<f64>().ok().filter(|n| n.is_finite()).ok_or_else(|| "expected a finite number".into())
+}
+
+fn positive(value: &str) -> Result<f32, String> {
+    let n = finite(value)? as f32;
+    if n.is_finite() && n > 0.0 { Ok(n) } else { Err("expected a positive number".into()) }
+}
+
+fn seconds(value: &str) -> Result<Duration, String> {
+    Duration::try_from_secs_f64(finite(value)?).map_err(|_| "expected nonnegative seconds".into())
+}
+
+fn deadline(value: &str) -> Result<Duration, String> {
+    seconds(value).and_then(|d| if d.is_zero() { Err("a deadline is longer than zero".into()) } else { Ok(d) })
+}
+
+fn fps(value: &str) -> Result<f64, String> {
+    finite(value).and_then(|f| if (1.0..=240.0).contains(&f) { Ok(f) } else { Err("1 to 240 frames a second".into()) })
+}
+
+fn size(value: &str) -> Result<[u32; 2], String> {
+    let (w, h) = value.split_once(['x', 'X']).ok_or("expected WIDTHxHEIGHT")?;
+    let side = |v: &str| v.trim().parse::<u32>().ok().filter(|n| *n > 0).ok_or("a side is a positive whole number");
+    Ok([side(w)?, side(h)?])
+}
+
+fn numbers<const N: usize>(value: &str) -> Result<[f32; N], String> {
+    let parts: Vec<f32> = value.split(',').map(|v| finite(v.trim()).map(|n| n as f32)).collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;
+    parts.try_into().map_err(|_| format!("expected {N} numbers separated by commas"))
+}
+
+fn panel(value: &str) -> Result<[f32; 4], String> {
+    numbers::<4>(value)
+}
+
+fn insets(value: &str) -> Result<[f32; 4], String> {
+    numbers::<4>(value)
+        .and_then(|n| if n.iter().all(|v| *v >= 0.0) { Ok(n) } else { Err("insets are not negative".into()) })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cli_reference_matches_help() {
+        use std::fmt::Write as _;
+
+        let root = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("../..");
+        // This checks repository documentation, which is not part of the published CLI crate.
+        if !root.join(".readthedocs.yaml").exists() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut cli = Cli::command();
+        let mut text = format!(
+            "# Command reference\n\nGenerated from Clap. See the [CLI guide](../cli.md) for examples.\n\n## latkit\n\n```text\n{}```\n",
+            cli.render_long_help()
+        );
+        for command in cli.get_subcommands_mut() {
+            let name = command.get_name().to_owned();
+            let command = command.clone().bin_name(format!("latkit {name}"));
+            let mut command = command;
+            write!(text, "\n## {name}\n\n```text\n{}```\n", command.render_long_help()).unwrap();
+        }
+        let text = text.lines().map(str::trim_end).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n") + "\n";
+        let path = root.join("docs/reference/cli.md");
+        if std::env::var_os("LATKIT_BLESS").is_some() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(&path, &text).unwrap();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(path).unwrap().replace("\r\n", "\n"), text);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sources_patterns_and_sizes_parse() {
+        let named: Source = "states=data/usa.geojson".parse().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((named.name.as_deref(), named.path), (Some("states"), PathBuf::from("data/usa.geojson")));
+        let plain: Source = "C:\\data\\a=b.json".parse().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((plain.name, plain.path), (None, PathBuf::from("C:\\data\\a=b.json")));
+        assert_eq!(pattern(Path::new("out/frame-%04d.png")), Some((10..14, 4)));
+        assert_eq!(pattern(Path::new("out/%d.png")), Some((4..6, 0)));
+        assert_eq!(pattern(Path::new("out/100%.png")), None);
+        assert_eq!(size("1920x1080"), Ok([1920, 1080]));
+        assert!(size("0x10").is_err());
+        assert_eq!(panel("0,0.5,1,0.5"), Ok([0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 0.5]));
+        assert!(insets("1,2,3").is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/src/inputs.rs b/crates/latkit-cli/src/inputs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a18715ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/src/inputs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+//! What a job reads: scenes, datasets, cameras, fits, and frames. Datasets and frames' patches are
+//! the library's JSON documents, loaded through the host, which reads the files they name.
+
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{self, BufRead, BufReader, Read};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use latkit::host::Native;
+use latkit::{Camera, Data, Error, Fit, Name, Patch, Patches, Scene};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+use serde::de::IgnoredAny;
+
+use crate::args::{Source, is_stdio};
+use crate::{Failure, block};
+
+/// Frames read and loaded ahead of the one drawing.
+const AHEAD: usize = 2;
+
+/// The bytes at `path`, or stdin's for `-`.
+pub(crate) fn read(path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Failure> {
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    let result = if is_stdio(path) {
+        io::stdin().lock().read_to_end(&mut bytes).map(drop)
+    } else {
+        File::open(path).and_then(|mut f| f.read_to_end(&mut bytes)).map(drop)
+    };
+    result.map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, path))?;
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+/// What paths in the document at `path` are relative to: the document, or nothing for stdin.
+fn base(path: &Path) -> String {
+    if is_stdio(path) { String::new() } else { path.to_string_lossy().into_owned() }
+}
+
+/// What the JSON document at `path` holds, read as a `T`.
+pub(crate) fn document<T: DeserializeOwned>(path: &Path) -> Result<T, Failure> {
+    let bytes = read(path)?;
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).map_err(|_| Failure::at(Error::invalid("not UTF-8 text"), path))?;
+    latkit::from_json(text).map_err(|e| Failure::at(e, path))
+}
+
+/// A scene from its JSON.
+pub(crate) fn scene(path: &Path) -> Result<Scene, Failure> {
+    document(path)
+}
+
+/// A camera from its JSON.
+pub(crate) fn camera(path: &Path) -> Result<Camera, Failure> {
+    document(path)
+}
+
+/// A fit: `all`, or one as JSON.
+pub(crate) fn fit(text: &str) -> Result<Fit, Failure> {
+    let json = if text.trim_start().starts_with(['{', '"', '[']) { text.to_owned() } else { format!("\"{text}\"") };
+    latkit::from_json(&json).map_err(|e| Failure::from(e.at("--fit")))
+}
+
+/// The dataset `source` names: a JSON document loaded through `host`, latkit bytes, or GeoJSON,
+/// named as it says.
+pub(crate) fn dataset(source: &Source, host: &Native, deadline: Duration) -> Result<Data, Failure> {
+    let path = &source.path;
+    let bytes = read(path)?;
+    let at = |error: Error| Failure::at(error, path);
+    let name = source.name.as_deref();
+    if bytes.starts_with(b"LATK") || bytes.starts_with(&[0x1f, 0x8b]) || geojson(&bytes) {
+        return Data::read(&bytes, name).map_err(|e| at(e.at("NAME=FILE")));
+    }
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).map_err(|_| at(Error::invalid("a dataset is JSON or latkit bytes")))?;
+    let data = block(deadline, Data::load(text, &base(path), host)).map_err(at)?;
+    Ok(match name {
+        Some(name) if name != data.name().as_str() => data.renamed(name),
+        _ => data,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Whether JSON `bytes` are GeoJSON: an object with a `type`.
+fn geojson(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    struct Probe {
+        #[serde(rename = "type")]
+        kind: Option<IgnoredAny>,
+    }
+    serde_json::from_slice::<Probe>(bytes).is_ok_and(|p| p.kind.is_some())
+}
+
+/// One output frame's changes, as a line of the frames file says.
+#[derive(Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub(crate) struct Frame {
+    /// The axis coordinate every view shows.
+    pub(crate) at: Option<f64>,
+    /// Patches by dataset name, in the order written.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    patch: Patches,
+    /// Where views look at once: one camera for every view it fits, or one per view.
+    pub(crate) camera: Option<Each<Camera>>,
+    /// Where views ease to.
+    pub(crate) fly: Option<Each<Camera>>,
+    /// What views frame.
+    pub(crate) fit: Option<Each<Fit>>,
+    /// CSS pixels every view keeps clear: top, right, bottom, left.
+    pub(crate) insets: Option<[f32; 4]>,
+    /// Degrees a second every map or plane turns.
+    pub(crate) orbit: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// One value for every view, or one for each in order, `null` leaving a view as it is.
+#[derive(Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+#[schemars(inline)]
+pub(crate) enum Each<T> {
+    Each(Vec<Option<T>>),
+    All(T),
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> Each<T> {
+    /// The value for view `i`.
+    pub(crate) fn of(&self, i: usize) -> Option<T> {
+        match self {
+            Each::All(value) => Some(value.clone()),
+            Each::Each(values) => values.get(i).cloned().flatten(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A frame's index, what it changes, and its patches by dataset, loaded.
+pub(crate) type Next = (usize, Frame, Vec<(Name, Patch)>);
+
+/// The lines of a frames file, each a frame, its patches loaded through the host.
+pub(crate) struct Frames {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    lines: io::Lines<Box<dyn BufRead + Send>>,
+    index: usize,
+    host: Native,
+    deadline: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Frames {
+    pub(crate) fn open(path: &Path, host: Native, deadline: Duration) -> Result<Frames, Failure> {
+        let input: Box<dyn BufRead + Send> = if is_stdio(path) {
+            Box::new(BufReader::new(io::stdin()))
+        } else {
+            Box::new(BufReader::new(File::open(path).map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, path))?))
+        };
+        Ok(Frames { path: path.to_path_buf(), lines: input.lines(), index: 0, host, deadline })
+    }
+
+    /// The next frame, its patches loaded; `None` at the end. Blank lines are skipped.
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Result<Option<Next>, Failure> {
+        loop {
+            let Some(line) = self.lines.next() else { return Ok(None) };
+            let line = line.map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, &self.path))?;
+            if line.trim().is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let index = self.index;
+            self.index += 1;
+            let at = |error: Error| Failure::at(error.at(index).at("frames"), &self.path);
+            let mut frame: Frame = latkit::from_json(&line).map_err(at)?;
+            if frame.at.is_some_and(|a| !a.is_finite()) {
+                return Err(at(Error::invalid("at is finite").at("at")));
+            }
+            let base = base(&self.path);
+            let patches = std::mem::take(&mut frame.patch).load(&base, &self.host);
+            let patches = block(self.deadline, patches).map_err(|e| at(e.at("patch")))?;
+            return Ok(Some((index, frame, patches)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The frames read and loaded on a thread of their own, a few ahead of the one taken, so their
+    /// files are read while frames draw.
+    pub(crate) fn ahead(mut self) -> Ahead {
+        let (send, frames) = mpsc::sync_channel(AHEAD);
+        std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            while let Some(next) = self.next().transpose() {
+                let failed = next.is_err();
+                if send.send(next).is_err() || failed {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        Ahead(frames)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Frames loaded ahead of drawing.
+pub(crate) struct Ahead(Receiver<Result<Next, Failure>>);
+
+impl Iterator for Ahead {
+    type Item = Result<Next, Failure>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.0.recv().ok()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn deadline() -> Duration {
+        Duration::from_secs(10)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn datasets_load_json_slices_bytes_and_geojson_by_name() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let floats: Vec<u8> = [9_f32, 1.25, -2.5].into_iter().flat_map(f32::to_le_bytes).collect();
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("x.f32"), floats).unwrap();
+        let doc = r#"{"name": "grid", "patch": [{"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": ["b", "a"], "fields": {
+            "x": {"file": "x.f32", "dtype": "f32le", "offset": 4, "count": 2}}}}]}"#;
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("grid.json"), doc).unwrap();
+        let host = Native::new();
+        let load = |text: &str| dataset(&text.parse().unwrap(), &host, deadline());
+        let path = dir.path().join("grid.json").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        let data = load(&path).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(data.table("Bus").unwrap().get("a", "x"), Some(latkit::Value::Number(-2.5)));
+        assert_eq!(load(&format!("other={path}")).unwrap().name().as_str(), "other");
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("grid.bin"), data.to_bytes()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(load(&dir.path().join("grid.bin").to_string_lossy()).unwrap().table("Bus").unwrap().len(), 2);
+        let geo = r#"{"type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [1, 2]}}"#;
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("p.geojson"), geo).unwrap();
+        let geo_path = dir.path().join("p.geojson").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        assert!(load(&geo_path).is_err(), "GeoJSON names its dataset");
+        assert_eq!(load(&format!("places={geo_path}")).unwrap().table("points").unwrap().len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frames_keep_their_patches_order_and_apply_to_every_view_or_each() {
+        let frame: Frame = latkit::from_json(r#"{"patch": {"b": [], "a": []}}"#).unwrap();
+        let patches = block(deadline(), frame.patch.load("", &Native::new())).unwrap();
+        let names: Vec<&str> = patches.iter().map(|(name, _)| name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, ["b", "a"]);
+        assert!(latkit::from_json::<Frame>(r#"{"patch": {"a": [], "a": []}}"#).is_err(), "a dataset patched twice");
+        let error = latkit::from_json::<Frame>(r#"{"patch": {"a": [[]]}}"#).map(drop).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().starts_with("patch.a[0]"), "{error}");
+        let one: Each<f64> = latkit::from_json("2").unwrap();
+        let each: Each<f64> = latkit::from_json("[null, 3]").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((one.of(0), one.of(5)), (Some(2.0), Some(2.0)));
+        assert_eq!((each.of(0), each.of(1), each.of(2)), (None, Some(3.0), None));
+        assert!(fit("all").is_ok() && fit(r#"{"bounds": {"min": [0, 0, 0], "max": [1, 1, 0]}}"#).is_ok());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/src/main.rs b/crates/latkit-cli/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a20cefd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+//! The latkit command line: scenes and datasets in the library's JSON (or its bytes), drawn by the
+//! library natively into images, image sequences, raw frames, and videos.
+
+mod args;
+mod inputs;
+mod render;
+mod report;
+mod sinks;
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::ExitCode;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Wake, Waker};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use clap::Parser;
+use latkit::{Error, Kind, Query, Values};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use args::{Cli, Command, Input, Source};
+use report::Report;
+
+fn main() -> ExitCode {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    if let Err(error) = cli.check() {
+        error.exit();
+    }
+    let mut report = Report::new(cli.diagnostics);
+    let result = match &cli.command {
+        Command::Render(job) => render::render(job, &mut report),
+        Command::Validate(job) => render::validate(job),
+        Command::Inspect { data, deadline } => inspect(data, *deadline),
+        Command::Query { data, query, deadline } => self::query(data, query, *deadline),
+        Command::Tile { data, output, chunk, deadline } => tile(data, output, *chunk, *deadline),
+        Command::Schema { input } => schema(*input),
+    };
+    match result {
+        Ok(()) => ExitCode::SUCCESS,
+        Err(failure) => {
+            report.error(&failure);
+            ExitCode::FAILURE
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Why a command failed: the library's error, and the file it came from.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Failure {
+    pub(crate) error: Error,
+    pub(crate) source: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Failure {
+    /// `error`, from the file at `path`.
+    pub(crate) fn at(error: Error, path: &Path) -> Failure {
+        Failure { error, source: Some(path.to_string_lossy().into_owned()) }
+    }
+
+    /// An I/O `error` with the file at `path`.
+    pub(crate) fn io(error: &io::Error, path: &Path) -> Failure {
+        Failure::at(Error::Io(error.to_string().into()), path)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Error> for Failure {
+    fn from(error: Error) -> Failure {
+        Failure { error, source: None }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every dataset's description as JSON on stdout: its name, axis and span, and each table's rows and
+/// fields.
+fn inspect(sources: &[Source], deadline: Duration) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+    let host = latkit::host::Native::new();
+    let mut all = Vec::with_capacity(sources.len());
+    for source in sources {
+        all.push(inputs::dataset(source, &host, deadline)?.describe());
+    }
+    let mut out = io::stdout().lock();
+    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(&mut out, &all).map_err(|e| Failure::from(Error::Io(e.to_string().into())))?;
+    writeln!(out).map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, Path::new("-")))
+}
+
+/// The JSON Schema of every input on stdout, or of `input`: its definition, with every definition
+/// it is built of.
+fn schema(input: Option<Input>) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+    let mut schemas = latkit::schemas();
+    let frames = latkit::schema::<inputs::Frame>();
+    let defs = schemas["$defs"].as_object_mut().expect("definitions");
+    for (name, def) in frames["$defs"].as_object().into_iter().flatten() {
+        defs.entry(name.clone()).or_insert_with(|| def.clone());
+    }
+    let mut frame = frames.clone();
+    frame.as_object_mut().expect("a schema").retain(|key, _| key != "$defs" && key != "$schema");
+    defs.insert("Frame".into(), frame);
+    if let Some(input) = input {
+        let name = match input {
+            Input::Scene => "Scene",
+            Input::Data => "Data",
+            Input::Patch => "Patch",
+            Input::Query => "Query",
+            Input::Camera => "Camera",
+            Input::Fit => "Fit",
+            Input::Frames => "Frame",
+        };
+        schemas["$ref"] = json!(format!("#/$defs/{name}"));
+    }
+    let mut out = io::stdout().lock();
+    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(&mut out, &schemas).map_err(|e| Failure::from(Error::Io(e.to_string().into())))?;
+    writeln!(out).map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, Path::new("-")))
+}
+
+/// The rows `query` reads from the dataset as JSON Lines on stdout: `id`, then each field, a
+/// reference as its target's id and a missing value as `null`.
+fn query(source: &Source, query: &str, deadline: Duration) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+    let text =
+        if query.trim_start().starts_with('{') { query.as_bytes().to_vec() } else { inputs::read(Path::new(query))? };
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&text).map_err(|_| Failure::from(Error::invalid("not UTF-8 text").at("query")))?;
+    let query: Query = latkit::from_json(text).map_err(|e| Failure::from(e.at("query")))?;
+    let (rows, _) = inputs::dataset(source, &latkit::host::Native::new(), deadline)?.query(&query)?;
+    let columns: Vec<(String, Values)> =
+        rows.fields().map(|(name, _)| (name.to_string(), rows.values(name).expect("a field the table has"))).collect();
+    let mut out = io::BufWriter::new(io::stdout().lock());
+    for (row, id) in rows.ids().enumerate() {
+        let mut line = serde_json::Map::with_capacity(columns.len() + 1);
+        line.insert("id".into(), json!(id));
+        for (name, values) in &columns {
+            let value = match rows.kind(name) {
+                Some(Kind::Reference) => values.id(row).map_or(Value::Null, |id| json!(id)),
+                _ => values.get(row).map_or(Value::Null, |v| json!(v)),
+            };
+            line.insert(name.clone(), value);
+        }
+        serde_json::to_writer(&mut out, &line).map_err(|e| Failure::from(Error::Io(e.to_string().into())))?;
+        writeln!(out).map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, Path::new("-")))?;
+    }
+    out.flush().map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, Path::new("-")))
+}
+
+/// The dataset as time tiles in directory `output`: its manifest, the dataset without its sampled
+/// fields' histories, and their spans of `chunk` entries.
+fn tile(source: &Source, output: &Path, chunk: u32, deadline: Duration) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+    let data = inputs::dataset(source, &latkit::host::Native::new(), deadline)?;
+    let mut failure = None;
+    let written = data.to_tiles(chunk, |path, bytes| {
+        let file = output.join(path);
+        let wrote = file.parent().map_or(Ok(()), std::fs::create_dir_all).and_then(|()| std::fs::write(&file, bytes));
+        wrote.map_err(|e| {
+            failure = Some(Failure::io(&e, &file));
+            Error::Io(e.to_string().into())
+        })
+    });
+    match (written, failure) {
+        (Ok(()), _) => Ok(()),
+        (Err(_), Some(failure)) => Err(failure),
+        (Err(error), None) => Err(Failure::from(error)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `future`'s result, driven on this thread and given up at `deadline`.
+pub(crate) fn block<T>(deadline: Duration, future: impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<T>>) -> latkit::Result<T> {
+    until(deadline, future)?
+}
+
+/// A synchronous command needs only one parked thread to drive its future, with a deadline. The
+/// future must yield; like other async timeouts this cannot interrupt a synchronous OS or driver call.
+fn until<T>(deadline: Duration, future: impl Future<Output = T>) -> latkit::Result<T> {
+    struct Thread(std::thread::Thread);
+    impl Wake for Thread {
+        fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+            self.0.unpark();
+        }
+        fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
+            self.0.unpark();
+        }
+    }
+    let started = Instant::now();
+    let waker = Waker::from(Arc::new(Thread(std::thread::current())));
+    let mut context = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+    let mut future = std::pin::pin!(future);
+    loop {
+        if let Poll::Ready(result) = future.as_mut().poll(&mut context) {
+            return Ok(result);
+        }
+        if started.elapsed() >= deadline {
+            return Err(Error::Timeout);
+        }
+        std::thread::park_timeout(deadline.saturating_sub(started.elapsed()));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_deadline_ends_a_future_that_never_wakes() {
+        assert_eq!(until(Duration::from_millis(5), std::future::pending::<()>()), Err(Error::Timeout));
+        assert_eq!(until(Duration::from_secs(1), async { 42 }), Ok(42));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/src/render.rs b/crates/latkit-cli/src/render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1821b41c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/src/render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+//! Rendering a job, and validating one: views of the scenes with the datasets, then a still picture,
+//! or a video of the frames handed to a sink. Validating reads, loads, and checks everything a render
+//! does, frames included, without a GPU; both change frames with [`apply`].
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use latkit::Tiles;
+use latkit::host::Native;
+use latkit::{Camera, Data, Error, Fit, Gpu, Mp4, Name, Patch, Scene, Sink, View};
+
+use crate::args::{Format, Job, Source};
+use crate::inputs::{self, Ahead, Each, Frame, Frames};
+use crate::report::Report;
+use crate::sinks::{Commit, Images, Output, Raw, Y4m};
+use crate::{Failure, block};
+
+/// What a job reads before it draws, and the host that read it.
+struct Inputs {
+    scenes: Vec<(PathBuf, Scene)>,
+    data: Vec<Data>,
+    /// What every view fetches as it draws.
+    tiles: Vec<Tiles>,
+    cameras: Vec<Camera>,
+    fit: Fit,
+    host: Native,
+}
+
+impl Inputs {
+    fn read(job: &Job) -> Result<Inputs, Failure> {
+        let fonts = job.font.iter().map(|p| inputs::read(p)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        let host = if fonts.is_empty() { Native::new() } else { Native::from_fonts(fonts)? };
+        let scenes =
+            job.scenes.iter().map(|p| inputs::scene(p).map(|s| (p.clone(), s))).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        let data = job.data.iter().map(|s| inputs::dataset(s, &host, job.deadline)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        let tiles: Vec<Tiles> = job
+            .tiles
+            .iter()
+            .map(|Source { name, path }| {
+                Tiles::new(name.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(), path.to_string_lossy().as_ref())
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for (path, scene) in &scenes {
+            scene.validate(&data, &tiles).map_err(|e| Failure::at(e, path))?;
+        }
+        let cameras = job.camera.iter().map(|p| inputs::camera(p)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        for (i, camera) in cameras.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !camera.fits(scenes[i].1.space()) {
+                return Err(Failure::at(
+                    Error::invalid("the camera does not look at its scene's space"),
+                    &job.camera[i],
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Inputs { scenes, data, tiles, cameras, fit: inputs::fit(&job.fit)?, host })
+    }
+
+    /// A view of each scene, given every dataset and the tiles, looking where the job says.
+    fn views(&self, gpu: &Gpu, job: &Job) -> Result<Vec<View>, Failure> {
+        let mut views = Vec::with_capacity(self.scenes.len());
+        for (i, (path, scene)) in self.scenes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene.clone()).map_err(|e| Failure::at(e, path))?;
+            for data in &self.data {
+                view.set_data(data.clone());
+            }
+            for tiles in &self.tiles {
+                view.set_tiles(tiles.clone());
+            }
+            if let Some(insets) = job.insets {
+                view.set_insets(insets);
+            }
+            if let Some(at) = job.at {
+                view.set_at(at);
+            }
+            match self.cameras.get(i) {
+                Some(camera) => view.set_camera(*camera),
+                None => view.fit(self.fit.clone()),
+            }
+            views.push(view);
+        }
+        Ok(views)
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn render(job: &Job, report: &mut Report) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+    let mut inputs = Inputs::read(job)?;
+    let gpu = block(job.deadline, Gpu::new())?;
+    gpu.set_host(inputs.host.clone());
+    let mut views = inputs.views(&gpu, job)?;
+    let output = job.output.as_deref().expect("render takes an output");
+    let Some(path) = &job.frames else {
+        let mut shot = job.shot();
+        if let Some(elapsed) = job.elapsed {
+            shot = shot.elapsed(elapsed);
+        }
+        let image = block(job.deadline, shot.image(&mut views.iter_mut().collect::<Vec<_>>()))?;
+        let mut out = Output::create(output)?;
+        match job.format().image(job.quality) {
+            Some(format) => image.write(format, &mut out).map_err(|e| Failure::at(e, output))?,
+            None => std::io::Write::write_all(&mut out, &image.rgba).map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, output))?,
+        }
+        out.commit()?;
+        report.done(1, &views, &gpu);
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    let frames = Frames::open(path, inputs.host.clone(), job.deadline)?.ahead();
+    let host = inputs.host.clone();
+    let mut sequence = Sequence { job, path, gpu: &gpu, views: &mut views, inputs: &mut inputs, report };
+    let format = job.format();
+    if let Some(image) = format.image(job.quality) {
+        let images = if job.sequence() {
+            Images::numbered(output.to_path_buf(), image, host)
+        } else {
+            Images::one(Output::create(output)?, image, host)
+        };
+        return sequence.run(frames, images);
+    }
+    match format {
+        Format::Png | Format::Jpeg | Format::Webp => unreachable!("images write above"),
+        Format::Rgba => sequence.run(frames, Raw::new(Output::create(output)?)),
+        Format::Y4m => sequence.run(frames, Y4m::new(Output::create(output)?)),
+        Format::Mp4 => {
+            let mut mp4 = Mp4::new(Output::create(output)?);
+            if let Some(bitrate) = job.bitrate {
+                mp4 = mp4.bitrate(bitrate);
+            }
+            sequence.run(frames, mp4)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A video of the frames file at `path`, drawn as each line says.
+struct Sequence<'a> {
+    job: &'a Job,
+    path: &'a Path,
+    gpu: &'a Gpu,
+    views: &'a mut Vec<View>,
+    inputs: &'a mut Inputs,
+    report: &'a mut Report,
+}
+
+impl Sequence<'_> {
+    fn run<S: Sink + Commit>(&mut self, frames: Ahead, sink: S) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+        let (job, path) = (self.job, self.path);
+        let output = job.output.as_deref().unwrap_or(path);
+        let mut video = job.shot().video(self.gpu, job.fps, sink).map_err(|e| Failure::at(e, output))?;
+        let mut any = false;
+        for next in frames {
+            let (index, frame, patches) = next?;
+            any = true;
+            let at = |error: Error| Failure::at(error.at(index).at("frames"), path);
+            let changed = apply(&mut self.inputs.data, &self.inputs.scenes, &frame, patches).map_err(at)?;
+            for i in changed {
+                for view in self.views.iter_mut() {
+                    view.set_data(self.inputs.data[i].clone());
+                }
+            }
+            steer(self.views, &frame);
+            block(job.deadline, video.frame(&mut self.views.iter_mut().collect::<Vec<_>>())).map_err(at)?;
+            self.report.progress(video.frames(), video.time());
+        }
+        if !any {
+            return Err(Failure::at(Error::invalid("the frames are empty"), path));
+        }
+        let frames = video.frames();
+        block(job.deadline, video.finish()).map_err(|e| Failure::at(e, output))?.commit()?;
+        self.report.done(frames, self.views, self.gpu);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Applies `frame`'s patches to the datasets they name, in order, and checks the cameras it gives
+/// each view against that view's scene: the datasets it changed, by index.
+fn apply(
+    data: &mut [Data],
+    scenes: &[(PathBuf, Scene)],
+    frame: &Frame,
+    patches: Vec<(Name, Patch)>,
+) -> latkit::Result<Vec<usize>> {
+    // One camera for every view looks through those it fits; one per view must fit its own.
+    for (option, each) in [("camera", &frame.camera), ("fly", &frame.fly)] {
+        let Some(Each::Each(cameras)) = each else { continue };
+        for (i, camera) in cameras.iter().enumerate() {
+            let fits = match (camera, scenes.get(i)) {
+                (None, _) => true,
+                (Some(camera), Some((_, scene))) => camera.fits(scene.space()),
+                (Some(_), None) => false,
+            };
+            if !fits {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("the camera does not look at its view's space").at(i).at(option));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let mut changed = Vec::new();
+    for (name, patch) in patches {
+        let i = data
+            .iter()
+            .position(|d| *d.name() == name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid(format!("no dataset is named {name}")).at(name.as_str()).at("patch"))?;
+        data[i].apply(patch).map_err(|e| e.at(name.as_str()).at("patch"))?;
+        if !changed.contains(&i) {
+            changed.push(i);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(changed)
+}
+
+/// Points every view where `frame` says.
+fn steer(views: &mut [View], frame: &Frame) {
+    for (i, view) in views.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(at) = frame.at {
+            view.set_at(at);
+        }
+        if let Some(insets) = frame.insets {
+            view.set_insets(insets);
+        }
+        if let Some(orbit) = frame.orbit {
+            view.set_orbit(orbit);
+        }
+        if let Some(camera) = frame.camera.as_ref().and_then(|c| c.of(i)) {
+            view.set_camera(camera);
+        }
+        if let Some(camera) = frame.fly.as_ref().and_then(|c| c.of(i)) {
+            view.fly(camera);
+        }
+        if let Some(fit) = frame.fit.as_ref().and_then(|f| f.of(i)) {
+            view.fit(fit);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads, loads, and checks everything `render` would, without a GPU: scenes against the datasets,
+/// cameras, fonts, and every frame applied in turn.
+pub(crate) fn validate(job: &Job) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+    let mut inputs = Inputs::read(job)?;
+    let Some(path) = &job.frames else { return Ok(()) };
+    let mut frames = Frames::open(path, inputs.host.clone(), job.deadline)?;
+    let mut any = false;
+    while let Some((index, frame, patches)) = frames.next()? {
+        any = true;
+        let at = |error: Error| Failure::at(error.at(index).at("frames"), path);
+        if !apply(&mut inputs.data, &inputs.scenes, &frame, patches).map_err(at)?.is_empty() {
+            for (_, scene) in &inputs.scenes {
+                scene.validate(&inputs.data, &inputs.tiles).map_err(at)?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if any { Ok(()) } else { Err(Failure::at(Error::invalid("the frames are empty"), path)) }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/src/report.rs b/crates/latkit-cli/src/report.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f8beed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/src/report.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//! What a command tells on stderr. As JSON, one object a line, `{ "type", "detail" }` as a view's
+//! events cross to JavaScript: `progress` after each frame, `stats` once done, and `error` with the
+//! library's `{ code, message, path }` and the file it came from. For people, an error a line, and on
+//! a terminal a line of progress that rewrites itself.
+
+use std::io::{self, IsTerminal, Write};
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use latkit::{Gpu, View};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::Failure;
+use crate::args::Diagnostics;
+
+pub(crate) struct Report {
+    json: bool,
+    /// Whether people read stderr on a terminal: then progress shows.
+    terminal: bool,
+    started: Instant,
+    /// Whether a progress line is showing.
+    showing: bool,
+}
+
+impl Report {
+    pub(crate) fn new(diagnostics: Diagnostics) -> Report {
+        Report {
+            json: diagnostics == Diagnostics::Json,
+            terminal: io::stderr().is_terminal(),
+            started: Instant::now(),
+            showing: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `frames` drawn, the next showing at `time` seconds.
+    pub(crate) fn progress(&mut self, frames: u64, time: f64) {
+        if self.json {
+            Report::line(&json!({"type": "progress", "detail": {"frames": frames, "time": time}}));
+        } else if self.terminal {
+            let seconds = self.started.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+            let _ = write!(io::stderr().lock(), "\rlatkit: {frames} frames, {time:.2} s of video, in {seconds:.1} s");
+            self.showing = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What was drawn, and what it took.
+    pub(crate) fn done(&mut self, frames: u64, views: &[View], gpu: &Gpu) {
+        let seconds = self.started.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+        if self.json {
+            let views: Vec<Value> =
+                views.iter().map(|v| serde_json::to_value(v.stats()).unwrap_or(Value::Null)).collect();
+            let work = serde_json::to_value(gpu.work()).unwrap_or(Value::Null);
+            let detail = json!({"frames": frames, "seconds": seconds, "views": views, "work": work});
+            Report::line(&json!({"type": "stats", "detail": detail}));
+        } else if self.terminal {
+            let rate = frames as f64 / seconds.max(1e-9);
+            let _ =
+                writeln!(io::stderr().lock(), "\rlatkit: {frames} frames in {seconds:.1} s, {rate:.1} a second    ");
+            self.showing = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Why the command failed.
+    pub(crate) fn error(&mut self, failure: &Failure) {
+        if self.json {
+            let mut detail = serde_json::to_value(&failure.error).unwrap_or(Value::Null);
+            if let (Some(source), Value::Object(map)) = (&failure.source, &mut detail) {
+                map.insert("source".into(), json!(source));
+            }
+            Report::line(&json!({"type": "error", "detail": detail}));
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut err = io::stderr().lock();
+        if self.showing {
+            let _ = writeln!(err);
+        }
+        // A closed stderr must not turn a failure into a panic.
+        let _ = match &failure.source {
+            Some(source) => writeln!(err, "latkit: {source}: {}", failure.error),
+            None => writeln!(err, "latkit: {}", failure.error),
+        };
+    }
+
+    fn line(value: &Value) {
+        let _ = writeln!(io::stderr().lock(), "{value}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/src/sinks.rs b/crates/latkit-cli/src/sinks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e790e030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/src/sinks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+//! Where pictures go: one output written whole or not at all, and the sinks a video's frames go to
+//! besides the library's MP4: image files, raw RGBA, and YUV4MPEG2.
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::future::{Future, ready};
+use std::io::{self, BufWriter, Write};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use latkit::host::{Host, Job, Native};
+use latkit::{Encoding, Error, Image, ImageFormat, Mp4, Pending, Pixels, Sink};
+
+use crate::Failure;
+use crate::args::{is_stdio, pattern};
+
+/// Image files encoding at once, on the host's workers.
+const ENCODING: usize = 4;
+
+fn written(error: &io::Error, path: &Path) -> Error {
+    Error::Io(format!("{}: {error}", path.display()).into())
+}
+
+/// Bytes to stdout, or to a file that replaces `path` only once every byte is written.
+pub(crate) enum Output {
+    Stdout(BufWriter<io::Stdout>),
+    File { path: PathBuf, file: BufWriter<File>, temporary: tempfile::TempPath },
+}
+
+impl Output {
+    /// An output to `path`, or stdout for `-`.
+    pub(crate) fn create(path: &Path) -> Result<Output, Failure> {
+        if is_stdio(path) {
+            return Ok(Output::Stdout(BufWriter::new(io::stdout())));
+        }
+        let parent = path.parent().filter(|p| !p.as_os_str().is_empty()).unwrap_or(Path::new("."));
+        let suffix = path.extension().map(|e| format!(".{}", e.to_string_lossy())).unwrap_or_default();
+        let temporary =
+            tempfile::Builder::new().suffix(&suffix).tempfile_in(parent).map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, path))?;
+        let (file, temporary) = temporary.into_parts();
+        Ok(Output::File { path: path.to_path_buf(), file: BufWriter::new(file), temporary })
+    }
+
+    /// Writes what is left and, for a file, replaces its destination.
+    pub(crate) fn commit(self) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+        match self {
+            Output::Stdout(mut out) => out.flush().map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e, Path::new("-"))),
+            Output::File { path, file, temporary } => {
+                drop(file.into_inner().map_err(|e| Failure::io(e.error(), &path))?);
+                temporary.persist(&path).map_err(|e| Failure::io(&e.error, &path))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        match self {
+            Output::Stdout(_) => Path::new("-"),
+            Output::File { path, .. } => path,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes `bytes`, naming the destination in its error.
+    fn put(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+        self.write_all(bytes).map_err(|e| written(&e, self.path()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Write for Output {
+    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Output::Stdout(out) => out.write(bytes),
+            Output::File { file, .. } => file.write(bytes),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Output::Stdout(out) => out.flush(),
+            Output::File { file, .. } => file.flush(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a sink leaves once its video is finished: its output, written and in place.
+pub(crate) trait Commit {
+    fn commit(self) -> Result<(), Failure>;
+}
+
+impl Commit for Mp4<Output> {
+    fn commit(self) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+        self.into_inner().commit()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pictures as image files, encoded on the host's workers a few at once: one a frame, numbered by
+/// the pattern of the output's name, each file written whole and in order, a held frame's file the
+/// frame before's; or one file, of frames that are one.
+pub(crate) struct Images {
+    to: To,
+    format: ImageFormat,
+    host: Native,
+    size: [u32; 2],
+    /// Frames under way, oldest first: each frame's index, and a drawn frame's file.
+    writing: VecDeque<(u64, Option<Pending<Vec<u8>>>)>,
+    /// The last drawn frame's file.
+    last: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Where image files go.
+enum To {
+    Numbered(PathBuf),
+    One(Output),
+}
+
+impl Images {
+    /// A file a frame, at the paths `pattern` numbers.
+    pub(crate) fn numbered(pattern: PathBuf, format: ImageFormat, host: Native) -> Images {
+        Images::new(To::Numbered(pattern), format, host)
+    }
+
+    /// One file, to `out`.
+    pub(crate) fn one(out: Output, format: ImageFormat, host: Native) -> Images {
+        Images::new(To::One(out), format, host)
+    }
+
+    fn new(to: To, format: ImageFormat, host: Native) -> Images {
+        Images { to, format, host, size: [0, 0], writing: VecDeque::new(), last: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// The path of frame `index` where `names` numbers the frames.
+    fn path(names: &Path, index: u64) -> PathBuf {
+        let text = names.to_string_lossy();
+        let (range, width) = pattern(names).expect("a pattern");
+        format!("{}{index:0width$}{}", &text[..range.start], &text[range.end..]).into()
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the oldest frame's file once it is encoded.
+    async fn write_oldest(&mut self) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+        let Some((index, file)) = self.writing.pop_front() else { return Ok(()) };
+        if let Some(file) = file {
+            self.last = file.await?;
+            if self.last.is_empty() {
+                return Err(Error::invalid(format!("the picture could not be written as {}", self.format)));
+            }
+        }
+        match &mut self.to {
+            To::Numbered(names) => {
+                let path = Images::path(names, index);
+                let mut out = Output::create(&path).map_err(|f| f.error)?;
+                out.put(&self.last)?;
+                out.commit().map_err(|f| f.error)
+            }
+            To::One(out) => out.put(&self.last),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Sink for Images {
+    const PIXELS: Pixels = Pixels::Rgba;
+
+    fn begin(&mut self, encoding: &Encoding, _: Option<&dyn Host>) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+        self.size = encoding.size;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn frame(&mut self, index: u64, pixels: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+        if index > 0 && matches!(self.to, To::One(_)) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("an image file is one frame; a %d pattern in the output writes one a frame"));
+        }
+        let file = match pixels {
+            Some(rgba) => Some(self.host.spawn(Job::encode(&Image::new(self.size, rgba)?, self.format))),
+            None => None,
+        };
+        self.writing.push_back((index, file));
+        while self.writing.len() > ENCODING {
+            self.write_oldest().await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn finish(&mut self, end: u64) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+        if end == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("the frames are empty"));
+        }
+        while !self.writing.is_empty() {
+            self.write_oldest().await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Commit for Images {
+    fn commit(self) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+        match self.to {
+            To::Numbered(_) => Ok(()),
+            To::One(out) => out.commit(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Raw RGBA, straight alpha, frames back to back; a held frame is the frame before again.
+pub(crate) struct Raw {
+    out: Output,
+    last: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Raw {
+    pub(crate) fn new(out: Output) -> Raw {
+        Raw { out, last: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Sink for Raw {
+    const PIXELS: Pixels = Pixels::Rgba;
+
+    fn frame(&mut self, _: u64, pixels: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<()>> {
+        if let Some(rgba) = pixels {
+            self.last = rgba;
+        }
+        ready(self.out.put(&self.last))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self, _: u64) -> impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<()>> {
+        ready(self.out.flush().map_err(|e| written(&e, self.out.path())))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Commit for Raw {
+    fn commit(self) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+        self.out.commit()
+    }
+}
+
+/// YUV4MPEG2: a header, then each frame's planes, 4:2:0 from the GPU's NV12. A held frame is the
+/// frame before again.
+pub(crate) struct Y4m {
+    out: Output,
+    size: [u32; 2],
+    /// The last frame written, `FRAME` and planes.
+    last: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Y4m {
+    pub(crate) fn new(out: Output) -> Y4m {
+        Y4m { out, size: [0, 0], last: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Sink for Y4m {
+    const PIXELS: Pixels = Pixels::Nv12;
+
+    fn begin(&mut self, encoding: &Encoding, _: Option<&dyn Host>) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+        self.size = encoding.size;
+        let ([width, height], [num, den]) = (encoding.size, encoding.rate());
+        // The GPU averages each 2×2 block's chroma: centered, as JPEG sites it.
+        let header = format!("YUV4MPEG2 W{width} H{height} F{num}:{den} Ip A1:1 C420jpeg XCOLORRANGE=LIMITED\n");
+        self.out.put(header.as_bytes())
+    }
+
+    fn frame(&mut self, _: u64, pixels: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<()>> {
+        if let Some(nv12) = pixels {
+            let luma = (self.size[0] * self.size[1]) as usize;
+            self.last.clear();
+            self.last.extend_from_slice(b"FRAME\n");
+            self.last.extend_from_slice(&nv12[..luma]);
+            let chroma = &nv12[luma..];
+            self.last.extend(chroma.iter().step_by(2));
+            self.last.extend(chroma.iter().skip(1).step_by(2));
+        }
+        ready(self.out.put(&self.last))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self, _: u64) -> impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<()>> {
+        ready(self.out.flush().map_err(|e| written(&e, self.out.path())))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Commit for Y4m {
+    fn commit(self) -> Result<(), Failure> {
+        self.out.commit()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn patterns_number_files() {
+        assert_eq!(Images::path(Path::new("out/frame-%04d.png"), 7), PathBuf::from("out/frame-0007.png"));
+        assert_eq!(Images::path(Path::new("%d.jpg"), 12), PathBuf::from("12.jpg"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-cli/tests/cli.rs b/crates/latkit-cli/tests/cli.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca6c84dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-cli/tests/cli.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+//! The executable's contracts: files, pipes, exit codes, diagnostics, and every output a render
+//! writes, from a still to a video.
+
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::{Command, Output, Stdio};
+
+use latkit::Image;
+
+const SCENE: &str =
+    r#"{"space":"plane","ease":0,"marks":[{"vertices":{"of":["grid","Bus"],"position":["x","y"],"radius":6}}]}"#;
+const DATA: &str = r#"{"name":"grid","patch":[{"replace":{"table":"Bus","ids":[10,20],"fields":{"x":[-10,10],"y":[0,0],"name":["Alpha","Beta"]}}}]}"#;
+const CAMERA: &str = r#"{"center":[0,0],"zoom":2,"pitch":0,"bearing":0}"#;
+
+fn run(dir: &Path, args: &[&str], input: Option<&[u8]>) -> Output {
+    let mut child = Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_latkit"))
+        .current_dir(dir)
+        .args(args)
+        .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+        .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+        .spawn()
+        .unwrap();
+    if let Some(bytes) = input {
+        child.stdin.take().unwrap().write_all(bytes).unwrap();
+    }
+    drop(child.stdin.take());
+    child.wait_with_output().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn fixture() -> tempfile::TempDir {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("scene.json"), SCENE).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("grid.json"), DATA).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("camera.json"), CAMERA).unwrap();
+    dir
+}
+
+/// Whether the machine has no GPU, which only `LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU` makes a failure.
+fn no_gpu(output: &Output) -> bool {
+    let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+    let missing = !output.status.success() && (stderr.contains("no GPU adapter") || stderr.contains("no GPU device"));
+    assert!(!missing || std::env::var_os("LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU").is_none(), "GPU required: {stderr}");
+    missing
+}
+
+fn ok(output: &Output) {
+    assert!(output.status.success(), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr));
+}
+
+/// Writes frames: `x` positions of the two buses, as patches of slices of one binary file.
+fn frames(dir: &Path, xs: &[[f32; 2]]) {
+    let bytes: Vec<u8> = xs.iter().flatten().flat_map(|x| x.to_le_bytes()).collect();
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.join("sequence")).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.join("sequence/x.f32"), bytes).unwrap();
+    let lines: Vec<String> = (0..xs.len())
+        .map(|i| {
+            format!(
+                r#"{{"at":{i},"patch":{{"grid":[{{"set":{{"table":"Bus","ids":[10,20],"fields":{{"x":{{"file":"x.f32","dtype":"f32le","offset":{},"count":2}}}}}}}}]}}}}"#,
+                i * 8
+            )
+        })
+        .collect();
+    std::fs::write(dir.join("sequence/frames.jsonl"), lines.join("\n")).unwrap();
+}
+
+const COMMON: [&str; 9] = [
+    "render",
+    "scene.json",
+    "-d",
+    "grid.json",
+    "--camera",
+    "camera.json",
+    "--frames",
+    "sequence/frames.jsonl",
+    "--size=64x64",
+];
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_errors_exit_2_before_reading_or_drawing() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let help = run(dir.path(), &["render", "--help"], None);
+    ok(&help);
+    assert!(String::from_utf8(help.stdout).unwrap().contains("--frames"));
+    for args in [
+        vec!["render", "missing.json"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out.png", "--size", "0x10"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out.png", "--scale", "NaN"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out.png", "--at", "inf"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out.png", "--elapsed", "1e100"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out.png", "--deadline", "0"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out.gif"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out.mp4"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "--frames", "f.jsonl", "-o", "out.mp4", "--size", "62x64"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "--frames", "f.jsonl", "-o", "out.mp4", "--transparent"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "--frames", "f.jsonl", "-o", "out.mp4", "--fps", "0"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "--frames", "f.jsonl", "-o", "out/%04d.y4m"],
+        vec!["render", "missing.json", "-o", "out/%04d.png"],
+        vec!["render", "a.json", "b.json", "-o", "out.png"],
+        vec!["render", "a.json", "-o", "out.png", "--tiles", "base.pmtiles"],
+        vec!["validate", "-", "-d", "-"],
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(run(dir.path(), &args, None).status.code(), Some(2), "{args:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validation_reads_everything_without_a_gpu_and_is_silent_on_success() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    frames(dir.path(), &[[-4.0, 4.0], [0.0, 8.0]]);
+    for (args, stdin) in [
+        (vec!["validate", "scene.json", "-d", "grid.json"], None),
+        (vec!["validate", "-", "-d", "grid.json"], Some(SCENE.as_bytes())),
+        (vec!["validate", "scene.json", "-d", "-"], Some(DATA.as_bytes())),
+        (vec!["validate", "scene.json", "-d", "grid.json", "--frames", "sequence/frames.jsonl"], None),
+    ] {
+        let output = run(dir.path(), &args, stdin);
+        ok(&output);
+        assert!(output.stdout.is_empty() && output.stderr.is_empty());
+    }
+    // A frame naming no dataset fails at its line, as JSON when asked.
+    let bad = r#"{"at":0,"patch":{"absent":[{"forget":{"before":0}}]}}"#;
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("sequence/bad.jsonl"), format!("{{\"at\":0}}\n{bad}")).unwrap();
+    let args = ["--diagnostics", "json", "validate", "scene.json", "-d", "grid.json", "--frames", "sequence/bad.jsonl"];
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &args, None);
+    assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(1));
+    let told: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stderr).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(told["type"], "error");
+    assert_eq!(told["detail"]["code"], "invalid");
+    assert_eq!(told["detail"]["path"], "frames[1].patch.absent");
+    // A camera for each view looks at its own view's space: a plot's cannot look at a plane.
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("sequence/bad.jsonl"), r#"{"camera": [{"x": [0, 1]}]}"#).unwrap();
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &args, None);
+    let told: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stderr).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(told["detail"]["path"], "frames[0].camera[0]");
+    assert!(told["detail"]["source"].as_str().unwrap().ends_with("bad.jsonl"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn failures_name_the_part_and_the_file_and_keep_the_output() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &["--diagnostics", "json", "validate", "scene.json"], None);
+    assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(1));
+    let told: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stderr).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(told["detail"]["path"], "marks[0].vertices.of");
+    assert_eq!(told["detail"]["source"], "scene.json");
+    let twice = run(dir.path(), &["validate", "scene.json", "-d", "grid.json", "-d", "grid.json"], None);
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&twice.stderr).contains("duplicate"));
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("out.png"), b"keep this").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(run(dir.path(), &["render", "scene.json", "-o", "out.png"], None).status.code(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(dir.path().join("out.png")).unwrap(), b"keep this");
+    // A legend shows a color mapped through a colormap with a domain or named categories.
+    let legend = r#"{"space":"plane","marks":[{"vertices":{"of":["grid","Bus"],"legend":"Buses"}}]}"#;
+    let output =
+        run(dir.path(), &["--diagnostics", "json", "validate", "-", "-d", "grid.json"], Some(legend.as_bytes()));
+    let told: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stderr).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(told["detail"]["path"], "marks[0].vertices.legend");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn inspect_describes_datasets_and_geojson_takes_a_name() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    let geo = r#"{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","properties":{"n":1},"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[1,2]}}]}"#;
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("places.geojson"), geo).unwrap();
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &["inspect", "grid.json", "places=places.geojson"], None);
+    ok(&output);
+    let told: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(told[0]["name"], "grid");
+    let bus = &told[0]["tables"][0];
+    assert_eq!((&bus["name"], &bus["rows"]), (&"Bus".into(), &2.into()));
+    assert_eq!(bus["fields"][0], serde_json::json!({ "name": "name", "kind": "text" }));
+    assert_eq!(told[1]["name"], "places");
+    assert_eq!(told[1]["tables"][0]["rows"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(run(dir.path(), &["inspect", "places.geojson"], None).status.code(), Some(1), "GeoJSON needs a name");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn schema_describes_every_input_and_frames() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &["schema", "frames"], None);
+    ok(&output);
+    let schema: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(schema["$ref"], "#/$defs/Frame");
+    let frame = &schema["$defs"]["Frame"]["properties"];
+    assert_eq!(frame["patch"]["$ref"], "#/$defs/Patches");
+    assert!(frame["camera"].to_string().contains("#/$defs/Camera"), "{frame}");
+    let all: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&run(dir.path(), &["schema"], None).stdout).unwrap();
+    assert!(all.get("$ref").is_none() && all["$defs"]["Scene"].is_object());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn query_writes_a_json_line_a_row() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    let query =
+        r#"{"of":"Bus","sort":[["x","descending"]],"select":{"name":"name","twice":{"op":"mul","args":["x",2]}}}"#;
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &["query", "grid.json", query], None);
+    ok(&output);
+    let lines: Vec<serde_json::Value> =
+        String::from_utf8(output.stdout).unwrap().lines().map(|l| serde_json::from_str(l).unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        lines,
+        [
+            serde_json::json!({ "id": 20, "name": "Beta", "twice": 20.0 }),
+            serde_json::json!({ "id": 10, "name": "Alpha", "twice": -20.0 }),
+        ]
+    );
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("query.json"), r#"{"of":"Bus","filter":{"op":"lt","args":["x",0]}}"#).unwrap();
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &["query", "-", "query.json"], Some(DATA.as_bytes()));
+    ok(&output);
+    assert_eq!(String::from_utf8(output.stdout).unwrap().lines().count(), 1);
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &["query", "grid.json", r#"{"of":"Nope"}"#], None);
+    assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(1));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).contains("no such table"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_history_tiles_and_draws_from_its_spans_as_from_itself() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let at: Vec<String> = (0..2000).map(|t| t.to_string()).collect();
+    let v: Vec<String> = (0..2000).map(|t| format!("{:.4}", 0.5 + 0.4 * (f64::from(t) / 40.0).sin())).collect();
+    let data = format!(
+        r#"{{"name":"signals","patch":[{{"axis":{{"name":"time","unit":"s"}}}},{{"replace":{{"table":"Signal","ids":{{"count":1}}}}}},{{"append":{{"at":[{}],"table":"Signal","fields":{{"v":[{}]}}}}}}]}}"#,
+        at.join(","),
+        v.join(",")
+    );
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("signals.json"), data).unwrap();
+    let scene = r##"{"space":"plot","ease":0,"marks":[{"lines":{"of":["signals","Signal"],"trace":"v","color":"#ff0000","width":2}}]}"##;
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("plot.json"), scene).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("camera.json"), r#"{"x":[100,300],"y":[0,1]}"#).unwrap();
+    ok(&run(dir.path(), &["tile", "signals.json", "-o", "tiles", "--chunk", "64"], None));
+    for file in ["tiles/frames.json", "tiles/base.latk", "tiles/0/0/0.latk", "tiles/0/1/3.latk"] {
+        assert!(dir.path().join(file).is_file(), "{file}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(run(dir.path(), &["tile", "signals.json", "-o", "tiles", "--chunk", "12"], None).status.code(), Some(1));
+    let render = |source: [&str; 2]| {
+        let args = ["render", "plot.json", source[0], source[1], "--camera", "camera.json", "--size", "96x64"];
+        run(dir.path(), &[&args[..], &["--format", "rgba", "-o", "-"]].concat(), None)
+    };
+    let whole = render(["-d", "signals.json"]);
+    if no_gpu(&whole) {
+        return;
+    }
+    ok(&whole);
+    let tiled = render(["--tiles", "signals=tiles/frames.json"]);
+    ok(&tiled);
+    let pixels = |o: &Output| o.stdout.as_chunks::<4>().0.to_vec();
+    let differing = pixels(&whole).iter().zip(pixels(&tiled)).filter(|(a, b)| a[0].abs_diff(b[0]) > 8).count();
+    assert!(differing < 32, "{differing} pixels differ");
+    assert!(pixels(&tiled).iter().any(|p| p[0] > 200 && p[1] < 60), "the trace draws");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_labeled_still_renders_to_a_file_and_to_stdout() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    let scene = r#"{"space":"diagram","layout":{"layered":{}},"title":"Grid","marks":[{"vertices":{"of":["grid","Bus"],"label":"name"}}]}"#;
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("scene.json"), scene).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("out.png"), b"replace me").unwrap();
+    let args = ["render", "scene.json", "-d", "grid.json", "-o", "out.png", "--size", "127x129", "--transparent"];
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &args, None);
+    if no_gpu(&output) {
+        return;
+    }
+    ok(&output);
+    assert_eq!(output.stdout, b"");
+    let image = Image::from_png(&std::fs::read(dir.path().join("out.png")).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(image.size, [127, 129]);
+    assert!(image.rgba.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().any(|p| p[3] > 0));
+    assert!(image.rgba.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().any(|p| p[3] == 0));
+    let mut args = args.to_vec();
+    args[5] = "-";
+    let stdout = run(dir.path(), &args, None);
+    ok(&stdout);
+    assert_eq!(Image::from_png(&stdout.stdout).unwrap(), image);
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(dir.path()).unwrap().count(), 4, "no temporary output left behind");
+    for (file, starts) in [("out.jpg", &[0xff, 0xd8, 0xff][..]), ("out.webp", &b"RIFF"[..])] {
+        args[5] = file;
+        ok(&run(dir.path(), &args, None));
+        assert!(std::fs::read(dir.path().join(file)).unwrap().starts_with(starts), "{file} is what it says");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn panels_draw_a_scene_each() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    let plot = r#"{"space":"plot","marks":[]}"#;
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("plot.json"), plot).unwrap();
+    let args = [
+        "render",
+        "scene.json",
+        "plot.json",
+        "-d",
+        "grid.json",
+        "--panel",
+        "0,0,0.5,1",
+        "--panel",
+        "0.5,0,0.5,1",
+        "--size",
+        "128x64",
+        "--format",
+        "rgba",
+        "-o",
+        "-",
+    ];
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &args, None);
+    if no_gpu(&output) {
+        return;
+    }
+    ok(&output);
+    assert_eq!(output.stdout.len(), 128 * 64 * 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_frame_stream_writes_every_output_and_holds_still_frames() {
+    let dir = fixture();
+    // The third frame changes nothing: it is held, and a raw stream repeats the second.
+    frames(dir.path(), &[[-4.0, 4.0], [0.0, 8.0], [0.0, 8.0]]);
+    let mut args = COMMON.to_vec();
+    args.extend(["--format", "rgba", "-o", "-"]);
+    let output = run(dir.path(), &args, None);
+    if no_gpu(&output) {
+        return;
+    }
+    ok(&output);
+    let frame = 64 * 64 * 4;
+    assert_eq!(output.stdout.len(), frame * 3);
+    let [first, second, third] = [0, 1, 2].map(|i| &output.stdout[i * frame..(i + 1) * frame]);
+    assert_ne!(first, second);
+    assert_eq!(second, third);
+
+    // A sequence never truncates itself into one PNG, nor destroys an old file.
+    std::fs::write(dir.path().join("out.png"), b"keep").unwrap();
+    let mut args = COMMON.to_vec();
+    args.extend(["-o", "out.png"]);
+    assert_eq!(run(dir.path(), &args, None).status.code(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(dir.path().join("out.png")).unwrap(), b"keep");
+
+    let mut args = COMMON.to_vec();
+    args.extend(["-o", "pngs/frame-%03d.png"]);
+    std::fs::create_dir(dir.path().join("pngs")).unwrap();
+    ok(&run(dir.path(), &args, None));
+    let names: Vec<String> = std::fs::read_dir(dir.path().join("pngs"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .map(|e| e.unwrap().file_name().into_string().unwrap())
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(names.len(), 3, "{names:?}");
+    let png =
+        |n: u32| Image::from_png(&std::fs::read(dir.path().join(format!("pngs/frame-{n:03}.png"))).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(&png(0).rgba[..], first);
+    assert_eq!(png(1), png(2));
+
+    let mut args = COMMON.to_vec();
+    args.extend(["-o", "out.y4m"]);
+    ok(&run(dir.path(), &args, None));
+    let y4m = std::fs::read(dir.path().join("out.y4m")).unwrap();
+    let header = b"YUV4MPEG2 W64 H64 F60:1 Ip A1:1 C420jpeg XCOLORRANGE=LIMITED\n";
+    assert!(y4m.starts_with(header));
+    assert_eq!(y4m.len(), header.len() + 3 * (6 + 64 * 64 * 3 / 2));
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        let mut args = COMMON.to_vec();
+        args.extend(["-o", "out.mp4"]);
+        ok(&run(dir.path(), &args, None));
+        let mp4 = std::fs::read(dir.path().join("out.mp4")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&mp4[4..8], b"ftyp");
+        assert!(mp4.windows(4).any(|w| w == b"moov") && mp4.windows(4).any(|w| w == b"moof"));
+        let absent = "{\"at\":0}\n{\"at\":0,\"patch\":{\"absent\":[]}}";
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("sequence/frames.jsonl"), absent).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(run(dir.path(), &args, None).status.code(), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(dir.path().join("out.mp4")).unwrap(), mp4, "a failed video keeps the file before");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-js/Cargo.toml b/crates/latkit-js/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcfda995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-js/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+[package]
+name = "latkit-js"
+description = "The latkit npm package: wasm bindings for the browser."
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
+
+[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
+futures-util.workspace = true
+latkit = { workspace = true, features = ["gpu", "web"] }
+wasm-bindgen.workspace = true
+wasm-bindgen-futures.workspace = true
+js-sys.workspace = true
+web-sys = { workspace = true, features = ["HtmlCanvasElement", "OffscreenCanvas"] }
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+console_error_panic_hook.workspace = true
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/latkit-js/src/canvas.rs b/crates/latkit-js/src/canvas.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3810012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-js/src/canvas.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! Canvases: a canvas shows views in panels.
+
+use latkit::web::PageView;
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::Error;
+
+/// A view, for a canvas to show or a shot to draw: what `view.handle()` gives.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct Handle(pub(crate) PageView);
+
+/// The views `handles` name.
+pub(crate) fn views_of(handles: Vec<Handle>) -> Vec<PageView> {
+    handles.into_iter().map(|h| h.0).collect()
+}
+
+/// Views shown in the panels of a `<canvas>` or an `OffscreenCanvas`; freeing it stops drawing them.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct Canvas(pub(crate) latkit::web::Canvas);
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl Canvas {
+    /// Shows `views`, one per panel, in place of those it showed.
+    pub fn show(&self, views: Vec<Handle>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        Ok(self.0.show(&views_of(views))?)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-js/src/convert.rs b/crates/latkit-js/src/convert.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40c03513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-js/src/convert.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//! latkit's rows and ids to JavaScript, and ids back: a query's columns cross as typed arrays and
+//! arrays, built here once; everything else crosses as bytes or JSON.
+
+use js_sys::{Array, Float64Array, Object, Reflect};
+use latkit::Error;
+use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast, JsValue};
+
+/// The largest whole number a JavaScript number holds exactly: 2^53 - 1.
+const SAFE: f64 = 9_007_199_254_740_991.0;
+
+/// A value for JavaScript: a number, boolean, or text; a geometry as nested `[x, y]` arrays; a row a
+/// reference names as its id.
+fn value(value: &latkit::Value) -> JsValue {
+    let xy = |p: &[f64; 2]| -> JsValue { Array::of2(&p[0].into(), &p[1].into()).into() };
+    let path = |p: &Vec<[f64; 2]>| -> JsValue { p.iter().map(xy).collect::<Array>().into() };
+    match value {
+        latkit::Value::Number(n) => (*n).into(),
+        latkit::Value::Bool(b) => (*b).into(),
+        latkit::Value::Text(t) => JsValue::from_str(t),
+        latkit::Value::Point(p) => xy(p),
+        latkit::Value::Path(p) => path(p),
+        latkit::Value::Parts(parts) => parts.iter().map(path).collect::<Array>().into(),
+        latkit::Value::Polygons(polygons) => polygons
+            .iter()
+            .map(|rings| -> JsValue { rings.iter().map(path).collect::<Array>().into() })
+            .collect::<Array>()
+            .into(),
+        latkit::Value::Row(row) => id_value(&row.id),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `table` as a query answers it: `{ table, ids, fields, total }`, numbers as a `Float64Array`
+/// (missing NaN), other values as arrays (missing `null`), a reference as `{ reference, ids }`.
+pub(crate) fn table(table: &latkit::Table, total: usize) -> JsValue {
+    let fields = Object::create(JsValue::NULL.unchecked_ref::<Object>());
+    for field in table.describe().fields {
+        let values = table.values(&field.name).unwrap_or_else(|| latkit::Values::from(Vec::<f64>::new()));
+        let column: JsValue = match (&field.to, values.numbers()) {
+            (Some(to), _) => object(&[("reference", JsValue::from_str(to)), ("ids", ids_value(&values))]),
+            (None, Some(numbers)) => Float64Array::from(&numbers[..]).into(),
+            (None, None) => {
+                (0..values.len()).map(|i| values.get(i).map_or(JsValue::NULL, |v| value(&v))).collect::<Array>().into()
+            }
+        };
+        let _ = Reflect::set(&fields, &JsValue::from_str(&field.name), &column);
+    }
+    let ids: Array = table.ids().map(|id| id_value(&id)).collect();
+    object(&[
+        ("table", JsValue::from_str(table.name())),
+        ("ids", ids.into()),
+        ("fields", fields.into()),
+        ("total", (total as f64).into()),
+    ])
+}
+
+/// Ids held as values, missing `null`.
+fn ids_value(values: &latkit::Values) -> JsValue {
+    (0..values.len()).map(|i| values.id(i).map_or(JsValue::NULL, |id| id_value(&id))).collect::<Array>().into()
+}
+
+/// An object of `entries`.
+pub(crate) fn object(entries: &[(&str, JsValue)]) -> JsValue {
+    let object = Object::new();
+    for (key, value) in entries {
+        let _ = Reflect::set(&object, &JsValue::from_str(key), value);
+    }
+    object.into()
+}
+
+/// An id as a number or a text: a number too large for JavaScript's as its decimal text, which
+/// names the same row.
+pub(crate) fn id_value(id: &latkit::Id) -> JsValue {
+    match id {
+        latkit::Id::Number(n) if *n as f64 <= SAFE => (*n as f64).into(),
+        latkit::Id::Number(n) => JsValue::from_str(&n.to_string()),
+        latkit::Id::Text(t) => JsValue::from_str(t),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The id JavaScript names: a whole number from 0 to 2^53 - 1, or a text.
+pub(crate) fn id(value: &JsValue) -> Result<latkit::Id, Error> {
+    if let Some(text) = value.as_string() {
+        return Ok(latkit::Id::from(text));
+    }
+    match value.as_f64() {
+        Some(n) if n.fract() == 0.0 && (0.0..=SAFE).contains(&n) => Ok(latkit::Id::Number(n as u64)),
+        _ => Err(Error::invalid("an id is a whole number from 0 to 2^53 - 1, or a text").at("id")),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-js/src/error.rs b/crates/latkit-js/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9eb236b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-js/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! Errors as JavaScript throws them: an `Error` with latkit's message, its `code` (`invalid`,
+//! `unsupported`, `limit`, `io`, `device-lost`, `cancelled`, or `timeout`), and for invalid input the
+//! `path` to the part.
+
+use js_sys::Reflect;
+use wasm_bindgen::JsValue;
+
+/// A latkit error, thrown as a JavaScript `Error`.
+pub struct Error(JsValue);
+
+impl From<latkit::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(error: latkit::Error) -> Error {
+        let thrown = js_sys::Error::new(&error.to_string());
+        let _ = Reflect::set(&thrown, &"code".into(), &error.code().into());
+        if let latkit::Error::Invalid { path, .. } = &error {
+            let _ = Reflect::set(&thrown, &"path".into(), &path.to_string().into());
+        }
+        Error(thrown.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Error> for JsValue {
+    fn from(error: Error) -> JsValue {
+        error.0
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-js/src/lib.rs b/crates/latkit-js/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fb47678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-js/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+//! The latkit npm package: data and views for the browser, over WebGPU.
+//!
+//! What crosses is bytes or JSON, in the forms `latkit` reads and writes. Patches cross as their byte
+//! frames, which the package's TypeScript writes itself; scenes, cameras, fits, queries, and rows go
+//! in as JSON, and events, hits, stats, and work come out as JSON, a view's events a batch at a time.
+//! A query's columns come out as typed arrays, copied once.
+
+#![cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+#![allow(unsafe_code, reason = "wasm-bindgen's generated glue")]
+#![allow(missing_docs, reason = "documented in the npm package's TypeScript")]
+
+mod canvas;
+mod convert;
+mod error;
+mod shot;
+
+use wasm_bindgen::JsCast;
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+pub use canvas::{Canvas, Handle};
+pub use error::Error;
+pub use shot::{Image, Video, image, set_encoder};
+
+#[wasm_bindgen(start)]
+fn start() {
+    console_error_panic_hook::set_once();
+}
+
+/// What `text` holds, in the JSON form latkit reads; or why not, at the path from `what`.
+fn json<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(what: &str, text: &str) -> Result<T, Error> {
+    latkit::from_json(text).map_err(|e| e.at(what).into())
+}
+
+/// `value` in the JSON form the npm package's types describe.
+fn to_json(value: &impl serde::Serialize) -> String {
+    serde_json::to_string(value).expect("view state serializes")
+}
+
+/// A promise of what `future` answers, its error thrown as latkit's.
+fn promise<T: Into<JsValue>>(future: impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<T>> + 'static) -> js_sys::Promise {
+    wasm_bindgen_futures::future_to_promise(async move {
+        future.await.map(Into::into).map_err(|e| JsValue::from(Error::from(e)))
+    })
+}
+
+/// The GPU device views draw with.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct Gpu(latkit::Gpu);
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl Gpu {
+    /// Requests a WebGPU device.
+    pub async fn create() -> Result<Gpu, Error> {
+        Ok(Gpu(latkit::Gpu::new().await?))
+    }
+
+    /// A view of `scene` (JSON), telling `tell` its events from the start: each batch a JSON array of
+    /// `{ type, detail }`. A canvas shows it; a shot draws it with or without one.
+    pub fn view(&self, scene: &str, tell: js_sys::Function) -> Result<View, Error> {
+        let view = latkit::web::PageView::new(latkit::View::new(&self.0, json("scene", scene)?)?);
+        let telling = view.on(move |events| {
+            let _ = tell.call1(&JsValue::NULL, &JsValue::from_str(&to_json(&events)));
+        });
+        Ok(View { view, _telling: telling })
+    }
+
+    /// A canvas showing views in `panels` (JSON) of `target`: a `<canvas>` element, or an
+    /// `OffscreenCanvas` at `pixel_ratio` pixels a CSS pixel.
+    pub fn canvas(&self, target: &JsValue, panels: &str, pixel_ratio: Option<f32>) -> Result<Canvas, Error> {
+        let panels: latkit::Panels = json("panels", panels)?;
+        let canvas = if let Some(element) = target.dyn_ref::<web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement>() {
+            latkit::web::Canvas::new(&self.0, element, panels)?
+        } else if let Some(offscreen) = target.dyn_ref::<web_sys::OffscreenCanvas>() {
+            latkit::web::Canvas::offscreen(&self.0, offscreen, panels, pixel_ratio.unwrap_or(1.0))?
+        } else {
+            return Err(latkit::Error::invalid("a canvas draws into a <canvas> or an OffscreenCanvas").into());
+        };
+        Ok(Canvas(canvas))
+    }
+
+    /// Calls `listener` with the frame's timestamp every animation frame, before the views draw.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = onFrame)]
+    pub fn on_frame(&self, listener: js_sys::Function) -> Listener {
+        Listener(latkit::web::on_frame(&self.0, move |now| {
+            let _ = listener.call1(&JsValue::NULL, &now.into());
+        }))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the device was lost.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn lost(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.lost()
+    }
+
+    /// How much GPU memory data takes, as JSON `{ bytes, uploadPerFrame }`.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn budget(&self) -> String {
+        to_json(&self.0.budget())
+    }
+
+    /// Sets how much GPU memory data takes, from JSON `{ bytes, uploadPerFrame }`.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = setBudget)]
+    pub fn set_budget(&self, budget: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.0.set_budget(json("budget", budget)?);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// What the GPU did since it was made, counted exactly, as JSON.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn work(&self) -> String {
+        to_json(&self.0.work())
+    }
+
+    /// Draws one frame now at `now`, milliseconds as an animation frame's timestamp; from the first,
+    /// no animation frames are asked for.
+    pub fn step(&self, now: f64) {
+        latkit::web::step(&self.0, now);
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves once the GPU finished what was submitted, every readback landed, and every pipeline
+    /// asked for compiled.
+    pub fn done(&self) -> js_sys::Promise {
+        let gpu = self.0.clone();
+        promise(async move {
+            latkit::web::done(&gpu).await;
+            Ok(JsValue::UNDEFINED)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves when work a view waits on lands after this call, or a view asks for a frame.
+    pub fn landed(&self) -> js_sys::Promise {
+        let landed = latkit::web::landed(&self.0);
+        promise(async move {
+            landed.await;
+            Ok(JsValue::UNDEFINED)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl Gpu {
+    /// A video of `shot`'s (JSON) pictures at `fps` frames a second, encoded by WebCodecs at
+    /// `bitrate` bits a second, or about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame.
+    pub fn video(&self, shot: &str, fps: f64, bitrate: Option<f64>) -> Result<Video, Error> {
+        shot::video(&self.0, shot, fps, bitrate)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A listener; freeing it stops it.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct Listener(#[allow(dead_code, reason = "kept until freed")] latkit::web::Listener);
+
+/// A named collection of tables, changed in place by patches; a snapshot keeps a version.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct Data(latkit::Data);
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl Data {
+    #[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
+    pub fn new(name: &str) -> Data {
+        Data(latkit::Data::new(name))
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset latkit bytes hold, renamed `name` when given.
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value, reason = "wasm-bindgen hands optional texts over owned")]
+    pub fn read(bytes: &[u8], name: Option<String>) -> Result<Data, Error> {
+        if !bytes.starts_with(b"LATK") {
+            return Err(latkit::Error::invalid("not latkit bytes").at("bytes").into());
+        }
+        Ok(Data(latkit::Data::read(bytes, name.as_deref())?))
+    }
+
+    /// A promise of the dataset its JSON document builds, its slices fetched relative to `base`.
+    pub fn load(json: String, base: String) -> js_sys::Promise {
+        promise(async move { Ok(Data(latkit::Data::load(&json, &base, &latkit::host::Browser).await?)) })
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn name(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.name().to_string()
+    }
+
+    /// The first and last axis coordinates the sampled fields span.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Option<Vec<f64>> {
+        self.0.span().map(Vec::from)
+    }
+
+    /// Applies the patch `bytes` hold: every change, or none when one is invalid.
+    pub fn apply(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        Ok(self.0.apply(latkit::Patch::from_bytes(bytes)?)?)
+    }
+
+    /// This version, kept as `apply` changes this one: O(1), sharing every page.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn snapshot(&self) -> Data {
+        Data(self.0.clone())
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = toBytes)]
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// The value of `field` for the row with `id` in `table`, at axis coordinate `at` when given, as
+    /// JSON; `null` when missing.
+    pub fn get(&self, table: &str, id: &JsValue, field: &str, at: Option<f64>) -> Result<String, Error> {
+        let row = latkit::Row::new(self.0.name(), table, convert::id(id)?);
+        let value = match at {
+            Some(at) => self.0.get_at(&row, field, at),
+            None => self.0.get(&row, field),
+        };
+        Ok(to_json(&value))
+    }
+
+    /// The names of the tables.
+    pub fn tables(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.0.tables().map(|t| t.name().to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Every row's id of `table`, in row order.
+    pub fn ids(&self, table: &str) -> js_sys::Array {
+        self.0.table(table).map(|t| t.ids().map(|id| convert::id_value(&id)).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// The names of `table`'s fields.
+    pub fn fields(&self, table: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.0.table(table).map(|t| t.fields().map(|(name, _)| name.to_string()).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// What the dataset holds, as JSON.
+    pub fn describe(&self) -> String {
+        to_json(&self.0.describe())
+    }
+
+    /// The rows `query` (JSON) keeps, as `{ table, ids, fields, total }`: fields in the forms a patch
+    /// writes, `total` the rows kept before paging.
+    pub fn query(&self, query: &str) -> Result<JsValue, Error> {
+        let (table, total) = self.0.query(&json("query", query)?)?;
+        Ok(convert::table(&table, total))
+    }
+
+    /// Each row's least and greatest value of sampled `field` of `table` over `spans` spans of
+    /// `range`: of every row, or of rows `ids` (JSON), as `{ at, least, greatest }` typed arrays.
+    pub fn envelope(
+        &self,
+        table: &str,
+        field: &str,
+        range: &[f64],
+        spans: u32,
+        ids: Option<String>,
+    ) -> Result<JsValue, Error> {
+        let table = self.0.table(table).ok_or_else(|| latkit::Error::invalid("no such table").at(table))?;
+        let [from, to] = range else { return Err(latkit::Error::invalid("a range is [from, to]").into()) };
+        let ids: Option<latkit::Ids> = ids.map(|ids| json("ids", &ids)).transpose()?;
+        let envelope = table.envelope(field, [*from, *to], spans as usize, ids.as_ref())?;
+        Ok(convert::object(&[
+            ("at", js_sys::Float64Array::from(&envelope.at[..]).into()),
+            ("least", js_sys::Float32Array::from(&envelope.least[..]).into()),
+            ("greatest", js_sys::Float32Array::from(&envelope.greatest[..]).into()),
+        ]))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A promise of the bytes of the patch its JSON makes, its slices fetched relative to `base`.
+#[wasm_bindgen(js_name = loadPatch)]
+pub fn load_patch(json: String, base: String) -> js_sys::Promise {
+    promise(async move {
+        let patch = latkit::Patch::load(&json, &base, &latkit::host::Browser).await?;
+        Ok(js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&patch.to_bytes()[..]))
+    })
+}
+
+/// A view of a scene, telling its events from the start.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct View {
+    view: latkit::web::PageView,
+    _telling: latkit::web::Listener,
+}
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl View {
+    /// Draws `scene` (JSON) instead; an invalid scene changes nothing.
+    pub fn show(&self, scene: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let scene = json("scene", scene)?;
+        Ok(self.view.with(|v| v.show(scene))?)
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = setData)]
+    pub fn set_data(&self, data: &Data) {
+        self.view.with(|v| v.set_data(data.0.clone()));
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches the vector tiles at `url` as the camera asks for them, drawn as dataset `name`.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = setTiles)]
+    pub fn set_tiles(&self, name: &str, url: &str) {
+        self.view.with(|v| v.set_tiles(latkit::Tiles::new(name, url)));
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = removeData)]
+    pub fn remove_data(&self, name: &str) {
+        self.view.with(|v| v.remove_data(name));
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset named `name`: one given, or the tiles the view fetched.
+    pub fn data(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Data> {
+        self.view.read(|v| v.data(name).cloned()).map(Data)
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn at(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.view.read(latkit::View::at)
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(setter)]
+    pub fn set_at(&self, at: f64) {
+        self.view.with(|v| v.set_at(at));
+    }
+
+    /// The camera as JSON.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn camera(&self) -> String {
+        self.view.read(|v| to_json(v.camera()))
+    }
+
+    /// Looks through the camera (JSON) at once.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = setCamera)]
+    pub fn set_camera(&self, camera: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let camera = json("camera", camera)?;
+        self.view.with(|v| v.set_camera(camera));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Eases to the camera (JSON).
+    pub fn fly(&self, camera: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let camera = json("camera", camera)?;
+        self.view.with(|v| v.fly(camera));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Frames what `fit` (JSON) names.
+    pub fn fit(&self, fit: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let fit = json("fit", fit)?;
+        self.view.with(|v| v.fit(fit));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Lays every vertex row without a position out again by the scene's layout: a promise of the
+    /// bytes of a patch to each dataset, writing the places into the data.
+    pub fn arrange(&self) -> js_sys::Promise {
+        let pending = self.view.with(latkit::View::arrange);
+        promise(async move {
+            let patches = pending.await?;
+            Ok(patches.iter().map(|patch| js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&patch.to_bytes()[..])).collect::<js_sys::Array>())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Where `position` (x, y, elevation) lands on screen, CSS pixels from the top left.
+    pub fn point(&self, position: &[f64]) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+        let position: [f64; 3] = position.try_into().ok()?;
+        self.view.read(|v| v.point(position)).map(Vec::from)
+    }
+
+    /// The position on the ground under screen point `point`.
+    pub fn ground(&self, point: &[f32]) -> Option<Vec<f64>> {
+        let point: [f32; 2] = point.try_into().ok()?;
+        self.view.read(|v| v.ground(point)).map(Vec::from)
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn insets(&self) -> Vec<f32> {
+        self.view.read(|v| v.insets().to_vec())
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(setter)]
+    pub fn set_insets(&self, insets: &[f32]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let insets: [f32; 4] = insets.try_into().map_err(|_| latkit::Error::invalid("four insets").at("insets"))?;
+        self.view.with(|v| v.set_insets(insets));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn orbit(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.view.read(latkit::View::orbit)
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(setter)]
+    pub fn set_orbit(&self, degrees_per_second: f64) {
+        self.view.with(|v| v.set_orbit(degrees_per_second));
+    }
+
+    /// The rows selected, as JSON sets of rows.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn selection(&self) -> String {
+        self.view.read(|v| to_json(&v.selection()))
+    }
+
+    /// Selects the rows (JSON sets of rows), and no others.
+    pub fn select(&self, rows: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let rows: Vec<latkit::Rows> = json("rows", rows)?;
+        self.view.with(|v| v.select(rows));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// What the user points at, as a JSON hit or `null`.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn hovered(&self) -> String {
+        self.view.read(|v| to_json(&v.hovered()))
+    }
+
+    /// Every mark that draws nothing because its data no longer fits it, as JSON failures.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn failures(&self) -> String {
+        self.view.read(|v| to_json(&v.failures().collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+    }
+
+    /// What the view does each frame, as JSON.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn stats(&self) -> String {
+        to_json(&self.view.read(latkit::View::stats))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the view wants a frame: it changed, or work it waited on landed.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter, js_name = wantsFrame)]
+    pub fn wants_frame(&self) -> bool {
+        self.view.wants_frame()
+    }
+
+    /// Every row within `radius` CSS pixels of `point`, nearest first, as JSON hits.
+    pub fn pick(&self, point: &[f32], radius: f32) -> Result<js_sys::Promise, Error> {
+        let point: [f32; 2] = point.try_into().map_err(|_| latkit::Error::invalid("a point is [x, y]").at("point"))?;
+        let pending = self.view.with(|v| v.pick(point, radius));
+        Ok(promise(async move { Ok(JsValue::from_str(&to_json(&pending.await?))) }))
+    }
+
+    /// Where the row (JSON) lies on screen, `[x, y]`, or `null`.
+    pub fn locate(&self, row: &str) -> Result<js_sys::Promise, Error> {
+        let row: latkit::Row = json("row", row)?;
+        let pending = self.view.with(|v| v.locate(&row));
+        Ok(promise(async move {
+            let point = pending.await?;
+            Ok(point.map_or(JsValue::NULL, |p| js_sys::Array::of2(&p[0].into(), &p[1].into()).into()))
+        }))
+    }
+
+    /// The rows joined to the row (JSON), as JSON sets of rows: a vertex's neighbors across edges and
+    /// nets, or an edge's or a net's vertices.
+    pub fn neighbors(&self, row: &str) -> Result<String, Error> {
+        let row: latkit::Row = json("row", row)?;
+        Ok(self.view.read(|v| to_json(&v.neighbors(&row))))
+    }
+
+    /// The view, for a canvas to show or a shot to draw.
+    pub fn handle(&self) -> Handle {
+        Handle(self.view.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Has views' jobs done by `run`: `(bytes: Uint8Array) => Promise<Uint8Array>`, the page's workers.
+#[wasm_bindgen(js_name = setJobs)]
+pub fn set_jobs(run: js_sys::Function) {
+    latkit::host::Browser::set_jobs(run);
+}
+
+/// Does a job a view handed the page, in a worker: its answer's bytes.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn job(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    latkit::host::Job::from_bytes(bytes.to_vec()).run()
+}
+
+/// The job reading GeoJSON `bytes`, gzip-compressed or not, as dataset `name`, for a worker to do: it
+/// answers the bytes of the patch building the dataset, or nothing when the bytes are no GeoJSON.
+#[wasm_bindgen(js_name = geojsonJob)]
+pub fn geojson_job(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    latkit::host::Job::geojson(name, bytes).into_bytes()
+}
+
+/// The compiled module, for workers to instantiate.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn module() -> JsValue {
+    wasm_bindgen::module()
+}
+
+/// A CSS gradient through `map` (JSON), a catalog name or colors of your own, toward `direction`: the
+/// colors the GPU draws, a band each for a categorical map's categories.
+#[wasm_bindgen(js_name = colormapCss)]
+pub fn colormap_css(map: &str, direction: &str) -> Result<String, Error> {
+    let map: latkit::Colormap = json("colormap", map)?;
+    let css = |color: latkit::Color| {
+        let [r, g, b, a] = color.to_rgba8();
+        format!("rgba({r}, {g}, {b}, {:.3})", f32::from(a) / 255.0)
+    };
+    let percent = |at: f32| format!("{}%", (at * 1e4).round() / 100.0);
+    let stops: Vec<String> = if map.kind() == latkit::ColormapKind::Categorical {
+        let n = map.count();
+        (0..n)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let span = [i, i + 1].map(|at| percent(at as f32 / n as f32));
+                format!("{} {} {}", css(map.sample(i as f32)), span[0], span[1])
+            })
+            .collect()
+    } else {
+        (0..=32).map(|i| format!("{} {}", css(map.sample(i as f32 / 32.0)), percent(i as f32 / 32.0))).collect()
+    };
+    Ok(format!("linear-gradient({direction}, {})", stops.join(", ")))
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit-js/src/shot.rs b/crates/latkit-js/src/shot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46801ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit-js/src/shot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+//! Pictures and videos of views: a shot crosses as JSON,
+//! `{ size, scale, panels, transparent, deadline, elapsed }` with times in seconds, and draws the views
+//! given, whose canvases hold their last frames meanwhile. An image's pixels cross once and its files
+//! are written in workers; a video hands back the bytes each frame made, for the page to write.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use futures_util::future::{AbortHandle, Abortable};
+use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::Error;
+use crate::canvas::{Handle, views_of};
+
+/// RGBA pixels, straight alpha, rows top to bottom.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct Image(latkit::Image);
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl Image {
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.0.size[0]
+    }
+
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.0.size[1]
+    }
+
+    /// The pixels, copied.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn rgba(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.0.rgba.to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// The job writing the image as a `png`, `jpeg` at `quality` from 1 to 100, or `webp` file, for a
+    /// worker to do.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = encodeJob)]
+    pub fn encode_job(&self, format: &str, quality: Option<f64>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+        let quality = match quality {
+            None => 90,
+            Some(q) if (1.0..=100.0).contains(&q) => q.round() as u8,
+            Some(_) => return Err(latkit::Error::invalid("a quality runs from 1 to 100").at("quality").into()),
+        };
+        let format = match format {
+            "png" => latkit::ImageFormat::Png,
+            "jpeg" => latkit::ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality },
+            "webp" => latkit::ImageFormat::WebP,
+            other => return Err(latkit::Error::invalid(format!("no image format {other:?}")).at("format").into()),
+        };
+        Ok(latkit::host::Job::encode(&self.0, format).into_bytes())
+    }
+}
+
+/// The picture `shot` (JSON) takes of the views of `views`, one per panel, once they are complete
+/// and still.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub fn image(shot: &str, views: Vec<Handle>) -> Result<js_sys::Promise, Error> {
+    let shot: latkit::Shot = crate::json("shot", shot)?;
+    let views = views_of(views);
+    Ok(wasm_bindgen_futures::future_to_promise(async move {
+        let image = latkit::web::image(&shot, &views).await.map_err(|e| JsValue::from(Error::from(e)))?;
+        Ok(Image(image).into())
+    }))
+}
+
+/// Bytes a video wrote and the page has not yet taken.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+struct Written(Rc<RefCell<Vec<u8>>>);
+
+impl Write for Written {
+    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+        self.0.borrow_mut().extend_from_slice(bytes);
+        Ok(bytes.len())
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A video of a shot's pictures, encoded by WebCodecs as frames are drawn.
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+pub struct Video {
+    /// The video, or nothing while a frame draws it, and once it is finished.
+    inner: Rc<RefCell<Option<latkit::Video<latkit::Mp4<Written>>>>>,
+    written: Written,
+    fps: f64,
+    frames: Rc<RefCell<u64>>,
+    active: Rc<RefCell<Option<AbortHandle>>>,
+}
+
+#[wasm_bindgen]
+impl Video {
+    /// Seconds into the video the next frame shows at.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn time(&self) -> f64 {
+        *self.frames.borrow() as f64 / self.fps
+    }
+
+    /// Frames drawn or held so far.
+    #[wasm_bindgen(getter)]
+    pub fn frames(&self) -> f64 {
+        *self.frames.borrow() as f64
+    }
+
+    /// Draws the next frame of the views of `views`, one per panel; resolves to the bytes of the file
+    /// ready to write, once there is room for another frame.
+    pub fn frame(&self, views: Vec<Handle>) -> js_sys::Promise {
+        let (inner, written, frames) = (self.inner.clone(), self.written.clone(), self.frames.clone());
+        let views = views_of(views);
+        self.cancellable(async move {
+            let taken = inner.borrow_mut().take();
+            let error = || latkit::Error::invalid("a video draws one frame at a time, until it is finished");
+            let mut video = taken.ok_or_else(|| JsValue::from(Error::from(error())))?;
+            let drawn = latkit::web::frame(&mut video, &views).await;
+            *frames.borrow_mut() = video.frames();
+            *inner.borrow_mut() = Some(video);
+            drawn.map_err(|e| JsValue::from(Error::from(e)))?;
+            Ok(js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&std::mem::take(&mut *written.0.borrow_mut())[..]).into())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Cancels an in-flight operation, releasing its views and encoder when the future is dropped.
+    pub fn cancel(&self) {
+        if let Some(active) = self.active.borrow_mut().take() {
+            active.abort();
+        }
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().take();
+    }
+
+    /// Encodes every frame under way and ends the video; resolves to the file's last bytes.
+    pub fn finish(&self) -> js_sys::Promise {
+        let (inner, written) = (self.inner.clone(), self.written.clone());
+        self.cancellable(async move {
+            let taken = inner.borrow_mut().take();
+            let video = taken.ok_or_else(|| JsValue::from(Error::from(latkit::Error::Cancelled)))?;
+            video.finish().await.map_err(|e| JsValue::from(Error::from(e)))?;
+            Ok(js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&std::mem::take(&mut *written.0.borrow_mut())[..]).into())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Video {
+    fn cancellable(
+        &self,
+        future: impl std::future::Future<Output = Result<JsValue, JsValue>> + 'static,
+    ) -> js_sys::Promise {
+        let mut active = self.active.borrow_mut();
+        if active.is_some() {
+            return js_sys::Promise::reject(&JsValue::from(Error::from(latkit::Error::invalid(
+                "a video runs one operation at a time",
+            ))));
+        }
+        let (abort, registration) = AbortHandle::new_pair();
+        *active = Some(abort);
+        let active = self.active.clone();
+        wasm_bindgen_futures::future_to_promise(async move {
+            let result = Abortable::new(future, registration).await;
+            active.borrow_mut().take();
+            result.unwrap_or_else(|_| Err(JsValue::from(Error::from(latkit::Error::Cancelled))))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Video {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.cancel();
+    }
+}
+
+/// A video of `shot`'s (JSON) pictures at `fps` frames a second, as MP4 at `bitrate` bits a second
+/// or about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame.
+pub(crate) fn video(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, shot: &str, fps: f64, bitrate: Option<f64>) -> Result<Video, Error> {
+    let shot: latkit::Shot = crate::json("shot", shot)?;
+    let written = Written::default();
+    let mut mp4 = latkit::Mp4::new(written.clone());
+    if let Some(bitrate) = bitrate {
+        mp4 = mp4.bitrate(bitrate as u32);
+    }
+    let video = shot.video(gpu, fps, mp4)?;
+    Ok(Video { inner: Rc::new(RefCell::new(Some(video))), written, fps, frames: Rc::default(), active: Rc::default() })
+}
+
+/// Has videos encoded by what `create` makes of `(width, height, fps, bitrate)`: the npm package's
+/// WebCodecs encoder.
+#[wasm_bindgen(js_name = setEncoder)]
+pub fn set_encoder(create: js_sys::Function) {
+    latkit::host::Browser::set_encoder(create);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/ARCHITECTURE.md b/crates/latkit/ARCHITECTURE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ada7b81a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/ARCHITECTURE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# latkit
+
+Columnar data drawn as vertices, edges, faces, lines, and areas on the GPU. This file is the plan.
+✓ done · ◐ partial · ○ to do.
+
+```sh
+cargo xtask check      # fmt, clippy, tests, docs, TypeScript, browser gate
+cargo xtask browser    # the browser gate: shader compile budgets, then every example page in Chrome
+cargo xtask bench      # every scenario swept over sizes in Chrome: time, work, and how each grows
+cargo xtask wasm       # latkit-js → npm/pkg, the npm wrapper → npm/dist (--dev: no LTO)
+cargo xtask examples   # wasm --dev, then the examples at http://127.0.0.1:5200 (--open: in the browser)
+```
+
+## Foundation
+
+1. **One direction:** data → derived data → motion → pixels. Structure comes from data on the CPU,
+   never from a readback; readbacks only answer questions (pick, locate), size GPU work, and carry
+   pictures out.
+2. **The camera is only an eye:** no derivation reads it. Labels hang from world anchors projected
+   every frame; screen-space decisions (legibility, map label collisions) only toggle visibility,
+   and only labels that show have their texts set.
+3. **Derived data is data:** places, sizes, boxes, routes, lanes, triangles, and earth paths are
+   columns the view keeps beside each table, row for row, paged, uploaded, and eased like any column.
+   Every derivation shares one lifecycle (`src/derive/`): a stamp of what it reads; work that fits
+   the frame's one budget done on it; the rest a host job answering a `Patch`, kept only where what
+   it was asked from still holds. Tiles are the camera asking: the one derivation reading it.
+4. **Motion eases changes, never drives them:** data and derived data ease alike; changes during a
+   drag apply at once; geometry morphs point by point, by fraction along where the counts differ.
+   **Time is an input:** every frame and input carries the time of whatever draws it (an animation
+   frame, a video frame, a test's step), and each view's clock moves by the steps between, a quarter
+   second at most and never back. Eases, flights, coasting, orbits, fades, and `elapsed()` read it,
+   never the wall, and what reads it evaluates only when it moves.
+5. **Primitives:** points, strokes, triangles, glyphs. A stroke runs along one path kind, fixed per
+   pipeline: ends (straight, geodesic, lanes), trace (samples), or geometry (any written polyline);
+   a triangle's corners come from ends (faces) or geometry (areas). Geometry is a field: vertices
+   read points, lines paths and rings, areas polygons, from `geometry` unless told otherwise. A text
+   run is rasterized once by the host and made a distance field on the GPU: any size, halo from the
+   field.
+6. **Lists:** count → scan → write. Capacity is a CPU-known bound; a list past it coarsens every
+   item instead of dropping the last.
+7. **Eyes:** every pass draws through an `Eye` (projection, size, pixel ratio): the view or the shadow
+   light. A picture is a frame like any other, drawn at a size of its own.
+8. **Geometry is the world's:** lanes bow by a share of their edge's length, arcs follow great
+   circles, and both are pieces of the path, so the camera never reshapes them. The globe writes its
+   depth a hair under its surface, and a mark past its horizon draws nothing. A segment list keeps
+   each segment's distance along its path, so dashes and comets run on across segments.
+9. **Work follows what shows:** a view plans what it draws within its share of the `Budget`. A
+   table draws whole while it fits and is no denser than a screen shows; a larger one a mark places
+   on a map or a plane draws through tiles. A job gives each row the coarsest level it shows at, by
+   its size, then its `priority`; edges land by their own, carrying their ends. The rows of the tiles
+   the camera wants, as many as the plan holds, are the dataset marks draw, so glow, lanes,
+   transitions, and labels work unchanged, and picks and selection name source rows. A table a mark
+   traces draws whole, its traces as coarse in time as fit. GPU pages are one size in one pool, the
+   least recently drawn evicted first, so what draws always fits.
+10. **Complete:** a frame is complete when nothing in it stands in for work under way: no page
+    waiting to upload, no tile drawn as its ancestor, no table as its first sample, no row standing
+    where it was until a layout lands, no wire drawn as elbows, no area as its earlier triangles, no
+    label at its estimated size, no fit due. Every derivation says so of itself, and `Stats::waiting`
+    names what a frame stood in for; pictures, video frames, tests, and the benchmark wait on the one
+    predicate.
+11. **Events tell what the application did not do itself:** setters are silent. An intent (click,
+    open, menu, drag, connect, delete) is told once, in the order the user acted; one waiting on a
+    pick holds the intents after it. A change (hover, selection, camera, `Waiting`) tells only its
+    latest, and its state can always be read (`hovered`, `selection`, `camera`, `Stats::waiting`,
+    `failures`), so a listener added late reads what it missed. Every intent and hover carries its
+    `Trigger`: point, keys, and device. The keys are a device: Tab and arrows step the hover through
+    rows. Events cross to JavaScript as JSON, a batch per dispatch, like all of a view's state.
+
+## Rules
+
+- CPU per frame is O(marks), plus O(changed pages) on new data, O(sampled pages) when `at` moves,
+  and O(rows drawn) when the tiles the camera wants change.
+- Work superlinear in graph size runs in a host job, never on the frame.
+- Picks probe what the frame drew, through the draws' own geometry: one probe program per kind of
+  mark answers the hover, picks, boxes, and `locate`, a step at a time. Hover follows the frame:
+  what the pointer rests on is probed again whenever the frame changes under it, one probe in flight;
+  `Controls::hover` only says whether it glows.
+- A scene asks for every pipeline it can use the first time it draws into a target: what it draws
+  and changes with, all at once, then what lights rows, probes, and answers queries, a few at a time
+  while frames draw. In a browser they compile off the GPU's thread: the view draws once the first
+  landed, and lights rows, probes, and answers queries once the rest did, so no frame waits on a
+  compile and nothing compiles where it is first used (`Work::late` counts what does); only custom
+  markers compile WGSL at runtime.
+- Nothing is read back that the CPU knows: a diagram's sheet and tiles' pyramids frame a fit at once,
+  labels place once a fit has moved the camera, and a segment list's count is read back one at a time
+  only when the places its paths bend by change.
+- Motion is the view's own only where the user's system allows it (`Controls::motion`): under
+  reduced motion changes apply at once, flights jump, nothing coasts or orbits, labels show without
+  fading, and comets and what reads `elapsed()` hold still, so a still view needs no frames.
+- Every order the user can see comes from count → scan → write or a sort on the CPU, never from
+  the order atomic appends land in.
+- Every shader passes naga at build time and Chrome within its compile budget.
+- Every wait races a deadline; readbacks are taken, never awaited. A view sleeps while it waits:
+  readbacks, jobs, and fetches wake it as they land, and a frame whose work the next one lands
+  (uploads past the budget, a fit or layout due) asks for it. Canvases and shots draw on that alone.
+- Size never fails a draw: the plan always fits the budget, and `priority` decides what draws first,
+  on top, and labeled.
+- No public type before it draws. `Stats::gpu_ms` is the median of the last frames the device timed.
+- Work is counted exactly (`Gpu::work`: bytes uploaded and written, rows evaluated, readbacks, jobs,
+  texts, pipelines); every write goes through the counting queue. The benchmark (`benchmark/`) climbs
+  each scenario's sizes while the last one fits a phase's limit, times each phase from its action to
+  the frame where every view is complete, holds it to how it may grow, to the committed work, and to
+  this machine's times, and stops the sweep at a lost device.
+- A dataset's versions ease from one to the next; another dataset of the same name replaces it, its
+  rows fading in as the old fade out. Rows that only fade evaluate once.
+- Every input is a form: a plain struct serde reads, its schema the format (`latkit::schemas`), and
+  `latkit::from_json` names the path to what it could not read. JSON, JavaScript, and the CLI decode
+  through the same forms, and npm's types are written from them (`npm/schema.json` →
+  `npm/src/inputs.ts`, `outputs.ts`); a test fails when either drifts. Data documents stream their
+  values, never made a JSON value first.
+- One build holds every part. Features choose only drawing and a host: `gpu` (on by default;
+  without it, a build of data, bytes, and JSON alone), `native` (`host::Native`: system fonts,
+  workers, files, and Media Foundation's H.264 on Windows), and `web` (`host::Browser`, and `web`'s
+  `Canvas` and `PageView`, for `wasm32`). Shaders store each distinct declaration once; a variant
+  joins its own.
+- A picture composes on the GPU into exactly the bytes its consumer takes, RGBA for an image and
+  NV12 for an encoder; the CPU touches no pixel. A view draws at one size at a time: while a shot
+  draws it, its canvas holds its last frame.
+
+## Spaces
+
+| Space     | Positions           | Lengths                   | Camera                           | Only here                                       |
+| --------- | ------------------- | ------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
+| `Earth`   | longitude, latitude | CSS px, or `units`        | pitch, bearing; mercator ↔ globe | geodesic edges, tiles, daylight, atmosphere     |
+| `Plane`   | x, y, elevation     | CSS px, or `units`        | pitch, bearing                   |                                                 |
+| `Plot`    | axis, value         | CSS px                    | x and y ranges                   | axes, playhead                                  |
+| `Diagram` | x, y down           | units: a CSS px at zoom 0 | center, zoom                     | ports, groups, nets, orthogonal routes, layouts |
+
+## Diagram
+
+A 2D sheet. Every length is a unit, theme lengths included; strokes keep at least a hairline, and
+only glow, halo, and pick radius stay pixels. Zooming scales one fixed picture.
+
+- **Sheet** (`src/sheet/`): sizes (a block without one fits its label and ports) → places → boxes
+  (groups innermost first: members, padding, header band) → wires (routes, or elbows until a job
+  lands). It writes a derived table beside each table it draws.
+- **Structure reads data only:** position and size can't read hover, zoom, time, or sampled fields
+  (a compile error naming the option). Looks read anything on the GPU, so live values recolor a
+  diagram without touching its structure. `visible` is a look: hidden rows fade, nothing moves.
+- **Stable:** places persist by row id, even after a row leaves, and a row that loses its position
+  stays where it stood. A layout places only rows without one, with placed rows as pins. A wire
+  routes again only when its terminals move or a box near it changes. `View::arrange` lays every
+  row without a position out again; rows stand where they are until it lands, then ease there.
+- **Interaction:** a drag's patches show at once; a moved row's wires route again on the frame, and
+  a large change routes in a job, its wires keeping their routes, or elbows where their ends moved,
+  until it lands. `locate` answers from the sheet.
+- **Look:** labels hang from their anchors every frame, scale with the sheet, show while they fit,
+  and fade below a legible size; port labels sit inside their markers. Groups draw a header band
+  with their title, a hairline border, and a fill tinted by depth. Wires round their bends, dot
+  their junctions, and point at inputs; outputs drive their nets. Free ports are hollow. Hover
+  glows; nothing grows.
+
+## Geography
+
+- **Data:** `Data::read(bytes, Some(name))` reads GeoJSON (gzip-compressed or not) into tables
+  `points`, `lines`, and `polygons`, properties as fields; npm reads it in a worker.
+- **Tiles:** `View::set_tiles(Tiles::new(name, url))` takes a PMTiles archive, TileJSON, or a
+  `{z}/{x}/{y}` template. The camera picks tiles that draw at most their size, nearest first; the host
+  fetches them (`Host::fetch`, ranges for archives); jobs decode them, clipped to their tile, into a
+  dataset the view owns. A layer is a table of the kind its marks draw (or `layer:polygons|lines|points`);
+  row ids come from the tile and the feature's place, so they are stable. A tile not loaded draws its
+  nearest loaded ancestor; fetched bytes stay within a budget, least recently drawn first.
+- **Shapes:** areas triangulate by ear clipping with holes, in a job when large, kept per page and per
+  row so a tile landing shapes only its rows. On the earth, longitudes unwrap across the antimeridian,
+  triangles split along a 2° grid and paths gain points every 2°, so both bend with the globe.
+- **Look:** `Earth::daylight(seconds)` lights the ground and what stands on it by the sun at that
+  instant plus the view's axis coordinate, down to the theme's `night`; `atmosphere` rings the globe.
+  Globe gestures keep the point under the pointer exactly.
+
+## Pictures and video
+
+- **Shot** (`src/shot.rs`): plain data, a picture of views each drawn into its panel of `size` pixels
+  at `scale` pixels per CSS pixel. `image(views)` steps the views' clocks a sixtieth of a second while
+  they ease and waits while work is under way, within a deadline, until every view is complete and
+  still; `compute/compose.wesl` then writes each panel in whole words, and a plain buffer copy
+  reads the RGBA back. `Image::encode` writes it as PNG, JPEG, or lossless WebP; jobs do the same
+  on the host's workers, as npm's `Image.encode` does. `Panels` lay views out in a picture, a
+  video, and a browser canvas alike.
+- **Browser** (`src/web.rs`): a `PageView` is a view the page holds, with or without a canvas; a
+  `Canvas` shows views in the panels of a `<canvas>`, or an `OffscreenCanvas` in a worker, and
+  feeds each the input landing on its panel. One view filling a canvas draws straight into it;
+  several draw into textures of their own, only those that changed, copied into place.
+- **Video** (`src/video/`): a shot's frames at a fixed rate handed in order to a `Sink`, which
+  says the `Pixels` it takes (RGBA or NV12), composed on the GPU, and begins with the video's
+  `Encoding` and the host; three frames under way (one drawing, one reading back, one in the sink).
+  A frame where nothing moved is neither drawn nor read back: the sink is told it is held. `Mp4` is
+  the sink most videos take: the host's `Encoder` (`host::Encoder`, owned NV12 in, Annex B out, no
+  B-frames: WebCodecs in a browser, which npm hands the host; Media Foundation natively on Windows,
+  hardware where present, on a thread of its own) and `mp4.rs`, fragmented MP4 written as it goes,
+  a fragment per keyframe run. A frame lasts until the next one's time, so held frames cost nothing.
+- **Titles and legends**: a scene's `title` and `subtitle`, and a mark's `legend` (its colormap
+  across the domain, or a cell a category), draw as overlay sprites with a plot's axes, O(legends).
+- **Lending:** views lend themselves to a drawing a step at a time (`shot::Views`), so a canvas's
+  view is borrowed only while a step draws it and the page reads it between steps.
+
+## Tree
+
+```
+crates/latkit/
+├── build.rs, build/   link WESL, validate with naga, store each declaration once, mirror shared
+│                      constants; colormaps; shaders.json
+├── shaders/
+│   ├── lib/           types, bind, read, trace, project, state, color, focus, points, path, triangles,
+│   │                  stroke, marker, label, shade, lists, mark, reduce
+│   ├── compute/       evaluate, freeze, bounds, normals, probe, lists, labels (map label collisions),
+│   │                  compose (a shot's panels into RGBA or NV12), fields (text's distance fields)
+│   └── draw/          backdrop (daylight, atmosphere), points, strokes, triangles, areas, glyphs, shade, overlay
+├── src/
+│   ├── lib.rs         the only entry point
+│   ├── tiles.rs       Tiles, TileKey: data fetched in pieces by key
+│   ├── error.rs, pending.rs, image.rs (PNG, JPEG, WebP), time.rs (bounded waits), panels.rs
+│   ├── schema.rs      every input's JSON Schema, from its form
+│   ├── shot.rs        Shot, the drawing that steps views and composes their panels
+│   ├── video/         Video, Sink, Pixels, Mp4, Encoder, Encoding, Unit; mp4 (fragmented, as it goes)
+│   ├── data/          columns, ids, samples, tables, patches, bytes (streamed), forms (what JSON and
+│   │                  JavaScript write), JSON loads, query, describe and envelope, inverse references
+│   ├── expr/          compile, form, color, colormap, ramp (the build's too), cpu: the executor structure reads
+│   ├── scene/         Scene, marks (Vertices, Edges, Faces, Lines, Areas), Label, Port, Marker, Layout, Theme,
+│   │                  Controls, spaces, form
+│   ├── derive/        Derive, Jobs (one budget, one pool), Derivations: graph (marks, joins, links), lanes,
+│   │                  places, stars, shapes, tiles; sight (what
+│   │                  the camera sees, as tiles), pyramid (each row's level, in jobs), tiled (the rows drawn)
+│   ├── sheet/         a diagram's sizes, places, and boxes (mod), and its wires: a derivation
+│   ├── layout/        layered, stress, overlap, pack, route (groups as soft obstacles)
+│   ├── view/          View; clock, camera, rig, gestures, input, event; probe, focus, query, fit, axes, legends; plan, marks,
+│   │                  program, sync, rows, transition, lists, labels, graph, shadows, variants, resources,
+│   │                  uniforms, wake, timer, passes, frame
+│   ├── gpu/           Gpu, Budget, work (Work, the counting queue), arena (fixed pages, one pool), pipelines,
+│   │                  atlas (distance fields), readback, colormaps, icons
+│   ├── host/          Host (text, jobs, fetch, encoder), Job, browser (workers, canvas text, fetch, WebCodecs),
+│   │                  native (fonts, workers, files, Media Foundation)
+│   ├── geo/           geojson, mvt, pmtiles, tiles, shapes, earcut
+│   └── web.rs         Canvas: its surface, frames, input, events; pictures and video frames of canvases
+└── tests/
+
+benchmark/             the benchmark: one page (scenarios, the stage measuring phases, data), the runner,
+                       the judge (rules, orders, baselines), the report, baselines/ (work, times per machine)
+```
+
+## API
+
+```rust
+use latkit::*;
+
+// Data: named tables, changed in place by patches; a clone is an O(1) snapshot. A reference names rows of another table.
+let mut grid = Data::new("grid");
+grid.apply(
+    Patch::new()
+        .replace(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(3)).field("lon", [-97.7, -96.8, -95.4]).field("lat", [30.3, 32.8, 29.8]).field("name", ["A", "B", "C"]).field("kv", [345.0, 138.0, 69.0]))
+        .replace(Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(2)).reference("from", "Bus", [0_u64, 1]).reference("to", "Bus", [1_u64, 2]).field("p", [120.0, -40.0]).field("kv", [345.0, 138.0])),
+)?;
+grid.apply(Patch::new().append([0.5], "Bus", [("vm", [1.01, 0.99, 1.0])]))?; // a sampled frame
+let grid = Data::load(&json, "data/grid.json", &host).await?; // any language's JSON; files' slices fetched
+
+// Reading back: a query is plain data run through the expressions marks draw with; it returns a table.
+let hot = grid.query(&Query::of("Branch").filter(field("p").gt(100.0)).sort(field("p"), Order::Descending).limit(12))?;
+let described = grid.describe();                                        // tables, rows, kinds, axis, span
+let envelope = grid.table("Bus").unwrap().envelope("vm", [0.0, 3600.0], 600, None)?; // least and greatest, from levels
+while let Some((patch, used)) = Patch::decode(&buffer, 1 << 28)? {    // patches back to back, as a socket brings them
+    grid.apply(patch)?;
+    buffer.drain(..used);
+}
+
+// A map: marks name their data; options are expressions. Geometry is a field.
+view.set_data(Data::read(&bytes, Some("states"))?);
+view.set_tiles(Tiles::new("base", "https://tiles.openfreemap.org/planet"));
+let map = Scene::new(Earth::globe().daylight(1_782_043_200.0).atmosphere(true))
+    .draw(Areas::of("base", "water").color(Color::hex("#1d3557")?))
+    .draw(Areas::of("states", "polygons").color(field("load").colormap(Colormap::MAKO)))
+    .draw(Lines::of("base", "transportation").width(field("lanes")))
+    .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Branch").ends("from", "to").flow(field("p")).priority(field("kv")))
+    .draw(
+        Vertices::of("grid", "Bus")
+            .position("lon", "lat")
+            .priority(field("kv"))                  // draws first, on top, and labeled; shows coarsest
+            .color(field("vm").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.95..=1.05))
+            .label(Label::new("name")),
+    );
+
+// A plot of a sampled field across the data's axis.
+let plot = Scene::new(Plot::default()).draw(Lines::of("grid", "Bus").trace("vm"));
+
+// A diagram: blocks with ports, nets, and groups, placed in ranks and wired around blocks.
+let diagram = Scene::new(Diagram::default())
+    .layout(Layered::default())                     // layouts are a diagram's alone
+    .controls(Controls { connect: true, delete: true, select_box: true, ..Controls::default() })
+    .draw(Vertices::of("plant", "Group").contains("Block", "group").label(Label::new("name")))
+    .draw(Edges::of("plant", "Signal").route(Route::Orthogonal).arrows(true))
+    .draw(
+        Vertices::of("plant", "Block")
+            .position("x", "y")                     // rows without x and y are placed
+            .size(120.0, 44.0)                      // without it, a block fits its label and ports
+            .marker(Shape::Rounded)
+            .port("in", Side::Left)
+            .port("out", Port::output(Side::Right)) // outputs drive their nets: ranks and arrows follow
+            .drag(true)
+            .label(Label::new("name")),
+    );
+
+// A view draws a scene from data by name into the caller's encoder, and turns input into events.
+gpu.set_budget(Budget { bytes: 512 << 20, upload_per_frame: 32 << 20 }); // before data draws
+let mut view = View::new(&gpu, diagram)?;
+view.set_data(plant);                     // cheap: unchanged pages are shared
+view.fit(Fit::All);
+view.render(&mut encoder, &frame);        // each frame, at its time; the caller submits
+view.input(&input, time);
+for event in view.events() {                       // in the order the user acted
+    match event {
+        Event::Drag { hit, position, .. } => {}         // patch hit.row's x and y to position
+        Event::Connect { from, to: Some(to), .. } => {} // name from's net in to's port
+        Event::Delete { rows, .. } => {}                // remove the rows
+        Event::Menu { hits, trigger } => {}             // a menu at trigger.point, for the keys too
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+let hits = view.pick([120.0, 80.0], 6.0); // Pending<Vec<Hit>>, nearest first
+view.arrange();                           // lay out every row without a position again
+let Stats { rows, drawn, draws, resident, waiting, .. } = view.stats(); // rows, draw calls, GPU bytes, work under way
+
+// Pictures and video: plain data, drawn once every view is complete.
+let png = Shot::new([3840, 2160]).scale(2.0).image(&mut [&mut view]).await?.encode(ImageFormat::Png)?;
+let shot = Shot::new([1920, 1080]).scale(1.5).panels([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.7], [0.0, 0.7, 1.0, 0.3]]);
+let mut video = shot.video(&gpu, 60.0, Mp4::new(file))?; // or any Sink: raw frames, PNGs
+while video.time() < 24.0 {
+    map.set_at(video.time() * 3600.0);            // the script is the loop
+    video.frame(&mut [&mut map, &mut plot]).await?;
+}
+video.finish().await?;
+```
+
+npm `latkit` mirrors the crate with scenes as JSON; its `Data.apply` changes data in place and
+`snapshot()` keeps a version, GeoJSON (`Data.read`) and `Image.encode` run in a worker, and
+`Shot.video` encodes with WebCodecs:
+
+```ts
+const panels = [
+  [0, 0, 1, 0.7],
+  [0, 0.7, 1, 0.3],
+] as const;
+const [map, plot] = [gpu.view(mapScene), gpu.view(plotScene)];
+gpu.canvas(element, { panels }).show([map, plot]); // one canvas, input routed by panel
+const png = await (
+  await new Shot([3840, 2160]).scale(2).panels(panels).image([map, plot])
+).encode('png');
+const video = new Shot([1920, 1080]).panels(panels).video(gpu, 60, writable, { signal });
+await video.record(
+  [map, plot],
+  (time) => ((map.at = plot.at = time * 3600), time < 24),
+  onProgress,
+);
+```
+
+## Milestones
+
+| Step                 | Contents                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | Status |
+| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ |
+| M1–M4                | data, expressions, arena, probes; transitions, shadows; labels, picks, samples; graph, layouts, routes, groups                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | ✓      |
+| Gate, Cutover, Pages | browser gate; host jobs in workers, path kinds, lists that coarsen; telemetry and diagram studio pages                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | ✓      |
+| Sheet                | `Diagram`; derived data and geometry pages; the CPU executor; the sheet with incremental layout and routing; jobs answer with patches; stress as a job; `Port::output`; `arrange`; anchored labels and distance-field text; drags apply at once; the diagram page rebuilt on it. Removed folding, the GPU groups and stress passes, stand-ins, and the view's layout and route words                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | ✓      |
+| M5                   | `src/derive/`: one lifecycle, budget, and pool for the sheet, lanes, shapes, and tiles; geometry as a field (lines along paths and rings); `Areas` (ear clipping in jobs, cached per page and row, earth grid split); `geo::geojson`; `Host::fetch`, PMTiles, TileJSON, MVT decoded in jobs into a view-owned dataset; daylight, atmosphere, exact globe gestures; groups as soft router obstacles; atlas residency by placement; Grid at scale and Colors pages                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | ✓      |
+| Scale                | `cargo xtask bench` and budgets; GPU time in `Stats`; fixed pages in one pool within a `Budget`; plans that always fit; tiles for anything large (pyramids in jobs, edges with their ends); `priority`; views that sleep while they wait; lanes as world-space bows; globe occlusion by depth; dashes and comets along paths; focus draws only lit rows; bulk column reads; the 2M-bus grid and Grid operations pages                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | ✓      |
+| M6                   | time as an input (`Frame`, `input(time)`, the view's clock); `complete`; `Shot` and `Image` (compose pass, PNG in a worker); `Video` (NV12 on the GPU, three frames under way, held frames free, fragmented MP4, `Host::encoder` with WebCodecs); npm `Shot`, `Image`, `Video`                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | ✓      |
+| Interaction          | `Event` as intents and changes in one ordered queue (picks hold their place, changes keep their latest); `Trigger` (point, keys, `Device`) on every intent and hover; silent setters; `hovered`, `failures`, the `Waiting` event; hover follows the frame, `Controls::hover` only glows; the keys step, open, and select; npm events and view state as JSON, a batch per dispatch; ids checked, never truncated                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | ✓      |
+| CLI                  | `latkit-cli`: render, validate, inspect, frames loaded ahead; `Sink`, `Pixels`, `Mp4`, the encoder seam in `host`; `Native` a shared handle with H.264 (Media Foundation), files, and fetches on its workers; `Data`/`Patch` loaded from JSON through the host, `Values` and `Ids` from loose values by one rule, `Shot` as JSON; titles, mark legends; views ask for the frame their work lands on; no `serde` feature                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | ✓      |
+| Capture              | `Panels` for pictures, videos, and canvases; a browser `Canvas` showing several views, input routed per panel, `OffscreenCanvas` in workers; `PageView`; `ImageFormat` (PNG, JPEG, lossless WebP) encoded on the host's workers; npm `Video.record`/`abort`; label placement that settles under time-reading channels; an Export section on every page                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | ✓      |
+| Data contract        | `Data::query` (filter, sort, top-k, page, select, `at`), `describe`, `Table::envelope` from levels, `Table::values`; `Patch::decode` for streams with a byte limit, `Patches` for frames; one decoder for JSON and JavaScript (`forms.rs`, typed arrays as bytes); frames keep their numbers through bytes and gathers; ids above 2^53 cross as text; `latkit::schemas`, `latkit schema`, `latkit query`, npm types written from the schema                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | ✓      |
+| Controls             | `Zoom` (wheel, modifier as a trackpad's pinch sends it, off), click cycling, long press for touch and pen menus, `Motion` with `prefers-reduced-motion`, `Controls::none`/`inspect`; pipelines staged over the opening frames for the hover and the controls' intents; transitions of no length so comets follow rows moved without easing; `arrange` answers patches of the places; layouts place points on planes and the earth                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | ✓      |
+| Drawing              | sizes in units kept within CSS pixels (`at_least`, `at_most`); `Edges::poles`; nets outside diagrams as stars (`Edges::joins`); label `font` and `max` (a radix select on the GPU); one ramp for the catalog and your own maps, blended in OKLab with placed stops; `colormapCss` for any map, a band per category; `Stats::draws`, `instances`, `tiles`, `tiles_loading`                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | ✓      |
+| Retire               | pages ported: Telemetry's quantities, ranges, colormaps, and hot list by `query`; the diagram's menu, rename on open, neighbors, unplugging, layouts four ways, light theme, zoom; Grid at scale's map alone, download progress, insets; Colors' light field, kinds, and a map with alpha; Signals, two views on one canvas under one playhead; a motion choice; models tested with vitest; vector tiles clipped whole and earcut as of 3.2, so holes across a tile's edge no longer fill it; `packages/`, `examples/`, `benchmark/`, `docs/` deleted; one pnpm workspace of `npm/`, CI, and a release of the crates and the npm package together                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | ✓      |
+| Foundation           | one build of every part (part features removed); WGSL stored once per declaration; picks as data, so `assemble` compiles once; evaluation by row block (only the pages a patch wrote) and transitions as a blend pass; one budget per `Gpu`, shares granted max-min fair with pages several views draw counted once, and the plan a stamped derivation; samples a sparse pyramid of runs, any level held anywhere, `cover` drawing coarser stand-ins; `Tiling<K>` for map tiles and time spans; time tiles (`Data::to_tiles`, `latkit tile`, `frames.json`, `Patch::frames`, op 6); rows drawn through tiles keep their places, arrivals filling holes; JSON errors naming their path (`from_json`)                                                                                                                                                                                               | ✓      |
+| Opening              | every pipeline a scene uses asked for at once and compiled side by side off Chrome's GPU thread, the view drawing once they landed (`View::ready`, `Waiting::compiling`, `Work::late`); fits framed from the sheet and tiles without a readback, labels placed once a fit moved the camera, one segment count in flight keyed by places; a patch of values writes only the rows that changed in tables drawn in part; strokes cut at the near plane and their pixels interpolated on screen; geometry picks only when asked; a lit group glows about its border, lit rows keep their ports on top, wires stop at port rims, no repeated points in rounded wires, drags keep where a row was grabbed, unlabeled blocks make room for their ports; error paths through the mark's kind (`marks[2].vertices.color`); the bench steps its frames, each waiting for the GPU (`step`, `done`, `landed`) | ✓      |
diff --git a/crates/latkit/Cargo.toml b/crates/latkit/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..897adac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+[package]
+name = "latkit"
+description = "Columnar data drawn as vertices, edges, lines, and areas on the GPU."
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+keywords = ["visualization", "webgpu", "graph", "map", "plot"]
+categories = ["visualization", "rendering", "graphics", "wasm"]
+include = ["LICENSE", "src/**", "tests/fixtures/**", "build/**", "build.rs", "shaders/**", "colormaps/catalog.txt", "colormaps/NOTICES.md", "THIRD_PARTY.md", "README.md"]
+
+# Every feature's API, as CI documents it; target-gated code (Windows video, browser glue) compiles
+# out of this one target.
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+
+[features]
+default = ["gpu"]
+gpu = ["dep:wgpu", "dep:glam", "dep:web-time", "dep:wesl", "dep:naga"]
+native = ["gpu", "dep:cosmic-text", "dep:windows", "dep:windows-core"]
+web = ["gpu", "dep:wasm-bindgen", "dep:wasm-bindgen-futures", "dep:web-sys", "dep:js-sys"]
+
+[dependencies]
+url.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
+hashbrown.workspace = true
+rustc-hash.workspace = true
+bytemuck.workspace = true
+# JSON: scenes, data, shots, and view state, with the schema of what is read and the path to what
+# could not be; GeoJSON and tiles' metadata. Gzip-compressed bytes.
+serde = { workspace = true }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+serde_path_to_error.workspace = true
+schemars.workspace = true
+flate2.workspace = true
+# Images: icons read from PNG; pictures written as PNG, JPEG, or lossless WebP.
+image-webp.workspace = true
+jpeg-encoder.workspace = true
+png.workspace = true
+wgpu = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+glam = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+web-time = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+[target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
+cosmic-text = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+# Native video: H.264 from the platform's encoder.
+[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
+windows = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+windows-core = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
+wasm-bindgen = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+wasm-bindgen-futures = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+js-sys = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+web-sys = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = [
+    "AddEventListenerOptions",
+    "CssStyleDeclaration",
+    "DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope",
+    "DomRect",
+    "Element",
+    "Event",
+    "EventTarget",
+    "HtmlCanvasElement",
+    "Headers",
+    "HtmlElement",
+    "ImageData",
+    "KeyboardEvent",
+    "MediaQueryList",
+    "MouseEvent",
+    "OffscreenCanvas",
+    "OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2d",
+    "PointerEvent",
+    "Request",
+    "RequestInit",
+    "ResizeObserver",
+    "Response",
+    "TextMetrics",
+    "WheelEvent",
+    "Window",
+    "WorkerGlobalScope",
+] }
+
+[build-dependencies]
+wesl = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+naga = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+proptest.workspace = true
+pollster.workspace = true
+wgpu.workspace = true
+bytemuck.workspace = true
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/packages/gpu/LICENSE b/crates/latkit/LICENSE
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/gpu/LICENSE
rename to crates/latkit/LICENSE
diff --git a/crates/latkit/README.md b/crates/latkit/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6bc63a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# latkit
+
+Columnar data, queries, and scenes rendered with WebGPU, Vulkan, Metal, or DX12.
+[Guides](https://latkit.readthedocs.io) | [Rust API](https://docs.rs/latkit)
+
+```sh
+cargo add latkit
+```
+
+```rust
+use latkit::{Data, Ids, Patch, Query, Table, field};
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), latkit::Error> {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().replace(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(2)).field("kv", vec![115.0, 230.0])))?;
+    let (high_voltage, total) = data.query(&Query::of("Bus").filter(field("kv").ge(200.0)))?;
+    assert_eq!((high_voltage.len(), total), (1, 1));
+    Ok(())
+}
+```
+
+- `default-features = false`: data, patches, LATK, JSON loading, queries, expressions, colormaps,
+  GeoJSON, and images; no GPU dependency.
+- `gpu` (default): scenes, views, picking, layouts, and rendering into wgpu targets.
+- `native`: system fonts, file loading, jobs, and Windows Media Foundation video.
+- `web`: browser integration on `wasm32-unknown-unknown`.
+
+`cargo install latkit-cli` installs the `latkit` executable. `npm install latkit` installs
+the browser runtime and plain-data builders.
+
+LATK v1 uses 64-bit absolute frame indexes. Sampled values use `f32`; coordinates use `f64`.
+See the [format specification](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/formats.html).
+
+MIT licensed. Notices are included in `THIRD_PARTY.md` and `colormaps/NOTICES.md`.
diff --git a/crates/latkit/THIRD_PARTY.md b/crates/latkit/THIRD_PARTY.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31675b68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/THIRD_PARTY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Third-party code
+
+`src/geo/earcut.rs` implements Mapbox Earcut's polygon triangulation algorithm.
+Upstream: https://github.com/mapbox/earcut (ISC license).
+
+Copyright (c) 2024, Mapbox
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose
+with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
+and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
+REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
+FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
+INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS
+OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF
+THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+The colormap catalog's source notices and licenses are in `colormaps/NOTICES.md`
+(`NOTICES.md` in the npm package).
diff --git a/crates/latkit/build.rs b/crates/latkit/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43f7e303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//! Generates the Rust side of the GPU contract from the WESL shaders, and bakes the colormap catalog.
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=build");
+    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=shaders");
+    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=src/expr/ramp.rs");
+    #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+    {
+        shaders::generate();
+    }
+    colormaps::generate();
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+#[path = "build/shaders.rs"]
+mod shaders;
+
+#[path = "build/colormaps.rs"]
+mod colormaps;
+
+#[path = "src/expr/ramp.rs"]
+mod ramp;
diff --git a/crates/latkit/build/colormaps.rs b/crates/latkit/build/colormaps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bb9462b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/build/colormaps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//! Bakes `colormaps/catalog.txt` into `OUT_DIR/colormaps.rs`: per map its name, label, kind, color
+//! count, and 256 sRGB texels, made by the crate's own `ramp`.
+
+use crate::ramp::{Spread, texels};
+use std::env;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+pub(crate) fn generate() {
+    let manifest = PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap());
+    let catalog = fs::read_to_string(manifest.join("colormaps/catalog.txt")).unwrap();
+    let mut entries = String::new();
+    let mut consts = String::new();
+    let mut names = Vec::new();
+    for (index, line) in catalog.lines().filter(|l| !l.trim().is_empty()).enumerate() {
+        let (head, hex) = line.split_once('|').expect("name kind label|colors");
+        let mut words = head.splitn(3, ' ');
+        let (name, kind, label) = (words.next().unwrap(), words.next().unwrap(), words.next().unwrap());
+        let colors: Vec<[u8; 3]> = hex
+            .as_bytes()
+            .as_chunks::<6>()
+            .0
+            .iter()
+            .map(|digits| {
+                let byte =
+                    |at: usize| u8::from_str_radix(std::str::from_utf8(&digits[at..at + 2]).unwrap(), 16).unwrap();
+                [byte(0), byte(2), byte(4)]
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let (kind, spread) = match kind {
+            "sequential" | "multihue" => ("Sequential", Spread::Continuous),
+            "diverging" => ("Diverging", Spread::Continuous),
+            "cyclic" => ("Cyclic", Spread::Cyclic),
+            "categorical" => ("Categorical", Spread::Categorical),
+            other => panic!("unknown colormap kind {other}"),
+        };
+        let stops: Vec<_> =
+            colors.iter().map(|c| (None, [c[0], c[1], c[2], 255].map(|b| f32::from(b) / 255.0))).collect();
+        let texels: Vec<String> = texels(spread, &stops).iter().map(|t| format!("{t:?}")).collect();
+        writeln!(
+            entries,
+            "    Entry {{ name: {name:?}, label: {label:?}, kind: ColormapKind::{kind}, count: {}, texels: [{}] }},",
+            colors.len(),
+            texels.join(", ")
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let doc = format!("/// {label}, a {} colormap.", kind.to_lowercase());
+        writeln!(
+            consts,
+            "    {doc}\n    pub const {}: Colormap = Colormap(Map::Catalog({index}));",
+            name.to_uppercase()
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        names.push(format!("{name:?}"));
+    }
+    let count = names.len();
+    let rust = format!(
+        "// Generated by build/colormaps.rs from colormaps/catalog.txt. Do not edit.\n\n\
+         static CATALOG: [Entry; {count}] = [\n{entries}];\n\n\
+         #[allow(clippy::doc_markdown, reason = \"the docs name colormaps by their labels\")]\n\
+         impl Colormap {{\n{consts}\n    /// The names of every colormap in the catalog.\n    pub const NAMES: [&'static str; {count}] = [{}];\n}}\n",
+        names.join(", ")
+    );
+    let out = PathBuf::from(env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
+    fs::write(out.join("colormaps.rs"), rust).unwrap();
+    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed={}", Path::new("colormaps").display());
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/build/shaders.rs b/crates/latkit/build/shaders.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cdafd69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/build/shaders.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+//! Links every WESL entry, validates it with naga, and writes `OUT_DIR/shaders.rs`:
+//!
+//! - every constant and struct of `lib/types.wesl`, as Rust constants and `#[repr(C)]` mirrors whose
+//!   size is checked against WGSL;
+//! - the shared bind group layouts of `lib/bind.wesl` (group 0 per view, group 1 per mark);
+//! - per shader and variant: its declarations, entry points, the layout of its pass group (group 2),
+//!   and whether it reads the shared groups at all.
+//!
+//! Variants share most of what they link, so each distinct top-level declaration is stored once, in
+//! `OUT_DIR/shaders.wgsl`, and a variant is the list of its declarations, which join back into exactly
+//! the module it linked.
+//!
+//! It also writes each variant's whole module and `OUT_DIR/shaders.json`, every variant's file, entry
+//! points, and the pipeline constants it is made with, from which the browser gate times each
+//! pipeline in Chrome.
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use std::env;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use naga::valid::{Capabilities, ModuleInfo, ValidationFlags, Validator};
+use naga::{AddressSpace, ArraySize, ImageClass, ImageDimension, ScalarKind, StorageAccess, TypeInner, VectorSize};
+
+/// A shader module and the variants it is linked in: each variant turns on its WESL features.
+struct Entry {
+    module: &'static str,
+    variants: &'static [(&'static str, &'static [&'static str])],
+}
+
+const ENTRIES: &[Entry] = &[
+    Entry { module: "compute::evaluate", variants: &[("main", &["writes"])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::freeze", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::bounds", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::normals", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::probe", variants: &[("main", &[]), ("multisampled", &["multisampled"])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::lists", variants: &[("main", &["lists"])] },
+    Entry { module: "draw::backdrop", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry {
+        module: "draw::points",
+        variants: &[
+            ("main", &[]),
+            ("cast", &["casts"]),
+            ("custom", &["custom"]),
+            ("custom_cast", &["custom", "casts"]),
+            ("custom_focus", &["custom", "focused"]),
+            ("ports", &["ports"]),
+            ("focus", &["focused"]),
+        ],
+    },
+    Entry { module: "draw::strokes", variants: &[("main", &[]), ("cast", &["casts"]), ("focus", &["focused"])] },
+    Entry { module: "draw::triangles", variants: &[("main", &[]), ("cast", &["casts"])] },
+    Entry { module: "draw::areas", variants: &[("main", &[]), ("focus", &["focused"])] },
+    Entry { module: "draw::shade", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry { module: "draw::glyphs", variants: &[("main", &[]), ("ports", &["ports"])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::labels", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry { module: "draw::overlay", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::compose", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+    Entry { module: "compute::fields", variants: &[("main", &[])] },
+];
+
+const FEATURES: &[&str] = &["writes", "casts", "custom", "multisampled", "lists", "ports", "focused"];
+
+/// What a custom marker supplies, for validating its variant.
+const CUSTOM_MARKER: &str = "fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor { return MarkerColor(f.color, 0.0); }";
+
+/// Uniforms bound at a dynamic offset: each mark's, each pass's eye, and each probe dispatch's step.
+const DYNAMIC: &[&str] = &["mark", "eye", "step"];
+
+/// The values each pipeline constant is made with, as constants of `lib/types.wesl`: the primitive a
+/// probe reads, and the path a stroke reads.
+const OVERRIDES: &[(&str, &[&str])] = &[
+    ("PROBED", &["POINTS", "STROKES", "TRIANGLES"]),
+    ("PATH", &["PATH_ENDS", "PATH_TRACE", "PATH_GEOMETRY", "PATH_POLES"]),
+];
+
+pub(crate) fn generate() {
+    let root = Path::new(&env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap()).join("shaders");
+    let out = PathBuf::from(env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
+    let mut rust = String::from("// Generated by build/shaders.rs from the WESL shaders. Do not edit.\n\n");
+
+    let types = link(&root, "lib::types", &[], true);
+    let (types_module, _) = validate("lib::types", &types);
+    mirror_consts(&types_module, &mut rust);
+    mirror_structs(&types_module, &mut rust);
+
+    let bind = link(&root, "lib::bind", &[], true);
+    let (bind_module, _) = validate("lib::bind", &bind);
+    for (group, name) in [(0, "VIEW_GROUP"), (1, "MARK_GROUP")] {
+        let bindings = bindings(&bind_module, None, group);
+        writeln!(rust, "pub(crate) static {name}: &[Binding] = &[{}];\n", bindings.join(", ")).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let mut shaders = String::new();
+    let mut sources = String::new();
+    let mut manifest = Vec::new();
+    let mut pieces = Pieces::default();
+    for entry in ENTRIES {
+        for &(variant, features) in entry.variants {
+            let source = link(&root, entry.module, features, false);
+            // A custom marker's variant lacks the marker an application supplies; a stand-in validates it.
+            let custom = features.contains(&"custom");
+            let checked = if custom { format!("{source}\n{CUSTOM_MARKER}") } else { source.clone() };
+            let (module, info) = validate(&format!("{}.{variant}", entry.module), &checked);
+            check_shared(&module, &bind_module, entry.module);
+            let file = format!("{}.{variant}.wgsl", entry.module.replace("::", "."));
+            fs::write(out.join(&file), &source).unwrap();
+            manifest.push(manifest_entry(entry.module, &file, &module, &types_module, custom));
+            let name = shader_name(entry.module, variant);
+            writeln!(shaders, "    {name},").unwrap();
+            let pass = bindings(&module, Some(&info), 2);
+            let overrides: Vec<String> = module.overrides.iter().filter_map(|(_, o)| o.name.clone()).collect();
+            let shared = module.global_variables.iter().any(|(_, g)| g.binding.as_ref().is_some_and(|b| b.group < 2));
+            writeln!(
+                sources,
+                "        Shader::{name} => &ShaderSource {{ label: {label:?}, pieces: &{refs:?}, pass: &[{pass}], overrides: &{overrides:?}, shared: {shared} }},",
+                label = format!("latkit {}.{variant}", entry.module),
+                refs = pieces.add(&source),
+                pass = pass.join(", "),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+    fs::write(out.join("shaders.wgsl"), &pieces.text).unwrap();
+    writeln!(
+        rust,
+        "/// Where each declaration lies in `shaders.wgsl`.\npub(crate) static PIECES: &[(u32, u32)] = &{:?};\n",
+        pieces.ranges
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    writeln!(rust, "/// Every linked shader and variant.\n#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]\npub(crate) enum Shader {{\n{shaders}}}\n").unwrap();
+    writeln!(rust, "impl Shader {{\n    pub(crate) fn source(self) -> &'static ShaderSource {{\n        match self {{\n{sources}        }}\n    }}\n}}").unwrap();
+    fs::write(out.join("shaders.rs"), rust).unwrap();
+    fs::write(out.join("shaders.json"), format!("[\n{}\n]\n", manifest.join(",\n"))).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Top-level declarations, each stored once: their text back to back, and where each lies.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Pieces {
+    text: String,
+    ranges: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
+    index: HashMap<String, u16>,
+}
+
+impl Pieces {
+    /// The declarations of `source`, as indices, storing those not stored yet; they join back into
+    /// `source` exactly.
+    fn add(&mut self, source: &str) -> Vec<u16> {
+        let refs: Vec<u16> = source
+            .split(SEPARATOR)
+            .map(|piece| {
+                *self.index.entry(piece.to_owned()).or_insert_with(|| {
+                    let start = self.text.len() as u32;
+                    self.text.push_str(piece);
+                    self.ranges.push((start, self.text.len() as u32));
+                    u16::try_from(self.ranges.len() - 1).expect("fewer than 65536 declarations")
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let joined: Vec<&str> = refs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&r| &self.text[self.ranges[r as usize].0 as usize..self.ranges[r as usize].1 as usize])
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(joined.join(SEPARATOR), source, "a variant's declarations join back into the module it linked");
+        refs
+    }
+}
+
+/// What separates top-level declarations in a linked module, and joins them back.
+const SEPARATOR: &str = "\n\n";
+
+/// A variant as JSON: its file, whether it draws, its compute entry points, every combination of the
+/// pipeline constants it declares, and the WGSL appended to make it whole (a custom marker's stand-in).
+fn manifest_entry(shader: &str, file: &str, module: &naga::Module, types: &naga::Module, custom: bool) -> String {
+    let compute: Vec<String> = module
+        .entry_points
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|e| e.stage == naga::ShaderStage::Compute)
+        .map(|e| format!("{:?}", e.name))
+        .collect();
+    let mut combinations: Vec<Vec<(&str, u32)>> = vec![Vec::new()];
+    for (_, o) in module.overrides.iter() {
+        let name = o.name.as_deref().expect("a named override");
+        let (_, values) = OVERRIDES.iter().find(|(n, _)| *n == name).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no values for {name}"));
+        combinations = combinations
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|before| {
+                values.iter().map(move |value| {
+                    let mut next = before.clone();
+                    next.push((name, type_constant(types, value)));
+                    next
+                })
+            })
+            .filter(|c| made(shader, c, types))
+            .collect();
+    }
+    let constants: Vec<String> = combinations
+        .iter()
+        .map(|c| format!("{{{}}}", c.iter().map(|(n, v)| format!("{n:?}: {v}")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")))
+        .collect();
+    format!(
+        "  {{ \"file\": {file:?}, \"draws\": {draws}, \"compute\": [{}], \"constants\": [{}], \"append\": {:?} }}",
+        compute.join(", "),
+        constants.join(", "),
+        if custom { CUSTOM_MARKER } else { "" },
+        draws = compute.is_empty(),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Whether a pipeline of `module` is ever made with `constants`: faces read their ends and areas
+/// their geometry; a probe made for points reads no path, so it keeps the default one, and one made
+/// for triangles reads a face's ends or an area's geometry.
+fn made(module: &str, constants: &[(&str, u32)], types: &naga::Module) -> bool {
+    let value = |name: &str| constants.iter().find(|(n, _)| *n == name).map(|&(_, v)| v);
+    let path = value("PATH");
+    match module {
+        "draw::triangles" => return path == Some(type_constant(types, "PATH_ENDS")),
+        "draw::areas" => return path == Some(type_constant(types, "PATH_GEOMETRY")),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    match (value("PROBED"), path) {
+        (Some(probed), Some(path)) => {
+            probed == type_constant(types, "STROKES")
+                || path == type_constant(types, "PATH_ENDS")
+                || (probed == type_constant(types, "TRIANGLES") && path == type_constant(types, "PATH_GEOMETRY"))
+        }
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The value of `lib/types.wesl`'s `u32` constant `name`.
+fn type_constant(types: &naga::Module, name: &str) -> u32 {
+    let (_, constant) = types.constants.iter().find(|(_, c)| c.name.as_deref() == Some(name)).expect("a constant");
+    match types.global_expressions[constant.init] {
+        naga::Expression::Literal(naga::Literal::U32(v)) => v,
+        _ => panic!("{name} is not a u32"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn shader_name(module: &str, variant: &str) -> String {
+    let words = module.split("::").skip(1).chain((variant != "main").then_some(variant));
+    words
+        .flat_map(|w| w.split('_'))
+        .map(|w| {
+            let mut chars = w.chars();
+            chars.next().map(|c| c.to_ascii_uppercase().to_string() + chars.as_str()).unwrap_or_default()
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn link(root: &Path, module: &str, features: &[&str], keep_main: bool) -> String {
+    let mut options =
+        wesl::CompileOptions { mangler: wesl::ManglerKind::None, validate: false, keep_main, ..Default::default() };
+    for feature in FEATURES {
+        options.features.set(*feature, features.contains(feature));
+    }
+    let path = format!("package::{module}").parse().unwrap();
+    wesl::Compiler::new(options)
+        .compile_module(root, &path)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("WESL {module} {features:?}: {e}"))
+        .to_string()
+}
+
+fn validate(name: &str, source: &str) -> (naga::Module, ModuleInfo) {
+    let module = naga::front::wgsl::parse_str(source)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("WGSL {name}:\n{}\n{source}", e.emit_to_string(source)));
+    let info = Validator::new(ValidationFlags::all(), Capabilities::empty())
+        .validate(&module)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("WGSL {name}:\n{}", e.emit_to_string(source)));
+    (module, info)
+}
+
+/// Every `const` of a scalar type, as a Rust constant.
+fn mirror_consts(module: &naga::Module, rust: &mut String) {
+    for (_, constant) in module.constants.iter() {
+        let Some(name) = &constant.name else { continue };
+        let value = match module.global_expressions[constant.init] {
+            naga::Expression::Literal(naga::Literal::U32(v)) => format!("u32 = {v:#x}"),
+            naga::Expression::Literal(naga::Literal::I32(v)) => format!("i32 = {v}"),
+            naga::Expression::Literal(naga::Literal::F32(v)) => format!("f32 = {v:?}"),
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+        writeln!(rust, "#[allow(dead_code)]\npub(crate) const {name}: {value};").unwrap();
+    }
+    rust.push('\n');
+}
+
+/// Every struct as a `#[repr(C)]` mirror with explicit padding.
+fn mirror_structs(module: &naga::Module, rust: &mut String) {
+    for (_, ty) in module.types.iter() {
+        let (Some(name), TypeInner::Struct { members, span }) = (&ty.name, &ty.inner) else { continue };
+        writeln!(
+            rust,
+            "#[repr(C)]\n#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]\npub(crate) struct {name} {{"
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut at = 0;
+        let mut pads = 0;
+        for member in members {
+            pad(rust, &mut at, member.offset, &mut pads);
+            let (field_type, size) = rust_type(module, member.ty);
+            writeln!(rust, "    pub(crate) {}: {field_type},", member.name.as_deref().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            at = member.offset + size;
+        }
+        pad(rust, &mut at, *span, &mut pads);
+        writeln!(rust, "}}\n\nconst _: () = assert!(size_of::<{name}>() == {span});\n").unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+fn pad(rust: &mut String, at: &mut u32, to: u32, pads: &mut u32) {
+    if to > *at {
+        assert_eq!((to - *at) % 4, 0, "padding is whole words");
+        writeln!(rust, "    pub(crate) _pad{pads}: [u32; {}],", (to - *at) / 4).unwrap();
+        *pads += 1;
+        *at = to;
+    }
+}
+
+fn rust_type(module: &naga::Module, ty: naga::Handle<naga::Type>) -> (String, u32) {
+    let scalar = |s: naga::Scalar| match (s.kind, s.width) {
+        (ScalarKind::Float, 4) => "f32",
+        (ScalarKind::Uint, 4) => "u32",
+        (ScalarKind::Sint, 4) => "i32",
+        other => panic!("no mirror for scalar {other:?}"),
+    };
+    let size = |v: VectorSize| v as u32;
+    match &module.types[ty].inner {
+        TypeInner::Scalar(s) => (scalar(*s).into(), 4),
+        TypeInner::Vector { size: n, scalar: s } => (format!("[{}; {}]", scalar(*s), size(*n)), 4 * size(*n)),
+        TypeInner::Matrix { columns, rows, scalar: s } => {
+            assert_eq!(*rows, VectorSize::Quad, "matrix columns are padded to four rows");
+            (format!("[[{}; 4]; {}]", scalar(*s), size(*columns)), 16 * size(*columns))
+        }
+        TypeInner::Array { base, size: ArraySize::Constant(n), stride } => {
+            let (element, element_size) = rust_type(module, *base);
+            assert_eq!(element_size, *stride, "array elements are not padded");
+            (format!("[{element}; {n}]"), stride * n.get())
+        }
+        TypeInner::Struct { span, .. } => (module.types[ty].name.clone().expect("a named struct"), *span),
+        other => panic!("no mirror for {other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The bindings of `group` as `Binding` literals; with `info`, visibility is where entry points use them.
+fn bindings(module: &naga::Module, info: Option<&ModuleInfo>, group: u32) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut found = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (handle, global) in module.global_variables.iter() {
+        let Some(binding) = &global.binding else { continue };
+        if binding.group != group {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let stages = match info {
+            Some(info) => module
+                .entry_points
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|(i, _)| !info.get_entry_point(*i)[handle].is_empty())
+                .map(|(_, e)| match e.stage {
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Vertex => "VERTEX",
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Fragment => "FRAGMENT",
+                    naga::ShaderStage::Compute => "COMPUTE",
+                    other => panic!("unexpected stage {other:?}"),
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            None => vec!["VERTEX", "FRAGMENT", "COMPUTE"],
+        };
+        let kind = match (global.space, &module.types[global.ty].inner) {
+            (AddressSpace::Uniform, _) => "Kind::Uniform".to_owned(),
+            (AddressSpace::Storage { access }, _) => {
+                format!("Kind::Storage {{ read_only: {} }}", !access.contains(StorageAccess::STORE))
+            }
+            (AddressSpace::Handle, TypeInner::Sampler { .. }) => "Kind::Sampler".to_owned(),
+            (
+                AddressSpace::Handle,
+                TypeInner::Image { dim: ImageDimension::D2, class: ImageClass::Depth { multi }, .. },
+            ) => {
+                format!("Kind::Depth {{ multisampled: {multi} }}")
+            }
+            (AddressSpace::Handle, TypeInner::Image { dim: ImageDimension::D2, arrayed, class }) => {
+                let filterable = matches!(class, ImageClass::Sampled { kind: ScalarKind::Float, multi: false });
+                format!("Kind::Texture {{ array: {arrayed}, filterable: {filterable} }}")
+            }
+            other => panic!("unsupported binding {:?}: {other:?}", global.name),
+        };
+        let mut stages = stages;
+        stages.sort_unstable();
+        stages.dedup();
+        let stages = if stages.is_empty() { "0".to_owned() } else { stages.join(" | ") };
+        let dynamic = global.name.as_deref().is_some_and(|name| DYNAMIC.contains(&name));
+        let entry =
+            format!("Binding {{ slot: {}, kind: {kind}, stages: {stages}, dynamic: {dynamic} }}", binding.binding);
+        assert!(found.insert(binding.binding, entry).is_none(), "binding {group}.{} twice", binding.binding);
+    }
+    found.into_values().collect()
+}
+
+/// Every group 0 and 1 binding a shader declares must match the shared declaration.
+fn check_shared(module: &naga::Module, shared: &naga::Module, name: &str) {
+    for (_, global) in module.global_variables.iter() {
+        let Some(binding) = &global.binding else { continue };
+        if binding.group > 1 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let same = shared
+            .global_variables
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(_, s)| s.binding.as_ref() == Some(binding) && s.name == global.name && s.space == global.space);
+        assert!(
+            same,
+            "{name}: {:?} at group {} binding {} is not the shared declaration",
+            global.name, binding.group, binding.binding
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md b/crates/latkit/colormaps/NOTICES.md
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/gpu/THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md
rename to crates/latkit/colormaps/NOTICES.md
diff --git a/crates/latkit/colormaps/catalog.txt b/crates/latkit/colormaps/catalog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08b6e17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/colormaps/catalog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+amber sequential Amber|261400ffc733
+amp sequential Amp|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
+batlow sequential Batlow|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
+cividis sequential Cividis|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
+crest sequential Crest|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
+deep sequential Deep|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
+devon sequential Devon|2c1a4c2c1b4d2c1c4e2b1c4f2b1d502b1e512b1f522b20532b21542b22552b23562b24572b25582b26582b27592a285a2a295b2a295c2a2a5d2a2b5e2a2c5f2a2d602a2e612a2f6229306329316429326529336629346729356829366929376a29386a28396b28396c283a6d283b6e283c6f283d70283e71283f7228407327417427427527437627447827457927467a27477b27487c27497d274a7e274c7f274d81274e82274f8327508427518627528727538828548a28558b28568c28578e29588f295990295a922a5b932a5c952b5d962b5d982c5e992c5f9a2d609c2e619d2e629f2f62a03063a23064a33165a43265a63266a73367a93468aa3568ab3669ad376aae386ab0396bb13a6cb23b6db43c6db53d6eb73e6fb83f70b94171bb4272bc4472bd4573bf4774c04875c14a76c34c77c44d78c54f79c6517ac8537bc9557cca577ccb597dcc5b7ecd5d7fce5f80cf6181d06382d16583d26784d36985d46b86d56d87d66f88d77188d87389d8758ad9778bda798cdb7b8ddc7d8edc7e8fdd808fde8290df8491df8692e08893e18a94e18c95e28d95e38f96e39197e49398e59599e5969ae6989be79a9be79b9ce89d9de89e9ee9a09fe9a2a0eaa3a1eaa4a2eba6a3eba7a4eca8a5ecaaa5edaba6edaca7edada8eeaea9eeafaaeeb0abeeb1acefb2adefb3adefb4aeefb5aff0b6b0f0b7b1f0b8b2f0b9b3f0bab3f1bab4f1bbb5f1bcb6f1bdb7f1beb8f2beb9f2bfb9f2c0baf2c1bbf2c2bcf2c2bdf3c3bef3c4bff3c5c0f3c6c0f3c6c1f3c7c2f4c8c3f4c9c4f4cac5f4cac6f4cbc6f4ccc7f4cdc8f5cec9f5cecaf5cfcbf5d0ccf5d1cdf5d2cdf6d2cef6d3cff6d4d0f6d5d1f6d6d2f6d6d3f7d7d4f7d8d4f7d9d5f7dad6f7dad7f7dbd8f8dcd9f8dddaf8dedbf8dedcf8dfdcf8e0ddf9e1def9e2dff9e3e0f9e3e1f9e4e2fae5e3fae6e4fae7e4fae8e5fae8e6fae9e7fbeae8fbebe9fbeceafbedebfbedecfbeeedfcefeefcf0eefcf1effcf2f0fcf2f1fcf3f2fdf4f3fdf5f4fdf6f5fdf7f6fdf7f7fdf8f8fef9f9fefaf9fefbfafefcfbfefcfcfefdfdfffefeffffffff
+flare sequential Flare|edb081edaf80edae7fedad7fedac7eedab7eecaa7deca97ceca87ceca77beca67beca57aeca479eca379eca278eca178eca077ec9f76eb9e76eb9d75eb9c75eb9b74eb9a73eb9973eb9972eb9872eb9771ea9671ea9570ea946fea936fea926eea916eea906dea8f6cea8e6ce98d6be98c6be98b6ae98a6ae98969e98868e98768e98667e88567e88466e88366e88265e88165e88064e87f64e77e63e77d63e77c63e77b62e77a62e67961e67861e67760e67660e67560e5745fe5735fe5725fe5715ee5705ee46f5ee46e5ee46d5de46c5de36b5de36a5de3695de3685ce2675ce2665ce2655ce1645ce1635ce1625ce0615ce0605ce05f5cdf5f5cdf5e5cde5d5cde5c5cde5b5cdd5a5cdd595cdc585cdc575cdb565ddb565dda555dda545dd9535dd9525ed8525ed7515ed7505ed64f5fd64f5fd54e5fd44d60d44c60d34c60d24b60d24a61d14a61d04962d04962cf4862ce4763cd4763cc4663cc4664cb4564ca4564c94465c84465c84365c74366c64366c54266c44267c34167c24167c14168c14068c04068bf4069be3f69bd3f69bc3f69bb3f6aba3e6ab93e6ab83e6bb73d6bb63d6bb53d6bb43d6bb33c6cb23c6cb13c6cb13c6cb03b6daf3b6dae3b6dad3b6dac3a6dab3a6daa3a6ea93a6ea8396ea7396ea6396ea5396ea4386fa3386fa2386fa1386fa1376fa0376f9f376f9e37709d36709c36709b36709a36709935709835709735709635709534709434709434719334719233719133719033718f33718e32718d32718c32718b32718a3171893171883171873171873171863071853071843071833070822f70812f70802f707f2f707e2f707d2e707c2e707b2e707a2e70792e6f782e6f772d6f762d6f752d6f752d6f742d6e732c6e722c6e712c6e702c6e6f2c6d6e2c6d6d2b6d6c2b6d6b2b6c6a2b6c692b6c682a6c672a6b662a6b652a6b642a6a642a6a63296a62296a6129696029695f29695e28685d28685c28685b28675a27675927675827665827665727665626665526655426655326655225645125645025644f24634f24634e24634d24634c23624b2362
+grays sequential Grays|000000ffffff
+haline sequential Haline|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
+inferno sequential Inferno|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
+lajolla sequential Lajolla|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
+magma sequential Magma|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
+mako sequential Mako|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
+oslo sequential Oslo|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
+plasma sequential Plasma|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
+rocket sequential Rocket|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
+thermal sequential Thermal|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
+turku sequential Turku|0000000202020404030606050707070909080b0b0a0d0d0c0e0e0d10100e1111101212111413121515131616141717151818161919171a1a181b1b191c1c191d1d1a1e1e1b1f1f1c20201d21211e22221f23231f2424202525212626222727232828232929242a2a252b2b262c2c272d2d272e2e282f2f2930302a32312a33322b34332c35342d36362d37372e38382f3939303a3a303b3b313c3c323d3d323e3e333f3f3440403441413542423543433644443745453746463847473848483949493a4b4a3a4c4b3b4d4c3b4e4d3c4f4e3c504f3d51503d52513e53523e54533f55543f5656405757405858415959415a5a425b5b425c5c435d5d435e5e445f5f446060456161456262466363466464476565476666476767486868486a69496b6a496c6b4a6d6c4a6e6d4b6f6e4b706f4c71704c72714d73724d75734e76744e77754f78764f7977507b79507c7a517d7b517e7c527f7d52817e53827f538380548581548682558783568984568a85578b86588d87588e8859908a59918b5a938c5b948d5b968e5c978f5d99905e9a915e9c925f9d93609f9461a19461a29562a49663a59764a79864a99965aa9a66ac9a67ad9b68af9c68b09d69b29d6ab39e6bb59f6cb69f6cb8a06db9a06ebba16fbca170bea270bfa271c0a272c2a373c3a374c4a474c6a475c7a476c8a477c9a578cba578cca579cda57acea67bcfa67cd0a67cd1a67dd2a67ed3a67fd4a780d6a780d7a781d8a782d9a783daa784dba885dba886dca887dda888dea889dfa98ae0a98be1a98ce2a98de3aa8ee4aa8fe5aa90e6ab92e7ab93e8ac94e9ac95e9ad97eaad98ebae99ecae9bedaf9ceeb09eefb09fefb1a1f0b2a2f1b3a3f2b3a5f2b4a7f3b5a8f4b6aaf4b7abf5b8adf6b9aef6bab0f7bbb1f7bcb3f8bdb4f8beb6f9bfb7f9c0b9fac1bafac2bcfbc3bdfbc4bffbc5c0fcc6c1fcc7c3fcc8c4fdc9c6fdcbc7fdccc8fdcdcafdcecbfecfccfed0cefed1cffed2d0fed3d1fed4d3fed6d4fed7d5ffd8d6ffd9d7ffdad9ffdbdaffdcdbffdddcffdeddffdfdfffe0e0ffe2e1ffe3e2ffe4e3ffe5e5ffe6e6
+viridis sequential Viridis|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+brbg diverging Brown / Green|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+coolwarm diverging Cool / Warm|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
+cork diverging Cork|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
+icefire diverging Icefire|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
+managua diverging Managua|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
+piyg diverging Pink / Green|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
+puor diverging Purple / Orange|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
+rdbu diverging Red / Blue|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
+spectral diverging Spectral|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
+vanimo diverging Vanimo|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
+vik diverging Vik|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
+vlag diverging Vlag|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diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/presets/provenance.json b/crates/latkit/colormaps/provenance.json
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/gpu/src/colors/presets/provenance.json
rename to crates/latkit/colormaps/provenance.json
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/bounds.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/bounds.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afe01bbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/bounds.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// What marks draw, measured for fitting: the least and greatest x, y, and z of each mark's shown
+// instances in position units, as ordered words, through the same geometry the draws use: a vertex
+// as its box, a stroke as its points, an area as its triangles' corners. While a fit measures chosen
+// rows, only rows marked FIT count.
+
+import package::lib::types::{NONE, FIT, PATH_ENDS, PATH_GEOMETRY, EXTENT_WORDS, VERTEX_POSITION, HALF_UNITS, item};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark, state};
+import package::lib::focus::focus_of;
+import package::lib::reduce::ordered;
+import package::lib::state::{row_at, vertex_at};
+import package::lib::points::{placed, vertex_half};
+import package::lib::path::{PATH, segment, segment_ends, stroke_style, stroke_instances};
+import package::lib::triangles::{triangle_corner, triangle_row, triangle_instances};
+
+@group(2) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> extents: array<atomic<u32>>;
+
+fn extend(p: vec3f) {
+    let e = EXTENT_WORDS * mark.index;
+    atomicMax(&extents[e], ~ordered(p.x));
+    atomicMax(&extents[e + 1u], ~ordered(p.y));
+    atomicMax(&extents[e + 2u], ~ordered(p.z));
+    atomicMax(&extents[e + 3u], ordered(p.x));
+    atomicMax(&extents[e + 4u], ordered(p.y));
+    atomicMax(&extents[e + 5u], ordered(p.z));
+}
+
+fn counted(row: u32) -> bool {
+    return frame.fitting == 0u || (focus_of(row) & FIT) != 0u;
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn points(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if i >= mark.rows || !counted(i) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let v = vertex_at(row_at(i));
+    if (v.flags & 1u) == 0u || !placed(v) {
+        return;
+    }
+    // A marker sized in units is part of the box. One sized in pixels is that size at any zoom, so
+    // it counts as its position, and the fit's padding holds its pixels: measured at the zoom shown,
+    // its pixels would stand for any number of units.
+    let units = (v.flags & HALF_UNITS) != 0u;
+    let half = select(vec2f(0.0), vertex_half(v) / eye.px_per_unit.x, units);
+    let p = v.hi + v.lo;
+    extend(vec3f(p - half, v.elevation));
+    extend(vec3f(p + half, v.elevation));
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn strokes(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if PATH == PATH_ENDS || i >= stroke_instances() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let s = segment(i);
+    if s.row >= mark.rows || !counted(s.row) || !stroke_style(s.row).shown {
+        return;
+    }
+    let ends = segment_ends(s);
+    for (var i = 0u; i < 2u; i++) {
+        if ends[i].shown {
+            extend(ends[i].position);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn areas(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if PATH != PATH_GEOMETRY || i >= triangle_instances() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let row = triangle_row(i);
+    if row >= mark.rows || !counted(row) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (var k = 0u; k < 3u; k++) {
+        let c = triangle_corner(i, k);
+        if c.shown {
+            extend(c.position);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/compose.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/compose.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25690aa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/compose.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// A shot's panels composed into the bytes a consumer takes, so no pixel is touched on the CPU: RGBA
+// rows with straight alpha for an image, or NV12 planes (BT.709, limited range) for an encoder. One
+// dispatch per panel writes its panel of the picture in whole words; a fill writes the background
+// where no panel draws.
+
+import package::lib::types::Compose;
+
+@group(2) @binding(0) var panel: texture_2d<f32>;
+@group(2) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> bytes: array<u32>;
+@group(2) @binding(2) var<uniform> compose: Compose;
+
+// BT.709 luma weights of gamma-encoded color, and the scales of its two chroma differences.
+const LUMA: vec3f = vec3f(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722);
+const BLUE: f32 = 1.8556;
+const RED: f32 = 1.5748;
+
+// A panel's premultiplied color as the picture keeps it: straight with its alpha in a transparent
+// image, else over black.
+fn kept(c: vec4f) -> vec4f {
+    if compose.alpha == 0u {
+        return vec4f(c.rgb, 1.0);
+    }
+    if c.a <= 0.0 {
+        return vec4f(0.0);
+    }
+    return vec4f(c.rgb / c.a, c.a);
+}
+
+// Writes the 4×2 block of NV12 at `at` from its eight colors, rows of four.
+fn write_block(at: vec2u, rgb: array<vec3f, 8>) {
+    var chroma = vec4f(0.0);
+    for (var row = 0u; row < 2u; row++) {
+        var luma = vec4f(0.0);
+        for (var column = 0u; column < 4u; column++) {
+            let c = rgb[row * 4u + column];
+            let y = dot(c, LUMA);
+            luma[column] = y;
+            // Cb and Cr of each 2×2, averaged.
+            let pair = column / 2u * 2u;
+            chroma[pair] += (c.b - y) / BLUE * 0.25;
+            chroma[pair + 1u] += (c.r - y) / RED * 0.25;
+        }
+        bytes[((at.y + row) * compose.picture.x + at.x) / 4u] = pack4x8unorm((16.0 + 219.0 * luma) / 255.0);
+    }
+    let words = compose.chroma + (at.y / 2u * compose.picture.x + at.x) / 4u;
+    bytes[words] = pack4x8unorm((128.0 + 224.0 * chroma) / 255.0);
+}
+
+// One pixel of a panel as an RGBA word.
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn rgba(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    if any(id.xy >= compose.size) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = compose.origin + id.xy;
+    bytes[at.y * compose.picture.x + at.x] = pack4x8unorm(kept(textureLoad(panel, id.xy, 0)));
+}
+
+// One pixel of the background as an RGBA word.
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn fill_rgba(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    if any(id.xy >= compose.picture) {
+        return;
+    }
+    bytes[id.y * compose.picture.x + id.x] = pack4x8unorm(compose.background);
+}
+
+// One 4×2 block of a panel as NV12: two words of luma and one of chroma.
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn nv12(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let block = id.xy * vec2u(4u, 2u);
+    if any(block >= compose.size) {
+        return;
+    }
+    var rgb: array<vec3f, 8>;
+    for (var i = 0u; i < 8u; i++) {
+        rgb[i] = textureLoad(panel, block + vec2u(i % 4u, i / 4u), 0).rgb;
+    }
+    write_block(compose.origin + block, rgb);
+}
+
+// One 4×2 block of the background as NV12.
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn fill_nv12(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let block = id.xy * vec2u(4u, 2u);
+    if any(block >= compose.picture) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let c = compose.background.rgb * compose.background.a;
+    write_block(block, array<vec3f, 8>(c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/evaluate.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/evaluate.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf1dc78e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/evaluate.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+// The expression machine: every row of a mark runs the mark's channels, which store into its state.
+// All rows run the same instructions, so control flow stays uniform across a workgroup. A dispatch
+// covers the row blocks the mark lists, only those whose rows changed when only those did.
+//
+// While the mark eases (`mark.frozen` set), a row whose visibility flips fades, and rows past
+// `mark.rows` left, fading out. While it eases toward what changed (`mark.settled` set), channels
+// store into the settled mirror instead, once per change, and each frame `ease` writes what every
+// row shows from its frozen and settled state by the mark's progress: numbers and colors mix, positions
+// move by their offset, and the rest show as evaluated. No channel runs to ease.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    NONE, MISSING, MISSING_COLOR, STACK, VISIBLE, PLACED, FADE_IN, FADE_OUT, ENTERING, BLOCK_ROWS, item,
+    BLEND_KEEP, BLEND_NUMBER, BLEND_COLOR, BLEND_POSITION,
+    VERTEX_POSITION, VERTEX_ELEVATION, VERTEX_FLAGS, VERTEX_HALF, VERTEX_RANGE, HALF_UNITS, OWN_HEIGHT, SIZED, MARK_VERTICES,
+    OP_CONST, OP_MISSING, OP_FIELD, OP_SELECTED, OP_HOVERED, OP_POINTER, OP_ELAPSED, OP_THEME, OP_ZOOM,
+    OP_NEG, OP_NOT, OP_ABS, OP_SQRT, OP_SIN, OP_COS, OP_FLOOR, OP_LOG, OP_EXP,
+    OP_ADD, OP_SUB, OP_MUL, OP_DIV, OP_MIN, OP_MAX, OP_MOD, OP_POW,
+    OP_LT, OP_LE, OP_GT, OP_GE, OP_EQ, OP_NE, OP_AND, OP_OR,
+    OP_SELECT, OP_SCALE, OP_COLORMAP, OP_STORE, OP_STORE_COLOR, OP_STORE_FLAG, OP_STORE_POSITION,
+    OP_POSITION, OP_STORE_END, OP_STORE_CODE, OP_REDUCE,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, program, mark, state};
+import package::lib::state::{travel_words, pack_range};
+import package::lib::read::{column_value, bits_value, missing, missing_bits};
+import package::lib::focus::{is_selected, is_hovered};
+import package::lib::color::{scale, colormap};
+import package::lib::project::{project, to_screen};
+import package::lib::reduce::{ordered, unordered};
+
+// Each row's state as drawn when the mark's transition began.
+@group(2) @binding(1) var<storage, read> frozen: array<u32>;
+// Per fitted domain: the order-preserving bits of its least and greatest value.
+@group(2) @binding(4) var<storage, read_write> domains: array<atomic<u32>>;
+// Each row's state as its channels evaluated it, where it settles once the mark's transition ends:
+// the state's mirror, written while the mark eases toward it.
+@group(2) @binding(14) var<storage, read_write> settled: array<u32>;
+// Each mark's row blocks a dispatch covers: at `mark.block`, `mark.blocks` of them.
+@group(2) @binding(16) var<storage, read> blocks: array<u32>;
+
+// The row invocation `id` evaluates: row `id.x` of the mark's `id.y`th listed block.
+fn row_of(id: vec3u) -> u32 {
+    return blocks[mark.block + id.y] * BLOCK_ROWS + id.x;
+}
+
+fn constant(i: u32) -> u32 {
+    return program[mark.constants + i];
+}
+
+fn constant_float(i: u32) -> f32 {
+    return bitcast<f32>(constant(i));
+}
+
+// A domain record in constants: fitted flag, least, greatest, reduction index.
+fn domain(at: u32) -> vec2f {
+    if constant(at) == 0u {
+        return vec2f(constant_float(at + 1u), constant_float(at + 2u));
+    }
+    let d = 2u * (mark.domains + constant(at + 3u));
+    let high = atomicLoad(&domains[d + 1u]);
+    if high == 0u {
+        return vec2f(0.0, 1.0);
+    }
+    return vec2f(unordered(~atomicLoad(&domains[d])), unordered(high));
+}
+
+fn theme_word(slot: u32) -> u32 {
+    return frame.theme[slot / 4u][slot % 4u];
+}
+
+// Where word `word` of `row` lives: a kind word, or past the kind words an extra word.
+fn word_at(row: u32, word: u32) -> u32 {
+    if word < mark.stride {
+        return mark.state + row * mark.stride + word;
+    }
+    return mark.extra + row * mark.extras + (word - mark.stride);
+}
+
+fn easing() -> bool {
+    return mark.frozen != NONE;
+}
+
+// Whether channels store into the settled mirror: the mark eases toward what they evaluate.
+fn settling() -> bool {
+    return mark.settled != NONE;
+}
+
+// Word `word` of `row` where channels store it: the settled state while the mark eases toward it,
+// else the state. The settled state mirrors the state, word for word.
+fn load(row: u32, word: u32) -> u32 {
+    if settling() {
+        return settled[word_at(row, word)];
+    }
+    return state[word_at(row, word)];
+}
+
+fn store(row: u32, word: u32, value: u32) {
+    if settling() {
+        settled[word_at(row, word)] = value;
+    } else {
+        state[word_at(row, word)] = value;
+    }
+}
+
+// Word `word` of `row` as it was drawn when the transition began.
+fn was(row: u32, word: u32) -> u32 {
+    if word < mark.stride {
+        return frozen[mark.frozen + row * mark.stride + word];
+    }
+    return frozen[mark.frozen_extra + row * mark.extras + (word - mark.stride)];
+}
+
+// Whether `row` has nothing to ease from: it entered with this change.
+fn entering(row: u32, flags: u32) -> bool {
+    return (was(row, flags) & ENTERING) != 0u;
+}
+
+fn pointer_distance(row: u32) -> f32 {
+    let at = word_at(row, VERTEX_POSITION);
+    let hi = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(state[at]), bitcast<f32>(state[at + 1u]));
+    let lo = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(state[at + 2u]), bitcast<f32>(state[at + 3u]));
+    let z = bitcast<f32>(state[word_at(row, VERTEX_ELEVATION)]);
+    return distance(to_screen(project(hi, lo, z)), frame.pointer);
+}
+
+fn number(x: u32) -> f32 {
+    return bitcast<f32>(x);
+}
+
+fn word(x: f32) -> u32 {
+    return bitcast<u32>(x);
+}
+
+fn truth(x: bool) -> u32 {
+    return word(f32(x));
+}
+
+fn unary(code: u32, a: f32) -> f32 {
+    switch code {
+        case OP_NEG: { return -a; }
+        case OP_NOT: { return f32(a <= 0.5); }
+        case OP_ABS: { return abs(a); }
+        case OP_SQRT: { return sqrt(a); }
+        case OP_SIN: { return sin(a); }
+        case OP_COS: { return cos(a); }
+        case OP_FLOOR: { return floor(a); }
+        case OP_LOG: { return log(a); }
+        default: { return exp(a); }
+    }
+}
+
+fn binary(code: u32, a: f32, b: f32) -> f32 {
+    switch code {
+        case OP_ADD: { return a + b; }
+        case OP_SUB: { return a - b; }
+        case OP_MUL: { return a * b; }
+        case OP_DIV: { return a / b; }
+        case OP_MIN: { return min(a, b); }
+        case OP_MAX: { return max(a, b); }
+        case OP_MOD: { return a - b * floor(a / b); }
+        case OP_POW: { return pow(a, b); }
+        case OP_LT: { return f32(a < b); }
+        case OP_LE: { return f32(a <= b); }
+        case OP_GT: { return f32(a > b); }
+        case OP_GE: { return f32(a >= b); }
+        case OP_EQ: { return f32(a == b); }
+        case OP_NE: { return f32(a != b); }
+        case OP_AND: { return f32(a > 0.5 && b > 0.5); }
+        default: { return f32(a > 0.5 || b > 0.5); }
+    }
+}
+
+fn fallback(x: u32, slot: u32) -> u32 {
+    if slot != NONE && missing_bits(x) {
+        return theme_word(slot);
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+// A number eased from what `row` showed; a row that entered shows its own at once, and appears as
+// its draw grows it in.
+fn ease_number(row: u32, w: u32, now: u32, flags: u32) -> u32 {
+    if !easing() || missing_bits(now) || entering(row, flags) {
+        return now;
+    }
+    let start = was(row, w);
+    if missing_bits(start) {
+        return now;
+    }
+    return word(mix(number(start), number(now), mark.motion));
+}
+
+fn ease_color(row: u32, w: u32, now: u32, flags: u32) -> u32 {
+    if !easing() || entering(row, flags) {
+        return now;
+    }
+    return pack4x8unorm(mix(unpack4x8unorm(was(row, w)), unpack4x8unorm(now), mark.motion));
+}
+
+// A position's high word `w` (x or y) eased by its offset from what the row showed, so the
+// destination keeps its precision; its low word, two after it, shows as evaluated.
+fn ease_position(row: u32, w: u32, now: u32, flags: u32) -> u32 {
+    if !easing() || entering(row, flags) || (was(row, flags) & PLACED) == 0u {
+        return now;
+    }
+    let now_lo = number(settled[word_at(row, w + 2u)]);
+    let offset = (number(was(row, w)) - number(now)) + (number(was(row, w + 2u)) - now_lo);
+    return word(number(now) + offset * (1.0 - mark.motion));
+}
+
+// Sets or clears `bit` of the flags at word `w`. While easing, a row whose visibility flips stays
+// drawn and fades.
+fn store_flag(row: u32, w: u32, bit: u32, on: bool) {
+    let stored = load(row, w);
+    var flags = select(stored & ~bit, stored | bit, on);
+    if bit == VISIBLE {
+        flags &= ~(FADE_IN | FADE_OUT);
+        if easing() {
+            let before = entering(row, w) || (was(row, w) & VISIBLE) != 0u;
+            let fresh = entering(row, w);
+            if on && (fresh || !before) {
+                flags |= FADE_IN;
+            } else if !on && before {
+                flags |= VISIBLE | FADE_OUT;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    store(row, w, flags & ~ENTERING);
+}
+
+// A position, from data or in a diagram from its sheet, as high and low parts of x and y; a row
+// without one is not placed.
+fn position(row: u32, w: u32, x: vec2u, y: vec2u) {
+    let flags = w + VERTEX_FLAGS - VERTEX_POSITION;
+    if missing_bits(x.x) || missing_bits(y.x) {
+        store(row, flags, load(row, flags) & ~PLACED);
+        return;
+    }
+    store(row, w, x.x);
+    store(row, w + 1u, y.x);
+    store(row, w + 2u, x.y);
+    store(row, w + 3u, y.y);
+    store(row, flags, load(row, flags) | PLACED);
+}
+
+fn run(row: u32, start: u32, end: u32) {
+    var stack: array<u32, STACK>;
+    var sp = 0u;
+    for (var pc = start; pc < end; pc++) {
+        let at = mark.code + pc * 4u;
+        let code = program[at];
+        let a = program[at + 1u];
+        let b = program[at + 2u];
+        let c = program[at + 3u];
+        switch code {
+            case OP_CONST: { stack[sp] = constant(a); sp++; }
+            case OP_MISSING: { stack[sp] = MISSING; sp++; }
+            case OP_FIELD: { stack[sp] = column_value(a, row).x; sp++; }
+            case OP_SELECTED: { stack[sp] = truth(is_selected(row)); sp++; }
+            case OP_HOVERED: { stack[sp] = truth(is_hovered(row)); sp++; }
+            case OP_POINTER: { stack[sp] = word(pointer_distance(row)); sp++; }
+            case OP_ELAPSED: { stack[sp] = word(frame.elapsed); sp++; }
+            case OP_ZOOM: { stack[sp] = word(frame.zoom); sp++; }
+            case OP_THEME: { stack[sp] = theme_word(a); sp++; }
+            case OP_NEG, OP_NOT, OP_ABS, OP_SQRT, OP_SIN, OP_COS, OP_FLOOR, OP_LOG, OP_EXP: {
+                stack[sp - 1u] = word(unary(code, number(stack[sp - 1u])));
+            }
+            case OP_ADD, OP_SUB, OP_MUL, OP_DIV, OP_MIN, OP_MAX, OP_MOD, OP_POW, OP_LT, OP_LE, OP_GT, OP_GE,
+                OP_EQ, OP_NE, OP_AND, OP_OR: {
+                sp--;
+                stack[sp - 1u] = word(binary(code, number(stack[sp - 1u]), number(stack[sp])));
+            }
+            case OP_SELECT: {
+                sp -= 2u;
+                stack[sp - 1u] = select(stack[sp + 1u], stack[sp], number(stack[sp - 1u]) > 0.5);
+            }
+            case OP_SCALE: {
+                let range = vec2f(constant_float(b), constant_float(b + 1u));
+                stack[sp - 1u] = word(scale(number(stack[sp - 1u]), domain(a), range));
+            }
+            case OP_COLORMAP: {
+                stack[sp - 1u] = colormap(a & 0xffffu, a >> 16u, number(stack[sp - 1u]), domain(b));
+            }
+            case OP_STORE: {
+                sp--;
+                store(row, a, fallback(stack[sp], b));
+            }
+            case OP_STORE_COLOR: {
+                sp--;
+                store(row, a, select(stack[sp], theme_word(b), stack[sp] == MISSING_COLOR));
+            }
+            case OP_STORE_CODE: {
+                sp--;
+                store(row, a, stack[sp]);
+            }
+            case OP_STORE_FLAG: {
+                sp--;
+                store_flag(row, a, b, number(stack[sp]) > 0.5);
+            }
+            case OP_STORE_POSITION: {
+                sp -= 2u;
+                position(row, a, vec2u(stack[sp], 0u), vec2u(stack[sp + 1u], 0u));
+            }
+            case OP_POSITION: {
+                position(row, a, column_value(b, row), column_value(c, row));
+            }
+            case OP_STORE_END: {
+                // Without a column, the end is the row itself, as a pole's.
+                let end_row = select(bits_value(b, row), row, b == NONE);
+                let first = program[mark.ends + c];
+                store(row, a, select(first + end_row, NONE, end_row == NONE || first == NONE));
+            }
+            case OP_REDUCE: {
+                sp--;
+                let x = number(stack[sp]);
+                if !missing(x) {
+                    let d = 2u * (mark.domains + a);
+                    atomicMax(&domains[d], ~ordered(x));
+                    atomicMax(&domains[d + 1u], ordered(x));
+                }
+            }
+            default: {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// A row that left fades out with its mark's transition; its frozen state is what it showed, but for
+// its comets, which travel on.
+fn fade_exit(row: u32, flags: u32) {
+    let travel = travel_words().x;
+    for (var w = 0u; w < mark.stride; w++) {
+        if w != travel {
+            state[word_at(row, w)] = was(row, w);
+        }
+    }
+    state[word_at(row, flags)] = (was(row, flags) & ~FADE_IN) | FADE_OUT;
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn evaluate(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = row_of(id);
+    // The flags word is the last kind word of every mark's rows.
+    let flags = mark.stride - 1u;
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        // Rows that left fade out; while the mark eases toward its settled state, `ease` writes them.
+        if row < mark.rows + mark.exits && easing() && !settling() {
+            fade_exit(row, flags);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    for (var k = 0u; k < mark.channels; k++) {
+        if (mark.mask & (1u << k)) != 0u {
+            let range = mark.ranges + 2u * k;
+            run(row, program[range], program[range + 1u]);
+        }
+    }
+    if mark.kind == MARK_VERTICES {
+        let units = select(0u, HALF_UNITS, (mark.units & (1u << VERTEX_HALF)) != 0u);
+        let own = select(0u, OWN_HEIGHT, (mark.flags & SIZED) != 0u);
+        store(row, flags, (load(row, flags) & ~(HALF_UNITS | OWN_HEIGHT)) | units | own);
+        store(row, VERTEX_RANGE, pack_range(vec2f(mark.size_min, mark.size_max)));
+    }
+}
+
+// Each frame a mark eases toward its settled state: every word a channel stores shows the frozen
+// state moved toward the settled one by the mark's progress, as the program says each eases; rows that left
+// fade out. No channel runs.
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn ease(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    let flags = mark.stride - 1u;
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        if row < mark.rows + mark.exits {
+            fade_exit(row, flags);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    for (var w = 0u; w < mark.stride + mark.extras; w++) {
+        let blend = program[mark.blends + w];
+        if blend == BLEND_KEEP {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let now = settled[word_at(row, w)];
+        var shown = now;
+        switch blend {
+            case BLEND_NUMBER: { shown = ease_number(row, w, now, flags); }
+            case BLEND_COLOR: { shown = ease_color(row, w, now, flags); }
+            case BLEND_POSITION: { shown = ease_position(row, w, now, flags); }
+            default: {}
+        }
+        state[word_at(row, w)] = shown;
+    }
+}
+
+// Comets travel on by each stroke row's flow over the frame's step, so a flow that changes carries
+// on from where its comets are. Wrapped at their spacing, travel keeps its precision however long
+// they run.
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn travel(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    let words = travel_words();
+    if row >= mark.rows + mark.exits || words.x == NONE {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = word_at(row, words.x);
+    let flow = number(state[word_at(row, words.y)]);
+    let spacing = max(frame.flow_spacing, 1e-6);
+    var moved = number(state[at]) + select(flow, 0.0, missing(flow)) * frame.flow_step;
+    moved -= spacing * floor(moved / spacing);
+    // Words a row never held read as no travel.
+    state[at] = word(select(0.0, moved, moved >= 0.0 && moved <= spacing));
+}
+
+// Where a transition moved rows, their comets carry on from where they were: each row takes the
+// travel its frozen state holds.
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn carry(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    let travel = travel_words().x;
+    if row >= mark.rows + mark.exits || travel == NONE || !easing() {
+        return;
+    }
+    state[word_at(row, travel)] = was(row, travel);
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn reduce(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (var k = mark.channels; k < mark.channels + mark.reductions; k++) {
+        let range = mark.ranges + 2u * k;
+        run(row, program[range], program[range + 1u]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/fields.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/fields.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cbb8df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/fields.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Distance fields of text: the coverage a host set for a run, turned into each texel's signed distance
+// to the text's edge, inside positive, as a byte of `0.5 + distance / (2 TEXT_SPREAD)`, over the run
+// widened by `TEXT_SPREAD` texels on every side. Partial coverage places the edge within its texel, so
+// antialiasing becomes subtexel distance.
+//
+// A texel's squared distance to the text is the least, over the field's texels, of each one's own (none
+// inside the text, a partial texel's subtexel distance squared, far outside it) plus the squared
+// distance to it; likewise to what lies outside the text. The least splits into one down each column,
+// then one along each row, and only texels within the spread bring a texel within it, so each looks
+// that far and no farther: exact wherever the field is not clamped. After the columns, one of a
+// texel's two distances is its own, none, so one signed word holds both: to the outside above zero, to
+// the text below.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    TEXT_SPREAD, FIELD_COVERAGE, FIELD_WIDTH, FIELD_HEIGHT, FIELD_COLUMNS, FIELD_AT, FIELD_ROW, FIELD_WORDS,
+};
+
+// The runs, `FIELD_WORDS` each, then their coverage, four bytes a word, their columns' least
+// distances, and their fields, four texels a word.
+@group(2) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> fields: array<u32>;
+
+// Texels the field reaches past the text, and the column minima a word of four texels reads.
+const SPREAD: i32 = i32(TEXT_SPREAD);
+const NEAR: i32 = 4 + 2 * SPREAD;
+// Farther than any texel within the spread.
+const FAR: f32 = 1e20;
+
+struct Run {
+    coverage: u32,
+    // The coverage's width and height.
+    size: vec2u,
+    columns: u32,
+    at: u32,
+    // Words between the starts of the field's rows.
+    row: u32,
+}
+
+fn run(i: u32) -> Run {
+    let w = i * FIELD_WORDS;
+    return Run(
+        fields[w + FIELD_COVERAGE],
+        vec2u(fields[w + FIELD_WIDTH], fields[w + FIELD_HEIGHT]),
+        fields[w + FIELD_COLUMNS],
+        fields[w + FIELD_AT],
+        fields[w + FIELD_ROW],
+    );
+}
+
+// Texels across and down its field: its coverage's, and the spread on every side.
+fn field_size(r: Run) -> vec2u {
+    return r.size + vec2u(2u * u32(SPREAD));
+}
+
+// Field texel `p`'s own squared distances to the text and to what lies outside it.
+fn own(r: Run, p: vec2i) -> vec2f {
+    let q = p - vec2i(SPREAD);
+    if any(q < vec2i(0)) || any(q >= vec2i(r.size)) {
+        return vec2f(FAR, 0.0);
+    }
+    let i = u32(q.y) * r.size.x + u32(q.x);
+    let byte = (fields[r.coverage + i / 4u] >> (8u * (i % 4u))) & 255u;
+    if byte == 255u {
+        return vec2f(0.0, FAR);
+    }
+    if byte == 0u {
+        return vec2f(FAR, 0.0);
+    }
+    // The edge lies where coverage is half.
+    let d = 0.5 - f32(byte) / 255.0;
+    return select(vec2f(0.0, d * d), vec2f(d * d, 0.0), d > 0.0);
+}
+
+// Down each column: the least of each texel's own within the spread above and below.
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn columns(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let r = run(id.z);
+    let size = field_size(r);
+    if any(id.xy >= size) {
+        return;
+    }
+    var least = vec2f(FAR);
+    for (var dy = -SPREAD; dy <= SPREAD; dy++) {
+        let y = i32(id.y) + dy;
+        if y >= 0 && y < i32(size.y) {
+            least = min(least, own(r, vec2i(i32(id.x), y)) + f32(dy * dy));
+        }
+    }
+    fields[r.columns + id.y * size.x + id.x] = bitcast<u32>(least.y - least.x);
+}
+
+// Along each row, four texels a word: the least of the columns' within the spread to either side,
+// then each texel's byte.
+@compute @workgroup_size(16, 16)
+fn rows(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let r = run(id.z);
+    let size = field_size(r);
+    if id.x * 4u >= size.x || id.y >= size.y {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Past the field's edge lies nothing.
+    var near: array<vec2f, NEAR>;
+    let first = i32(id.x * 4u) - SPREAD;
+    for (var k = 0; k < NEAR; k++) {
+        let x = first + k;
+        var d = vec2f(FAR);
+        if x >= 0 && x < i32(size.x) {
+            let s = bitcast<f32>(fields[r.columns + id.y * size.x + u32(x)]);
+            d = vec2f(max(-s, 0.0), max(s, 0.0));
+        }
+        near[k] = d;
+    }
+    var word = 0u;
+    for (var t = 0; t < 4; t++) {
+        var least = vec2f(FAR);
+        for (var k = 0; k <= 2 * SPREAD; k++) {
+            let dx = f32(k - SPREAD);
+            least = min(least, near[t + k] + dx * dx);
+        }
+        let d = sqrt(least.y) - sqrt(least.x);
+        let byte = u32(floor(clamp(0.5 + d / (2.0 * TEXT_SPREAD), 0.0, 1.0) * 255.0 + 0.5));
+        word |= byte << (8u * u32(t));
+    }
+    fields[r.at + id.y * r.row + id.x] = word;
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/freeze.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/freeze.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5438e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/freeze.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Freezing: what each row of a mark showed when its transition began, gathered into the frozen
+// buffer at the row's new place. The remap words list where each new row was (NONE for a row that
+// entered), then the rows that left, which fade out past `mark.rows`. Slot words of a mark whose
+// ends point at vertices follow them to their new slots.
+
+import package::lib::types::{NONE, ENTERING, item};
+import package::lib::bind::{mark, state};
+
+@group(2) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> frozen: array<u32>;
+// At `mark.remap`: the old kind and extra offsets, a mask of slot words, where the slot table
+// starts or NONE, then a source row per new row and exit.
+@group(2) @binding(12) var<storage, read> remap: array<u32>;
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn gather(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if i >= mark.rows + mark.exits {
+        return;
+    }
+    let old_state = remap[mark.remap];
+    let old_extra = remap[mark.remap + 1u];
+    let slots = remap[mark.remap + 2u];
+    let table = remap[mark.remap + 3u];
+    let source = remap[mark.remap + 4u + i];
+    let flags = mark.stride - 1u;
+    for (var w = 0u; w < mark.stride; w++) {
+        var word = 0u;
+        if source == NONE {
+            word = select(0u, ENTERING, w == flags);
+        } else {
+            word = state[old_state + source * mark.stride + w];
+            if ((slots >> w) & 1u) != 0u && word != NONE && table != NONE {
+                word = remap[table + word];
+            }
+        }
+        frozen[mark.frozen + i * mark.stride + w] = word;
+    }
+    for (var w = 0u; w < mark.extras; w++) {
+        var word = 0u;
+        if source != NONE {
+            word = state[old_extra + source * mark.extras + w];
+        }
+        frozen[mark.frozen_extra + i * mark.extras + w] = word;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/labels.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/labels.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb701728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/labels.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+// Label placement. `candidates` measures each labeled row's label where its anchor puts it, by the
+// size of its text, or an estimate of it while the text is not set, and keys it by its priority,
+// then whether it showed before, then its id: a label that arrives later still displaces lesser
+// ones, and among equals those shown keep their place. Then rounds of `claim` (each label wanting
+// room takes the least key into every cell it covers, or drops if one is held), `decide` (a label
+// holding all its cells is placed), and `occupy` (placed labels hold their cells) settle, with cells
+// not held cleared between rounds. That places labels as greedily by key as a sequential pass would.
+// `ask` then asks for the texts of placed labels the atlas lacks and notes those it holds, so it
+// keeps them: texts are set only for labels that show, however many rows are in view. `fade` eases
+// each label in or out. Placement only decides which labels show; draws place them from their
+// anchors every frame. A diagram's labels scale with its sheet, so they need no placement: only
+// `candidates` runs there, to ask for the texts of labels in view.
+//
+// A mark that shows at most `label_max` labels keeps, of those wanting room, the ones of least key,
+// before any claims: keys are unique, so a radix select over three digits of 11, 11, and 10 bits finds
+// the greatest key kept exactly, each digit a pass over the candidates and one over its buckets.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    NONE, VISIBLE, LABEL_CODE, LABEL_PRIORITY, CANDIDATE_WORDS, CANDIDATE_BOX, CANDIDATE_KEY, CANDIDATE_STATE,
+    CANDIDATE_ALPHA, WANTS, PLACED_LABEL, DROPPED, STICKY, ESTIMATED, TEXT_ESTIMATE, OCCUPIED, CELL, WANTED,
+    SPACE_DIAGRAM, item,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark, state};
+import package::lib::state::extra_at;
+import package::lib::read::missing_bits;
+import package::lib::label::{anchor, length_px, legibility, text_at, fits, in_view};
+
+@group(2) @binding(13) var<storage, read_write> labels: array<atomic<u32>>;
+
+fn word(at: u32) -> u32 {
+    return atomicLoad(&labels[at]);
+}
+
+fn put(at: u32, value: u32) {
+    atomicStore(&labels[at], value);
+}
+
+fn candidate(row: u32) -> u32 {
+    return mark.candidates + row * CANDIDATE_WORDS;
+}
+
+// Asks the host to set the text of `code`.
+fn want(code: u32) {
+    let asked = atomicAdd(&labels[mark.wanted], 1u);
+    if asked < WANTED {
+        put(mark.wanted + 1u + asked, code);
+    }
+}
+
+// Notes that a label shows the text of `code`, so the atlas keeps it.
+fn seen(code: u32) {
+    atomicOr(&labels[mark.seen + code / 32u], 1u << (code % 32u));
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn candidates(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = candidate(row);
+    let before = word(at + CANDIDATE_STATE);
+    let sticky = (before & PLACED_LABEL) != 0u;
+    let code_bits = state[extra_at(row, mark.label + LABEL_CODE)];
+    var next = select(0u, STICKY, sticky);
+    if missing_bits(code_bits) || (state[mark.state + row * mark.stride + mark.stride - 1u] & VISIBLE) == 0u {
+        put(at + CANDIDATE_STATE, next);
+        return;
+    }
+    let code = u32(bitcast<f32>(code_bits));
+    let uv0 = word(mark.runs + 2u * code);
+    let uv1 = word(mark.runs + 2u * code + 1u);
+    let a = anchor(row);
+    let size = length_px(mark.label_size);
+    let diagram = frame.space == SPACE_DIAGRAM;
+    let estimated = (uv0 & TEXT_ESTIMATE) != 0u;
+    if (uv0 == 0u && uv1 == 0u) || (estimated && diagram) {
+        // The atlas lacks this text, and the label cannot wait for placement to ask for it: ask now,
+        // if it could show, legible and near the view.
+        let near = 0.25 * eye.size;
+        if a.shown && legibility(size) > 0.0 && in_view(a.at - near, a.at + near) {
+            want(code);
+        }
+        put(at + CANDIDATE_STATE, next);
+        return;
+    }
+    if estimated {
+        next |= ESTIMATED;
+    }
+    let t = text_at(uv0 & ~TEXT_ESTIMATE, uv1, size, a.at, a.align);
+    if a.shown && in_view(t.lo, t.hi) {
+        // A diagram shows every label in view that fits; elsewhere `ask` notes those placed.
+        if diagram {
+            seen(code);
+        }
+        if fits(t.hi - t.lo, a.room) {
+            next |= WANTS;
+        }
+    }
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_BOX, bitcast<u32>(t.lo.x));
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_BOX + 1u, bitcast<u32>(t.lo.y));
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_BOX + 2u, bitcast<u32>(t.hi.x));
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_BOX + 3u, bitcast<u32>(t.hi.y));
+    let level = u32(clamp(bitcast<f32>(state[extra_at(row, mark.label + LABEL_PRIORITY)]), 0.0, 255.0));
+    let id_bits = (mark.label_id + row + 1u) & 0x7fffffu;
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_KEY, ((255u - level) << 24u) | select(0x800000u, 0u, sticky) | id_bits);
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_STATE, next);
+}
+
+// Buckets of a digit of the select capping labels.
+const SELECT_BUCKETS: u32 = 2048u;
+
+// Word `k` of the select's state, past its buckets: the key's digits found, how many of the least
+// keys are still to keep, and the digit next counted (4 once fewer want room than the cap).
+fn select_word(k: u32) -> u32 {
+    return mark.label_select + SELECT_BUCKETS + k;
+}
+
+// Where digit `d` of a key starts, and how many bits it has.
+fn digit(d: u32) -> vec2u {
+    switch d {
+        case 0u: { return vec2u(21u, 11u); }
+        case 1u: { return vec2u(10u, 11u); }
+        default: { return vec2u(0u, 10u); }
+    }
+}
+
+fn wanting(row: u32) -> bool {
+    return (word(candidate(row) + CANDIDATE_STATE) & WANTS) != 0u;
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn select_start(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if mark.label_max == NONE {
+        return;
+    }
+    if i < SELECT_BUCKETS {
+        put(mark.label_select + i, 0u);
+    }
+    if i == 0u {
+        put(select_word(0u), 0u);
+        put(select_word(1u), mark.label_max);
+        put(select_word(2u), 0u);
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn select_count(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    let d = word(select_word(2u));
+    if row >= mark.rows || mark.label_max == NONE || d >= 3u || !wanting(row) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let key = word(candidate(row) + CANDIDATE_KEY);
+    let at = digit(d);
+    // Only keys whose higher digits are those found count.
+    let above = at.x + at.y;
+    if above < 32u && (key >> above) != word(select_word(0u)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    atomicAdd(&labels[mark.label_select + ((key >> at.x) & (SELECT_BUCKETS - 1u))], 1u);
+}
+
+// The bucket holding the least key still to keep, clearing the buckets for the next digit.
+@compute @workgroup_size(1)
+fn select_find() {
+    let d = word(select_word(2u));
+    // A cap of none keeps no label: the cut drops them all.
+    if mark.label_max == NONE || mark.label_max == 0u || d >= 3u {
+        return;
+    }
+    var left = word(select_word(1u));
+    var found = SELECT_BUCKETS;
+    for (var b = 0u; b < SELECT_BUCKETS; b++) {
+        let n = word(mark.label_select + b);
+        put(mark.label_select + b, 0u);
+        if found == SELECT_BUCKETS {
+            if n >= left {
+                found = b;
+            } else {
+                left -= n;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if found == SELECT_BUCKETS {
+        // Fewer want room than the cap: each keeps its chance.
+        put(select_word(2u), 4u);
+        return;
+    }
+    put(select_word(0u), (word(select_word(0u)) << digit(d).y) | found);
+    put(select_word(1u), left);
+    put(select_word(2u), d + 1u);
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn select_cut(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows || mark.label_max == NONE || !wanting(row) || word(select_word(2u)) == 4u {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = candidate(row) + CANDIDATE_STATE;
+    if mark.label_max == 0u || word(candidate(row) + CANDIDATE_KEY) > word(select_word(0u)) {
+        put(at, word(at) & ~WANTS);
+    }
+}
+
+// The cells row `row`'s label covers: least and greatest column and row.
+fn cells_of(row: u32) -> vec4u {
+    let at = candidate(row);
+    let lo = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(word(at + CANDIDATE_BOX)), bitcast<f32>(word(at + CANDIDATE_BOX + 1u)));
+    let hi = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(word(at + CANDIDATE_BOX + 2u)), bitcast<f32>(word(at + CANDIDATE_BOX + 3u)));
+    let top = vec2f(f32(frame.cell_columns), f32(frame.cell_rows)) - 1.0;
+    let a = vec2u(clamp(floor(lo / CELL), vec2f(0.0), top));
+    let b = vec2u(clamp(floor(hi / CELL), vec2f(0.0), top));
+    return vec4u(a, b);
+}
+
+fn cell(x: u32, y: u32) -> u32 {
+    return frame.cells + y * frame.cell_columns + x;
+}
+
+// Whether row `row`'s label still wants room this round.
+fn undecided(row: u32) -> bool {
+    let s = word(candidate(row) + CANDIDATE_STATE);
+    return (s & WANTS) != 0u && (s & (PLACED_LABEL | DROPPED)) == 0u;
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn clear_cells(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if i < frame.cell_columns * frame.cell_rows {
+        put(frame.cells + i, NONE);
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn reset_cells(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if i < frame.cell_columns * frame.cell_rows && word(frame.cells + i) != OCCUPIED {
+        put(frame.cells + i, NONE);
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn claim(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows || !undecided(row) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = candidate(row);
+    let key = word(at + CANDIDATE_KEY);
+    let c = cells_of(row);
+    for (var y = c.y; y <= c.w; y++) {
+        for (var x = c.x; x <= c.z; x++) {
+            if word(cell(x, y)) == OCCUPIED {
+                put(at + CANDIDATE_STATE, word(at + CANDIDATE_STATE) | DROPPED);
+                return;
+            }
+            atomicMin(&labels[cell(x, y)], key);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn decide(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows || !undecided(row) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = candidate(row);
+    let key = word(at + CANDIDATE_KEY);
+    let c = cells_of(row);
+    for (var y = c.y; y <= c.w; y++) {
+        for (var x = c.x; x <= c.z; x++) {
+            if word(cell(x, y)) != key {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_STATE, word(at + CANDIDATE_STATE) | PLACED_LABEL);
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn occupy(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows || (word(candidate(row) + CANDIDATE_STATE) & PLACED_LABEL) == 0u {
+        return;
+    }
+    let c = cells_of(row);
+    for (var y = c.y; y <= c.w; y++) {
+        for (var x = c.x; x <= c.z; x++) {
+            put(cell(x, y), OCCUPIED);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn ask(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return;
+    }
+    let s = word(candidate(row) + CANDIDATE_STATE);
+    if (s & PLACED_LABEL) == 0u {
+        return;
+    }
+    let code = u32(bitcast<f32>(state[extra_at(row, mark.label + LABEL_CODE)]));
+    if (s & ESTIMATED) != 0u {
+        want(code);
+    } else {
+        seen(code);
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn fade(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let row = item(id);
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = candidate(row);
+    // A label placed by an estimate waits for its text to fade in.
+    let s = word(at + CANDIDATE_STATE);
+    let placed = (s & PLACED_LABEL) != 0u && (s & ESTIMATED) == 0u;
+    let alpha = bitcast<f32>(word(at + CANDIDATE_ALPHA));
+    let next = clamp(select(alpha - frame.label_fade, alpha + frame.label_fade, placed), 0.0, 1.0);
+    put(at + CANDIDATE_ALPHA, bitcast<u32>(select(next, 0.0, missing_bits(bitcast<u32>(next)))));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/lists.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/lists.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92f857f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/lists.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// The scan of a list: each block of 256 counts scans in its workgroup and leaves its total, one
+// workgroup scans the totals, and every count adds its block's offset. Counts become where each
+// item's entries start, the total follows them, and the header's indirect arguments take the
+// entries the list keeps. Each count is held to its share of a u32, so the total never wraps.
+// Reduce-then-scan needs no forward progress between workgroups, so it is safe on every device.
+
+import package::lib::bind::mark;
+import package::lib::types::{
+    LIST_ITEMS, LIST_COUNTS, LIST_SUMS, LIST_ENTRIES, LIST_DRAW, LIST_DISPATCH, LIST_KEPT, PATH_TRACE, TRIANGLES,
+    BLOCK_ROWS, item,
+};
+import package::lib::lists::{lists, list_start};
+import package::lib::path::{row_segments, path_point, path_length, PATH};
+
+var<workgroup> tile: array<u32, 256>;
+var<workgroup> shared_items: u32;
+
+// The list this dispatch scans: the mark's.
+fn header() -> u32 {
+    return mark.list;
+}
+
+// Inclusive scan of `tile` across the workgroup.
+fn scan_tile(local: u32) {
+    for (var d = 1u; d < 256u; d *= 2u) {
+        let before = select(0u, tile[max(local, d) - d], local >= d);
+        workgroupBarrier();
+        tile[local] += before;
+        workgroupBarrier();
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn scan_blocks(@builtin(local_invocation_id) l: vec3u, @builtin(workgroup_id) g: vec3u) {
+    let h = header();
+    let n = lists[h + LIST_ITEMS];
+    let counts = lists[h + LIST_COUNTS];
+    // Past one dimension's workgroups, blocks of BLOCK_ROWS items step along the second.
+    let block = g.y * (BLOCK_ROWS / 256u) + g.x;
+    let i = block * 256u + l.x;
+    // Whatever the counts, the starts climb, so every item's writes end.
+    let share = 0xffffffffu / max(n, 1u);
+    let own = select(0u, min(lists[counts + min(i, max(n, 1u) - 1u)], share), i < n);
+    tile[l.x] = own;
+    workgroupBarrier();
+    scan_tile(l.x);
+    if i < n {
+        lists[counts + i] = tile[l.x] - own;
+    }
+    if l.x == 255u {
+        lists[lists[h + LIST_SUMS] + block] = tile[255];
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn scan_sums(@builtin(local_invocation_id) l: vec3u) {
+    let h = header();
+    if l.x == 0u {
+        shared_items = lists[h + LIST_ITEMS];
+    }
+    let n = workgroupUniformLoad(&shared_items);
+    let sums = lists[h + LIST_SUMS];
+    let blocks = (n + 255u) / 256u;
+    var carry = 0u;
+    for (var start = 0u; start < blocks; start += 256u) {
+        let i = start + l.x;
+        let own = select(0u, lists[sums + min(i, max(blocks, 1u) - 1u)], i < blocks);
+        tile[l.x] = own;
+        workgroupBarrier();
+        scan_tile(l.x);
+        if i < blocks {
+            lists[sums + i] = tile[l.x] - own + carry;
+        }
+        carry += tile[255];
+        workgroupBarrier();
+    }
+    if l.x == 0u {
+        lists[lists[h + LIST_COUNTS] + n] = carry;
+        let kept = min(carry, lists[h + LIST_KEPT]);
+        lists[h + LIST_DRAW + 1u] = kept;
+        lists[h + LIST_DISPATCH] = (kept + 255u) / 256u;
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn add_sums(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    let h = header();
+    if i < lists[h + LIST_ITEMS] {
+        let counts = lists[h + LIST_COUNTS];
+        lists[counts + i] += lists[lists[h + LIST_SUMS] + i / 256u];
+    }
+}
+
+// A mark's segments, numbered by its list: each row counts the segments of its path, then writes
+// its row at each of their places, with how far along its path each starts, so a segment's instance
+// finds its row, its index in it, and where dashes and comets stand at its start.
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn count_segments(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if i < lists[mark.list + LIST_ITEMS] {
+        lists[lists[mark.list + LIST_COUNTS] + i] = row_segments(i);
+    }
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn write_segments(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if i >= lists[mark.list + LIST_ITEMS] {
+        return;
+    }
+    let at = list_start(mark.list, i);
+    let end = list_start(mark.list, i + 1u);
+    let entries = lists[mark.list + LIST_ENTRIES];
+    // An area's triangles have no distance along.
+    let measured = mark.primitive != TRIANGLES && PATH != PATH_TRACE;
+    var along = 0.0;
+    var last = path_point(i, 0u);
+    for (var k = at; k < end; k++) {
+        lists[entries + 2u * k] = i;
+        lists[entries + 2u * k + 1u] = bitcast<u32>(along);
+        if measured {
+            let next = path_point(i, k - at + 1u);
+            along += select(0.0, path_length(last, next), last.shown && next.shown);
+            last = next;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/normals.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/normals.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3754e758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/normals.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Vertex normals for faces: each face adds its unit normal to its three corners in fixed point, so the
+// sums are exact in any order.
+
+import package::lib::types::{NONE, item};
+import package::lib::bind::mark;
+import package::lib::triangles::triangle_corner;
+
+@group(2) @binding(3) var<storage, read_write> normals: array<atomic<i32>>;
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn accumulate(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let i = item(id);
+    if i >= mark.rows {
+        return;
+    }
+    let a = triangle_corner(i, 0u);
+    let b = triangle_corner(i, 1u);
+    let c = triangle_corner(i, 2u);
+    if !(a.shown && b.shown && c.shown) || a.slot == NONE {
+        return;
+    }
+    let n = cross(b.world - a.world, c.world - a.world);
+    let length2 = dot(n, n);
+    if !(length2 > 1e-30) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let q = vec3i(round(n * inverseSqrt(length2) * 65536.0));
+    for (var k = 0u; k < 3u; k++) {
+        let at = select(select(c.slot, b.slot, k == 1u), a.slot, k == 0u) * 3u;
+        atomicAdd(&normals[at], q.x);
+        atomicAdd(&normals[at + 1u], q.y);
+        atomicAdd(&normals[at + 2u], q.z);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/probe.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/probe.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9395935
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/compute/probe.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+// Probes and queries: what a frame drew, asked about through the same geometry the draws use. One
+// program, made for one primitive's geometry, answers every question a step at a time, the step a
+// dispatch's uniform names; each step that reads instances puts each on screen once (`seen`) and asks
+// of it what the step needs.
+//
+// The hover takes three steps over every mark it reaches: `nearest` keeps the least key over every
+// instance within reach of the probe (the distance in sixty-fourths of a pixel, then the mark drawn
+// last), `topmost` keeps the last instance of that mark at that key, and `describe` writes where that
+// hit lies. Rows behind what the frame drew are not reached. `under` writes the nearest depth drawn
+// around the probe, which gestures turn and zoom about.
+//
+// Queries write past the probe's words, each mark from the word its `query` names: `hits` appends every
+// instance within reach of the query's point while the mark has room; `boxed` sets a bit for every row
+// with an instance in the query's box, hidden or not. `locate` writes where one row lies on screen.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    NONE, FADE_OUT, POINTS, STROKES, TRIANGLES, MARK_EDGES, PATH_GEOMETRY, PROBE_KEY, PROBE_INSTANCE, PROBE_DEPTH,
+    PROBE_X, PROBE_Y, PROBE_UNDER, PROBE_ROW, PROBE_SEGMENT, PROBE_LOCATE_X, PROBE_LOCATE_Y, PROBE_LOCATED,
+    STEP_NEAREST, STEP_TOPMOST, STEP_DESCRIBE, STEP_HITS, STEP_BOXED, STEP_LOCATE, STEP_UNDER, HIT_WORDS, item,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark, state};
+import package::lib::state::row_at;
+import package::lib::project::{to_screen, clip_of};
+import package::lib::points::{point, port_at};
+import package::lib::path::{PATH, Segment, segment, segment_screen, stroke_style, stroke_instances, path_count};
+import package::lib::triangles::{triangle_corner, triangle_row, triangle_instances, area_anchor};
+import package::lib::marker::outline_distance;
+
+// The primitive this pipeline probes: each pipeline is made for one, so it holds only that one's
+// geometry and compiles quickly.
+override PROBED: u32 = 0u;
+
+// Which step a dispatch takes.
+struct Step {
+    step: u32,
+}
+
+@group(2) @binding(5) var<storage, read_write> probe: array<atomic<u32>>;
+@if(multisampled)
+@group(2) @binding(6) var depth: texture_depth_multisampled_2d;
+@else
+@group(2) @binding(6) var depth: texture_depth_2d;
+@group(2) @binding(17) var<uniform> step: Step;
+
+struct Reach {
+    distance: f32,
+    depth: f32,
+    point: vec2f,
+    row: u32,
+    segment: u32,
+}
+
+fn unreached() -> Reach {
+    return Reach(1e30, 0.0, vec2f(0.0), NONE, 0u);
+}
+
+// An instance as the frame drew it, on screen, depths as z: a point's center and, for a port, the
+// port's center as `b`; a segment's ends; a triangle's corners, with whether each is shown, ahead of
+// the eye, and in front of it. `part` is a port's number from 1, or a segment's index along its path.
+struct Seen {
+    row: u32,
+    part: u32,
+    // The row is the mark's and not fading out.
+    kept: bool,
+    // A point is shown; a stroke's style is shown and its segment on screen.
+    shown: bool,
+    a: vec3f,
+    b: vec3f,
+    c: vec3f,
+    corners: vec3<bool>,
+    ahead: vec3<bool>,
+    front: vec3<bool>,
+    // A point's half size, a port's radius as x, a stroke's width as x.
+    half: vec2f,
+}
+
+// A clip position on screen, with its depth as z.
+fn screen(clip: vec4f) -> vec3f {
+    return vec3f(to_screen(clip), clip.z / clip.w);
+}
+
+// The nearest point of segment `a`–`b` to `p`, depth interpolated.
+fn nearest_on(p: vec2f, a: vec3f, b: vec3f) -> vec3f {
+    let ab = b.xy - a.xy;
+    let t = clamp(dot(p - a.xy, ab) / max(dot(ab, ab), 1e-9), 0.0, 1.0);
+    return mix(a, b, t);
+}
+
+// Whether a row is fading out: it no longer answers the pointer.
+fn leaving(row: u32) -> bool {
+    return (state[row_at(row) + mark.stride - 1u] & FADE_OUT) != 0u;
+}
+
+// A point's marker, or past the rows one of their ports.
+fn seen_point(instance: u32) -> Seen {
+    var s: Seen;
+    let port = select(0u, instance - mark.rows, instance >= mark.rows);
+    let row = select(instance, port / max(mark.ports, 1u), instance >= mark.rows);
+    let pt = point(row);
+    s.row = row;
+    s.kept = row < mark.rows && !leaving(row);
+    s.shown = pt.shown;
+    s.a = screen(pt.clip);
+    s.front = vec3<bool>(pt.clip.w > 0.0);
+    s.half = max(pt.half, vec2f(0.5));
+    if instance >= mark.rows {
+        let k = port % max(mark.ports, 1u);
+        let at = port_at(pt, k);
+        s.part = k + 1u;
+        s.b = vec3f(at.center, s.a.z);
+        s.half = vec2f(at.half, 0.0);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+// A segment of a stroke: the instance's, or, locating, the middle one of row `instance`'s path.
+fn seen_segment(instance: u32, locating: bool) -> Seen {
+    var s: Seen;
+    var g = Segment(instance, 0u, 0.0);
+    if locating {
+        g.index = path_count(instance) / 2u;
+    } else {
+        g = segment(instance);
+    }
+    s.row = g.row;
+    s.part = g.index;
+    s.kept = g.row < mark.rows && !leaving(g.row);
+    if !s.kept && !locating {
+        return s;
+    }
+    let style = stroke_style(g.row);
+    let on = segment_screen(g);
+    s.shown = style.shown && on.shown;
+    s.front = vec3<bool>(on.shown);
+    s.a = vec3f(on.a, on.ca.z / on.ca.w);
+    s.b = vec3f(on.b, on.cb.z / on.cb.w);
+    s.half = vec2f(style.width, 0.0);
+    return s;
+}
+
+// A triangle: a face, or one of an area's.
+fn seen_triangle(instance: u32, locating: bool) -> Seen {
+    var s: Seen;
+    let row = select(triangle_row(instance), instance, locating);
+    s.row = row;
+    s.kept = row < mark.rows && !leaving(row);
+    if !s.kept && !locating {
+        return s;
+    }
+    let ka = triangle_corner(instance, 0u);
+    let kb = triangle_corner(instance, 1u);
+    let kc = triangle_corner(instance, 2u);
+    let ca = clip_of(ka.world);
+    let cb = clip_of(kb.world);
+    let cc = clip_of(kc.world);
+    s.corners = vec3<bool>(ka.shown, kb.shown, kc.shown);
+    s.ahead = vec3<bool>(ka.ahead, kb.ahead, kc.ahead);
+    s.front = vec3<bool>(ca.w > 0.0, cb.w > 0.0, cc.w > 0.0);
+    s.shown = all(s.corners) && any(s.ahead) && all(s.front);
+    s.a = screen(ca);
+    s.b = screen(cb);
+    s.c = screen(cc);
+    return s;
+}
+
+// Instance `instance` of the mark's primitive on screen; locating, row `instance`'s place.
+fn seen(instance: u32, locating: bool) -> Seen {
+    switch PROBED {
+        case POINTS: { return seen_point(instance); }
+        case STROKES: { return seen_segment(instance, locating); }
+        default: { return seen_triangle(instance, locating); }
+    }
+}
+
+// How far `p` lies from what the instance drew, and the nearest of it on screen with its depth.
+fn reach(s: Seen, p: vec2f) -> Reach {
+    if !s.kept || !s.shown {
+        return unreached();
+    }
+    switch PROBED {
+        case POINTS: {
+            if s.part > 0u {
+                return Reach(max(length(p - s.b.xy) - s.half.x, 0.0), s.a.z, s.b.xy, s.row, s.part);
+            }
+            let d = outline_distance((p - s.a.xy) * vec2f(1.0, -1.0), s.half);
+            return Reach(max(d, 0.0), s.a.z, s.a.xy, s.row, 0u);
+        }
+        case STROKES: {
+            let q = nearest_on(p, s.a, s.b);
+            // The nearer end names the sample a trace's hit lies at; for an edge, which of its ends.
+            var end = select(s.part, s.part + 1u, length(q.xy - s.b.xy) < length(q.xy - s.a.xy));
+            if mark.kind == MARK_EDGES {
+                end = u32(2u * end >= path_count(s.row));
+            }
+            return Reach(max(length(p - q.xy) - 0.5 * s.half.x, 0.0), q.z, q.xy, s.row, end);
+        }
+        default: {
+            let a = s.a;
+            let b = s.b;
+            let c = s.c;
+            let area = (b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y) - (b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x);
+            if abs(area) > 1e-9 {
+                let wb = ((p.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y) - (p.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x)) / area;
+                let wc = ((b.x - a.x) * (p.y - a.y) - (b.y - a.y) * (p.x - a.x)) / area;
+                if wb >= 0.0 && wc >= 0.0 && wb + wc <= 1.0 {
+                    return Reach(0.0, a.z + (b.z - a.z) * wb + (c.z - a.z) * wc, p, s.row, 0u);
+                }
+            }
+            var q = nearest_on(p, a, b);
+            let q2 = nearest_on(p, b, c);
+            let q3 = nearest_on(p, c, a);
+            q = select(q, q2, length(p - q2.xy) < length(p - q.xy));
+            q = select(q, q3, length(p - q3.xy) < length(p - q.xy));
+            return Reach(length(p - q.xy), q.z, q.xy, s.row, 0u);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn in_box(p: vec2f) -> bool {
+    return all(p >= frame.query.xy) && all(p <= frame.query.zw);
+}
+
+// Whether the instance lies in the query's box: a point's center, any part of a segment, or a
+// triangle's corner.
+fn boxed(s: Seen) -> bool {
+    if !s.kept {
+        return false;
+    }
+    switch PROBED {
+        case POINTS: {
+            return s.part == 0u && s.shown && s.front.x && in_box(s.a.xy);
+        }
+        case STROKES: {
+            if !s.shown {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // The segment crosses the box when its ends do, or it passes through it.
+            for (var k = 0u; k <= 8u; k++) {
+                if in_box(mix(s.a.xy, s.b.xy, f32(k) / 8.0)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        default: {
+            let corner = s.corners & s.ahead & s.front;
+            return (corner.x && in_box(s.a.xy)) || (corner.y && in_box(s.b.xy)) || (corner.z && in_box(s.c.xy));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Where row `row` lies on screen, and 1 as z where it shows: a point's center, a path's middle
+// segment's middle, a face's middle; an area lies where its label hangs.
+fn located(row: u32) -> vec3f {
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return vec3f(0.0);
+    }
+    if PROBED == TRIANGLES && PATH == PATH_GEOMETRY {
+        let anchor = area_anchor(row);
+        let clip = clip_of(anchor.world);
+        return vec3f(to_screen(clip), f32(anchor.shown && anchor.ahead && clip.w > 0.0));
+    }
+    let s = seen(row, true);
+    switch PROBED {
+        case POINTS: { return vec3f(s.a.xy, f32(s.shown && s.front.x)); }
+        case STROKES: { return vec3f(0.5 * (s.a.xy + s.b.xy), f32(s.front.x)); }
+        default: { return vec3f((s.a.xy + s.b.xy + s.c.xy) / 3.0, f32(all(s.front))); }
+    }
+}
+
+fn drawn_depth(texel: vec2i) -> f32 {
+    return textureLoad(depth, texel, 0);
+}
+
+// Whether the frame drew nothing in front of `r`. Depth is reversed: nearer is greater.
+fn shown(r: Reach) -> bool {
+    let size = vec2f(textureDimensions(depth));
+    let texel = vec2i(clamp(r.point * eye.pixel_ratio, vec2f(0.0), size - 1.0));
+    return drawn_depth(texel) <= r.depth * 1.01 + 1e-7;
+}
+
+// The nearest depth drawn around the probe.
+fn under() -> f32 {
+    let size = vec2i(textureDimensions(depth));
+    let at = vec2i(frame.probe * eye.pixel_ratio);
+    var nearest = 0.0;
+    for (var dy = -1; dy <= 1; dy++) {
+        for (var dx = -1; dx <= 1; dx++) {
+            nearest = max(nearest, drawn_depth(clamp(at + vec2i(dx, dy), vec2i(0), size - 1)));
+        }
+    }
+    return nearest;
+}
+
+// Instances of the mark's primitive: rows and their ports, a stroke's segments, or triangles.
+fn instances() -> u32 {
+    if PROBED == STROKES {
+        return stroke_instances();
+    }
+    if PROBED == POINTS {
+        return mark.rows * (1u + mark.ports);
+    }
+    return triangle_instances();
+}
+
+// Appends hit `r` to the mark's, while it has room: they follow how many it found and how many it
+// keeps, `HIT_WORDS` each.
+fn append(r: Reach) {
+    let at = atomicAdd(&probe[mark.query], 1u);
+    if at >= atomicLoad(&probe[mark.query + 1u]) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let entry = mark.query + 2u + HIT_WORDS * at;
+    atomicStore(&probe[entry], r.row);
+    atomicStore(&probe[entry + 1u], min(u32(r.distance * 64.0), 0xffffffu));
+    atomicStore(&probe[entry + 2u], r.segment);
+    atomicStore(&probe[entry + 3u], bitcast<u32>(r.point.x));
+    atomicStore(&probe[entry + 4u], bitcast<u32>(r.point.y));
+    atomicStore(&probe[entry + 5u], bitcast<u32>(r.depth));
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(256)
+fn answer(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
+    let s = step.step;
+    // Steps that read one thing take one invocation.
+    if s == STEP_UNDER || s == STEP_LOCATE || s == STEP_DESCRIBE {
+        if any(id != vec3u(0u)) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    if s == STEP_UNDER {
+        atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_UNDER], bitcast<u32>(under()));
+        return;
+    }
+    if s == STEP_LOCATE {
+        let at = located(bitcast<u32>(frame.query.x));
+        atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_LOCATE_X], bitcast<u32>(at.x));
+        atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_LOCATE_Y], bitcast<u32>(at.y));
+        atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_LOCATED], u32(at.z));
+        return;
+    }
+    // Describing reads the topmost instance the hover found, when it is this mark's.
+    var i = item(id);
+    if s == STEP_DESCRIBE {
+        let key = atomicLoad(&probe[PROBE_KEY]);
+        let instance = atomicLoad(&probe[PROBE_INSTANCE]);
+        if key == NONE || instance == 0u || 255u - (key & 255u) != min(mark.index, 255u) {
+            return;
+        }
+        i = instance - 1u;
+    } else if i >= instances() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let drawn = seen(i, false);
+    if s == STEP_BOXED {
+        if boxed(drawn) {
+            atomicOr(&probe[mark.query + drawn.row / 32u], 1u << (drawn.row % 32u));
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    let hits = s == STEP_HITS;
+    let r = reach(drawn, select(frame.probe, frame.query.xy, hits));
+    if !(r.distance <= select(frame.probe_radius, frame.query.z, hits)) || !shown(r) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let key = (min(u32(r.distance * 64.0), 0xffffffu) << 8u) | (255u - min(mark.index, 255u));
+    switch s {
+        case STEP_NEAREST: {
+            atomicMin(&probe[PROBE_KEY], key);
+        }
+        case STEP_TOPMOST: {
+            if key == atomicLoad(&probe[PROBE_KEY]) {
+                atomicMax(&probe[PROBE_INSTANCE], i + 1u);
+            }
+        }
+        case STEP_DESCRIBE: {
+            atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_DEPTH], bitcast<u32>(r.depth));
+            atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_X], bitcast<u32>(r.point.x));
+            atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_Y], bitcast<u32>(r.point.y));
+            atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_ROW], r.row);
+            atomicStore(&probe[PROBE_SEGMENT], r.segment);
+        }
+        default: {
+            append(r);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/areas.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/areas.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5975ecd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/areas.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Areas: one instanced triangle per triangle of every area, numbered by the mark's list, flat on the
+// ground in its row's color and lit by the earth's daylight. Areas lie under what draws after them:
+// they test depth but write none. The focus variant draws the triangles of the rows the mark's focus
+// lights again, over everything, tinted toward the theme's focus colors.
+
+import package::lib::types::{SELECTED, HOVERED};
+import package::lib::bind::frame;
+import package::lib::project::culled;
+import package::lib::triangles::{triangle_corner, triangle_shown, corner_clip};
+import package::lib::focus::focus_of;
+import package::lib::shade::daylight;
+import package::lib::color::output;
+
+struct Varyings {
+    @builtin(position) clip: vec4f,
+    @location(0) color: vec4f,
+    @location(1) @interpolate(flat) row: u32,
+    // The row's focus bits, which the focus draw tints by.
+    @location(2) @interpolate(flat) focus: u32,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) corner: u32, @builtin(instance_index) instance: u32) -> Varyings {
+    var out: Varyings;
+    let c = triangle_corner(instance, corner);
+    out.row = c.row;
+    if !triangle_shown(instance) {
+        out.clip = culled();
+        return out;
+    }
+    out.clip = corner_clip(c);
+    out.color = vec4f(c.color.rgb * daylight(c.position.xy), c.color.a);
+    out.focus = focus_of(c.row);
+    return out;
+}
+
+@if(!focused)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    return output(vec4f(v.color.rgb * v.color.a, v.color.a));
+}
+
+@if(focused)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    var rgb = v.color.rgb;
+    let focus = v.focus;
+    if (focus & SELECTED) != 0u {
+        // A selected color with a negative red asks for each row's own, brightened.
+        let tint = select(frame.selected.rgb, min(rgb * 1.6 + 0.08, vec3f(1.0)), frame.selected.r < 0.0);
+        rgb = mix(rgb, tint, 0.5);
+    } else if (focus & HOVERED) != 0u {
+        rgb = mix(rgb, frame.hover.rgb, 0.6 * frame.hover.a);
+    }
+    return output(vec4f(rgb * v.color.a, v.color.a));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/backdrop.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/backdrop.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0490da7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/backdrop.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// The backdrop under every mark: a plane's or a diagram's grid, or the earth's surface and graticule,
+// darkened where casters shadow the ground, lit by daylight, and on the globe ringed by its air. Lines
+// are a pixel wide and antialiased per axis. Their spacing steps by tens, and the next step fades in as
+// the lines crowd, so no seam shows. They fade where the view grazes the ground, and on a plane away
+// from what the camera looks at. The round globe writes its depth a hair under its surface, so what
+// lies behind it hides and what lies on it draws.
+
+import package::lib::types::{SPACE_EARTH, SPACE_PLANE, SPACE_DIAGRAM, GRID_OFF, GRID_DOTS};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye};
+import package::lib::color::output;
+import package::lib::project::{PI, NEAR_Z, FAR_Z, globe_center};
+import package::lib::shade::{lit, daylight};
+
+@group(2) @binding(10) var shadows: texture_2d<f32>;
+
+struct Varyings {
+    @builtin(position) clip: vec4f,
+    @location(0) ndc: vec2f,
+}
+
+// How far under its surface the globe's depth lies, in its radii: deeper than a chord of a few
+// degrees sags, so paths and areas on the ground draw over it.
+const SURFACE_BIAS: f32 = 1e-3;
+
+// What a pixel of the backdrop draws: its color, and the depth of the ground there.
+struct Ground {
+    color: vec4f,
+    depth: f32,
+}
+
+struct Out {
+    @location(0) color: vec4f,
+    @builtin(frag_depth) depth: f32,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) i: u32) -> Varyings {
+    let uv = vec2f(f32((i << 1u) & 2u), f32(i & 2u));
+    let ndc = uv * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    return Varyings(vec4f(ndc, 0.0, 1.0), ndc);
+}
+
+// Coverage of lines `pitch` apart through `p`, which moves `w` per pixel: a pixel wide, fading out as
+// their cells shrink to a few pixels.
+fn lines(p: vec2f, w: vec2f, pitch: f32) -> f32 {
+    let cells = max(w / pitch, vec2f(1e-12));
+    let px = abs(fract(p / pitch + 0.5) - 0.5) / cells;
+    let c = saturate(1.0 - px) * (1.0 - smoothstep(vec2f(0.08), vec2f(0.25), cells));
+    return max(c.x, c.y);
+}
+
+fn dots(p: vec2f, w: vec2f, pitch: f32) -> f32 {
+    let cells = max(w / pitch, vec2f(1e-12));
+    let px = abs(fract(p / pitch + 0.5) - 0.5) / cells;
+    return saturate(1.5 - length(px)) * (1.0 - smoothstep(0.08, 0.25, max(cells.x, cells.y)));
+}
+
+// Lines spaced `pitch` times a power of ten, from the `lowest` power to the `highest`: the spacing
+// nearest twenty pixels draws, and the next coarser one fades in as it crowds.
+fn grid(p: vec2f, w: vec2f, pitch: f32, lowest: f32, highest: f32, dotted: bool) -> f32 {
+    let level = clamp(log2(max(max(w.x, w.y) * 20.0 / pitch, 1e-30)) * 0.30103, lowest, highest);
+    let k = floor(level);
+    let t = level - k;
+    let step = pitch * exp2(k * 3.3219281);
+    if dotted {
+        return max(dots(p, w, step), dots(p, w, step * 10.0) * t);
+    }
+    return max(lines(p, w, step), lines(p, w, step * 10.0) * t);
+}
+
+fn blend(color: vec4f, over: vec4f, coverage: f32) -> vec4f {
+    return vec4f(mix(color.rgb, over.rgb, coverage * over.a), color.a);
+}
+
+// `color` darkened where casters shadow ground point `g`.
+fn shaded(color: vec4f, g: vec3f, ahead: bool) -> vec4f {
+    let shadow = select(0.0, 1.0 - lit(shadows, g, true), ahead);
+    return vec4f(mix(color.rgb, frame.shade.color.rgb, shadow), color.a);
+}
+
+// The plane: its grid where the ray meets elevation 0 at `g`, faded where the ray grazes and away
+// from the center.
+fn plane(g: vec3f, d: vec3f, ahead: bool) -> vec4f {
+    let p = g.xy + frame.center_hi + frame.center_lo;
+    let w = fwidth(g.xy);
+    let ground = shaded(frame.background, g, ahead);
+    if frame.grid_kind == GRID_OFF {
+        return ground;
+    }
+    let near = 1.0 - smoothstep(0.6, 1.0, length(g.xy) / max(frame.grid_fade, 1e-30));
+    let fade = f32(ahead) * smoothstep(0.02, 0.15, abs(d.z)) * select(1.0, near, frame.grid_fade > 0.0);
+    let c = grid(p, w, frame.grid_pitch, 0.0, 30.0, frame.grid_kind == GRID_DOTS) * fade;
+    return blend(ground, frame.grid_color, c);
+}
+
+// Longitude and latitude in degrees at world point `w` on the flat map.
+fn map_degrees(w: vec3f) -> vec2f {
+    let lat = degrees(2.0 * atan(exp(w.y + frame.mercator_y)) - 0.5 * PI);
+    return vec2f(frame.center_hi.x + frame.center_lo.x + degrees(w.x), lat);
+}
+
+// Longitude and latitude in degrees at world point `w` on the globe of `radius`.
+fn globe_degrees(w: vec3f, radius: f32) -> vec2f {
+    let lat0 = radians(frame.center_hi.y + frame.center_lo.y);
+    let u = normalize(vec3f(w.xy, w.z + radius));
+    let v = vec3f(u.x, u.y * cos(lat0) + u.z * sin(lat0), -u.y * sin(lat0) + u.z * cos(lat0));
+    let lon = frame.center_hi.x + frame.center_lo.x + degrees(atan2(v.x, v.z));
+    return vec2f(lon, degrees(asin(clamp(v.y, -1.0, 1.0))));
+}
+
+// The earth: the mercator band or the globe's disc, eased between as the projection morphs, lit by
+// daylight, the graticule on it, and around the globe its air.
+fn earth(o: vec3f, d: vec3f, g: vec3f, ahead: bool) -> Ground {
+    // The flat map ends where web mercator does, at y = ±π.
+    let band = PI - abs(g.y + frame.mercator_y);
+    let flat = saturate(band / max(fwidth(band), 1e-9) + 0.5) * f32(ahead);
+    let center = globe_center();
+    let radius = -center.z;
+    let to_center = center - o;
+    let along = dot(to_center, d);
+    let off = length(to_center - d * along);
+    let miss = off - radius;
+    let round = saturate(-miss / max(fwidth(miss), 1e-9) + 0.5) * f32(along > 0.0);
+    let covered = mix(flat, round, frame.globe);
+    let hit = o + d * (along - sqrt(max(radius * radius - off * off, 0.0)));
+    let globe = frame.globe >= 0.5;
+    var p: vec2f;
+    var ground = frame.surface;
+    if globe {
+        p = globe_degrees(hit, radius);
+        ground = vec4f(ground.rgb * daylight(p), ground.a);
+    } else {
+        p = map_degrees(g);
+        ground = shaded(vec4f(ground.rgb * daylight(p), ground.a), g, ahead);
+    }
+    var color = blend(frame.background, ground, covered);
+    let facing = dot(normalize(hit - center), -d);
+    if frame.graticule != 0u {
+        // Longitude jumps where it wraps; its other wrapping steadies the derivative there.
+        let wrapped = fract(p.x / 360.0) * 360.0;
+        let w = vec2f(min(fwidth(p.x), fwidth(wrapped)), fwidth(p.y));
+        let fade = select(smoothstep(0.02, 0.15, abs(d.z)), smoothstep(0.0, 0.3, facing), globe);
+        color = blend(color, frame.grid_color, grid(p, w, 1.0, -2.0, 1.0, false) * fade * covered);
+    }
+    if frame.atmosphere.a > 0.0 && frame.globe > 0.0 {
+        // A rim of air over the globe's edge and a halo past it, lit where the sun is up over the
+        // ground the ray passes nearest.
+        let rim = pow(1.0 - saturate(facing), 3.0) * round;
+        let halo = pow(1.0 - smoothstep(radius, radius * 1.12, off), 2.0) * (1.0 - round) * f32(along > 0.0);
+        let below = daylight(globe_degrees(o + d * along, radius));
+        let air = (rim + halo) * frame.atmosphere.a * frame.globe * mix(0.2, 1.0, below);
+        color = vec4f(mix(color.rgb, frame.atmosphere.rgb, saturate(air)), color.a);
+    }
+    var depth = FAR_Z;
+    if frame.globe >= 1.0 && round > 0.5 {
+        let under = eye.clip_from_world * vec4f(hit - normalize(hit - center) * radius * SURFACE_BIAS, 1.0);
+        depth = clamp(under.z / under.w, FAR_Z, NEAR_Z);
+    }
+    return Ground(color, depth);
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> Out {
+    let near = eye.world_from_clip * vec4f(v.ndc, NEAR_Z, 1.0);
+    let far = eye.world_from_clip * vec4f(v.ndc, FAR_Z, 1.0);
+    let o = near.xyz / near.w;
+    let d = normalize(far.xyz / far.w - o);
+    // Where the ray meets elevation 0.
+    let t = -o.z / d.z;
+    let g = o + d * max(t, 0.0);
+    var color = frame.background;
+    var depth = FAR_Z;
+    if frame.space == SPACE_PLANE || frame.space == SPACE_DIAGRAM {
+        color = plane(g, d, t > 0.0);
+    } else if frame.space == SPACE_EARTH {
+        let ground = earth(o, d, g, t > 0.0);
+        color = ground.color;
+        depth = ground.depth;
+    }
+    return Out(output(vec4f(color.rgb * color.a, color.a)), depth);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/glyphs.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/glyphs.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f18d111d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/glyphs.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// Glyphs: every labeled row's text, placed from its anchor each frame and shown as placement decided,
+// over a halo of the background so it reads over whatever lies under it. The ports variant draws
+// each port's label beside it, inside its marker. Text is a distance field: edges stay crisp at any
+// size, and the halo is a wider threshold of the same field.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    CANDIDATE_WORDS, CANDIDATE_ALPHA, LABEL_CODE, LABEL_COLOR, PORT_WORDS, PORT_CODE, PORT_UV, PORT_SIZE, SIDE_LEFT,
+    SIDE_RIGHT, SIDE_TOP, TEXT_SPREAD, TEXT_ESTIMATE, SPACE_DIAGRAM, THEME_TEXT,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark, state, program, ramp};
+import package::lib::state::extra_at;
+import package::lib::read::missing_bits;
+import package::lib::points::{point, port_at, port_inward};
+import package::lib::label::{anchor, length_px, legibility, text_at, fits, Text};
+import package::lib::project::culled;
+import package::lib::color::output;
+
+@group(2) @binding(8) var atlas: texture_2d<f32>;
+@group(2) @binding(13) var<storage, read> labels: array<u32>;
+
+struct Varyings {
+    @builtin(position) clip: vec4f,
+    @location(0) uv: vec2f,
+    @location(1) @interpolate(flat) color: vec4f,
+    // CSS pixels per atlas texel.
+    @location(2) @interpolate(flat) scale: f32,
+}
+
+// Corner `corner` of text `t`, drawn in `color`.
+fn quad(t: Text, corner: u32, color: vec4f) -> Varyings {
+    var out: Varyings;
+    let q = vec2f(f32(corner & 1u), f32(corner >> 1u));
+    // Snapped to whole target pixels while it is set at its own size, so text stays crisp.
+    var p = mix(t.quad_lo, t.quad_hi, q);
+    if frame.space != SPACE_DIAGRAM {
+        p = round(p * eye.pixel_ratio) / eye.pixel_ratio;
+    }
+    let ndc = p / eye.size * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    out.clip = vec4f(ndc.x, -ndc.y, 0.0, 1.0);
+    out.uv = mix(t.uv_lo, t.uv_hi, q);
+    out.color = color;
+    out.scale = t.scale;
+    return out;
+}
+
+fn unshown() -> Varyings {
+    var out: Varyings;
+    out.clip = culled();
+    return out;
+}
+
+@if(!ports)
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) corner: u32, @builtin(instance_index) row: u32) -> Varyings {
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return unshown();
+    }
+    let code_bits = state[extra_at(row, mark.label + LABEL_CODE)];
+    if missing_bits(code_bits) {
+        return unshown();
+    }
+    let code = u32(bitcast<f32>(code_bits));
+    let uv0 = labels[mark.runs + 2u * code];
+    let uv1 = labels[mark.runs + 2u * code + 1u];
+    // Nothing to draw until the text is set.
+    if (uv0 == 0u && uv1 == 0u) || (uv0 & TEXT_ESTIMATE) != 0u {
+        return unshown();
+    }
+    let a = anchor(row);
+    let size = length_px(mark.label_size);
+    let t = text_at(uv0, uv1, size, a.at, a.align);
+    // A diagram's labels show while they fit and read; elsewhere as placement decided.
+    var alpha = bitcast<f32>(labels[mark.candidates + row * CANDIDATE_WORDS + CANDIDATE_ALPHA]);
+    if frame.space == SPACE_DIAGRAM {
+        alpha = f32(a.shown && fits(t.hi - t.lo, a.room)) * legibility(size);
+    }
+    if !(alpha > 0.0) {
+        return unshown();
+    }
+    let color = unpack4x8unorm(state[extra_at(row, mark.label + LABEL_COLOR)]);
+    return quad(t, corner, vec4f(color.rgb, color.a * alpha));
+}
+
+// A port's label: beside the port, inside its marker, aligned away from the side it sits on. It
+// shows while it reads and keeps clear of the ports across from it.
+@if(ports)
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) corner: u32, @builtin(instance_index) instance: u32) -> Varyings {
+    let n = max(mark.ports, 1u);
+    let row = instance / n;
+    let k = instance % n;
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return unshown();
+    }
+    let info = mark.port_info + k * PORT_WORDS;
+    let uv0 = program[info + PORT_UV];
+    let uv1 = program[info + PORT_UV + 1u];
+    if uv0 == 0u && uv1 == 0u {
+        return unshown();
+    }
+    let p = point(row);
+    let port = port_at(p, k);
+    let code = program[info + PORT_CODE];
+    let inward = port_inward(code);
+    let gap = 0.5 * PORT_SIZE * frame.unit;
+    let at = port.center + inward * (port.half + gap);
+    var align = vec2f(0.5);
+    var room = vec2f(2.0 * p.half.x, p.half.y);
+    switch code & 3u {
+        case SIDE_LEFT: {
+            align = vec2f(0.0, 0.5);
+            room = vec2f(p.half.x - port.half - gap, 2.0 * p.half.y);
+        }
+        case SIDE_RIGHT: {
+            align = vec2f(1.0, 0.5);
+            room = vec2f(p.half.x - port.half - gap, 2.0 * p.half.y);
+        }
+        case SIDE_TOP: {
+            align = vec2f(0.5, 0.0);
+            room = vec2f(2.0 * p.half.x / f32(((code >> 10u) & 255u) + 1u), p.half.y);
+        }
+        default: {
+            align = vec2f(0.5, 1.0);
+            room = vec2f(2.0 * p.half.x / f32(((code >> 10u) & 255u) + 1u), p.half.y);
+        }
+    }
+    let size = length_px(mark.port_label_size);
+    let t = text_at(uv0, uv1, size, at, align);
+    let alpha = f32(p.shown && fits(t.hi - t.lo, room)) * legibility(size) * p.color.a;
+    if !(alpha > 0.0) {
+        return unshown();
+    }
+    let text = unpack4x8unorm(frame.theme[THEME_TEXT / 4u][THEME_TEXT % 4u]);
+    return quad(t, corner, vec4f(text.rgb, text.a * alpha));
+}
+
+// The distance field at `uv`: texels past the text's edge, inside positive.
+fn inside(uv: vec2f) -> f32 {
+    let d = textureSampleLevel(atlas, ramp, uv / vec2f(textureDimensions(atlas)), 0.0).r;
+    return (d - 0.5) * 2.0 * TEXT_SPREAD;
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    // Target pixels past the edge.
+    let d = inside(v.uv) * v.scale * eye.pixel_ratio;
+    let a_text = clamp(0.5 + d, 0.0, 1.0) * v.color.a;
+    let back = frame.background;
+    let a_halo = clamp(0.5 + d + frame.halo * eye.pixel_ratio, 0.0, 1.0) * v.color.a * back.a * 0.85;
+    let a = a_text + a_halo * (1.0 - a_text);
+    let rgb = v.color.rgb * a_text + back.rgb * a_halo * (1.0 - a_text);
+    return output(vec4f(rgb, a));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/overlay.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/overlay.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7473e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/overlay.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// The overlay: lines, boxes, filled rectangles, and runs of text in CSS pixels over every mark, such
+// as a plot's axes, a scene's title and legends, a selection box, and a connection being drawn. Text
+// is the atlas's distance field, its quad reaching over the field's spread.
+
+import package::lib::types::{Sprite, SPRITE_TEXT, SPRITE_BOX, SPRITE_FILL, TEXT_SPREAD};
+import package::lib::bind::{eye, ramp};
+import package::lib::mark::coverage;
+import package::lib::color::output;
+
+@group(2) @binding(7) var<storage, read> sprites: array<Sprite>;
+@group(2) @binding(8) var atlas: texture_2d<f32>;
+
+struct Varyings {
+    @builtin(position) clip: vec4f,
+    @location(0) p: vec2f,
+    @location(1) @interpolate(flat) sprite: u32,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) corner: u32, @builtin(instance_index) sprite: u32) -> Varyings {
+    let s = sprites[sprite];
+    let quad = vec2f(f32(corner & 1u), f32(corner >> 1u));
+    var p = mix(s.a, s.b, quad);
+    if s.kind == SPRITE_BOX {
+        p = mix(min(s.a, s.b) - 1.0, max(s.a, s.b) + 1.0, quad);
+    } else if s.kind == SPRITE_FILL {
+        p = mix(min(s.a, s.b), max(s.a, s.b), quad);
+    } else if s.kind != SPRITE_TEXT {
+        let dir = normalize(s.b - s.a + vec2f(1e-6, 0.0));
+        let reach = 0.5 * s.width + 1.0;
+        let along = mix(s.a - dir * reach, s.b + dir * reach, quad.x);
+        p = along + vec2f(-dir.y, dir.x) * (quad.y * 2.0 - 1.0) * reach;
+    }
+    let ndc = p / eye.size * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    return Varyings(vec4f(ndc.x, -ndc.y, 0.0, 1.0), p, sprite);
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let s = sprites[v.sprite];
+    var c = 0.0;
+    var color = s.color;
+    if s.kind == SPRITE_TEXT {
+        let t = (v.p - s.a) / max(s.b - s.a, vec2f(1e-6));
+        let uv = mix(s.uv.xy, s.uv.zw, t) / vec2f(textureDimensions(atlas));
+        // CSS pixels per texel, then target pixels past the text's edge.
+        let scale = (s.b.y - s.a.y) / max(s.uv.w - s.uv.y, 1e-6);
+        let d = (textureSampleLevel(atlas, ramp, uv, 0.0).r - 0.5) * 2.0 * TEXT_SPREAD * scale * eye.pixel_ratio;
+        c = clamp(0.5 + d, 0.0, 1.0);
+    } else if s.kind == SPRITE_BOX {
+        let lo = min(s.a, s.b);
+        let hi = max(s.a, s.b);
+        let inside = all(v.p >= lo) && all(v.p <= hi);
+        let edge = min(min(v.p.x - lo.x, hi.x - v.p.x), min(v.p.y - lo.y, hi.y - v.p.y));
+        let line = coverage(abs(edge) - 0.5 * s.width);
+        c = max(line, f32(inside) * 0.15);
+    } else if s.kind == SPRITE_FILL {
+        c = 1.0;
+    } else {
+        let ab = s.b - s.a;
+        let t = clamp(dot(v.p - s.a, ab) / max(dot(ab, ab), 1e-6), 0.0, 1.0);
+        let d = length(v.p - (s.a + ab * t)) - 0.5 * s.width;
+        c = coverage(d);
+    }
+    let a = color.a * c;
+    return output(vec4f(color.rgb * a, a));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/points.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/points.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65938fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/points.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Points: one instanced quad per vertex row, shaded by its marker; a group's rows draw as
+// containers. A quad covers its marker and a pixel of edge, no more, and a small one a later one
+// covers in a crowded cell is left out. The focus variant draws the rows the mark's focus lights
+// again, over everything, reaching out to their glow; a group only glows about its border, so what
+// it holds still shows. The cast variant draws the same quads through the light's eye into the
+// shadow map; the ports variant draws one quad per port of every row, on its side of the row's
+// marker.
+
+import package::lib::types::{STATUS, MARKER_ICON, GROUP};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, mark, state, ramp, program, focused};
+import package::lib::state::extra_at;
+import package::lib::project::{to_screen, to_clip, nearer, culled};
+import package::lib::points::{Point, point, reach, port_at};
+import package::lib::marker::{
+    MarkerColor, MarkerFragment, builtin_marker, container, outline_distance, shape_distance, filled, over,
+    status_ring, glow, premultiplied, theme_text,
+};
+import package::lib::shade::{caster, daylight};
+import package::lib::mark::fringe;
+import package::lib::color::output;
+
+@group(2) @binding(15) var icons: texture_2d_array<f32>;
+
+struct Varyings {
+    @builtin(position) clip: vec4f,
+    @location(0) p: vec2f,
+    @location(1) @interpolate(flat) row: u32,
+    @location(2) color: vec4f,
+    @location(3) @interpolate(flat) half: vec2f,
+    @location(4) @interpolate(flat) status: vec4f,
+    @location(5) @interpolate(flat) height: f32,
+    @location(6) @interpolate(flat) shape: u32,
+    // A group's depth; for a port, 1 when its reference names a net.
+    @location(7) @interpolate(flat) extra: f32,
+    // The row's focus bits, which the focus draw glows by.
+    @location(8) @interpolate(flat) focus: u32,
+}
+
+// What an instance draws: a row's marker, or with `ports` one of a row's ports.
+struct Drawn {
+    p: Point,
+    center: vec2f,
+    half: vec2f,
+    reach: vec2f,
+    shape: u32,
+    extra: f32,
+}
+
+@if(!ports && !focused)
+fn drawn(instance: u32) -> Drawn {
+    let p = point(instance);
+    return Drawn(p, to_screen(p.clip), p.half, reach(p, false), mark.shape, p.depth);
+}
+
+@if(focused)
+fn drawn(instance: u32) -> Drawn {
+    let p = point(focused[mark.focused + instance]);
+    return Drawn(p, to_screen(p.clip), p.half, reach(p, true), mark.shape, p.depth);
+}
+
+@if(ports)
+fn drawn(instance: u32) -> Drawn {
+    let n = max(mark.ports, 1u);
+    let p = point(instance / n);
+    let port = port_at(p, instance % n);
+    let half = vec2f(port.half);
+    return Drawn(p, port.center, half, half + 1.0 + fringe(), port.shape, f32(port.wired));
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) corner: u32, @builtin(instance_index) instance: u32) -> Varyings {
+    let d = drawn(instance);
+    let quad = vec2f(f32(corner & 1u), f32(corner >> 1u)) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    var out: Varyings;
+    out.clip = nearer(to_clip(d.center + quad * d.reach, d.p.clip));
+    out.p = quad * d.reach * vec2f(1.0, -1.0);
+    out.row = d.p.row;
+    out.color = vec4f(d.p.color.rgb * daylight(d.p.position), d.p.color.a);
+    out.half = max(d.half, vec2f(0.5));
+    out.status = d.p.status;
+    out.height = d.p.world.z;
+    out.shape = d.shape;
+    out.extra = d.extra;
+    out.focus = d.p.focus;
+    if !d.p.shown {
+        out.clip = culled();
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+fn inputs(row: u32) -> array<f32, 8> {
+    var input = array<f32, 8>(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    for (var i = 0u; i < min(mark.inputs, 8u); i++) {
+        input[i] = bitcast<f32>(state[extra_at(row, mark.input + i)]);
+    }
+    return input;
+}
+
+// An icon: image `index` of the mark's images, fitted in the marker's box, faded with its row. The
+// palette holds how many images there are, then each one's layer of the icon atlas.
+fn icon(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
+    let uv = vec2f(f.p.x, -f.p.y) / (2.0 * f.half) + 0.5;
+    let count = max(program[mark.palette], 1u);
+    let layer = program[mark.palette + 1u + min(u32(max(f.input[0], 0.0)), count - 1u)];
+    let texel = textureSampleLevel(icons, ramp, uv, layer, 0.0);
+    let inside = all(uv >= vec2f(0.0)) && all(uv <= vec2f(1.0));
+    let d = outline_distance(f.p, f.half);
+    return MarkerColor(vec4f(texel.rgb, texel.a * f.color.a * f32(inside)), d);
+}
+
+@if(!custom)
+fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
+    if mark.marker == MARKER_ICON {
+        return icon(f);
+    }
+    return builtin_marker(f);
+}
+
+// A port: its shape in its row's color mixed toward the theme's text, so it reads on the marker in
+// either theme, ringed by the background so it reads apart from the marker; hollow while no net plugs
+// into it.
+@if(ports)
+fn shaded(v: Varyings) -> MarkerColor {
+    let d = shape_distance(v.shape, v.p, v.half);
+    let ink = vec4f(mix(v.color.rgb, theme_text(), 0.55), v.color.a);
+    let ring = filled(vec4f(frame.background.rgb, v.color.a), d - 1.5);
+    if v.extra > 0.5 {
+        return over(filled(ink, d), ring);
+    }
+    let hollow = over(filled(ink, abs(d + 0.75) - 0.75), filled(vec4f(frame.background.rgb, v.color.a), d));
+    return over(hollow, ring);
+}
+
+@if(!ports)
+fn shaded(v: Varyings) -> MarkerColor {
+    let f = MarkerFragment(v.p, v.half, v.color, inputs(v.row));
+    var m = marker(f);
+    if (mark.flags & GROUP) != 0u {
+        m = container(f, v.extra);
+    }
+    if (mark.flags & STATUS) != 0u && v.status.a > 0.0 {
+        m = status_ring(m, v.p, v.half, vec4f(v.status.rgb, v.status.a * v.color.a));
+    }
+    return m;
+}
+
+@if(!casts && !focused)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    return output(premultiplied(shaded(v)));
+}
+
+@if(focused)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let m = shaded(v);
+    if (mark.flags & GROUP) != 0u {
+        // Drawn over what it holds, a group's body would hide it: it glows on both sides of its border.
+        return output(glow(MarkerColor(vec4f(0.0), abs(m.distance)), v.focus));
+    }
+    return output(glow(m, v.focus));
+}
+
+@if(casts)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let m = shaded(v);
+    if m.color.a <= 0.01 {
+        discard;
+    }
+    return caster(m.color.a, v.height);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/shade.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/shade.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a86b41b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/shade.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// One level of the shadow map from the level below: coverage averaged, so it softens; the lowest
+// caster kept, and the highest.
+
+@group(2) @binding(11) var below: texture_2d<f32>;
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) i: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4f {
+    let uv = vec2f(f32((i << 1u) & 2u), f32(i & 2u));
+    return vec4f(uv * 2.0 - 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fragment(@builtin(position) p: vec4f) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let size = vec2i(textureDimensions(below)) - 1;
+    let at = vec2i(p.xy) * 2;
+    let a = textureLoad(below, min(at, size), 0);
+    let b = textureLoad(below, min(at + vec2i(1, 0), size), 0);
+    let c = textureLoad(below, min(at + vec2i(0, 1), size), 0);
+    let d = textureLoad(below, min(at + vec2i(1, 1), size), 0);
+    return vec4f((a.r + b.r + c.r + d.r) * 0.25, min(min(a.g, b.g), min(c.g, d.g)), min(min(a.b, b.b), min(c.b, d.b)), 0.0);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/strokes.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/strokes.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a49d1253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/strokes.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Strokes: one instanced quad per segment of every row's path, for edges and lines alike, covering
+// the stroke, or its comets where they are wider, and a pixel of edge; a small segment a later one covers in a crowded cell is left out. A
+// segment that ends a part of its path carries the arrowhead; in a diagram, a segment of no length is
+// a junction, drawn as a dot. The focus variant draws the pieces of the rows the mark's focus lights
+// again, over everything, reaching out to their glow. The cast variant draws the same quads through
+// the light's eye into the shadow map.
+
+import package::lib::types::{ARROWS, PATH_TRACE, SPACE_DIAGRAM};
+import package::lib::path::PATH;
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, mark, eye};
+import package::lib::project::{to_clip, nearer, culled};
+import package::lib::path::{
+    segment, segment_screen, stroke_style, ends_colored, ends_part, path_count, path_length, px_per_length,
+};
+import package::lib::marker::{MarkerColor, glow};
+import package::lib::focus::focus_of;
+import package::lib::mark::fringe;
+import package::lib::stroke::{Stroke, covered, stroke, stroke_distance};
+import package::lib::shade::{caster, daylight};
+import package::lib::color::output;
+
+struct Varyings {
+    // The corner in clip space; in the fragment, the target pixel, which `pixel` reads.
+    @builtin(position) clip: vec4f,
+    @location(0) @interpolate(flat) a: vec2f,
+    @location(1) @interpolate(flat) b: vec2f,
+    @location(2) @interpolate(flat) row: u32,
+    @location(3) color: vec4f,
+    // Width, distance along at `a` and at `b`, flow.
+    @location(4) @interpolate(flat) style: vec4f,
+    @location(5) height: f32,
+    // Whether the segment ends in an arrowhead, then whether it dashes.
+    @location(6) @interpolate(flat) arrow: u32,
+    // The row's focus bits, which the focus draw glows by.
+    @location(7) @interpolate(flat) focus: u32,
+    // Distance along at `a` and at `b` in length units, and how far the row's comets traveled.
+    @location(8) @interpolate(flat) comet: vec3f,
+}
+
+// Whether this variant draws lit rows, its quads reaching out to their glow.
+@if(focused)
+const LIT_DRAW: bool = true;
+@if(!focused)
+const LIT_DRAW: bool = false;
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) corner: u32, @builtin(instance_index) instance: u32) -> Varyings {
+    var out: Varyings;
+    let s = segment(instance);
+    out.row = s.row;
+    if LIT_DRAW && (s.row >= mark.rows || s.index >= path_count(s.row)) {
+        out.clip = culled();
+        return out;
+    }
+    let style = stroke_style(s.row);
+    let on = segment_screen(s);
+    let ends = on.ends;
+    if !style.shown || !on.shown {
+        out.clip = culled();
+        return out;
+    }
+    let ca = on.ca;
+    let cb = on.cb;
+    let a = on.a;
+    let b = on.b;
+    let junction = frame.space == SPACE_DIAGRAM && length(b - a) < 1e-3;
+    let width = select(style.width, 3.0 * style.width, junction);
+    let dir = normalize(b - a + vec2f(1e-6, 0.0));
+    let normal = vec2f(-dir.y, dir.x);
+    let arrow = (mark.flags & ARROWS) != 0u && !junction && ends_part(s);
+    let head = select(0.0, frame.arrow + width, arrow);
+    let comets = select(0.0, 0.5 * frame.flow_width, style.flow != 0.0 && frame.flow.a > 0.0);
+    let reach = max(0.5 * width, comets) + head + select(0.0, frame.glow, LIT_DRAW) + fringe();
+    let t = f32(corner & 1u);
+    let side = f32(corner >> 1u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    let screen = mix(a - dir * reach, b + dir * reach, t) + normal * side * reach;
+    out.clip = nearer(to_clip(screen, select(ca, cb, t > 0.5)));
+    out.a = a;
+    out.b = b;
+    // How far along the whole segment this corner lies, of the part drawn.
+    let f = mix(on.kept.x, on.kept.y, t);
+    var color = style.color;
+    if ends_colored() {
+        color *= mix(ends[0].color, ends[1].color, f);
+    }
+    let light = daylight(mix(ends[0].position.xy, ends[1].position.xy, f));
+    out.color = vec4f(color.rgb * light, color.a);
+    // In length units, a path runs from its start, a listed one's segment from where its list says it
+    // starts, its ends stopping short where the stroke does. On screen, a trace runs along x, a
+    // listed path as it does in length units, and else a segment from where its stroke starts.
+    let along = s.along + path_length(ends[0], ends[1]) * on.kept;
+    let pixels = length(b - a);
+    var phase = vec2f(0.0, pixels);
+    if PATH == PATH_TRACE {
+        phase = vec2f(a.x, a.x + pixels);
+    } else if mark.per_row == NONE {
+        phase = along * px_per_length();
+    }
+    out.style = vec4f(width, phase, style.flow);
+    out.comet = vec3f(along, style.travel);
+    out.height = mix(ends[0].world.z, ends[1].world.z, f);
+    out.arrow = u32(arrow) | (u32(style.dash && !junction) << 1u);
+    out.focus = focus_of(s.row);
+    return out;
+}
+
+// The fragment's pixel in CSS pixels, a screen position as `a` and `b` are. Read from the fragment's
+// own position, never interpolated: a quad whose ends lie at very different depths skews what is
+// interpolated, and a renderer clipping the quad at the screen's edge, as lavapipe does, moves it.
+fn pixel(v: Varyings) -> vec2f {
+    return v.clip.xy / eye.pixel_ratio;
+}
+
+fn segment_of(v: Varyings) -> Stroke {
+    let dash = (v.arrow & 2u) != 0u;
+    return Stroke(v.a, v.b, v.style.yz, v.comet.xy, v.style.x, v.color, v.style.w, v.comet.z, dash, (v.arrow & 1u) != 0u);
+}
+
+@if(!casts && !focused)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let c = stroke(pixel(v), segment_of(v));
+    return output(vec4f(c.rgb * c.a, c.a));
+}
+
+@if(focused)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let s = segment_of(v);
+    let p = pixel(v);
+    return output(glow(MarkerColor(stroke(p, s), stroke_distance(p, s).x), v.focus));
+}
+
+@if(casts)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let s = segment_of(v);
+    let alpha = s.color.a * covered(stroke_distance(pixel(v), s), s);
+    if alpha <= 0.01 {
+        discard;
+    }
+    return caster(alpha, v.height);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/triangles.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/triangles.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce734c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/draw/triangles.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Triangles: one instanced triangle per face row, lit from the camera so a flat mesh seen from above
+// shows its exact colors; turned away, a face darkens by the theme's shading. Faces receive the
+// ground's shadow map. The cast variant draws them through the light's eye into the map.
+
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye};
+import package::lib::project::culled;
+import package::lib::triangles::{triangle_corner, triangle_shown, corner_clip};
+import package::lib::marker::{MarkerColor, glow};
+import package::lib::focus::focus_of;
+import package::lib::shade::{caster, lit};
+import package::lib::color::output;
+
+// Each vertex's summed face normals, in fixed point.
+@group(2) @binding(3) var<storage, read> normals: array<i32>;
+@if(!casts)
+@group(2) @binding(10) var shadows: texture_2d<f32>;
+
+struct Varyings {
+    @builtin(position) clip: vec4f,
+    @location(0) world: vec3f,
+    @location(1) normal: vec3f,
+    @location(2) color: vec4f,
+    @location(3) @interpolate(flat) row: u32,
+    // The row's focus bits: a lit face tints by them.
+    @location(4) @interpolate(flat) focus: u32,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) corner: u32, @builtin(instance_index) row: u32) -> Varyings {
+    var out: Varyings;
+    out.row = row;
+    let c = triangle_corner(row, corner);
+    if !triangle_shown(row) {
+        out.clip = culled();
+        return out;
+    }
+    out.clip = corner_clip(c);
+    out.world = c.world;
+    let s = c.slot * 3u;
+    out.normal = vec3f(f32(normals[s]), f32(normals[s + 1u]), f32(normals[s + 2u]));
+    out.color = c.color;
+    out.focus = focus_of(row);
+    return out;
+}
+
+@if(!casts)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    let to_eye = normalize(eye.position.xyz - v.world);
+    let length2 = dot(v.normal, v.normal);
+    var n = select(to_eye, v.normal * inverseSqrt(length2), length2 > 1e-12);
+    n = select(n, -n, dot(n, to_eye) < 0.0);
+    let facing = max(dot(n, to_eye), 0.0);
+    let diffuse = 1.0 - frame.shading * (1.0 - facing);
+    let shine = pow(max(dot(n, normalize(frame.light.xyz + to_eye)), 0.0), 48.0) * 0.3 * frame.shading;
+    let rim = pow(1.0 - facing, 4.0) * 0.25 * frame.shading;
+    let rgb = min(v.color.rgb * diffuse + shine + rim, vec3f(1.0));
+    let shadowed = mix(rgb, frame.shade.color.rgb, 1.0 - lit(shadows, v.world, false));
+    return output(glow(MarkerColor(vec4f(shadowed, v.color.a), 0.0), v.focus));
+}
+
+@if(casts)
+@fragment
+fn fragment(v: Varyings) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+    return caster(v.color.a, v.world.z);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/bind.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/bind.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fee192f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/bind.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Bindings every pipeline shares: group 0 per view and frame, group 1 per mark, group 2 per pass.
+
+import package::lib::types::{Frame, Eye, Mark};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> frame: Frame;
+// Data pages: column values as f32 or u32 words, in blocks the arena hands out.
+@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> pages: array<u32>;
+// Compiled marks: column descriptors, page tables, code, constants, ends.
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> program: array<u32>;
+// Selection and hover bits, one word per row.
+@group(0) @binding(3) var<storage, read> focus: array<u32>;
+@group(0) @binding(4) var colormaps: texture_2d_array<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(5) var ramp: sampler;
+// What the pass draws through, at a dynamic offset.
+@group(0) @binding(6) var<uniform> eye: Eye;
+// The rows each mark's focus draw lights: every mark's, at its `focused`.
+@group(0) @binding(7) var<storage, read> focused: array<u32>;
+
+@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> mark: Mark;
+
+// Evaluated rows of every mark: compute passes write them, render passes read them.
+@if(writes)
+@group(2) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> state: array<u32>;
+@else
+@group(2) @binding(0) var<storage, read> state: array<u32>;
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/color.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/color.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a068ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/color.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Colors are sRGB-encoded, as in CSS, and packed RGBA8 in state.
+
+import package::lib::types::{MISSING_COLOR, COLORMAP_CYCLIC, COLORMAP_CATEGORICAL};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, colormaps, ramp};
+import package::lib::read::missing;
+
+// `x` mapped linearly from `domain` onto `range`, clamped.
+fn scale(x: f32, domain: vec2f, range: vec2f) -> f32 {
+    if missing(x) {
+        return x;
+    }
+    let span = domain.y - domain.x;
+    let t = select(0.5, (x - domain.x) / span, span != 0.0);
+    return mix(range.x, range.y, clamp(t, 0.0, 1.0));
+}
+
+// `x` through colormap `layer` over `domain`, packed; missing for a missing `x`.
+fn colormap(layer: u32, kind: u32, x: f32, domain: vec2f) -> u32 {
+    if missing(x) {
+        return MISSING_COLOR;
+    }
+    if kind == COLORMAP_CATEGORICAL {
+        let bin = u32(abs(floor(x))) % 256u;
+        return pack4x8unorm(textureLoad(colormaps, vec2u(bin, 0u), layer, 0));
+    }
+    var t = (x - domain.x) / max(domain.y - domain.x, 1e-30);
+    t = select(clamp(t, 0.0, 1.0), fract(t), kind == COLORMAP_CYCLIC);
+    return pack4x8unorm(textureSampleLevel(colormaps, ramp, vec2f((t * 255.0 + 0.5) / 256.0, 0.5), layer, 0.0));
+}
+
+fn to_linear(c: vec3f) -> vec3f {
+    return select(pow((c + 0.055) / 1.055, vec3f(2.4)), c / 12.92, c <= vec3f(0.04045));
+}
+
+// A premultiplied fragment color for the target: sRGB values convert when it stores linear color.
+fn output(premultiplied: vec4f) -> vec4f {
+    if frame.linear == 0u || premultiplied.a <= 0.0 {
+        return premultiplied;
+    }
+    return vec4f(to_linear(premultiplied.rgb / premultiplied.a) * premultiplied.a, premultiplied.a);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/focus.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/focus.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a01b61ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/focus.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Selection and hover: one word of bits per row; and how present a row is while its mark eases.
+
+import package::lib::types::{SELECTED, HOVERED, FADE_IN, FADE_OUT};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, focus, mark};
+
+fn focus_of(row: u32) -> u32 {
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return 0u;
+    }
+    return focus[mark.focus + row];
+}
+
+fn is_selected(row: u32) -> bool {
+    return (focus_of(row) & SELECTED) != 0u;
+}
+
+fn is_hovered(row: u32) -> bool {
+    return (focus_of(row) & HOVERED) != 0u;
+}
+
+// How much of a row shows while its mark eases: rows appearing fade in, rows leaving fade out.
+fn presence(flags: u32) -> f32 {
+    if (flags & FADE_IN) != 0u {
+        return mark.motion;
+    }
+    if (flags & FADE_OUT) != 0u {
+        return 1.0 - mark.motion;
+    }
+    return 1.0;
+}
+
+// How large a row shows while its mark eases: rows appearing grow from nothing. Draws grow them, so
+// a mark whose rows only appear evaluates once.
+fn growth(flags: u32) -> f32 {
+    return select(1.0, mark.motion, (flags & FADE_IN) != 0u);
+}
+
+// A row's opacity: rows outside a non-empty selection dim, and rows easing in or out fade.
+fn faded(row: u32, flags: u32) -> f32 {
+    let dim = select(1.0, frame.dim, frame.selecting != 0u && !is_selected(row));
+    return dim * presence(flags);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/label.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/label.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0609e2ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/label.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Labels: where a labeled row's text hangs, how large it draws, and whether it can show. Draws place
+// every label from its anchor each frame, so labels follow the camera and the rows they name exactly;
+// placement measures the same box only to decide which labels give way. Text is a distance field set
+// at `TEXT_BASE`, drawn at any size: CSS pixels, or units in a diagram, where text scales with the
+// sheet and fades out once too small to read.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    POINTS, STROKES, MARKER_BLOCK, SIZED, GROUP, PATH_TRACE, PATH_GEOMETRY, TEXT_BASE, TEXT_SPREAD, HEADER_BAND,
+    SPACE_DIAGRAM,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark};
+import package::lib::project::{to_screen, clip_of};
+import package::lib::points::point;
+import package::lib::path::{PATH, Segment, segment_screen, path_count};
+import package::lib::triangles::{triangle_corner, area_anchor};
+
+// Where row `row`'s label hangs, CSS pixels, how it aligns to that point (0 left or top, 0.5
+// centered), the room it must fit in (none when zero), and whether its row shows.
+struct Anchor {
+    at: vec2f,
+    align: vec2f,
+    room: vec2f,
+    shown: bool,
+}
+
+// CSS pixels a size in length units spans this frame.
+fn length_px(size: f32) -> f32 {
+    return size * frame.unit;
+}
+
+fn anchor(row: u32) -> Anchor {
+    var a: Anchor;
+    switch mark.primitive {
+        case POINTS: {
+            let p = point(row);
+            a.shown = p.shown;
+            let center = to_screen(p.clip);
+            let text = length_px(mark.label_size);
+            if (mark.flags & GROUP) != 0u {
+                // A group's title sits in its header band, inset from the left.
+                let header = text * HEADER_BAND;
+                a.at = center + vec2f(-p.half.x + frame.group_padding, -p.half.y + 0.5 * header);
+                a.align = vec2f(0.0, 0.5);
+                a.room = vec2f(2.0 * (p.half.x - frame.group_padding), header);
+            } else if mark.marker == MARKER_BLOCK || (mark.flags & SIZED) != 0u {
+                // A block, or any marker given a width and height, holds its label while it fits.
+                a.at = center;
+                a.align = vec2f(0.5);
+                a.room = vec2f(2.0 * p.half.x - text, 2.0 * p.half.y);
+            } else {
+                a.at = center + vec2f(p.half.x + 0.4 * text, 0.0);
+                a.align = vec2f(0.0, 0.5);
+            }
+        }
+        case STROKES: {
+            let count = path_count(row);
+            // A trace labels its last sample; other paths their middle.
+            let last = PATH == PATH_TRACE;
+            let on = segment_screen(Segment(row, select(count / 2u, max(count, 1u) - 1u, last), 0.0));
+            a.shown = count > 0u && on.shown;
+            if last {
+                a.at = on.b + vec2f(6.0, 0.0);
+                a.align = vec2f(0.0, 0.5);
+            } else {
+                a.at = 0.5 * (on.a + on.b);
+                a.align = vec2f(0.5);
+            }
+        }
+        default: {
+            a.align = vec2f(0.5);
+            if PATH == PATH_GEOMETRY {
+                // An area's label hangs inside its largest polygon, farthest from its edges.
+                let c = area_anchor(row);
+                let clip = clip_of(c.world);
+                a.shown = c.shown && c.ahead && clip.w > 0.0;
+                a.at = to_screen(clip);
+                return a;
+            }
+            var sum = vec2f(0.0);
+            a.shown = true;
+            for (var k = 0u; k < 3u; k++) {
+                let c = triangle_corner(row, k);
+                let clip = clip_of(c.world);
+                a.shown = a.shown && c.shown && c.ahead && clip.w > 0.0;
+                sum += to_screen(clip);
+            }
+            a.at = sum / 3.0;
+        }
+    }
+    return a;
+}
+
+// How much text `px` CSS pixels tall shows: in a diagram it fades out as the view zooms away from
+// it; elsewhere it is set at a size that reads.
+fn legibility(px: f32) -> f32 {
+    if frame.space != SPACE_DIAGRAM {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    return smoothstep(3.5, 6.0, px);
+}
+
+// A run of text placed on screen: the text's box and the quad around it, which reaches over the
+// distance field's spread, in CSS pixels; its corners in the atlas, texels; and CSS pixels per
+// texel.
+struct Text {
+    lo: vec2f,
+    hi: vec2f,
+    quad_lo: vec2f,
+    quad_hi: vec2f,
+    uv_lo: vec2f,
+    uv_hi: vec2f,
+    scale: f32,
+}
+
+// A rectangle's corner in the atlas: 16 bits of x, then 16 of y.
+fn corner(word: u32) -> vec2f {
+    return vec2f(f32(word & 0xffffu), f32(word >> 16u));
+}
+
+// The run at atlas corners `uv0` and `uv1`, set `size` CSS pixels tall, hung at `at` by `align`.
+fn text_at(uv0: u32, uv1: u32, size: f32, at: vec2f, align: vec2f) -> Text {
+    var t: Text;
+    t.uv_lo = corner(uv0);
+    t.uv_hi = corner(uv1);
+    t.scale = size / TEXT_BASE;
+    let pad = TEXT_SPREAD * t.scale;
+    let extent = max((t.uv_hi - t.uv_lo) * t.scale - 2.0 * pad, vec2f(0.0));
+    t.lo = at - extent * align;
+    t.hi = t.lo + extent;
+    t.quad_lo = t.lo - pad;
+    t.quad_hi = t.hi + pad;
+    return t;
+}
+
+// Whether text of extent `extent` fits `room`; no room holds any.
+fn fits(extent: vec2f, room: vec2f) -> bool {
+    return room.x <= 0.0 || all(extent <= room);
+}
+
+// Whether a box reaches into the view.
+fn in_view(lo: vec2f, hi: vec2f) -> bool {
+    return all(hi > vec2f(0.0)) && all(lo < eye.size);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/lists.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/lists.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4766eeb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/lists.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Lists: per-item counts, scanned in place to where each item's entries start, then the entries.
+
+import package::lib::types::{LIST_ITEMS, LIST_COUNTS, LIST_ENTRIES, LIST_DRAW, LIST_KEPT};
+
+@if(lists)
+@group(2) @binding(9) var<storage, read_write> lists: array<u32>;
+@else
+@group(2) @binding(9) var<storage, read> lists: array<u32>;
+
+// Where the counts of the list at `header` start.
+fn list_counts(header: u32) -> u32 {
+    return lists[header + LIST_COUNTS];
+}
+
+// Where entry `i` of the list at `header` lies.
+fn list_entry(header: u32, i: u32) -> u32 {
+    return lists[header + LIST_ENTRIES] + i;
+}
+
+// Where item `i`'s entries start among those the list at `header` keeps: where it counted them, or,
+// when the items counted more than the list keeps, as far in proportion, so every item keeps a share
+// of its entries instead of the last items losing all of theirs.
+fn list_start(header: u32, i: u32) -> u32 {
+    let counts = lists[header + LIST_COUNTS];
+    let total = lists[counts + lists[header + LIST_ITEMS]];
+    let kept = lists[header + LIST_KEPT];
+    let start = lists[counts + i];
+    if total <= kept {
+        return start;
+    }
+    return min(u32(f32(start) * (f32(kept) / f32(total))), kept);
+}
+
+// Entries the list at `header` keeps.
+fn list_total(header: u32) -> u32 {
+    return lists[header + LIST_DRAW + 1u];
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/mark.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/mark.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4125c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/mark.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// What every mark's shaders share.
+
+import package::lib::bind::{eye, mark};
+
+// A size in CSS pixels: state word `word` holds position units when the mark measures it in units.
+fn px(size: f32, word: u32) -> f32 {
+    return select(size, size * eye.px_per_unit.x, (mark.units & (1u << word)) != 0u);
+}
+
+// A marker's half, CSS pixels, scaled to keep its larger side within `range`: what a size in units
+// keeps of its looks at any zoom.
+fn within(half: vec2f, range: vec2f) -> vec2f {
+    let side = max(half.x, half.y);
+    if side <= 0.0 {
+        return half;
+    }
+    return half * (clamp(side, range.x, range.y) / side);
+}
+
+// Coverage of a signed distance `d` in CSS pixels, antialiased over a target pixel.
+fn coverage(d: f32) -> f32 {
+    return clamp(0.5 - d * eye.pixel_ratio, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+
+// CSS pixels a quad reaches past the shape it draws: one target pixel, over which its edge fades.
+fn fringe() -> f32 {
+    return 1.0 / eye.pixel_ratio;
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/marker.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/marker.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..127321af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/marker.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Markers are signed distance fields in CSS pixels; a custom marker supplies `fn marker`.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    SELECTED, HOVERED, SHAPE_RECTANGLE, SHAPE_ROUNDED, SHAPE_DIAMOND, MARKER_GAUGE, MARKER_PIE, MARKER_BLOCK,
+    LABELED, HEADER_BAND, THEME_TEXT,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark, program};
+import package::lib::mark::coverage;
+import package::lib::project::TAU;
+
+struct MarkerColor {
+    color: vec4f,
+    distance: f32,
+}
+
+struct MarkerFragment {
+    // The pixel's offset from the vertex, CSS pixels, y up.
+    p: vec2f,
+    // Half the marker's width and height.
+    half: vec2f,
+    color: vec4f,
+    input: array<f32, 8>,
+}
+
+fn box_distance(p: vec2f, half: vec2f, corner: f32) -> f32 {
+    let d = abs(p) - half + corner;
+    return length(max(d, vec2f(0.0))) + min(max(d.x, d.y), 0.0) - corner;
+}
+
+fn shape_distance(shape: u32, p: vec2f, half: vec2f) -> f32 {
+    switch shape {
+        case SHAPE_RECTANGLE: { return box_distance(p, half, 0.0); }
+        case SHAPE_ROUNDED: { return box_distance(p, half, 0.3 * min(half.x, half.y)); }
+        case SHAPE_DIAMOND: { return (abs(p.x) / half.x + abs(p.y) / half.y - 1.0) * min(half.x, half.y) * 0.7071; }
+        default: { return (length(p / half) - 1.0) * min(half.x, half.y); }
+    }
+}
+
+// The outline a marker's distance is measured from: blocks are rounded boxes, others their shape.
+fn outline_distance(p: vec2f, half: vec2f) -> f32 {
+    if mark.marker == MARKER_BLOCK {
+        return box_distance(p, half, min(mark.corner, min(half.x, half.y)));
+    }
+    return shape_distance(mark.shape, p, half);
+}
+
+// The theme's text color: what borders and ports mix toward, so they read on light and dark grounds.
+fn theme_text() -> vec3f {
+    return unpack4x8unorm(frame.theme[THEME_TEXT / 4u][THEME_TEXT % 4u]).rgb;
+}
+
+// `color` covering where `distance` is negative, antialiased over a pixel.
+fn filled(color: vec4f, distance: f32) -> MarkerColor {
+    return MarkerColor(vec4f(color.rgb, color.a * coverage(distance)), distance);
+}
+
+// `top` over `bottom`.
+fn over(top: MarkerColor, bottom: MarkerColor) -> MarkerColor {
+    let a = top.color.a + bottom.color.a * (1.0 - top.color.a);
+    let rgb = (top.color.rgb * top.color.a + bottom.color.rgb * bottom.color.a * (1.0 - top.color.a)) / max(a, 1e-6);
+    return MarkerColor(vec4f(rgb, a), min(top.distance, bottom.distance));
+}
+
+fn gauge(p: vec2f, half: vec2f, color: vec4f, shape: u32, fill: f32) -> MarkerColor {
+    let ring = filled(color, abs(shape_distance(shape, p, half)) - 1.0);
+    let f = clamp(fill, 0.0, 1.0);
+    let inner = shape_distance(shape, p, half - 2.5);
+    let around = (fract(atan2(p.x, p.y) / TAU + 1.0) - f) * half.x * TAU;
+    let cut = select(p.y - mix(-half.y, half.y, f), around, shape == 0u);
+    return over(ring, filled(color, max(inner, cut)));
+}
+
+// A pie's slice colors are the mark's palette.
+fn slice_color(i: u32) -> vec4f {
+    return unpack4x8unorm(program[mark.palette + i]);
+}
+
+fn pie(p: vec2f, radius: f32, slices: array<f32, 8>, count: u32, hole: f32) -> MarkerColor {
+    var total = 0.0;
+    for (var i = 0u; i < count; i++) {
+        total += max(slices[i], 0.0);
+    }
+    let angle = fract(atan2(p.x, p.y) / TAU + 1.0) * total;
+    var start = 0.0;
+    var color = slice_color(0u);
+    for (var i = 0u; i < count; i++) {
+        let end = start + max(slices[i], 0.0);
+        color = select(color, slice_color(i), angle >= start && angle < end);
+        start = end;
+    }
+    let d = length(p);
+    return filled(color, max(d - radius, radius * hole - d));
+}
+
+fn builtin_marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
+    switch mark.marker {
+        case MARKER_GAUGE: { return gauge(f.p, f.half, f.color, mark.shape, f.input[0]); }
+        case MARKER_PIE: { return pie(f.p, min(f.half.x, f.half.y), f.input, mark.inputs, mark.hole); }
+        default: { return filled(f.color, outline_distance(f.p, f.half)); }
+    }
+}
+
+// A group's container: a rounded box filled in its color, tinted a step toward the text color for
+// each group holding it; a header band across its top where its title sits; and a hairline border.
+fn container(f: MarkerFragment, depth: f32) -> MarkerColor {
+    let text = theme_text();
+    let fill = mix(f.color.rgb, text, min(0.06 * depth, 0.3));
+    let d = box_distance(f.p, f.half, min(6.0 * frame.unit, 0.2 * min(f.half.x, f.half.y)));
+    var body = filled(vec4f(fill, f.color.a), d);
+    if (mark.flags & LABELED) != 0u {
+        // y is up in a marker: the header band runs down from its top.
+        let header = mark.label_size * frame.unit * HEADER_BAND;
+        let band = max(d, (f.half.y - header) - f.p.y);
+        body = over(filled(vec4f(mix(fill, text, 0.07), f.color.a), band), body);
+    }
+    let hairline = 0.5 / eye.pixel_ratio;
+    let border = filled(vec4f(mix(fill, text, 0.4), f.color.a), abs(d + hairline) - hairline);
+    return MarkerColor(over(border, body).color, d);
+}
+
+// A ring of the status color just outside the marker's outline.
+fn status_ring(m: MarkerColor, p: vec2f, half: vec2f, status: vec4f) -> MarkerColor {
+    let d = outline_distance(p, half);
+    return over(filled(status, abs(d - 1.5) - 1.25), m);
+}
+
+// `m` premultiplied.
+fn premultiplied(m: MarkerColor) -> vec4f {
+    return vec4f(m.color.rgb * m.color.a, m.color.a);
+}
+
+// A premultiplied color with the glow of focus bits `focus` around its shape: the selection's, the
+// hover's, or for the end of a lit edge the hover's, fainter.
+fn glow(m: MarkerColor, focus: u32) -> vec4f {
+    let base = premultiplied(m);
+    if focus == 0u || frame.glow <= 0.0 {
+        return base;
+    }
+    let own = vec4f(m.color.rgb, frame.selected.a);
+    let selected = select(frame.selected, own, frame.selected.r < 0.0);
+    var tint = select(frame.hover, selected, (focus & SELECTED) != 0u);
+    if (focus & (SELECTED | HOVERED)) == 0u {
+        tint.a *= 0.55;
+    }
+    let halo = tint.a * (1.0 - smoothstep(0.0, frame.glow, max(m.distance, 0.0)));
+    return base + vec4f(tint.rgb * halo, halo) * (1.0 - base.a);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/path.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/path.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9d59f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/path.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+// Paths: the segments a stroke draws, whatever mark it belongs to. A row's path runs between an
+// edge's ends (straight, through the bends of a geometry column, or along the great circle on the
+// earth, bowed into its lane), through a line's samples across the axis, or through a geometry
+// column's points: a route a diagram's sheet worked out, or a path field. Draws, casts, probes, bounds, and labels all read a
+// segment through `segment_ends` and `segment_screen`. Which path a pipeline reads is its `PATH`, so
+// each compiles one kind of path.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    NONE, VISIBLE, PLACED, DASH, ENDS_COLOR, GEODESIC, STEP_BEFORE, STEP_AFTER, MARK_EDGES, PATH_ENDS, PATH_TRACE,
+    PATH_GEOMETRY, PATH_POLES, EDGE_WIDTH, LINE_WIDTH, GEODESIC_STEP, OWN_HEIGHT, TRIANGLES, MAX_PIECES, BOW_PIECES, SPACE_EARTH,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark, focused};
+import package::lib::state::{row_at, edge_at, line_at, vertex_slot, Vertex};
+import package::lib::project::{PI, world, clip_of, shows, to_screen};
+import package::lib::read::{missing_bits, column_value, points_of, point_bits};
+import package::lib::trace::{trace_run, trace_level, trace_axis, trace_entry};
+import package::lib::focus::{faded, growth};
+import package::lib::mark::px;
+import package::lib::points::vertex_half;
+import package::lib::lists::{lists, list_entry, list_start, list_total};
+
+// The path a pipeline's strokes read: one of the `PATH_` codes, fixed when the pipeline is made.
+override PATH: u32 = PATH_ENDS;
+
+// One segment of a row's path, and how far along the path it starts, in length units: position
+// units, degrees on the earth. A list keeps each segment's distance along; a row of one segment
+// starts at 0.
+struct Segment {
+    row: u32,
+    index: u32,
+    along: f32,
+}
+
+// A point a path runs through: where it stands (position units as high and low parts, elevation),
+// in world units and in position units, its color, and whether it is shown. Sources set where it
+// stands; `path_point` places it in the world once.
+struct PathPoint {
+    hi: vec2f,
+    lo: vec2f,
+    z: f32,
+    world: vec3f,
+    position: vec3f,
+    color: vec4f,
+    // A vertex's half size in CSS pixels, a box when it has its own height; zero elsewhere.
+    half: vec2f,
+    boxed: bool,
+    // Whether it has a place to stand, and whether it lies in front of the globe's horizon.
+    shown: bool,
+    ahead: bool,
+}
+
+// How a row's path is stroked: its comets' flow, and how far they traveled.
+struct Style {
+    width: f32,
+    color: vec4f,
+    flow: f32,
+    travel: f32,
+    dash: bool,
+    shown: bool,
+}
+
+// A segment on screen: its ends as points, in CSS pixels, and in clip space, whether it shows, and
+// the part of it drawn, as fractions of it: cut at the near plane, and stopping short of the vertices
+// its ends meet.
+struct OnScreen {
+    ends: array<PathPoint, 2>,
+    a: vec2f,
+    b: vec2f,
+    ca: vec4f,
+    cb: vec4f,
+    shown: bool,
+    kept: vec2f,
+}
+
+// The segment drawn as instance `instance`: a fixed number per row, or numbered by the mark's list,
+// whose entries are each segment's row and distance along.
+@if(!focused)
+fn segment(instance: u32) -> Segment {
+    if mark.per_row != NONE {
+        let per = max(mark.per_row, 1u);
+        return Segment(instance / per, instance % per, 0.0);
+    }
+    let entry = list_entry(mark.list, 2u * instance);
+    let row = lists[entry];
+    return Segment(row, instance - list_start(mark.list, row), bitcast<f32>(lists[entry + 1u]));
+}
+
+// In the focus draw, piece `instance % mark.pieces` of the lit row `instance / mark.pieces`, as far
+// along as its list keeps it; pieces past the row's own end draw nothing.
+@if(focused)
+fn segment(instance: u32) -> Segment {
+    let pieces = max(mark.pieces, 1u);
+    let row = focused[mark.focused + instance / pieces];
+    let index = instance % pieces;
+    var along = 0.0;
+    if mark.per_row == NONE && row < mark.rows && index < path_count(row) {
+        along = bitcast<f32>(lists[list_entry(mark.list, 2u * (list_start(mark.list, row) + index)) + 1u]);
+    }
+    return Segment(row, index, along);
+}
+
+// Length units between two points of a path: what a segment adds to the distance along it.
+fn path_length(a: PathPoint, b: PathPoint) -> f32 {
+    return length(b.position.xy - a.position.xy);
+}
+
+// CSS pixels a length unit spans where the camera looks: a degree's on the earth.
+fn px_per_length() -> f32 {
+    return eye.px_per_unit.x * select(1.0, PI / 180.0, frame.space == SPACE_EARTH);
+}
+
+// Segments of every live row's path.
+fn stroke_instances() -> u32 {
+    if mark.per_row != NONE {
+        return mark.rows * mark.per_row;
+    }
+    return list_total(mark.list);
+}
+
+// Segments in row `row`'s path, as drawn.
+fn path_count(row: u32) -> u32 {
+    if mark.per_row != NONE {
+        return mark.per_row;
+    }
+    return list_start(mark.list, row + 1u) - list_start(mark.list, row);
+}
+
+// Segments a geodesic from `a` to `b` takes: one per few degrees of arc.
+fn arcs(a: vec2f, b: vec2f) -> u32 {
+    let p = radians(a);
+    let q = radians(b);
+    let d = 2.0 * asin(min(1.0, sqrt(pow(sin(0.5 * (q.y - p.y)), 2.0) + cos(p.y) * cos(q.y) * pow(sin(0.5 * (q.x - p.x)), 2.0))));
+    return clamp(u32(ceil(degrees(d) / GEODESIC_STEP)), 1u, MAX_PIECES);
+}
+
+// Points the geometry column gives row `row`: an edge's bends, or a whole path.
+fn geometry_count(row: u32) -> u32 {
+    if row >= mark.rows {
+        return 0u;
+    }
+    return points_of(mark.geometry, row).count;
+}
+
+// Segments row `row`'s path has, or for an area its triangles: the count a list over the mark's rows
+// counts. A path between two ends without bends runs in one piece, or bowed into a lane in enough
+// for the curve, and along a great circle in one per few degrees of its arc.
+fn row_segments(row: u32) -> u32 {
+    switch PATH {
+        case PATH_ENDS: {
+            let middle = geometry_count(row);
+            if middle > 0u {
+                return middle + 1u;
+            }
+            let pieces = select(1u, BOW_PIECES, lane(row) != 0.0);
+            if (mark.flags & GEODESIC) == 0u {
+                return pieces;
+            }
+            let e = edge_at(row_at(row));
+            if e.a == NONE || e.b == NONE {
+                return 0u;
+            }
+            let a = vertex_slot(e.a);
+            let b = vertex_slot(e.b);
+            return max(pieces, arcs(a.hi + a.lo, b.hi + b.lo));
+        }
+        case PATH_GEOMETRY: {
+            let count = geometry_count(row);
+            if mark.primitive == TRIANGLES {
+                // An area's triangles follow the point its label hangs from, three points each.
+                return select(0u, (count - 1u) / 3u, count > 0u);
+            }
+            return max(count, 1u) - 1u;
+        }
+        default: {
+            return mark.per_row;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// The vertex in slot `slot` as a point of a path, placed.
+fn vertex_point(slot: u32) -> PathPoint {
+    let v = vertex_slot(slot);
+    var p: PathPoint;
+    p.hi = v.hi;
+    p.lo = v.lo;
+    p.z = v.elevation;
+    p.color = unpack4x8unorm(v.color);
+    p.half = vertex_half(v);
+    p.boxed = (v.flags & OWN_HEIGHT) != 0u;
+    p.shown = (v.flags & PLACED) != 0u;
+    return placed_point(p);
+}
+
+// CSS pixels from a vertex's middle to its outline along `dir`: a box's or a circle's.
+fn outline(p: PathPoint, dir: vec2f) -> f32 {
+    if p.boxed {
+        return min(p.half.x / max(abs(dir.x), 1e-6), p.half.y / max(abs(dir.y), 1e-6));
+    }
+    return p.half.x;
+}
+
+fn hidden() -> PathPoint {
+    var p: PathPoint;
+    p.shown = false;
+    return p;
+}
+
+// A point at `xy` (position units) and elevation `z`.
+fn position_point(xy: vec2f, z: f32, color: vec4f) -> PathPoint {
+    var p: PathPoint;
+    p.hi = xy;
+    p.z = z;
+    p.color = color;
+    p.shown = true;
+    return p;
+}
+
+// `p` placed in the world.
+fn placed_point(p: PathPoint) -> PathPoint {
+    var out = p;
+    out.world = world(p.hi, p.lo, p.z);
+    out.position = vec3f(p.hi + p.lo, p.z);
+    out.ahead = shows(out.world);
+    return out;
+}
+
+// The point a fraction `t` of the way along the great circle from `a` to `b`, in degrees, set off to
+// the left by `bow` of the arc's length.
+fn along_circle(a: vec2f, b: vec2f, t: f32, bow: f32) -> vec2f {
+    let p = radians(a);
+    let q = radians(b);
+    let u = vec3f(cos(p.y) * cos(p.x), cos(p.y) * sin(p.x), sin(p.y));
+    let v = vec3f(cos(q.y) * cos(q.x), cos(q.y) * sin(q.x), sin(q.y));
+    // Half the chord's angle, which stays precise for the shortest arcs.
+    let angle = 2.0 * asin(min(1.0, 0.5 * length(v - u)));
+    var w = mix(u, v, t);
+    if angle > 1e-5 {
+        w = (sin((1.0 - t) * angle) * u + sin(t * angle) * v) / sin(angle);
+        w = normalize(w + normalize(cross(u, v)) * bow * angle);
+    }
+    var lon = degrees(atan2(w.y, w.x));
+    // Keep the longitude on the side `a` is on, so the path does not jump across the antimeridian.
+    lon += 360.0 * round((a.x - lon) / 360.0);
+    return vec2f(lon, degrees(asin(clamp(w.z, -1.0, 1.0))));
+}
+
+// The point a fraction `t` of the way from vertex `a` to `b`, set off to the left by `bow` of the
+// length between them: along the great circle on the earth, else straight from `a`'s high and low
+// parts, so it keeps their precision.
+fn between(a: Vertex, b: Vertex, t: f32, bow: f32) -> PathPoint {
+    var p: PathPoint;
+    p.z = mix(a.elevation, b.elevation, t);
+    if (mark.flags & GEODESIC) != 0u {
+        p.hi = along_circle(a.hi + a.lo, b.hi + b.lo, t, bow);
+        return p;
+    }
+    let d = (b.hi - a.hi) + (b.lo - a.lo);
+    p.hi = a.hi;
+    p.lo = a.lo + d * t + vec2f(-d.y, d.x) * bow;
+    return p;
+}
+
+// Point `i` of an edge's path, placed: its first end, its bends, then its second end. Without bends,
+// it runs between its ends in as many pieces as its list kept for it, each lane bowing in world units
+// so the camera never moves it. An end reads only its own vertex. Each kind of point is made in one
+// place, so shaders compile small.
+fn end_point(row: u32, i: u32) -> PathPoint {
+    let e = edge_at(row_at(row));
+    if e.a == NONE || e.b == NONE || e.a == e.b {
+        return hidden();
+    }
+    let bends = points_of(mark.geometry, row);
+    let last = select(bends.count + 1u, path_count(row), bends.count == 0u);
+    if i == 0u || i >= last {
+        return vertex_point(select(e.b, e.a, i == 0u));
+    }
+    let a = vertex_slot(e.a);
+    let b = vertex_slot(e.b);
+    let t = f32(i) / f32(last);
+    var p: PathPoint;
+    if bends.count == 0u {
+        p = between(a, b, t, lane(row) * frame.lane_bow * 4.0 * t * (1.0 - t));
+    } else {
+        let w = point_bits(bends, i - 1u);
+        if missing_bits(w.x) || missing_bits(w.y) {
+            return hidden();
+        }
+        p.hi = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(w.x), bitcast<f32>(w.y));
+    }
+    p.color = mix(unpack4x8unorm(a.color), unpack4x8unorm(b.color), t);
+    p.shown = (a.flags & PLACED) != 0u && (b.flags & PLACED) != 0u;
+    return placed_point(p);
+}
+
+// Point `k` of a trace: in a run of buckets, each bucket's least and greatest value at its middle; in
+// a run of frames, each frame's value, or with steps the corners between them. A point past its run's
+// own breaks the line before the next run.
+fn trace_point(row: u32, k: u32) -> PathPoint {
+    let run = trace_run(k);
+    let local = k - run.point;
+    var value = 0u;
+    var entry = 0u;
+    if trace_level(run.slot) > 0u {
+        if local >= 2u * run.entries {
+            return hidden();
+        }
+        entry = run.first + local / 2u;
+        value = trace_entry(row, run.slot, entry, local % 2u);
+    } else {
+        var across = local;
+        var up = local;
+        var count = run.entries;
+        if (mark.flags & STEP_AFTER) != 0u {
+            across = (local + 1u) / 2u;
+            up = local / 2u;
+            count = 2u * run.entries - 1u;
+        } else if (mark.flags & STEP_BEFORE) != 0u {
+            across = local / 2u;
+            up = (local + 1u) / 2u;
+            count = 2u * run.entries - 1u;
+        }
+        if local >= count {
+            return hidden();
+        }
+        entry = run.first + across;
+        value = trace_entry(row, run.slot, run.first + up, 0u);
+    }
+    if missing_bits(value) {
+        return hidden();
+    }
+    let x = trace_axis(run.slot, entry);
+    var p: PathPoint;
+    p.hi = vec2f(x.x, bitcast<f32>(value));
+    p.lo = vec2f(x.y, 0.0);
+    p.color = vec4f(1.0);
+    p.shown = true;
+    return p;
+}
+
+// Point `i` of a geometry column's path: polylines whose parts are broken by a missing point. While
+// the mark eases, each point moves from the path it ran through when the transition began: point
+// for point when both have as many, else from the old point at the same fraction along.
+fn geometry_point(row: u32, i: u32) -> PathPoint {
+    let now = points_of(mark.geometry, row);
+    if i >= now.count {
+        return hidden();
+    }
+    let w = point_bits(now, i);
+    if missing_bits(w.x) || missing_bits(w.y) {
+        return hidden();
+    }
+    var xy = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(w.x), bitcast<f32>(w.y));
+    if mark.frozen != NONE && mark.frozen_geometry != NONE && now.count > 0u {
+        let was = points_of(mark.frozen_geometry, row);
+        if was.count > 0u {
+            let along = f32(i) * f32(was.count - 1u) / f32(max(now.count, 2u) - 1u);
+            let k = select(u32(round(along)), i, was.count == now.count);
+            let o = point_bits(was, min(k, was.count - 1u));
+            if !missing_bits(o.x) && !missing_bits(o.y) {
+                xy = mix(vec2f(bitcast<f32>(o.x), bitcast<f32>(o.y)), xy, mark.motion);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return position_point(xy, 0.0, vec4f(1.0));
+}
+
+// Point `i` of a pole: the row's own vertex where it stands, then the ground beneath it.
+fn pole_point(row: u32, i: u32) -> PathPoint {
+    let e = edge_at(row_at(row));
+    if e.a == NONE {
+        return hidden();
+    }
+    var p = vertex_point(e.a);
+    if i > 0u {
+        p.z = 0.0;
+        p.half = vec2f(0.0);
+        p = placed_point(p);
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+// Point `i` of row `row`'s path, whatever it runs through, placed in the world.
+fn path_point(row: u32, i: u32) -> PathPoint {
+    switch PATH {
+        case PATH_ENDS: { return end_point(row, i); }
+        case PATH_TRACE: { return placed_point(trace_point(row, i)); }
+        case PATH_GEOMETRY: { return placed_point(geometry_point(row, i)); }
+        case PATH_POLES: { return pole_point(row, i); }
+        default: { return hidden(); }
+    }
+}
+
+// The two points segment `s` runs between: points `index` and `index + 1` of its row's path. One loop
+// makes both, so the path is compiled once.
+fn segment_ends(s: Segment) -> array<PathPoint, 2> {
+    var ends: array<PathPoint, 2>;
+    for (var e = 0u; e < 2u; e++) {
+        ends[e] = path_point(s.row, s.index + e);
+    }
+    return ends;
+}
+
+// Whether segment `s` ends a part of its row's path: the path's last, or one before a break.
+fn ends_part(s: Segment) -> bool {
+    if PATH == PATH_GEOMETRY {
+        let points = points_of(mark.geometry, s.row);
+        let next = s.index + 2u;
+        return next >= points.count || missing_bits(point_bits(points, next).x);
+    }
+    return s.index + 1u == path_count(s.row);
+}
+
+// Lanes from the middle that row `row` runs in among edges joining the same two vertices.
+fn lane(row: u32) -> f32 {
+    if mark.lane == NONE || row >= mark.rows {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    let bits = column_value(mark.lane, row).x;
+    return select(bitcast<f32>(bits), 0.0, missing_bits(bits));
+}
+
+// The part of the segment from clip position `ca` to `cb` in front of the near plane, as fractions
+// along it. Depth is reversed, so a position lies in front where z <= w, and w - z runs linearly along
+// the segment: one reaching behind the eye is cut where it crosses, not dropped. Empty where both ends
+// lie behind.
+fn in_front(ca: vec4f, cb: vec4f) -> vec2f {
+    let da = ca.w - ca.z;
+    let db = cb.w - cb.z;
+    let t = da / (da - db);
+    return vec2f(select(0.0, t, da < 0.0), select(1.0, t, db < 0.0));
+}
+
+// Segment `s` on screen: the part in front of the near plane, `kept` saying which part of it shows.
+fn segment_screen(s: Segment) -> OnScreen {
+    let ends = segment_ends(s);
+    var out: OnScreen;
+    out.ends = ends;
+    let ca = clip_of(ends[0].world);
+    let cb = clip_of(ends[1].world);
+    let cut = in_front(ca, cb);
+    // A segment reaching past the globe's edge draws, and the globe's depth cuts it there.
+    let ahead = ends[0].ahead || ends[1].ahead;
+    out.shown = ends[0].shown && ends[1].shown && ahead && cut.x < cut.y;
+    out.ca = mix(ca, cb, cut.x);
+    out.cb = mix(ca, cb, cut.y);
+    out.a = to_screen(out.ca);
+    out.b = to_screen(out.cb);
+    out.kept = cut;
+    // Strokes stop at the outlines of the vertices they end at, without passing each other; an end
+    // cut at the near plane has no vertex there.
+    let along = out.b - out.a;
+    let length_along = length(along);
+    if length_along > 1e-3 {
+        let dir = along / length_along;
+        let room = 0.5 * length_along;
+        let outlines = vec2f(select(outline(ends[0], dir), 0.0, cut.x > 0.0), select(outline(ends[1], dir), 0.0, cut.y < 1.0));
+        let short = min(outlines, vec2f(room));
+        out.a += dir * short.x;
+        out.b -= dir * short.y;
+        out.kept = mix(vec2f(cut.x), vec2f(cut.y), vec2f(short.x, length_along - short.y) / length_along);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+// How row `row`'s path is stroked: never thinner than a hairline. Its comets' flow and travel are in
+// the lengths the theme's flow measures them in.
+fn stroke_style(row: u32) -> Style {
+    var s: Style;
+    if mark.kind == MARK_EDGES {
+        let e = edge_at(row_at(row));
+        s.width = clamp(px(e.width, EDGE_WIDTH), mark.size_min, mark.size_max) * growth(e.flags);
+        // An edge colored by its ends takes their colors where it draws; this only fades it.
+        s.color = select(unpack4x8unorm(e.color), vec4f(1.0), ends_colored());
+        s.color.a *= faded(row, e.flags);
+        s.flow = e.flow;
+        s.travel = e.travel;
+        s.dash = (e.flags & DASH) != 0u;
+        s.shown = (e.flags & VISIBLE) != 0u;
+    } else {
+        let l = line_at(row_at(row));
+        s.width = clamp(px(l.width, LINE_WIDTH), mark.size_min, mark.size_max) * growth(l.flags);
+        s.color = unpack4x8unorm(l.color);
+        s.color.a *= faded(row, l.flags);
+        s.flow = l.flow;
+        s.travel = l.travel;
+        s.dash = (l.flags & DASH) != 0u;
+        s.shown = (l.flags & VISIBLE) != 0u;
+    }
+    s.width = max(s.width, 0.75);
+    return s;
+}
+
+// Whether a stroke's color blends its ends' colors.
+fn ends_colored() -> bool {
+    return mark.kind == MARK_EDGES && (mark.flags & ENDS_COLOR) != 0u;
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/points.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/points.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca6d5980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/points.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Points: where a vertex row's marker stands, how large, and in what color. Draws, casts, probes,
+// bounds, and labels all read a point through `point`.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    NONE, VISIBLE, PLACED, SIZED, STATUS, HOVERED, VERTEX_HALF, VERTEX_WORDS, SIDE_LEFT, SIDE_RIGHT, SIDE_TOP,
+    PORT_WORDS, PORT_CODE, PORT_SHAPE, PORT_COLUMN, PORT_SIZE, HALF_UNITS, OWN_HEIGHT,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, mark, program};
+import package::lib::state::{vertex_slot, Vertex};
+import package::lib::project::{world, clip_of, shows, to_screen};
+import package::lib::focus::{focus_of, faded, growth};
+import package::lib::read::bits_value;
+import package::lib::mark::{px, fringe, within};
+
+struct Point {
+    clip: vec4f,
+    world: vec3f,
+    // Where it stands, in position units.
+    position: vec2f,
+    // Half the marker's width and height, CSS pixels.
+    half: vec2f,
+    color: vec4f,
+    status: vec4f,
+    depth: f32,
+    row: u32,
+    // Its focus bits: selected, hovered, an end of a lit edge.
+    focus: u32,
+    shown: bool,
+}
+
+fn placed(v: Vertex) -> bool {
+    return (v.flags & PLACED) != 0u;
+}
+
+// The marker of row `row` of the current vertex mark. A hovered marker sized in pixels grows; one
+// sized in units is part of the drawing, and only glows.
+fn point(row: u32) -> Point {
+    let v = vertex_slot(mark.state / VERTEX_WORDS + row);
+    var half = vec2f(px(v.half.x, VERTEX_HALF));
+    if (mark.flags & SIZED) != 0u {
+        half.y = px(v.half.y, VERTEX_HALF + 1u);
+    }
+    half = within(half, vec2f(mark.size_min, mark.size_max));
+    let focus = focus_of(row);
+    let grows = (mark.units & (1u << VERTEX_HALF)) == 0u && (focus & HOVERED) != 0u;
+    half *= select(1.0, frame.hover_scale, grows) * growth(v.flags);
+    let color = unpack4x8unorm(v.color);
+    var p: Point;
+    p.world = world(v.hi, v.lo, v.elevation);
+    p.position = v.hi + v.lo;
+    p.clip = clip_of(p.world);
+    p.half = max(half, vec2f(0.0));
+    p.color = vec4f(color.rgb, color.a * faded(row, v.flags));
+    p.status = unpack4x8unorm(v.status);
+    p.depth = v.depth;
+    p.row = row;
+    p.focus = focus;
+    p.shown = (v.flags & VISIBLE) != 0u && placed(v) && shows(p.world) && p.clip.w > 0.0;
+    return p;
+}
+
+// Half the marker of the vertex in any slot, CSS pixels: its flags say whether its size is in
+// position units and whether it has its own height.
+fn vertex_half(v: Vertex) -> vec2f {
+    var half = vec2f(v.half.x, select(v.half.x, v.half.y, (v.flags & OWN_HEIGHT) != 0u));
+    if (v.flags & HALF_UNITS) != 0u {
+        half *= eye.px_per_unit.x;
+    }
+    return within(half, v.range);
+}
+
+// Where a port sits on a marker of half size `half`, CSS pixels from its center, y down: its side in
+// the code's low two bits, then its place among the ports on that side and how many share it.
+fn port_place(half: vec2f, code: u32) -> vec2f {
+    let along = (f32((code >> 2u) & 255u) + 1.0) / (f32((code >> 10u) & 255u) + 1.0) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    switch code & 3u {
+        case SIDE_LEFT: { return vec2f(-half.x, along * half.y); }
+        case SIDE_RIGHT: { return vec2f(half.x, along * half.y); }
+        case SIDE_TOP: { return vec2f(along * half.x, -half.y); }
+        default: { return vec2f(along * half.x, half.y); }
+    }
+}
+
+// The way into a marker from a port on its side, y down.
+fn port_inward(code: u32) -> vec2f {
+    switch code & 3u {
+        case SIDE_LEFT: { return vec2f(1.0, 0.0); }
+        case SIDE_RIGHT: { return vec2f(-1.0, 0.0); }
+        case SIDE_TOP: { return vec2f(0.0, 1.0); }
+        default: { return vec2f(0.0, -1.0); }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Port {
+    center: vec2f,
+    // Half its size, CSS pixels: never past a quarter of its marker's shorter side, so a small
+    // marker still shows under its ports.
+    half: f32,
+    shape: u32,
+    code: u32,
+    // Whether its reference names a net: a free port draws hollow.
+    wired: bool,
+}
+
+// Port `k` of the current vertex mark on point `p`'s marker, on screen.
+fn port_at(p: Point, k: u32) -> Port {
+    let info = mark.port_info + k * PORT_WORDS;
+    let code = program[info + PORT_CODE];
+    let center = to_screen(p.clip) + port_place(p.half, code);
+    let half = min(0.5 * PORT_SIZE * frame.unit, 0.5 * min(p.half.x, p.half.y));
+    let column = program[info + PORT_COLUMN];
+    let wired = column != NONE && bits_value(column, p.row) != NONE;
+    return Port(center, half, program[info + PORT_SHAPE], code, wired);
+}
+
+// CSS pixels a point's quad reaches past its center: the marker, its status ring when it has one, a
+// target pixel of edge, and when `lit`, as the focus draw draws it, its glow.
+fn reach(p: Point, lit: bool) -> vec2f {
+    let ring = select(0.0, 3.0, (mark.flags & STATUS) != 0u && p.status.a > 0.0);
+    return p.half + ring + select(0.0, frame.glow, lit) + fringe();
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/project.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/project.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc7b3ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/project.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// From positions to the screen. Positions are (high, low) pairs: their difference from the camera's
+// center is taken in parts, so f64 data keeps its precision at any zoom. Every pass projects through
+// its eye: the view, the light that casts shadows, or an exported image.
+
+import package::lib::types::{SPACE_EARTH};
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye};
+
+const PI: f32 = 3.14159265;
+const TAU: f32 = 6.28318531;
+const MAX_LATITUDE: f32 = 85.05113;
+// Depth is reversed: the near plane is at 1 and the far plane at 0, which keeps precision far away.
+const NEAR_Z: f32 = 1.0;
+const FAR_Z: f32 = 0.0;
+
+// The offset of `p` from the camera's center, in position units.
+fn relative(hi: vec2f, lo: vec2f) -> vec2f {
+    return (hi - frame.center_hi) + (lo - frame.center_lo);
+}
+
+fn mercator_y(latitude: f32) -> f32 {
+    let lat = radians(clamp(latitude, -MAX_LATITUDE, MAX_LATITUDE));
+    return log(tan(PI / 4.0 + lat / 2.0));
+}
+
+// Web mercator radians from the center; near the center, a local expansion keeps precision.
+fn mercator(hi: vec2f, lo: vec2f) -> vec2f {
+    let d = relative(hi, lo);
+    let lat = clamp(hi.y + lo.y, -MAX_LATITUDE, MAX_LATITUDE);
+    let near = radians(d.y) / cos(radians(lat - 0.5 * d.y));
+    let far = mercator_y(lat) - frame.mercator_y;
+    return vec2f(radians(d.x), select(far, near, abs(d.y) < 0.25));
+}
+
+// `p` on the unit sphere, turned so the camera's center faces +z.
+fn on_sphere(hi: vec2f, lo: vec2f) -> vec3f {
+    let lon = radians(relative(hi, lo).x);
+    let lat = radians(clamp(hi.y + lo.y, -90.0, 90.0));
+    let lat0 = radians(frame.center_hi.y + frame.center_lo.y);
+    let v = vec3f(cos(lat) * sin(lon), sin(lat), cos(lat) * cos(lon));
+    return vec3f(v.x, v.y * cos(lat0) - v.z * sin(lat0), v.y * sin(lat0) + v.z * cos(lat0));
+}
+
+// World coordinates: plane or plot units, or mercator radians morphing onto the globe. Only the
+// morph works out both.
+fn world(hi: vec2f, lo: vec2f, z: f32) -> vec3f {
+    if frame.space != SPACE_EARTH {
+        return vec3f(relative(hi, lo), z);
+    }
+    if frame.globe <= 0.0 {
+        return vec3f(mercator(hi, lo), z);
+    }
+    let lat0 = radians(frame.center_hi.y + frame.center_lo.y);
+    let s = on_sphere(hi, lo) * (1.0 + z);
+    let round = vec3f(s.xy, s.z - 1.0) / cos(lat0);
+    if frame.globe >= 1.0 {
+        return round;
+    }
+    return mix(vec3f(mercator(hi, lo), z), round, frame.globe);
+}
+
+fn clip_of(w: vec3f) -> vec4f {
+    return eye.clip_from_world * vec4f(w, 1.0);
+}
+
+fn project(hi: vec2f, lo: vec2f, z: f32) -> vec4f {
+    return clip_of(world(hi, lo, z));
+}
+
+// The globe's center in world units: a sphere of radius `-center.z` whose top touches the ground at
+// the camera's center.
+fn globe_center() -> vec3f {
+    return vec3f(0.0, 0.0, -1.0 / cos(radians(frame.center_hi.y + frame.center_lo.y)));
+}
+
+// Whether world point `w` shows past the globe: on the round globe, whether it lies in front of the
+// plane the eye sees the globe's edge on, exactly, at any pitch. On the map, or while the globe
+// morphs, everything shows, and what the ground hides is left to its depth.
+fn shows(w: vec3f) -> bool {
+    if frame.space != SPACE_EARTH || frame.globe < 1.0 {
+        return true;
+    }
+    let c = globe_center();
+    return dot(w - c, eye.position.xyz - w) > 0.0;
+}
+
+// CSS pixels from the top left.
+fn to_screen(clip: vec4f) -> vec2f {
+    let ndc = clip.xy / clip.w;
+    return (vec2f(ndc.x, -ndc.y) * 0.5 + 0.5) * eye.size;
+}
+
+// Clip coordinates for a screen point at the depth of `at`.
+fn to_clip(screen: vec2f, at: vec4f) -> vec4f {
+    let ndc = screen / eye.size * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    return vec4f(vec2f(ndc.x, -ndc.y) * at.w, at.z, at.w);
+}
+
+// `clip` a little toward the camera, so a mark lying on a face draws over it.
+fn nearer(clip: vec4f) -> vec4f {
+    return vec4f(clip.xy, min(clip.z * 1.003, clip.w), clip.w);
+}
+
+// A position outside the clip volume: the primitive is dropped.
+fn culled() -> vec4f {
+    return vec4f(2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.0);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/read.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/read.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b6d32aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/read.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Reading columns: page tables in `program` point at blocks of `pages`. Values stay `u32` bits until
+// arithmetic needs them, so a missing value is never an `f32` constant (WGSL cannot represent NaN
+// constants).
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    NONE, MISSING, COLUMN_WORDS, COLUMN_FLAGS, COLUMN_ROWS, COLUMN_TABLE, COLUMN_LOW, COLUMN_JOIN, COLUMN_T,
+    SAMPLED, STEP, PAGE_BITS, PAGE_MASK, POINT_BITS, POINT_MASK,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{pages, program, mark};
+
+// Whether `x` is NaN or infinite: missing.
+fn missing(x: f32) -> bool {
+    return missing_bits(bitcast<u32>(x));
+}
+
+fn missing_bits(bits: u32) -> bool {
+    return (bits & 0x7f800000u) == 0x7f800000u;
+}
+
+fn column_word(column: u32, word: u32) -> u32 {
+    return program[mark.columns + column * COLUMN_WORDS + word];
+}
+
+fn page_word(block: u32, offset: u32, fallback: u32) -> u32 {
+    if block == NONE {
+        return fallback;
+    }
+    return pages[block + offset];
+}
+
+// A static column's value as (high, low) bits: the low part carries what f32 drops of an f64.
+fn static_value(column: u32, row: u32) -> vec2u {
+    let page = row >> PAGE_BITS;
+    let local = row & PAGE_MASK;
+    let table = column_word(column, COLUMN_TABLE);
+    let hi = page_word(program[table + page], local, MISSING);
+    let low = column_word(column, COLUMN_LOW);
+    if low == NONE {
+        return vec2u(hi, 0u);
+    }
+    return vec2u(hi, page_word(program[low + page], local, 0u));
+}
+
+// A sampled column's value at the shown coordinate, as bits. Each row block has a cursor of six
+// words: block and word of this frame, block and word of the next frame, and both frames' row counts.
+fn sample_value(column: u32, row: u32) -> u32 {
+    let cursor = column_word(column, COLUMN_TABLE) + (row >> PAGE_BITS) * 6u;
+    let local = row & PAGE_MASK;
+    if local >= program[cursor + 4u] {
+        return MISSING;
+    }
+    let a = page_word(program[cursor], program[cursor + 1u] + local, MISSING);
+    let flags = column_word(column, COLUMN_FLAGS);
+    if (flags & STEP) != 0u || program[cursor + 2u] == NONE || local >= program[cursor + 5u] {
+        return a;
+    }
+    let b = page_word(program[cursor + 2u], program[cursor + 3u] + local, MISSING);
+    if missing_bits(a) || missing_bits(b) {
+        return a;
+    }
+    let t = bitcast<f32>(column_word(column, COLUMN_T));
+    return bitcast<u32>(mix(bitcast<f32>(a), bitcast<f32>(b), t));
+}
+
+// A bits column's word: row indices of a reference, NONE where unwired.
+fn bits_value(column: u32, row: u32) -> u32 {
+    if row >= column_word(column, COLUMN_ROWS) {
+        return NONE;
+    }
+    let table = column_word(column, COLUMN_TABLE);
+    return page_word(program[table + (row >> PAGE_BITS)], row & PAGE_MASK, NONE);
+}
+
+// The row a column reads for `row`: through its join when it reads another table.
+fn joined_row(column: u32, row: u32) -> u32 {
+    let join = column_word(column, COLUMN_JOIN);
+    if join == NONE {
+        return row;
+    }
+    return bits_value(join, row);
+}
+
+// A column's value for `row` as (high, low) bits.
+fn column_value(column: u32, row: u32) -> vec2u {
+    let r = joined_row(column, row);
+    if r == NONE || r >= column_word(column, COLUMN_ROWS) {
+        return vec2u(MISSING, 0u);
+    }
+    if (column_word(column, COLUMN_FLAGS) & SAMPLED) != 0u {
+        return vec2u(sample_value(column, r), 0u);
+    }
+    return static_value(column, r);
+}
+
+// One row's points in a geometry column: where its page's blocks of points are listed in `program`,
+// its first point among the page's, and how many. Parts are broken by a missing point.
+struct Points {
+    blocks: u32,
+    first: u32,
+    count: u32,
+}
+
+// Row `row`'s points of geometry column `column`. The column's table holds, per page, the block of
+// each row's first point, where the page's blocks of points are listed in the table, and how many
+// points the page has; a block holds `1 << POINT_BITS` points as x and y bits.
+fn points_of(column: u32, row: u32) -> Points {
+    if column == NONE || row >= column_word(column, COLUMN_ROWS) {
+        return Points(0u, 0u, 0u);
+    }
+    let rows = column_word(column, COLUMN_ROWS);
+    let table = column_word(column, COLUMN_TABLE);
+    let page = table + 3u * (row >> PAGE_BITS);
+    let firsts = program[page];
+    if firsts == NONE {
+        return Points(0u, 0u, 0u);
+    }
+    let local = row & PAGE_MASK;
+    let first = pages[firsts + local];
+    var end = program[page + 2u];
+    if local < PAGE_MASK && row + 1u < rows {
+        end = pages[firsts + local + 1u];
+    }
+    return Points(table + program[page + 1u], first, end - first);
+}
+
+// Point `k` of a row's points, as x and y bits.
+fn point_bits(points: Points, k: u32) -> vec2u {
+    let i = points.first + k;
+    let at = program[points.blocks + (i >> POINT_BITS)] + 2u * (i & POINT_MASK);
+    return vec2u(pages[at], pages[at + 1u]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/reduce.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/reduce.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7d2d2c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/reduce.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Reductions with atomics: an `f32` as `u32` bits that sort in the same order, so `atomicMax` of
+// `ordered(x)` keeps the greatest value and `atomicMax` of `~ordered(x)` the least.
+
+fn ordered(x: f32) -> u32 {
+    let b = bitcast<u32>(x);
+    return select(b | 0x80000000u, ~b, (b & 0x80000000u) != 0u);
+}
+
+fn unordered(u: u32) -> f32 {
+    return bitcast<f32>(select(~u, u & 0x7fffffffu, (u & 0x80000000u) != 0u));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/shade.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/shade.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6c73007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/shade.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Light: the ground's shadow map, and the earth's daylight. Casters draw into the map through the
+// light's eye, blended by MIN: the most covered (1 − coverage), the lowest caster above the ground,
+// and the highest (negated). The ground darkens at the level its lowest caster sets, sharp at contact
+// and soft from high up; faces compare their height with the highest caster over them.
+
+import package::lib::types::SPACE_EARTH;
+import package::lib::bind::{frame, eye, ramp};
+
+// How far the sun stands below the horizon, in the cosine of its angle, where night has fallen.
+const TWILIGHT: f32 = 0.1;
+
+// How lit the earth is at longitude and latitude `p`, in degrees: 1 by day, down to the night's
+// brightness, eased across the terminator; 1 everywhere without daylight.
+fn daylight(p: vec2f) -> f32 {
+    let sun = frame.sun;
+    if frame.space != SPACE_EARTH || dot(sun.xyz, sun.xyz) == 0.0 {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    let r = radians(p);
+    let n = vec3f(cos(r.y) * cos(r.x), cos(r.y) * sin(r.x), sin(r.y));
+    return mix(sun.w, 1.0, smoothstep(-TWILIGHT, TWILIGHT * 0.5, dot(n, sun.xyz)));
+}
+
+// What a caster writes, blended by MIN.
+fn caster(coverage: f32, height: f32) -> vec4f {
+    let h = height + eye.lift;
+    return vec4f(1.0 - coverage, h, -h, 0.0);
+}
+
+// Where world point `p` falls on the map, cast away from the light onto the ground, and its height.
+fn on_map(p: vec3f) -> vec3f {
+    let l = frame.shade.light.xyz;
+    let ground = p.xy - l.xy / max(l.z, 1e-3) * p.z;
+    let r = frame.shade.rect;
+    return vec3f((ground - r.xy) / (r.zw - r.xy), p.z);
+}
+
+// How much light reaches world point `p`: 1 lit, down to 1 − the shadow's alpha.
+fn lit(shadows: texture_2d<f32>, p: vec3f, ground: bool) -> f32 {
+    if frame.shade.on == 0u {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    let m = on_map(p);
+    if any(m.xy < vec2f(0.0)) || any(m.xy > vec2f(1.0)) {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    let uv = vec2f(m.x, 1.0 - m.y);
+    let around = textureSampleLevel(shadows, ramp, uv, 3.0);
+    let spread = frame.shade.light.w / max(frame.shade.texel, 1e-30);
+    var shadow = 0.0;
+    if ground {
+        // The lowest caster around sets how far the shadow spreads.
+        let gap = max(around.g, 0.0);
+        let level = clamp(log2(max(gap * spread, 1.0)), 0.0, frame.shade.levels - 1.0);
+        shadow = 1.0 - textureSampleLevel(shadows, ramp, uv, level).r;
+    } else {
+        // A face is shadowed where something stands higher over it on its light ray.
+        let gap = max(-around.b - m.z, 0.0);
+        let level = clamp(log2(max(gap * spread, 1.0)), 0.0, frame.shade.levels - 1.0);
+        let top = -textureSampleLevel(shadows, ramp, uv, level).b;
+        let bias = 2.0 * frame.shade.texel;
+        shadow = smoothstep(bias, bias * 4.0, top - m.z);
+    }
+    return 1.0 - frame.shade.color.a * shadow;
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/state.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/state.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65e772fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/state.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Evaluated rows: words of the `state` buffer. A row's kind words sit at `mark.state`, `mark.stride`
+// apart, so vertex slots count every vertex mark's rows; its extra words (labels, marker inputs) sit
+// at `mark.extra`, `mark.extras` apart.
+
+import package::lib::types::{
+    NONE, VERTEX_WORDS, VERTEX_POSITION, VERTEX_COLOR, VERTEX_STATUS, VERTEX_HALF, VERTEX_ELEVATION, VERTEX_DEPTH,
+    VERTEX_RANGE, VERTEX_FLAGS, EDGE_FROM, EDGE_TO, EDGE_COLOR, EDGE_WIDTH, EDGE_FLOW, EDGE_TRAVEL, EDGE_FLAGS, FACE_A, FACE_B,
+    FACE_C, FACE_COLOR, FACE_FLAGS, LINE_COLOR, LINE_WIDTH, LINE_FLOW, LINE_TRAVEL, LINE_FLAGS, AREA_COLOR,
+    AREA_FLAGS, MARK_EDGES, MARK_LINES,
+};
+import package::lib::bind::{state, mark};
+
+struct Vertex {
+    hi: vec2f,
+    lo: vec2f,
+    color: u32,
+    status: u32,
+    half: vec2f,
+    elevation: f32,
+    depth: f32,
+    // The CSS pixels its marker's half keeps within.
+    range: vec2f,
+    flags: u32,
+}
+
+struct Edge {
+    a: u32,
+    b: u32,
+    color: u32,
+    width: f32,
+    flow: f32,
+    travel: f32,
+    flags: u32,
+}
+
+struct Face {
+    corners: vec3u,
+    color: u32,
+    flags: u32,
+}
+
+struct Line {
+    color: u32,
+    width: f32,
+    flow: f32,
+    travel: f32,
+    flags: u32,
+}
+
+struct Area {
+    color: u32,
+    flags: u32,
+}
+
+// A range of CSS pixels in one word: each end in sixteenths of a pixel, up to 4095, the top value
+// meaning no end.
+fn pack_range(range: vec2f) -> u32 {
+    let ends = vec2u(round(clamp(range, vec2f(0.0), vec2f(4095.9375)) * 16.0));
+    let top = select(ends.y, 65535u, range.y > 4095.9375);
+    return ends.x | (top << 16u);
+}
+
+fn unpack_range(word: u32) -> vec2f {
+    let ends = vec2f(f32(word & 65535u), f32(word >> 16u)) / 16.0;
+    // The top of what a word holds is no end at all.
+    return vec2f(ends.x, select(ends.y, 3.4e38, (word >> 16u) == 65535u));
+}
+
+fn float_at(at: u32) -> f32 {
+    return bitcast<f32>(state[at]);
+}
+
+// The first kind word of `row` of the current mark.
+fn row_at(row: u32) -> u32 {
+    return mark.state + row * mark.stride;
+}
+
+// Extra word `word` of `row` of the current mark.
+fn extra_at(row: u32, word: u32) -> u32 {
+    return mark.extra + row * mark.extras + word;
+}
+
+fn vertex_at(at: u32) -> Vertex {
+    let p = at + VERTEX_POSITION;
+    return Vertex(
+        vec2f(float_at(p), float_at(p + 1u)),
+        vec2f(float_at(p + 2u), float_at(p + 3u)),
+        state[at + VERTEX_COLOR],
+        state[at + VERTEX_STATUS],
+        vec2f(float_at(at + VERTEX_HALF), float_at(at + VERTEX_HALF + 1u)),
+        float_at(at + VERTEX_ELEVATION),
+        float_at(at + VERTEX_DEPTH),
+        unpack_range(state[at + VERTEX_RANGE]),
+        state[at + VERTEX_FLAGS],
+    );
+}
+
+// The vertex in graph slot `slot`, from any vertex mark.
+fn vertex_slot(slot: u32) -> Vertex {
+    return vertex_at(slot * VERTEX_WORDS);
+}
+
+fn edge_at(at: u32) -> Edge {
+    return Edge(
+        state[at + EDGE_FROM],
+        state[at + EDGE_TO],
+        state[at + EDGE_COLOR],
+        float_at(at + EDGE_WIDTH),
+        float_at(at + EDGE_FLOW),
+        float_at(at + EDGE_TRAVEL),
+        state[at + EDGE_FLAGS],
+    );
+}
+
+fn face_at(at: u32) -> Face {
+    let corners = vec3u(state[at + FACE_A], state[at + FACE_B], state[at + FACE_C]);
+    return Face(corners, state[at + FACE_COLOR], state[at + FACE_FLAGS]);
+}
+
+fn line_at(at: u32) -> Line {
+    return Line(
+        state[at + LINE_COLOR],
+        float_at(at + LINE_WIDTH),
+        float_at(at + LINE_FLOW),
+        float_at(at + LINE_TRAVEL),
+        state[at + LINE_FLAGS],
+    );
+}
+
+// The current mark's words for how far a stroke row's comets traveled and for its flow; NONE for a
+// mark that draws no strokes.
+fn travel_words() -> vec2u {
+    switch mark.kind {
+        case MARK_EDGES: { return vec2u(EDGE_TRAVEL, EDGE_FLOW); }
+        case MARK_LINES: { return vec2u(LINE_TRAVEL, LINE_FLOW); }
+        default: { return vec2u(NONE); }
+    }
+}
+
+fn area_at(at: u32) -> Area {
+    return Area(state[at + AREA_COLOR], state[at + AREA_FLAGS]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/stroke.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/stroke.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e201a36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/stroke.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// Strokes: antialiased segments with dashes, flowing comets, and arrowheads, in CSS pixels.
+
+import package::lib::bind::frame;
+import package::lib::mark::coverage;
+
+struct Stroke {
+    a: vec2f,
+    b: vec2f,
+    // Distance along the whole line at `a` and at `b`, CSS pixels: dashes and comets run on across
+    // segments.
+    phase: vec2f,
+    // The same in length units, as far along as the line's own points: comets drawn in position
+    // units run along it.
+    along: vec2f,
+    width: f32,
+    color: vec4f,
+    // Comet speed, negative backward, 0 for none; and how far the row's comets traveled.
+    flow: f32,
+    travel: f32,
+    dash: bool,
+    // Whether the segment ends in an arrowhead at `b`.
+    arrow: bool,
+}
+
+// The arrowhead at `b` pointing along `dir`: a triangle `frame.arrow` long, as a signed distance.
+fn head_distance(p: vec2f, b: vec2f, dir: vec2f, width: f32) -> f32 {
+    let length = frame.arrow + width;
+    let q = p - b;
+    let along = dot(q, dir);
+    let across = abs(dot(q, vec2f(-dir.y, dir.x)));
+    let half = 0.5 * length * 0.9;
+    // Inside where it lies behind the tip and within the widening flanks.
+    let slope = half / length;
+    let flank = (across - (-along) * slope) / sqrt(1.0 + slope * slope);
+    return max(max(flank, along), -along - length);
+}
+
+// (distance outside the stroke's edge, distance along the line, fraction of the way from `a` to `b`)
+// for pixel `p`.
+fn stroke_distance(p: vec2f, s: Stroke) -> vec3f {
+    let ab = s.b - s.a;
+    let len = length(ab);
+    let dir = ab / max(len, 1e-6);
+    // An arrowhead's stroke stops where the head begins.
+    let end = select(s.b, s.b - dir * (frame.arrow + s.width) * 0.8, s.arrow && len > frame.arrow);
+    let ae = end - s.a;
+    let t = clamp(dot(p - s.a, ae) / max(dot(ae, ae), 1e-6), 0.0, 1.0);
+    var d = length(p - (s.a + ae * t)) - 0.5 * s.width;
+    if s.arrow {
+        d = min(d, head_distance(p, s.b, dir, s.width));
+    }
+    let along = clamp(dot(p - s.a, dir) / max(len, 1e-6), 0.0, 1.0);
+    return vec3f(d, mix(s.phase.x, s.phase.y, along), along);
+}
+
+// How much of the pixel at `d`, from `stroke_distance`, the line of stroke `s` covers, dashed.
+fn covered(d: vec3f, s: Stroke) -> f32 {
+    var alpha = coverage(d.x);
+    if s.dash {
+        alpha *= step(0.5, fract(d.y / max(frame.dash, 1.0)));
+    }
+    return alpha;
+}
+
+// How much of the pixel at `d` a comet covers: comets `frame.flow_spacing` apart, moved on by stroke
+// `s`'s travel, each a round head `frame.flow_width` wide, never narrower than the stroke, brightest
+// at its middle, trailing a tail `frame.flow_length` long that thins and fades.
+fn comet(d: vec3f, s: Stroke) -> f32 {
+    if s.flow == 0.0 || frame.flow.a <= 0.0 {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    // Where the pixel lies along the line in the comets' lengths, and CSS pixels per length: position
+    // units where comets are part of the drawing, else the theme's.
+    var along = d.y / frame.unit;
+    var px = frame.unit;
+    if frame.flow_units != 0u {
+        along = mix(s.along.x, s.along.y, d.z);
+        px = length(s.b - s.a) / max(abs(s.along.y - s.along.x), 1e-12);
+    }
+    let spacing = max(frame.flow_spacing, 1e-6);
+    // How far the pixel leads the head behind it, the way comets run, and trails the head ahead.
+    let lead = fract(sign(s.flow) * (along - s.travel) / spacing) * spacing;
+    let trail = spacing - lead;
+    let across = d.x + 0.5 * s.width;
+    let cap = lead < trail;
+    let fade = select(saturate(1.0 - trail / max(frame.flow_length, 1e-6)), 1.0, cap);
+    let reach = 0.5 * max(frame.flow_width, s.width) * mix(0.4, 1.0, fade);
+    let distance = select(across, length(vec2f(lead * px, across)), cap);
+    return fade * fade * (1.0 - smoothstep(0.35 * reach, reach, distance));
+}
+
+// Stroke `s` at pixel `p`, comets over its line; a comet fades with its row.
+fn stroke(p: vec2f, s: Stroke) -> vec4f {
+    let d = stroke_distance(p, s);
+    let line = s.color.a * covered(d, s);
+    let head = comet(d, s) * frame.flow.a * s.color.a;
+    let alpha = head + line * (1.0 - head);
+    let color = (frame.flow.rgb * head + s.color.rgb * line * (1.0 - head)) / max(alpha, 1e-6);
+    return vec4f(color, alpha);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/trace.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/trace.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90b2de8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/trace.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Traces: what a line draws of a sampled field across the axis: runs of entries left to right, each
+// of one level, frames or buckets. The traced column's table holds a header (how many runs, row
+// blocks, and levels); per run its level's place among the levels, its first entry, how many, and the
+// point it starts at; per level the level, how many axis pages it has, where they are listed, and
+// where its row blocks' lists start; per level and row block how many pages of frames or least values
+// it has and where they are listed, then of greatest values; then those lists: axis pages as (offset,
+// first entry), pages of values as (offset, first entry, words per entry). Offsets within the table
+// are relative to it. A line runs through each frame, and through each bucket's least and greatest
+// value where it draws; between runs that do not meet, a point is left out, breaking the line.
+
+import package::lib::types::{NONE, MISSING, COLUMN_TABLE, PAGE_BITS, PAGE_MASK};
+import package::lib::bind::{pages, program, mark};
+import package::lib::read::column_word;
+
+const HEADER: u32 = 4u;
+const RUN_WORDS: u32 = 4u;
+const LEVEL_WORDS: u32 = 4u;
+
+fn trace_table() -> u32 {
+    return column_word(mark.trace, COLUMN_TABLE);
+}
+
+// The last of `count` items of `stride` words from `at` whose word `key` is at most `value`.
+fn last_at_most(at: u32, count: u32, stride: u32, key: u32, value: u32) -> u32 {
+    var lo = 0u;
+    var hi = count;
+    while hi - lo > 1u {
+        let mid = (lo + hi) / 2u;
+        if program[at + mid * stride + key] <= value {
+            lo = mid;
+        } else {
+            hi = mid;
+        }
+    }
+    return at + lo * stride;
+}
+
+// A run of the trace: its level's place among the levels, its first entry, how many, and the point
+// it starts at.
+struct TraceRun {
+    slot: u32,
+    first: u32,
+    entries: u32,
+    point: u32,
+}
+
+// The run point `k` lies in: the last starting at or before it.
+fn trace_run(k: u32) -> TraceRun {
+    let t = trace_table();
+    let r = last_at_most(t + HEADER, max(program[t], 1u), RUN_WORDS, 3u, k);
+    return TraceRun(program[r], program[r + 1u], program[r + 2u], program[r + 3u]);
+}
+
+// Where level `slot`'s words start.
+fn trace_level_at(slot: u32) -> u32 {
+    let t = trace_table();
+    return t + HEADER + RUN_WORDS * program[t] + LEVEL_WORDS * slot;
+}
+
+// The level a run of `slot` draws.
+fn trace_level(slot: u32) -> u32 {
+    return program[trace_level_at(slot)];
+}
+
+// Where entry `entry` of level `slot` draws along the axis, as (high, low): a frame at its
+// coordinate, a bucket at its middle.
+fn trace_axis(slot: u32, entry: u32) -> vec2f {
+    let l = trace_level_at(slot);
+    let e = last_at_most(trace_table() + program[l + 2u], max(program[l + 1u], 1u), 2u, 1u, entry);
+    let w = program[e] + (entry - program[e + 1u]) * 2u;
+    return vec2f(bitcast<f32>(pages[w]), bitcast<f32>(pages[w + 1u]));
+}
+
+// The bits of `row`'s value of entry `entry` of level `slot`: a frame's, or a bucket's least
+// (`side` 0) or greatest (1).
+fn trace_entry(row: u32, slot: u32, entry: u32, side: u32) -> u32 {
+    let t = trace_table();
+    let block = row >> PAGE_BITS;
+    if block >= program[t + 1u] {
+        return MISSING;
+    }
+    let lists = t + program[trace_level_at(slot) + 3u] + 4u * block + 2u * side;
+    let count = program[lists];
+    if count == 0u {
+        return MISSING;
+    }
+    let e = last_at_most(t + program[lists + 1u], count, 3u, 1u, entry);
+    let local = row & PAGE_MASK;
+    let per = program[e + 2u];
+    if program[e] == NONE || local >= per || entry < program[e + 1u] {
+        return MISSING;
+    }
+    return pages[program[e] + (entry - program[e + 1u]) * per + local];
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/triangles.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/triangles.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d6c474c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/triangles.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Triangles: a face row's corners, at the vertices its references name; or an area's triangles, three
+// points at a time from its geometry column after the point its label hangs from, numbered by the
+// mark's list. Draws, probes, bounds, and labels read a triangle through `triangle_corner`; which kind
+// a pipeline reads is its `PATH`: ends for faces, geometry for areas.
+
+import package::lib::types::{NONE, VISIBLE, PLACED, ENDS_COLOR, PATH_GEOMETRY};
+import package::lib::bind::mark;
+import package::lib::state::{row_at, face_at, area_at, vertex_slot};
+import package::lib::project::{world, clip_of, shows};
+import package::lib::focus::faded;
+import package::lib::read::{points_of, point_bits, missing_bits};
+import package::lib::path::{PATH, Segment, segment, stroke_instances};
+
+struct Corner {
+    world: vec3f,
+    // Where it stands, in position units.
+    position: vec3f,
+    // A face corner's vertex slot; `NONE` for an area's.
+    slot: u32,
+    color: vec4f,
+    row: u32,
+    // Whether it has a place to stand, and whether it lies in front of the globe's horizon.
+    shown: bool,
+    ahead: bool,
+}
+
+// Triangles every live row draws: a face per row, or each of every area's, as its list numbers them.
+fn triangle_instances() -> u32 {
+    if PATH == PATH_GEOMETRY {
+        return stroke_instances();
+    }
+    return mark.rows;
+}
+
+// Corner `corner` of triangle `instance`.
+fn triangle_corner(instance: u32, corner: u32) -> Corner {
+    if PATH == PATH_GEOMETRY {
+        return area_point(segment(instance), 1u + corner);
+    }
+    return face_corner(instance, corner);
+}
+
+// Whether triangle `instance` draws: every corner placed, and one in front of the globe's horizon;
+// the globe's depth cuts a triangle reaching past its edge.
+fn triangle_shown(instance: u32) -> bool {
+    var ahead = false;
+    for (var k = 0u; k < 3u; k++) {
+        let c = triangle_corner(instance, k);
+        if !c.shown {
+            return false;
+        }
+        ahead = ahead || c.ahead;
+    }
+    return ahead;
+}
+
+// The row triangle `instance` belongs to.
+fn triangle_row(instance: u32) -> u32 {
+    if PATH == PATH_GEOMETRY {
+        return segment(instance).row;
+    }
+    return instance;
+}
+
+fn face_corner(row: u32, corner: u32) -> Corner {
+    var c: Corner;
+    c.row = row;
+    let f = face_at(row_at(row));
+    if any(f.corners == vec3u(NONE)) || (f.flags & VISIBLE) == 0u {
+        c.shown = false;
+        return c;
+    }
+    c.slot = f.corners[corner];
+    let v = vertex_slot(c.slot);
+    c.world = world(v.hi, v.lo, v.elevation);
+    c.position = vec3f(v.hi + v.lo, v.elevation);
+    let color = select(unpack4x8unorm(f.color), unpack4x8unorm(v.color), (mark.flags & ENDS_COLOR) != 0u);
+    c.color = vec4f(color.rgb, color.a * faded(row, f.flags));
+    c.shown = (v.flags & PLACED) != 0u;
+    c.ahead = shows(c.world);
+    return c;
+}
+
+// Point `offset` of the points of triangle `t.index` of area row `t.row`: 0 is where its label hangs,
+// 1 to 3 its corners.
+fn area_point(t: Segment, offset: u32) -> Corner {
+    var c: Corner;
+    c.row = t.row;
+    c.slot = NONE;
+    let a = area_at(row_at(t.row));
+    let points = points_of(mark.geometry, t.row);
+    let k = select(3u * t.index + offset, 0u, offset == 0u);
+    if (a.flags & VISIBLE) == 0u || k >= points.count {
+        c.shown = false;
+        return c;
+    }
+    let w = point_bits(points, k);
+    if missing_bits(w.x) || missing_bits(w.y) {
+        c.shown = false;
+        return c;
+    }
+    let xy = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(w.x), bitcast<f32>(w.y));
+    c.position = vec3f(xy, 0.0);
+    c.world = world(xy, vec2f(0.0), 0.0);
+    let color = unpack4x8unorm(a.color);
+    c.color = vec4f(color.rgb, color.a * faded(t.row, a.flags));
+    c.shown = true;
+    c.ahead = shows(c.world);
+    return c;
+}
+
+// Where area row `row`'s label hangs: inside its largest polygon, farthest from its edges.
+fn area_anchor(row: u32) -> Corner {
+    return area_point(Segment(row, 0u, 0.0), 0u);
+}
+
+fn corner_clip(c: Corner) -> vec4f {
+    return clip_of(c.world);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/types.wesl b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/types.wesl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbf00cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/shaders/lib/types.wesl
@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+// The GPU contract shared with Rust: build.rs mirrors every struct and constant here.
+
+// No index, slot, or page.
+const NONE: u32 = 0xffffffffu;
+// A missing number: NaN bits. Any NaN or infinity reads as missing.
+const MISSING: u32 = 0x7fc00000u;
+// A missing color: transparent magenta, replaced by the theme's color on store.
+const MISSING_COLOR: u32 = 0x00ff00ffu;
+
+// Opcodes of the expression machine; an op is four words: code, a, b, c.
+const OP_CONST: u32 = 0u;
+const OP_MISSING: u32 = 1u;
+const OP_FIELD: u32 = 2u;
+const OP_SELECTED: u32 = 3u;
+const OP_HOVERED: u32 = 4u;
+const OP_POINTER: u32 = 5u;
+const OP_ELAPSED: u32 = 6u;
+const OP_THEME: u32 = 7u;
+const OP_NEG: u32 = 8u;
+const OP_NOT: u32 = 9u;
+const OP_ABS: u32 = 10u;
+const OP_SQRT: u32 = 11u;
+const OP_SIN: u32 = 12u;
+const OP_COS: u32 = 13u;
+const OP_ADD: u32 = 14u;
+const OP_SUB: u32 = 15u;
+const OP_MUL: u32 = 16u;
+const OP_DIV: u32 = 17u;
+const OP_MIN: u32 = 18u;
+const OP_MAX: u32 = 19u;
+const OP_LT: u32 = 20u;
+const OP_LE: u32 = 21u;
+const OP_GT: u32 = 22u;
+const OP_GE: u32 = 23u;
+const OP_EQ: u32 = 24u;
+const OP_NE: u32 = 25u;
+const OP_AND: u32 = 26u;
+const OP_OR: u32 = 27u;
+const OP_SELECT: u32 = 28u;
+const OP_SCALE: u32 = 29u;
+const OP_COLORMAP: u32 = 30u;
+const OP_STORE: u32 = 31u;
+const OP_STORE_COLOR: u32 = 32u;
+const OP_STORE_FLAG: u32 = 33u;
+const OP_STORE_POSITION: u32 = 34u;
+const OP_POSITION: u32 = 35u;
+const OP_STORE_END: u32 = 36u;
+const OP_REDUCE: u32 = 37u;
+const OP_FLOOR: u32 = 38u;
+const OP_MOD: u32 = 39u;
+const OP_POW: u32 = 40u;
+const OP_LOG: u32 = 41u;
+const OP_EXP: u32 = 42u;
+const OP_ZOOM: u32 = 43u;
+const OP_STORE_CODE: u32 = 44u;
+
+// Values the expression stack holds at once.
+const STACK: u32 = 16u;
+
+// Column descriptor words, eight per column in `meta`.
+const COLUMN_WORDS: u32 = 8u;
+const COLUMN_FLAGS: u32 = 0u;
+const COLUMN_ROWS: u32 = 1u;
+const COLUMN_TABLE: u32 = 2u;
+const COLUMN_LOW: u32 = 3u;
+const COLUMN_JOIN: u32 = 4u;
+const COLUMN_T: u32 = 5u;
+// Column flags.
+const SAMPLED: u32 = 1u;
+const STEP: u32 = 2u;
+const BITS: u32 = 4u;
+
+// Rows per data page, as a shift.
+const PAGE_BITS: u32 = 16u;
+const PAGE_MASK: u32 = 65535u;
+// Rows a block holds: a page of every column. A dispatch over more items than one dimension holds
+// steps a block at a time in its second, 256 workgroups of 256 wide.
+const BLOCK_ROWS: u32 = 65536u;
+
+// The item invocation `id` of a dispatch over items covers: blocks of BLOCK_ROWS along the second
+// dimension, when the first holds too few.
+fn item(id: vec3u) -> u32 {
+    return id.y * BLOCK_ROWS + id.x;
+}
+
+// How a word of a row eases while its mark does: kept as it is (no channel stores it), shown as
+// evaluated at once, a number or a color mixed, or a position's high word moved by its offset.
+const BLEND_KEEP: u32 = 0u;
+const BLEND_SNAP: u32 = 1u;
+const BLEND_NUMBER: u32 = 2u;
+const BLEND_COLOR: u32 = 3u;
+const BLEND_POSITION: u32 = 4u;
+
+// Points per block of a geometry's points, as a shift: a block of x and y words is a chunk.
+const POINT_BITS: u32 = 15u;
+const POINT_MASK: u32 = 32767u;
+
+// Vertex state words.
+const VERTEX_WORDS: u32 = 12u;
+const VERTEX_POSITION: u32 = 0u;
+const VERTEX_COLOR: u32 = 4u;
+const VERTEX_STATUS: u32 = 5u;
+const VERTEX_HALF: u32 = 6u;
+const VERTEX_ELEVATION: u32 = 8u;
+// How many groups hold a group row: containers tint by it.
+const VERTEX_DEPTH: u32 = 9u;
+// The CSS pixels its marker's half keeps within at any zoom, as two halves: the mark's, so every
+// mark reading the vertex trims at the outline it draws.
+const VERTEX_RANGE: u32 = 10u;
+const VERTEX_FLAGS: u32 = 11u;
+
+// Edge state words. Every kind's flags are its last word. A stroke's travel is how far its comets
+// moved, which no channel writes.
+const EDGE_WORDS: u32 = 7u;
+const EDGE_FROM: u32 = 0u;
+const EDGE_TO: u32 = 1u;
+const EDGE_COLOR: u32 = 2u;
+const EDGE_WIDTH: u32 = 3u;
+const EDGE_FLOW: u32 = 4u;
+const EDGE_TRAVEL: u32 = 5u;
+const EDGE_FLAGS: u32 = 6u;
+
+// A vertex mark's ports, beside its program: each port's code (its side in two bits, its place
+// among the ports on that side and how many share it in eight each, and whether it is an output),
+// its shape, the program column of its reference field, and its label's rectangle in the atlas.
+const PORT_WORDS: u32 = 5u;
+const PORT_CODE: u32 = 0u;
+const PORT_SHAPE: u32 = 1u;
+const PORT_COLUMN: u32 = 2u;
+const PORT_UV: u32 = 3u;
+const PORT_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x40000u;
+const SIDE_LEFT: u32 = 0u;
+const SIDE_RIGHT: u32 = 1u;
+const SIDE_TOP: u32 = 2u;
+const SIDE_BOTTOM: u32 = 3u;
+// Length units across a port's marker: CSS pixels, or units in a diagram.
+const PORT_SIZE: f32 = 7.0;
+// A group's header band, in label sizes: its title sits in it.
+const HEADER_BAND: f32 = 1.8;
+// Angle a geodesic segment spans at most, in degrees.
+const GEODESIC_STEP: f32 = 2.0;
+// Pieces a path between two ends takes at most: along a great circle, or bowed into a lane.
+const MAX_PIECES: u32 = 64u;
+// Pieces a path bowed into a lane takes at least.
+const BOW_PIECES: u32 = 16u;
+
+// Face state words.
+const FACE_WORDS: u32 = 5u;
+const FACE_A: u32 = 0u;
+const FACE_B: u32 = 1u;
+const FACE_C: u32 = 2u;
+const FACE_COLOR: u32 = 3u;
+const FACE_FLAGS: u32 = 4u;
+
+// Line state words.
+const LINE_WORDS: u32 = 5u;
+const LINE_COLOR: u32 = 0u;
+const LINE_WIDTH: u32 = 1u;
+const LINE_FLOW: u32 = 2u;
+const LINE_TRAVEL: u32 = 3u;
+const LINE_FLAGS: u32 = 4u;
+
+// Area state words.
+const AREA_WORDS: u32 = 2u;
+const AREA_COLOR: u32 = 0u;
+const AREA_FLAGS: u32 = 1u;
+
+// Label words, among a labeled mark's extra words: the text's code, its priority as a level from 0
+// to 255, and its color.
+const LABEL_WORDS: u32 = 3u;
+const LABEL_CODE: u32 = 0u;
+const LABEL_PRIORITY: u32 = 1u;
+const LABEL_COLOR: u32 = 2u;
+
+// A label's words in the labels buffer, per labeled row: the box placement measured it in, CSS
+// pixels; its key; its state; and how present it is. Draws place a label from its anchor every
+// frame; placement only decides whether it shows.
+const CANDIDATE_WORDS: u32 = 7u;
+const CANDIDATE_BOX: u32 = 0u;
+const CANDIDATE_KEY: u32 = 4u;
+const CANDIDATE_STATE: u32 = 5u;
+const CANDIDATE_ALPHA: u32 = 6u;
+// Text is set once per run at this size, in atlas texels, as a distance field reaching this far
+// past the text's edge.
+const TEXT_BASE: f32 = 32.0;
+const TEXT_SPREAD: f32 = 8.0;
+// Candidate states: in view and wanting room, placed, dropped, placed in the frame before, and
+// measured by an estimate while its text is not set.
+const WANTS: u32 = 1u;
+const PLACED_LABEL: u32 = 2u;
+const DROPPED: u32 = 4u;
+const STICKY: u32 = 8u;
+const ESTIMATED: u32 = 16u;
+// A text run whose distance field the GPU makes, as words at the start of the fields buffer: where its
+// coverage starts, its coverage's width and height, where its columns' least distances start, and
+// where its field starts and the words between the starts of its rows.
+const FIELD_COVERAGE: u32 = 0u;
+const FIELD_WIDTH: u32 = 1u;
+const FIELD_HEIGHT: u32 = 2u;
+const FIELD_COLUMNS: u32 = 3u;
+const FIELD_AT: u32 = 4u;
+const FIELD_ROW: u32 = 5u;
+const FIELD_WORDS: u32 = 6u;
+
+// A run table entry whose text is not set yet holds this flag as its first corner and the run's
+// estimated size as its second, so its label can be placed before it is set.
+const TEXT_ESTIMATE: u32 = 0x80000000u;
+// A cell a placed label holds.
+const OCCUPIED: u32 = 0u;
+// CSS pixels a cell of the label grid covers.
+const CELL: f32 = 8.0;
+// Codes a mark asks the host to set at most per frame.
+const WANTED: u32 = 64u;
+
+// State flags.
+const VISIBLE: u32 = 1u;
+// The row has a position: from its data, or in a diagram from its sheet.
+const PLACED: u32 = 2u;
+const DASH: u32 = 4u;
+// While a mark eases, a row that appears fades in and one that disappears or left fades out.
+const FADE_IN: u32 = 8u;
+const FADE_OUT: u32 = 16u;
+// A row that entered with this change: it has no state to ease from.
+const ENTERING: u32 = 32u;
+// A vertex whose size is in position units, and one with its own height: what any reader of its
+// slot needs to know its size in pixels.
+const HALF_UNITS: u32 = 64u;
+const OWN_HEIGHT: u32 = 128u;
+
+// Mark kinds.
+const MARK_VERTICES: u32 = 0u;
+const MARK_EDGES: u32 = 1u;
+const MARK_FACES: u32 = 2u;
+const MARK_LINES: u32 = 3u;
+const MARK_AREAS: u32 = 4u;
+
+// Primitives.
+const POINTS: u32 = 0u;
+const STROKES: u32 = 1u;
+const TRIANGLES: u32 = 2u;
+
+// What a stroke's segments run between: two vertices (straight, along a great circle, or through
+// bends), samples across the axis, or a geometry column's points. A triangle's corners come from
+// three vertices, or from a geometry column three points at a time.
+const PATH_ENDS: u32 = 0u;
+const PATH_TRACE: u32 = 1u;
+const PATH_GEOMETRY: u32 = 2u;
+// A pole: from each row's own vertex down to the ground under it.
+const PATH_POLES: u32 = 3u;
+
+// Mark flags.
+const SIZED: u32 = 1u;
+const ARROWS: u32 = 2u;
+const ENDS_COLOR: u32 = 4u;
+const GEODESIC: u32 = 8u;
+const STATUS: u32 = 16u;
+const LABELED: u32 = 32u;
+const STEP_BEFORE: u32 = 64u;
+const STEP_AFTER: u32 = 128u;
+const CASTS: u32 = 256u;
+// A vertex mark whose rows hold rows: drawn as containers.
+const GROUP: u32 = 512u;
+
+// Focus bits per row: selected, hovered, and an end of a selected or hovered edge, which the focus
+// draw lights over the rest; FIT marks the rows a fit measures.
+const SELECTED: u32 = 1u;
+const HOVERED: u32 = 2u;
+const FIT: u32 = 4u;
+const END: u32 = 8u;
+const LIT: u32 = 11u;
+
+// Ordered words per mark in the extents buffer: least x, y, z as complements, then greatest.
+const EXTENT_WORDS: u32 = 6u;
+
+// Probe words: the least key (distance, then the mark drawn last), the instance plus one, where the
+// hit lies (its depth and screen point), the nearest depth drawn under the probe, and the instance's
+// row and segment.
+const PROBE_KEY: u32 = 0u;
+const PROBE_INSTANCE: u32 = 1u;
+const PROBE_DEPTH: u32 = 2u;
+const PROBE_X: u32 = 3u;
+const PROBE_Y: u32 = 4u;
+const PROBE_UNDER: u32 = 5u;
+const PROBE_ROW: u32 = 6u;
+const PROBE_SEGMENT: u32 = 7u;
+// Where a located row lies on screen, and whether it shows. What queries find follows the probe's words.
+const PROBE_LOCATE_X: u32 = 8u;
+const PROBE_LOCATE_Y: u32 = 9u;
+const PROBE_LOCATED: u32 = 10u;
+const PROBE_WORDS: u32 = 12u;
+
+// The steps of the probe program, as its step uniform names them: the hover's three, then the
+// queries', then the depth under the probe.
+const STEP_NEAREST: u32 = 0u;
+const STEP_TOPMOST: u32 = 1u;
+const STEP_DESCRIBE: u32 = 2u;
+const STEP_HITS: u32 = 3u;
+const STEP_BOXED: u32 = 4u;
+const STEP_LOCATE: u32 = 5u;
+const STEP_UNDER: u32 = 6u;
+const STEPS: u32 = 7u;
+// Words of a hit a query finds: its row, distance in sixty-fourths of a pixel, part, screen x and y,
+// and depth.
+const HIT_WORDS: u32 = 6u;
+
+// Overlay sprites.
+const SPRITE_LINE: u32 = 0u;
+const SPRITE_TEXT: u32 = 1u;
+const SPRITE_BOX: u32 = 2u;
+const SPRITE_FILL: u32 = 3u;
+
+// Spaces.
+const SPACE_EARTH: u32 = 0u;
+const SPACE_PLANE: u32 = 1u;
+const SPACE_PLOT: u32 = 2u;
+const SPACE_DIAGRAM: u32 = 3u;
+
+// Built-in markers and shapes.
+const MARKER_SHAPE: u32 = 0u;
+const MARKER_GAUGE: u32 = 1u;
+const MARKER_PIE: u32 = 2u;
+const MARKER_BLOCK: u32 = 3u;
+const MARKER_ICON: u32 = 4u;
+const MARKER_CUSTOM: u32 = 5u;
+const SHAPE_ELLIPSE: u32 = 0u;
+const SHAPE_RECTANGLE: u32 = 1u;
+const SHAPE_ROUNDED: u32 = 2u;
+const SHAPE_DIAMOND: u32 = 3u;
+
+// Colormap kinds.
+const COLORMAP_SEQUENTIAL: u32 = 0u;
+const COLORMAP_DIVERGING: u32 = 1u;
+const COLORMAP_CYCLIC: u32 = 2u;
+const COLORMAP_CATEGORICAL: u32 = 3u;
+
+// Theme slots: colors are packed RGBA8, sizes are f32 bits.
+const THEME_VERTEX: u32 = 0u;
+const THEME_VERTEX_RADIUS: u32 = 1u;
+const THEME_EDGE: u32 = 2u;
+const THEME_EDGE_WIDTH: u32 = 3u;
+const THEME_LINE: u32 = 4u;
+const THEME_LINE_WIDTH: u32 = 5u;
+const THEME_AREA: u32 = 6u;
+const THEME_TEXT: u32 = 7u;
+const THEME_MISSING: u32 = 8u;
+// Nothing: a fully transparent color, what a missing status draws.
+const THEME_CLEAR: u32 = 9u;
+// What a group's container is filled with.
+const THEME_SURFACE: u32 = 10u;
+const THEME_SLOTS: u32 = 16u;
+
+// Backdrop grids.
+const GRID_OFF: u32 = 0u;
+const GRID_LINES: u32 = 1u;
+const GRID_DOTS: u32 = 2u;
+
+// A list's header: its item count; where its counts (scanned in place to where each item's entries
+// start, then the total), block sums, and entries start; the indirect arguments a draw and a
+// dispatch over its entries read; and how many entries it keeps.
+const LIST_ITEMS: u32 = 0u;
+const LIST_COUNTS: u32 = 1u;
+const LIST_SUMS: u32 = 2u;
+const LIST_ENTRIES: u32 = 3u;
+// Draw arguments: vertices, instances (the total), first vertex, first instance.
+const LIST_DRAW: u32 = 4u;
+// Dispatch arguments: workgroups over the total, 1, 1.
+const LIST_DISPATCH: u32 = 8u;
+// Entries the list keeps: past them, entries are counted but not written.
+const LIST_KEPT: u32 = 11u;
+const LIST_HEADER: u32 = 12u;
+// Counts a workgroup of the scan takes.
+const SCAN_WORKGROUP: u32 = 256u;
+
+
+// How shadows fall: the light, how they darken and soften, and the ground the map covers.
+struct Shade {
+    color: vec4f,
+    // The direction toward the light, in world units, and how much shadows spread per unit of height.
+    light: vec4f,
+    // The ground the map covers: least x and y, greatest x and y, in world units.
+    rect: vec4f,
+    // World units flat marks cast from, world units per texel of the map, its levels, and whether
+    // anything casts.
+    lift: f32,
+    texel: f32,
+    levels: f32,
+    on: u32,
+}
+
+// What every draw and dispatch of a frame reads.
+struct Frame {
+    center_hi: vec2f,
+    center_lo: vec2f,
+    pointer: vec2f,
+    // Where a probe looks, CSS pixels, and the box a query covers.
+    probe: vec2f,
+    query: vec4f,
+    // The direction toward the key light faces are lit by, which turns with the camera.
+    light: vec4f,
+    space: u32,
+    globe: f32,
+    mercator_y: f32,
+    probe_radius: f32,
+    elapsed: f32,
+    selecting: u32,
+    // 1 while a fit measures only the rows marked FIT.
+    fitting: u32,
+    // 1 when the target stores linear color (an sRGB format): outputs convert from sRGB.
+    linear: u32,
+    glow: f32,
+    dim: f32,
+    dash: f32,
+    // Comets: the distance between them and how far a tail trails its head, in the theme's lengths
+    // or with `flow_units` in position units; how wide a head is, in CSS pixels; and the seconds
+    // they travel this frame.
+    flow_spacing: f32,
+    flow_length: f32,
+    flow_width: f32,
+    flow_units: u32,
+    flow_step: f32,
+    // How far a lane bows, in its edge's lengths at its middle.
+    lane_bow: f32,
+    hover_scale: f32,
+    shading: f32,
+    arrow: f32,
+    halo: f32,
+    // CSS pixels between a group's members and its outline: its title's inset.
+    group_padding: f32,
+    // CSS pixels per length unit: per position unit in a diagram, where every length is a unit; 1
+    // elsewhere. Lengths in the frame above are already in pixels.
+    unit: f32,
+    zoom: f32,
+    // The label grid: where its cells start in the labels buffer, and its columns and rows; and how
+    // far labels fade per frame.
+    cells: u32,
+    cell_columns: u32,
+    cell_rows: u32,
+    label_fade: f32,
+    // A plane's grid: its kind, pitch in position units, and the world distance from the center it
+    // fades out by, 0 for none; and whether the earth draws its graticule.
+    grid_kind: u32,
+    grid_pitch: f32,
+    grid_fade: f32,
+    graticule: u32,
+    hover: vec4f,
+    selected: vec4f,
+    flow: vec4f,
+    background: vec4f,
+    surface: vec4f,
+    grid_color: vec4f,
+    // The direction toward the sun in the earth's frame (x toward 0° longitude on the equator, z
+    // toward the north pole), and how bright night stays; no direction where daylight is off.
+    sun: vec4f,
+    // The air glowing around the globe; clear where the earth has none.
+    atmosphere: vec4f,
+    shade: Shade,
+    theme: array<vec4u, 4>,
+}
+
+// What one pass draws through: the view, or the light casting shadows.
+struct Eye {
+    clip_from_world: mat4x4f,
+    world_from_clip: mat4x4f,
+    // The camera's position in world units.
+    position: vec4f,
+    // The target's size in CSS pixels; the light's map counts CSS pixels of the view it serves.
+    size: vec2f,
+    px_per_unit: vec2f,
+    // Target pixels per CSS pixel.
+    pixel_ratio: f32,
+    // World units casters are raised by: the shadow's lift in the light's eye, 0 elsewhere.
+    lift: f32,
+}
+
+// One mark's parameters, at a 256-byte aligned dynamic offset.
+struct Mark {
+    index: u32,
+    kind: u32,
+    primitive: u32,
+    // Rows drawn and evaluated, and rows past them that left and fade out.
+    rows: u32,
+    exits: u32,
+    // Each row's kind words: where row 0's start and how many; then its extra words.
+    state: u32,
+    stride: u32,
+    extra: u32,
+    extras: u32,
+    // While the mark eases, where row 0's frozen kind and extra words start; NONE otherwise.
+    frozen: u32,
+    frozen_extra: u32,
+    motion: f32,
+    // While the mark eases toward what its channels evaluated, where row 0's settled kind and extra
+    // words start in the settled mirror; NONE otherwise. Where the program holds how each word of a
+    // row eases, a word each.
+    settled: u32,
+    settled_extra: u32,
+    blends: u32,
+    // The row blocks a dispatch over the mark's rows covers: at `block` in the blocks buffer,
+    // `blocks` of them.
+    block: u32,
+    blocks: u32,
+    focus: u32,
+    domains: u32,
+    columns: u32,
+    ranges: u32,
+    code: u32,
+    constants: u32,
+    ends: u32,
+    channels: u32,
+    reductions: u32,
+    mask: u32,
+    units: u32,
+    flags: u32,
+    marker: u32,
+    shape: u32,
+    corner: f32,
+    hole: f32,
+    // Marker inputs: how many, the extra word of the first, and where their colors start in the constants.
+    inputs: u32,
+    input: u32,
+    palette: u32,
+    // The program column a line traces, or NONE.
+    trace: u32,
+    // Segments of each row when every row has as many; NONE when the mark's list numbers them.
+    per_row: u32,
+    // Where the header of the mark's list of segments starts in the lists buffer, and where what the
+    // running query finds of it starts among the probe's words.
+    list: u32,
+    query: u32,
+    // Where the mark's remap words start, while its transition is being frozen.
+    remap: u32,
+    // The rows its focus draw lights, at `focused` in the focused buffer, how many, and the
+    // instances each takes: a point one, a path as many as its longest piece count.
+    focused: u32,
+    focused_rows: u32,
+    pieces: u32,
+    // Program columns: the geometry a stroke's path runs through (a route or bends), the geometry
+    // it ran through when its transition began, and each row's lane among edges joining the same
+    // two vertices; NONE without.
+    geometry: u32,
+    frozen_geometry: u32,
+    lane: u32,
+    // Each port of a vertex mark's rows, and how many each row has.
+    port_info: u32,
+    ports: u32,
+    // The extra word of the label's code, or NONE; the labels buffer's offsets of its candidates, its
+    // run table (two words per code), its wanted codes (a count, then codes), and its seen codes (a
+    // bit per code shown in view); the id of its first candidate, unique across marks; the size
+    // labels and port labels are set at, in length units.
+    label: u32,
+    candidates: u32,
+    runs: u32,
+    wanted: u32,
+    seen: u32,
+    label_id: u32,
+    label_size: f32,
+    port_label_size: f32,
+    // The most labels shown, or NONE; and where the labels buffer holds the select that caps them.
+    label_max: u32,
+    label_select: u32,
+    // The CSS pixels the mark's size keeps within at any zoom: a vertex's half, a stroke's width.
+    size_min: f32,
+    size_max: f32,
+}
+
+// A line or a run of text drawn over the marks, in CSS pixels.
+struct Sprite {
+    // A line's ends, or a text's top left and bottom right.
+    a: vec2f,
+    b: vec2f,
+    // A text's rectangle in the atlas, texels.
+    uv: vec4f,
+    color: vec4f,
+    width: f32,
+    kind: u32,
+}
+
+// One panel of a shot composed into the bytes a consumer takes: RGBA rows for an image, or NV12
+// planes for an encoder. Pixels are the shot's.
+struct Compose {
+    // Where the panel's top left lands in the picture, and its size.
+    origin: vec2u,
+    size: vec2u,
+    // The picture's size.
+    picture: vec2u,
+    // Where NV12's interleaved chroma plane starts, in words.
+    chroma: u32,
+    // Whether pixels keep their alpha: an image of a transparent shot.
+    alpha: u32,
+    // What shows where no panel draws: straight sRGB.
+    background: vec4f,
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/bits.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/bits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e75ce1e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/bits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use super::buffer::Buffer;
+
+/// A shared, immutable bit vector, used for booleans and validity.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Bits {
+    words: Buffer<u64>,
+    offset: usize,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl Bits {
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, i: usize) -> bool {
+        debug_assert!(i < self.len);
+        let bit = self.offset + i;
+        self.words[bit >> 6] >> (bit & 63) & 1 == 1
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Bits {
+        assert!(range.start <= range.end && range.end <= self.len, "slice out of range");
+        let bit = self.offset + range.start;
+        let first = bit >> 6;
+        let last = (self.offset + range.end).div_ceil(64);
+        Bits { words: self.words.slice(first..last.max(first)), offset: bit & 63, len: range.end - range.start }
+    }
+
+    /// `len` bits, bit `i` being `bit(i)`, packed a word at a time.
+    pub(crate) fn from_fn(len: usize, bit: impl Fn(usize) -> bool) -> Bits {
+        let words = (0..len.div_ceil(64))
+            .map(|w| {
+                let base = w * 64;
+                (base..(base + 64).min(len)).fold(0_u64, |word, i| word | u64::from(bit(i)) << (i - base))
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<u64>>();
+        Bits { words: words.into(), offset: 0, len }
+    }
+
+    /// How many bits are set.
+    pub(crate) fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        if self.offset != 0 {
+            return (0..self.len).filter(|&i| self.get(i)).count();
+        }
+        self.to_words().iter().map(|w| w.count_ones() as usize).sum()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn all(&self) -> bool {
+        if self.offset != 0 {
+            return (0..self.len).all(|i| self.get(i));
+        }
+        let (full, rest) = (self.len / 64, self.len % 64);
+        let mask = (1_u64 << rest).wrapping_sub(1);
+        self.words[..full].iter().all(|&w| w == u64::MAX) && (rest == 0 || self.words[full] & mask == mask)
+    }
+
+    /// The bits as little-endian words starting at bit 0, for byte encoding.
+    pub(crate) fn to_words(&self) -> Vec<u64> {
+        if self.offset == 0 {
+            let mut words = self.words[..self.len.div_ceil(64)].to_vec();
+            if !self.len.is_multiple_of(64)
+                && let Some(last) = words.last_mut()
+            {
+                *last &= (1 << (self.len % 64)) - 1;
+            }
+            return words;
+        }
+        let mut builder = BitsBuilder::with_capacity(self.len);
+        for i in 0..self.len {
+            builder.push(self.get(i));
+        }
+        builder.finish().words[..].to_vec()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_words(words: Vec<u64>, len: usize) -> Bits {
+        assert!(words.len() * 64 >= len, "too few words");
+        Bits { words: words.into(), offset: 0, len }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<bool> for Bits {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = bool>>(iter: I) -> Bits {
+        let iter = iter.into_iter();
+        let mut builder = BitsBuilder::with_capacity(iter.size_hint().0);
+        for bit in iter {
+            builder.push(bit);
+        }
+        builder.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Bits {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_list().entries((0..self.len).map(|i| self.get(i))).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds [`Bits`] one bit at a time, keeping the word it fills apart.
+pub(crate) struct BitsBuilder {
+    words: Vec<u64>,
+    word: u64,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl BitsBuilder {
+    pub(crate) fn with_capacity(bits: usize) -> BitsBuilder {
+        BitsBuilder { words: Vec::with_capacity(bits.div_ceil(64)), word: 0, len: 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, bit: bool) {
+        self.word |= u64::from(bit) << (self.len & 63);
+        self.len += 1;
+        if self.len.is_multiple_of(64) {
+            self.words.push(std::mem::take(&mut self.word));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn finish(mut self) -> Bits {
+        if !self.len.is_multiple_of(64) {
+            self.words.push(self.word);
+        }
+        Bits { words: self.words.into(), offset: 0, len: self.len }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn slices_keep_bit_positions() {
+        let bits: Bits = (0..200).map(|i| i % 3 == 0).collect();
+        let slice = bits.slice(70..150);
+        assert_eq!(slice.len(), 80);
+        for i in 0..80 {
+            assert_eq!(slice.get(i), (i + 70) % 3 == 0);
+        }
+        let words = slice.to_words();
+        for i in 0..80 {
+            assert_eq!(words[i >> 6] >> (i & 63) & 1 == 1, (i + 70) % 3 == 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/buffer.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/buffer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ef9a4cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/buffer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use std::ops::{Deref, Range};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// A shared, immutable slice: making one from a vector, cloning it, and slicing it never copy.
+pub(crate) struct Buffer<T> {
+    data: Arc<Vec<T>>,
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T> Clone for Buffer<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Buffer<T> {
+        Buffer { data: self.data.clone(), start: self.start, end: self.end }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Buffer<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Buffer<T> {
+        assert!(range.start <= range.end && self.start + range.end <= self.end, "slice out of range");
+        Buffer { data: self.data.clone(), start: self.start + range.start, end: self.start + range.end }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for Buffer<T> {
+    fn default() -> Buffer<T> {
+        Buffer::from(Vec::new())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Deref for Buffer<T> {
+    type Target = [T];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &[T] {
+        &self.data[self.start..self.end]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Buffer<T> {
+    fn from(values: Vec<T>) -> Buffer<T> {
+        let end = values.len();
+        Buffer { data: Arc::new(values), start: 0, end }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> From<&[T]> for Buffer<T> {
+    fn from(values: &[T]) -> Buffer<T> {
+        Buffer::from(values.to_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> FromIterator<T> for Buffer<T> {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I) -> Buffer<T> {
+        iter.into_iter().collect::<Vec<T>>().into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: std::fmt::Debug> std::fmt::Debug for Buffer<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_list().entries(self.iter()).finish()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/bytes.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/bytes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca00e975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/bytes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+//! One byte encoding for patches and datasets: a frame of a magic, its length, the name of the
+//! dataset its patch changes (empty when it names none), and the patch's operations. Little endian
+//! throughout. A frame says its length up front, so frames back to back split without decoding, and a
+//! stream knows at once whether it holds a whole one. A dataset's bytes are the patch to it that
+//! builds it.
+//!
+//! | Part     | Layout                                                                                |
+//! | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+//! | frame    | `b"LATK"`, `u16` version (1), `u16` flags (0), `u64` length of the whole frame, name, `u32` op count, ops                 |
+//! | op       | `u8` tag and its payload: axis, replace, set, remove, append, forget, or frames       |
+//! | axis     | name, unit                                                                            |
+//! | replace  | table, as `set`                                                                       |
+//! | remove   | table name, ids                                                                       |
+//! | append   | table name, `u8` 1 and ids or `u8` 0 for every row, `u32` frames, `f64` coordinates,  |
+//! |          | `u32` field count; per field: name, values frame-major                                |
+//! | forget   | `f64` before                                                                          |
+//! | frames   | table name, field name, `u32` rows, run                                               |
+//! | table    | name, ids, `u32` field count; per field: name, `u8` tag, payload                      |
+//! | field    | values; a reference's table and its target ids as values; or samples                  |
+//! | ids      | `u8` 0 and `u32` count, or `u8` 1 and values: `u64`, `u32` read as `u64`, or texts    |
+//! | values   | `u8` storage, `u32` len, data, `u8` has-validity, validity words (`u64`)              |
+//! | samples  | `u32` rows, `u64` first frame read, `u64` frames read, `u8` highest level, `u32` run count, runs; buckets |
+//! |          | whose eight entries a level below are held are left out, as they follow from those    |
+//! | run      | `u8` level, `u64` first entry, `u32` entries, `f64` coordinates (a frame's own; a     |
+//! |          | bucket's first and last frame's), `f32` values entry-major: a frame's per row, or a   |
+//! |          | bucket's least per row and, after every bucket's, its greatest (NaN missing)          |
+//! | `str`    | `u32` byte length, UTF-8                                                              |
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::bits::Bits;
+use super::column::Column;
+use super::geometry::Geometry;
+use super::ids::{IdList, Ids, RowIds};
+use super::name::{Name, Version};
+use super::patch::{Op, Patch};
+use super::samples::{self, MAX_LEVEL, Run, Samples};
+use super::table::{Field, Reference, Table};
+use super::text::Text;
+use super::values::{Array, Values};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+const MAGIC: &[u8; 4] = b"LATK";
+/// Magic, version, flags, and total frame length.
+const HEADER: usize = 16;
+const VERSION: u16 = 1;
+
+/// Limits for one binary frame. These bound encoded bytes and conservative decoded storage
+/// accounting; applying a patch and retaining datasets have separate memory costs.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct DecodeLimits {
+    /// Maximum encoded frame size; checked as soon as the header arrives.
+    pub frame_bytes: usize,
+    /// Budget for decoded vectors, names, operations, pages, and derived sample buckets.
+    pub decoded_bytes: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for DecodeLimits {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { frame_bytes: 256 << 20, decoded_bytes: 512 << 20 }
+    }
+}
+
+const OP_AXIS: u8 = 0;
+const OP_REPLACE: u8 = 1;
+const OP_SET: u8 = 2;
+const OP_REMOVE: u8 = 3;
+const OP_APPEND: u8 = 4;
+const OP_FORGET: u8 = 5;
+const OP_FRAMES: u8 = 6;
+
+const FIELD_VALUES: u8 = 0;
+const FIELD_REFERENCE: u8 = 1;
+const FIELD_SAMPLED: u8 = 2;
+
+const STORE_F64: u8 = 0;
+const STORE_F32: u8 = 1;
+const STORE_I32: u8 = 2;
+const STORE_U32: u8 = 3;
+const STORE_U64: u8 = 4;
+const STORE_BOOL: u8 = 5;
+const STORE_TEXT: u8 = 6;
+const STORE_GEOMETRY: u8 = 7;
+
+pub(crate) fn encode(patch: &Patch) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut w = Writer(Vec::new());
+    w.0.extend_from_slice(MAGIC);
+    w.0.extend_from_slice(&VERSION.to_le_bytes());
+    w.0.extend_from_slice(&0_u16.to_le_bytes());
+    w.0.extend_from_slice(&[0; 8]);
+    w.str(patch.data.as_deref().unwrap_or(""));
+    w.u32(patch.ops.len());
+    for op in &patch.ops {
+        match op {
+            Op::Axis { name, unit } => {
+                w.u8(OP_AXIS);
+                w.str(name);
+                w.str(unit);
+            }
+            Op::Replace(table) => {
+                w.u8(OP_REPLACE);
+                w.table(table);
+            }
+            Op::Set(table) => {
+                w.u8(OP_SET);
+                w.table(table);
+            }
+            Op::Remove { table, ids } => {
+                w.u8(OP_REMOVE);
+                w.str(table);
+                w.ids(ids);
+            }
+            Op::Append { table, at, ids, fields } => {
+                w.u8(OP_APPEND);
+                w.str(table);
+                match ids {
+                    Some(ids) => {
+                        w.u8(1);
+                        w.ids(ids);
+                    }
+                    None => w.u8(0),
+                }
+                w.u32(at.len());
+                for &t in at {
+                    w.f64(t);
+                }
+                w.u32(fields.len());
+                for (name, values) in fields {
+                    w.str(name);
+                    w.values(values);
+                }
+            }
+            Op::Forget { before } => {
+                w.u8(OP_FORGET);
+                w.f64(*before);
+            }
+            Op::Frames { table, field, run, at, values } => {
+                w.u8(OP_FRAMES);
+                w.str(table);
+                w.str(field);
+                let per_row = run.len() * samples::sides(run.level);
+                w.u32(values.len().checked_div(per_row).unwrap_or(0));
+                w.run(run, at, values);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let length = w.0.len() as u64;
+    w.0[8..HEADER].copy_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+    w.0
+}
+
+/// The patch `bytes` hold, every byte of them.
+pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Patch> {
+    match decode_with_limits(bytes, DecodeLimits::default())? {
+        Some((patch, used)) if used == bytes.len() => Ok(patch),
+        Some(_) => Err(malformed("trailing bytes")),
+        None => Err(malformed("truncated")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The patch at the start of `bytes` and how many bytes it takes; `None` while `bytes` hold only
+/// its start. A frame its length says runs past `limit` bytes is an error at once.
+pub(crate) fn decode_prefix(bytes: &[u8], limit: usize) -> Result<Option<(Patch, usize)>> {
+    decode_with_limits(bytes, DecodeLimits { frame_bytes: limit, ..DecodeLimits::default() })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn decode_with_limits(bytes: &[u8], limits: DecodeLimits) -> Result<Option<(Patch, usize)>> {
+    let limit = limits.frame_bytes;
+    let held = bytes.len().min(MAGIC.len());
+    if bytes[..held] != MAGIC[..held] {
+        return Err(malformed("not latkit bytes"));
+    }
+    if let Some(version) = bytes.get(4..6)
+        && version != VERSION.to_le_bytes()
+    {
+        return Err(malformed("unsupported LATK version"));
+    }
+    if let Some(flags) = bytes.get(6..8)
+        && flags != [0, 0]
+    {
+        return Err(malformed("unsupported LATK flags"));
+    }
+    let Some(length) = bytes.get(8..HEADER) else { return Ok(None) };
+    let length = u64::from_le_bytes(length.try_into().expect("eight bytes"));
+    let length = usize::try_from(length).map_err(|_| too_long(limit))?;
+    if length > limit {
+        return Err(too_long(limit));
+    }
+    if length < HEADER {
+        return Err(malformed("a frame shorter than its header"));
+    }
+    let Some(frame) = bytes.get(..length) else { return Ok(None) };
+    let mut r = Reader { bytes: frame, at: HEADER, remaining: limits.decoded_bytes };
+    let patch = r.patch()?;
+    if r.at != frame.len() {
+        return Err(malformed("a frame longer than its patch"));
+    }
+    Ok(Some((patch, length)))
+}
+
+impl Reader<'_> {
+    fn patch(&mut self) -> Result<Patch> {
+        let r = self;
+        let name = r.name()?;
+        let count = r.len(1)?;
+        r.charge(count, size_of::<Op>())?;
+        let mut patch = Patch { data: (!name.is_empty()).then_some(name), ops: Vec::with_capacity(count) };
+        for _ in 0..count {
+            let op = match r.u8()? {
+                OP_AXIS => Op::Axis { name: r.name()?, unit: r.name()? },
+                OP_REPLACE => Op::Replace(r.table()?),
+                OP_SET => Op::Set(r.table()?),
+                OP_REMOVE => Op::Remove { table: r.name()?, ids: r.ids()? },
+                OP_APPEND => {
+                    let table = r.name()?;
+                    let ids = match r.u8()? {
+                        0 => None,
+                        1 => Some(r.ids()?),
+                        _ => return Err(malformed("an append names its rows or none")),
+                    };
+                    let frames = r.len(8)?;
+                    let at = r.vec(frames)?;
+                    let count = r.len(1)?;
+                    r.charge(count, size_of::<(Name, Values)>())?;
+                    let fields = (0..count).map(|_| Ok((r.name()?, r.values()?))).collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+                    Op::Append { table, at, ids, fields }
+                }
+                OP_FORGET => Op::Forget { before: r.f64()? },
+                OP_FRAMES => {
+                    let (table, field) = (r.name()?, r.name()?);
+                    let rows = r.u32()? as usize;
+                    let (run, at, values) = r.run(rows)?;
+                    Op::Frames { table, field, run, at, values }
+                }
+                tag => return Err(malformed(format!("unknown operation {tag}"))),
+            };
+            patch.ops.push(op);
+        }
+        Ok(patch)
+    }
+}
+
+fn malformed(reason: impl Into<std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>>) -> Error {
+    Error::invalid(reason).at("bytes")
+}
+
+fn too_long(limit: usize) -> Error {
+    Error::Limit(format!("a patch longer than {limit} bytes").into())
+}
+
+struct Writer(Vec<u8>);
+
+impl Writer {
+    fn u8(&mut self, v: u8) {
+        self.0.push(v);
+    }
+
+    fn u32(&mut self, v: usize) {
+        self.0.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(v).expect("counts fit in u32").to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn u64(&mut self, v: u64) {
+        self.0.extend_from_slice(&v.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn f64(&mut self, v: f64) {
+        self.0.extend_from_slice(&v.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn str(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        self.u32(s.len());
+        self.0.extend_from_slice(s.as_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn slice<T: bytemuck::Pod>(&mut self, values: &[T]) {
+        #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
+        self.0.extend_from_slice(bytemuck::cast_slice(values));
+        #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
+        compile_error!("latkit's byte format is written on little-endian targets");
+    }
+
+    fn table(&mut self, table: &Table) {
+        self.str(&table.name);
+        match &table.ids {
+            RowIds::Count(n) => {
+                self.u8(0);
+                self.u32(*n as usize);
+            }
+            RowIds::Listed(column) => {
+                self.u8(1);
+                self.values(&column.values());
+            }
+        }
+        self.u32(table.fields.len());
+        for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+            self.str(name);
+            match field {
+                Field::Values(column, _) => {
+                    self.u8(FIELD_VALUES);
+                    self.column(column);
+                }
+                Field::Reference(reference) => {
+                    self.u8(FIELD_REFERENCE);
+                    self.str(&reference.to);
+                    self.column(&reference.ids);
+                }
+                Field::Sampled(samples, _) => {
+                    self.u8(FIELD_SAMPLED);
+                    self.u32(table.len());
+                    self.u64(samples.start());
+                    self.u64(samples.end() - samples.start());
+                    self.u8(samples.levels() as u8);
+                    let runs = samples.stored_runs();
+                    self.u32(runs.len());
+                    let rows: Vec<usize> = (0..table.len()).collect();
+                    for run in &runs {
+                        let (at, values) = samples.read(run, &rows);
+                        self.run(run, &at, &values);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `run`: its level, first entry, and entries, its coordinates `at`, and its `values`.
+    fn run(&mut self, run: &Run, at: &[f64], values: &[f32]) {
+        self.u8(run.level as u8);
+        self.u64(run.entries.start);
+        self.u32(run.len());
+        self.slice(at);
+        self.slice(values);
+    }
+
+    fn ids(&mut self, ids: &Ids) {
+        match &ids.0 {
+            IdList::Count(n) => {
+                self.u8(0);
+                self.u32(*n as usize);
+            }
+            IdList::Listed(values) => {
+                self.u8(1);
+                self.values(values);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn column(&mut self, column: &Column) {
+        self.values(&column.values());
+    }
+
+    fn values(&mut self, values: &Values) {
+        let len = values.len();
+        match &values.array {
+            Array::F64(v) => self.numbers(STORE_F64, v),
+            Array::F32(v) => self.numbers(STORE_F32, v),
+            Array::I32(v) => self.numbers(STORE_I32, v),
+            Array::U32(v) => self.numbers(STORE_U32, v),
+            Array::U64(v) => self.numbers(STORE_U64, v),
+            Array::Bool(bits) => {
+                self.u8(STORE_BOOL);
+                self.u32(len);
+                self.slice(&bits.to_words());
+            }
+            Array::Text(text) => {
+                self.u8(STORE_TEXT);
+                self.u32(len);
+                let (offsets, bytes) = text.compact();
+                self.slice(&offsets);
+                self.str(bytes);
+            }
+            Array::Geometry(geometry) => {
+                self.u8(STORE_GEOMETRY);
+                self.u32(len);
+                self.u8(geometry.depth());
+                let (levels, coords) = geometry.compact();
+                for level in &levels {
+                    self.u32(level.len());
+                    self.slice(level);
+                }
+                self.u32(coords.len());
+                self.slice(bytemuck::cast_slice::<[f64; 2], f64>(&coords));
+            }
+        }
+        match &values.valid {
+            Some(bits) => {
+                self.u8(1);
+                self.slice(&bits.to_words());
+            }
+            None => self.u8(0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn numbers<T: bytemuck::Pod>(&mut self, store: u8, values: &[T]) {
+        self.u8(store);
+        self.u32(values.len());
+        self.slice(values);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads one frame, whose bytes are all there.
+struct Reader<'a> {
+    bytes: &'a [u8],
+    at: usize,
+    remaining: usize,
+}
+
+impl Reader<'_> {
+    fn charge(&mut self, count: usize, size: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        let bytes = count.checked_mul(size).ok_or_else(|| malformed("decoded size overflow"))?;
+        self.remaining = self
+            .remaining
+            .checked_sub(bytes)
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Limit("decoded patch exceeds its storage budget".into()))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `n` more bytes are in the frame.
+    fn reach(&self, n: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.at.saturating_add(n) > self.bytes.len() {
+            return Err(malformed("truncated"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn take(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<&[u8]> {
+        self.reach(n)?;
+        let end = self.at + n;
+        let slice = &self.bytes[self.at..end];
+        self.at = end;
+        Ok(slice)
+    }
+
+    fn u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8> {
+        Ok(self.take(1)?[0])
+    }
+
+    fn u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32> {
+        Ok(u32::from_le_bytes(self.take(4)?.try_into().expect("four bytes")))
+    }
+
+    /// A count of items at least `size` bytes each, checked against the bytes left.
+    fn len(&mut self, size: usize) -> Result<usize> {
+        let n = self.u32()? as usize;
+        self.reach(n.saturating_mul(size))?;
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+
+    fn u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64> {
+        Ok(u64::from_le_bytes(self.take(8)?.try_into().expect("eight bytes")))
+    }
+
+    fn f64(&mut self) -> Result<f64> {
+        Ok(f64::from_le_bytes(self.take(8)?.try_into().expect("eight bytes")))
+    }
+
+    fn name(&mut self) -> Result<Name> {
+        let n = self.len(1)?;
+        self.charge(n, 1)?;
+        self.charge(1, size_of::<Name>())?;
+        let bytes = self.take(n)?;
+        std::str::from_utf8(bytes).map(Name::from).map_err(|_| malformed("text is not UTF-8"))
+    }
+
+    fn vec<T: bytemuck::Pod>(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<Vec<T>> {
+        // Includes conversion into column pages and the sampled levels derived from runs.
+        self.charge(n, 4 * size_of::<T>())?;
+        let bytes = self.take(n.checked_mul(size_of::<T>()).ok_or_else(|| malformed("too large"))?)?;
+        Ok(bytes.chunks_exact(size_of::<T>()).map(bytemuck::pod_read_unaligned).collect())
+    }
+
+    fn ids(&mut self) -> Result<Ids> {
+        match self.u8()? {
+            0 => Ok(Ids(IdList::Count(self.u32()?))),
+            1 => Ok(Ids(IdList::Listed(self.id_values()?))),
+            tag => Err(malformed(format!("unknown ids {tag}"))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn column(&mut self) -> Result<Column> {
+        Ok(Column::new(&self.values()?))
+    }
+
+    /// Ids as values: `u32` ids, as writers without 64-bit integers send them, read as the `u64` every
+    /// numbered id is.
+    fn id_values(&mut self) -> Result<Values> {
+        let values = self.values()?;
+        Ok(match values.array {
+            Array::U32(ids) => {
+                Values { array: Array::U64(ids.iter().map(|&id| u64::from(id)).collect::<Vec<_>>().into()), ..values }
+            }
+            _ => values,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn table(&mut self) -> Result<Table> {
+        let name = self.name()?;
+        let ids = match self.ids()? {
+            Ids(IdList::Count(n)) => RowIds::Count(n),
+            Ids(IdList::Listed(values)) => RowIds::Listed(Column::new(&values)),
+        };
+        let structure = Version::next();
+        let mut table = Table { name, ids, index: Arc::default(), fields: Vec::new(), structure, order: structure };
+        let fields = self.len(1)?;
+        self.charge(fields, size_of::<(Name, Field)>())?;
+        for _ in 0..fields {
+            let name = self.name()?;
+            let field = match self.u8()? {
+                FIELD_VALUES => Field::Values(self.column()?, Version::next()),
+                FIELD_REFERENCE => {
+                    let to = self.name()?;
+                    Field::Reference(Reference::new(to, Column::new(&self.id_values()?)))
+                }
+                FIELD_SAMPLED => Field::Sampled(self.samples().map_err(|e| e.at(&name))?, Version::next()),
+                tag => return Err(malformed(format!("unknown field {tag}"))),
+            };
+            table.insert(name, field);
+        }
+        Ok(table)
+    }
+
+    /// A sampled field: its runs put in level by level, each level's buckets that follow from the
+    /// level below written before its own runs.
+    fn samples(&mut self) -> Result<Samples> {
+        let rows = self.u32()? as usize;
+        let first = self.u64()?;
+        let frames = self.u64()?;
+        let end = first.checked_add(frames).ok_or_else(|| malformed("too many frames"))?;
+        let levels = u32::from(self.u8()?);
+        if levels > MAX_LEVEL {
+            return Err(malformed("unsupported sample level"));
+        }
+        let count = self.len(13)?;
+        self.charge(count, size_of::<(Run, Vec<f64>, Vec<f32>)>())?;
+        let runs = (0..count).map(|_| self.run(rows)).collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let mut samples = Samples::from_frame(first);
+        if runs.iter().any(|(run, ..)| run.level > levels) {
+            return Err(malformed("run above sample levels"));
+        }
+        for level in 0..=levels {
+            if level > 0 {
+                samples.derive(level);
+            }
+            for (run, at, values) in runs.iter().filter(|(run, ..)| run.level == level) {
+                samples.insert(run, at, values, rows)?;
+            }
+        }
+        samples.reads(first..end);
+        Ok(samples)
+    }
+
+    /// A run of entries of `rows` rows: what it holds, its coordinates, and its values.
+    fn run(&mut self, rows: usize) -> Result<(Run, Vec<f64>, Vec<f32>)> {
+        let level = u32::from(self.u8()?);
+        if level > MAX_LEVEL {
+            return Err(malformed(format!("no level {level}")));
+        }
+        let first = self.u64()?;
+        let n = self.u32()?;
+        let run = Run {
+            level,
+            entries: first..first.checked_add(u64::from(n)).ok_or_else(|| malformed("too many entries"))?,
+        };
+        let n = n as usize;
+        let coordinates = n.checked_mul(samples::coordinates(level));
+        let values = n.checked_mul(rows).and_then(|v| v.checked_mul(samples::sides(level)));
+        let (Some(coordinates), Some(values)) = (coordinates, values) else { return Err(malformed("too large")) };
+        let at = self.vec(coordinates)?;
+        let values = self.vec(values)?;
+        Ok((run, at, values))
+    }
+
+    fn values(&mut self) -> Result<Values> {
+        let store = self.u8()?;
+        let len = self.u32()? as usize;
+        let array = match store {
+            STORE_F64 => Array::F64(self.vec::<f64>(len)?.into()),
+            STORE_F32 => Array::F32(self.vec::<f32>(len)?.into()),
+            STORE_I32 => Array::I32(self.vec::<i32>(len)?.into()),
+            STORE_U32 => Array::U32(self.vec::<u32>(len)?.into()),
+            STORE_U64 => Array::U64(self.vec::<u64>(len)?.into()),
+            STORE_BOOL => Array::Bool(Bits::from_words(self.vec(len.div_ceil(64))?, len)),
+            STORE_TEXT => {
+                let offsets = self.vec::<u32>(len.checked_add(1).ok_or_else(|| malformed("too many text values"))?)?;
+                let n = self.len(1)?;
+                self.charge(n, 2)?;
+                let bytes = String::from_utf8(self.take(n)?.to_vec()).map_err(|_| malformed("text is not UTF-8"))?;
+                Array::Text(Text::from_parts(offsets, bytes).ok_or_else(|| malformed("text offsets"))?)
+            }
+            STORE_GEOMETRY => {
+                let depth = self.u8()?;
+                let levels = (0..depth.min(4))
+                    .map(|_| {
+                        let n = self.len(4)?;
+                        self.vec::<u32>(n)
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+                let n = self.len(16)?;
+                let flat: Vec<f64> = self.vec(n * 2)?;
+                let coords = flat.as_chunks::<2>().0.to_vec();
+                let geometry =
+                    Geometry::from_parts(depth, levels, coords).ok_or_else(|| malformed("geometry offsets"))?;
+                if geometry.len() != len {
+                    return Err(malformed("geometry length"));
+                }
+                Array::Geometry(geometry)
+            }
+            store => return Err(malformed(format!("unknown storage {store}"))),
+        };
+        let valid = match self.u8()? {
+            0 => None,
+            1 => Some(Bits::from_words(self.vec(len.div_ceil(64))?, len)),
+            _ => return Err(malformed("validity")),
+        };
+        Ok(Values { array, valid })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{Data, Row, Value};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v1_fixture_and_large_indexes_are_stable() {
+        let hex = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/latk-v1.hex").trim();
+        let bytes: Vec<u8> =
+            (0..hex.len()).step_by(2).map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&hex[i..i + 2], 16).unwrap()).collect();
+        let patch = Patch::new().frames("T", "v", 0, (1_u64 << 32) + 3, [0.0, 1.0], [1.0, 2.0]);
+        assert_eq!(patch.to_bytes(), bytes);
+        assert_eq!(Patch::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap().to_bytes(), bytes);
+        let mut data = Data::new("test");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().replace(Table::new("T", Ids::count(1))).extend(patch)).unwrap();
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append([2.0], "T", [("v", vec![3.0_f32])])).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(data.span(), Some([0.0, 2.0]));
+        assert_eq!(Data::from_bytes(&data.to_bytes()).unwrap().to_bytes(), data.to_bytes());
+        let mut files = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        data.to_tiles(8, |path, bytes| {
+            files.insert(path.to_owned(), bytes.to_vec());
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(files.keys().any(|p| p.contains("536870912")));
+        let mut version = bytes.clone();
+        version[4] = 2;
+        assert!(Patch::from_bytes(&version).is_err());
+        let mut flags = bytes.clone();
+        flags[6] = 1;
+        assert!(Patch::from_bytes(&flags).is_err());
+        assert!(matches!(
+            Patch::decode_with_limits(&bytes, DecodeLimits { frame_bytes: 1024, decoded_bytes: 1 }),
+            Err(Error::Limit(_))
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frame_overflow_is_atomic_and_high_levels_round_trip() {
+        let mut data = Data::new("test");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().replace(Table::new("T", Ids::count(1))).frames(
+            "T",
+            "v",
+            0,
+            u64::MAX - 1,
+            [0.0],
+            [1.0],
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+        let before = data.to_bytes();
+        assert!(data.apply(Patch::new().append([1.0], "T", [("v", vec![2.0_f32])])).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(data.to_bytes(), before);
+        let mut data = Data::new("test");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().replace(Table::new("T", Ids::count(1))).frames(
+            "T",
+            "v",
+            12,
+            0,
+            [0.0, 1.0],
+            [1.0, 2.0],
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(Data::from_bytes(&data.to_bytes()).unwrap().to_bytes(), data.to_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn grid() -> Data {
+        let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+        data.apply(
+            Patch::new()
+                .axis("time", "s")
+                .set(
+                    Table::new("Bus", vec!["a", "b", "c"])
+                        .field("kv", vec![Some(230.0), None, Some(115.0)])
+                        .field("name", vec!["North", "Mid", "South"])
+                        .field("point", vec![[0.0, 1.0], [2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0]])
+                        .field("open", vec![true, false, true]),
+                )
+                .set(Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(2)).reference("from", "Bus", vec!["a", "b"]).reference(
+                    "to",
+                    "Bus",
+                    vec!["b", "c"],
+                )),
+        )
+        .expect("valid");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append([1.0], "Bus", [("vm", vec![1.0, 1.01, 0.99])])).expect("frame");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append([2.0], "Bus", [("vm", vec![1.02, f64::NAN, 0.98])])).expect("frame");
+        data
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn datasets_round_trip() {
+        let data = grid();
+        let bytes = data.to_bytes();
+        let back = Data::from_bytes(&bytes).expect("decodes");
+        assert_eq!(back.name(), "grid");
+        assert_eq!(back.axis(), Some(("time", "s")));
+        let bus = |id: &str| Row::new("grid", "Bus", id);
+        for field in ["kv", "name", "point", "open", "vm"] {
+            for id in ["a", "b", "c"] {
+                assert_eq!(back.get(&bus(id), field), data.get(&bus(id), field), "{field} of {id}");
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(back.get_at(&bus("a"), "vm", 1.5), Some(Value::Number(f64::from(1.0_f32))));
+        assert_eq!(back.get(&Row::new("grid", "Branch", 1_u64), "to"), Some(Value::Row(bus("c"))));
+        assert_eq!(back.to_bytes(), bytes, "encoding is deterministic");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn patches_round_trip() {
+        let patch = Patch::new().remove("Bus", vec!["a"]).append([3.0], "Bus", [("vm", vec![1.0, 1.0, 1.0])]);
+        let bytes = patch.to_bytes();
+        assert_eq!(Patch::from_bytes(&bytes).expect("decodes").to_bytes(), bytes);
+        assert!(Data::from_bytes(&bytes).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn patches_back_to_back_decode_one_by_one() {
+        let patches = [grid().to_patch(), Patch::new().forget(1.5), Patch::new().remove("Bus", vec!["a"])];
+        let stream: Vec<u8> = patches.iter().flat_map(Patch::to_bytes).collect();
+        let (mut at, mut read) = (0, Vec::new());
+        // Arriving a few bytes at a time, as from a socket.
+        for end in (0..=stream.len()).step_by(5).chain([stream.len()]) {
+            while let Some((patch, used)) = Patch::decode(&stream[at..end], usize::MAX).expect("valid so far") {
+                read.push(patch.to_bytes());
+                at += used;
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(read, patches.iter().map(Patch::to_bytes).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        assert!(Patch::decode(b"LATX....", 64).is_err(), "not latkit bytes, however many follow");
+        // A length past the limit fails at once rather than waiting for bytes that may never come.
+        let long = Patch::new().set(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(1)).field("name", vec!["x".repeat(100)])).to_bytes();
+        assert!(matches!(Patch::decode(&long[..70], 64), Err(Error::Limit(_))));
+        assert!(Patch::decode(&long[..70], 1 << 20).expect("short").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frames_keep_their_numbers_through_bytes_and_gathers() {
+        let mut data = grid();
+        data.apply(Patch::new().forget(1.5)).expect("forget");
+        let first = |data: &Data| match data.table("Bus").and_then(|t| t.field_named("vm")) {
+            Some(Field::Sampled(samples, _)) => samples.start(),
+            _ => panic!("sampled"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(first(&data), 1);
+        assert_eq!(first(&Data::from_bytes(&data.to_bytes()).expect("decodes")), 1);
+        data.apply(Patch::new().remove("Bus", vec!["b"])).expect("remove");
+        assert_eq!(first(&data), 1, "rows removed keep the frames' numbers");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn time_tiles_round_trip_with_their_holes() {
+        let mut data = grid();
+        // The bucket of frames 64..72, and frames 200 and 201, past a hole.
+        let bucket = Patch::new().frames("Bus", "vm", 1, 8, [64.0, 71.0], [0.9, 0.95, 0.97, 1.1, 1.05, 1.0]);
+        let tile = bucket.frames("Bus", "vm", 0, 200, [200.0, 201.0], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5]);
+        let bytes = tile.to_bytes();
+        assert_eq!(Patch::from_bytes(&bytes).expect("decodes").to_bytes(), bytes);
+        data.apply(tile.clone()).expect("tiles");
+        assert!(data.apply(tile).is_err(), "entries held already");
+        let back = Data::from_bytes(&data.to_bytes()).expect("decodes");
+        assert_eq!(back.to_bytes(), data.to_bytes());
+        let bus = |id: &str| Row::new("grid", "Bus", id);
+        assert_eq!(back.get_at(&bus("c"), "vm", 201.5), Some(Value::Number(0.5)));
+        assert_eq!(back.get_at(&bus("a"), "vm", 100.0), None, "a hole holds no frame");
+        assert_eq!(back.describe().span, Some([1.0, 201.0]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_bytes_are_invalid_not_panics() {
+        let bytes = grid().to_bytes();
+        for end in 0..bytes.len() {
+            assert!(Data::from_bytes(&bytes[..end]).is_err());
+        }
+        let mut flipped = bytes.clone();
+        for i in (0..flipped.len()).step_by(7) {
+            flipped[i] ^= 0x5a;
+            let _ = Data::from_bytes(&flipped);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/column.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/column.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8aefba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/column.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::name::PageId;
+use super::values::{Kind, Picks, Value, Values};
+use crate::Result;
+
+/// Rows per page: pages are the unit of sharing between versions and of upload to the GPU.
+pub(crate) const PAGE_BITS: u32 = 16;
+pub(crate) const PAGE_ROWS: usize = 1 << PAGE_BITS;
+pub(crate) const PAGE_MASK: usize = PAGE_ROWS - 1;
+
+/// Writes a page remembers back: past them, it reads as written whole.
+const REMEMBERED: u8 = 8;
+
+/// One page of a column: up to [`PAGE_ROWS`] values, the id of exactly these contents, and, when it
+/// was written over another page, which page and which rows.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Page {
+    pub(crate) id: PageId,
+    pub(crate) values: Values,
+    pub(crate) written: Option<Arc<Written>>,
+}
+
+/// What a page was written from: the page it copied, the rows written over it there, offsets into
+/// the page, and how that page was written in turn.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Written {
+    pub(crate) from: PageId,
+    pub(crate) rows: Box<[u32]>,
+    pub(crate) before: Option<Arc<Written>>,
+    depth: u8,
+}
+
+impl Page {
+    pub(crate) fn new(values: Values) -> Page {
+        Page { id: PageId::next(), values, written: None }
+    }
+
+    /// `values`: page `old` with `rows` written over it, offsets into the page.
+    fn over(values: Values, old: &Page, rows: Vec<u32>) -> Page {
+        let before = old.written.clone().filter(|w| w.depth < REMEMBERED);
+        let depth = before.as_ref().map_or(1, |w| w.depth + 1);
+        let written = Written { from: old.id, rows: rows.into(), before, depth };
+        Page { id: PageId::next(), values, written: Some(Arc::new(written)) }
+    }
+
+    /// The rows written since page `before`, offsets into the page, in order: `None` unless this page
+    /// was written over it, a few writes back at most.
+    pub(crate) fn rows_since(&self, before: PageId) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        if self.id == before {
+            return Some(Vec::new());
+        }
+        let mut rows = Vec::new();
+        let mut at = self.written.as_deref();
+        while let Some(written) = at {
+            rows.extend_from_slice(&written.rows);
+            if written.from == before {
+                rows.sort_unstable();
+                rows.dedup();
+                return Some(rows);
+            }
+            at = written.before.as_deref();
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// A field's values in pages. Writes replace only the pages they touch; others keep their ids.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Column {
+    len: usize,
+    pages: Arc<[Page]>,
+    /// An empty slice of the column's storage, so an empty column still knows what it holds.
+    like: Values,
+}
+
+impl Column {
+    pub(crate) fn new(values: &Values) -> Column {
+        let len = values.len();
+        let pages = (0..len.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS))
+            .map(|p| Page::new(values.slice(p * PAGE_ROWS..len.min((p + 1) * PAGE_ROWS))))
+            .collect();
+        Column { len, pages, like: values.slice(0..0) }
+    }
+
+    /// `len` missing values stored like `like`.
+    pub(crate) fn missing(like: &Values, len: usize) -> Column {
+        let empty = Column { len: 0, pages: Arc::new([]), like: like.slice(0..0) };
+        empty.write(len, &[], &empty).expect("same storage")
+    }
+
+    /// A column of whole pages; every page but the last holds [`PAGE_ROWS`] values.
+    pub(crate) fn from_pages(pages: Vec<Values>, like: &Values) -> Column {
+        debug_assert!(pages.iter().rev().skip(1).all(|p| p.len() == PAGE_ROWS));
+        let len = pages.iter().map(Values::len).sum();
+        Column { len, pages: pages.into_iter().map(Page::new).collect(), like: like.slice(0..0) }
+    }
+
+    /// A column of `pages` as they are, their ids kept; every page but the last holds
+    /// [`PAGE_ROWS`] values.
+    pub(crate) fn of_pages(pages: Vec<Page>, like: &Values) -> Column {
+        debug_assert!(pages.iter().rev().skip(1).all(|p| p.values.len() == PAGE_ROWS));
+        let len = pages.iter().map(|p| p.values.len()).sum();
+        Column { len, pages: pages.into(), like: like.slice(0..0) }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        self.like.kind()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn pages(&self) -> &[Page] {
+        &self.pages
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn like(&self) -> &Values {
+        &self.like
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, row: usize) -> Option<Value> {
+        self.pages.get(row >> PAGE_BITS)?.values.get(row & PAGE_MASK)
+    }
+
+    /// The column with `len` rows (at least the current count) and `writes` applied.
+    ///
+    /// `writes` are `(row, row of source)` sorted by row with no row twice; a [`HOLE`](super::values::HOLE)
+    /// for the row of source writes a missing value. Pages that no write touches and whose length does
+    /// not change keep their ids; new rows not written are missing.
+    pub(crate) fn write(&self, len: usize, writes: &[(usize, usize)], source: &Column) -> Result<Column> {
+        debug_assert!(len >= self.len);
+        debug_assert!(writes.windows(2).all(|w| w[0].0 < w[1].0));
+        let count = len.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS);
+        let mut pages: Vec<Page> = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+        let mut sources: Vec<&Values> = vec![&self.like];
+        sources.extend(source.pages.iter().map(|p| &p.values));
+        sources.push(&source.like);
+        let mut next = 0;
+        for p in 0..count {
+            let start = p * PAGE_ROWS;
+            let page_len = (len - start).min(PAGE_ROWS);
+            let first = next;
+            while next < writes.len() && writes[next].0 < start + page_len {
+                next += 1;
+            }
+            let page_writes = &writes[first..next];
+            let old = self.pages.get(p);
+            if page_writes.is_empty()
+                && let Some(old) = old
+                && old.values.len() == page_len
+            {
+                pages.push(old.clone());
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut from = vec![None; page_len];
+            for &(row, k) in page_writes {
+                from[row - start] = Some(k);
+            }
+            sources[0] = old.map_or(&self.like, |o| &o.values);
+            let kept = sources[0].len();
+            let values = Values::assemble(&sources, Picks::Writes { from: &from, kept })?;
+            pages.push(match old {
+                // The page remembers what it was written over: the rows written, and those past its end.
+                Some(old) => {
+                    let mut rows: Vec<u32> = page_writes.iter().map(|&(row, _)| (row - start) as u32).collect();
+                    rows.extend(kept as u32..page_len as u32);
+                    Page::over(values, old, rows)
+                }
+                None => Page::new(values),
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(Column { len, pages: pages.into(), like: self.like.clone() })
+    }
+
+    /// The rows written since `before`, which this column was written from a few writes back at most,
+    /// in order: `None` where a page of it was not, or the number of rows changed. A row written the
+    /// value it held counts.
+    pub(crate) fn rows_since(&self, before: &Column) -> Option<Vec<usize>> {
+        if self.len != before.len {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut rows = Vec::new();
+        for (p, (now, then)) in self.pages.iter().zip(before.pages.iter()).enumerate() {
+            if now.id != then.id {
+                rows.extend(now.rows_since(then.id)?.into_iter().map(|r| p * PAGE_ROWS + r as usize));
+            }
+        }
+        Some(rows)
+    }
+
+    /// Every value in row order, as one run: a single page's without copying, else the pages copied
+    /// one after another.
+    pub(crate) fn values(&self) -> Values {
+        match &self.pages[..] {
+            [] => self.like.clone(),
+            [page] => page.values.clone(),
+            pages => Values::concat(&pages.iter().map(|p| &p.values).collect::<Vec<_>>()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The rows whose values differ from `before`'s, in order: of the rows written since, while the
+    /// pages remember them, those that now hold another value; else every row of the pages that
+    /// changed, compared.
+    pub(crate) fn changed_since(&self, before: &Column) -> Vec<usize> {
+        let Some(written) = self.rows_since(before) else { return self.differing(before) };
+        written
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|&row| !self.holds(row, &before.pages[row / PAGE_ROWS].values, row % PAGE_ROWS))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether row `row` holds what row `at` of `values` does.
+    pub(crate) fn holds(&self, row: usize, values: &Values, at: usize) -> bool {
+        self.pages[row / PAGE_ROWS].values.same_row(row % PAGE_ROWS, values, at)
+    }
+
+    /// The rows whose values differ from `before`'s, in order. A page both share holds the same values,
+    /// so only the pages that changed are compared, row by row; rows past the shorter column differ.
+    pub(crate) fn differing(&self, before: &Column) -> Vec<usize> {
+        let mut rows = Vec::new();
+        for p in 0..self.pages.len().max(before.pages.len()) {
+            let (now, then) = (self.pages.get(p), before.pages.get(p));
+            if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (now, then)
+                && a.id == b.id
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (a, b) = (now.map_or(&self.like, |a| &a.values), then.map_or(&before.like, |b| &b.values));
+            let (start, both) = (p * PAGE_ROWS, a.len().min(b.len()));
+            rows.extend((0..a.len().max(b.len())).filter(|&i| i >= both || !a.same_row(i, b, i)).map(|i| start + i));
+        }
+        rows
+    }
+
+    /// The column of rows `rows`, in that order, missing for a [`HOLE`](super::values::HOLE). Leading
+    /// pages whose rows are unchanged keep their ids.
+    pub(crate) fn gather(&self, rows: &[usize]) -> Column {
+        let kept = rows.iter().enumerate().take_while(|&(i, &r)| i == r).count();
+        let kept_pages = (kept / PAGE_ROWS).min(rows.len() / PAGE_ROWS);
+        let sources: Vec<&Values> = std::iter::once(&self.like).chain(self.pages.iter().map(|p| &p.values)).collect();
+        let mut pages: Vec<Page> = self.pages[..kept_pages].to_vec();
+        for p in kept_pages..rows.len().div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS) {
+            let chunk = &rows[p * PAGE_ROWS..rows.len().min((p + 1) * PAGE_ROWS)];
+            pages.push(Page::new(Values::assemble(&sources, Picks::Rows(chunk)).expect("one storage")));
+        }
+        Column { len: rows.len(), pages: pages.into(), like: self.like.clone() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn numbers(n: usize) -> Values {
+        Values::from((0..n).map(|i| i as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn writes_touch_only_their_pages() {
+        let column = Column::new(&numbers(PAGE_ROWS * 2 + 10));
+        let source = Column::new(&Values::from(vec![-1.0_f64]));
+        let written = column.write(column.len(), &[(PAGE_ROWS + 3, 0)], &source).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(written.pages()[0].id, column.pages()[0].id);
+        assert_ne!(written.pages()[1].id, column.pages()[1].id);
+        assert_eq!(written.pages()[2].id, column.pages()[2].id);
+        assert_eq!(written.get(PAGE_ROWS + 3), Some(Value::Number(-1.0)));
+        assert_eq!(written.get(PAGE_ROWS + 4), Some(Value::Number((PAGE_ROWS + 4) as f64)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn holes_write_and_gather_missing() {
+        let column = Column::new(&numbers(4));
+        let source = Column::new(&Values::from(vec![7.0_f64]));
+        let written = column.write(5, &[(1, super::super::values::HOLE), (4, 0)], &source).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (written.get(0), written.get(1), written.get(4)),
+            (Some(Value::Number(0.0)), None, Some(Value::Number(7.0)))
+        );
+        let gathered = column.gather(&[3, super::super::values::HOLE, 0]);
+        assert_eq!((gathered.get(0), gathered.get(1)), (Some(Value::Number(3.0)), None));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn growth_pads_with_missing() {
+        let column = Column::new(&numbers(3));
+        let grown = column.write(5, &[(4, 0)], &Column::new(&Values::from(vec![9.0_f64]))).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(grown.len(), 5);
+        assert_eq!(grown.get(3), None);
+        assert_eq!(grown.get(4), Some(Value::Number(9.0)));
+        assert_eq!(Column::missing(&numbers(0), 4).get(2), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn differing_rows_are_found_in_the_pages_that_changed() {
+        let column = Column::new(&numbers(PAGE_ROWS * 2 + 10));
+        let source = Column::new(&Values::from(vec![-1.0_f64, (PAGE_ROWS + 4) as f64]));
+        // Row 3 of the second page changes; its row 4 is written the value it already held.
+        let written = column.write(column.len(), &[(PAGE_ROWS + 3, 0), (PAGE_ROWS + 4, 1)], &source);
+        let written = written.expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(written.differing(&column), [PAGE_ROWS + 3]);
+        assert_eq!(column.differing(&column), Vec::<usize>::new(), "a column holds what it holds");
+        let longer = column.write(column.len() + 2, &[], &source).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(longer.differing(&column), [PAGE_ROWS * 2 + 10, PAGE_ROWS * 2 + 11], "rows past it differ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn written_pages_remember_the_rows_written_since() {
+        let column = Column::new(&numbers(PAGE_ROWS + 10));
+        let source = Column::new(&Values::from(vec![-1.0_f64, -2.0]));
+        let once = column.write(column.len(), &[(3, 0), (PAGE_ROWS + 4, 1)], &source).expect("numbers");
+        let twice = once.write(once.len(), &[(5, 0)], &source).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(twice.rows_since(&column), Some(vec![3, 5, PAGE_ROWS + 4]), "every write since, in order");
+        assert_eq!(twice.rows_since(&once), Some(vec![5]));
+        assert_eq!(twice.rows_since(&twice), Some(Vec::new()));
+        assert_eq!(column.rows_since(&twice), None, "nothing is written backward");
+        assert_eq!(Column::new(&numbers(PAGE_ROWS + 10)).rows_since(&column), None, "nor from another column");
+        let grown = column.write(column.len() + 2, &[], &source).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(grown.rows_since(&column), None, "rows added change the rows themselves");
+        // A page remembers a few writes back; past them, it reads as written whole.
+        let mut near = once.clone();
+        for _ in 1..REMEMBERED {
+            near = near.write(near.len(), &[(7, 0)], &source).expect("numbers");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(near.rows_since(&column), Some(vec![3, 7, PAGE_ROWS + 4]));
+        let far = near.write(near.len(), &[(7, 0)], &source).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(far.rows_since(&column), None);
+        assert_eq!(far.rows_since(&near), Some(vec![7]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows_written_the_value_they_held_have_not_changed() {
+        let column = Column::new(&numbers(PAGE_ROWS + 10));
+        // Row 4 holds 4.
+        let source = Column::new(&Values::from(vec![-1.0_f64, 4.0]));
+        let written = column.write(column.len(), &[(3, 0), (4, 1), (PAGE_ROWS + 4, 0)], &source).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(written.rows_since(&column), Some(vec![3, 4, PAGE_ROWS + 4]), "every row written");
+        assert_eq!(written.changed_since(&column), vec![3, PAGE_ROWS + 4], "the rows whose values changed");
+        let far = (0..REMEMBERED).fold(written, |c, _| c.write(c.len(), &[(3, 0)], &source).expect("numbers"));
+        assert_eq!(far.changed_since(&column), vec![3, PAGE_ROWS + 4], "compared where the pages forgot");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gather_keeps_leading_pages() {
+        let column = Column::new(&numbers(PAGE_ROWS + 5));
+        let rows: Vec<usize> = (0..PAGE_ROWS).chain([PAGE_ROWS + 2, PAGE_ROWS + 4]).collect();
+        let gathered = column.gather(&rows);
+        assert_eq!(gathered.len(), PAGE_ROWS + 2);
+        assert_eq!(gathered.pages()[0].id, column.pages()[0].id);
+        assert_eq!(gathered.get(PAGE_ROWS + 1), Some(Value::Number((PAGE_ROWS + 4) as f64)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/dataset.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/dataset.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..682d7a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/dataset.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHasher;
+
+use super::name::{Name, Row, Version};
+use super::patch::{Appends, Op, Patch};
+use super::samples::Samples;
+use super::table::{Field, Table};
+use super::values::Value;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// A named collection of tables, changed in place by patches.
+///
+/// Cloning is O(1) and a clone is a snapshot: [`apply`](Data::apply) changes only `self`, and every
+/// page it does not write stays shared with earlier snapshots.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{Data, Ids, Patch, Table};
+/// let mut grid = Data::new("grid");
+/// grid.apply(
+///     Patch::new()
+///         .axis("time", "s")
+///         .replace(Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64, 2]).field("kv", vec![230.0, 115.0]))
+///         .replace(Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Bus", vec![1_u64]).reference("to", "Bus", vec![2_u64])),
+/// )?;
+/// grid.apply(Patch::new().append([0.0], "Bus", [("vm", vec![1.01, 0.99])]))?;
+/// # Ok::<(), latkit::Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Data(pub(crate) Arc<Inner>);
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Inner {
+    pub(crate) name: Name,
+    pub(crate) axis: Option<(Name, Name)>,
+    /// Sorted by name.
+    pub(crate) tables: Vec<Table>,
+    pub(crate) version: Version,
+    /// The version the dataset began at, which every version applied from it shares: a view eases
+    /// rows from one of them to the next, and replaces the rows of another dataset of the same name.
+    pub(crate) origin: Version,
+    /// Changes when a table, field, or kind is added or changed; marks recompile only then.
+    pub(crate) schema: u64,
+}
+
+impl Data {
+    /// An empty dataset named `name`.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<Name>) -> Data {
+        let version = Version::next();
+        Data(Arc::new(Inner { name: name.into(), axis: None, tables: Vec::new(), version, origin: version, schema: 0 }))
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset's name.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &Name {
+        &self.0.name
+    }
+
+    /// The name and unit of the axis sampled fields are recorded over.
+    pub fn axis(&self) -> Option<(&str, &str)> {
+        self.0.axis.as_ref().map(|(name, unit)| (name.as_str(), unit.as_str()))
+    }
+
+    /// Every table, by name.
+    pub fn tables(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Table> + '_ {
+        self.0.tables.iter()
+    }
+
+    /// The table named `name`.
+    pub fn table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Table> {
+        self.0.table(name)
+    }
+
+    /// The axis coordinates the sampled fields span.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+        let spans = self.0.tables.iter().flat_map(|t| &t.fields).filter_map(|(_, field)| match field {
+            Field::Sampled(samples, _) => samples.span(),
+            _ => None,
+        });
+        spans.reduce(|a, b| [a[0].min(b[0]), a[1].max(b[1])])
+    }
+
+    /// The value of `field` for `row`; a sampled field reads its last frame.
+    pub fn get(&self, row: &Row, field: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+        self.get_at(row, field, f64::INFINITY)
+    }
+
+    /// The value of `field` for `row` at axis coordinate `at`: the last frame at or before it.
+    pub fn get_at(&self, row: &Row, field: &str, at: f64) -> Option<Value> {
+        if row.data != self.0.name {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let table = self.table(&row.table)?;
+        let index = table.row(row.id.as_ref())?;
+        match table.field_named(field)? {
+            Field::Reference(reference) => {
+                let Value::Number(target) = reference.rows.get(index)? else { return None };
+                let target_table = self.table(&reference.to)?;
+                let id = target_table.ids.id(target as usize)?;
+                Some(Value::Row(Row { data: self.0.name.clone(), table: reference.to.clone(), id }))
+            }
+            _ => table.value(index, field, at),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Applies every change in `patch`, or none of them when one is invalid. A patch to another
+    /// dataset is an error.
+    ///
+    /// The error's path names the change and part, such as `patch[1].Bus.kv`.
+    pub fn apply(&mut self, patch: impl Into<Patch>) -> Result<()> {
+        let patch = patch.into();
+        if let Some(data) = &patch.data
+            && *data != self.0.name
+        {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("a patch to '{data}' applied to '{}'", self.0.name)));
+        }
+        if patch.ops.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let mut next = (*self.0).clone();
+        let mut ops = patch.ops.into_iter().enumerate().peekable();
+        while let Some((i, op)) = ops.next() {
+            let op = match op {
+                // A run of appends to the same fields of every row of a table records as one.
+                Op::Append { table, at, ids: None, fields } => {
+                    let rows = next.table(&table).map(Table::len);
+                    let mut run = Appends::new(table, at, fields);
+                    while let Some((_, Op::Append { table, at, ids: None, fields })) = ops.peek()
+                        && run.continues(table, at, fields, rows)
+                    {
+                        let Some((_, Op::Append { at, fields, .. })) = ops.next() else { break };
+                        run.push(at, fields);
+                    }
+                    run.op()
+                }
+                op => op,
+            };
+            op.apply(&mut next).map_err(|e| e.at(i).at("patch"))?;
+        }
+        next.resolve()?;
+        next.schema = next.signature();
+        next.version = Version::next();
+        self.0 = Arc::new(next);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The patch to this dataset that builds it from an empty one.
+    pub fn to_patch(&self) -> Patch {
+        let mut patch = Patch::to(self.0.name.clone());
+        if let Some((name, unit)) = &self.0.axis {
+            patch = patch.axis(name, unit);
+        }
+        self.0.tables.iter().fold(patch, |patch, table| patch.replace(table.clone()))
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset as bytes: the patch to it that builds it.
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.to_patch().to_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// A dataset from [`to_bytes`](Data::to_bytes), or any bytes of a patch to a dataset.
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Data> {
+        let patch = Patch::from_bytes(bytes)?;
+        let Some(name) = patch.data.clone() else {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("the bytes hold a patch to no dataset").at("bytes"));
+        };
+        let mut data = Data::new(name);
+        data.apply(patch)?;
+        Ok(data)
+    }
+
+    /// A dataset from bytes: latkit's own, as [`to_bytes`](Data::to_bytes) writes them, or GeoJSON,
+    /// gzip-compressed or not. GeoJSON's features become rows of tables `points`, `lines`, and
+    /// `polygons` by their geometry, each with its geometry as field `geometry` and its properties as
+    /// fields. `name` names the dataset, as GeoJSON needs; latkit's bytes name their own unless given
+    /// one.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// let city = latkit::Data::read(br#"{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"name": "Hall"},
+    ///     "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-97.74, 30.27]}}"#, Some("city"))?;
+    /// assert_eq!(city.table("points").map(latkit::Table::len), Some(1));
+    /// # Ok::<(), latkit::Error>(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn read(bytes: &[u8], name: Option<&str>) -> Result<Data> {
+        if bytes.starts_with(b"LATK") {
+            let data = Data::from_bytes(bytes)?;
+            return Ok(match name {
+                Some(name) if name != data.name().as_str() => data.renamed(name),
+                _ => data,
+            });
+        }
+        let name = name.ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("GeoJSON names its dataset").at("name"))?;
+        crate::geo::geojson(name, bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// The same tables as dataset `name`: another dataset, which views draw apart from this one.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn renamed(&self, name: impl Into<Name>) -> Data {
+        let version = Version::next();
+        Data(Arc::new(Inner { name: name.into(), version, origin: version, ..(*self.0).clone() }))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn schema(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0.schema
+    }
+
+    /// The version the dataset began at; see [`Inner::origin`].
+    pub(crate) fn origin(&self) -> Version {
+        self.0.origin
+    }
+
+    /// Changes sampled field `field` of table `table` with `change`, starting it empty where the table
+    /// has no field of its name: what time tiles put in and let go of. Whether anything changed: not
+    /// where `change` says so, or where there is no such table or the field holds no samples.
+    pub(crate) fn sampled(&mut self, table: &str, field: &str, change: impl FnOnce(&mut Samples) -> bool) -> bool {
+        let Ok(i) = self.0.position(table) else { return false };
+        let mut samples = match self.0.tables[i].field_named(field) {
+            None => Samples::default(),
+            Some(Field::Sampled(samples, _)) => samples.clone(),
+            Some(_) => return false,
+        };
+        if !change(&mut samples) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let mut next = (*self.0).clone();
+        next.tables[i].insert(field.into(), Field::Sampled(samples, Version::next()));
+        next.schema = next.signature();
+        next.version = Version::next();
+        self.0 = Arc::new(next);
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// A version of `self` holding `tables` instead, its name, axis, schema, and origin kept: what a
+    /// view draws of a dataset it draws in part, eased from one version to the next like `self`'s.
+    pub(crate) fn drawn(&self, mut tables: Vec<Table>) -> Data {
+        tables.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.cmp(&b.name));
+        Data(Arc::new(Inner {
+            name: self.0.name.clone(),
+            axis: self.0.axis.clone(),
+            tables,
+            version: Version::next(),
+            origin: self.0.origin,
+            schema: self.0.schema,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Data {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Data) -> bool {
+        self.0.version == other.0.version
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Data {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Data").field("name", &self.0.name).field("tables", &self.0.tables).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inner {
+    pub(crate) fn table(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Table> {
+        let i = self.tables.binary_search_by(|t| t.name.as_str().cmp(name)).ok()?;
+        Some(&self.tables[i])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn position(&self, name: &str) -> std::result::Result<usize, usize> {
+        self.tables.binary_search_by(|t| t.name.as_str().cmp(name))
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves every reference whose ids or target rows changed.
+    fn resolve(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        for t in 0..self.tables.len() {
+            for f in 0..self.tables[t].fields.len() {
+                let (name, Field::Reference(reference)) = &self.tables[t].fields[f] else { continue };
+                let target = self.table(&reference.to).ok_or_else(|| {
+                    Error::invalid(format!("no table {}", reference.to)).at(name).at(&self.tables[t].name)
+                })?;
+                if !reference.stale(target.order, target.structure) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let resolved = reference.resolve(target)?;
+                self.tables[t].fields[f].1 = Field::Reference(resolved);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// A deterministic digest of every table's name and every field's name, kind, and target.
+    fn signature(&self) -> u64 {
+        let mut hasher = FxHasher::default();
+        for table in &self.tables {
+            table.name.hash(&mut hasher);
+            for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+                name.hash(&mut hasher);
+                field.kind().hash(&mut hasher);
+                if let Field::Reference(reference) = field {
+                    reference.to.hash(&mut hasher);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        hasher.finish()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/describe.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/describe.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..922c7916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/describe.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+//! Reading data back without moving it: what a dataset holds, and a sampled field's extremes over
+//! spans of its axis.
+
+use super::column::{PAGE_BITS, PAGE_MASK};
+use super::dataset::Data;
+use super::ids::Ids;
+use super::name::Name;
+use super::table::{Field, Table};
+use super::values::Kind;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// The most values an envelope holds, least and greatest each: rows times spans.
+const ENVELOPE_VALUES: usize = 1 << 26;
+
+/// What a dataset holds: its tables, their rows and fields, and the axis its sampled fields are
+/// recorded over and span.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct Description {
+    /// The dataset's name.
+    pub name: Name,
+    /// The axis's name and unit.
+    pub axis: Option<[Name; 2]>,
+    /// The first and last coordinates its sampled fields hold.
+    pub span: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    /// Its tables, by name.
+    pub tables: Vec<TableDescription>,
+}
+
+/// A table described: its rows, and its fields by name.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct TableDescription {
+    /// The table's name.
+    pub name: Name,
+    /// How many rows it has.
+    pub rows: usize,
+    /// Its fields, by name.
+    pub fields: Vec<FieldDescription>,
+}
+
+/// A field described: what it holds, the table a reference names, the coordinates samples span.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct FieldDescription {
+    /// The field's name.
+    pub name: Name,
+    /// What it holds.
+    pub kind: Kind,
+    /// The table a reference names.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub to: Option<Name>,
+    /// The first and last coordinates a sampled field holds.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub span: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+}
+
+impl Data {
+    /// What the dataset holds: tables, rows, fields and their kinds, the axis and its span.
+    pub fn describe(&self) -> Description {
+        Description {
+            name: self.name().clone(),
+            axis: self.axis().map(|(name, unit)| [name.into(), unit.into()]),
+            span: self.span(),
+            tables: self.tables().map(Table::describe).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Table {
+    /// What the table holds: its rows, and its fields' kinds, targets, and spans.
+    pub fn describe(&self) -> TableDescription {
+        let fields = self.fields.iter().map(|(name, field)| FieldDescription {
+            name: name.clone(),
+            kind: field.kind(),
+            to: match field {
+                Field::Reference(reference) => Some(reference.to.clone()),
+                _ => None,
+            },
+            span: match field {
+                Field::Sampled(samples, _) => samples.span(),
+                _ => None,
+            },
+        });
+        TableDescription { name: self.name.clone(), rows: self.len(), fields: fields.collect() }
+    }
+
+    /// Each row's least and greatest value of sampled field `field` over `spans` equal spans of the
+    /// axis from `range[0]` to `range[1]`: of every row, or of the rows `ids` names, in its order. A
+    /// span reads the coarsest levels of detail the field holds that fit inside it, so it costs a few
+    /// reads, however many frames it covers; where the field holds only coarser ones, as time tiles
+    /// still loading leave it, those stand in.
+    pub fn envelope(&self, field: &str, range: [f64; 2], spans: usize, ids: Option<&Ids>) -> Result<Envelope> {
+        let Some(Field::Sampled(samples, _)) = self.field_named(field) else {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("not a sampled field").at(field));
+        };
+        if !(range[0].is_finite() && range[1].is_finite() && range[0] <= range[1]) || spans == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("an envelope spans a finite range, in one span or more"));
+        }
+        let rows: Vec<usize> = match ids {
+            None => (0..self.len()).collect(),
+            Some(ids) => (0..ids.len())
+                .map(|i| ids.key(i).and_then(|key| self.row(key)).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("no such row").at(i)))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+        };
+        if rows.len().saturating_mul(spans) > ENVELOPE_VALUES {
+            return Err(Error::Limit(
+                format!("an envelope holds at most {ENVELOPE_VALUES} values: rows times spans").into(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let width = (range[1] - range[0]) / spans as f64;
+        let at: Vec<f64> =
+            (0..=spans).map(|s| if s == spans { range[1] } else { range[0] + width * s as f64 }).collect();
+        // A span holds the frames from its start up to the next span's; the last holds its end too.
+        let bounds: Vec<u64> = at.iter().enumerate().map(|(s, &t)| samples.bound(t, s == spans)).collect();
+        let pieces: Vec<Vec<(u32, u64)>> = bounds.windows(2).map(|b| samples.pieces(b[0]..b[1])).collect();
+        let mut least = vec![f32::NAN; rows.len() * spans];
+        let mut greatest = least.clone();
+        // Rows by block, so each piece's page is read once for all of a block's rows.
+        let mut by_block: Vec<(usize, usize)> =
+            rows.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, &row)| (row >> PAGE_BITS, i)).collect();
+        by_block.sort_unstable();
+        for run in by_block.chunk_by(|a, b| a.0 == b.0) {
+            let block = run[0].0;
+            let mut extent =
+                vec![[f32::NAN; 2]; run.iter().map(|&(_, i)| (rows[i] & PAGE_MASK) + 1).max().unwrap_or(0)];
+            for (s, pieces) in pieces.iter().enumerate() {
+                extent.fill([f32::NAN; 2]);
+                for &piece in pieces {
+                    samples.fold(block, piece, &mut extent);
+                }
+                for &(_, i) in run {
+                    let [lo, hi] = extent[rows[i] & PAGE_MASK];
+                    (least[i * spans + s], greatest[i * spans + s]) = (lo, hi);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Envelope { at, least, greatest })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rows' least and greatest values of a sampled field over spans of its axis.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct Envelope {
+    /// Where each span starts, then where the last ends: one more coordinate than spans.
+    pub at: Vec<f64>,
+    /// Each row's least value in each span, row after row: NaN where it has none.
+    pub least: Vec<f32>,
+    /// Each row's greatest value in each span, row after row: NaN where it has none.
+    pub greatest: Vec<f32>,
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/forms.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/forms.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a62d1ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/forms.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+//! What JSON writes for data, decoded once: a patch's changes, a table's fields, values, and ids. A
+//! slice of a file is the one form read later, by [`Patch::load`] through a host; everything else is
+//! decoded as it is read. JavaScript writes the byte frames instead.
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+use schemars::{JsonSchema, Schema, SchemaGenerator, json_schema};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::de::{self, DeserializeSeed, Deserializer, IgnoredAny, MapAccess, SeqAccess, Visitor};
+
+use super::ids::Ids;
+use super::name::Id;
+use super::patch::{Op, Patch};
+use super::table::Table;
+use super::values::{Value, Values};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// The largest whole number a number names an id by when written with a fraction: 2^53 − 1.
+const SAFE: f64 = 9_007_199_254_740_991.0;
+
+const NUMERIC_ID: &str = "a numeric id is a whole number from 0 to 2^53 - 1";
+
+/// A dataset: its name and the patch that builds it.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub(crate) struct DataForm {
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) patch: Vec<OpForm>,
+}
+
+/// One change of a patch, named by the method that makes it.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(rename = "Change")]
+pub(crate) enum OpForm {
+    /// Names the axis sampled fields are recorded over, such as `time` in `s`.
+    Axis { name: String, unit: String },
+    /// Replaces a table with these rows and fields, or adds it.
+    Replace(TableForm),
+    /// Writes fields for these rows: rows with known ids change, others are added, and fields left
+    /// out keep their values.
+    Set(TableForm),
+    /// Removes the rows with these ids.
+    Remove { table: String, ids: IdsForm },
+    /// Records a frame at each axis coordinate of `at`: for each field, a value per row at every
+    /// coordinate, frame-major; of every row, or of the rows `ids` names, the rest holding their last
+    /// values.
+    Append {
+        at: At,
+        table: String,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        ids: Option<IdsForm>,
+        fields: Fields,
+    },
+    /// Forgets every sampled field's frames before axis coordinate `before`.
+    Forget { before: f64 },
+    /// Holds a run of sampled field `field`'s entries of level `level`, numbered from `first`: at
+    /// level 0 frames, each a coordinate in `at` and a value per row in `values`; at level `k` buckets
+    /// of `8^k` frames, each its first and last frame's coordinates, and each row's least value over
+    /// each bucket, then each row's greatest. Null is missing.
+    Frames {
+        table: String,
+        field: String,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        level: u32,
+        first: u64,
+        at: Vec<f64>,
+        values: Vec<Option<f64>>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(inline)]
+pub(crate) struct TableForm {
+    table: String,
+    ids: IdsForm,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    fields: Fields,
+}
+
+/// One axis coordinate, or several.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+#[schemars(inline)]
+pub(crate) enum At {
+    One(f64),
+    Many(Vec<f64>),
+}
+
+/// A dataset's JSON document.
+impl JsonSchema for super::dataset::Data {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Data".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        DataForm::json_schema(generator)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A patch's JSON: its changes in order.
+impl JsonSchema for Patch {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Patch".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        <Vec<OpForm>>::json_schema(generator)
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Ids {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Ids".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        IdsForm::json_schema(generator)
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for IdsForm {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Ids".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let id = generator.subschema_for::<Option<Id>>();
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "Row ids: numbers or texts (null leaves a reference unwired), or `{count}` naming rows 0..count.",
+            "anyOf": [
+                { "type": "array", "items": id },
+                {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": { "count": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": u32::MAX } },
+                    "required": ["count"],
+                    "additionalProperties": false,
+                },
+            ],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Fields {
+    fn inline_schema() -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Fields".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let column = Column::json_schema(generator);
+        json_schema!({ "description": "Fields by name, in the order written.", "type": "object", "additionalProperties": column })
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Column {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Column".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let element = generator.subschema_for::<Element>();
+        let ids = generator.subschema_for::<IdsForm>();
+        let dtype = generator.subschema_for::<Dtype>();
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "A field's values: an array of one kind of value; a reference naming another table's rows by id; or a slice of a binary file beside the document.",
+            "anyOf": [
+                { "type": "array", "items": element },
+                { "type": "object", "properties": { "reference": { "type": "string" }, "ids": ids }, "required": ["reference", "ids"], "additionalProperties": false },
+                {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": { "file": { "type": "string" }, "dtype": dtype, "offset": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 0 }, "count": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 0 } },
+                    "required": ["file", "dtype", "count"],
+                    "additionalProperties": false,
+                },
+            ],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Element {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Value".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let geometry = generator.subschema_for::<Geometry>();
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "One value: a number, boolean, text, or geometry; null, or an empty geometry, is missing.",
+            "anyOf": [{ "type": "number" }, { "type": "boolean" }, { "type": "string" }, { "type": "null" }, geometry],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Geometry {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Geometry".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let geometry = generator.subschema_for::<Geometry>();
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "A point `[x, y]` (a third coordinate is read past), or a list of geometries one level shallower: a path, its parts, or polygons.",
+            "anyOf": [
+                { "type": "array", "prefixItems": [{ "type": "number" }, { "type": "number" }], "items": { "type": "number" }, "minItems": 2, "maxItems": 3 },
+                { "type": "array", "items": geometry },
+            ],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A patch deserializes from its JSON: every change but a slice of a file, which [`Patch::load`]
+/// reads.
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Patch {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Patch, D::Error> {
+        patch(Vec::<OpForm>::deserialize(deserializer)?).map_err(de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Ids deserialize from a list of numbers and texts, or `{count}`.
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Ids {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Ids, D::Error> {
+        IdsForm::deserialize(deserializer).map(|form| form.0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An id is a whole number from 0, or a text.
+impl schemars::JsonSchema for Id {
+    fn schema_name() -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Id".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(_: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+        schemars::json_schema!({
+            "description": "A row's id: a whole number from 0, or a text. A number above 2^53 - 1 is written as its decimal text, which names the same row.",
+            "anyOf": [{ "type": "integer", "minimum": 0 }, { "type": "string" }],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// An id deserializes from a whole number from 0 to 2^53 − 1, or a text.
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Id {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Id, D::Error> {
+        Key::deserialize(deserializer)?.0.ok_or_else(|| de::Error::custom("an id is a whole number or a text"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl OpForm {
+    /// The columns its fields are written as.
+    pub(crate) fn columns(&mut self) -> &mut [(String, Column)] {
+        match self {
+            OpForm::Replace(TableForm { fields, .. })
+            | OpForm::Set(TableForm { fields, .. })
+            | OpForm::Append { fields, .. } => &mut fields.0,
+            _ => &mut [],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The patch `ops` make, every slice of a file read already.
+pub(crate) fn patch(ops: Vec<OpForm>) -> Result<Patch> {
+    let mut patch = Patch::new();
+    for (i, op) in ops.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let op = match op {
+            OpForm::Axis { name, unit } => Op::Axis { name: name.into(), unit: unit.into() },
+            OpForm::Replace(form) => Op::Replace(form.table().map_err(|e| e.at(i))?),
+            OpForm::Set(form) => Op::Set(form.table().map_err(|e| e.at(i))?),
+            OpForm::Remove { table, ids } => Op::Remove { table: table.into(), ids: ids.0 },
+            OpForm::Append { at, table, ids, fields } => {
+                let at = match at {
+                    At::One(at) => vec![at],
+                    At::Many(at) => at,
+                };
+                let mut columns = Vec::with_capacity(fields.0.len());
+                for (name, column) in fields.0 {
+                    let values = match column {
+                        Column::Reference { .. } => Err(Error::invalid("append records values, not references")),
+                        column => column.values(),
+                    };
+                    columns.push((
+                        name.as_str().into(),
+                        values.map_err(|e| e.at(name.as_str()).at(table.as_str()).at(i))?,
+                    ));
+                }
+                Op::Append { table: table.into(), at, ids: ids.map(|ids| ids.0), fields: columns }
+            }
+            OpForm::Forget { before } => Op::Forget { before },
+            OpForm::Frames { table, field, level, first, at, values } => {
+                let values = values.iter().map(|v| v.map_or(f32::NAN, |v| v as f32)).collect();
+                Op::frames(table.into(), field.into(), level, first, at, values)
+            }
+        };
+        patch.ops.push(op);
+    }
+    Ok(patch)
+}
+
+impl TableForm {
+    fn table(self) -> Result<Table> {
+        let name = self.table;
+        let mut table = Table::new(name.as_str(), self.ids.0);
+        for (field, column) in self.fields.0 {
+            table = match column {
+                Column::Reference { to, ids } => table.reference(field, to, ids),
+                column => {
+                    let values = column.values().map_err(|e| e.at(field.as_str()).at(name.as_str()))?;
+                    table.field(field, values)
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        Ok(table)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A field's column as written: values, a reference, or a slice of a file.
+pub(crate) enum Column {
+    Values(Values),
+    Reference { to: String, ids: Ids },
+    Slice(Slice),
+}
+
+/// `count` values of `dtype` from byte `offset` of `file`.
+pub(crate) struct Slice {
+    pub(crate) file: String,
+    dtype: Dtype,
+    pub(crate) offset: u64,
+    count: u64,
+}
+
+impl Slice {
+    /// The byte after the slice.
+    pub(crate) fn end(&self) -> Result<u64> {
+        let length =
+            self.count.checked_mul(self.dtype.width()).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("the slice is too long"))?;
+        self.offset.checked_add(length).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("the slice ends past every file"))
+    }
+
+    /// The values its fetched `bytes` hold.
+    pub(crate) fn read(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Values> {
+        let length = self.end()? - self.offset;
+        if bytes.len() as u64 != length {
+            let file = &self.file;
+            return Err(Error::Io(format!("{file}: {} bytes of the slice's {length}", bytes.len()).into()));
+        }
+        Ok(self.dtype.decode(bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+/// How a slice's bytes hold values: little endian; `bool` a byte each, nonzero true.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+enum Dtype {
+    #[serde(rename = "f32le")]
+    F32,
+    #[serde(rename = "f64le")]
+    F64,
+    #[serde(rename = "i32le")]
+    I32,
+    #[serde(rename = "u32le")]
+    U32,
+    #[serde(rename = "u64le")]
+    U64,
+    #[serde(rename = "u8")]
+    U8,
+    #[serde(rename = "bool")]
+    Bool,
+}
+
+impl Dtype {
+    fn width(self) -> u64 {
+        match self {
+            Dtype::U8 | Dtype::Bool => 1,
+            Dtype::F32 | Dtype::I32 | Dtype::U32 => 4,
+            Dtype::F64 | Dtype::U64 => 8,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The values little-endian `bytes` hold, whole values only.
+    fn decode(self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Values {
+        macro_rules! decode {
+            ($t:ty, $n:literal) => {
+                bytes.as_chunks::<$n>().0.iter().map(|v| <$t>::from_le_bytes(*v)).collect::<Vec<$t>>().into()
+            };
+        }
+        match self {
+            Dtype::F32 => decode!(f32, 4),
+            Dtype::F64 => decode!(f64, 8),
+            Dtype::I32 => decode!(i32, 4),
+            Dtype::U32 => decode!(u32, 4),
+            Dtype::U64 => decode!(u64, 8),
+            Dtype::U8 => bytes.iter().map(|&b| u32::from(b)).collect::<Vec<u32>>().into(),
+            Dtype::Bool => bytes.iter().map(|&b| b != 0).collect::<Vec<bool>>().into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Column {
+    /// The values, read already: a slice of a file is read by [`Patch::load`].
+    fn values(self) -> Result<Values> {
+        match self {
+            Column::Values(values) => Ok(values),
+            Column::Reference { .. } => unreachable!("references are fields of their own"),
+            Column::Slice(slice) => {
+                Err(Error::invalid(format!("{}: a slice of a file is read by Patch::load", slice.file)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A table's fields in the order written.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Fields(pub(crate) Vec<(String, Column)>);
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Fields {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Fields, D::Error> {
+        struct Map;
+        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for Map {
+            type Value = Fields;
+            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                f.write_str("an object of fields")
+            }
+            fn visit_map<A: MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: A) -> std::result::Result<Fields, A::Error> {
+                let mut fields = Vec::new();
+                while let Some(name) = map.next_key::<String>()? {
+                    if fields.iter().any(|(n, _)| *n == name) {
+                        return Err(de::Error::custom(format!("field {name} is written twice")));
+                    }
+                    let column = map.next_value_seed(ColumnSeed(&name))?;
+                    fields.push((name, column));
+                }
+                Ok(Fields(fields))
+            }
+        }
+        deserializer.deserialize_map(Map)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A column, named for its errors.
+struct ColumnSeed<'a>(&'a str);
+
+impl<'de> DeserializeSeed<'de> for ColumnSeed<'_> {
+    type Value = Column;
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(self, deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Column, D::Error> {
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(ColumnVisitor(self.0))
+    }
+}
+
+struct ColumnVisitor<'a>(&'a str);
+
+impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for ColumnVisitor<'_> {
+    type Value = Column;
+    fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "field {}: an array of values, a reference, or a slice of a file", self.0)
+    }
+
+    fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> std::result::Result<Column, A::Error> {
+        let mut values = Vec::with_capacity(seq.size_hint().unwrap_or(0));
+        while let Some(Element(value)) = seq.next_element()? {
+            values.push(value);
+        }
+        Values::try_from(values).map(Column::Values).map_err(|e| {
+            let reason = if let Error::Invalid { reason, .. } = e { reason } else { e.to_string().into() };
+            de::Error::custom(format!("field {}: {reason}", self.0))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn visit_map<A: MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: A) -> std::result::Result<Column, A::Error> {
+        let (mut reference, mut ids, mut file, mut dtype, mut offset, mut count) = (None, None, None, None, None, None);
+        while let Some(key) = map.next_key::<String>()? {
+            match key.as_str() {
+                "reference" => reference = Some(map.next_value::<String>()?),
+                "ids" => ids = Some(map.next_value::<IdsForm>()?.0),
+                "file" => file = Some(map.next_value::<String>()?),
+                "dtype" => dtype = Some(map.next_value::<Dtype>()?),
+                "offset" => offset = Some(map.next_value::<u64>()?),
+                "count" => count = Some(map.next_value::<u64>()?),
+                other => {
+                    map.next_value::<IgnoredAny>()?;
+                    return Err(de::Error::custom(format!("field {}: unknown key {other}", self.0)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let missing = |what: &str| de::Error::custom(format!("field {}: {what}", self.0));
+        match (reference, file) {
+            (Some(to), None) if dtype.is_none() && offset.is_none() && count.is_none() => {
+                Ok(Column::Reference { to, ids: ids.ok_or_else(|| missing("a reference names its ids"))? })
+            }
+            (None, Some(file)) if ids.is_none() => Ok(Column::Slice(Slice {
+                file,
+                dtype: dtype.ok_or_else(|| missing("a slice names its dtype"))?,
+                offset: offset.unwrap_or(0),
+                count: count.ok_or_else(|| missing("a slice names its count"))?,
+            })),
+            _ => Err(missing("an object is {reference, ids} or {file, dtype, offset, count}")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One value of an array column: a number, boolean, text, or `[x, y]` geometry; `null`, or an empty
+/// geometry, missing.
+struct Element(Option<Value>);
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Element {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Element, D::Error> {
+        struct One;
+        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for One {
+            type Value = Element;
+            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                f.write_str("a number, boolean, text, [x, y] geometry, or null")
+            }
+            fn visit_unit<E>(self) -> std::result::Result<Element, E> {
+                Ok(Element(None))
+            }
+            fn visit_none<E>(self) -> std::result::Result<Element, E> {
+                Ok(Element(None))
+            }
+            fn visit_f64<E>(self, v: f64) -> std::result::Result<Element, E> {
+                Ok(Element(Some(Value::Number(v))))
+            }
+            fn visit_u64<E>(self, v: u64) -> std::result::Result<Element, E> {
+                Ok(Element(Some(Value::Number(v as f64))))
+            }
+            fn visit_i64<E>(self, v: i64) -> std::result::Result<Element, E> {
+                Ok(Element(Some(Value::Number(v as f64))))
+            }
+            fn visit_bool<E>(self, v: bool) -> std::result::Result<Element, E> {
+                Ok(Element(Some(Value::Bool(v))))
+            }
+            fn visit_str<E>(self, v: &str) -> std::result::Result<Element, E> {
+                Ok(Element(Some(Value::Text(Arc::from(v)))))
+            }
+            fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, seq: A) -> std::result::Result<Element, A::Error> {
+                GeometryVisitor.visit_seq(seq)?.value().map(Element).map_err(de::Error::custom)
+            }
+        }
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(One)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A geometry as written: a point, or a list of geometries one level shallower.
+enum Geometry {
+    Point([f64; 2]),
+    List(Vec<Geometry>),
+}
+
+impl Geometry {
+    /// How deep it nests below its points: 0 a point, 1 a path, 2 parts, 3 polygons.
+    fn depth(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Geometry::Point(_) => 0,
+            Geometry::List(items) => 1 + items.first().map_or(0, Geometry::depth),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn point(self) -> [f64; 2] {
+        match self {
+            Geometry::Point(p) => p,
+            Geometry::List(_) => [f64::NAN; 2],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn list<T>(self, item: impl Fn(Geometry) -> T) -> Vec<T> {
+        match self {
+            Geometry::Point(_) => Vec::new(),
+            Geometry::List(items) => items.into_iter().map(item).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The value it writes: `None` when it is empty.
+    fn value(self) -> std::result::Result<Option<Value>, &'static str> {
+        if matches!(&self, Geometry::List(items) if items.is_empty()) {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        Ok(Some(match self.depth() {
+            0 => Value::Point(self.point()),
+            1 => Value::Path(self.list(Geometry::point)),
+            2 => Value::Parts(self.list(|path| path.list(Geometry::point))),
+            3 => Value::Polygons(self.list(|parts| parts.list(|path| path.list(Geometry::point)))),
+            _ => return Err("geometries nest at most polygons of rings of [x, y] points"),
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+struct GeometryVisitor;
+
+impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for GeometryVisitor {
+    type Value = Geometry;
+    fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("an [x, y] point or a list of geometries")
+    }
+    fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> std::result::Result<Geometry, A::Error> {
+        let Some(first) = seq.next_element::<Part>()? else { return Ok(Geometry::List(Vec::new())) };
+        match first {
+            Part::Number(x) => {
+                let y: f64 = seq.next_element()?.ok_or_else(|| de::Error::custom("a point is [x, y]"))?;
+                // A third coordinate, elevation in GeoJSON, is read past.
+                while seq.next_element::<IgnoredAny>()?.is_some() {}
+                Ok(Geometry::Point([x, y]))
+            }
+            Part::Geometry(first) => {
+                let mut items = vec![first];
+                while let Some(item) = seq.next_element_seed(GeometrySeed)? {
+                    items.push(item);
+                }
+                Ok(Geometry::List(items))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct GeometrySeed;
+
+impl<'de> DeserializeSeed<'de> for GeometrySeed {
+    type Value = Geometry;
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(self, deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Geometry, D::Error> {
+        deserializer.deserialize_seq(GeometryVisitor)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The first item of a geometry's list: a coordinate, or a geometry.
+enum Part {
+    Number(f64),
+    Geometry(Geometry),
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Part {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Part, D::Error> {
+        struct One;
+        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for One {
+            type Value = Part;
+            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                f.write_str("a coordinate or a geometry")
+            }
+            fn visit_f64<E>(self, v: f64) -> std::result::Result<Part, E> {
+                Ok(Part::Number(v))
+            }
+            fn visit_u64<E>(self, v: u64) -> std::result::Result<Part, E> {
+                Ok(Part::Number(v as f64))
+            }
+            fn visit_i64<E>(self, v: i64) -> std::result::Result<Part, E> {
+                Ok(Part::Number(v as f64))
+            }
+            fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, seq: A) -> std::result::Result<Part, A::Error> {
+                GeometryVisitor.visit_seq(seq).map(Part::Geometry)
+            }
+        }
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(One)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Ids as written: numbers or texts with `null` for none, as [`Ids`] takes them, or `{count}`.
+pub(crate) struct IdsForm(pub(crate) Ids);
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for IdsForm {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<IdsForm, D::Error> {
+        struct Any;
+        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for Any {
+            type Value = IdsForm;
+            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                f.write_str("ids: numbers or texts, or {count}")
+            }
+            fn visit_map<A: MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: A) -> std::result::Result<IdsForm, A::Error> {
+                let mut count = None;
+                while let Some(key) = map.next_key::<String>()? {
+                    match key.as_str() {
+                        "count" => count = Some(map.next_value::<u32>()?),
+                        other => return Err(de::Error::custom(format!("ids: unknown key {other}"))),
+                    }
+                }
+                count.map(|n| IdsForm(Ids::count(n))).ok_or_else(|| de::Error::custom("ids as a count are {count}"))
+            }
+            fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> std::result::Result<IdsForm, A::Error> {
+                let mut ids = Vec::with_capacity(seq.size_hint().unwrap_or(0));
+                while let Some(Key(id)) = seq.next_element()? {
+                    ids.push(id);
+                }
+                Ok(IdsForm(Ids::from(ids)))
+            }
+        }
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(Any)
+    }
+}
+
+/// One id as written.
+struct Key(Option<Id>);
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Key {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Key, D::Error> {
+        struct One;
+        impl Visitor<'_> for One {
+            type Value = Key;
+            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                f.write_str("an id: a whole number, a text, or null")
+            }
+            fn visit_unit<E>(self) -> std::result::Result<Key, E> {
+                Ok(Key(None))
+            }
+            fn visit_none<E>(self) -> std::result::Result<Key, E> {
+                Ok(Key(None))
+            }
+            fn visit_u64<E>(self, v: u64) -> std::result::Result<Key, E> {
+                Ok(Key(Some(Id::Number(v))))
+            }
+            fn visit_i64<E: de::Error>(self, v: i64) -> std::result::Result<Key, E> {
+                let n = u64::try_from(v).map_err(|_| E::custom(NUMERIC_ID))?;
+                Ok(Key(Some(Id::Number(n))))
+            }
+            fn visit_f64<E: de::Error>(self, v: f64) -> std::result::Result<Key, E> {
+                if v.fract() == 0.0 && (0.0..=SAFE).contains(&v) {
+                    Ok(Key(Some(Id::Number(v as u64))))
+                } else {
+                    Err(E::custom(NUMERIC_ID))
+                }
+            }
+            fn visit_str<E>(self, v: &str) -> std::result::Result<Key, E> {
+                Ok(Key(Some(Id::from(v))))
+            }
+        }
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(One)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::{Data, Id, Ids, Patch, Value};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn patches_decode_as_written() {
+        let ops = serde_json::json!([
+            {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [7, 9], "fields": {
+                "kv": [1.5, 2.5],
+                "on": [true, false],
+                "name": ["a", null],
+            }}},
+            {"remove": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [9]}},
+        ]);
+        let patch: Patch = serde_json::from_value(ops).expect("a patch");
+        let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+        data.apply(patch).expect("valid");
+        let bus = data.table("Bus").expect("Bus");
+        assert_eq!(bus.ids().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [Id::Number(7)]);
+        assert_eq!(bus.get(7_u64, "kv"), Some(Value::Number(1.5)));
+        assert_eq!(bus.get(7_u64, "on"), Some(Value::Bool(true)));
+        assert_eq!(bus.get(7_u64, "name"), Some(Value::Text("a".into())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn forms_refuse_what_they_cannot_read_now() {
+        let slice = serde_json::json!([{"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": {"count": 1}, "fields": {
+            "kv": {"file": "kv.f64", "dtype": "f64le", "count": 1}}}}]);
+        let error = serde_json::from_value::<Patch>(slice).expect_err("a slice needs Patch::load").to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("Patch::load"), "{error}");
+        assert!(serde_json::from_value::<Ids>(serde_json::json!(3)).is_err(), "a bare number is no count");
+        assert_eq!(serde_json::from_value::<Ids>(serde_json::json!({"count": 3})).expect("a count").len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(serde_json::from_value::<Id>(serde_json::json!(3)).expect("an id"), Id::Number(3));
+        assert!(serde_json::from_value::<Id>(serde_json::json!(1.5)).is_err());
+        assert!(serde_json::from_value::<Id>(serde_json::json!(null)).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/frames.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/frames.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea4b5e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/frames.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+//! Time tiles: a dataset written as the files a view fetches its sampled fields' histories from, in
+//! spans, as it asks for them. A span of level `k` holds `chunk` entries of the level: frames at level
+//! 0, else buckets of `8^k` frames. Eight spans make the one a level up, as four map tiles make the
+//! tile a zoom out, so a span still loading draws the nearest span above it that has landed.
+//!
+//! | File          | What it holds                                                                   |
+//! | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+//! | `frames.json` | the manifest: `data`, `chunk`, `url`, and `frames`, each sampled field's table, |
+//! |               | name, and the frames it reads, `[first, end]`                                   |
+//! | `base.latk`   | the dataset with every sampled field reading its frames but holding none        |
+//! | spans         | at `url`, `{field}` the field's place in `frames`: a patch holding the span's   |
+//! |               | entries, one `frames` change for each run of them                               |
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use super::dataset::Data;
+use super::name::Name;
+use super::patch::{Op, Patch};
+use super::samples::Run;
+use super::table::Field;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// The manifest's name.
+pub(crate) const MANIFEST: &str = "frames.json";
+/// The dataset without its sampled fields' entries.
+const BASE: &str = "base.latk";
+/// Where each span lies, beside the manifest.
+const URL: &str = "{field}/{level}/{index}.latk";
+
+/// A sampled field a manifest lists: its table and name, and the frames it reads, `[first, end]`.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Listed {
+    pub(crate) table: Name,
+    pub(crate) field: Name,
+    pub(crate) levels: u32,
+    #[serde(with = "range")]
+    pub(crate) frames: Range<u64>,
+}
+
+/// What a manifest says: where the dataset without its sampled fields' entries lies, the entries a
+/// span holds, where each span lies, and the fields listed.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Manifest {
+    pub(crate) data: String,
+    pub(crate) chunk: u32,
+    pub(crate) url: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "frames")]
+    pub(crate) fields: Vec<Listed>,
+}
+
+/// Frames `first..end`, written `[first, end]`.
+mod range {
+    use std::ops::Range;
+
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer, de};
+
+    pub(super) fn serialize<S: Serializer>(frames: &Range<u64>, s: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        [frames.start, frames.end].serialize(s)
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn deserialize<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> Result<Range<u64>, D::Error> {
+        match <[u64; 2]>::deserialize(d)? {
+            [first, end] if first <= end => Ok(first..end),
+            _ => Err(de::Error::custom("frames are [first, end], the first at most the end")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Manifest {
+    /// The manifest `bytes` hold; `None` where they hold none, being no JSON object listing `frames`.
+    pub(crate) fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Result<Manifest>> {
+        let json: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(bytes).ok()?;
+        json.get("frames")?.as_array()?;
+        let manifest = crate::json::read::<Manifest, _>(&json).and_then(|m| {
+            if !chunks(m.chunk) {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("a span holds a multiple of 8 entries, 8 to 2^20").at("chunk"));
+            }
+            for (i, field) in m.fields.iter().enumerate() {
+                if field.levels > super::samples::MAX_LEVEL {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid("sample levels run from 0 to 21").at("levels").at(i).at("frames"));
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(m)
+        });
+        Some(manifest.map_err(|e| e.at(MANIFEST)))
+    }
+
+    /// Where span `index` of `level` of the field listed `field`th lies, `url` its template.
+    pub(crate) fn span(url: &str, field: usize, level: u32, index: u64) -> String {
+        url.replace("{field}", &field.to_string())
+            .replace("{level}", &level.to_string())
+            .replace("{index}", &index.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether a span may hold `chunk` entries: a multiple of 8, so a bucket a level up never straddles two.
+fn chunks(chunk: u32) -> bool {
+    (8..=1 << 20).contains(&chunk) && chunk.is_multiple_of(8)
+}
+
+impl Data {
+    /// The dataset as time tiles, each file's path and bytes handed to `write`: `frames.json`, the
+    /// manifest a view's tiles open; `base.latk`, the dataset with its sampled fields reading their
+    /// frames but holding none; and a patch for each span of `chunk` entries of each level of each
+    /// sampled field that holds any, at `{field}/{level}/{index}.latk`. A view given the manifest as
+    /// [`Tiles`](crate::Tiles) fetches the spans its lines draw, at the level of detail its plot
+    /// window asks, and those about the coordinate it shows; until a span lands, the span above it
+    /// draws.
+    ///
+    /// The manifest is written last, so a reader finding it finds every file it names.
+    pub fn to_tiles(&self, chunk: u32, mut write: impl FnMut(&str, &[u8]) -> Result<()>) -> Result<()> {
+        if !chunks(chunk) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a span holds a multiple of 8 entries, 8 to 2^20").at("chunk"));
+        }
+        let entries_per_span = u64::from(chunk);
+        let mut base = self.clone();
+        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+        for table in self.tables() {
+            let rows: Vec<usize> = (0..table.len()).collect();
+            for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+                let Field::Sampled(samples, _) = field else { continue };
+                let place = fields.len();
+                fields.push(Listed {
+                    table: table.name.clone(),
+                    field: name.clone(),
+                    levels: samples.levels(),
+                    frames: samples.start()..samples.end(),
+                });
+                // Runs come level by level, in order, so each span is whole once the next begins.
+                let mut span: Option<((u32, u64), Patch)> = None;
+                for run in samples.runs() {
+                    for index in run.entries.start / entries_per_span..run.entries.end.div_ceil(entries_per_span) {
+                        let entries = run.entries.start.max(index * entries_per_span)
+                            ..run.entries.end.min((index + 1).saturating_mul(entries_per_span));
+                        let part = Run { level: run.level, entries };
+                        let (at, values) = samples.read(&part, &rows);
+                        let op =
+                            Op::frames(table.name.clone(), name.clone(), part.level, part.entries.start, at, values);
+                        if span.as_ref().is_some_and(|(key, _)| *key != (part.level, index))
+                            && let Some(((level, index), tile)) = span.take()
+                        {
+                            write(&Manifest::span(URL, place, level, index), &tile.to_bytes())?;
+                        }
+                        span.get_or_insert_with(|| ((part.level, index), Patch::to(self.name().clone())))
+                            .1
+                            .ops
+                            .push(op);
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(((level, index), tile)) = span {
+                    write(&Manifest::span(URL, place, level, index), &tile.to_bytes())?;
+                }
+                let emptied = samples.emptied();
+                base.sampled(&table.name, name, |samples| {
+                    *samples = emptied;
+                    true
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        write(BASE, &base.to_bytes())?;
+        let manifest = Manifest { data: BASE.to_owned(), chunk, url: URL.to_owned(), fields };
+        write(MANIFEST, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&manifest).expect("JSON").as_bytes())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{Ids, Table};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_history_writes_as_spans_a_manifest_names() {
+        let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+        data.apply(
+            Patch::new().axis("time", "s").replace(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(2)).field("kv", vec![1.0, 2.0])),
+        )
+        .expect("rows");
+        let at: Vec<f64> = (0..100).map(f64::from).collect();
+        let values: Vec<f64> = (0..200).map(|v| f64::from(v % 7)).collect();
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append(&at, "Bus", [("vm", values)])).expect("frames");
+        let mut files = BTreeMap::new();
+        data.to_tiles(16, |path, bytes| {
+            files.insert(path.to_owned(), bytes.to_vec());
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .expect("tiles");
+        let manifest = Manifest::from_bytes(&files[MANIFEST]).expect("a manifest").expect("valid");
+        assert_eq!(manifest.fields, [Listed { table: "Bus".into(), field: "vm".into(), levels: 2, frames: 0..100 }]);
+        // 100 frames: 7 spans of 16 at level 0; 12 buckets of 8 in 1 span at level 1; 1 of 64 at level 2.
+        let spans: Vec<&str> = files
+            .keys()
+            .map(String::as_str)
+            .filter(|p| std::path::Path::new(p).extension().is_some_and(|e| e == "latk") && *p != BASE)
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(spans.len(), 7 + 1 + 1);
+        let mut back = Data::from_bytes(&files[BASE]).expect("the base");
+        assert_eq!(back.describe().span, None, "the base holds no entries");
+        for path in &spans {
+            back.apply(Patch::from_bytes(&files[*path]).expect("a span")).expect("held once");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(back.to_bytes(), data.to_bytes(), "every span put back makes the history again");
+        assert!(Manifest::from_bytes(br#"{"tiles": []}"#).is_none(), "TileJSON is no manifest");
+        let backwards =
+            br#"{"data": "b", "chunk": 16, "url": "u", "frames": [{"table": "t", "field": "f", "levels": 0, "frames": [3, 1]}]}"#;
+        let error = Manifest::from_bytes(backwards).expect("a manifest").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().starts_with("frames.json.frames[0].frames"), "{error}");
+        assert!(data.to_tiles(12, |_, _| Ok(())).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/geometry.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/geometry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25c4705f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/geometry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use super::buffer::Buffer;
+use super::values::Value;
+
+/// Shared, immutable geometries of one depth: nested offsets over `[x, y]` coordinates.
+///
+/// Depth 0 is a point per row, 1 a path, 2 parts (rings of a polygon, or the paths of a multi-path),
+/// and 3 polygons. `levels[0]` is indexed by row; each level's offsets index the next level, and the
+/// last level indexes `coords`. Offsets are absolute, so slicing rows slices only `levels[0]`.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Geometry {
+    depth: u8,
+    levels: Vec<Buffer<u32>>,
+    coords: Buffer<[f64; 2]>,
+}
+
+/// The deepest geometry: polygons of rings of coordinates.
+pub(crate) const MAX_DEPTH: u8 = 3;
+
+impl Geometry {
+    pub(crate) fn depth(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.depth
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self.levels.first() {
+            Some(rows) => rows.len().saturating_sub(1),
+            None => self.coords.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Geometry {
+        let mut levels = self.levels.clone();
+        let coords = match levels.first_mut() {
+            Some(rows) => {
+                *rows = rows.slice(range.start..range.end + 1);
+                self.coords.clone()
+            }
+            None => self.coords.slice(range),
+        };
+        Geometry { depth: self.depth, levels, coords }
+    }
+
+    /// The span `item` of `level` covers in the next level, or in `coords` from the last level.
+    pub(crate) fn span(&self, level: usize, item: usize) -> Range<usize> {
+        let offsets = &self.levels[level];
+        offsets[item] as usize..offsets[item + 1] as usize
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn coords(&self) -> &[[f64; 2]] {
+        &self.coords
+    }
+
+    /// Whether row `row` holds exactly what `other`'s row `other_row` does: the same parts of the same
+    /// coordinates, compared by their bits.
+    pub(crate) fn same_row(&self, row: usize, other: &Geometry, other_row: usize) -> bool {
+        fn same(a: &[[f64; 2]], b: &[[f64; 2]]) -> bool {
+            a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().zip(b).all(|(p, q)| p.map(f64::to_bits) == q.map(f64::to_bits))
+        }
+        fn walk(a: &Geometry, b: &Geometry, level: usize, i: usize, j: usize) -> bool {
+            let (span, other) = (a.span(level, i), b.span(level, j));
+            if span.len() != other.len() {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if level + 1 == a.levels.len() {
+                return same(&a.coords[span], &b.coords[other]);
+            }
+            span.zip(other).all(|(i, j)| walk(a, b, level + 1, i, j))
+        }
+        if self.depth != other.depth {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if self.depth == 0 {
+            return same(&self.coords[row..=row], &other.coords[other_row..=other_row]);
+        }
+        walk(self, other, 0, row, other_row)
+    }
+
+    /// Row `row`'s coordinates, every part's in order.
+    pub(crate) fn row_coords(&self, row: usize) -> &[[f64; 2]] {
+        if self.depth == 0 {
+            return &self.coords[row..=row];
+        }
+        let mut span = row..row + 1;
+        for offsets in &self.levels {
+            span = offsets[span.start] as usize..offsets[span.end] as usize;
+        }
+        &self.coords[span]
+    }
+
+    /// A digest of row `row`: its coordinates and how they break into parts.
+    pub(crate) fn row_hash(&self, row: usize) -> u64 {
+        use std::hash::Hasher;
+        let mut hasher = rustc_hash::FxHasher::default();
+        let mut span = row..row + 1;
+        for offsets in &self.levels {
+            let first = offsets[span.start];
+            for &offset in &offsets[span.clone()] {
+                hasher.write_u32(offset - first);
+            }
+            span = first as usize..offsets[span.end] as usize;
+        }
+        hasher.write_usize(span.len());
+        for point in self.row_coords(row) {
+            hasher.write_u64(point[0].to_bits());
+            hasher.write_u64(point[1].to_bits());
+        }
+        hasher.finish()
+    }
+
+    /// Coordinates the rows span, every part's.
+    pub(crate) fn coords_spanned(&self) -> usize {
+        if self.depth == 0 {
+            return self.len();
+        }
+        let mut span = 0..self.len();
+        for offsets in &self.levels {
+            span = offsets[span.start] as usize..offsets[span.end] as usize;
+        }
+        span.len()
+    }
+
+    /// How many points row `row`'s path takes as shaders read it: every coordinate, and a break
+    /// between its parts or rings.
+    pub(crate) fn row_points(&self, row: usize) -> usize {
+        if self.depth == 0 {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        // The row's parts or rings: the items of the level above its coordinates.
+        let mut span = row..row + 1;
+        for offsets in &self.levels[..self.levels.len() - 1] {
+            span = offsets[span.start] as usize..offsets[span.end] as usize;
+        }
+        let breaks = if self.depth == 1 { 0 } else { span.len().saturating_sub(1) };
+        self.row_coords(row).len() + breaks
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, row: usize) -> Value {
+        match self.depth {
+            0 => Value::Point(self.coords[row]),
+            1 => Value::Path(self.coords[self.span(0, row)].to_vec()),
+            2 => Value::Parts(self.span(0, row).map(|p| self.coords[self.span(1, p)].to_vec()).collect()),
+            _ => Value::Polygons(
+                self.span(0, row)
+                    .map(|polygon| self.span(1, polygon).map(|ring| self.coords[self.span(2, ring)].to_vec()).collect())
+                    .collect(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Offsets relative to each level's first entry and the coordinates the rows span.
+    pub(crate) fn compact(&self) -> (Vec<Vec<u32>>, Vec<[f64; 2]>) {
+        let mut builder = GeometryBuilder::new(self.depth);
+        for row in 0..self.len() {
+            builder.push_from(self, row);
+        }
+        let Geometry { levels, coords, .. } = builder.finish();
+        (levels.iter().map(|l| l.to_vec()).collect(), coords.to_vec())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_parts(depth: u8, levels: Vec<Vec<u32>>, coords: Vec<[f64; 2]>) -> Option<Geometry> {
+        if depth > MAX_DEPTH || levels.len() != depth as usize {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut next = coords.len();
+        for offsets in levels.iter().rev() {
+            let ok = offsets.first() == Some(&0)
+                && offsets.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1])
+                && offsets.last().is_some_and(|&end| end as usize == next);
+            if !ok {
+                return None;
+            }
+            next = offsets.len() - 1;
+        }
+        Some(Geometry { depth, levels: levels.into_iter().map(Buffer::from).collect(), coords: coords.into() })
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Geometry {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_list().entries((0..self.len()).map(|row| self.get(row))).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds [`Geometry`] one row at a time.
+pub(crate) struct GeometryBuilder {
+    depth: u8,
+    levels: Vec<Vec<u32>>,
+    coords: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
+}
+
+impl GeometryBuilder {
+    pub(crate) fn new(depth: u8) -> GeometryBuilder {
+        GeometryBuilder { depth, levels: (0..depth).map(|_| vec![0]).collect(), coords: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_from(&mut self, source: &Geometry, row: usize) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(source.depth, self.depth);
+        if self.depth == 0 {
+            self.coords.push(source.coords[row]);
+        } else {
+            self.copy(source, 0, row);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn copy(&mut self, source: &Geometry, level: usize, item: usize) {
+        let span = source.span(level, item);
+        if level + 1 == source.levels.len() {
+            self.coords.extend_from_slice(&source.coords[span]);
+        } else {
+            for child in span {
+                self.copy(source, level + 1, child);
+            }
+        }
+        self.close(level);
+    }
+
+    /// An empty row: no coordinates, or a missing point.
+    pub(crate) fn push_empty(&mut self) {
+        if self.depth == 0 {
+            self.coords.push([f64::NAN; 2]);
+        } else {
+            self.close(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_path(&mut self, path: &[[f64; 2]]) {
+        self.coords.extend_from_slice(path);
+    }
+
+    /// Ends the current item of `level`: its children are everything pushed since the last close.
+    pub(crate) fn close(&mut self, level: usize) {
+        let next = match self.levels.get(level + 1) {
+            Some(offsets) => offsets.len() - 1,
+            None => self.coords.len(),
+        };
+        self.levels[level].push(u32::try_from(next).expect("a geometry page holds at most 2^32 items"));
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push_value(&mut self, value: &Value) -> bool {
+        match (self.depth, value) {
+            (0, Value::Point(p)) => self.coords.push(*p),
+            (1, Value::Path(path)) => {
+                self.push_path(path);
+                self.close(0);
+            }
+            (2, Value::Parts(parts)) => {
+                for part in parts {
+                    self.push_path(part);
+                    self.close(1);
+                }
+                self.close(0);
+            }
+            (3, Value::Polygons(polygons)) => {
+                for polygon in polygons {
+                    for ring in polygon {
+                        self.push_path(ring);
+                        self.close(2);
+                    }
+                    self.close(1);
+                }
+                self.close(0);
+            }
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn finish(self) -> Geometry {
+        Geometry {
+            depth: self.depth,
+            levels: self.levels.into_iter().map(Buffer::from).collect(),
+            coords: self.coords.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn polygons() -> Geometry {
+        let mut builder = GeometryBuilder::new(3);
+        let square = vec![[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0]];
+        builder.push_value(&Value::Polygons(vec![vec![square.clone()], vec![square.clone(), square.clone()]]));
+        builder.push_empty();
+        builder.push_value(&Value::Polygons(vec![vec![square]]));
+        builder.finish()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows_round_trip_through_slices() {
+        let geometry = polygons();
+        assert_eq!(geometry.len(), 3);
+        let tail = geometry.slice(1..3);
+        assert_eq!(tail.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(tail.get(0), Value::Polygons(Vec::new()));
+        assert_eq!(tail.get(1), geometry.get(2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn compact_parts_validate() {
+        let geometry = polygons().slice(1..3);
+        let (levels, coords) = geometry.compact();
+        let rebuilt = Geometry::from_parts(3, levels, coords).expect("valid");
+        assert_eq!(rebuilt.get(1), geometry.get(1));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/ids.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/ids.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1796042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/ids.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+use std::hash::BuildHasher;
+
+use hashbrown::HashTable;
+use hashbrown::hash_table::Entry;
+use rustc_hash::FxBuildHasher;
+
+use super::column::{Column, PAGE_BITS, PAGE_MASK};
+use super::name::{Id, IdRef};
+use super::values::{Array, Values};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// Row ids, as given to [`Table::new`](crate::Table::new) or [`Patch::remove`](crate::Patch::remove),
+/// and the target ids of a reference.
+///
+/// [`Ids::count`] names rows `0..n`. Lists convert from vectors, arrays, and slices of numbers or
+/// texts; for a reference, `None` leaves a row unwired. A bare number is never a count.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{Ids, Table};
+/// let buses = Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(3));          // ids 0, 1, 2
+/// let lines = Table::new("Line", [101_u64, 205]);       // ids 101 and 205
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Ids(pub(crate) IdList);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum IdList {
+    Count(u32),
+    Listed(Values),
+}
+
+/// Ids are equal when they name the same rows in the same order.
+impl PartialEq for Ids {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Ids) -> bool {
+        self.len() == other.len() && (0..self.len()).all(|i| self.key(i) == other.key(i))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ids {
+    /// Ids `0..n`, one per row in row order.
+    pub fn count(n: u32) -> Ids {
+        Ids(IdList::Count(n))
+    }
+
+    /// The number of ids.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.0 {
+            IdList::Count(n) => *n as usize,
+            IdList::Listed(v) => v.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether there are no ids.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn key(&self, i: usize) -> Option<IdRef<'_>> {
+        match &self.0 {
+            IdList::Count(_) => Some(IdRef::Number(i as u64)),
+            IdList::Listed(values) => key(values, i),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn key(values: &Values, i: usize) -> Option<IdRef<'_>> {
+    if !values.is_valid(i) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match &values.array {
+        Array::U64(v) => Some(IdRef::Number(v[i])),
+        Array::Text(v) => Some(IdRef::Text(v.get(i))),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! listed {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {$(
+        impl From<$t> for Ids {
+            fn from(ids: $t) -> Ids {
+                Ids::listed(Values::from(ids))
+            }
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+listed!(
+    Vec<u64>,
+    &[u64],
+    Vec<Option<u64>>,
+    Vec<String>,
+    &[String],
+    Vec<&str>,
+    &[&str],
+    Vec<Option<String>>,
+    Vec<Option<&str>>
+);
+
+impl<const N: usize> From<[&str; N]> for Ids {
+    fn from(ids: [&str; N]) -> Ids {
+        Ids::listed(Values::from(ids))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> From<[u64; N]> for Ids {
+    fn from(ids: [u64; N]) -> Ids {
+        Ids::listed(Values::from(ids))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<u32>> for Ids {
+    fn from(ids: Vec<u32>) -> Ids {
+        Ids::listed(Values::from(ids.into_iter().map(u64::from).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&[u32]> for Ids {
+    fn from(ids: &[u32]) -> Ids {
+        Ids::listed(Values::from(ids.iter().copied().map(u64::from).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Option<u32>>> for Ids {
+    fn from(ids: Vec<Option<u32>>) -> Ids {
+        Ids::listed(Values::from(ids.into_iter().map(|id| id.map(u64::from)).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Id>> for Ids {
+    fn from(ids: Vec<Id>) -> Ids {
+        Ids::from(ids.into_iter().map(Some).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Option<Id>>> for Ids {
+    fn from(ids: Vec<Option<Id>>) -> Ids {
+        if ids.iter().flatten().all(|id| matches!(id, Id::Number(_))) {
+            let numbers = ids.into_iter().map(|id| id.map(|id| if let Id::Number(n) = id { n } else { 0 }));
+            return Ids::from(numbers.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        }
+        Ids::from(ids.into_iter().map(|id| id.map(|id| id.to_string())).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ids {
+    fn listed(values: Values) -> Ids {
+        Ids(IdList::Listed(values))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A table's row ids: a count when they are `0..n` in row order, else a paged column.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum RowIds {
+    Count(u32),
+    Listed(Column),
+}
+
+impl RowIds {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ids: &Ids) -> RowIds {
+        match &ids.0 {
+            IdList::Count(n) => RowIds::Count(*n),
+            IdList::Listed(values) => RowIds::Listed(Column::new(values)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            RowIds::Count(n) => *n as usize,
+            RowIds::Listed(c) => c.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn key(&self, row: usize) -> Option<IdRef<'_>> {
+        match self {
+            RowIds::Count(_) => Some(IdRef::Number(row as u64)),
+            RowIds::Listed(c) => key(&c.pages()[row >> PAGE_BITS].values, row & PAGE_MASK),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn id(&self, row: usize) -> Option<Id> {
+        self.key(row).map(IdRef::to_id)
+    }
+
+    /// The ids with `added` appended; a count stays a count while the new ids continue it. Ids of
+    /// another kind than the table's (texts for a table of numbers) are an error.
+    pub(crate) fn extend(&self, added: &[Id]) -> Result<RowIds> {
+        if added.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(self.clone());
+        }
+        if let RowIds::Count(n) = self
+            && added.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, id)| *id == Id::Number(u64::from(*n) + i as u64))
+        {
+            return Ok(RowIds::Count(n + added.len() as u32));
+        }
+        let column = self.listed();
+        let IdList::Listed(source) = Ids::from(added.to_vec()).0 else { unreachable!("a list of ids") };
+        if source.kind() != column.kind() {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("ids of another kind than the table's: numbers and texts do not mix"));
+        }
+        let len = column.len() + added.len();
+        let writes: Vec<(usize, usize)> = (0..added.len()).map(|k| (column.len() + k, k)).collect();
+        Ok(RowIds::Listed(column.write(len, &writes, &Column::new(&source))?))
+    }
+
+    /// The ids with `len` rows (at least the current count) and `writes` applied, `(row, row of
+    /// source)` by row, a hole where the row of source is a [`HOLE`](super::values::HOLE). Pages no
+    /// write touches keep their ids.
+    pub(crate) fn write(&self, len: usize, writes: &[(usize, usize)], source: &RowIds) -> Result<RowIds> {
+        // The ids written, gathered first, so a count's ids are made only for those.
+        let from: Vec<usize> = writes.iter().map(|&(_, s)| s).collect();
+        let written = match source {
+            RowIds::Count(_) => {
+                let ids: Vec<Option<u64>> =
+                    from.iter().map(|&s| (s != super::values::HOLE).then_some(s as u64)).collect();
+                Column::new(&Values::from(ids))
+            }
+            RowIds::Listed(column) => column.gather(&from),
+        };
+        let at: Vec<(usize, usize)> = writes.iter().enumerate().map(|(k, &(row, _))| (row, k)).collect();
+        Ok(RowIds::Listed(self.listed().write(len, &at, &written)?))
+    }
+
+    /// The ids of `rows`, in that order.
+    pub(crate) fn gather(&self, rows: &[usize]) -> RowIds {
+        if rows.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, &r)| i == r) {
+            return match self {
+                RowIds::Count(_) => RowIds::Count(rows.len() as u32),
+                RowIds::Listed(c) => RowIds::Listed(c.gather(rows)),
+            };
+        }
+        RowIds::Listed(self.listed().gather(rows))
+    }
+
+    fn listed(&self) -> Column {
+        match self {
+            RowIds::Count(n) => Column::new(&Values::from((0..u64::from(*n)).collect::<Vec<_>>())),
+            RowIds::Listed(c) => c.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Every page's numbered ids, when every id is a number: what lookups read without matching each
+    /// id's kind.
+    pub(crate) fn numbers(&self) -> Option<Vec<&[u64]>> {
+        let RowIds::Listed(column) = self else { return None };
+        column
+            .pages()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|page| match (&page.values.array, &page.values.valid) {
+                (Array::U64(v), None) => Some(&v[..]),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The first row without an id: a hole, which only the rows a view draws of a table drawn through
+    /// tiles have.
+    pub(crate) fn hole(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        let RowIds::Listed(column) = self else { return None };
+        let mut start = 0;
+        for page in column.pages() {
+            if let Some(valid) = &page.values.valid
+                && let Some(i) = (0..page.values.len()).find(|&i| !valid.get(i))
+            {
+                return Some(start + i);
+            }
+            start += page.values.len();
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// How many rows are holes, without an id.
+    pub(crate) fn holes(&self) -> usize {
+        let RowIds::Listed(column) = self else { return 0 };
+        column.pages().iter().filter_map(|p| p.values.valid.as_ref().map(|v| p.values.len() - v.count())).sum()
+    }
+
+    /// The id → row index, past holes; an error names a repeated id.
+    pub(crate) fn index(&self) -> Result<Index> {
+        let RowIds::Listed(_) = self else { return Ok(Index::Identity(self.len() as u32)) };
+        if let Some(pages) = self.numbers() {
+            return numbered(&pages, self.len());
+        }
+        let mut table = HashTable::with_capacity(self.len());
+        for row in 0..self.len() {
+            let Some(key) = self.key(row) else { continue };
+            let eq = |&r: &u32| self.key(r as usize) == Some(key);
+            let rehash = |&r: &u32| hash(self.key(r as usize).expect("indexed rows have ids"));
+            match table.entry(hash(key), eq, rehash) {
+                Entry::Occupied(_) => return Err(Error::invalid(format!("id {key:?} appears twice")).at(row)),
+                Entry::Vacant(slot) => {
+                    slot.insert(row as u32);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Index::Table(table))
+    }
+}
+
+/// The index of numbered ids, read page by page.
+fn numbered(pages: &[&[u64]], len: usize) -> Result<Index> {
+    let id = |r: u32| pages[r as usize >> PAGE_BITS][r as usize & PAGE_MASK];
+    let mut table = HashTable::with_capacity(len);
+    for (p, page) in pages.iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, &n) in page.iter().enumerate() {
+            let row = p << PAGE_BITS | i;
+            match table.entry(hash(IdRef::Number(n)), |&r| id(r) == n, |&r| hash(IdRef::Number(id(r)))) {
+                Entry::Occupied(_) => return Err(Error::invalid(format!("id {n} appears twice")).at(row)),
+                Entry::Vacant(slot) => {
+                    slot.insert(row as u32);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(Index::Table(table))
+}
+
+/// Finds a row by id without allocating.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Index {
+    Identity(u32),
+    Table(HashTable<u32>),
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn hash(key: IdRef<'_>) -> u64 {
+    FxBuildHasher.hash_one(key)
+}
+
+impl Index {
+    /// The rows numbered ids `ids` name, `unwired` where one names none or is missing, and whether a
+    /// present id named no row: the loop chosen once for the ids' and the rows' kinds.
+    pub(crate) fn resolve(&self, rows: &RowIds, ids: &Values, unwired: u32) -> (Vec<u32>, bool) {
+        let valid = |i: usize| ids.valid.as_ref().is_none_or(|v| v.get(i));
+        let mut dangling = false;
+        let mut found = |row: Option<usize>| {
+            dangling |= row.is_none();
+            row.map_or(unwired, |r| r as u32)
+        };
+        let resolved = match (self, &ids.array, rows.numbers()) {
+            (Index::Identity(count), Array::U64(v), _) => {
+                let count = u64::from(*count);
+                v.iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(i, &n)| if valid(i) { found((n < count).then_some(n as usize)) } else { unwired })
+                    .collect()
+            }
+            (Index::Table(table), Array::U64(v), Some(pages)) => {
+                let id = |r: u32| pages[r as usize >> PAGE_BITS][r as usize & PAGE_MASK];
+                v.iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(i, &n)| {
+                        if !valid(i) {
+                            return unwired;
+                        }
+                        found(table.find(hash(IdRef::Number(n)), |&r| id(r) == n).map(|&r| r as usize))
+                    })
+                    .collect()
+            }
+            _ => (0..ids.len()).map(|i| key(ids, i).map_or(unwired, |key| found(self.get(rows, key)))).collect(),
+        };
+        (resolved, dangling)
+    }
+
+    /// The row with id `key`. A numbered row is also named by its id in decimal text, as ids too
+    /// large for a JSON or JavaScript number are written.
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, ids: &RowIds, key: IdRef<'_>) -> Option<usize> {
+        let number = |text: &str| text.parse::<u64>().ok().and_then(|n| self.get(ids, IdRef::Number(n)));
+        match (self, key) {
+            (Index::Identity(n), IdRef::Number(i)) => (i < u64::from(*n)).then_some(i as usize),
+            (Index::Identity(_), IdRef::Text(text)) => number(text),
+            (Index::Table(table), key) => table
+                .find(hash(key), |&r| ids.key(r as usize) == Some(key))
+                .map(|&r| r as usize)
+                .or_else(|| if let IdRef::Text(text) = key { number(text) } else { None }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn counts_extend_as_counts() {
+        let ids = RowIds::Count(3).extend(&[Id::Number(3), Id::Number(4)]).expect("numbers");
+        assert!(matches!(ids, RowIds::Count(5)));
+        let ids = ids.extend(&[Id::Number(9)]).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(ids.len(), 6);
+        assert_eq!(ids.id(5), Some(Id::Number(9)));
+        let index = ids.index().expect("unique");
+        assert_eq!(index.get(&ids, IdRef::Number(9)), Some(5));
+        assert_eq!(index.get(&ids, IdRef::Number(2)), Some(2));
+        assert!(ids.extend(&[Id::from("a")]).is_err(), "texts do not join numbers");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn repeated_ids_are_invalid() {
+        let ids = RowIds::new(&Ids::from(vec!["a", "b", "a"]));
+        assert!(ids.index().is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gather_keeps_ids() {
+        let ids = RowIds::new(&Ids::from(vec!["a", "b", "c"])).gather(&[2, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(ids.id(0), Some(Id::from("c")));
+        assert_eq!(RowIds::Count(4).gather(&[0, 2]).id(1), Some(Id::Number(2)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn holes_have_no_id_and_index_past() {
+        let ids = RowIds::new(&Ids::from(vec!["a", "b", "c"])).gather(&[2, super::super::values::HOLE, 0]);
+        assert_eq!((ids.id(1), ids.hole()), (None, Some(1)));
+        let index = ids.index().expect("unique past the hole");
+        assert_eq!(index.get(&ids, IdRef::Text("a")), Some(2));
+        let numbered = RowIds::Count(3).gather(&[1, super::super::values::HOLE]);
+        assert_eq!(numbered.index().expect("unique").get(&numbered, IdRef::Number(1)), Some(0));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/json.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/json.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..700e6501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/json.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+//! Datasets and patches as JSON: the format is documented on [`Patch::load`], its forms in
+//! `forms.rs`; slices of binary files are fetched through a host.
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+use super::dataset::Data;
+use super::forms::{Column, DataForm, OpForm, patch};
+use super::name::Name;
+use super::ordered::Ordered;
+use super::patch::Patch;
+use crate::resource::{Fetch, Request};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+impl Patch {
+    /// A patch from its JSON: what any language writes without latkit. The patch is a list of the
+    /// changes [`Patch`]'s methods make, each named by its method with its parameters by name.
+    ///
+    /// ```json
+    /// [
+    ///   {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [101, 205], "fields": {"x": [0, 10], "name": ["North", "South"]}}},
+    ///   {"replace": {"table": "Branch", "ids": {"count": 1}, "fields": {"from": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": [101]}}}},
+    ///   {"axis": {"name": "time", "unit": "s"}},
+    ///   {"append": {"at": [0, 0.5], "table": "Bus", "fields": {"vm": {"file": "vm.f32", "dtype": "f32le", "count": 4}}}}
+    /// ]
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// - `replace` and `set` take `{table, ids, fields}`, `remove` `{table, ids}`, `append` `{at, table,
+    ///   ids?, fields}`, `forget` `{before}`, `axis` `{name, unit}`, and `frames` `{table, field,
+    ///   level?, first, at, values}`, as [`Patch::frames`] takes them.
+    /// - `ids` is a count naming rows `0..n`, or numbers or texts; `null` leaves a reference unwired.
+    /// - A field is an array of one kind of value, as [`Values`](crate::Values) takes them; `{"reference": table,
+    ///   "ids": ids}`; or a slice of a binary file, `{"file", "dtype", "offset", "count"}`: `count`
+    ///   values from byte `offset` (0 unless given) of dtype `f32le`, `f64le`, `i32le`, `u32le`,
+    ///   `u64le`, `u8` (numbers), or `bool` (a byte each, nonzero true).
+    /// - `append`'s `at` is one axis coordinate or several, as [`Patch::append`] takes them.
+    /// - An error names the path to what could not be read, such as `[2].set.fields.x`.
+    ///
+    /// Slices are fetched through `host`, all at once: a file's path or URL relative to `base`, the
+    /// document's own, or as it is when `base` is empty or the file's is absolute.
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn example(host: &impl latkit::resource::Fetch) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+    /// let json = r#"[{"append": {"at": 0.5, "table": "Bus", "fields": {"vm": {"file": "vm.f32", "dtype": "f32le", "count": 3}}}}]"#;
+    /// let patch = latkit::Patch::load(json, "data/grid.json", host).await?; // reads data/vm.f32
+    /// # Ok(()) }
+    /// ```
+    pub async fn load(json: &str, base: &str, host: &(impl Fetch + ?Sized)) -> Result<Patch> {
+        let ops: Vec<OpForm> = crate::from_json(json)?;
+        build(ops, base, host).await
+    }
+}
+
+impl Data {
+    /// A dataset from its JSON, `{"name": ..., "patch": [...]}`: its name and the patch that builds it,
+    /// as its bytes are. The patch loads as [`Patch::load`] loads one.
+    pub async fn load(json: &str, base: &str, host: &(impl Fetch + ?Sized)) -> Result<Data> {
+        let form: DataForm = crate::from_json(json)?;
+        if form.name.is_empty() {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a dataset is named").at("name"));
+        }
+        let patch = build(form.patch, base, host).await.map_err(|e| e.at("patch"))?;
+        let mut data = Data::new(form.name);
+        data.apply(patch)?;
+        Ok(data)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Patches by dataset name, in the order written: what one step of a stream of changes carries, as
+/// JSON `{"grid": [...], "weather": [...]}`, each patch in [`Patch::load`]'s form.
+#[derive(Default, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Patches(Ordered<Vec<OpForm>>);
+
+impl schemars::JsonSchema for Patches {
+    fn schema_name() -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Patches".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+        let mut schema = <Ordered<Vec<OpForm>>>::json_schema(generator);
+        schema.insert("description".into(), "Patches by dataset name, in the order written.".into());
+        schema
+    }
+}
+
+impl Patches {
+    /// Each dataset's patch, in order, their slices fetched through `host` relative to `base`.
+    pub async fn load(self, base: &str, host: &(impl Fetch + ?Sized)) -> Result<Vec<(Name, Patch)>> {
+        let mut patches = Vec::with_capacity(self.0.0.len());
+        for (name, ops) in self.0.0 {
+            let patch = build(ops, base, host).await.map_err(|e| e.at(name.as_str()))?;
+            patches.push((name, patch));
+        }
+        Ok(patches)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The patch `ops` make: their slices of files fetched through `host` at once, relative to `base`,
+/// then each change built in order.
+async fn build(mut ops: Vec<OpForm>, base: &str, host: &(impl Fetch + ?Sized)) -> Result<Patch> {
+    let mut slices: Vec<&mut Column> = ops
+        .iter_mut()
+        .flat_map(|op| op.columns().iter_mut().map(|(_, column)| column))
+        .filter(|column| matches!(column, Column::Slice(_)))
+        .collect();
+    let fetching = slices
+        .iter()
+        .map(|column| {
+            let Column::Slice(slice) = &**column else { unreachable!("slices only") };
+            Ok(host.fetch(&Request::range(crate::url::resolve(base, &slice.file), slice.offset..slice.end()?)))
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    for (column, bytes) in slices.iter_mut().zip(fetching) {
+        let Column::Slice(slice) = &**column else { unreachable!("slices only") };
+        let values = slice.read(&bytes.await?)?;
+        **column = Column::Values(values);
+    }
+    drop(slices);
+    patch(ops)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{Kind, Pending, Row, Value};
+
+    /// A host fetching from files in memory, and counting what it fetched.
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct Files(HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>, std::sync::Mutex<Vec<Request>>);
+
+    impl Fetch for Files {
+        fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+            self.1.lock().unwrap().push(request.clone());
+            let bytes = self.0.get(&*request.url).map_or_else(Vec::new, |bytes| {
+                let range = request.range.clone().unwrap_or(0..bytes.len() as u64);
+                bytes[range.start as usize..(range.end as usize).min(bytes.len())].to_vec()
+            });
+            Pending::ready(Ok(bytes))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn load_data(json: &str, host: &Files) -> Result<Data> {
+        pollster::block_on(Data::load(json, "docs/grid.json", host))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_dataset_reads_its_tables_references_and_geometry() {
+        let json = r#"{"name": "grid", "patch": [
+            {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": ["b", "a"], "fields": {
+                "x": [1.5, null], "on": [true, false], "name": ["B", null],
+                "at": [[0, 1], [2, 3, 9]], "path": [[[0, 0], [1, 1]], []]}}},
+            {"replace": {"table": "Branch", "ids": {"count": 1}, "fields": {"from": {"reference": "Bus", "ids": ["a"]}}}}
+        ]}"#;
+        let data = load_data(json, &Files::default()).unwrap();
+        let bus = data.table("Bus").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bus.get("b", "x"), Some(Value::Number(1.5)));
+        assert_eq!(bus.get("a", "x"), None);
+        assert_eq!(bus.get("a", "on"), Some(Value::Bool(false)));
+        assert_eq!(bus.get("b", "name"), Some(Value::Text("B".into())));
+        assert_eq!(bus.get("a", "at"), Some(Value::Point([2.0, 3.0])));
+        assert_eq!(bus.kind("path"), Some(Kind::Path));
+        assert_eq!(bus.get("b", "path"), Some(Value::Path(vec![[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0]])));
+        let row = Row { data: "grid".into(), table: "Branch".into(), id: 0_u64.into() };
+        let target = Row { data: "grid".into(), table: "Bus".into(), id: "a".into() };
+        assert_eq!(data.get(&row, "from"), Some(Value::Row(target)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn slices_fetch_at_once_relative_to_the_document_and_append_frames() {
+        let floats: Vec<u8> = [9_f32, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0].into_iter().flat_map(f32::to_le_bytes).collect();
+        let host = Files([("docs/v.f32".to_owned(), floats)].into(), std::sync::Mutex::default());
+        let json = r#"{"name": "grid", "patch": [
+            {"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": {"count": 2}, "fields": {"kv": {"file": "v.f32", "dtype": "f32le", "offset": 4, "count": 2}}}},
+            {"axis": {"name": "time", "unit": "s"}},
+            {"append": {"at": [0, 1], "table": "Bus", "fields": {"vm": {"file": "v.f32", "dtype": "f32le", "offset": 4, "count": 4}}}},
+            {"forget": {"before": -1}}
+        ]}"#;
+        let data = load_data(json, &host).unwrap();
+        let asked: Vec<Request> = host.1.lock().unwrap().clone();
+        assert_eq!(asked, [Request::range("docs/v.f32", 4..12), Request::range("docs/v.f32", 4..20)]);
+        assert_eq!(data.span(), Some([0.0, 1.0]));
+        let row = |id: u64| Row { data: "grid".into(), table: "Bus".into(), id: id.into() };
+        assert_eq!(data.get(&row(1), "kv"), Some(Value::Number(2.0)));
+        assert_eq!(data.get_at(&row(1), "vm", 1.0), Some(Value::Number(4.0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn errors_name_the_change_table_and_field() {
+        let error = |json: &str| {
+            pollster::block_on(Patch::load(json, "", &Files::default())).map(|_| ()).unwrap_err().to_string()
+        };
+        assert!(
+            error(r#"[{"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": {"count": 2}, "fields": {"x": [1, "a"]}}}]"#)
+                .contains("field x")
+        );
+        assert!(error(r#"[{"bend": {}}]"#).contains("unknown variant"));
+        let named = error(r#"[{"axis": {"name": "t", "unit": "s"}}, {"remove": {"table": 3, "ids": []}}]"#);
+        assert!(named.starts_with("[1].remove.table"), "{named}");
+        assert!(
+            error(
+                r#"[{"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": {"count": 1}, "fields": {"x": {"file": "f", "count": 1}}}}]"#
+            )
+            .contains("dtype")
+        );
+        let missing = r#"[{"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": {"count": 1}, "fields": {"x": {"file": "f.bin", "dtype": "f64le", "count": 1}}}}]"#;
+        assert_eq!(error(missing), "io: f.bin: 0 bytes of the slice's 8");
+        let invalid = load_data(
+            r#"{"name": "grid", "patch": [{"replace": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [1, 1]}}]}"#,
+            &Files::default(),
+        );
+        assert!(matches!(invalid, Err(Error::Invalid { path, .. }) if path.to_string().starts_with("patch[0]")));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcdd1133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//! Datasets: named tables of paged, immutable columns, changed only by patches.
+
+mod bits;
+mod buffer;
+mod bytes;
+mod column;
+mod dataset;
+mod describe;
+mod forms;
+mod frames;
+mod geometry;
+mod ids;
+mod json;
+mod name;
+mod ordered;
+mod patch;
+mod query;
+mod samples;
+mod table;
+mod text;
+mod values;
+
+pub use bytes::DecodeLimits;
+pub use dataset::Data;
+pub use describe::{Description, Envelope, FieldDescription, TableDescription};
+pub use ids::Ids;
+pub use name::{Id, Name, Row, Rows};
+pub use patch::Patch;
+pub use table::Table;
+pub use values::{Kind, Value, Values};
+pub use {
+    json::Patches,
+    query::{Order, Query},
+};
+
+pub(crate) use {geometry::Geometry, table::Field};
+
+// What the GPU side reads of the data.
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub(crate) use {
+    column::{Column, PAGE_ROWS, Page},
+    frames::{Listed, Manifest},
+    geometry::GeometryBuilder,
+    ids::RowIds,
+    name::{PageId, Version},
+    patch::Op,
+    samples::{AxisPage, FRAME_PAGE_WORDS, FramePage, MAX_LEVEL, Run, Samples, bucket_frames, detail, sides},
+    table::{Inverse, Reference, UNWIRED},
+    values::HOLE,
+};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/name.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/name.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edd16fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/name.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+use std::borrow::Borrow;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+/// The name of a dataset, table, or field: cheap to clone, compared and ordered by its text.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(transparent)]
+pub struct Name(Arc<str>);
+
+/// A name is a text.
+impl schemars::JsonSchema for Name {
+    fn inline_schema() -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn schema_name() -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Name".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(_: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+        schemars::json_schema!({ "type": "string" })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Name {
+    /// The name's text.
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for Name {
+    type Target = str;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Borrow<str> for Name {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<str> for Name {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Name {
+    fn from(name: &str) -> Name {
+        Name(name.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Name {
+    fn from(name: String) -> Name {
+        Name(name.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&String> for Name {
+    fn from(name: &String) -> Name {
+        Name(name.as_str().into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Name> for Name {
+    fn from(name: &Name) -> Name {
+        name.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Arc<str>> for Name {
+    fn from(name: Arc<str>) -> Name {
+        Name(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<str> for Name {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
+        &*self.0 == other
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<&str> for Name {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &&str) -> bool {
+        &*self.0 == *other
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Name {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(&self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Name {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(&*self.0, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A row's identity within its table: a number or a text. A number above 2^53 − 1 serializes as
+/// decimal text, which names the same row, since JSON readers such as JavaScript's round it.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum Id {
+    /// A numeric id.
+    Number(u64),
+    /// A text id.
+    Text(Arc<str>),
+}
+
+impl Id {
+    pub(crate) fn as_ref(&self) -> IdRef<'_> {
+        match self {
+            Id::Number(n) => IdRef::Number(*n),
+            Id::Text(t) => IdRef::Text(t),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The largest whole number every JSON reader holds exactly.
+const SAFE: u64 = (1 << 53) - 1;
+
+impl serde::Serialize for Id {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Id::Number(n) if *n <= SAFE => serializer.serialize_u64(*n),
+            Id::Number(n) => serializer.collect_str(n),
+            Id::Text(t) => serializer.serialize_str(t),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for Id {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.as_ref().hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Id {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Id::Number(n) => write!(f, "{n}"),
+            Id::Text(t) => f.write_str(t),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Id {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Id::Number(n) => write!(f, "{n}"),
+            Id::Text(t) => write!(f, "{t:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! number_ids {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {$(
+        impl From<$t> for Id {
+            fn from(n: $t) -> Id {
+                Id::Number(u64::from(n))
+            }
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+number_ids!(u32, u16, u8);
+
+impl From<u64> for Id {
+    fn from(n: u64) -> Id {
+        Id::Number(n)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<usize> for Id {
+    fn from(n: usize) -> Id {
+        Id::Number(n as u64)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Id {
+    fn from(text: &str) -> Id {
+        Id::Text(text.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Id {
+    fn from(text: String) -> Id {
+        Id::Text(text.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Arc<str>> for Id {
+    fn from(text: Arc<str>) -> Id {
+        Id::Text(text)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A borrowed [`Id`], for lookups that must not allocate.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum IdRef<'a> {
+    Number(u64),
+    Text(&'a str),
+}
+
+impl IdRef<'_> {
+    pub(crate) fn to_id(self) -> Id {
+        match self {
+            IdRef::Number(n) => Id::Number(n),
+            IdRef::Text(t) => Id::Text(t.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A row of a table in a dataset. It survives any change that keeps the names and the id.
+#[derive(
+    Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema,
+)]
+pub struct Row {
+    /// The dataset's name.
+    pub data: Name,
+    /// The table's name.
+    pub table: Name,
+    /// The row's id in the table.
+    pub id: Id,
+}
+
+impl Row {
+    /// The row with `id` in `table` of `data`.
+    pub fn new(data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>, id: impl Into<Id>) -> Row {
+        Row { data: data.into(), table: table.into(), id: id.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rows of one table in a dataset, by id: what a view selects, fits, and tells as sets of rows.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct Rows {
+    /// The dataset's name.
+    pub data: Name,
+    /// The table's name.
+    pub table: Name,
+    /// The rows' ids in the table.
+    pub ids: Vec<Id>,
+}
+
+impl Rows {
+    /// The rows with `ids` in `table` of `data`.
+    pub fn new<I: Into<Id>>(data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>, ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = I>) -> Rows {
+        Rows { data: data.into(), table: table.into(), ids: ids.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect() }
+    }
+
+    /// Each row, in order.
+    pub fn rows(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Row> + '_ {
+        self.ids.iter().map(|id| Row { data: self.data.clone(), table: self.table.clone(), id: id.clone() })
+    }
+
+    /// `rows` as sets of rows, a set per table in the order each first appears.
+    pub(crate) fn group(rows: impl IntoIterator<Item = Row>) -> Vec<Rows> {
+        let mut sets: Vec<Rows> = Vec::new();
+        for Row { data, table, id } in rows {
+            match sets.iter_mut().rev().find(|s| s.data == data && s.table == table) {
+                Some(set) => set.ids.push(id),
+                None => sets.push(Rows { data, table, ids: vec![id] }),
+            }
+        }
+        sets
+    }
+
+    /// Every row of `sets`, in order.
+    pub(crate) fn flatten(sets: impl IntoIterator<Item = Rows>) -> Vec<Row> {
+        sets.into_iter().flat_map(|set| set.rows().collect::<Vec<_>>()).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Row> for Rows {
+    fn from(row: Row) -> Rows {
+        Rows { data: row.data, table: row.table, ids: vec![row.id] }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! counter {
+    ($($(#[$doc:meta])* $t:ident),*) => {$(
+        $(#[$doc])*
+        #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+        pub(crate) struct $t(u64);
+
+        impl $t {
+            pub(crate) fn next() -> $t {
+                static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
+                $t(NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed))
+            }
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+counter!(
+    /// Identifies one state of something that changes: a dataset, a table's rows, or a field.
+    Version,
+    /// Identifies the contents of one page; a written page gets a new id.
+    PageId
+);
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/ordered.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/ordered.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a87a916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/ordered.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//! Named entries in the order written: what a JSON object means where order matters, such as a
+//! patch's fields or a query's selected columns.
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use serde::de::{self, Deserialize, Deserializer, MapAccess, Visitor};
+
+use super::name::Name;
+
+/// Entries in the order written, each name once.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Ordered<V>(pub(crate) Vec<(Name, V)>);
+
+impl<V> Default for Ordered<V> {
+    fn default() -> Ordered<V> {
+        Ordered(Vec::new())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Named entries as an object of them.
+impl<V: schemars::JsonSchema> schemars::JsonSchema for Ordered<V> {
+    fn inline_schema() -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn schema_name() -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
+        format!("Ordered_{}", V::schema_name()).into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+        <std::collections::BTreeMap<String, V>>::json_schema(generator)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, V: Deserialize<'de>> Deserialize<'de> for Ordered<V> {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Ordered<V>, D::Error> {
+        struct Entries<V>(PhantomData<V>);
+        impl<'de, V: Deserialize<'de>> Visitor<'de> for Entries<V> {
+            type Value = Ordered<V>;
+
+            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                f.write_str("an object, each name once")
+            }
+
+            fn visit_map<A: MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: A) -> Result<Ordered<V>, A::Error> {
+                let mut entries: Vec<(Name, V)> = Vec::new();
+                while let Some(name) = map.next_key::<String>()? {
+                    if entries.iter().any(|(n, _)| n.as_str() == name) {
+                        return Err(de::Error::custom(format!("{name} is named twice")));
+                    }
+                    entries.push((name.into(), map.next_value()?));
+                }
+                Ok(Ordered(entries))
+            }
+        }
+        deserializer.deserialize_map(Entries(PhantomData))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/patch.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/patch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a46742b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/patch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::column::Column;
+use super::dataset::Inner;
+use super::ids::Ids;
+use super::name::{Name, Version};
+use super::samples::{Run, Samples};
+use super::table::{Field, Reference, Table};
+use super::values::Values;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// Changes to a dataset, applied in order and all at once by [`Data::apply`](crate::Data::apply).
+///
+/// Code builds patches and sockets carry them as bytes; every change reaches a dataset the same way.
+/// A patch made by [`Patch::to`] names the dataset it changes, as a stream of several datasets' patches
+/// does: applying it to another dataset is an error.
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct Patch {
+    pub(crate) data: Option<Name>,
+    pub(crate) ops: Vec<Op>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Op {
+    /// Names the axis sampled fields are recorded over.
+    Axis { name: Name, unit: Name },
+    /// Replaces a whole table, sampled fields included.
+    Replace(Table),
+    /// Writes the given fields of the given rows; unknown ids add rows, unknown tables are added.
+    Set(Table),
+    /// Removes rows by id; ids that name no row are ignored.
+    Remove { table: Name, ids: Ids },
+    /// Records frames of sampled fields, frame-major: of every row, or of the rows `ids` names, the
+    /// rest holding their last values.
+    Append { table: Name, at: Vec<f64>, ids: Option<Ids>, fields: Vec<(Name, Values)> },
+    /// Forgets every sampled field's frames before a coordinate.
+    Forget { before: f64 },
+    /// Holds a run of a sampled field's entries: their coordinates, and their values entry-major.
+    Frames { table: Name, field: Name, run: Run, at: Vec<f64>, values: Vec<f32> },
+}
+
+impl Patch {
+    /// An empty patch, for whichever dataset it is applied to.
+    pub fn new() -> Patch {
+        Patch::default()
+    }
+
+    /// An empty patch to dataset `data`.
+    pub fn to(data: impl Into<Name>) -> Patch {
+        Patch { data: Some(data.into()), ops: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset the patch changes, when it names one.
+    pub fn data(&self) -> Option<&Name> {
+        self.data.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Names the axis sampled fields are recorded over, such as `("time", "s")`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn axis(mut self, name: impl Into<Name>, unit: impl Into<Name>) -> Patch {
+        self.ops.push(Op::Axis { name: name.into(), unit: unit.into() });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Replaces table `table.name()` with `table`, or adds it.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn replace(mut self, table: Table) -> Patch {
+        self.ops.push(Op::Replace(table));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Writes `table`'s fields for its rows: rows with known ids change, others are added, and fields
+    /// it leaves out keep their values. Adds the table when there is none of its name.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn set(mut self, table: Table) -> Patch {
+        self.ops.push(Op::Set(table));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the rows of `table` with `ids`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn remove(mut self, table: impl Into<Name>, ids: impl Into<Ids>) -> Patch {
+        self.ops.push(Op::Remove { table: table.into(), ids: ids.into() });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Records a frame at each axis coordinate of `at`: for each field, a value per row of `table`
+    /// at every coordinate, frame-major, every row's at the first coordinate, then at the next.
+    ///
+    /// A field's first frame makes it sampled. Coordinates never decrease; at equal coordinates the
+    /// last frame reads.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn append<F, V>(
+        mut self,
+        at: impl AsRef<[f64]>,
+        table: impl Into<Name>,
+        fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = (F, V)>,
+    ) -> Patch
+    where
+        F: Into<Name>,
+        V: Into<Values>,
+    {
+        let fields = fields.into_iter().map(|(name, values)| (name.into(), values.into())).collect();
+        self.ops.push(Op::Append { table: table.into(), at: at.as_ref().to_vec(), ids: None, fields });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Records a frame at each axis coordinate of `at` for the rows of `table` that `ids` names, as
+    /// [`append`](Patch::append) does for every row: a value per row named at every coordinate,
+    /// frame-major. Rows left out hold their last value.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn append_rows<F, V>(
+        mut self,
+        at: impl AsRef<[f64]>,
+        table: impl Into<Name>,
+        ids: impl Into<Ids>,
+        fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = (F, V)>,
+    ) -> Patch
+    where
+        F: Into<Name>,
+        V: Into<Values>,
+    {
+        let fields = fields.into_iter().map(|(name, values)| (name.into(), values.into())).collect();
+        self.ops.push(Op::Append { table: table.into(), at: at.as_ref().to_vec(), ids: Some(ids.into()), fields });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Forgets every sampled field's frames before axis coordinate `before`. Whole frame pages drop,
+    /// so it costs O(pages); older versions of the dataset keep what they read.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn forget(mut self, before: f64) -> Patch {
+        self.ops.push(Op::Forget { before });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Holds a run of sampled field `field`'s entries of level `level`, numbered from `first`: what a
+    /// time tile holds, as `latkit tile` writes them. At level 0 the entries are frames, each a
+    /// coordinate in `at` and a value per row of `table` in `values`. At level `k` they are buckets of
+    /// `8^k` frames, each its first and last frame's coordinates in `at`, and in `values` each row's
+    /// least value over each bucket, then each row's greatest. NaN is missing.
+    ///
+    /// No entry may be held already; frames past the field's widen it, and those it skips stay missing.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use latkit::{Data, Ids, Patch, Table};
+    /// let mut grid = Data::new("grid");
+    /// grid.apply(Patch::new().replace(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(2))))?;
+    /// // Frames 100 and 101, then the bucket of frames 0..8.
+    /// grid.apply(Patch::new().frames("Bus", "vm", 0, 100, [100.0, 101.0], [1.0, 0.9, 1.02, 0.98]))?;
+    /// grid.apply(Patch::new().frames("Bus", "vm", 1, 0, [0.0, 7.0], [0.95, 0.9, 1.05, 1.0]))?;
+    /// assert_eq!(grid.describe().span, Some([0.0, 101.0]));
+    /// # Ok::<(), latkit::Error>(())
+    /// ```
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn frames(
+        mut self,
+        table: impl Into<Name>,
+        field: impl Into<Name>,
+        level: u32,
+        first: u64,
+        at: impl Into<Vec<f64>>,
+        values: impl Into<Vec<f32>>,
+    ) -> Patch {
+        self.ops.push(Op::frames(table.into(), field.into(), level, first, at.into(), values.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// This patch followed by `next`'s changes, to this patch's dataset.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn extend(mut self, next: Patch) -> Patch {
+        self.ops.extend(next.ops);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the patch changes nothing.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ops.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// The patch as bytes: one frame, naming its dataset when it has one.
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        super::bytes::encode(self)
+    }
+
+    /// A patch from [`Patch::to_bytes`] or [`Data::to_bytes`](crate::Data::to_bytes).
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Patch> {
+        super::bytes::decode(bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// The patch at the start of `bytes` and how many bytes it takes, or `None` while `bytes` hold
+    /// only its start: frames back to back, as files, pipes, and sockets carry them, decode one by
+    /// one, and each says its length up front, so a partial one costs nothing to wait on. A frame
+    /// longer than `limit` bytes is [`Error::Limit`](crate::Error::Limit) at once, so a stream of
+    /// untrusted bytes never waits on more than `limit`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use latkit::{Ids, Patch, Table};
+    /// let mut stream = Patch::to("grid").set(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(1))).to_bytes();
+    /// stream.extend(Patch::to("grid").remove("Bus", [0_u64]).to_bytes());
+    /// let limit = 1 << 20;
+    /// let (first, used) = Patch::decode(&stream, limit)?.expect("a whole patch");
+    /// let (second, rest) = Patch::decode(&stream[used..], limit)?.expect("a whole patch");
+    /// assert_eq!(used + rest, stream.len());
+    /// assert_eq!(second.data().map(|d| d.as_str()), Some("grid"));
+    /// assert!(Patch::decode(&stream[..used - 1], limit)?.is_none(), "more bytes to come");
+    /// assert!(Patch::decode(&stream, 8).is_err(), "longer than the limit");
+    /// # Ok::<(), latkit::Error>(())
+    /// ```
+    pub fn decode_with_limits(bytes: &[u8], limits: super::bytes::DecodeLimits) -> Result<Option<(Patch, usize)>> {
+        super::bytes::decode_with_limits(bytes, limits)
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes one frame with an encoded byte limit and the default decoded storage budget.
+    pub fn decode(bytes: &[u8], limit: usize) -> Result<Option<(Patch, usize)>> {
+        super::bytes::decode_prefix(bytes, limit)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Table> for Patch {
+    fn from(table: Table) -> Patch {
+        Patch::new().set(table)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Appends to the same fields of every row of one table, one after another: recorded as one, so a
+/// field takes its frames in one write however many changes carried them.
+pub(crate) struct Appends {
+    table: Name,
+    at: Vec<f64>,
+    fields: Vec<(Name, Vec<Values>)>,
+}
+
+impl Appends {
+    pub(crate) fn new(table: Name, at: Vec<f64>, fields: Vec<(Name, Values)>) -> Appends {
+        Appends { table, at, fields: fields.into_iter().map(|(name, values)| (name, vec![values])).collect() }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether an append of `fields` at `at` to `table`, which has `rows` rows, carries the run on: the
+    /// same fields of the same kinds, a value for every row at each coordinate, coordinates that never
+    /// decrease. One that does not records on its own, so its error names it.
+    pub(crate) fn continues(&self, table: &Name, at: &[f64], fields: &[(Name, Values)], rows: Option<usize>) -> bool {
+        let Some(rows) = rows else { return false };
+        let last = self.at.last().copied().unwrap_or(f64::NEG_INFINITY);
+        *table == self.table
+            && fields.len() == self.fields.len()
+            && fields.iter().zip(&self.fields).all(|((name, values), (run, parts))| {
+                name == run && values.kind() == parts[0].kind() && values.len() == at.len() * rows
+            })
+            && at.iter().all(|t| t.is_finite())
+            && at.first().is_none_or(|&first| first >= last)
+            && at.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, at: Vec<f64>, fields: Vec<(Name, Values)>) {
+        self.at.extend(at);
+        for ((_, parts), (_, values)) in self.fields.iter_mut().zip(fields) {
+            parts.push(values);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The run as one append.
+    pub(crate) fn op(self) -> Op {
+        let fields = self
+            .fields
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(name, mut parts)| {
+                let values = if parts.len() == 1 {
+                    parts.pop().expect("a part")
+                } else {
+                    Values::concat(&parts.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+                };
+                (name, values)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Op::Append { table: self.table, at: self.at, ids: None, fields }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Op {
+    /// Holds entries of `level` from `first`, as many as `at` holds coordinates of.
+    pub(crate) fn frames(table: Name, field: Name, level: u32, first: u64, at: Vec<f64>, values: Vec<f32>) -> Op {
+        let entries = (at.len() / super::samples::coordinates(level)) as u64;
+        let run = Run { level, entries: first..first.saturating_add(entries) };
+        Op::Frames { table, field, run, at, values }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn apply(self, data: &mut Inner) -> Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Op::Axis { name, unit } => {
+                data.axis = Some((name, unit));
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Op::Replace(table) => {
+                let name = table.name.clone();
+                table.check().map_err(|e| e.at(&name))?;
+                match data.position(&name) {
+                    Ok(i) => data.tables[i] = table,
+                    Err(i) => data.tables.insert(i, table),
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Op::Set(table) => {
+                let name = table.name.clone();
+                table.check().map_err(|e| e.at(&name))?;
+                if let Some((field, _)) = table.fields.iter().find(|(_, f)| matches!(f, Field::Sampled(..))) {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid("set writes values and references; append records samples")
+                        .at(field)
+                        .at(&name));
+                }
+                match data.position(&name) {
+                    Ok(i) => data.tables[i] = set(&data.tables[i], table).map_err(|e| e.at(&name))?,
+                    Err(i) => data.tables.insert(i, table),
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Op::Remove { table, ids } => {
+                let i = data.position(&table).map_err(|_| Error::invalid("no such table").at(&table))?;
+                data.tables[i] = remove(&data.tables[i], &ids).map_err(|e| e.at(&table))?;
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Op::Append { table, at, ids, fields } => {
+                let i = data.position(&table).map_err(|_| Error::invalid("no such table").at(&table))?;
+                let target = &mut data.tables[i];
+                let rows = ids.map(|ids| rows_named(target, &ids)).transpose().map_err(|e| e.at(&table))?;
+                for (name, values) in fields {
+                    let mut samples = match target.field_named(&name) {
+                        None => Samples::default(),
+                        Some(Field::Sampled(samples, _)) => samples.clone(),
+                        Some(_) => {
+                            return Err(Error::invalid("not a sampled field").at(&name).at(&table));
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let appended = match &rows {
+                        None => samples.append(&at, &values, target.len()),
+                        Some(rows) => samples.append_rows(&at, &values, rows, target.len()),
+                    };
+                    appended.map_err(|e| e.at(&name).at(&table))?;
+                    target.insert(name, Field::Sampled(samples, Version::next()));
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Op::Forget { before } => {
+                for table in &mut data.tables {
+                    for (_, field) in &mut table.fields {
+                        if let Field::Sampled(samples, version) = field
+                            && samples.forget(before)
+                        {
+                            *version = Version::next();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Op::Frames { table, field, run, at, values } => {
+                let i = data.position(&table).map_err(|_| Error::invalid("no such table").at(&table))?;
+                let target = &mut data.tables[i];
+                let per_row = run.len() * super::samples::sides(run.level);
+                let rows = values.len().checked_div(per_row).unwrap_or(0);
+                if rows > target.len() {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid(format!("values for {rows} rows of {}", target.len()))
+                        .at(&field)
+                        .at(&table));
+                }
+                let mut samples = match target.field_named(&field) {
+                    None => Samples::default(),
+                    Some(Field::Sampled(samples, _)) => samples.clone(),
+                    Some(_) => return Err(Error::invalid("not a sampled field").at(&field).at(&table)),
+                };
+                samples.insert(&run, &at, &values, rows).map_err(|e| e.at(&field).at(&table))?;
+                target.insert(field, Field::Sampled(samples, Version::next()));
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The row of `table` each of `ids` names; an id naming none is an error, as an append records
+/// frames of rows the table holds.
+fn rows_named(table: &Table, ids: &Ids) -> Result<Vec<usize>> {
+    let index = table.index()?;
+    (0..ids.len())
+        .map(|k| {
+            let key = ids.key(k).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("a row needs an id").at(k).at("ids"))?;
+            index.get(&table.ids, key).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid(format!("no row {key:?}")).at(k).at("ids"))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// `existing` with `input`'s fields written for `input`'s rows.
+fn set(existing: &Table, input: Table) -> Result<Table> {
+    let index = existing.index()?;
+    let mut added = Vec::new();
+    let mut writes = Vec::with_capacity(input.len());
+    for k in 0..input.len() {
+        let key = input.ids.key(k).expect("checked ids");
+        let row = index.get(&existing.ids, key).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            added.push(key.to_id());
+            existing.len() + added.len() - 1
+        });
+        writes.push((row, k));
+    }
+    writes.sort_unstable();
+    let len = existing.len() + added.len();
+    let mut table = existing.clone();
+    if !added.is_empty() {
+        table.ids = existing.ids.extend(&added).map_err(|e| e.at("ids"))?;
+        table.index = Arc::default();
+        table.structure = Version::next();
+    }
+    for (name, field) in input.fields {
+        let next = match (existing.field_named(&name), field) {
+            (Some(Field::Values(column, _)), Field::Values(source, _)) => {
+                Field::Values(column.write(len, &writes, &source).map_err(|e| e.at(&name))?, Version::next())
+            }
+            (None, Field::Values(source, _)) => {
+                let column = Column::missing(source.like(), existing.len()).write(len, &writes, &source)?;
+                Field::Values(column, Version::next())
+            }
+            (Some(Field::Reference(old)), Field::Reference(source)) if old.to == source.to => {
+                let ids = old.ids.write(len, &writes, &source.ids).map_err(|e| e.at(&name))?;
+                Field::Reference(Reference { ids, version: Version::next(), inverse: Arc::default(), ..old.clone() })
+            }
+            (None, Field::Reference(source)) => {
+                let ids = Column::missing(source.ids.like(), existing.len()).write(len, &writes, &source.ids)?;
+                Field::Reference(Reference::new(source.to, ids))
+            }
+            (Some(old), new) => {
+                let reason = format!("{:?} values for a {:?} field", new.kind(), old.kind());
+                return Err(Error::invalid(reason).at(&name));
+            }
+            (None, Field::Sampled(..)) => unreachable!("set refuses sampled fields"),
+        };
+        table.insert(name, next);
+    }
+    if !added.is_empty() {
+        for (_, field) in &mut table.fields {
+            match field {
+                Field::Values(column, version) if column.len() < len => {
+                    *column = column.write(len, &[], column)?;
+                    *version = Version::next();
+                }
+                Field::Reference(reference) if reference.ids.len() < len => {
+                    reference.ids = reference.ids.write(len, &[], &reference.ids)?;
+                    reference.version = Version::next();
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(table)
+}
+
+/// `existing` without the rows named by `ids`.
+fn remove(existing: &Table, ids: &Ids) -> Result<Table> {
+    let index = existing.index()?;
+    let mut doomed = vec![false; existing.len()];
+    let mut any = false;
+    for i in 0..ids.len() {
+        if let Some(row) = ids.key(i).and_then(|key| index.get(&existing.ids, key)) {
+            doomed[row] = true;
+            any = true;
+        }
+    }
+    if !any {
+        return Ok(existing.clone());
+    }
+    let keep: Vec<usize> = (0..existing.len()).filter(|&r| !doomed[r]).collect();
+    Ok(existing.rows(&keep))
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/query.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/query.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44a7e13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/query.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+//! Reading data back: the rows of a table a query keeps, in the order it sorts them, a page of them,
+//! with their fields or what expressions make of them. Queries run on the CPU through the same
+//! expressions marks draw with, a plain field read page by page, and return a table, so what comes
+//! back has the shape of what goes in.
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+use super::ids::Ids;
+use super::name::Name;
+use super::ordered::Ordered;
+use super::table::{Field, Table};
+use super::values::Values;
+use super::{Data, column::Column};
+use crate::expr::Expr;
+use crate::expr::cpu::Rows;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// The rows of a table to read back: of the rows `ids` names (every row unless set), those `filter`
+/// keeps, sorted by `sort`, a page of them from `offset` of at most `limit`, with the fields `select`
+/// names or computes; sampled fields read at axis coordinate `at`, their last frame by default. Plain
+/// data, like a scene.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use latkit::{Data, Ids, Order, Query, Table, field};
+/// let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+/// data.apply(Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(3)).field("loading", vec![40.0, 95.0, 120.0]).field("name", vec!["a", "b", "c"]))?;
+/// let (hot, kept) = data.query(&Query::of("Branch").filter(field("loading").gt(90.0)).sort(field("loading"), Order::Descending).limit(1))?;
+/// assert_eq!(hot.get(2_u64, "name"), Some(latkit::Value::Text("c".into())));
+/// assert_eq!((hot.len(), kept), (1, 2));
+/// # Ok::<(), latkit::Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(description = "The rows of a table to read back, run through the expressions marks draw with.")]
+pub struct Query {
+    /// The table read.
+    of: Name,
+    /// The rows read, in this order unless sorted; every row unless set. Ids that name no row are
+    /// passed over.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    ids: Option<Ids>,
+    /// Keeps the rows it is true for.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    filter: Option<Expr>,
+    /// Keys to sort by, each after those before it; rows a key reads nothing for come last, and rows
+    /// all keys order alike keep their order.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    sort: Vec<(Expr, Order)>,
+    /// The kept rows skipped first.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    offset: usize,
+    /// The most rows read; a limit picks them in linear time before sorting only those.
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+    /// Fields to read by name: a field as it is, anything else as numbers. Every field unless set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    select: Ordered<Expr>,
+    /// The axis coordinate sampled fields are read at; their last frame unless set.
+    at: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// Which way a sort runs; rows a key reads nothing for come last either way.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Order {
+    /// Least first.
+    #[default]
+    Ascending,
+    /// Greatest first.
+    Descending,
+}
+
+impl Query {
+    /// Every row of table `table`, every field.
+    pub fn of(table: impl Into<Name>) -> Query {
+        Query {
+            of: table.into(),
+            ids: None,
+            filter: None,
+            sort: Vec::new(),
+            offset: 0,
+            limit: None,
+            select: Ordered::default(),
+            at: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads only the rows `ids` names, in that order unless sorted.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn ids(mut self, ids: impl Into<Ids>) -> Query {
+        self.ids = Some(ids.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps the rows `keep` is true for.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn filter(mut self, keep: impl Into<Expr>) -> Query {
+        self.filter = Some(keep.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sorts by `key`, after the keys given before; rows it orders alike keep their order.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn sort(mut self, key: impl Into<Expr>, order: Order) -> Query {
+        self.sort.push((key.into(), order));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Skips the first `offset` rows kept.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn offset(mut self, offset: usize) -> Query {
+        self.offset = offset;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Reads at most `limit` rows.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn limit(mut self, limit: usize) -> Query {
+        self.limit = Some(limit);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Reads field `name` as `value` makes it: a field as it is, anything else as numbers. With none
+    /// selected, every field is read.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn select(mut self, name: impl Into<Name>, value: impl Into<Expr>) -> Query {
+        self.select.0.push((name.into(), value.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Reads sampled fields at axis coordinate `at`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn at(mut self, at: f64) -> Query {
+        self.at = Some(at);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Data {
+    /// The rows of a table `query` asks for, as a table of their own: their ids, and their fields or
+    /// what the query computes, sampled fields read at its coordinate; and how many rows its filter
+    /// kept, before the page. A limit picks its rows in linear time before sorting only them.
+    pub fn query(&self, query: &Query) -> Result<(Table, usize)> {
+        let table = self.table(&query.of).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("no such table").at(query.of.as_str()))?;
+        let at = query.at.unwrap_or(f64::INFINITY);
+        let all = std::slice::from_ref(self);
+        let rows = Rows::new(table, all).at(at);
+        let named: Vec<usize> = match &query.ids {
+            Some(ids) => (0..ids.len()).filter_map(|k| table.row(ids.key(k)?)).collect(),
+            None => (0..table.len()).collect(),
+        };
+        let mut picked: Vec<usize> = match &query.filter {
+            Some(keep) => {
+                let kept = rows.numbers(keep, |x| x > 0.5);
+                named.into_iter().filter(|&r| kept[r]).collect()
+            }
+            None => named,
+        };
+        let total = picked.len();
+        let end = query.limit.map_or(picked.len(), |limit| query.offset.saturating_add(limit).min(picked.len()));
+        if !query.sort.is_empty() {
+            let keys: Vec<(Vec<f64>, Order)> =
+                query.sort.iter().map(|(key, order)| (rows.numbers(key, |x| x), *order)).collect();
+            let compare = |a: &usize, b: &usize| {
+                keys.iter()
+                    .map(|(values, order)| compare(values[*a], values[*b], *order))
+                    .find(|o| o.is_ne())
+                    .unwrap_or(Ordering::Equal)
+                    .then(a.cmp(b))
+            };
+            if end < picked.len() {
+                picked.select_nth_unstable_by(end, compare);
+                picked.truncate(end);
+            }
+            picked.sort_unstable_by(compare);
+        }
+        let page = &picked[query.offset.min(end)..end];
+        let version = super::name::Version::next();
+        let mut out = Table {
+            name: table.name.clone(),
+            ids: table.ids.gather(page),
+            index: std::sync::Arc::default(),
+            fields: Vec::new(),
+            structure: version,
+            order: version,
+        };
+        if query.select.0.is_empty() {
+            for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+                out.insert(name.clone(), plain(field, at, page));
+            }
+            return Ok((out, total));
+        }
+        for (name, value) in &query.select.0 {
+            let field = if let Some(f) = value.field_name() {
+                let Some(field) = table.field_named(f) else {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid(format!("no field {f}")).at(name.as_str()).at("select"));
+                };
+                plain(field, at, page)
+            } else {
+                let numbers = rows.numbers(value, |x| x.is_finite().then_some(x));
+                let values = Values::from(page.iter().map(|&r| numbers[r]).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+                Field::Values(Column::new(&values), super::name::Version::next())
+            };
+            out.insert(name.clone(), field);
+        }
+        Ok((out, total))
+    }
+}
+
+/// How two sort keys order rows: missing last, whichever way the sort runs.
+fn compare(a: f64, b: f64, order: Order) -> Ordering {
+    match (a.is_finite(), b.is_finite()) {
+        (true, true) if order == Order::Descending => b.total_cmp(&a),
+        (true, true) => a.total_cmp(&b),
+        (true, false) => Ordering::Less,
+        (false, true) => Ordering::Greater,
+        (false, false) => Ordering::Equal,
+    }
+}
+
+/// `field` of rows `rows` as plain values: a sampled field read at `at`, one frame, not its history.
+fn plain(field: &Field, at: f64, rows: &[usize]) -> Field {
+    match field {
+        Field::Sampled(samples, _) => {
+            let frame = samples.frame_at(at);
+            let values: Vec<Option<f64>> = rows.iter().map(|&row| frame.and_then(|f| samples.value(row, f))).collect();
+            Field::Values(Column::new(&Values::from(values)), super::name::Version::next())
+        }
+        other => other.gather(rows),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/samples.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/samples.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a108930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/samples.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1336 @@
+//! Samples: a field's values over the data's axis. Level 0 holds frames, each row's value at one
+//! coordinate; each level `k` above it holds buckets of `8^k` frames, each row's least and greatest over
+//! them, so a long history draws from as few entries as there are pixels. Every level keeps its
+//! entries in pages, with each entry's coordinates (a frame's own; a bucket's first and last frame's),
+//! so a level draws without the levels below it. Frames are numbered from the first ever written, and
+//! a version reads `start..end`.
+//!
+//! Any entry may be missing. Frames appended grow the newest pages in place and seal each bucket whose
+//! entries below are all held; runs of entries read from bytes or fetched as time tiles fill any span,
+//! whatever lies around them. An entry is held when its level's coordinates hold it: every write writes
+//! an entry's coordinates and every row block's values together.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::{Arc, PoisonError, RwLock};
+
+use super::column::{PAGE_BITS, PAGE_MASK, PAGE_ROWS};
+use super::name::PageId;
+use super::values::Values;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// Words in a frame page: entries of one row block, entry-major. An axis page holds as many words on
+/// the GPU, two for each entry.
+pub(crate) const FRAME_PAGE_WORDS: usize = 1 << 16;
+/// Levels of detail kept above frames: level `k` holds each row's least and greatest value over buckets
+/// of `8^k` frames.
+pub(crate) const LEVELS: u32 = 6;
+/// Highest format level: a bucket spans 2^63 frames and still fits a u64.
+pub(crate) const MAX_LEVEL: u32 = 21;
+
+/// Frames an entry of level `level` spans: a frame, or a bucket's frames.
+pub(crate) fn bucket_frames(level: u32) -> u64 {
+    1 << (3 * level)
+}
+
+/// The level of detail `frames` frames draw at across `columns` pixel columns: frames while there are
+/// at most two a column, else the finest level whose buckets are no fewer.
+pub(crate) fn detail(frames: u64, columns: u32) -> u32 {
+    let needed = frames.div_ceil(2 * u64::from(columns.max(1)));
+    if needed <= 1 { 0 } else { (1..=MAX_LEVEL).find(|&k| bucket_frames(k) >= needed).unwrap_or(MAX_LEVEL) }
+}
+
+/// Coordinates an entry of `level` holds: a frame its own, a bucket its first and last frame's.
+pub(crate) fn coordinates(level: u32) -> usize {
+    if level == 0 { 1 } else { 2 }
+}
+
+/// Values a row holds of an entry of `level`: a frame's, or a bucket's least and greatest.
+pub(crate) fn sides(level: u32) -> usize {
+    if level == 0 { 1 } else { 2 }
+}
+
+/// The log of a row block holding `level`'s values of `side`: its frames, or a level's least (0) or
+/// greatest (1).
+fn slot(level: u32, side: usize) -> usize {
+    if level == 0 { 0 } else { 2 * level as usize - 1 + side }
+}
+
+/// Entries `entries` of level `level`.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Run {
+    pub(crate) level: u32,
+    pub(crate) entries: Range<u64>,
+}
+
+impl Run {
+    /// Number of entries; runs in memory always fit the address space.
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        usize::try_from(self.entries.end - self.entries.start).expect("run fits in memory")
+    }
+
+    /// The frames its entries span.
+    pub(crate) fn frames(&self) -> Range<u64> {
+        let span = bucket_frames(self.level);
+        self.entries.start.saturating_mul(span)..self.entries.end.saturating_mul(span)
+    }
+
+    /// How many coordinates it holds, and how many values for `rows` rows.
+    pub(crate) fn sizes(&self, rows: usize) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+        let n = usize::try_from(self.entries.end.checked_sub(self.entries.start)?).ok()?;
+        Some((n.checked_mul(coordinates(self.level))?, n.checked_mul(rows)?.checked_mul(sides(self.level))?))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Appends `run` to `runs`, joining it to the last where it follows it at the same level.
+fn join(runs: &mut Vec<Run>, run: Run) {
+    match runs.last_mut() {
+        Some(last) if last.level == run.level && last.entries.end == run.entries.start => {
+            last.entries.end = run.entries.end;
+        }
+        _ => runs.push(run),
+    }
+}
+
+/// A list shared between versions. Indices are absolute: a version reads items `start..end`, so
+/// forgetting the oldest never renumbers the rest.
+///
+/// A version that appends while it is the newest grows the shared list in place; any other change, an
+/// older version appending, an item put between others or taken out, forks a copy of what it reads.
+pub(crate) struct Log<T> {
+    items: Arc<RwLock<Vec<T>>>,
+    /// The absolute index of `items[0]`.
+    base: usize,
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T> Clone for Log<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Log<T> {
+        Log { items: self.items.clone(), base: self.base, start: self.start, end: self.end }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for Log<T> {
+    fn default() -> Log<T> {
+        Log { items: Arc::default(), base: 0, start: 0, end: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> Log<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, item: T) {
+        {
+            let mut items = self.items.write().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+            if self.base + items.len() == self.end {
+                items.push(item);
+                self.end += 1;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        self.edit(|items| items.push(item));
+    }
+
+    /// Changes the items this version reads in a copy of its own.
+    fn edit(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Vec<T>)) {
+        let mut items = self.read(<[T]>::to_vec);
+        f(&mut items);
+        self.end = self.start + items.len();
+        self.items = Arc::new(RwLock::new(items));
+        self.base = self.start;
+    }
+
+    /// Reads items `start..end`.
+    pub(crate) fn read<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&[T]) -> R) -> R {
+        let items = self.items.read().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        f(&items[self.start - self.base..self.end - self.base])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn last(&self) -> Option<T> {
+        self.read(|items| items.last().cloned())
+    }
+
+    /// Stops reading items before absolute index `start`. Storage shared with other versions stays
+    /// theirs; this version copies what it keeps once the forgotten part outgrows a quarter of it.
+    pub(crate) fn forget(&mut self, start: usize) {
+        self.start = start.clamp(self.start, self.end);
+        if self.start - self.base > (self.end - self.start) / 4 + 16 {
+            let kept = self.read(<[T]>::to_vec);
+            self.items = Arc::new(RwLock::new(kept));
+            self.base = self.start;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a page stores, shared by every version reading it, and whether appends grow it.
+struct Store<T> {
+    grows: bool,
+    items: RwLock<Vec<T>>,
+}
+
+/// Consecutive entries of a level, `per` values each, entry-major: a row block's frames or a level's
+/// least or greatest values, `per` its rows; or a level's coordinates, `per` an entry's. A page an
+/// append opened grows in place while it is the newest version's last; a version reads at most `cap`
+/// entries of it, fewer than it stores where a newer version grew it.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Page<T> {
+    pub(crate) id: PageId,
+    pub(crate) first: u64,
+    pub(crate) per: u32,
+    cap: u32,
+    store: Arc<Store<T>>,
+}
+
+/// A page of a row block's frames, or of a level's least or greatest values: `per` rows an entry.
+pub(crate) type FramePage = Page<f32>;
+/// A page of a level's coordinates: `per` an entry, a frame's own or a bucket's first and last.
+pub(crate) type AxisPage = Page<f64>;
+
+impl<T: Copy> Page<T> {
+    fn new(first: u64, per: usize, items: Vec<T>, grows: bool) -> Page<T> {
+        Page {
+            id: PageId::next(),
+            first,
+            per: per as u32,
+            cap: u32::MAX,
+            store: Arc::new(Store { grows, items: RwLock::new(items) }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads the page's stored items.
+    pub(crate) fn read<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&[T]) -> R) -> R {
+        f(&self.store.items.read().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether appends grow it: it takes room to grow into on the GPU.
+    pub(crate) fn grows(&self) -> bool {
+        self.store.grows
+    }
+
+    /// Entries this version reads of it.
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> u32 {
+        ((self.read(<[T]>::len) / self.per.max(1) as usize) as u32).min(self.cap)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn end(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.first + u64::from(self.len())
+    }
+
+    /// Appends `entry`'s `items` where this version reads the whole page, appends grow it, and the
+    /// entry follows its last and fits within `limit` items.
+    fn extend(&self, entry: u64, items: &[T], limit: usize) -> bool {
+        if entry != self.end() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let mut stored = self.store.items.write().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        let at = (entry - self.first) as usize * self.per as usize;
+        let fits = items.len() == self.per as usize && at + items.len() <= limit;
+        if !self.store.grows || self.cap != u32::MAX || stored.len() != at || !fits {
+            return false;
+        }
+        stored.extend_from_slice(items);
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// The page as a version that reads only its first `len` entries sees it.
+    fn capped(&self, len: u32) -> Page<T> {
+        Page { cap: len, ..self.clone() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AxisPage {
+    /// Coordinate `which` of entry `index`: a frame's own, a bucket's first (0) or last (1) frame's.
+    fn coordinate(&self, index: u64, which: u32) -> Option<f64> {
+        if index < self.first || index >= self.end() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let i = (index - self.first) as usize * self.per as usize + which.min(self.per - 1) as usize;
+        self.read(|c| c.get(i).copied())
+    }
+
+    /// Where entry `index` draws: a frame at its coordinate, a bucket at its middle.
+    fn drawn(&self, index: u64) -> Option<f64> {
+        Some(f64::midpoint(self.coordinate(index, 0)?, self.coordinate(index, 1)?))
+    }
+
+    /// Words the page takes on the GPU: where each entry draws, as a high and a low `f32`.
+    pub(crate) fn words_len(&self) -> usize {
+        2 * (self.read(<[f64]>::len) / self.per as usize)
+    }
+
+    /// The page's GPU words from word `from` on: a growing page uploads only its new tail.
+    pub(crate) fn words(&self, from: usize) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let per = self.per as usize;
+        self.read(|c| {
+            let drawn = |e: usize| if per == 1 { c[e] } else { f64::midpoint(c[per * e], c[per * e + 1]) };
+            (from / 2..c.len() / per).flat_map(|e| split(drawn(e))).collect()
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn split(x: f64) -> [u32; 2] {
+    let hi = x as f32;
+    [hi.to_bits(), ((x - f64::from(hi)) as f32).to_bits()]
+}
+
+/// The page of `log` holding entry `index`, where one does.
+fn holding<T: Copy>(log: &Log<Page<T>>, index: u64) -> Option<Page<T>> {
+    log.read(|pages| {
+        let i = pages.partition_point(|p| p.first <= index).checked_sub(1)?;
+        (index < pages[i].end()).then(|| pages[i].clone())
+    })
+}
+
+/// The pages of `log` holding any of `entries`, in order, each with those it holds. A page that stores
+/// entries past the next page's first, where a version forked, holds them no longer.
+fn held<T: Copy>(log: &Log<Page<T>>, entries: Range<u64>) -> Vec<(Page<T>, Range<u64>)> {
+    if entries.is_empty() {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    log.read(|pages| {
+        let from = pages.partition_point(|p| p.first <= entries.start).saturating_sub(1);
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for (i, page) in pages.iter().enumerate().skip(from) {
+            if page.first >= entries.end {
+                break;
+            }
+            let end = pages.get(i + 1).map_or(page.end(), |next| next.first.min(page.end()));
+            let range = page.first.max(entries.start)..end.min(entries.end);
+            if !range.is_empty() {
+                out.push((page.clone(), range));
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    })
+}
+
+/// The first of `entries` a page of `log` holds.
+fn first_held<T: Copy>(log: &Log<Page<T>>, entries: Range<u64>) -> Option<u64> {
+    log.read(|pages| {
+        let from = pages.partition_point(|p| p.first <= entries.start).saturating_sub(1);
+        for (i, page) in pages.iter().enumerate().skip(from) {
+            let start = page.first.max(entries.start);
+            if start >= entries.end {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let end = pages.get(i + 1).map_or(page.end(), |next| next.first.min(page.end()));
+            if start < end {
+                return Some(start);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    })
+}
+
+/// Puts `page` in its place in `log`, among pages holding none of its entries.
+fn place<T: Copy>(log: &mut Log<Page<T>>, page: Page<T>) {
+    let (at, tip) = log.read(|pages| {
+        let at = pages.partition_point(|p| p.first < page.first);
+        (at, at == pages.len())
+    });
+    if tip { log.push(page) } else { log.edit(|pages| pages.insert(at, page)) }
+}
+
+/// Makes the last page of `log` hold no entry from `end` on, as a version reading entries before `end`
+/// sees it, before the version writes past `end`.
+fn cap<T: Copy>(log: &mut Log<Page<T>>, end: u64) {
+    if log.last().is_some_and(|page| page.end() > end) {
+        log.edit(|pages| {
+            let last = pages.last_mut().expect("a last page");
+            *last = last.capped(end.saturating_sub(last.first) as u32);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Takes the pages of `log` holding only entries of `entries` out of it.
+fn take_out<T: Copy>(log: &mut Log<Page<T>>, entries: &Range<u64>) {
+    let (from, to) = log.read(|pages| {
+        let from = pages.partition_point(|p| p.first < entries.start);
+        (from, from + pages[from..].iter().take_while(|p| p.end() <= entries.end).count())
+    });
+    if to > from {
+        log.edit(|pages| drop(pages.drain(from..to)));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Forgets the pages of `log` whose entries all lie before entry `index`.
+fn forget_before<T: Copy>(log: &mut Log<Page<T>>, index: u64) {
+    let dropped = log.read(|pages| pages.partition_point(|p| p.end() <= index));
+    let start = log.start;
+    log.forget(start + dropped);
+}
+
+/// Writes entry `entry`, `items` of it, after the last of `log`: into its last page where that grows
+/// and has room within `limit` items, else into a new page that grows.
+fn grow<T: Copy>(log: &mut Log<Page<T>>, entry: u64, items: &[T], limit: usize) {
+    if !log.last().is_some_and(|page| page.extend(entry, items, limit)) {
+        log.push(Page::new(entry, items.len(), items.to_vec(), true));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Writes `entries` of a level, `items` of `per` each, as pages placed in order, as many entries to a
+/// page as `limit` items allow.
+fn put<T: Copy>(log: &mut Log<Page<T>>, entries: &Range<u64>, items: &[T], per: usize, limit: usize) {
+    let step = (limit / per.max(1)).max(1);
+    for (k, chunk) in items.chunks(step * per.max(1)).enumerate() {
+        let first = entries.start + (k * step) as u64;
+        place(log, Page::new(first, per, chunk.to_vec(), false));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The logs a write writes into: every level's coordinates, and each row block's logs.
+struct Logs {
+    axes: Vec<Log<AxisPage>>,
+    blocks: Vec<Vec<Log<FramePage>>>,
+}
+
+/// A field's samples over the data's axis: frames, and levels of detail above them, with holes.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Samples {
+    /// Frames this version reads, numbered from the first ever written.
+    start: u64,
+    end: u64,
+    /// Frames before this one were forgotten: pages may still store some, which this version must not
+    /// read again.
+    forgotten: u64,
+    /// Per level from 0: its entries' coordinates; empty until anything is written.
+    axes: Arc<[Log<AxisPage>]>,
+    /// Per row block: its frames, then each level's least and greatest values.
+    blocks: Arc<[Vec<Log<FramePage>>]>,
+}
+
+impl Samples {
+    /// No frames yet, the first to be appended numbered `first`: what samples read back from bytes or
+    /// gathered from others start from, so their frames keep their numbers.
+    pub(crate) fn from_frame(first: u64) -> Samples {
+        Samples { start: first, end: first, ..Samples::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// The first frame this version reads.
+    pub(crate) fn start(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.start
+    }
+
+    /// One past the last frame.
+    pub(crate) fn end(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.end
+    }
+
+    /// Reads frames `frames`: what bytes say, after the runs they hold are put in.
+    pub(crate) fn reads(&mut self, frames: Range<u64>) {
+        (self.start, self.end) = (frames.start, frames.end);
+    }
+
+    /// The same frames, none of them held: what a dataset written as time tiles starts from.
+    pub(crate) fn emptied(&self) -> Samples {
+        let mut empty = Samples::from_frame(self.start);
+        empty.reads(self.start..self.end);
+        empty
+    }
+
+    /// The entries of `level` this version reads: those whose frames lie before its end, from the one
+    /// holding its first frame.
+    fn visible(&self, level: u32) -> Range<u64> {
+        let k = 3 * level;
+        self.start >> k..self.end >> k
+    }
+
+    /// Copies of the logs to write into, with every level's and at least `blocks` row blocks'.
+    fn logs(&self, blocks: usize) -> Logs {
+        self.logs_at(blocks, LEVELS)
+    }
+
+    /// Highest level stored; the binary format records it independently of the append policy.
+    pub(crate) fn levels(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.axes.iter().rposition(|log| log.read(|pages| !pages.is_empty())).unwrap_or(0) as u32
+    }
+
+    fn logs_at(&self, blocks: usize, level: u32) -> Logs {
+        let levels = (level as usize + 1).max(self.axes.len());
+        let slots = 1 + 2 * levels.saturating_sub(1);
+        let mut axes = self.axes.to_vec();
+        axes.resize_with(levels, Log::default);
+        let mut all = self.blocks.to_vec();
+        all.resize_with(blocks.max(all.len()), Vec::new);
+        for block in &mut all {
+            block.resize_with(slots, Log::default);
+        }
+        Logs { axes, blocks: all }
+    }
+
+    fn keep(&mut self, logs: Logs) {
+        self.axes = logs.axes.into();
+        self.blocks = logs.blocks.into();
+    }
+
+    /// The log of row block `block` holding `level`'s values of `side`.
+    fn log(&self, block: usize, level: u32, side: usize) -> Option<&Log<FramePage>> {
+        self.blocks.get(block)?.get(slot(level, side))
+    }
+
+    /// The page of `level`'s coordinates holding entry `index`, where this version holds it.
+    fn axis_page(&self, level: u32, index: u64) -> Option<AxisPage> {
+        if !self.visible(level).contains(&index) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        holding(self.axes.get(level as usize)?, index)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether no entry is held, of any level.
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.axes.iter().enumerate().all(|(level, log)| first_held(log, self.visible(level as u32)).is_none())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether entry `index` of `level` is held.
+    pub(crate) fn held(&self, level: u32, index: u64) -> bool {
+        self.axis_page(level, index).is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Coordinate `which` of entry `index` of `level`: a frame's own, a bucket's first (0) or last (1).
+    pub(crate) fn coordinate(&self, level: u32, index: u64, which: u32) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.axis_page(level, index)?.coordinate(index, which)
+    }
+
+    /// Where entry `index` of `level` draws: a frame at its coordinate, a bucket at its middle.
+    pub(crate) fn drawn_at(&self, level: u32, index: u64) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.axis_page(level, index)?.drawn(index)
+    }
+
+    /// The coordinate of `frame`, where it is held.
+    pub(crate) fn at(&self, frame: u64) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.coordinate(0, frame, 0)
+    }
+
+    /// The runs of entries held, level by level, each as long as held entries follow one another.
+    pub(crate) fn runs(&self) -> Vec<Run> {
+        let mut runs = Vec::new();
+        for (level, log) in self.axes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let level = level as u32;
+            for (_, entries) in held(log, self.visible(level)) {
+                join(&mut runs, Run { level, entries });
+            }
+        }
+        runs
+    }
+
+    /// The runs bytes hold: every run held but the buckets whose eight entries a level below are all
+    /// held, since those follow from them.
+    pub(crate) fn stored_runs(&self) -> Vec<Run> {
+        let runs = self.runs();
+        let mut stored = Vec::new();
+        for run in &runs {
+            if run.level == 0 {
+                stored.push(run.clone());
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Buckets that follow from the runs below, in order: what this run leaves out.
+            let derived = runs
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|r| r.level + 1 == run.level)
+                .map(|r| r.entries.start.div_ceil(8)..r.entries.end / 8)
+                .filter(|d| !d.is_empty());
+            let mut at = run.entries.start;
+            for d in derived {
+                let (from, to) = (d.start.max(at), d.end.min(run.entries.end));
+                if from >= to {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if at < from {
+                    stored.push(Run { level: run.level, entries: at..from });
+                }
+                at = to;
+            }
+            if at < run.entries.end {
+                stored.push(Run { level: run.level, entries: at..run.entries.end });
+            }
+        }
+        stored
+    }
+
+    /// The first and last coordinates of what this version holds, at any level.
+    pub(crate) fn span(&self) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+        let mut span: Option<[f64; 2]> = None;
+        for (level, log) in self.axes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let pages = held(log, self.visible(level as u32));
+            let (Some((first, a)), Some((last, b))) = (pages.first(), pages.last()) else { continue };
+            let (Some(lo), Some(hi)) = (first.coordinate(a.start, 0), last.coordinate(b.end - 1, 1)) else { continue };
+            span = Some(span.map_or([lo, hi], |s| [s[0].min(lo), s[1].max(hi)]));
+        }
+        span
+    }
+
+    /// The coordinate of the last frame, or of the last entry of any level.
+    fn last_coordinate(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.end.checked_sub(1).and_then(|f| self.at(f)).or_else(|| self.span().map(|s| s[1]))
+    }
+
+    /// Appends frames: `values` holds `at.len()` frames of `rows` values each, frame-major.
+    pub(crate) fn append(&mut self, at: &[f64], values: &Values, rows: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        if at.len().checked_mul(rows) != Some(values.len()) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("{} values for {} frames of {rows} rows", values.len(), at.len())));
+        }
+        self.end.checked_add(at.len() as u64).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("too many frames"))?;
+        let mut last = self.last_coordinate();
+        for &t in at {
+            if !t.is_finite() {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("a frame's coordinate must be finite"));
+            }
+            if last.is_some_and(|last| t < last) {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("frame coordinates must not decrease"));
+            }
+            last = Some(t);
+        }
+        let blocks = rows.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS);
+        let mut logs = self.logs(blocks);
+        let mut frame_values = vec![0.0_f32; rows];
+        for (f, &t) in at.iter().enumerate() {
+            let frame = self.end;
+            for (row, value) in frame_values.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                let i = f * rows + row;
+                *value = if values.is_valid(i) { values.number(i) as f32 } else { f32::NAN };
+            }
+            for (b, block) in logs.blocks.iter_mut().enumerate().take(blocks) {
+                let slice = &frame_values[b * PAGE_ROWS..rows.min((b + 1) * PAGE_ROWS)];
+                grow(&mut block[0], frame, slice, FRAME_PAGE_WORDS);
+            }
+            grow(&mut logs.axes[0], frame, &[t], FRAME_PAGE_WORDS / 2);
+            self.end += 1;
+            seal(&mut logs, frame);
+        }
+        self.keep(logs);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Appends frames of some rows: `values` holds `at.len()` frames of a value per row of `rows`,
+    /// frame-major. The rest of the `total` rows hold their last frame's values, missing before any.
+    pub(crate) fn append_rows(&mut self, at: &[f64], values: &Values, rows: &[usize], total: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        let given = rows.len();
+        if at.len().checked_mul(given) != Some(values.len()) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("{} values for {} frames of {given} rows", values.len(), at.len())));
+        }
+        let mut frame = vec![f32::NAN; total];
+        if self.end > self.start {
+            self.read_frame(self.end - 1, &mut frame);
+        }
+        let mut dense =
+            Vec::with_capacity(at.len().checked_mul(total).ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("too many values"))?);
+        for f in 0..at.len() {
+            for (k, &row) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
+                let i = f * given + k;
+                frame[row] = if values.is_valid(i) { values.number(i) as f32 } else { f32::NAN };
+            }
+            dense.extend_from_slice(&frame);
+        }
+        self.append(at, &Values::from(dense), total)
+    }
+
+    /// Puts `run`, held nowhere yet, in: its `coordinates` ([`coordinates`] an entry), and its values
+    /// for `rows` rows, entry-major, at level 0 one a row, above each row's least then, after every
+    /// entry's, each row's greatest. What it spans past this version's frames widens them.
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, run: &Run, coordinates: &[f64], values: &[f32], rows: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        let level = run.level;
+        if level > MAX_LEVEL {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("no level {level}: levels run to {MAX_LEVEL}")));
+        }
+        let (per, sides) = (self::coordinates(level), sides(level));
+        if run.entries.is_empty() || run.sizes(rows) != Some((coordinates.len(), values.len())) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("a run of {} entries of level {level} for {rows} rows", run.len())));
+        }
+        if coordinates.iter().any(|c| !c.is_finite()) || coordinates.windows(2).any(|w| w[1] < w[0]) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a run's coordinates must be finite and must not decrease"));
+        }
+        let frames = run.frames();
+        if run.entries.end.checked_mul(bucket_frames(level)).is_none() {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a run past the last frame a field numbers"));
+        }
+        if frames.start < self.forgotten {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a run before frames the field forgot"));
+        }
+        let visible = self.visible(level);
+        let within = run.entries.start.max(visible.start)..run.entries.end.min(visible.end);
+        if self.axes.get(level as usize).is_some_and(|log| first_held(log, within).is_some()) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("entries {:?} of level {level} are held already", run.entries)));
+        }
+        let blocks = rows.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS);
+        let mut logs = self.logs_at(blocks, level);
+        // What a newer version grew past this one's frames stays the newer version's.
+        cap(&mut logs.axes[level as usize], visible.end);
+        put(&mut logs.axes[level as usize], &run.entries, coordinates, per, FRAME_PAGE_WORDS / 2);
+        let n = run.len();
+        for (b, block) in logs.blocks.iter_mut().enumerate().take(blocks) {
+            let width = rows.min((b + 1) * PAGE_ROWS) - b * PAGE_ROWS;
+            for side in 0..sides {
+                let side_values = &values[side * n * rows..(side + 1) * n * rows];
+                let mut page = Vec::with_capacity(n * width);
+                for entry in side_values.chunks(rows) {
+                    page.extend_from_slice(&entry[b * PAGE_ROWS..b * PAGE_ROWS + width]);
+                }
+                let log = &mut block[slot(level, side)];
+                cap(log, visible.end);
+                put(log, &run.entries, &page, width, FRAME_PAGE_WORDS);
+            }
+        }
+        self.keep(logs);
+        if self.start == self.end {
+            (self.start, self.end) = (frames.start, frames.end);
+        } else {
+            self.start = self.start.min(frames.start);
+            self.end = self.end.max(frames.end);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the pages holding only entries of `run` out: a span let go of.
+    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, run: &Run) {
+        let mut logs = self.logs(0);
+        take_out(&mut logs.axes[run.level as usize], &run.entries);
+        for block in &mut logs.blocks {
+            for side in 0..sides(run.level) {
+                take_out(&mut block[slot(run.level, side)], &run.entries);
+            }
+        }
+        self.keep(logs);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes each bucket of `level` not held whose eight entries a level below are all held: what
+    /// bytes leave out, as they follow from those.
+    pub(crate) fn derive(&mut self, level: u32) {
+        let below: Vec<Run> = self.runs().into_iter().filter(|r| r.level + 1 == level).collect();
+        for run in below {
+            let buckets = run.entries.start.div_ceil(8)..run.entries.end / 8;
+            for missing in self.missing(level, buckets) {
+                let (coordinates, values, rows) = self.bucket_values(level, &missing);
+                let run = Run { level, entries: missing };
+                self.insert(&run, &coordinates, &values, rows).expect("buckets held nowhere");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The parts of `entries` of `level` not held.
+    fn missing(&self, level: u32, entries: Range<u64>) -> Vec<Range<u64>> {
+        let visible = self.visible(level);
+        let held_runs = self
+            .axes
+            .get(level as usize)
+            .map_or_else(Vec::new, |log| held(log, entries.start.max(visible.start)..entries.end.min(visible.end)));
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        let mut at = entries.start;
+        for (_, range) in held_runs {
+            if at < range.start {
+                out.push(at..range.start);
+            }
+            at = range.end;
+        }
+        if at < entries.end {
+            out.push(at..entries.end);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Buckets `buckets` of `level`, each from its eight entries a level below: their coordinates, and
+    /// their values as [`insert`](Samples::insert) takes them, with how many rows.
+    fn bucket_values(&self, level: u32, buckets: &Range<u64>) -> (Vec<f64>, Vec<f32>, usize) {
+        let children = buckets.start * 8..buckets.end * 8;
+        let mut coordinates = Vec::with_capacity(2 * (buckets.end - buckets.start) as usize);
+        for b in buckets.clone() {
+            coordinates.push(self.coordinate(level - 1, 8 * b, 0).unwrap_or(f64::NAN));
+            coordinates.push(self.coordinate(level - 1, 8 * b + 7, 1).unwrap_or(f64::NAN));
+        }
+        let rows = self.rows();
+        let n = (buckets.end - buckets.start) as usize;
+        let mut values = vec![f32::NAN; 2 * n * rows];
+        for block in 0..self.blocks.len() {
+            for side in 0..2 {
+                let from = if level == 1 { 0 } else { side };
+                let Some(log) = self.log(block, level - 1, from) else { continue };
+                for (page, range) in held(log, children.clone()) {
+                    page.read(|stored| {
+                        for e in range {
+                            let bucket = (e / 8 - buckets.start) as usize;
+                            let base = ((e - page.first) * u64::from(page.per)) as usize;
+                            let out = side * n * rows + bucket * rows + block * PAGE_ROWS;
+                            for (r, &v) in stored[base..base + page.per as usize].iter().enumerate() {
+                                let o = &mut values[out + r];
+                                *o = if side == 0 { o.min(v) } else { o.max(v) };
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        (coordinates, values, rows)
+    }
+
+    /// Rows the row blocks' pages hold values of.
+    fn rows(&self) -> usize {
+        let block_rows = |b: usize| self.blocks[b].iter().filter_map(|log| log.last().map(|p| p.per as usize)).max();
+        (0..self.blocks.len())
+            .rev()
+            .find_map(|b| block_rows(b).filter(|&r| r > 0).map(|r| b * PAGE_ROWS + r))
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
+    /// `run`'s coordinates, and its values for rows `rows`, in that order, as
+    /// [`insert`](Samples::insert) takes them.
+    pub(crate) fn read(&self, run: &Run, rows: &[usize]) -> (Vec<f64>, Vec<f32>) {
+        let per = coordinates(run.level);
+        let n = run.len();
+        let mut at = Vec::with_capacity(n * per);
+        for (page, range) in self.axis_pages(run.level, run.entries.clone()) {
+            let (from, to) = ((range.start - page.first) as usize * per, (range.end - page.first) as usize * per);
+            page.read(|c| at.extend_from_slice(&c[from..to]));
+        }
+        at.resize(n * per, f64::NAN);
+        let sides = sides(run.level);
+        let mut values = vec![f32::NAN; sides * n * rows.len()];
+        // Rows by block, so each page is read once for all of a block's rows.
+        let mut by_block: Vec<(usize, usize)> =
+            rows.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, &row)| (row >> PAGE_BITS, i)).collect();
+        by_block.sort_unstable();
+        for group in by_block.chunk_by(|a, b| a.0 == b.0) {
+            for side in 0..sides {
+                for (page, range) in self.pages(group[0].0, run.level, side, run.entries.clone()) {
+                    page.read(|stored| {
+                        for e in range {
+                            let base = ((e - page.first) * u64::from(page.per)) as usize;
+                            let out = side * n * rows.len() + (e - run.entries.start) as usize * rows.len();
+                            for &(_, i) in group {
+                                let local = rows[i] & PAGE_MASK;
+                                if local < page.per as usize {
+                                    values[out + i] = stored[base + local];
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        (at, values)
+    }
+
+    /// Forgets frames before coordinate `before`; pages that hold only forgotten entries drop. True
+    /// when anything was forgotten.
+    pub(crate) fn forget(&mut self, before: f64) -> bool {
+        let first = self.bound(before, false).min(self.end);
+        if first <= self.start {
+            return false;
+        }
+        (self.start, self.forgotten) = (first, first);
+        let mut logs = self.logs(0);
+        for (level, log) in logs.axes.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            forget_before(log, first >> (3 * level));
+        }
+        for block in &mut logs.blocks {
+            for (s, log) in block.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                forget_before(log, first >> (3 * s.div_ceil(2)));
+            }
+        }
+        self.keep(logs);
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// How many entries of `level` lie before `at` (with `past`, at it too), each by its coordinate
+    /// `which`: by its last (1), those wholly before; by its first (0), those begun before. Where the
+    /// entries held of the level settle it; else where the hole holding `at` starts.
+    fn locate(&self, level: u32, at: f64, past: bool, which: u32) -> std::result::Result<u64, u64> {
+        let before = |t: f64| if past { t <= at } else { t < at };
+        let visible = self.visible(level);
+        let Some(log) = self.axes.get(level as usize) else { return Err(visible.start) };
+        let pages = held(log, visible.clone());
+        // The first page whose last entry does not lie before `at`.
+        let i = pages.partition_point(|(p, r)| p.coordinate(r.end - 1, which).is_some_and(before));
+        let gap = if i == 0 { visible.start } else { pages[i - 1].1.end };
+        let Some((page, range)) = pages.get(i) else {
+            return if gap == visible.end { Ok(gap) } else { Err(gap) };
+        };
+        let per = page.per as usize;
+        let edge = (which as usize).min(per - 1);
+        let n = page.read(|c| {
+            let entries = &c[(range.start - page.first) as usize * per..(range.end - page.first) as usize * per];
+            let (mut lo, mut hi) = (0, entries.len() / per);
+            while lo < hi {
+                let mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
+                if before(entries[mid * per + edge]) {
+                    lo = mid + 1;
+                } else {
+                    hi = mid;
+                }
+            }
+            lo
+        }) as u64;
+        if n > 0 || range.start == gap { Ok(range.start + n) } else { Err(gap) }
+    }
+
+    /// The frames before `at`, or with `past` at or before it: frames where held, else the whole
+    /// buckets before it of the finest level held there. Where no level settles it, where the hole
+    /// holding it starts.
+    pub(crate) fn bound(&self, at: f64, past: bool) -> u64 {
+        let mut hole = None;
+        for level in 0..self.axes.len() as u32 {
+            match self.locate(level, at, past, 1) {
+                Ok(n) => return n.saturating_mul(bucket_frames(level)).clamp(self.start, self.end),
+                Err(gap) if first_held(&self.axes[level as usize], self.visible(level)).is_some() => {
+                    hole = Some(gap.saturating_mul(bucket_frames(level)));
+                }
+                Err(_) => {}
+            }
+        }
+        hole.unwrap_or(self.start).clamp(self.start, self.end)
+    }
+
+    /// The frames at or before `at`, as finely as the finest level settling it tells: where frames
+    /// are held, exactly; else the whole buckets at or before it and as far into the next as `at` lies
+    /// between its first and last frame's coordinates.
+    fn position(&self, at: f64) -> Option<f64> {
+        (0..self.axes.len() as u32).find_map(|level| {
+            let n = self.locate(level, at, true, 1).ok()?;
+            let into = match (self.coordinate(level, n, 0), self.coordinate(level, n, 1)) {
+                (Some(first), Some(last)) if level > 0 && first <= at && first < last => (at - first) / (last - first),
+                _ => 0.0,
+            };
+            Some((n as f64 + into) * bucket_frames(level) as f64)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The frames a trace across `across` draws: from the last frame at or before its start through
+    /// the first after its end, as finely as what is held tells.
+    pub(crate) fn across(&self, [x0, x1]: [f64; 2]) -> Range<u64> {
+        let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (self.position(x0), self.position(x1)) else { return self.start..self.end };
+        let first = (a.floor() as u64).saturating_sub(1).max(self.start);
+        let last = (b.ceil() as u64).saturating_add(1).min(self.end);
+        first..last.max(first)
+    }
+
+    /// The first frame held from `frame` on, of any level: where a hole ends.
+    fn next_held(&self, frame: u64) -> Option<u64> {
+        let mut next: Option<u64> = None;
+        for (level, log) in self.axes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let (span, visible) = (bucket_frames(level as u32), self.visible(level as u32));
+            if let Some(entry) = first_held(log, (frame / span).max(visible.start)..visible.end) {
+                let at = (entry * span).max(frame);
+                next = Some(next.map_or(at, |n| n.min(at)));
+            }
+        }
+        next
+    }
+
+    /// What covers frames `frames`, left to right: `(level, index)`, the coarsest held bucket that fits
+    /// at each step, or a held frame as level 0; where neither does, the finest held bucket holding the
+    /// frame stands in, reaching past the frames. Frames nothing holds are skipped.
+    pub(crate) fn pieces(&self, frames: Range<u64>) -> Vec<(u32, u64)> {
+        let mut pieces = Vec::new();
+        let (mut f, end) = (frames.start.max(self.start), frames.end.min(self.end));
+        while f < end {
+            let fits = (1..=self.levels()).rev().find(|&k| {
+                let span = bucket_frames(k);
+                f.is_multiple_of(span) && f.saturating_add(span) <= end && self.held(k, f / span)
+            });
+            if let Some(k) = fits {
+                pieces.push((k, f / bucket_frames(k)));
+                f += bucket_frames(k);
+            } else if self.held(0, f) {
+                pieces.push((0, f));
+                f += 1;
+            } else if let Some(k) = (1..=self.levels()).find(|&k| self.held(k, f / bucket_frames(k))) {
+                let bucket = f / bucket_frames(k);
+                pieces.push((k, bucket));
+                f = (bucket + 1) * bucket_frames(k);
+            } else {
+                let Some(next) = self.next_held(f + 1) else { break };
+                f = next;
+            }
+        }
+        pieces
+    }
+
+    /// What draws frames `frames` at `level`, left to right: runs of that level's entries where held;
+    /// else the nearest coarser level's entry holding them, standing in; else finer levels' entries.
+    /// Frames nothing holds draw nothing.
+    pub(crate) fn cover(&self, frames: Range<u64>, level: u32) -> Vec<Run> {
+        let mut runs = Vec::new();
+        let frames = frames.start.max(self.start)..frames.end.min(self.end);
+        self.cover_into(frames, level.min(self.levels()), &mut runs);
+        runs
+    }
+
+    fn cover_into(&self, frames: Range<u64>, level: u32, runs: &mut Vec<Run>) {
+        let span = bucket_frames(level);
+        let (mut e, last) = (frames.start / span, frames.end.div_ceil(span));
+        let visible = self.visible(level);
+        while e < last {
+            let here = self.axes.get(level as usize).and_then(|log| {
+                held(log, e.max(visible.start)..last.min(visible.end)).into_iter().next().map(|(_, r)| r)
+            });
+            if let Some(range) = here.filter(|r| r.start == e) {
+                e = range.end;
+                join(runs, Run { level, entries: range });
+                continue;
+            }
+            let frame = (e * span).max(frames.start);
+            if let Some(k) = (level + 1..=self.levels()).find(|&k| self.held(k, frame / bucket_frames(k))) {
+                let bucket = frame / bucket_frames(k);
+                join(runs, Run { level: k, entries: bucket..bucket + 1 });
+                e = (bucket + 1).saturating_mul(bucket_frames(k)).div_ceil(span);
+                continue;
+            }
+            let entry_end = (e + 1).saturating_mul(span).min(frames.end);
+            match self.next_held(frame) {
+                Some(next) if next < entry_end && level > 0 => {
+                    self.cover_into(next..entry_end, level - 1, runs);
+                    e += 1;
+                }
+                Some(next) => e = (next / span).max(e + 1),
+                None => break,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Folds piece `(level, index)` of row block `block` into `extent`, a least and a greatest value per
+    /// row of the block, NaN until one is read.
+    pub(crate) fn fold(&self, block: usize, (level, index): (u32, u64), extent: &mut [[f32; 2]]) {
+        if !self.held(level, index) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for side in 0..sides(level) {
+            let Some(page) = self.log(block, level, side).and_then(|log| holding(log, index)) else { continue };
+            let base = ((index - page.first) * u64::from(page.per)) as usize;
+            page.read(|values| {
+                for (e, &v) in extent.iter_mut().zip(&values[base..base + page.per as usize]) {
+                    if level == 0 || side == 0 {
+                        e[0] = e[0].min(v);
+                    }
+                    if level == 0 || side == 1 {
+                        e[1] = e[1].max(v);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The last frame held at or before `at`.
+    pub(crate) fn frame_at(&self, at: f64) -> Option<u64> {
+        let frame = self.locate(0, at, true, 0).ok()?.checked_sub(1)?;
+        self.held(0, frame).then_some(frame)
+    }
+
+    /// How far `at` lies from `frame` toward the next frame, in `0..=1`.
+    pub(crate) fn t(&self, frame: u64, at: f64) -> f32 {
+        match (self.at(frame), self.at(frame + 1)) {
+            (Some(a), Some(b)) if b > a => ((at - a) / (b - a)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) as f32,
+            _ => 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The page holding `frame` of `block` and the word where the frame starts in it.
+    pub(crate) fn cursor(&self, block: usize, frame: u64) -> Option<(FramePage, u32)> {
+        if !self.held(0, frame) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let page = holding(self.log(block, 0, 0)?, frame)?;
+        let base = (frame - page.first) * u64::from(page.per);
+        Some((page, base as u32))
+    }
+
+    /// The pages of `block` holding any of `level`'s entries `entries`, each with those it holds:
+    /// frames, or a bucket's least (`side` 0) or greatest (1) values.
+    pub(crate) fn pages(
+        &self,
+        block: usize,
+        level: u32,
+        side: usize,
+        entries: Range<u64>,
+    ) -> Vec<(FramePage, Range<u64>)> {
+        let visible = self.visible(level);
+        let entries = entries.start.max(visible.start)..entries.end.min(visible.end);
+        self.log(block, level, side).map_or_else(Vec::new, |log| held(log, entries))
+    }
+
+    /// The coordinate pages of `level` holding any of entries `entries`, each with those it holds.
+    pub(crate) fn axis_pages(&self, level: u32, entries: Range<u64>) -> Vec<(AxisPage, Range<u64>)> {
+        let visible = self.visible(level);
+        let entries = entries.start.max(visible.start)..entries.end.min(visible.end);
+        self.axes.get(level as usize).map_or_else(Vec::new, |log| held(log, entries))
+    }
+
+    /// The value of `row` in `frame`, or `None` when missing.
+    pub(crate) fn value(&self, row: usize, frame: u64) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.entry(row, 0, 0, frame)
+    }
+
+    /// The value of `row` at entry `index` of `level`: a frame's, or a bucket's least (`side` 0) or
+    /// greatest (1); `None` when missing.
+    pub(crate) fn entry(&self, row: usize, level: u32, side: usize, index: u64) -> Option<f64> {
+        if !self.held(level, index) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let page = holding(self.log(row >> PAGE_BITS, level, side)?, index)?;
+        let local = (row & PAGE_MASK) as u32;
+        let value = (local < page.per)
+            .then(|| page.read(|v| v[((index - page.first) * u64::from(page.per) + u64::from(local)) as usize]))?;
+        (!value.is_nan()).then_some(f64::from(value))
+    }
+
+    /// `frame`'s values for the first `rows` rows into `out`; rows the frame lacks are NaN.
+    fn read_frame(&self, frame: u64, out: &mut [f32]) {
+        out.fill(f32::NAN);
+        let rows = out.len();
+        for block in 0..rows.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS) {
+            let Some((page, base)) = self.cursor(block, frame) else { continue };
+            let start = block * PAGE_ROWS;
+            let n = (page.per as usize).min(rows - start);
+            page.read(|v| out[start..start + n].copy_from_slice(&v[base as usize..base as usize + n]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The samples of rows `rows`, in that order, at every level.
+    pub(crate) fn gather(&self, rows: &[usize]) -> Samples {
+        self.gather_runs(rows, &self.runs(), self.start..self.end)
+    }
+
+    /// The samples of rows `rows`, in that order, over the frames of `frames` held: what a table drawn
+    /// in part shows of them about one coordinate.
+    pub(crate) fn gather_frames(&self, rows: &[usize], frames: Range<u64>) -> Samples {
+        let start = frames.start.max(self.start);
+        let frames = start..frames.end.min(self.end).max(start);
+        let runs: Vec<Run> = self
+            .runs()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|r| r.level == 0)
+            .map(|r| Run { level: 0, entries: r.entries.start.max(frames.start)..r.entries.end.min(frames.end) })
+            .filter(|r| !r.entries.is_empty())
+            .collect();
+        self.gather_runs(rows, &runs, frames)
+    }
+
+    /// The samples of rows `rows` over `runs`, reading frames `frames`.
+    fn gather_runs(&self, rows: &[usize], runs: &[Run], frames: Range<u64>) -> Samples {
+        let mut gathered = Samples::from_frame(frames.start);
+        for run in runs {
+            let (at, values) = self.read(run, rows);
+            gathered.insert(run, &at, &values, rows.len()).expect("runs held apart");
+        }
+        gathered.reads(frames);
+        gathered
+    }
+}
+
+/// After `frame` is appended to `logs`, writes each bucket it completes whose eight entries a level
+/// below are all held, level by level: its first and last frame's coordinates, and per row block the
+/// least of its entries' least values and the greatest of their greatest.
+fn seal(logs: &mut Logs, frame: u64) {
+    let next = frame + 1;
+    for level in 1..=LEVELS {
+        let span = bucket_frames(level);
+        if !next.is_multiple_of(span) {
+            break;
+        }
+        let bucket = next / span - 1;
+        let children = bucket * 8..bucket * 8 + 8;
+        let below = held(&logs.axes[level as usize - 1], children.clone());
+        if below.iter().map(|(_, r)| (r.end - r.start) as usize).sum::<usize>() != 8 {
+            break;
+        }
+        let first = below[0].0.coordinate(children.start, 0);
+        let last = below[below.len() - 1].0.coordinate(children.end - 1, 1);
+        let (Some(first), Some(last)) = (first, last) else { break };
+        grow(&mut logs.axes[level as usize], bucket, &[first, last], FRAME_PAGE_WORDS / 2);
+        for block in &mut logs.blocks {
+            for side in 0..2 {
+                let from = &block[slot(level - 1, if level == 1 { 0 } else { side })];
+                let parts = held(from, children.clone());
+                let Some(rows) = parts.iter().map(|(p, _)| p.per as usize).max() else { continue };
+                let mut sealed = vec![f32::NAN; rows];
+                for (page, range) in &parts {
+                    page.read(|values| {
+                        for e in range.clone() {
+                            let base = ((e - page.first) * u64::from(page.per)) as usize;
+                            for (out, &v) in sealed.iter_mut().zip(&values[base..base + page.per as usize]) {
+                                *out = if side == 0 { out.min(v) } else { out.max(v) };
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+                grow(&mut block[slot(level, side)], bucket, &sealed, FRAME_PAGE_WORDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn levels_keep_each_buckets_least_and_greatest() {
+        let mut samples = Samples::default();
+        for t in 0..130 {
+            let v = if t == 70 { -5.0 } else { f64::from(t) };
+            samples.append(&[f64::from(t)], &Values::from(vec![v, 2.0 * v]), 2).expect("frame");
+        }
+        assert!(samples.held(1, 15) && !samples.held(1, 16), "130 frames seal 16 buckets of 8");
+        assert!(samples.held(2, 1) && !samples.held(2, 2), "and 2 of 64");
+        // Bucket 8 spans frames 64..72, where frame 70 dips to -5.
+        assert_eq!(samples.entry(0, 1, 0, 8), Some(-5.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.entry(1, 1, 0, 8), Some(-10.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.entry(1, 1, 1, 8), Some(142.0));
+        // Bucket 1 of level 2 spans frames 64..128.
+        assert_eq!(samples.entry(1, 2, 0, 1), Some(-10.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.entry(0, 2, 1, 1), Some(127.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.coordinate(2, 1, 0), Some(64.0), "a bucket holds its first frame's coordinate");
+        assert_eq!(samples.coordinate(2, 1, 1), Some(127.0), "and its last's");
+        assert_eq!(samples.drawn_at(2, 1), Some(95.5), "and draws at their middle");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn appends_read_back_by_coordinate() {
+        let mut samples = Samples::default();
+        samples.append(&[0.0, 1.0], &Values::from(vec![1.0_f64, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]), 2).expect("frames");
+        assert_eq!(samples.end(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(samples.frame_at(0.5), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.value(1, 1), Some(4.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.frame_at(-1.0), None);
+        assert_eq!(samples.bound(0.5, false), 1);
+        assert!(samples.append(&[0.5], &Values::from(vec![0.0_f64, 0.0]), 2).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn newest_version_grows_in_place_and_older_versions_fork() {
+        let mut newest = Samples::default();
+        newest.append(&[0.0], &Values::from(vec![1.0_f64]), 1).expect("frame");
+        let older = newest.clone();
+        newest.append(&[1.0], &Values::from(vec![2.0_f64]), 1).expect("frame");
+        let page = |s: &Samples| s.cursor(0, 0).expect("a page").0.id;
+        assert_eq!(page(&newest), page(&older));
+        let mut forked = older.clone();
+        forked.append(&[2.0], &Values::from(vec![3.0_f64]), 1).expect("frame");
+        assert_eq!(forked.value(0, 1), Some(3.0));
+        assert_eq!(newest.value(0, 1), Some(2.0));
+        assert_eq!(older.end(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(older.value(0, 1), None, "a version reads only its own frames");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_older_version_writing_past_its_end_keeps_the_newer_ones_frames_out() {
+        let mut newest = Samples::default();
+        newest.append(&[0.0, 1.0], &Values::from(vec![1.0_f64, 2.0]), 1).expect("frames");
+        let mut older = newest.clone();
+        newest.append(&[2.0, 3.0], &Values::from(vec![3.0_f64, 4.0]), 1).expect("frames");
+        // The older version holds frames 0 and 1; frames 4 and 5 widen it past a hole at 2 and 3.
+        older.insert(&Run { level: 0, entries: 4..6 }, &[4.0, 5.0], &[5.0, 6.0], 1).expect("a run");
+        assert_eq!(older.value(0, 2), None, "the newer version's frame 2 is not the older one's");
+        assert_eq!(older.value(0, 4), Some(5.0));
+        assert_eq!(newest.value(0, 2), Some(3.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn forgetting_keeps_frame_numbers_and_older_versions() {
+        let rows = 4096;
+        let mut samples = Samples::default();
+        for t in 0..100 {
+            samples.append(&[f64::from(t)], &Values::from(vec![t as f32; rows]), rows).expect("frame");
+        }
+        let older = samples.clone();
+        let pages = |s: &Samples| s.blocks[0][0].read(<[FramePage]>::len);
+        let before = pages(&samples);
+        assert!(samples.forget(50.0));
+        assert!(!samples.forget(50.0), "nothing more to forget");
+        assert_eq!((samples.start(), samples.end()), (50, 100));
+        assert_eq!(samples.value(7, 60), Some(60.0), "frames keep their numbers");
+        assert_eq!(samples.at(49), None);
+        assert!(pages(&samples) < before, "whole pages before the first kept frame drop");
+        assert_eq!(older.value(7, 10), Some(10.0), "an older version still reads them");
+        samples.append(&[100.0], &Values::from(vec![1.0_f32; rows]), rows).expect("frame");
+        assert_eq!(samples.end(), 101);
+        let run = Run { level: 0, entries: 10..11 };
+        assert!(samples.insert(&run, &[10.0], &vec![0.0; rows], rows).is_err(), "frames forgotten stay so");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gather_keeps_each_rows_history() {
+        let mut samples = Samples::default();
+        samples.append(&[0.0, 1.0], &Values::from(vec![1.0_f64, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]), 2).expect("frames");
+        let gathered = samples.gather(&[1]);
+        assert_eq!(gathered.value(0, 0), Some(2.0));
+        assert_eq!(gathered.value(0, 1), Some(4.0));
+        let one = samples.gather_frames(&[0], 1..2);
+        assert_eq!((one.start(), one.end(), one.value(0, 1), one.value(0, 0)), (1, 2, Some(3.0), None));
+    }
+
+    /// Level 1 buckets 0..4 (frames 0..32) and the frames of bucket 1, of two rows.
+    fn holed() -> (Samples, Run, Run) {
+        let mut samples = Samples::default();
+        let buckets = Run { level: 1, entries: 0..4 };
+        let at: Vec<f64> = (0..4).flat_map(|b| [f64::from(b * 8), f64::from(b * 8 + 7)]).collect();
+        let least: Vec<f32> = (0..4).flat_map(|b| [b as f32, -(b as f32)]).collect();
+        let greatest: Vec<f32> = (0..4).flat_map(|b| [b as f32 + 10.0, 10.0 - b as f32]).collect();
+        samples.insert(&buckets, &at, &[least, greatest].concat(), 2).expect("buckets");
+        let frames = Run { level: 0, entries: 8..16 };
+        let coordinates: Vec<f64> = (8..16).map(f64::from).collect();
+        let values: Vec<f32> = (8..16).flat_map(|f| [f as f32, -(f as f32)]).collect();
+        samples.insert(&frames, &coordinates, &values, 2).expect("frames");
+        (samples, buckets, frames)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn runs_fill_any_span_and_cover_draws_the_finest_held() {
+        let (mut samples, buckets, frames) = holed();
+        assert_eq!((samples.start(), samples.end()), (0, 32));
+        let (at, values) = samples.read(&frames, &[0, 1]);
+        assert!(samples.insert(&frames, &at, &values, 2).is_err(), "held already");
+        assert_eq!(
+            samples.cover(0..32, 0),
+            vec![Run { level: 1, entries: 0..1 }, Run { level: 0, entries: 8..16 }, Run { level: 1, entries: 2..4 },],
+            "frames where held, else the buckets standing in"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(samples.cover(0..32, 1), vec![buckets.clone()]);
+        assert_eq!(samples.entry(1, 1, 1, 2), Some(8.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.value(0, 9), Some(9.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.frame_at(12.5), Some(12));
+        assert_eq!(samples.frame_at(20.0), None, "frame 20 is not held");
+        assert_eq!(samples.bound(20.0, false), 16, "past the frames, whole buckets count");
+        assert_eq!(samples.pieces(0..32), vec![(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3)]);
+        let read = samples.read(&buckets, &[0, 1]);
+        let mut copy = Samples::default();
+        copy.insert(&buckets, &read.0, &read.1, 2).expect("read back");
+        assert_eq!(copy.entry(0, 1, 0, 3), Some(3.0));
+        assert_eq!(samples.runs(), vec![frames.clone(), buckets.clone()]);
+        let stored = vec![frames.clone(), Run { level: 1, entries: 0..1 }, Run { level: 1, entries: 2..4 }];
+        assert_eq!(samples.stored_runs(), stored);
+        samples.remove(&frames);
+        assert!(!samples.held(0, 9), "a span let go of");
+        assert_eq!(samples.cover(0..32, 0), vec![buckets]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn derived_buckets_follow_from_the_entries_below() {
+        let mut samples = Samples::default();
+        for t in 0..64 {
+            samples.append(&[f64::from(t)], &Values::from(vec![f64::from(t % 10)]), 1).expect("frame");
+        }
+        let stored = samples.stored_runs();
+        assert_eq!(stored, vec![Run { level: 0, entries: 0..64 }], "every bucket follows from the frames");
+        let mut copy = Samples::from_frame(0);
+        let (at, values) = samples.read(&stored[0], &[0]);
+        copy.insert(&stored[0], &at, &values, 1).expect("frames");
+        for level in 1..=LEVELS {
+            copy.derive(level);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(copy.runs(), samples.runs());
+        for b in 0..8 {
+            assert_eq!(copy.entry(0, 1, 0, b), samples.entry(0, 1, 0, b));
+            assert_eq!(copy.entry(0, 1, 1, b), samples.entry(0, 1, 1, b));
+            assert_eq!(copy.coordinate(1, b, 1), samples.coordinate(1, b, 1));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(copy.entry(0, 2, 1, 0), Some(9.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn appends_after_a_run_seal_only_whole_buckets() {
+        let mut samples = Samples::default();
+        let run = Run { level: 0, entries: 4..8 };
+        samples.insert(&run, &[4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0], &[1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], 1).expect("run");
+        let at: Vec<f64> = (8..16).map(f64::from).collect();
+        samples.append(&at, &Values::from(vec![5.0_f64; 8]), 1).expect("frames");
+        assert!(!samples.held(1, 0), "frames 0..4 are missing");
+        assert!(samples.held(1, 1));
+        assert_eq!(samples.cover(0..16, 1), vec![run, Run { level: 1, entries: 1..2 }]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/table.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/table.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a67f000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/table.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
+
+use super::bits::Bits;
+use super::column::{Column, Page};
+use super::ids::{Ids, Index, RowIds};
+use super::name::{Id, IdRef, Name, PageId, Version};
+use super::samples::Samples;
+use super::values::{Array, Kind, Value, Values};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// A named set of rows with fields: the rows of one type in a dataset, or rows to write into one.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{Ids, Table};
+/// let buses = Table::new("Bus", vec![101_u64, 102, 103])
+///     .field("lon", vec![-97.7, -97.6, -97.5])
+///     .field("name", vec!["North", "Mid", "South"]);
+/// let branches = Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(2)).reference("from", "Bus", vec![101_u64, 102]);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Table {
+    pub(crate) name: Name,
+    pub(crate) ids: RowIds,
+    pub(crate) index: Arc<OnceLock<Index>>,
+    pub(crate) fields: Vec<(Name, Field)>,
+    /// Changes when rows are added or removed.
+    pub(crate) structure: Version,
+    /// Changes when rows are removed, which moves the rows after them.
+    pub(crate) order: Version,
+}
+
+/// The values of one field of a table.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Field {
+    Values(Column, Version),
+    Reference(Reference),
+    Sampled(Samples, Version),
+}
+
+/// A field naming rows of another table by id. Row indices derive from the ids and the target's rows.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Reference {
+    pub(crate) to: Name,
+    pub(crate) ids: Column,
+    /// Target row of each row as `u32`; missing where unwired or the id names no row. Its pages align
+    /// with the pages of `ids`.
+    pub(crate) rows: Column,
+    /// What each page of `rows` was resolved from.
+    pub(crate) resolved: Arc<[Resolved]>,
+    pub(crate) version: Version,
+    /// The rows naming each target row, built on first use from `rows`, and shared by every snapshot
+    /// holding them.
+    pub(crate) inverse: Arc<OnceLock<Inverse>>,
+}
+
+/// A reference row's target where it names no row.
+pub(crate) const UNWIRED: u32 = u32::MAX;
+
+/// The rows naming each target row of a reference: target `t`'s are `rows[starts[t]..starts[t + 1]]`,
+/// in row order.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Inverse {
+    starts: Vec<u32>,
+    rows: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+impl Inverse {
+    /// The rows naming target row `target`.
+    pub(crate) fn of(&self, target: usize) -> &[u32] {
+        match (self.starts.get(target), self.starts.get(target + 1)) {
+            (Some(&start), Some(&end)) => &self.rows[start as usize..end as usize],
+            _ => &[],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The inputs one page of a reference's rows was resolved from.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Resolved {
+    pub(crate) ids: PageId,
+    pub(crate) order: Version,
+    pub(crate) structure: Version,
+    /// Whether an id on the page named no row.
+    pub(crate) dangling: bool,
+}
+
+impl Field {
+    pub(crate) fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        match self {
+            Field::Values(column, _) => column.kind(),
+            Field::Reference(_) => Kind::Reference,
+            Field::Sampled(..) => Kind::Sampled,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Changes whenever the field's values do.
+    pub(crate) fn version(&self) -> Version {
+        match self {
+            Field::Values(_, v) | Field::Sampled(_, v) => *v,
+            Field::Reference(r) => r.version,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The field of rows `rows`, in that order: a reference names the same targets by id, resolved
+    /// again once applied; samples keep every frame.
+    pub(crate) fn gather(&self, rows: &[usize]) -> Field {
+        match self {
+            Field::Values(column, _) => Field::Values(column.gather(rows), Version::next()),
+            Field::Reference(reference) => Field::Reference(Reference {
+                ids: reference.ids.gather(rows),
+                version: Version::next(),
+                inverse: Arc::default(),
+                ..reference.clone()
+            }),
+            Field::Sampled(samples, _) => Field::Sampled(samples.gather(rows), Version::next()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Reference {
+    pub(crate) fn new(to: Name, ids: Column) -> Reference {
+        let rows = Column::missing(&Values::from(Vec::<u32>::new()), 0);
+        Reference { to, ids, rows, resolved: Arc::new([]), version: Version::next(), inverse: Arc::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// The target row row `row` names.
+    pub(crate) fn target(&self, row: usize) -> Option<u32> {
+        match self.rows.get(row)? {
+            Value::Number(n) => Some(n as u32),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Every row's target row, [`UNWIRED`] where it names none: read page by page, not value by value.
+    pub(crate) fn targets(&self) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(self.rows.len());
+        for page in self.rows.pages() {
+            let values = &page.values;
+            match (&values.array, &values.valid) {
+                (Array::U32(rows), None) => out.extend_from_slice(rows),
+                (Array::U32(rows), Some(valid)) => {
+                    out.extend(rows.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, &t)| if valid.get(i) { t } else { UNWIRED }));
+                }
+                _ => out.extend((0..values.len()).map(|i| match values.get(i) {
+                    Some(Value::Number(n)) => n as u32,
+                    _ => UNWIRED,
+                })),
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// The rows naming each target row: counted, the counts summed, then each row written at its
+    /// target's place.
+    pub(crate) fn inverse(&self) -> &Inverse {
+        self.inverse.get_or_init(|| {
+            let targets = self.targets();
+            let count = targets.iter().filter(|&&t| t != UNWIRED).max().map_or(0, |&t| t as usize + 1);
+            let mut starts = vec![0_u32; count + 1];
+            for &t in targets.iter().filter(|&&t| t != UNWIRED) {
+                starts[t as usize + 1] += 1;
+            }
+            for t in 0..count {
+                starts[t + 1] += starts[t];
+            }
+            let mut next = starts.clone();
+            let mut rows = vec![0_u32; starts[count] as usize];
+            for (row, &t) in targets.iter().enumerate() {
+                if t != UNWIRED {
+                    rows[next[t as usize] as usize] = row as u32;
+                    next[t as usize] += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            Inverse { starts, rows }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// This reference for ids `ids`, naming rows `targets` of a target table of `order` and
+    /// `structure`, [`UNWIRED`] where none: resolved already, as a table drawn in part holds it.
+    /// `targets` holds a row for each id. A page of `kept`, as it was resolved before, whose ids and
+    /// targets are those of the same page now, keeps its id, so it does not upload again.
+    pub(crate) fn resolved_to(
+        &self,
+        ids: Column,
+        targets: &[u32],
+        order: Version,
+        structure: Version,
+        kept: Option<&Reference>,
+    ) -> Reference {
+        let mut pages = Vec::with_capacity(ids.pages().len());
+        let mut resolved = Vec::with_capacity(ids.pages().len());
+        let mut start = 0;
+        for (p, page) in ids.pages().iter().enumerate() {
+            let rows = &targets[start..start + page.values.len()];
+            start += rows.len();
+            let dangling = (0..rows.len()).any(|i| rows[i] == UNWIRED && page.values.is_valid(i));
+            let same =
+                kept.and_then(|k| Some((k.rows.pages().get(p)?, k.ids.pages().get(p)?))).filter(|(old, old_ids)| {
+                    old_ids.id == page.id && matches!(&old.values.array, Array::U32(old) if old[..] == *rows)
+                });
+            if let Some((old, _)) = same {
+                pages.push(old.clone());
+            } else {
+                let valid = Bits::from_fn(rows.len(), |i| rows[i] != UNWIRED);
+                let values = Values { array: Array::U32(rows.to_vec().into()), valid: (!valid.all()).then_some(valid) };
+                pages.push(Page::new(values));
+            }
+            resolved.push(Resolved { ids: page.id, order, structure, dangling });
+        }
+        Reference {
+            to: self.to.clone(),
+            ids,
+            rows: Column::of_pages(pages, &Values::from(Vec::<u32>::new())),
+            resolved: resolved.into(),
+            version: Version::next(),
+            inverse: Arc::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `rows` must be resolved again against a target with these versions.
+    pub(crate) fn stale(&self, order: Version, structure: Version) -> bool {
+        self.resolved.len() != self.ids.pages().len()
+            || self
+                .ids
+                .pages()
+                .iter()
+                .zip(self.resolved.iter())
+                .any(|(page, r)| r.ids != page.id || r.order != order || (r.dangling && r.structure != structure))
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves the pages whose inputs changed against `target`.
+    pub(crate) fn resolve(&self, target: &Table) -> Result<Reference> {
+        let index = target.index()?;
+        let (order, structure) = (target.order, target.structure);
+        let mut pages = Vec::with_capacity(self.ids.pages().len());
+        let mut resolved = Vec::with_capacity(self.ids.pages().len());
+        for (p, page) in self.ids.pages().iter().enumerate() {
+            let old = self.resolved.get(p).zip(self.rows.pages().get(p));
+            if let Some((r, rows)) = old
+                && r.ids == page.id
+                && r.order == order
+                && (!r.dangling || r.structure == structure)
+            {
+                pages.push(rows.values.clone());
+                resolved.push(*r);
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (rows, dangling) = index.resolve(&target.ids, &page.values, UNWIRED);
+            let valid = Bits::from_fn(rows.len(), |i| rows[i] != UNWIRED);
+            pages.push(Values { array: Array::U32(rows.into()), valid: (!valid.all()).then_some(valid) });
+            resolved.push(Resolved { ids: page.id, order, structure, dangling });
+        }
+        Ok(Reference {
+            to: self.to.clone(),
+            ids: self.ids.clone(),
+            rows: Column::from_pages(pages, &Values::from(Vec::<u32>::new())),
+            resolved: resolved.into(),
+            version: Version::next(),
+            inverse: Arc::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Table {
+    /// A table named `name` with rows `ids`: a count for rows `0..n`, or a list of numbers or texts.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<Name>, ids: impl Into<Ids>) -> Table {
+        let version = Version::next();
+        Table {
+            name: name.into(),
+            ids: RowIds::new(&ids.into()),
+            index: Arc::default(),
+            fields: Vec::new(),
+            structure: version,
+            order: version,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds or replaces field `name`: one value per row.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn field(mut self, name: impl Into<Name>, values: impl Into<Values>) -> Table {
+        let column = Column::new(&values.into());
+        self.insert(name.into(), Field::Values(column, Version::next()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Adds or replaces field `name` naming rows of table `to` by id; `None` leaves a row unwired.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn reference(mut self, name: impl Into<Name>, to: impl Into<Name>, ids: impl Into<Ids>) -> Table {
+        let ids = match RowIds::new(&ids.into()) {
+            RowIds::Count(n) => Column::new(&Values::from((0..u64::from(n)).collect::<Vec<_>>())),
+            RowIds::Listed(column) => column,
+        };
+        self.insert(name.into(), Field::Reference(Reference::new(to.into(), ids)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The table's name.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &Name {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    /// The number of rows.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ids.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the table has no rows.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Every row's id, in row order.
+    pub fn ids(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Id> + '_ {
+        (0..self.len()).filter_map(|row| self.ids.id(row))
+    }
+
+    /// Every field's name and kind, by name.
+    pub fn fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&Name, Kind)> + '_ {
+        self.fields.iter().map(|(name, field)| (name, field.kind()))
+    }
+
+    /// What field `name` holds.
+    pub fn kind(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Kind> {
+        self.field_named(name).map(Field::kind)
+    }
+
+    /// The value of `field` for the row with `id`. A sampled field reads its last frame; a reference
+    /// reads the target's id.
+    pub fn get(&self, id: impl Into<Id>, field: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+        let row = self.row(id.into().as_ref())?;
+        self.value(row, field, f64::INFINITY)
+    }
+
+    /// Every row's value of `field`, in row order: a reference's as the target ids, a sampled
+    /// field's at its last frame.
+    pub fn values(&self, field: &str) -> Option<Values> {
+        Some(match self.field_named(field)? {
+            Field::Values(column, _) => column.values(),
+            Field::Reference(reference) => reference.ids.values(),
+            Field::Sampled(samples, _) => {
+                let frame = samples.frame_at(f64::INFINITY);
+                Values::from((0..self.len()).map(|row| frame.and_then(|f| samples.value(row, f))).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn value(&self, row: usize, field: &str, at: f64) -> Option<Value> {
+        match self.field_named(field)? {
+            Field::Values(column, _) => column.get(row),
+            Field::Reference(reference) => reference.ids.get(row),
+            Field::Sampled(samples, _) => samples.value(row, samples.frame_at(at)?).map(Value::Number),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The table of rows `rows` of this one, in that order, with every field: what removing rows
+    /// keeps, and what a query reads back.
+    pub(crate) fn rows(&self, rows: &[usize]) -> Table {
+        let version = Version::next();
+        Table {
+            name: self.name.clone(),
+            ids: self.ids.gather(rows),
+            index: Arc::default(),
+            fields: self.fields.iter().map(|(name, field)| (name.clone(), field.gather(rows))).collect(),
+            structure: version,
+            order: version,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The row with `id`.
+    pub(crate) fn row(&self, id: IdRef<'_>) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.index().ok()?.get(&self.ids, id)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn index(&self) -> Result<&Index> {
+        if let Some(index) = self.index.get() {
+            return Ok(index);
+        }
+        let index = self.ids.index()?;
+        Ok(self.index.get_or_init(|| index))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn field_named(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Field> {
+        let i = self.fields.binary_search_by(|(n, _)| n.as_str().cmp(name)).ok()?;
+        Some(&self.fields[i].1)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn insert(&mut self, name: Name, field: Field) {
+        match self.fields.binary_search_by(|(n, _)| n.cmp(&name)) {
+            Ok(i) => self.fields[i].1 = field,
+            Err(i) => self.fields.insert(i, (name, field)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks that every field has one value per row and the ids are present and unique.
+    pub(crate) fn check(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.name.is_empty() {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a table needs a name"));
+        }
+        if let Some(row) = self.ids.hole() {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a row needs an id").at(row).at("ids"));
+        }
+        self.index().map_err(|e| e.at("ids"))?;
+        for (name, field) in &self.fields {
+            let len = match field {
+                Field::Values(column, _) => column.len(),
+                Field::Reference(reference) => reference.ids.len(),
+                Field::Sampled(..) => continue,
+            };
+            if len != self.len() {
+                return Err(Error::invalid(format!("{len} values for {} rows", self.len())).at(name));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Table {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Table")
+            .field("name", &self.name)
+            .field("rows", &self.len())
+            .field("fields", &self.fields().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/tests.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce89e2d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+//! Patches applied to a dataset agree with a plain model of rows, whatever the sequence.
+
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::{Data, Error, Id, Ids, Patch, Row, Table, Value};
+
+/// One row of the model: id, number field `x`, and reference `r` to another row's id.
+type ModelRow = (u64, Option<f64>, Option<u64>);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum Change {
+    Set(Vec<(u64, Option<f64>, Option<u64>)>, bool, bool),
+    Remove(Vec<u64>),
+    Append(Vec<Option<f64>>),
+}
+
+fn change() -> impl Strategy<Value = Change> {
+    let id = 0..12_u64;
+    let row = (id.clone(), proptest::option::of(-10.0..10.0_f64), proptest::option::of(0..14_u64));
+    prop_oneof![
+        3 => (proptest::collection::vec(row, 0..8), any::<bool>(), any::<bool>()).prop_map(|(rows, x, r)| {
+            let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+            Change::Set(rows.into_iter().filter(|(id, ..)| seen.insert(*id)).collect(), x, r)
+        }),
+        1 => proptest::collection::vec(id, 0..5).prop_map(Change::Remove),
+        1 => proptest::collection::vec(proptest::option::of(-1.0..1.0_f64), 0..1).prop_map(Change::Append),
+    ]
+}
+
+struct Model {
+    rows: Vec<ModelRow>,
+    /// Frames of field `s`: per frame, the value of each row present then.
+    frames: Vec<Vec<(u64, Option<f64>)>>,
+}
+
+impl Model {
+    fn apply(&mut self, change: &Change) -> Patch {
+        match change {
+            Change::Set(rows, write_x, write_r) => {
+                let mut table = Table::new("T", rows.iter().map(|r| r.0).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+                if *write_x {
+                    table = table.field("x", rows.iter().map(|r| r.1).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+                }
+                if *write_r {
+                    table = table.reference("r", "T", rows.iter().map(|r| r.2).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+                }
+                for &(id, x, r) in rows {
+                    let at = self.rows.iter().position(|m| m.0 == id).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        self.rows.push((id, None, None));
+                        self.rows.len() - 1
+                    });
+                    if *write_x {
+                        self.rows[at].1 = x;
+                    }
+                    if *write_r {
+                        self.rows[at].2 = r;
+                    }
+                }
+                Patch::new().set(table)
+            }
+            Change::Remove(ids) => {
+                self.rows.retain(|m| !ids.contains(&m.0));
+                Patch::new().remove("T", ids.clone())
+            }
+            Change::Append(values) => {
+                let values: Vec<Option<f64>> =
+                    (0..self.rows.len()).map(|i| values.first().copied().flatten().map(|v| v + i as f64)).collect();
+                let at = self.frames.len() as f64;
+                self.frames.push(self.rows.iter().zip(&values).map(|(m, v)| (m.0, *v)).collect());
+                Patch::new().append([at], "T", [("s", values)])
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn check(&self, data: &Data) {
+        let table = data.table("T").expect("the table exists");
+        let ids: Vec<Id> = table.ids().collect();
+        assert_eq!(ids, self.rows.iter().map(|m| Id::Number(m.0)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        for &(id, x, r) in &self.rows {
+            let row = Row::new("grid", "T", id);
+            let has_x = table.kind("x").is_some();
+            assert_eq!(data.get(&row, "x"), if has_x { x.map(Value::Number) } else { None }, "x of {id}");
+            let wired = r.filter(|r| self.rows.iter().any(|m| m.0 == *r));
+            assert_eq!(data.get(&row, "r"), wired.map(|r| Value::Row(Row::new("grid", "T", r))), "r of {id}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig::with_cases(256))]
+
+    #[test]
+    fn patches_agree_with_the_model(changes in proptest::collection::vec(change(), 1..12)) {
+        let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("T", Vec::<u64>::new()))).expect("an empty table");
+        let mut model = Model { rows: Vec::new(), frames: Vec::new() };
+        for change in &changes {
+            let before = data.clone();
+            let before_bytes = before.to_bytes();
+            let patch = model.apply(change);
+            data.apply(patch).expect("valid patches apply");
+            model.check(&data);
+            prop_assert_eq!(before.to_bytes(), before_bytes, "an earlier snapshot never changes");
+            let back = Data::from_bytes(&data.to_bytes()).expect("round trip");
+            model.check(&back);
+        }
+        for (frame, rows) in model.frames.iter().enumerate() {
+            for &(id, value) in rows {
+                if let Some(at) = model.rows.iter().position(|m| m.0 == id) {
+                    let read = data.get_at(&Row::new("grid", "T", id), "s", frame as f64);
+                    let want = value.map(|v| Value::Number(f64::from(v as f32)));
+                    prop_assert_eq!(read, want, "frame {} of {} (row {})", frame, id, at);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_failed_patch_changes_nothing() {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64, 2]).field("kv", vec![230.0, 115.0])).expect("valid");
+    let before = data.to_bytes();
+    let error = data
+        .apply(
+            Patch::new()
+                .set(Table::new("Bus", vec![3_u64]).field("kv", vec![69.0]))
+                .set(Table::new("Bus", vec![4_u64]).field("kv", vec!["text"])),
+        )
+        .expect_err("text into a number field");
+    assert!(matches!(&error, Error::Invalid { .. }), "{error}");
+    assert_eq!(error.to_string(), "patch[1].Bus.kv: Text values for a Number field");
+    assert_eq!(data.to_bytes(), before);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn appends_one_after_another_record_as_one_and_name_their_own_errors() {
+    let table = || Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64, 2]).field("kv", vec![230.0, 115.0]);
+    let mut one = Data::new("grid");
+    one.apply(Patch::new().replace(table()).append(
+        [0.0, 1.0, 2.0],
+        "Bus",
+        [("vm", vec![1.0_f32, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0])],
+    ))
+    .expect("valid");
+    let mut each = Data::new("grid");
+    let mut patch = Patch::new().replace(table());
+    for f in 0..3 {
+        let v = 2.0 * f as f32;
+        patch = patch.append([f64::from(f)], "Bus", [("vm", vec![v + 1.0, v + 2.0])]);
+    }
+    each.apply(patch).expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!(each.to_bytes(), one.to_bytes(), "a frame a change records as the frames in one");
+    let error = each
+        .apply(
+            Patch::new()
+                .append([3.0], "Bus", [("vm", vec![1.0_f32, 1.0])])
+                .append([4.0], "Bus", [("vm", vec![1.0_f32])])
+                .append([5.0], "Bus", [("vm", vec![1.0_f32, 1.0])]),
+        )
+        .expect_err("a frame short of a row");
+    assert!(error.to_string().starts_with("patch[1].Bus.vm"), "{error}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn field_lengths_must_match_rows() {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    let error = data.apply(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(3)).field("kv", vec![1.0, 2.0])).expect_err("short field");
+    assert_eq!(error.to_string(), "patch[0].Bus.kv: 2 values for 3 rows");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn repeated_ids_are_refused() {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    let error = data.apply(Table::new("Bus", vec!["a", "a"])).expect_err("repeated id");
+    assert!(error.to_string().starts_with("patch[0].Bus.ids[1]"), "{error}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn references_to_unknown_tables_are_refused() {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    let error =
+        data.apply(Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Bus", vec![1_u64])).expect_err("no Bus");
+    assert_eq!(error.to_string(), "Branch.from: no table Bus");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dangling_references_wire_up_when_the_row_arrives() {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64])).set(Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(1)).reference(
+        "to",
+        "Bus",
+        vec![2_u64],
+    )))
+    .expect("valid");
+    let branch = Row::new("grid", "Branch", 0_u64);
+    assert_eq!(data.get(&branch, "to"), None);
+    data.apply(Table::new("Bus", vec![2_u64])).expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!(data.get(&branch, "to"), Some(Value::Row(Row::new("grid", "Bus", 2_u64))));
+    data.apply(Patch::new().remove("Bus", vec![1_u64])).expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!(data.get(&branch, "to"), Some(Value::Row(Row::new("grid", "Bus", 2_u64))));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn inverses_follow_every_change_and_snapshots_keep_theirs() {
+    let inverse = |data: &Data, target: usize| {
+        let Some(super::table::Field::Reference(r)) = data.table("Branch").and_then(|t| t.field_named("from")) else {
+            panic!("a reference");
+        };
+        r.inverse().of(target).to_vec()
+    };
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new().set(Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64, 2, 3])).set(Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(4)).reference(
+            "from",
+            "Bus",
+            vec![1_u64, 2, 1, 3],
+        )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!(inverse(&data, 0), vec![0, 2]);
+    assert_eq!(inverse(&data, 2), vec![3]);
+    let before = data.clone();
+    data.apply(Table::new("Branch", vec![1_u64]).reference("from", "Bus", vec![3_u64])).expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!((inverse(&data, 0), inverse(&data, 2)), (vec![0, 2], vec![1, 3]));
+    data.apply(Patch::new().remove("Bus", vec![1_u64])).expect("valid");
+    // Bus 1 left: what named it names nothing, and the rest moved up a row.
+    assert_eq!((inverse(&data, 0), inverse(&data, 1)), (vec![], vec![1, 3]));
+    assert_eq!(inverse(&before, 0), vec![0, 2]);
+}
+
+/// A dataset of `rows` rows of `Line` with a `flow` sampled over `frames` frames, one a second.
+fn sampled(rows: usize, frames: usize) -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    let at: Vec<f64> = (0..frames).map(|f| f as f64).collect();
+    let flow: Vec<f64> = (0..frames * rows).map(|i| ((i * 7919) % 1000) as f64 - 500.0).collect();
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .axis("time", "s")
+            .replace(Table::new("Line", Ids::count(rows as u32)).reference("from", "Bus", vec![0_u32; rows]))
+            .replace(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(1)).field("name", vec!["a"]))
+            .append(at, "Line", [("flow", flow)]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn describe_names_tables_fields_and_spans() {
+    let description = sampled(3, 10).describe();
+    assert_eq!(description.axis, Some(["time".into(), "s".into()]));
+    assert_eq!(description.span, Some([0.0, 9.0]));
+    let line = description.tables.iter().find(|t| t.name.as_str() == "Line").expect("Line");
+    assert_eq!(line.rows, 3);
+    let json = serde_json::to_value(line).expect("serializes");
+    assert_eq!(
+        json["fields"],
+        serde_json::json!([
+            { "name": "flow", "kind": "sampled", "span": [0.0, 9.0] },
+            { "name": "from", "kind": "reference", "to": "Bus" },
+        ])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn envelopes_read_levels_as_frames_would() {
+    let (rows, frames) = (3, 700);
+    let data = sampled(rows, frames);
+    let line = data.table("Line").expect("Line");
+    let value = |row: usize, frame: usize| (((frame * rows + row) * 7919) % 1000) as f32 - 500.0;
+    for (range, spans) in [([0.0, 699.0], 1), ([0.0, 699.0], 7), ([13.5, 600.0], 5), ([650.0, 2000.0], 3)] {
+        let envelope = line.envelope("flow", range, spans, None).expect("an envelope");
+        assert_eq!(envelope.at.len(), spans + 1);
+        for row in 0..rows {
+            for s in 0..spans {
+                let (lo, hi) = (envelope.at[s], envelope.at[s + 1]);
+                let inside =
+                    (0..frames).filter(|&f| f as f64 >= lo && (f as f64) < hi || s == spans - 1 && f as f64 == hi);
+                let values: Vec<f32> = inside.map(|f| value(row, f)).collect();
+                let least = values.iter().copied().reduce(f32::min).unwrap_or(f32::NAN);
+                let greatest = values.iter().copied().reduce(f32::max).unwrap_or(f32::NAN);
+                let i = row * spans + s;
+                let same = |a: f32, b: f32| a == b || a.is_nan() && b.is_nan();
+                assert!(
+                    same(envelope.least[i], least) && same(envelope.greatest[i], greatest),
+                    "{range:?}/{spans} row {row} span {s}"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let picked = line.envelope("flow", [0.0, 699.0], 2, Some(&vec![2_u32, 0].into())).expect("an envelope");
+    let all = line.envelope("flow", [0.0, 699.0], 2, None).expect("an envelope");
+    assert_eq!(picked.least, [&all.least[4..6], &all.least[0..2]].concat());
+    assert!(line.envelope("from", [0.0, 1.0], 1, None).is_err());
+    assert!(line.envelope("flow", [0.0, 1.0], 1, Some(&vec![9_u32].into())).is_err());
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+#[test]
+fn queries_filter_sort_page_and_select() {
+    use crate::{Order, Query, field};
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    let loading = vec![40.0, 95.0, 120.0, 95.0, 10.0];
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Branch", Ids::count(5)).field("loading", loading).field("name", vec!["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let names = |table: &Table| table.ids().map(|id| table.get(id, "name")).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let text = |s: &str| Some(Value::Text(s.into()));
+    let hot = Query::of("Branch").filter(field("loading").gt(90.0)).sort(field("loading"), Order::Descending);
+    let (sorted, kept) = data.query(&hot).expect("a query");
+    assert_eq!((names(&sorted), kept), (vec![text("c"), text("b"), text("d")], 3), "ties keep their order");
+    let (page, kept) = data.query(&hot.clone().offset(1).limit(1)).expect("a query");
+    assert_eq!((names(&page), kept), (vec![text("b")], 3), "the filter kept three, the page one");
+    let (least, _) =
+        data.query(&Query::of("Branch").sort(field("loading"), Order::Ascending).limit(2)).expect("a query");
+    assert_eq!(names(&least), [text("e"), text("a")]);
+    let (selected, _) =
+        data.query(&Query::of("Branch").limit(1).select("double", field("loading") * 2.0)).expect("a query");
+    assert_eq!(selected.fields().map(|(name, _)| name.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["double"]);
+    assert_eq!(selected.get(0_u64, "double"), Some(Value::Number(80.0)));
+    let json: Query = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+        "of": "Branch", "filter": { "op": "lt", "args": ["loading", 100] }, "sort": [["loading", "descending"]], "limit": 2,
+    }))
+    .expect("a query");
+    assert_eq!(names(&data.query(&json).expect("a query").0), [text("b"), text("d")]);
+    let (named, _) = data.query(&Query::of("Branch").ids([3_u64, 1, 9])).expect("by ids");
+    assert_eq!(names(&named), [text("d"), text("b")], "in the order named, unknown ids passed over");
+    let (lake, _) = data.query(&Query::of("Branch").filter(field("name").contains("C"))).expect("contains");
+    assert_eq!(names(&lake), [text("c")], "ignoring case");
+    assert!(data.query(&Query::of("Nope")).is_err());
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+#[test]
+fn queries_read_sampled_fields_at_a_coordinate() {
+    use crate::{Query, field};
+    let data = sampled(2, 4);
+    let (at_two, _) = data.query(&Query::of("Line").at(2.0).select("flow", field("flow"))).expect("a query");
+    let flow = |row: usize, frame: usize| Value::Number(((((frame * 2 + row) * 7919) % 1000) as f64) - 500.0);
+    assert_eq!(at_two.get(1_u64, "flow"), Some(flow(1, 2)));
+    let (last, _) = data.query(&Query::of("Line")).expect("a query");
+    assert_eq!(last.kind("flow"), Some(crate::Kind::Number));
+    assert_eq!(last.get(0_u64, "flow"), Some(flow(0, 3)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ids_too_large_for_json_numbers_cross_as_text() {
+    let big = (1_u64 << 53) + 1;
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Bus", vec![big, 7]).field("kv", vec![1.0, 2.0])).expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::to_string(&Id::Number(big)).expect("an id"), format!("\"{big}\""));
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::to_string(&Id::Number(7)).expect("an id"), "7");
+    let bus = data.table("Bus").expect("Bus");
+    assert_eq!(bus.get(Id::from(big.to_string()), "kv"), Some(Value::Number(1.0)), "the text names the row");
+    assert_eq!(bus.get(big, "kv"), Some(Value::Number(1.0)));
+    assert_eq!(bus.values("kv").and_then(|v| v.numbers()), Some(vec![1.0, 2.0]));
+    let counted = Table::new("Count", Ids::count(3)).field("x", vec![0.0, 1.0, 2.0]);
+    data.apply(counted).expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!(data.table("Count").expect("Count").get(Id::from("2"), "x"), Some(Value::Number(2.0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn schema_changes_only_with_fields() {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(2)).field("kv", vec![1.0, 2.0])).expect("valid");
+    let schema = data.schema();
+    data.apply(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(3)).field("kv", vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0])).expect("valid");
+    assert_eq!(data.schema(), schema);
+    data.apply(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(1)).field("name", vec!["a"])).expect("valid");
+    assert_ne!(data.schema(), schema);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rows_appended_by_id_leave_the_rest_holding() {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("Bus", [10_u64, 20, 30])).append(
+        [0.0],
+        "Bus",
+        [("vm", vec![1.0, 1.1, 1.2])],
+    ))
+    .expect("valid");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().append_rows([1.0], "Bus", [30_u64], [("vm", vec![0.9])])).expect("by id");
+    let vm = |id: u64| data.get_at(&Row::new("grid", "Bus", id), "vm", 1.0);
+    assert_eq!(vm(10), Some(Value::Number(1.0)), "held");
+    assert_eq!(vm(30), Some(Value::Number(f64::from(0.9_f32))), "recorded");
+    let error = data.apply(Patch::new().append_rows([2.0], "Bus", [40_u64], [("vm", vec![1.0])]));
+    assert!(error.is_err_and(|e| e.to_string().contains("no row")), "rows appended to are rows the table holds");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_patch_to_a_dataset_changes_it_alone() {
+    let mut grid = Data::new("grid");
+    grid.apply(Patch::to("grid").set(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(1)))).expect("its own");
+    let error = grid.apply(Patch::to("weather").set(Table::new("Cell", Ids::count(1))));
+    assert!(error.is_err_and(|e| e.to_string().contains("weather")));
+    let bytes = grid.to_bytes();
+    assert_eq!(Patch::from_bytes(&bytes).expect("a patch").data().map(crate::Name::as_str), Some("grid"));
+    assert!(Data::from_bytes(&Patch::new().to_bytes()).is_err(), "a dataset is a patch to one");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/text.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/text.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b78958e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/text.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::buffer::Buffer;
+
+/// Shared, immutable texts: offsets into one UTF-8 string.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Text {
+    offsets: Buffer<u32>,
+    bytes: Arc<str>,
+}
+
+impl Text {
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.offsets.len().saturating_sub(1)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, i: usize) -> &str {
+        &self.bytes[self.offsets[i] as usize..self.offsets[i + 1] as usize]
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Text {
+        Text { offsets: self.offsets.slice(range.start..range.end + 1), bytes: self.bytes.clone() }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
+        (0..self.len()).map(|i| self.get(i))
+    }
+
+    /// The UTF-8 bytes the slice spans and offsets relative to them.
+    pub(crate) fn compact(&self) -> (Vec<u32>, &str) {
+        let base = self.offsets.first().copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        let end = self.offsets.last().copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        (self.offsets.iter().map(|o| o - base).collect(), &self.bytes[base as usize..end as usize])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_parts(offsets: Vec<u32>, bytes: String) -> Option<Text> {
+        let valid = offsets.first() == Some(&0)
+            && offsets.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1])
+            && offsets.last().is_some_and(|&end| end as usize == bytes.len())
+            && offsets.iter().all(|&o| bytes.is_char_boundary(o as usize));
+        valid.then(|| Text { offsets: offsets.into(), bytes: bytes.into() })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Text {
+    fn default() -> Text {
+        Text { offsets: vec![0].into(), bytes: "".into() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromIterator<&'a str> for Text {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>>(iter: I) -> Text {
+        let mut builder = TextBuilder::default();
+        for text in iter {
+            builder.push(text);
+        }
+        builder.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Text {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_list().entries(self.iter()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds [`Text`] one string at a time.
+pub(crate) struct TextBuilder {
+    offsets: Vec<u32>,
+    bytes: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for TextBuilder {
+    fn default() -> TextBuilder {
+        TextBuilder { offsets: vec![0], bytes: String::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TextBuilder {
+    pub(crate) fn with_capacity(texts: usize) -> TextBuilder {
+        let mut offsets = Vec::with_capacity(texts + 1);
+        offsets.push(0);
+        TextBuilder { offsets, bytes: String::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, text: &str) {
+        self.bytes.push_str(text);
+        self.offsets.push(u32::try_from(self.bytes.len()).expect("a text page holds at most 4 GiB"));
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn finish(self) -> Text {
+        Text { offsets: self.offsets.into(), bytes: self.bytes.into() }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/data/values.rs b/crates/latkit/src/data/values.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7b8b737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/data/values.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,803 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::bits::{Bits, BitsBuilder};
+use super::buffer::Buffer;
+use super::column::{PAGE_BITS, PAGE_MASK};
+use super::geometry::{Geometry, GeometryBuilder};
+use super::name::Row;
+use super::text::{Text, TextBuilder};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// One column of values, as given to [`Table::field`](crate::Table::field) or read from a page.
+///
+/// Converts from vectors and slices of numbers, booleans, texts, and geometries, with `Option` for
+/// missing values. Slicing and cloning never copy.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Values {
+    pub(crate) array: Array,
+    pub(crate) valid: Option<Bits>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Array {
+    F64(Buffer<f64>),
+    F32(Buffer<f32>),
+    I32(Buffer<i32>),
+    U32(Buffer<u32>),
+    U64(Buffer<u64>),
+    Bool(Bits),
+    Text(Text),
+    Geometry(Geometry),
+}
+
+/// What a field holds.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Kind {
+    /// Numbers.
+    Number,
+    /// Booleans.
+    Bool,
+    /// Texts.
+    Text,
+    /// `[x, y]` points.
+    Point,
+    /// Paths of points.
+    Path,
+    /// Parts: the rings of a polygon, or the paths of a multi-path.
+    Parts,
+    /// Polygons of rings.
+    Polygons,
+    /// Rows of another table, by id.
+    Reference,
+    /// Numbers sampled over the data's axis.
+    Sampled,
+}
+
+impl Kind {
+    /// The geometry of `depth` levels below its points: 0 a point, 1 a path, 2 parts, 3 polygons.
+    pub(crate) fn geometry(depth: u8) -> Kind {
+        match depth {
+            0 => Kind::Point,
+            1 => Kind::Path,
+            2 => Kind::Parts,
+            _ => Kind::Polygons,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// How many levels a geometry nests below its points; `None` for any other kind.
+    pub(crate) fn depth(self) -> Option<u8> {
+        match self {
+            Kind::Point => Some(0),
+            Kind::Path => Some(1),
+            Kind::Parts => Some(2),
+            Kind::Polygons => Some(3),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One value read from a dataset.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum Value {
+    /// A number.
+    Number(f64),
+    /// A boolean.
+    Bool(bool),
+    /// A text.
+    Text(Arc<str>),
+    /// A point.
+    Point([f64; 2]),
+    /// A path.
+    Path(Vec<[f64; 2]>),
+    /// Parts: the rings of a polygon, or the paths of a multi-path.
+    Parts(Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>),
+    /// Polygons of rings.
+    Polygons(Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>>),
+    /// The row a reference names.
+    Row(Row),
+}
+
+/// A value writes as JSON: a number (`null` when not finite), boolean, or text; a geometry as nested
+/// `[x, y]` points; a reference as the id of the row it names.
+impl serde::Serialize for Value {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Value::Number(n) if n.is_finite() => serializer.serialize_f64(*n),
+            Value::Number(_) => serializer.serialize_none(),
+            Value::Bool(b) => serializer.serialize_bool(*b),
+            Value::Text(t) => serializer.serialize_str(t),
+            Value::Point(p) => p.serialize(serializer),
+            Value::Path(p) => p.serialize(serializer),
+            Value::Parts(p) => p.serialize(serializer),
+            Value::Polygons(p) => p.serialize(serializer),
+            Value::Row(row) => row.id.serialize(serializer),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A value as JSON writes it.
+impl schemars::JsonSchema for Value {
+    fn schema_name() -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Value".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(_: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+        schemars::json_schema!({
+            "description": "A value read from a dataset: a number (`null` when not finite), boolean, or text; a geometry as nested `[x, y]` points; a reference as the id of the row it names.",
+            "anyOf": [
+                { "type": ["number", "boolean", "string", "null"] },
+                { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "number" }, "minItems": 2, "maxItems": 2 },
+                { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "array" } },
+            ],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A row picked that names none: the value made of it is missing, as a hole among the rows drawn
+/// of a table drawn through tiles is.
+pub(crate) const HOLE: usize = usize::MAX;
+
+/// Where each value an assembly makes comes from, among its sources: the first, then pages of
+/// [`PAGE_ROWS`](super::column::PAGE_ROWS) rows each. A concrete type rather than a closure, so
+/// [`Values::assemble`] is compiled once.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) enum Picks<'a> {
+    /// Value `i` is row `rows[i]` of the pages, missing for a [`HOLE`].
+    Rows(&'a [usize]),
+    /// Value `i` is row `from[i]` of the pages where it is written, missing for a [`HOLE`], else row
+    /// `i` of the first source while `i < kept`, else missing.
+    Writes { from: &'a [Option<usize>], kept: usize },
+}
+
+impl Picks<'_> {
+    fn len(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Picks::Rows(rows) => rows.len(),
+            Picks::Writes { from, .. } => from.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The source and row of value `i`, or `None` where it is missing.
+    #[inline]
+    fn get(self, i: usize) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+        let paged = |row: usize| (row != HOLE).then_some((1 + (row >> PAGE_BITS), row & PAGE_MASK));
+        match self {
+            Picks::Rows(rows) => paged(rows[i]),
+            Picks::Writes { from, kept } => match from[i] {
+                Some(row) => paged(row),
+                None => (i < kept).then_some((0, i)),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Values {
+    /// The number of values.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.array {
+            Array::F64(v) => v.len(),
+            Array::F32(v) => v.len(),
+            Array::I32(v) => v.len(),
+            Array::U32(v) => v.len(),
+            Array::U64(v) => v.len(),
+            Array::Bool(v) => v.len(),
+            Array::Text(v) => v.len(),
+            Array::Geometry(v) => v.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether there are no values.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    /// What the values are.
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        match &self.array {
+            Array::F64(_) | Array::F32(_) | Array::I32(_) | Array::U32(_) | Array::U64(_) => Kind::Number,
+            Array::Bool(_) => Kind::Bool,
+            Array::Text(_) => Kind::Text,
+            Array::Geometry(g) => Kind::geometry(g.depth()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether value `i` is present.
+    pub fn is_valid(&self, i: usize) -> bool {
+        i < self.len() && self.valid.as_ref().is_none_or(|v| v.get(i))
+    }
+
+    /// Value `i`, or `None` when it is missing.
+    pub fn get(&self, i: usize) -> Option<Value> {
+        if !self.is_valid(i) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(match &self.array {
+            Array::Bool(v) => Value::Bool(v.get(i)),
+            Array::Text(v) => Value::Text(v.get(i).into()),
+            Array::Geometry(v) => v.get(i),
+            _ => Value::Number(self.number(i)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Value `i` as a row id, exactly: `None` when missing, or neither a whole number nor a text.
+    pub fn id(&self, i: usize) -> Option<super::name::Id> {
+        super::ids::key(self, i).map(super::name::IdRef::to_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Every value as a number, missing as NaN: `None` unless the values are numbers.
+    pub fn numbers(&self) -> Option<Vec<f64>> {
+        (self.kind() == Kind::Number).then(|| self.map_numbers(|x| x.unwrap_or(f64::NAN)))
+    }
+
+    /// A zero-copy slice.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Values {
+        let array = match &self.array {
+            Array::F64(v) => Array::F64(v.slice(range.clone())),
+            Array::F32(v) => Array::F32(v.slice(range.clone())),
+            Array::I32(v) => Array::I32(v.slice(range.clone())),
+            Array::U32(v) => Array::U32(v.slice(range.clone())),
+            Array::U64(v) => Array::U64(v.slice(range.clone())),
+            Array::Bool(v) => Array::Bool(v.slice(range.clone())),
+            Array::Text(v) => Array::Text(v.slice(range.clone())),
+            Array::Geometry(v) => Array::Geometry(v.slice(range.clone())),
+        };
+        Values { array, valid: self.valid.as_ref().map(|v| v.slice(range)) }
+    }
+
+    /// Every value as `number` reads it, `None` where missing, mapped by `f`: a loop per storage, so
+    /// the storage is matched once rather than per value.
+    pub(crate) fn map_numbers<T>(&self, mut f: impl FnMut(Option<f64>) -> T) -> Vec<T> {
+        macro_rules! each {
+            ($v:expr, $number:expr) => {
+                match &self.valid {
+                    None => $v.iter().map(|&x| f(Some($number(x)))).collect(),
+                    Some(valid) => $v.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, &x)| f(valid.get(i).then(|| $number(x)))).collect(),
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        match &self.array {
+            Array::F64(v) => each!(v, |x: f64| x),
+            Array::F32(v) => each!(v, f64::from),
+            Array::I32(v) => each!(v, f64::from),
+            Array::U32(v) => each!(v, f64::from),
+            Array::U64(v) => each!(v, |x: u64| x as f64),
+            _ => (0..self.len()).map(|i| f(self.is_valid(i).then(|| self.number(i)))).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Calls `f` with every value as `number` reads it, `None` where missing: a loop per storage,
+    /// allocating nothing.
+    pub(crate) fn each_number(&self, mut f: impl FnMut(Option<f64>)) {
+        macro_rules! each {
+            ($v:expr, $number:expr) => {
+                match &self.valid {
+                    None => $v.iter().for_each(|&x| f(Some($number(x)))),
+                    Some(valid) => $v.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, &x)| f(valid.get(i).then(|| $number(x)))),
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        match &self.array {
+            Array::F64(v) => each!(v, |x: f64| x),
+            Array::F32(v) => each!(v, f64::from),
+            Array::I32(v) => each!(v, f64::from),
+            Array::U32(v) => each!(v, f64::from),
+            Array::U64(v) => each!(v, |x: u64| x as f64),
+            _ => (0..self.len()).for_each(|i| f(self.is_valid(i).then(|| self.number(i)))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Value `i` as a number; booleans are 0 or 1, others NaN.
+    pub(crate) fn number(&self, i: usize) -> f64 {
+        match &self.array {
+            Array::F64(v) => v[i],
+            Array::F32(v) => f64::from(v[i]),
+            Array::I32(v) => f64::from(v[i]),
+            Array::U32(v) => f64::from(v[i]),
+            Array::U64(v) => v[i] as f64,
+            Array::Bool(v) => f64::from(u8::from(v.get(i))),
+            Array::Text(_) | Array::Geometry(_) => f64::NAN,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The values as `u32`s, when they are stored so and none is missing.
+    pub(crate) fn u32s(&self) -> Option<&[u32]> {
+        match (&self.array, &self.valid) {
+            (Array::U32(v), None) => Some(v),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The values as `u64`s, when they are stored so and none is missing.
+    pub(crate) fn u64s(&self) -> Option<&[u64]> {
+        match (&self.array, &self.valid) {
+            (Array::U64(v), None) => Some(v),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn text(&self) -> Option<&Text> {
+        match &self.array {
+            Array::Text(t) => Some(t),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn geometry(&self) -> Option<&Geometry> {
+        match &self.array {
+            Array::Geometry(g) => Some(g),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Geometries as values, every one present.
+    pub(crate) fn of_geometry(geometry: Geometry) -> Values {
+        Values { array: Array::Geometry(geometry), valid: None }
+    }
+
+    /// The values `picks` names among `sources`, missing where it names none.
+    ///
+    /// The result keeps the first source's storage; numbers from other sources convert to it. A
+    /// source of another kind is an error.
+    pub(crate) fn assemble(sources: &[&Values], picks: Picks<'_>) -> Result<Values> {
+        let (len, pick) = (picks.len(), |i: usize| picks.get(i));
+        let like = sources.first().expect("a source");
+        let kind = like.kind();
+        if let Some(other) = sources.iter().find(|s| s.kind() != kind) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("{:?} values for a {kind:?} field", other.kind())));
+        }
+        macro_rules! numbers {
+            ($variant:ident, $t:ty, $store:expr) => {{
+                let cast: Vec<Values> = sources.iter().map(|s| s.cast(|x| x as $t, $store)).collect();
+                let typed: Vec<&[$t]> = cast
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|values| match &values.array {
+                        Array::$variant(v) => &v[..],
+                        _ => unreachable!("cast to the first source's storage"),
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+                Array::$variant((0..len).map(|i| pick(i).map_or(<$t>::default(), |(s, r)| typed[s][r])).collect())
+            }};
+        }
+        let array = match &like.array {
+            Array::F64(_) => numbers!(F64, f64, Store::F64),
+            Array::F32(_) => numbers!(F32, f32, Store::F32),
+            Array::I32(_) => numbers!(I32, i32, Store::I32),
+            Array::U32(_) => numbers!(U32, u32, Store::U32),
+            Array::U64(_) => numbers!(U64, u64, Store::U64),
+            Array::Bool(_) => Array::Bool(
+                (0..len)
+                    .map(|i| pick(i).is_some_and(|(s, r)| matches!(&sources[s].array, Array::Bool(v) if v.get(r))))
+                    .collect(),
+            ),
+            Array::Text(_) => {
+                let mut builder = TextBuilder::with_capacity(len);
+                for i in 0..len {
+                    builder.push(pick(i).and_then(|(s, r)| sources[s].text().map(|t| t.get(r))).unwrap_or(""));
+                }
+                Array::Text(builder.finish())
+            }
+            Array::Geometry(g) => {
+                let mut builder = GeometryBuilder::new(g.depth());
+                for i in 0..len {
+                    match pick(i).and_then(|(s, r)| sources[s].geometry().map(|g| (g, r))) {
+                        Some((geometry, r)) => builder.push_from(geometry, r),
+                        None => builder.push_empty(),
+                    }
+                }
+                Array::Geometry(builder.finish())
+            }
+        };
+        let mut bits = BitsBuilder::with_capacity(len);
+        let mut all = true;
+        for i in 0..len {
+            let valid = pick(i).is_some_and(|(s, r)| sources[s].is_valid(r));
+            all &= valid;
+            bits.push(valid);
+        }
+        Ok(Values { array, valid: (!all).then(|| bits.finish()) })
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `other` holds exactly these values in the same storage, compared where they are stored:
+    /// floats by their bits, so a NaN equals itself, and no value is made to compare it.
+    pub(crate) fn same(&self, other: &Values) -> bool {
+        let len = self.len();
+        if other.len() != len || (0..len).any(|i| self.is_valid(i) != other.is_valid(i)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let bits = |a: &[f64], b: &[f64]| a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| x.to_bits() == y.to_bits());
+        match (&self.array, &other.array) {
+            (Array::F64(a), Array::F64(b)) => bits(a, b),
+            (Array::F32(a), Array::F32(b)) => a.iter().zip(b.iter()).all(|(x, y)| x.to_bits() == y.to_bits()),
+            (Array::I32(a), Array::I32(b)) => a[..] == b[..],
+            (Array::U32(a), Array::U32(b)) => a[..] == b[..],
+            (Array::U64(a), Array::U64(b)) => a[..] == b[..],
+            (Array::Bool(a), Array::Bool(b)) => (0..len).all(|i| a.get(i) == b.get(i)),
+            (Array::Text(a), Array::Text(b)) => a.iter().eq(b.iter()),
+            (Array::Geometry(a), Array::Geometry(b)) => (0..len).all(|i| a.same_row(i, b, i)),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether value `i` and `other`'s value `j` are the same, compared where they are stored: floats by
+    /// their bits, so a NaN equals itself, and missing values alike; values in different storages
+    /// differ.
+    pub(crate) fn same_row(&self, i: usize, other: &Values, j: usize) -> bool {
+        let valid = self.is_valid(i);
+        if valid != other.is_valid(j) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if !valid {
+            return true;
+        }
+        match (&self.array, &other.array) {
+            (Array::F64(a), Array::F64(b)) => a[i].to_bits() == b[j].to_bits(),
+            (Array::F32(a), Array::F32(b)) => a[i].to_bits() == b[j].to_bits(),
+            (Array::I32(a), Array::I32(b)) => a[i] == b[j],
+            (Array::U32(a), Array::U32(b)) => a[i] == b[j],
+            (Array::U64(a), Array::U64(b)) => a[i] == b[j],
+            (Array::Bool(a), Array::Bool(b)) => a.get(i) == b.get(j),
+            (Array::Text(a), Array::Text(b)) => a.get(i) == b.get(j),
+            (Array::Geometry(a), Array::Geometry(b)) => a.same_row(i, b, j),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `parts` one after another, in the first part's storage: what a column's pages make, a copy per
+    /// part with nothing picked. Every part holds the first's kind.
+    pub(crate) fn concat(parts: &[&Values]) -> Values {
+        let first = parts.first().expect("a part");
+        debug_assert!(parts.iter().all(|p| p.kind() == first.kind()));
+        let len = parts.iter().map(|p| p.len()).sum();
+        macro_rules! numbers {
+            ($variant:ident, $t:ty, $store:expr) => {{
+                let mut out: Vec<$t> = Vec::with_capacity(len);
+                for part in parts {
+                    match &part.cast(|x| x as $t, $store).array {
+                        Array::$variant(v) => out.extend_from_slice(v),
+                        _ => unreachable!("cast to the first part's storage"),
+                    }
+                }
+                Array::$variant(Buffer::from(out))
+            }};
+        }
+        let array = match &first.array {
+            Array::F64(_) => numbers!(F64, f64, Store::F64),
+            Array::F32(_) => numbers!(F32, f32, Store::F32),
+            Array::I32(_) => numbers!(I32, i32, Store::I32),
+            Array::U32(_) => numbers!(U32, u32, Store::U32),
+            Array::U64(_) => numbers!(U64, u64, Store::U64),
+            Array::Bool(_) => {
+                let mut bits = BitsBuilder::with_capacity(len);
+                for part in parts {
+                    if let Array::Bool(v) = &part.array {
+                        (0..v.len()).for_each(|i| bits.push(v.get(i)));
+                    }
+                }
+                Array::Bool(bits.finish())
+            }
+            Array::Text(_) => {
+                let mut builder = TextBuilder::with_capacity(len);
+                for text in parts.iter().filter_map(|p| p.text()) {
+                    (0..text.len()).for_each(|i| builder.push(text.get(i)));
+                }
+                Array::Text(builder.finish())
+            }
+            Array::Geometry(g) => {
+                let mut builder = GeometryBuilder::new(g.depth());
+                for geometry in parts.iter().filter_map(|p| p.geometry()) {
+                    (0..geometry.len()).for_each(|i| builder.push_from(geometry, i));
+                }
+                Array::Geometry(builder.finish())
+            }
+        };
+        let valid = parts.iter().any(|p| p.valid.is_some()).then(|| {
+            let mut bits = BitsBuilder::with_capacity(len);
+            for part in parts {
+                (0..part.len()).for_each(|i| bits.push(part.is_valid(i)));
+            }
+            bits.finish()
+        });
+        Values { array, valid }
+    }
+
+    /// Numbers converted to `store`; other kinds unchanged.
+    fn cast<T: Copy>(&self, convert: impl Fn(f64) -> T, store: Store) -> Values
+    where
+        Buffer<T>: Into<Array>,
+    {
+        let same = matches!(
+            (&self.array, store),
+            (Array::F64(_), Store::F64)
+                | (Array::F32(_), Store::F32)
+                | (Array::I32(_), Store::I32)
+                | (Array::U32(_), Store::U32)
+                | (Array::U64(_), Store::U64)
+        );
+        if same || self.kind() != Kind::Number {
+            return self.clone();
+        }
+        let converted = self.map_numbers(|x| convert(x.unwrap_or(0.0)));
+        Values { array: Buffer::from(converted).into(), valid: self.valid.clone() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum Store {
+    F64,
+    F32,
+    I32,
+    U32,
+    U64,
+}
+
+macro_rules! array_from_buffer {
+    ($($variant:ident: $t:ty),*) => {$(
+        impl From<Buffer<$t>> for Array {
+            fn from(buffer: Buffer<$t>) -> Array {
+                Array::$variant(buffer)
+            }
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+array_from_buffer!(F64: f64, F32: f32, I32: i32, U32: u32, U64: u64);
+
+macro_rules! numbers_from {
+    ($($variant:ident: $t:ty),*) => {$(
+        impl From<Vec<$t>> for Values {
+            fn from(values: Vec<$t>) -> Values {
+                Values { array: Array::$variant(values.into()), valid: None }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&[$t]> for Values {
+            fn from(values: &[$t]) -> Values {
+                Values { array: Array::$variant(values.into()), valid: None }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<const N: usize> From<[$t; N]> for Values {
+            fn from(values: [$t; N]) -> Values {
+                Values::from(&values[..])
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<Vec<Option<$t>>> for Values {
+            fn from(values: Vec<Option<$t>>) -> Values {
+                let valid = Bits::from_fn(values.len(), |i| values[i].is_some());
+                let array = Array::$variant(values.iter().map(|v| v.unwrap_or_default()).collect());
+                Values { array, valid: (!valid.all()).then_some(valid) }
+            }
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+numbers_from!(F64: f64, F32: f32, I32: i32, U32: u32, U64: u64);
+
+impl From<Vec<bool>> for Values {
+    fn from(values: Vec<bool>) -> Values {
+        Values::from(&values[..])
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&[bool]> for Values {
+    fn from(values: &[bool]) -> Values {
+        Values { array: Array::Bool(Bits::from_fn(values.len(), |i| values[i])), valid: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Option<bool>>> for Values {
+    fn from(values: Vec<Option<bool>>) -> Values {
+        let valid = Bits::from_fn(values.len(), |i| values[i].is_some());
+        let array = Array::Bool(Bits::from_fn(values.len(), |i| values[i] == Some(true)));
+        Values { array, valid: (!valid.all()).then_some(valid) }
+    }
+}
+
+fn texts<'a>(texts: impl IntoIterator<Item = Option<&'a str>>) -> Values {
+    let mut builder = TextBuilder::default();
+    let mut valid = BitsBuilder::with_capacity(0);
+    let mut all = true;
+    for text in texts {
+        all &= text.is_some();
+        valid.push(text.is_some());
+        builder.push(text.unwrap_or(""));
+    }
+    Values { array: Array::Text(builder.finish()), valid: (!all).then(|| valid.finish()) }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<String>> for Values {
+    fn from(values: Vec<String>) -> Values {
+        texts(values.iter().map(|t| Some(t.as_str())))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<&str>> for Values {
+    fn from(values: Vec<&str>) -> Values {
+        texts(values.into_iter().map(Some))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&[&str]> for Values {
+    fn from(values: &[&str]) -> Values {
+        texts(values.iter().copied().map(Some))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&[String]> for Values {
+    fn from(values: &[String]) -> Values {
+        texts(values.iter().map(|t| Some(t.as_str())))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> From<[&str; N]> for Values {
+    fn from(values: [&str; N]) -> Values {
+        texts(values.into_iter().map(Some))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Option<String>>> for Values {
+    fn from(values: Vec<Option<String>>) -> Values {
+        texts(values.iter().map(Option::as_deref))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Option<&str>>> for Values {
+    fn from(values: Vec<Option<&str>>) -> Values {
+        texts(values)
+    }
+}
+
+fn geometries(depth: u8, values: impl IntoIterator<Item = Value>) -> Values {
+    let mut builder = GeometryBuilder::new(depth);
+    for value in values {
+        builder.push_value(&value);
+    }
+    Values { array: Array::Geometry(builder.finish()), valid: None }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<[f64; 2]>> for Values {
+    fn from(points: Vec<[f64; 2]>) -> Values {
+        Values { array: Array::Geometry(Geometry::from_parts(0, Vec::new(), points).expect("points")), valid: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>> for Values {
+    fn from(paths: Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>) -> Values {
+        geometries(1, paths.into_iter().map(Value::Path))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>>> for Values {
+    fn from(parts: Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>>) -> Values {
+        geometries(2, parts.into_iter().map(Value::Parts))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>>>> for Values {
+    fn from(polygons: Vec<Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>>>) -> Values {
+        geometries(3, polygons.into_iter().map(Value::Polygons))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A column of values of one kind, `None` missing, as JSON and JavaScript arrays give them: the first
+/// present value decides what the rest are, numbers, booleans, texts, or geometries nesting alike.
+/// A column of nothing present is numbers; a missing point is NaN, a missing path or polygon empty.
+impl TryFrom<Vec<Option<Value>>> for Values {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn try_from(values: Vec<Option<Value>>) -> Result<Values> {
+        fn all<T>(values: Vec<Option<Value>>, of: impl Fn(Value) -> Option<T>) -> Result<Vec<Option<T>>> {
+            let mixed = || {
+                Error::invalid(
+                    "a column holds one kind of value: numbers, booleans, texts, or geometries nesting alike",
+                )
+            };
+            values.into_iter().map(|v| v.map(|v| of(v).ok_or_else(mixed)).transpose()).collect()
+        }
+        let Some(first) = values.iter().flatten().next() else { return Ok(vec![None::<f64>; values.len()].into()) };
+        Ok(match first {
+            Value::Number(_) => all(values, |v| if let Value::Number(n) = v { Some(n) } else { None })?.into(),
+            Value::Bool(_) => all(values, |v| if let Value::Bool(b) = v { Some(b) } else { None })?.into(),
+            Value::Text(_) => {
+                let texts_of = all(values, |v| if let Value::Text(t) = v { Some(t) } else { None })?;
+                texts(texts_of.iter().map(Option::as_deref))
+            }
+            Value::Point(_) => {
+                let points = all(values, |v| if let Value::Point(p) = v { Some(p) } else { None })?;
+                points.into_iter().map(|p| p.unwrap_or([f64::NAN; 2])).collect::<Vec<_>>().into()
+            }
+            Value::Path(_) => {
+                let paths = all(values, |v| if let Value::Path(p) = v { Some(p) } else { None })?;
+                paths.into_iter().map(Option::unwrap_or_default).collect::<Vec<_>>().into()
+            }
+            Value::Parts(_) => {
+                let parts = all(values, |v| if let Value::Parts(p) = v { Some(p) } else { None })?;
+                parts.into_iter().map(Option::unwrap_or_default).collect::<Vec<_>>().into()
+            }
+            Value::Polygons(_) => {
+                let polygons = all(values, |v| if let Value::Polygons(p) = v { Some(p) } else { None })?;
+                polygons.into_iter().map(Option::unwrap_or_default).collect::<Vec<_>>().into()
+            }
+            Value::Row(_) => return Err(Error::invalid("a column names rows as a reference: {reference, ids}")),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Values> for Vec<Option<Value>> {
+    fn from(values: Values) -> Vec<Option<Value>> {
+        (0..values.len()).map(|i| values.get(i)).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Values {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_list().entries((0..self.len()).map(|i| self.get(i))).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn assemble_scatters_and_converts() {
+        let base = Values::from(vec![1.0_f64, 2.0, 3.0]);
+        let source = Values::from(vec![10_i32, 20]);
+        let from = [None, Some(1), None, Some(0)];
+        let out = Values::assemble(&[&base, &source], Picks::Writes { from: &from, kept: 1 }).expect("numbers");
+        assert_eq!(
+            Vec::<Option<Value>>::from(out),
+            vec![Some(Value::Number(1.0)), Some(Value::Number(20.0)), None, Some(Value::Number(10.0))]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn assemble_refuses_another_kind() {
+        let base = Values::from(vec![1.0_f64]);
+        let source = Values::from(vec!["a"]);
+        assert!(Values::assemble(&[&base, &source], Picks::Rows(&[0])).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn same_compares_what_is_stored() {
+        let a = Values::from(vec![Some(1.0_f64), None, Some(f64::NAN)]);
+        assert!(a.same(&a.slice(0..3)), "a NaN equals itself");
+        assert!(!a.same(&Values::from(vec![Some(1.0_f64), Some(0.0), Some(f64::NAN)])), "missing differs");
+        assert!(!a.same(&Values::from(vec![1.0_f32, 0.0, 0.0])), "another storage differs");
+        let path = |x: f64| Values::from(vec![vec![[0.0, 0.0], [x, 1.0]]]);
+        assert!(path(2.0).same(&path(2.0)));
+        assert!(!path(2.0).same(&path(3.0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn concat_joins_parts_in_the_first_storage() {
+        let a = Values::from(vec![Some(1.0_f64), None]);
+        let b = Values::from(vec![3_i32]);
+        let joined = Values::concat(&[&a, &b]);
+        assert_eq!(Vec::<Option<Value>>::from(joined), vec![Some(Value::Number(1.0)), None, Some(Value::Number(3.0))]);
+        let texts = Values::concat(&[&Values::from(vec!["x"]), &Values::from(vec![Some("y"), None])]);
+        assert_eq!(texts.get(1), Some(Value::Text("y".into())));
+        assert_eq!(texts.get(2), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn texts_keep_missing() {
+        let values = Values::from(vec![Some("a"), None, Some("c")]);
+        assert_eq!(values.get(1), None);
+        assert_eq!(values.slice(1..3).get(1), Some(Value::Text("c".into())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn assemble_gathers_across_sources() {
+        let a = Values::from(vec!["x", "y"]);
+        let b = Values::from(vec!["z"]);
+        let from = [None, None, Some(0)];
+        let joined = Values::assemble(&[&a, &b], Picks::Writes { from: &from, kept: 2 }).expect("texts");
+        assert_eq!(joined.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(joined.get(2), Some(Value::Text("z".into())));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/graph.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/graph.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99091d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/graph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+//! The graph the marks draw: one vertex mark and one edge mark per table, and where edges meet
+//! vertices, by their two ends or by the ports naming a net. Layouts link vertices by it, a diagram's
+//! wires run along it, and nets' stars join it.
+
+use crate::data::{Data, Field, Inverse, Name, Reference, Row, Table, Value};
+use crate::expr::cpu::Rows;
+use crate::host::Key;
+use crate::scene::mark::Style;
+use crate::{Edges, Mark, Port, Vertices};
+
+/// The vertex mark a table's rows take their places from, and the vertex index of its first row.
+pub(crate) struct VertexMark<'a> {
+    pub(crate) mark: &'a Vertices,
+    pub(crate) data: &'a Data,
+    pub(crate) table: &'a Table,
+    pub(crate) first: usize,
+}
+
+/// The edge mark a table's rows take their paths from.
+pub(crate) struct EdgeMark<'a> {
+    pub(crate) mark: &'a Edges,
+    pub(crate) data: &'a Data,
+    pub(crate) table: &'a Table,
+}
+
+/// The vertex marks and edge marks of the scene, one per table: its unnamed mark of the kind, else
+/// its first; each vertex mark with the vertex index of its first row.
+pub(crate) fn marks<'a>(input: &super::Input<'a>) -> (Vec<VertexMark<'a>>, Vec<EdgeMark<'a>>) {
+    let (mut vertices, mut edges): (Vec<VertexMark<'a>>, Vec<EdgeMark<'a>>) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for mark in &input.scene.marks {
+        let style = mark.style();
+        let Some(data) = input.data.iter().find(|d| *d.name() == style.data) else { continue };
+        let Some(table) = data.table(&style.table) else { continue };
+        match mark {
+            Mark::Vertices(v) => {
+                let shown = VertexMark { mark: v, data, table, first: 0 };
+                match taken(vertices.iter().map(|vm| &vm.mark.style), style) {
+                    None => vertices.push(shown),
+                    Some(at) if replaces(&vertices[at].mark.style, style) => vertices[at] = shown,
+                    Some(_) => {}
+                }
+            }
+            Mark::Edges(e) => {
+                let shown = EdgeMark { mark: e, data, table };
+                match taken(edges.iter().map(|em| &em.mark.style), style) {
+                    None => edges.push(shown),
+                    Some(at) if replaces(&edges[at].mark.style, style) => edges[at] = shown,
+                    Some(_) => {}
+                }
+            }
+            Mark::Faces(_) | Mark::Lines(_) | Mark::Areas(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+    let mut first = 0;
+    for vm in &mut vertices {
+        vm.first = first;
+        first += vm.table.len();
+    }
+    (vertices, edges)
+}
+
+/// Which of the marks taken, by their styles, draws `style`'s table already.
+fn taken<'s>(mut styles: impl Iterator<Item = &'s Style>, style: &Style) -> Option<usize> {
+    styles.position(|s| s.data == style.data && s.table == style.table)
+}
+
+/// Whether the mark of `style` takes its table from the one of `before`: an unnamed mark from a
+/// named one.
+fn replaces(before: &Style, style: &Style) -> bool {
+    before.name.is_some() && style.name.is_none()
+}
+
+/// The vertex mark drawing `table` of dataset `data`, which ends and members attach to.
+pub(crate) fn drawing(vertex_marks: &[VertexMark<'_>], data: &Name, table: &Name) -> Option<usize> {
+    vertex_marks.iter().position(|vm| vm.data.name() == data && vm.table.name() == table)
+}
+
+/// The position row `row`'s data gives it, if any: its position, else its point geometry.
+pub(crate) fn position(mark: &Vertices, rows: &Rows<'_>, row: usize) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+    match &mark.position {
+        Some([x, y]) => Some([rows.number(x, row)?, rows.number(y, row)?]),
+        None => match rows.table.value(row, mark.point_field(), f64::INFINITY)? {
+            Value::Point(p) if p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) => Some(p),
+            _ => None,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// A row's key in a job: its table and id.
+pub(crate) fn key_of(row: &Row) -> Key {
+    (row.table.clone(), row.id.clone())
+}
+
+/// What a layout links: each edge's two ends, and each net from its outputs to its inputs, by vertex.
+pub(crate) fn links(marks: &[VertexMark<'_>], edge_marks: &[EdgeMark<'_>]) -> Vec<[u32; 2]> {
+    let codes: Vec<Vec<u32>> = marks.iter().map(|vm| port_codes(vm.mark)).collect();
+    let mut links = Vec::new();
+    for em in edge_marks {
+        let joins = Joins::new(marks, &codes, em);
+        for row in 0..em.table.len() {
+            if let Some([a, b]) = joins.ends(row) {
+                if a != b {
+                    links.push([a as u32, b as u32]);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let terminals: Vec<(u32, bool)> =
+                joins.terminals(marks, row).into_iter().map(|(v, _, output)| (v as u32, output)).collect();
+            links.extend(net_links(&terminals));
+        }
+    }
+    links
+}
+
+/// Where an edge mark's rows meet vertices: the references naming each row's two ends, with the
+/// first vertex of the table each names; or, for nets, every port reference naming its rows.
+pub(crate) struct Joins<'a> {
+    ends: Option<[(&'a Reference, usize); 2]>,
+    ports: Vec<Naming<'a>>,
+}
+
+/// A port reference naming a net table's rows: the vertex mark, the port's code and whether it is an
+/// output, and the rows naming each net.
+struct Naming<'a> {
+    mark: usize,
+    code: u32,
+    output: bool,
+    inverse: &'a Inverse,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Joins<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(marks: &[VertexMark<'a>], codes: &[Vec<u32>], em: &EdgeMark<'a>) -> Joins<'a> {
+        let table: &'a Table = em.table;
+        let end = |field: &str| {
+            let Some(Field::Reference(r)) = table.field_named(field) else { return None };
+            let m = drawing(marks, em.data.name(), &r.to)?;
+            Some((r, marks[m].first))
+        };
+        if let Some((from, to)) = &em.mark.ends {
+            return Joins { ends: end(from).zip(end(to)).map(|(a, b)| [a, b]), ports: Vec::new() };
+        }
+        let mut ports = Vec::new();
+        for (m, vm) in marks.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, vm)| vm.data.name() == em.data.name()) {
+            let vertices: &'a Table = vm.table;
+            for (k, (name, port)) in vm.mark.ports.iter().enumerate() {
+                if let Some(Field::Reference(r)) = vertices.field_named(name)
+                    && r.to == *table.name()
+                {
+                    ports.push(Naming { mark: m, code: codes[m][k], output: port.output, inverse: r.inverse() });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Joins { ends: None, ports }
+    }
+
+    /// Row `row`'s two ends, by vertex.
+    pub(crate) fn ends(&self, row: usize) -> Option<[usize; 2]> {
+        let [(a, first_a), (b, first_b)] = self.ends?;
+        Some([first_a + a.target(row)? as usize, first_b + b.target(row)? as usize])
+    }
+
+    /// Net row `row`'s terminals: each vertex naming it at a port, the port's code, and whether it is
+    /// an output.
+    pub(crate) fn terminals(&self, marks: &[VertexMark<'_>], row: usize) -> Vec<(usize, u32, bool)> {
+        let mut terminals = Vec::new();
+        for naming in &self.ports {
+            let first = marks[naming.mark].first;
+            terminals.extend(naming.inverse.of(row).iter().map(|&v| (first + v as usize, naming.code, naming.output)));
+        }
+        terminals
+    }
+}
+
+/// Each port's code on a vertex mark's rows.
+pub(crate) fn port_codes(mark: &Vertices) -> Vec<u32> {
+    Port::codes(&mark.ports.iter().map(|(_, port)| port).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+}
+
+/// The links of a net whose terminals are `ends`, each a vertex and whether it drives the net: every
+/// driver to its first reader, and its first driver to every reader, so a wide net adds as many links
+/// as it has terminals. A net without both drivers and readers runs from its first terminal.
+fn net_links(ends: &[(u32, bool)]) -> Vec<[u32; 2]> {
+    let (mut drivers, mut readers): (Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for &(vertex, drives) in ends {
+        if drives { drivers.push(vertex) } else { readers.push(vertex) }
+    }
+    if drivers.is_empty() || readers.is_empty() {
+        drivers = ends.iter().take(1).map(|e| e.0).collect();
+        readers = ends.iter().skip(1).map(|e| e.0).collect();
+    }
+    let (Some(&driver), Some(&reader)) = (drivers.first(), readers.first()) else { return Vec::new() };
+    let links = drivers.iter().map(|&d| [d, reader]).chain(readers.iter().skip(1).map(|&r| [driver, r]));
+    links.filter(|[a, b]| a != b).collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nets_link_their_drivers_to_their_readers() {
+        assert_eq!(net_links(&[(0, false), (1, true), (2, false)]), vec![[1, 0], [1, 2]]);
+        assert_eq!(net_links(&[(4, false), (5, false)]), vec![[4, 5]], "without a driver, the first drives");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/lanes.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/lanes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9be4932c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/lanes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+//! Lanes: outside a diagram, each edge row's lane among the edges joining the same two vertices, so
+//! they bow apart instead of drawing over each other. A lane is data, made from the table's ends
+//! alone: the stroke bows in world space by its lane, so it never moves as the camera does. Derived
+//! again only when the table's rows or ends change: on the frame while that fits its budget, else in
+//! a job; a table whose edges share no ends derives nothing.
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxBuildHasher, FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
+
+use super::{Derive, Derived, Input, Jobs, Tables, beside, kept, stamp_of};
+use crate::Mark;
+use crate::Pending;
+use crate::data::{Field, Ids, Name, Patch, Reference, Table, UNWIRED, Values};
+use crate::host::Job;
+
+/// Microseconds a row takes to find its lane, by estimate.
+const LANE_COST: f64 = 0.06;
+
+/// What a table's lanes were made from, and a job under way.
+type Made = Derived<(), Pending<Vec<u8>>>;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Lanes {
+    tables: Tables,
+    /// Each table's lanes, made or making.
+    made: FxHashMap<(Name, Name), Made>,
+}
+
+impl Derive for Lanes {
+    fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> bool {
+        let mut changed = false;
+        let mut drawn: FxHashSet<(Name, Name)> = FxHashSet::default();
+        for mark in &input.scene.marks {
+            let Mark::Edges(edges) = mark else { continue };
+            let Some((from, to)) = &edges.ends else { continue };
+            let style = &edges.style;
+            let Some(table) = input.data(&style.data).and_then(|d| d.table(&style.table)) else { continue };
+            let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (reference(table, from), reference(table, to)) else { continue };
+            let key = (style.data.clone(), style.table.clone());
+            if !drawn.insert(key.clone()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let stamp = stamp_of((table.structure, table.order, a.version, b.version));
+            let made = self.made.entry(key.clone()).or_default();
+            if let Some((landed, bytes)) = made.landed()
+                && landed == stamp
+            {
+                made.make(stamp, ());
+                changed |= keep(&mut self.tables, key.clone(), table, answered(&bytes));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !made.due(stamp) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let rows = table.len();
+            if jobs.fits((rows as f64 * LANE_COST) as u64) {
+                made.make(stamp, ());
+                changed |= keep(&mut self.tables, key, table, lanes(&a.targets(), &b.targets()));
+            } else {
+                made.start(stamp, jobs.spawn(Job::lanes(&a.targets(), &b.targets())));
+            }
+        }
+        let before = self.tables.len();
+        self.tables.retain(|key, _| drawn.contains(key));
+        self.made.retain(|key, _| drawn.contains(key));
+        changed || self.tables.len() != before
+    }
+
+    fn busy(&self) -> bool {
+        self.made.values().any(Derived::busy)
+    }
+
+    fn tables(&self) -> &Tables {
+        &self.tables
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.tables.clear();
+        self.made.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Keeps `lanes` beside `table` as its field `lane`, or drops its lanes when there are none; whether
+/// anything changed.
+fn keep(tables: &mut Tables, key: (Name, Name), table: &Table, lanes: Option<Vec<f32>>) -> bool {
+    match lanes.filter(|l| l.len() == table.len()) {
+        Some(lanes) => {
+            let lane = kept("lane", &Values::from(lanes), table, tables.get(&key));
+            tables.insert(key, beside(table, [("lane".into(), lane)]));
+            true
+        }
+        None => tables.remove(&key).is_some(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The reference field `name` of `table`.
+fn reference<'t>(table: &'t Table, name: &str) -> Option<&'t Reference> {
+    match table.field_named(name)? {
+        Field::Reference(reference) => Some(reference),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The lanes a lanes job answered: its table's field `lane`, or none.
+fn answered(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let patch = Patch::from_bytes(bytes).ok()?;
+    patch.ops.into_iter().find_map(|op| match op {
+        crate::data::Op::Set(table) => {
+            let Some(Field::Values(column, _)) = table.field_named("lane") else { return None };
+            let pages = column.pages().iter();
+            Some(pages.flat_map(|page| (0..page.values.len()).map(|i| page.values.number(i) as f32)).collect())
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Each row's lane among the rows joining the same two vertices, from the rows' two ends
+/// ([`UNWIRED`] where a reference names no row): offsets from the middle, signed so rows joining them
+/// either way bow apart. `None` when no two rows share their ends. Counts each pair once, then hands
+/// out lanes only to the pairs shared, so it allocates nothing per pair.
+pub(crate) fn lanes(from: &[u32], to: &[u32]) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let key = |r: usize| {
+        let (a, b) = (from[r], to[r]);
+        (a != UNWIRED && b != UNWIRED && a != b).then(|| u64::from(a.min(b)) << 32 | u64::from(a.max(b)))
+    };
+    let rows = from.len().min(to.len());
+    let mut counts: FxHashMap<u64, u32> = FxHashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(rows, FxBuildHasher);
+    let mut shared = false;
+    for r in 0..rows {
+        if let Some(k) = key(r) {
+            let n = counts.entry(k).or_insert(0);
+            *n += 1;
+            shared |= *n > 1;
+        }
+    }
+    if !shared {
+        return None;
+    }
+    counts.retain(|_, n| *n > 1);
+    let mut taken: FxHashMap<u64, u32> = FxHashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(counts.len(), FxBuildHasher);
+    Some(
+        (0..rows)
+            .map(|r| {
+                let Some((k, &n)) = key(r).and_then(|k| Some((k, counts.get(&k)?))) else { return 0.0 };
+                let next = taken.entry(k).or_insert(0);
+                let lane = *next as f32 - (n - 1) as f32 / 2.0;
+                *next += 1;
+                if from[r] > to[r] { -lane } else { lane }
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Lanes as a job's answer: a table of every row's lane, or one without rows when there are none.
+pub(crate) fn answer(from: &[u32], to: &[u32]) -> Patch {
+    let lanes = lanes(from, to).unwrap_or_default();
+    Patch::new().set(Table::new("lanes", Ids::count(lanes.len() as u32)).field("lane", lanes))
+}
+
+/// Each of `rows` rows' lane among the rows joining the same two ends, which `ends` names: the
+/// sheet's straight wires spread by it. `None` when no two share their ends.
+pub(crate) fn spread(rows: usize, ends: impl Fn(usize) -> Option<[usize; 2]>) -> Option<Vec<f64>> {
+    let (from, to): (Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>) =
+        (0..rows).map(|r| ends(r).map_or((UNWIRED, UNWIRED), |[a, b]| (a as u32, b as u32))).unzip();
+    lanes(&from, &to).map(|lanes| lanes.into_iter().map(f64::from).collect())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{UNWIRED, lanes};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows_joining_the_same_ends_bow_apart_either_way() {
+        // Rows 0, 1, and 3 join vertices 1 and 2, row 3 the other way; row 2 is alone.
+        let lanes = lanes(&[1, 1, 4, 2, UNWIRED], &[2, 2, 5, 1, 0]).expect("shared ends");
+        assert_eq!(lanes, vec![-1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tables_sharing_no_ends_have_no_lanes() {
+        assert_eq!(lanes(&[0, 1, 2], &[1, 2, 0]), None);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cde5b9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+//! Derived data: what the view works out rather than is given. Every derivation shares one lifecycle:
+//! a stamp of what it reads, so it works again only when that changes; work small enough for the
+//! frame done on it, within one budget all derivations share; larger work a host job answering a
+//! patch, kept only while what it was asked from still holds; and tables it writes beside the tables
+//! marks draw, row for row, which marks read like data. What the GPU works out (the shadow map,
+//! normals, segment counts, label placement) follows the same stamps, its answers read back.
+//!
+//! The derivations: a diagram's sheet (places, sizes, boxes, wires); elsewhere the lanes of edges
+//! sharing their ends, the stars of nets, and where the scene has a layout the places of vertex rows
+//! without positions;
+//! the triangles of every area; and the tiles the camera asks for, which patch datasets the view
+//! owns.
+
+pub(crate) mod graph;
+mod lanes;
+pub(crate) mod places;
+pub(crate) mod pyramid;
+mod shapes;
+pub(crate) mod sight;
+mod stars;
+pub(crate) mod tiled;
+pub(crate) mod tiles;
+mod tiling;
+
+pub(crate) use lanes::{answer as lanes_answer, spread};
+
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::task::Waker;
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHasher};
+
+use crate::data::{Column, Data, Field, Name, Op, Page, Patch, Table, Value, Values, Version};
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::work::{Count, Counters};
+use crate::host::{Host, Job, Key, Request};
+use crate::sheet::Sheet;
+use crate::{Pending, Result, Scene, Space};
+use places::Places;
+use tiles::TileSets;
+
+/// A stamp of `inputs`: never 0, which no value is made from.
+pub(crate) fn stamp_of(inputs: impl Hash) -> u64 {
+    let mut hasher = FxHasher::default();
+    inputs.hash(&mut hasher);
+    hasher.finish().max(1)
+}
+
+/// Work that lands later: bytes the GPU reads back, or a job or fetch the host does.
+pub(crate) trait Answer {
+    /// The bytes once they landed, taking them; `None` while they have not.
+    fn take(&self) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>>>;
+}
+
+impl Answer for Readback {
+    fn take(&self) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>>> {
+        Readback::take(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Answer for Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+    fn take(&self) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>>> {
+        Pending::take(self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A derived product: its value, the stamp it was made from, and the work under way toward the value
+/// of a newer stamp.
+pub(crate) struct Derived<T, A: Answer = Readback> {
+    pub(crate) value: T,
+    stamp: u64,
+    working: Option<(u64, A)>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Default, A: Answer> Default for Derived<T, A> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Derived { value: T::default(), stamp: 0, working: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, A: Answer> Derived<T, A> {
+    /// The stamp the value was made from; 0 before it was.
+    pub(crate) fn stamp(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.stamp
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `stamp` is neither what the value was made from nor what work under way is for.
+    pub(crate) fn due(&self, stamp: u64) -> bool {
+        stamp != self.stamp && self.working.as_ref().is_none_or(|(s, _)| *s != stamp)
+    }
+
+    /// Takes `value` as made from `stamp`, dropping any work under way.
+    pub(crate) fn make(&mut self, stamp: u64, value: T) {
+        self.value = value;
+        self.stamp = stamp;
+        self.working = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the value as made from `stamp` as it stands, dropping any work under way.
+    pub(crate) fn mark(&mut self, stamp: u64) {
+        self.stamp = stamp;
+        self.working = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Starts `work` toward the value of `stamp`, replacing any under way.
+    pub(crate) fn start(&mut self, stamp: u64, work: A) {
+        self.working = Some((stamp, work));
+    }
+
+    /// The bytes of work that landed, and the stamp it was for. Work that failed lands as made,
+    /// keeping the value, so it is not tried again until what it reads changes.
+    pub(crate) fn landed(&mut self) -> Option<(u64, Vec<u8>)> {
+        let (stamp, work) = self.working.as_ref()?;
+        let stamp = *stamp;
+        let landed = work.take()?;
+        self.working = None;
+        let Ok(bytes) = landed else {
+            self.stamp = stamp;
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some((stamp, bytes))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether work is under way.
+    pub(crate) fn busy(&self) -> bool {
+        self.working.is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Microseconds of work, by estimate, the derivations do on one frame between them; what does not fit
+/// goes to the host as jobs.
+const FRAME_WORK: u32 = 4000;
+
+/// The frame's budget of inline work and the host's pool, which every derivation shares. Each job
+/// and fetch wakes the view when it lands.
+pub(crate) struct Jobs<'a> {
+    errors: &'a Arc<Mutex<Vec<crate::Error>>>,
+    host: Option<&'a dyn Host>,
+    waker: &'a Waker,
+    /// What counts the jobs handed out.
+    counters: &'a Counters,
+    /// Microseconds of inline work left this frame, by estimate.
+    left: u32,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Jobs<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        host: Option<&'a dyn Host>,
+        waker: &'a Waker,
+        counters: &'a Counters,
+        errors: &'a Arc<Mutex<Vec<crate::Error>>>,
+    ) -> Jobs<'a> {
+        Jobs { host, waker, counters, errors, left: FRAME_WORK }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether work of `cost` microseconds fits what is left of the frame's budget, spending it if so.
+    pub(crate) fn fits(&mut self, cost: u64) -> bool {
+        let fits = cost <= u64::from(self.left);
+        if fits {
+            self.left -= cost as u32;
+        }
+        fits
+    }
+
+    /// Microseconds of inline work left this frame, by estimate.
+    pub(crate) fn left(&self) -> u64 {
+        u64::from(self.left)
+    }
+
+    /// Spends `cost` microseconds of the budget whether it fits or not: work the frame cannot defer.
+    pub(crate) fn spend(&mut self, cost: u64) {
+        self.left = self.left.saturating_sub(cost.min(u64::from(u32::MAX)) as u32);
+    }
+
+    /// Has the host do `job` off the frame; without a host, at once.
+    pub(crate) fn spawn(&self, job: Job) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.counters.add(Count::Jobs, 1);
+        let pending = match self.host {
+            Some(host) => host.spawn(job),
+            None => Pending::ready(Ok(job.run())),
+        };
+        pending.report_errors(self.errors);
+        pending.notify(self.waker);
+        pending
+    }
+
+    /// Has the host fetch `request`; without a host, nothing can be fetched.
+    pub(crate) fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        let pending = match self.host {
+            Some(host) => host.fetch(request),
+            None => Pending::ready(Err(crate::Error::Unsupported("fetching needs a host".into()))),
+        };
+        pending.notify(self.waker);
+        pending
+    }
+}
+
+/// What every derivation reads: the scene and its data, the host that measures text, and whether
+/// rows are being dragged. Jobs go through the frame's [`Jobs`].
+pub(crate) struct Input<'a> {
+    pub(crate) scene: &'a Scene,
+    /// Bumps whenever the scene changes.
+    pub(crate) scene_version: u64,
+    pub(crate) data: &'a [Data],
+    pub(crate) host: Option<&'a dyn Host>,
+    /// Whether rows are being dragged: what they move derives on the frame, however much.
+    pub(crate) dragging: bool,
+}
+
+impl Input<'_> {
+    /// The dataset named `name`.
+    pub(crate) fn data(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Data> {
+        self.data.iter().find(|d| d.name() == name)
+    }
+
+    /// Hashes what the structure of the scene's marks reads: of each table drawn, its rows and the
+    /// fields its places, sizes, groups, ports, wires, and nets read. A field only a look reads, such
+    /// as a value streaming in, changes nothing it hashes.
+    pub(crate) fn structure(&self, hasher: &mut impl Hasher) {
+        self.reads(&mut |read| match read {
+            Read::Rows { data, table, rows } => (data, table, rows.structure, rows.order).hash(hasher),
+            Read::Field { data, table, name, field, .. } => (data, table, name, field.map(Field::version)).hash(hasher),
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Hands `read` what the structure of the scene's marks reads, in order: each table drawn, then
+    /// each field its places, sizes, groups, ports, wires, and nets read.
+    pub(crate) fn reads<'a>(&'a self, read: &mut impl FnMut(Read<'a>)) {
+        for mark in &self.scene.marks {
+            let style = mark.style();
+            let Some(rows) = self.data(&style.data).and_then(|d| d.table(&style.table)) else { continue };
+            read(Read::Rows { data: &style.data, table: &style.table, rows });
+            let own = (&style.data, &style.table);
+            match mark {
+                crate::Mark::Vertices(v) => {
+                    match &v.position {
+                        Some([x, y]) => {
+                            self.read_expr(own, x, true, read);
+                            self.read_expr(own, y, true, read);
+                        }
+                        None => self.read_field(own, v.point_field(), read),
+                    }
+                    for size in v.size.iter().flatten().chain(&v.radius) {
+                        self.read_expr(own, &size.expr, true, read);
+                    }
+                    if let Some(label) = &style.label {
+                        self.read_expr(own, &label.text, true, read);
+                    }
+                    for (reference, _) in &v.ports {
+                        self.read_field(own, reference, read);
+                    }
+                    if let Some((members, reference)) = &v.contains {
+                        self.read_field((&style.data, members), reference, read);
+                    }
+                }
+                crate::Mark::Edges(e) => {
+                    for name in e.ends.iter().flat_map(|(from, to)| [from, to]).chain(&e.bends) {
+                        self.read_field(own, name, read);
+                    }
+                    if let Some((members, reference)) = &e.joins {
+                        self.read_field((&style.data, members), reference, read);
+                    }
+                }
+                crate::Mark::Faces(_) | crate::Mark::Lines(_) | crate::Mark::Areas(_) => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Hands `read` every field `expr` of a mark drawing `table` reads: a field of the table itself is
+    /// one it sizes or places each row by, `own`, unless a domain fits it to every row's.
+    fn read_expr<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        table: (&'a Name, &'a Name),
+        expr: &'a crate::Expr,
+        own: bool,
+        read: &mut impl FnMut(Read<'a>),
+    ) {
+        let own = own && !expr.fits();
+        expr.for_each_field(&mut |f| {
+            let (data, of) = f.of.as_ref().map_or(table, |(d, t)| (d, t));
+            let field = self.data(data).and_then(|d| d.table(of)).and_then(|t| t.field_named(&f.name));
+            read(Read::Field { data, table: of, name: f.name.as_str(), field, own: own && f.of.is_none() });
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Hands `read` field `name` of `table`.
+    fn read_field<'a>(&'a self, (data, table): (&'a Name, &'a Name), name: &'a str, read: &mut impl FnMut(Read<'a>)) {
+        let field = self.data(data).and_then(|d| d.table(table)).and_then(|t| t.field_named(name));
+        read(Read::Field { data, table, name, field, own: false });
+    }
+}
+
+/// What the structure of the scene's marks reads.
+pub(crate) enum Read<'a> {
+    /// A table a mark draws: its rows.
+    Rows { data: &'a Name, table: &'a Name, rows: &'a Table },
+    /// A field: whether it exists, and as what; and whether it is `own`, a value of a vertex mark's
+    /// own table that sizes or places each row by that row's value alone.
+    Field { data: &'a Name, table: &'a Name, name: &'a str, field: Option<&'a Field>, own: bool },
+}
+
+/// Derived tables, by the dataset and table each stands beside.
+pub(crate) type Tables = FxHashMap<(Name, Name), Table>;
+
+/// One derivation: what it reads, stamped; what it works out, on the frame or as jobs; and the tables
+/// it writes.
+pub(crate) trait Derive {
+    /// Brings what it derives up to `input`, handing `jobs` what the frame cannot afford; whether its
+    /// tables changed.
+    fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Whether work it asked for is under way.
+    fn busy(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Whether what it derived is final: nothing it writes stands in for work under way. Rows
+    /// standing where they were until a layout lands, elbows until routes land, earlier triangles
+    /// until shapes land, and straight edges until lanes land all stand in.
+    fn complete(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.busy()
+    }
+
+    /// The tables it derives.
+    fn tables(&self) -> &Tables;
+
+    /// Forgets what it derived: its space no longer asks for it.
+    fn clear(&mut self);
+
+    /// Failures to tell since last asked, such as texts its host could not measure.
+    fn take_errors(&mut self) -> Vec<crate::Error> {
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every derivation of a view, run in order each frame with one budget.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Derivations {
+    /// A diagram's sheet.
+    pub(crate) sheet: Sheet,
+    /// Elsewhere, the lanes of edges sharing their ends.
+    lanes: lanes::Lanes,
+    /// Elsewhere, where the scene has a layout, the places of vertex rows without positions.
+    places: Places,
+    /// Elsewhere, the stars of nets joining vertex rows.
+    stars: stars::Stars,
+    shapes: shapes::Shapes,
+    /// The tiles the camera asks for, as datasets the view owns.
+    pub(crate) tiles: TileSets,
+    /// What the view draws of each dataset it draws in part.
+    pub(crate) tiled: tiled::Tiled,
+}
+
+/// The derived tables beside one drawn table: the sheet's or the lanes', then the shapes'.
+pub(crate) type Beside<'a> = [Option<&'a Table>; 2];
+
+impl Derivations {
+    /// Brings every derivation up to `input`, spending what the tiles left of the frame's `jobs`;
+    /// whether any table changed.
+    pub(crate) fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> bool {
+        let mut changed = if matches!(input.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_)) {
+            self.lanes.clear();
+            self.places.clear();
+            self.stars.clear();
+            self.sheet.update(input, jobs)
+        } else {
+            self.sheet.clear();
+            let placed = self.places.update(input, jobs);
+            self.lanes.update(input, jobs) | placed | self.stars.update(input, self.places.tables())
+        };
+        changed |= self.shapes.update(input, jobs);
+        changed
+    }
+
+    /// Lays every vertex row without a position out again: a diagram's sheet, or elsewhere the
+    /// places.
+    pub(crate) fn arrange(&mut self, diagram: bool) {
+        if diagram { self.sheet.arrange() } else { self.places.arrange() }
+    }
+
+    /// What the last arranging laid out, once it landed: each row placed, and where, in the
+    /// space's coordinates.
+    pub(crate) fn take_arranged(&mut self) -> Option<Vec<(crate::Row, [f64; 2])>> {
+        self.sheet.take_arranged().or_else(|| self.places.take_arranged())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether everything derived is final: no layout, route, lane, or shape job stands in, no tile
+    /// draws its ancestor, and no table drawn in part draws its first sample.
+    pub(crate) fn complete(&self) -> bool {
+        self.sheet.complete()
+            && self.lanes.complete()
+            && self.places.complete()
+            && self.shapes.complete()
+            && self.tiles.complete()
+            && self.tiled.complete()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether shapes are being triangulated or bent: until they land, marks draw the ones before.
+    pub(crate) fn shaping(&self) -> bool {
+        self.shapes.busy()
+    }
+
+    /// Failures every derivation has to tell since last asked.
+    pub(crate) fn take_errors(&mut self) -> Vec<crate::Error> {
+        let mut errors = self.sheet.take_errors();
+        errors.extend(self.places.take_errors());
+        errors.extend(self.tiles.take_errors());
+        errors
+    }
+
+    /// The derived tables beside table `table` of dataset `data`.
+    pub(crate) fn beside(&self, data: &Name, table: &Name) -> Beside<'_> {
+        let key = (data.clone(), table.clone());
+        let first = [self.sheet.tables(), self.places.tables(), self.stars.tables(), self.lanes.tables()]
+            .into_iter()
+            .find_map(|tables| tables.get(&key));
+        [first, self.shapes.tables().get(&key)]
+    }
+}
+
+/// A table beside `source`, row for row, holding `fields`.
+pub(crate) fn beside(source: &Table, fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = (Name, Field)>) -> Table {
+    let mut table = Table {
+        name: source.name.clone(),
+        ids: source.ids.clone(),
+        index: source.index.clone(),
+        fields: Vec::new(),
+        structure: source.structure,
+        order: source.order,
+    };
+    for (name, field) in fields {
+        table.insert(name, field);
+    }
+    table
+}
+
+/// Field `name` of a table beside `source`, holding `values`: `before`'s own while it holds exactly
+/// them, so nothing uploads again; else a column keeping each of `before`'s pages that holds what its
+/// page would, so only the pages that changed upload and evaluate again.
+pub(crate) fn kept(name: &str, values: &Values, source: &Table, before: Option<&Table>) -> Field {
+    let fresh = Column::new(values);
+    let old = before.filter(|b| b.structure == source.structure).and_then(|b| match b.field_named(name) {
+        Some(Field::Values(column, version)) if column.len() == fresh.len() => Some((column, *version)),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    let Some((column, version)) = old else { return Field::Values(fresh, Version::next()) };
+    let pages: Vec<Page> = fresh
+        .pages()
+        .iter()
+        .zip(column.pages())
+        .map(|(new, old)| if new.values.same(&old.values) { old.clone() } else { new.clone() })
+        .collect();
+    if pages.iter().zip(column.pages()).all(|(page, old)| page.id == old.id) {
+        return Field::Values(column.clone(), version);
+    }
+    Field::Values(Column::of_pages(pages, column.like()), Version::next())
+}
+
+/// The values `fields` an answer's patch writes for each row it names, by its key.
+pub(crate) fn answers(bytes: &[u8], fields: &[&str]) -> Vec<(Key, Vec<Option<Value>>)> {
+    let Ok(patch) = Patch::from_bytes(bytes) else { return Vec::new() };
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for op in patch.ops {
+        let Op::Set(table) = op else { continue };
+        for row in 0..table.len() {
+            let Some(id) = table.ids.id(row) else { continue };
+            let values = fields.iter().map(|f| table.value(row, f, f64::INFINITY)).collect();
+            out.push(((table.name.clone(), id), values));
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::data::PAGE_ROWS;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn kept_keeps_the_pages_that_hold_the_same() {
+        let rows = PAGE_ROWS + 10;
+        let source = Table::new("T", crate::Ids::count(rows as u32));
+        let numbers = |changed: f64| {
+            Values::from((0..rows).map(|r| if r == rows - 1 { changed } else { 1.0 }).collect::<Vec<f64>>())
+        };
+        let first = beside(&source, [(Name::from("x"), kept("x", &numbers(1.0), &source, None))]);
+        let same = kept("x", &numbers(1.0), &source, Some(&first));
+        assert_eq!(same.version(), first.field_named("x").expect("x").version(), "nothing changed");
+        let Field::Values(before, _) = first.field_named("x").expect("x") else { panic!("values") };
+        let Field::Values(after, _) = kept("x", &numbers(2.0), &source, Some(&first)) else { panic!("values") };
+        assert_eq!(after.pages()[0].id, before.pages()[0].id, "the first page held the same");
+        assert_ne!(after.pages()[1].id, before.pages()[1].id, "the last page changed");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/places.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/places.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..156e0688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/places.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+//! Places outside diagrams: where a vertex row without a position stands on a plane or the earth,
+//! by the scene's layout. Rows whose data positions them pin the layout, and links are the edges
+//! between them, so a row without coordinates stands among its neighbors; gaps are in the space's
+//! units. As on a diagram's sheet, a place persists by row, layouts place only rows without one
+//! until arranging lays every row without a position out again, and the layout is a host job. The
+//! places are a table beside each vertex table: its rows' positions, given or laid out, which the
+//! vertex marks read.
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+
+use super::graph::{key_of, links, marks, position};
+use super::{Derive, Input, Jobs, Tables, answers, beside, kept};
+use crate::data::{Name, Row, Value, Values};
+use crate::expr::cpu::Rows;
+use crate::host::{Job, Key, Placement};
+use crate::{Layout, Pending};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Places {
+    tables: Tables,
+    /// Where layouts placed rows without positions, kept by row.
+    laid: FxHashMap<Row, [f64; 2]>,
+    /// What the tables were last made from.
+    stamp: u64,
+    /// Bumps when places start over, so layouts asked before are dropped.
+    generation: u64,
+    /// Whether every row without a position is to be laid out again.
+    arranging: bool,
+    /// What the last arranging laid out, until the view takes it.
+    arranged: Option<Vec<(Row, [f64; 2])>>,
+    placing: Option<Placing>,
+    /// Bumps whenever an answer lands.
+    landed: u64,
+}
+
+/// A layout under way: the generation it was asked in, and the row each key it answers names.
+struct Placing {
+    pending: Pending<Vec<u8>>,
+    generation: u64,
+    rows: FxHashMap<Key, Row>,
+}
+
+impl Derive for Places {
+    fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> bool {
+        if matches!(input.scene.layout, Layout::None) {
+            let had = !self.tables.is_empty();
+            self.clear();
+            if self.arranging {
+                self.arranging = false;
+                self.arranged = Some(Vec::new());
+            }
+            return had;
+        }
+        let mut changed = false;
+        // A job its host does at once is taken before the frame draws.
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            self.settle();
+            let mut hasher = rustc_hash::FxHasher::default();
+            std::hash::Hash::hash(&(input.scene_version, self.landed, self.generation), &mut hasher);
+            input.structure(&mut hasher);
+            let stamp = std::hash::Hasher::finish(&hasher).max(1);
+            if stamp == self.stamp {
+                break;
+            }
+            self.stamp = stamp;
+            self.build(input, jobs);
+            changed = true;
+        }
+        changed
+    }
+
+    fn busy(&self) -> bool {
+        self.placing.is_some()
+    }
+
+    fn tables(&self) -> &Tables {
+        &self.tables
+    }
+
+    /// Forgets the tables but keeps the places: a scene with a layout again finds its rows where they
+    /// stood.
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.tables.clear();
+        self.stamp = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Places {
+    /// Lays every row without a position out again.
+    pub(crate) fn arrange(&mut self) {
+        self.arranging = true;
+        self.placing = None;
+        self.generation += 1;
+        self.stamp = 0;
+    }
+
+    /// What the last arranging laid out, once it landed: each row placed, and where.
+    pub(crate) fn take_arranged(&mut self) -> Option<Vec<(Row, [f64; 2])>> {
+        self.arranged.take()
+    }
+
+    fn settle(&mut self) {
+        let Some(answer) = self.placing.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.pending.take()) else { return };
+        let placing = self.placing.take().expect("a layout under way");
+        if placing.generation == self.generation {
+            let mut placed = Vec::new();
+            for (key, values) in answer.map(|bytes| answers(&bytes, &["x", "y"])).unwrap_or_default() {
+                if let (Some(row), [Some(Value::Number(x)), Some(Value::Number(y))]) =
+                    (placing.rows.get(&key), &values[..])
+                {
+                    // The plane and the earth run y up, as layouts do.
+                    self.laid.insert(row.clone(), [*x, *y]);
+                    placed.push((row.clone(), [*x, *y]));
+                }
+            }
+            if std::mem::take(&mut self.arranging) {
+                self.arranged = Some(placed);
+            }
+        }
+        self.landed += 1;
+    }
+
+    /// Writes each vertex table's positions, asking the layout for the rows without one.
+    fn build(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) {
+        let (vertex_marks, edge_marks) = marks(input);
+        let mut keys = Vec::new();
+        let mut pins = Vec::new();
+        for vm in &vertex_marks {
+            let rows = Rows::new(vm.table, input.data);
+            for row in 0..vm.table.len() {
+                let id = vm.table.ids.id(row).expect("every row has an id");
+                keys.push(Row { data: vm.data.name().clone(), table: vm.table.name().clone(), id });
+                pins.push(position(vm.mark, &rows, row));
+            }
+        }
+        let arranging = self.arranging;
+        let wanted = |i: usize| pins[i].is_none() && (arranging || !self.laid.contains_key(&keys[i]));
+        if self.placing.is_none() && (0..keys.len()).any(wanted) {
+            let pinned: Vec<Option<[f64; 2]>> = (0..keys.len())
+                .map(|i| pins[i].or_else(|| (!arranging).then(|| self.laid.get(&keys[i]).copied()).flatten()))
+                .collect();
+            let mut rows = FxHashMap::default();
+            let job_keys: Vec<Option<Key>> = (0..keys.len())
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let key = key_of(&keys[i]);
+                    (wanted(i) && rows.insert(key.clone(), keys[i].clone()).is_none()).then_some(key)
+                })
+                .collect();
+            let (sizes, groups, pads) =
+                (vec![[0.0; 2]; keys.len()], vec![None; keys.len()], vec![[0.0; 4]; keys.len()]);
+            let links = links(&vertex_marks, &edge_marks);
+            let placement = Placement {
+                sizes: &sizes,
+                pinned: &pinned,
+                groups: &groups,
+                pads: &pads,
+                links: &links,
+                keys: &job_keys,
+            };
+            let pending = jobs.spawn(Job::layout(&input.scene.layout, &placement));
+            self.placing = Some(Placing { pending, generation: self.generation, rows });
+        } else if self.arranging && self.placing.is_none() {
+            // Nothing to lay out: the arranging is done as asked.
+            self.arranging = false;
+            self.arranged = Some(Vec::new());
+        }
+        let mut tables = Tables::default();
+        let mut at = 0;
+        for vm in &vertex_marks {
+            let own = at..at + vm.table.len();
+            at = own.end;
+            let place = |i: usize| pins[i].or_else(|| self.laid.get(&keys[i]).copied());
+            let column = |k: usize| Values::from(own.clone().map(|i| place(i).map(|p| p[k])).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            let key: (Name, Name) = (vm.data.name().clone(), vm.table.name().clone());
+            let before = self.tables.get(&key);
+            let fields = [("x", column(0)), ("y", column(1))]
+                .map(|(name, values)| (Name::from(name), kept(name, &values, vm.table, before)));
+            tables.insert(key, beside(vm.table, fields));
+        }
+        self.tables = tables;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/pyramid.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/pyramid.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..908e95cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/pyramid.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,732 @@
+//! Pyramids: a table's rows grouped into tiles by the coarsest level each shows at, worked out in a
+//! job. Each level splits the tiles above it four ways, and each tile holds a grid of cells, a row to
+//! a cell, so no tile holds more rows than its grid has cells. Rows land by priority: each at the
+//! coarsest level where its cell is free, so what matters more shows from farther out, and rows
+//! crowding one cell wait for a finer level, where they spread over cells of their own. A row never
+//! lands finer than its size allows, so its tile grown by half its own size holds it whole. An edge
+//! lands by its own priority, in the cell of its middle, and edges joining the same two vertices land
+//! together; what draws an edge draws its ends with it. A table drawn whole by priority is one tile,
+//! its rows in priority order.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
+
+use super::sight::{Domain, Region, Sight, TILE_PX, meets};
+use crate::data::{Field, Ids, Op, Patch, Table};
+use crate::tiles::TileKey;
+
+/// Cells across a tile's grid, as a shift: a tile holds at most `4^GRID_BITS` rows of its level.
+pub(crate) const GRID_BITS: u32 = 7;
+/// The finest level.
+pub(crate) const MAX_LEVEL: u8 = 24;
+/// A level no row has landed at yet.
+const NEVER: u8 = u8::MAX;
+/// Tiles a camera may ask a pyramid for at most: past it, tiles stop splitting.
+const MAX_TILES: usize = 1024;
+
+/// What a pyramid job places: tables of rows in a square of their space.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Leveling {
+    pub(crate) domain: Domain,
+    /// The tables, every table an edge table's ends name before it.
+    pub(crate) tables: Vec<Placing>,
+}
+
+/// Where a table's rows lie, in position units: none where nothing places them, a point each, or the
+/// box a geometry spans (west, south, east, north). NaN places nothing. Single precision places a
+/// row within a centimeter on the earth, finer than any tile's cell.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) enum Places {
+    #[default]
+    None,
+    Points(Arc<[[f32; 2]]>),
+    Boxes(Arc<[[f32; 4]]>),
+}
+
+/// One table a pyramid job places.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Placing {
+    pub(crate) rows: u32,
+    /// Whether its rows land in tiles by level; else every row is one tile, in priority order.
+    pub(crate) leveled: bool,
+    /// Whether the answer holds its pyramid: a table placed only for the edges ending at it is not.
+    pub(crate) answered: bool,
+    pub(crate) places: Places,
+    /// Each row's priority, higher first; none where rows are alike.
+    pub(crate) priority: Arc<[f32]>,
+    /// For a table placed by its ends, the table they name and each end's rows there.
+    pub(crate) ends: Option<(u32, Vec<Arc<[u32]>>)>,
+}
+
+/// Where each row of `places` lies across `domain`'s square, fixed point (a turn of `u32` spans it,
+/// from the west and from the north), and half its size alike; nothing where it lies nowhere.
+fn anchored(places: &Places, domain: &Domain) -> (Vec<[u32; 2]>, Vec<u32>) {
+    let fixed = |u: f64| (u.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 4_294_967_295.0) as u32;
+    match places {
+        Places::None => (Vec::new(), Vec::new()),
+        Places::Points(points) => {
+            let anchors = points
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| p.map(f64::from))
+                .map(|p| if p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) { domain.unit(p).map(fixed) } else { [0, 0] })
+                .collect();
+            (anchors, Vec::new())
+        }
+        Places::Boxes(boxes) => boxes
+            .iter()
+            .map(|b| {
+                let b = b.map(f64::from);
+                if b.iter().any(|v| !v.is_finite()) || b[0] > b[2] {
+                    return ([0, 0], 0);
+                }
+                let (lo, hi) = (domain.unit([b[0], b[1]]), domain.unit([b[2], b[3]]));
+                let center = [lo[0].midpoint(hi[0]), lo[1].midpoint(hi[1])];
+                (center.map(fixed), fixed((hi[0] - lo[0]).abs().max((hi[1] - lo[1]).abs()) / 2.0))
+            })
+            .unzip(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The pyramid of each table a job answered for, by its place among the tables asked, with where
+/// each row lies across the square and how far it reaches.
+pub(crate) fn answer(leveling: &Leveling) -> Patch {
+    let wraps = leveling.domain == Domain::Earth;
+    let mut anchors: Vec<Vec<[u32; 2]>> = Vec::with_capacity(leveling.tables.len());
+    let mut patch = Patch::new();
+    for (i, table) in leveling.tables.iter().enumerate() {
+        let n = table.rows as usize;
+        let (own_anchors, extents, floor, pairs) = if let Some((target, ends)) = &table.ends {
+            let Some(at) = anchors.get(*target as usize) else { return Patch::new() };
+            let (own, extents) = by_ends(ends, at, wraps, n);
+            // A row with an end naming no row draws nothing: it lands only at the finest level.
+            let floor = (0..n)
+                .map(|r| {
+                    let wired = ends.iter().all(|end| end.get(r).is_some_and(|&t| (t as usize) < at.len()));
+                    if wired { 0 } else { NEVER }
+                })
+                .collect();
+            let pairs = (ends.len() == 2).then(|| pairs(&ends[0], &ends[1]));
+            (own, extents, floor, pairs)
+        } else {
+            let (own, extents) = anchored(&table.places, &leveling.domain);
+            (own, extents, vec![0; n], None)
+        };
+        let leveled = table.leveled && own_anchors.len() == n;
+        let sorted = if leveled { along(&own_anchors) } else { Vec::new() };
+        let ranks = ranks(&table.priority, n);
+        let level = if leveled { place(&sorted, &extents, &ranks, &floor, pairs.as_deref()) } else { vec![0; n] };
+        if table.answered {
+            let (order, tiles) = if leveled {
+                tiled(&sorted, &own_anchors, &extents, &ranks, &level)
+            } else {
+                let mut order: Vec<u32> = (0..table.rows).collect();
+                order.sort_unstable_by_key(|&r| ranks[r as usize]);
+                (order, vec![(pack(TileKey { z: 0, x: 0, y: 0 }), table.rows, u32::MAX)])
+            };
+            let (keys, (ends, reaches)): (Vec<u64>, (Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>)) =
+                tiles.into_iter().map(|(k, e, r)| (k, (e, r))).unzip();
+            patch = patch
+                .set(
+                    Table::new(format!("tiles{i}"), Ids::count(keys.len() as u32))
+                        .field("key", keys)
+                        .field("end", ends)
+                        .field("reach", reaches),
+                )
+                .set(Table::new(format!("order{i}"), Ids::count(order.len() as u32)).field("row", order));
+            if leveled {
+                let (u, v): (Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>) = own_anchors.iter().map(|a| (a[0], a[1])).unzip();
+                let mut placed = Table::new(format!("anchors{i}"), Ids::count(n as u32)).field("u", u).field("v", v);
+                if !extents.is_empty() {
+                    placed = placed.field("extent", extents.clone());
+                }
+                patch = patch.set(placed);
+            }
+        }
+        anchors.push(own_anchors);
+    }
+    patch
+}
+
+/// Where each of `n` rows placed by `ends` lies, among rows anchored at `at`: the middle of the box
+/// its ends span, and half that box's size. An end naming no row anchors nothing.
+fn by_ends(ends: &[Arc<[u32]>], at: &[[u32; 2]], wraps: bool, n: usize) -> (Vec<[u32; 2]>, Vec<u32>) {
+    let mut anchors = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+    let mut extents = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+    for r in 0..n {
+        let wired = !ends.is_empty() && ends.iter().all(|end| end.get(r).is_some_and(|&t| (t as usize) < at.len()));
+        if !wired {
+            anchors.push([0, 0]);
+            extents.push(0);
+            continue;
+        }
+        // The box of offsets from the end of the lowest row, the short way round where the square
+        // wraps: the same whichever way the row joins its ends.
+        let first = at[ends.iter().map(|end| end[r]).min().unwrap_or(0) as usize];
+        let (mut lo, mut hi) = ([0_i64; 2], [0_i64; 2]);
+        for end in ends {
+            let t = at[end[r] as usize];
+            let du = if wraps {
+                i64::from(t[0].wrapping_sub(first[0]) as i32)
+            } else {
+                i64::from(t[0]) - i64::from(first[0])
+            };
+            let dv = i64::from(t[1]) - i64::from(first[1]);
+            lo = [lo[0].min(du), lo[1].min(dv)];
+            hi = [hi[0].max(du), hi[1].max(dv)];
+        }
+        let mid = [lo[0].midpoint(hi[0]), lo[1].midpoint(hi[1])];
+        let u = if wraps {
+            first[0].wrapping_add(mid[0] as i32 as u32)
+        } else {
+            (i64::from(first[0]) + mid[0]).clamp(0, i64::from(u32::MAX)) as u32
+        };
+        let v = (i64::from(first[1]) + mid[1]).clamp(0, i64::from(u32::MAX)) as u32;
+        anchors.push([u, v]);
+        extents.push(((hi[0] - lo[0]).max(hi[1] - lo[1]) / 2).min(i64::from(u32::MAX)) as u32);
+    }
+    (anchors, extents)
+}
+
+/// For each row, the next row joining the same two vertices, round to itself: a cycle per pair. Such
+/// rows share their anchor, so they lie side by side along the curve.
+fn mates(sorted: &[(u64, u32)], pairs: &[u64]) -> Vec<u32> {
+    let mut mates: Vec<u32> = (0..sorted.len() as u32).collect();
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < sorted.len() {
+        let mut j = i + 1;
+        while j < sorted.len() && sorted[j].0 == sorted[i].0 {
+            j += 1;
+        }
+        if j - i > 1 {
+            let mut alike: Vec<u32> = sorted[i..j].iter().map(|&(_, r)| r).collect();
+            alike.sort_unstable_by_key(|&r| pairs[r as usize]);
+            let mut k = 0;
+            while k < alike.len() {
+                let pair = pairs[alike[k] as usize];
+                let end = k + alike[k..].partition_point(|&r| pairs[r as usize] == pair);
+                for g in k..end {
+                    mates[alike[g] as usize] = alike[if g + 1 < end { g + 1 } else { k }];
+                }
+                k = end;
+            }
+        }
+        i = j;
+    }
+    mates
+}
+
+/// Each row's pair of ends, the same whichever way it joins them.
+fn pairs(from: &[u32], to: &[u32]) -> Vec<u64> {
+    from.iter().zip(to).map(|(&a, &b)| u64::from(a.min(b)) << 32 | u64::from(a.max(b))).collect()
+}
+
+/// A hash of `row`, for breaking ties evenly.
+fn tie(row: u32) -> u32 {
+    (u64::from(row).wrapping_mul(0x9E37_79B9_7F4A_7C15) >> 32) as u32
+}
+
+/// Each of `n` rows' rank, higher first: its priority, missing lowest, then the hash of its place,
+/// so equals spread evenly.
+fn ranks(priority: &[f32], n: usize) -> Vec<u64> {
+    (0..n)
+        .map(|r| {
+            let p = priority.get(r).copied().filter(|p| !p.is_nan()).map_or(0, |p| {
+                let bits = p.to_bits();
+                if bits >> 31 == 1 { !bits } else { bits | 0x8000_0000 }
+            });
+            u64::from(p) << 32 | u64::from(tie(r as u32))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Rows along the curve, by their place on it.
+fn along(anchors: &[[u32; 2]]) -> Vec<(u64, u32)> {
+    let mut sorted: Vec<(u64, u32)> = anchors.iter().enumerate().map(|(r, &a)| (morton(a), r as u32)).collect();
+    sorted.sort_unstable_by_key(|&(m, _)| m);
+    sorted
+}
+
+/// The finest level whose tile, grown by half its size, holds a row reaching `extent` from its
+/// anchor.
+fn fit(extent: u32) -> u8 {
+    (0..=MAX_LEVEL).rev().find(|&z| u64::from(extent) <= 1_u64 << (31 - u32::from(z))).unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+/// `x`'s bits spread to every other bit.
+fn spread_bits(x: u32) -> u64 {
+    let mut x = u64::from(x);
+    x = (x | (x << 16)) & 0x0000_FFFF_0000_FFFF;
+    x = (x | (x << 8)) & 0x00FF_00FF_00FF_00FF;
+    x = (x | (x << 4)) & 0x0F0F_0F0F_0F0F_0F0F;
+    x = (x | (x << 2)) & 0x3333_3333_3333_3333;
+    (x | (x << 1)) & 0x5555_5555_5555_5555
+}
+
+/// The point's place along the curve that visits every cell of a level before the next cell of the
+/// level above: cells at every level are runs of it.
+fn morton([u, v]: [u32; 2]) -> u64 {
+    spread_bits(u) | spread_bits(v) << 1
+}
+
+/// The tile at level `z` holding a point anchored at `anchor`.
+fn tile_of(anchor: [u32; 2], z: u8) -> TileKey {
+    let shift = 32 - u32::from(z);
+    let at = |c: u32| if shift >= 32 { 0 } else { c >> shift };
+    TileKey { z, x: at(anchor[0]), y: at(anchor[1]) }
+}
+
+/// `cover` grown to hold tile `key`: a box from the west and the north, fixed point.
+fn covering(cover: [u64; 4], key: TileKey) -> [u64; 4] {
+    let shift = 32 - u32::from(key.z);
+    let (x, y) = (u64::from(key.x) << shift, u64::from(key.y) << shift);
+    let size = 1_u64 << shift;
+    [cover[0].min(x), cover[1].min(y), cover[2].max(x + size), cover[3].max(y + size)]
+}
+
+/// Whether a row anchored at `anchor`, reaching `extent` from it, reaches into `cover`.
+pub(crate) fn reaches(cover: &[u64; 4], anchor: [u32; 2], extent: u32) -> bool {
+    let (u, v, e) = (u64::from(anchor[0]), u64::from(anchor[1]), u64::from(extent));
+    u + e >= cover[0] && u.saturating_sub(e) < cover[2] && v + e >= cover[1] && v.saturating_sub(e) < cover[3]
+}
+
+/// A tile as a job's answer numbers it: in 53 bits, so a number holds it exactly.
+pub(crate) fn pack(key: TileKey) -> u64 {
+    u64::from(key.z) << 48 | u64::from(key.x) << 24 | u64::from(key.y)
+}
+
+fn unpack(key: u64) -> TileKey {
+    TileKey { z: (key >> 48) as u8, x: ((key >> 24) & 0xFF_FFFF) as u32, y: (key & 0xFF_FFFF) as u32 }
+}
+
+/// The level each row lands at: rows in each cell of each level, coarsest first, give way by rank; a
+/// row lands at the first level where it outranks every row left in its cell, no coarser than
+/// `floor`, at the finest its size allows when it has not landed by then.
+///
+/// Rows along the curve are taken in runs, each the rows left in one cell. While a run stays in one
+/// cell level after level, those levels take its highest rows in rank order at once; where it
+/// spreads over several cells, each cell's rows go on as a run of their own. So a crowd sharing a
+/// cell for many levels costs its size once, not once a level.
+fn place(sorted: &[(u64, u32)], extents: &[u32], ranks: &[u64], floor: &[u8], pairs: Option<&[u64]>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let n = sorted.len();
+    let fits: Vec<u8> = (0..n).map(|r| extents.get(r).map_or(MAX_LEVEL, |&e| fit(e))).collect();
+    let mates = pairs.map(|pairs| mates(sorted, pairs)).unwrap_or_default();
+    let mut level = vec![NEVER; n];
+    let mut work: Vec<(u64, u32)> = sorted.to_vec();
+    let mut runs: Vec<(usize, usize, u8)> = vec![(0, n, 0)];
+    let mut scratch: Vec<(u64, u32)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut forced: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
+    // Lands row `r` at level `l`, with the rows joining the same two vertices.
+    let land = |r: u32, l: u8, level: &mut [u8]| {
+        level[r as usize] = l;
+        let mut m = mates.get(r as usize).copied().unwrap_or(r);
+        while m != r {
+            if level[m as usize] == NEVER {
+                level[m as usize] = l;
+            }
+            m = mates[m as usize];
+        }
+    };
+    while let Some((a, mut b, mut z)) = runs.pop() {
+        while a < b && z <= MAX_LEVEL {
+            let (first, last) = (work[a].0, work[b - 1].0);
+            let common = if first == last { 64 } else { (first ^ last).leading_zeros() };
+            // The finest level whose cells hold the whole run.
+            let single = i64::from(common / 2) - i64::from(GRID_BITS);
+            if single < i64::from(z) {
+                // The run spreads over several cells of this level: each goes on alone.
+                let shift = 2 * (32 - u32::from(z) - GRID_BITS);
+                let mut i = a;
+                while i < b {
+                    let cell = work[i].0 >> shift;
+                    let j = i + work[i..b].partition_point(|&(m, _)| m >> shift <= cell);
+                    runs.push((i, j, z));
+                    i = j;
+                }
+                b = a;
+                break;
+            }
+            let deepest = single.min(i64::from(MAX_LEVEL)) as u8;
+            // One row a level, in rank order: for one level the highest, for more a heap of them.
+            if deepest == z {
+                let best = work[a..b]
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&&(_, r)| floor[r as usize] == 0)
+                    .max_by_key(|&&(_, r)| ranks[r as usize])
+                    .map(|&(_, r)| r);
+                if let Some(r) = best {
+                    land(r, z, &mut level);
+                }
+            } else {
+                scratch.clear();
+                scratch.extend(
+                    work[a..b].iter().map(|&(_, r)| (ranks[r as usize], r)).filter(|&(_, r)| floor[r as usize] == 0),
+                );
+                let mut heap = std::collections::BinaryHeap::from(std::mem::take(&mut scratch));
+                for l in z..=deepest {
+                    // A row too large for this level lands where its size says, below.
+                    while let Some((_, r)) = heap.pop() {
+                        if level[r as usize] == NEVER && fits[r as usize] >= l {
+                            land(r, l, &mut level);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                scratch = heap.into_vec();
+            }
+            // Rows no finer level holds land where their size says.
+            if !extents.is_empty() {
+                forced.clear();
+                forced.extend(work[a..b].iter().map(|&(_, r)| r).filter(|&r| fits[r as usize] <= deepest));
+                for &r in &forced {
+                    if level[r as usize] == NEVER {
+                        level[r as usize] = fits[r as usize].max(z);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // What is left goes on, along the curve, a level finer.
+            let mut kept = a;
+            for i in a..b {
+                if level[work[i].1 as usize] == NEVER {
+                    work[kept] = work[i];
+                    kept += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            b = kept;
+            z = deepest + 1;
+        }
+        // Rows no level held, as rows naming no vertex, land at the finest.
+        for &(_, r) in &work[a..b] {
+            if level[r as usize] == NEVER {
+                level[r as usize] = MAX_LEVEL;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    level
+}
+
+/// Rows by tile, coarsest level first, each tile's rows in priority order, highest last; and each
+/// tile packed, where its rows end, and how far they reach past it, fixed point. `sorted` holds the
+/// rows along the curve.
+fn tiled(
+    sorted: &[(u64, u32)],
+    anchors: &[[u32; 2]],
+    extents: &[u32],
+    ranks: &[u64],
+    level: &[u8],
+) -> (Vec<u32>, Vec<(u64, u32, u32)>) {
+    let n = anchors.len();
+    // Rows by level, along the curve within each, so each tile's rows are a run.
+    let mut starts = vec![0_usize; usize::from(MAX_LEVEL) + 2];
+    for &l in level {
+        starts[usize::from(l) + 1] += 1;
+    }
+    for z in 0..=usize::from(MAX_LEVEL) {
+        starts[z + 1] += starts[z];
+    }
+    let mut by_level = vec![0_u32; n];
+    let mut next = starts.clone();
+    for &(_, r) in sorted {
+        let z = usize::from(level[r as usize]);
+        by_level[next[z]] = r;
+        next[z] += 1;
+    }
+    let mut order = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+    let mut tiles = Vec::new();
+    for z in 0..=MAX_LEVEL {
+        let rows = &by_level[starts[usize::from(z)]..starts[usize::from(z) + 1]];
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < rows.len() {
+            let key = tile_of(anchors[rows[i] as usize], z);
+            let mut j = i;
+            let mut reach = 0;
+            while j < rows.len() && tile_of(anchors[rows[j] as usize], z) == key {
+                reach = reach.max(extents.get(rows[j] as usize).copied().unwrap_or(0));
+                j += 1;
+            }
+            let start = order.len();
+            order.extend_from_slice(&rows[i..j]);
+            // By priority alone: rows alike draw in either order.
+            order[start..].sort_unstable_by_key(|&r| (ranks[r as usize] >> 32) as u32);
+            tiles.push((pack(key), order.len() as u32, reach));
+            i = j;
+        }
+    }
+    (order, tiles)
+}
+
+/// One tile of a pyramid: where its rows lie in the pyramid's order, and how far they reach past it,
+/// across the square.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct Tile {
+    pub(crate) key: TileKey,
+    pub(crate) rows: Range<u32>,
+    pub(crate) reach: f64,
+}
+
+/// The tiles the camera asks of a pyramid, each with whether it is one of the finest asked, and the
+/// part of the square, from the west and the north, the finest cover: a coarser tile draws only its
+/// rows reaching into it.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub(crate) struct Wanted {
+    pub(crate) tiles: Vec<(u32, bool)>,
+    pub(crate) cover: Option<[u64; 4]>,
+}
+
+/// A table's rows grouped into tiles: a job's answer, read.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Pyramid {
+    /// Rows by tile, coarsest level first, each tile's rows in priority order, highest last.
+    pub(crate) order: Vec<u32>,
+    pub(crate) tiles: Vec<Tile>,
+    /// Where each row lies across the square, fixed point, and half its size alike: none for a
+    /// table in one tile, and no sizes for points.
+    pub(crate) anchors: Vec<[u32; 2]>,
+    pub(crate) extents: Vec<u32>,
+    index: FxHashMap<TileKey, u32>,
+    /// Every tile with tiles below it.
+    above: FxHashSet<TileKey>,
+}
+
+impl Pyramid {
+    /// The pyramids a job answered, by the place of the table among those asked.
+    pub(crate) fn read(bytes: &[u8]) -> FxHashMap<u32, Pyramid> {
+        Patch::from_bytes(bytes).map(Pyramid::answered).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// The pyramids `patch` answers, by the place of the table among those asked.
+    pub(crate) fn answered(patch: Patch) -> FxHashMap<u32, Pyramid> {
+        let mut tiles: FxHashMap<u32, Vec<Tile>> = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut orders: FxHashMap<u32, Vec<u32>> = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut placed: FxHashMap<u32, (Vec<[u32; 2]>, Vec<u32>)> = FxHashMap::default();
+        for op in patch.ops {
+            let Op::Set(table) = op else { continue };
+            let number = |prefix: &str| table.name.strip_prefix(prefix).and_then(|i| i.parse::<u32>().ok());
+            let column = |name: &str| match table.field_named(name) {
+                Some(Field::Values(column, _)) => Some(column.clone()),
+                _ => None,
+            };
+            // Words read as they are stored, page by page.
+            let words = |name: &str| -> Vec<u32> {
+                column(name).map_or_else(Vec::new, |c| {
+                    c.pages().iter().flat_map(|p| p.values.u32s().unwrap_or(&[]).iter().copied()).collect()
+                })
+            };
+            if let Some(i) = number("tiles") {
+                let keys: Vec<u64> = column("key").map_or_else(Vec::new, |c| {
+                    c.pages().iter().flat_map(|p| p.values.u64s().unwrap_or(&[]).iter().copied()).collect()
+                });
+                let (ends, reaches) = (words("end"), words("reach"));
+                let mut start = 0;
+                let read = keys.iter().zip(&ends).zip(&reaches).map(|((&key, &end), &reach)| {
+                    let rows = start..end;
+                    start = end;
+                    Tile { key: unpack(key), rows, reach: f64::from(reach) / 4_294_967_296.0 }
+                });
+                tiles.insert(i, read.collect());
+            } else if let Some(i) = number("order") {
+                orders.insert(i, words("row"));
+            } else if let Some(i) = number("anchors") {
+                let anchors = words("u").into_iter().zip(words("v")).map(|(u, v)| [u, v]).collect();
+                placed.insert(i, (anchors, words("extent")));
+            }
+        }
+        tiles
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|(i, tiles)| {
+                let mut pyramid = Pyramid::new(orders.remove(&i)?, tiles);
+                (pyramid.anchors, pyramid.extents) = placed.remove(&i).unwrap_or_default();
+                Some((i, pyramid))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new(order: Vec<u32>, tiles: Vec<Tile>) -> Pyramid {
+        let index = tiles.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, t)| (t.key, i as u32)).collect();
+        let mut above = FxHashSet::default();
+        for tile in &tiles {
+            for up in 1..=tile.key.z {
+                if !above.insert(tile.key.ancestor(up)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Pyramid { order, tiles, anchors: Vec::new(), extents: Vec::new(), index, above }
+    }
+
+    /// The tiles the camera asks for, coarsest first: at each level, every tile its rows reach into
+    /// what the camera shows from, splitting while a tile draws larger than its size. A level whose
+    /// rows would pass `rows` goes, coarser ones drawing whole in its place.
+    pub(crate) fn wanted(&self, sight: &Sight<'_>, domain: &Domain, rows: u32) -> Wanted {
+        if self.tiles.len() == 1 && self.tiles[0].key.z == 0 {
+            return Wanted { tiles: vec![(0, true)], cover: None };
+        }
+        let region: Region = sight.region();
+        let focus = sight.focus();
+        let limit = TILE_PX * 1.25;
+        let mut out: Vec<(u32, bool)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut cover = [u64::MAX, u64::MAX, 0, 0];
+        let mut total = 0_u32;
+        let mut level = vec![TileKey { z: 0, x: 0, y: 0 }];
+        // The tiles of the level above that split, and where among those found each is.
+        let mut split: Vec<(TileKey, Option<usize>)> = Vec::new();
+        while !level.is_empty() {
+            let mut found = Vec::new();
+            let mut leaves = Vec::new();
+            let mut splitting = Vec::new();
+            let mut added = 0_u32;
+            let mut next = Vec::new();
+            for key in level {
+                let grow = 0.5 / f64::from(1_u32 << key.z);
+                if !meets(&region, domain.bounds(key, grow)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let splits = self.above.contains(&key)
+                    && next.len() < MAX_TILES
+                    && sight.measure(&focus, domain.bounds(key, 0.0)).0 > limit;
+                let mut at = None;
+                if let Some(&t) = self.index.get(&key) {
+                    let tile = &self.tiles[t as usize];
+                    if meets(&region, domain.bounds(key, tile.reach)) {
+                        at = Some(out.len() + found.len());
+                        found.push((t, !splits));
+                        added = added.saturating_add(tile.rows.len() as u32);
+                    }
+                }
+                if splits {
+                    next.extend(key.children());
+                    splitting.push((key, at));
+                } else {
+                    leaves.push(key);
+                }
+            }
+            if total.saturating_add(added) > rows && !out.is_empty() {
+                // The tiles that split draw whole instead.
+                for (key, at) in split {
+                    cover = covering(cover, key);
+                    if let Some(at) = at {
+                        out[at].1 = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            total = total.saturating_add(added);
+            out.extend(found);
+            for key in leaves {
+                cover = covering(cover, key);
+            }
+            split = splitting;
+            level = next;
+        }
+        Wanted { tiles: out, cover: (cover[0] <= cover[2]).then_some(cover) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::data::UNWIRED;
+
+    /// Fixed point across the square.
+    fn at(u: f64, v: f64) -> [u32; 2] {
+        [(u * 4_294_967_296.0) as u32, (v * 4_294_967_296.0) as u32]
+    }
+
+    /// A unit square of a plane, its rows placed `u` from the west and `v` from the north.
+    fn square(points: &[[f64; 2]]) -> (Domain, Places) {
+        let domain = Domain::Plane { min: [0.0, 0.0], size: 1.0 };
+        (domain, Places::Points(points.iter().map(|&[u, v]| [u as f32, (1.0 - v) as f32]).collect()))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn crowded_rows_wait_for_finer_levels_by_priority() {
+        // Two rows in one cell: the higher lands at the root, the lower a level finer.
+        let anchors = [at(0.3, 0.3), at(0.3, 0.3), at(0.8, 0.8)];
+        let level = place(&along(&anchors), &[], &ranks(&[1.0, 2.0, 0.0], 3), &[0, 0, 0], None);
+        assert_eq!(level[1], 0, "the higher priority lands at the root");
+        assert_eq!(level[2], 0, "a row alone in its cell lands at the root");
+        assert_eq!(level[0], 1, "the lower lands once the higher has left its cell");
+        let alike = [at(0.3, 0.3); 4];
+        let level = place(&along(&alike), &[], &ranks(&[], 4), &[0; 4], None);
+        let mut sorted = level.clone();
+        sorted.sort_unstable();
+        assert_eq!(sorted, vec![0, 1, 2, 3], "a row a level, equals in an order of their own");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_tile_holds_more_rows_than_cells() {
+        let n = 50_000_u32;
+        let anchors: Vec<[u32; 2]> =
+            (0..n).map(|i| at(f64::from(i % 250) / 250.0, f64::from(i / 250) / 200.0)).collect();
+        let sorted = along(&anchors);
+        let ranks = ranks(&[], n as usize);
+        let level = place(&sorted, &[], &ranks, &vec![0; n as usize], None);
+        let (order, tiles) = tiled(&sorted, &anchors, &[], &ranks, &level);
+        assert_eq!(order.len(), n as usize);
+        let mut start = 0;
+        for &(_, end, _) in &tiles {
+            assert!(end - start <= 1 << (2 * GRID_BITS), "a tile holds at most its grid's cells");
+            start = end;
+        }
+        assert!(tiles.len() > 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn large_rows_stay_coarse_and_edges_land_by_their_own_priority() {
+        let anchors = [at(0.1, 0.1), at(0.9, 0.9)];
+        let extents = [1 << 30, 0];
+        let level = place(&along(&anchors), &extents, &ranks(&[0.0, 0.0], 2), &[0, 0], None);
+        assert!(level[0] <= 1, "a row reaching a quarter of the square stays coarse");
+        // Two vertices crowd one cell; the edges between them land by their own priority, parallel
+        // ones together, and one naming no row only at the finest level.
+        let (domain, places) = square(&[[0.3, 0.3], [0.3, 0.3], [0.31, 0.3]]);
+        let leveling = Leveling {
+            domain,
+            tables: vec![
+                Placing {
+                    rows: 3,
+                    leveled: true,
+                    answered: true,
+                    places,
+                    priority: [2.0, 1.0, 0.0].into(),
+                    ..Placing::default()
+                },
+                Placing {
+                    rows: 3,
+                    leveled: true,
+                    answered: true,
+                    ends: Some((0, vec![[1, 2, UNWIRED].into(), [2, 1, 0].into()])),
+                    ..Placing::default()
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+        let pyramids = Pyramid::read(&answer(&leveling).to_bytes());
+        let edges = &pyramids[&1];
+        let level_of = |p: &Pyramid, row: u32| {
+            let at = p.order.iter().position(|&r| r == row).unwrap() as u32;
+            p.tiles.iter().find(|t| t.rows.contains(&at)).unwrap().key.z
+        };
+        assert_eq!(level_of(edges, 0), 0, "an edge alone in its cell shows from the root, its ends carried");
+        assert_eq!(level_of(edges, 1), 0, "with the edge joining the same vertices");
+        assert_eq!(level_of(edges, 2), MAX_LEVEL, "an edge naming no row waits for the finest level");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tiles_number_exactly() {
+        let key = TileKey { z: MAX_LEVEL, x: (1 << 24) - 1, y: 12_345 };
+        assert_eq!(unpack(pack(key)), key);
+        assert_eq!(unpack(pack(key) as f64 as u64), key, "a number holds it exactly");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn whole_tables_order_rows_by_priority() {
+        let leveling = Leveling {
+            domain: Domain::Earth,
+            tables: vec![Placing { rows: 3, answered: true, priority: [5.0, 1.0, 3.0].into(), ..Placing::default() }],
+        };
+        let pyramids = Pyramid::read(&answer(&leveling).to_bytes());
+        assert_eq!(pyramids[&0].order, vec![1, 2, 0], "highest last, drawn on top");
+        assert_eq!(pyramids[&0].tiles.len(), 1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/shapes.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/shapes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcdaf274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/shapes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+//! Shapes: what geometry fields become to draw, written beside the tables marks draw them from. Every
+//! area's triangles, the point its label hangs from first; and on the earth every line's path,
+//! unwrapped across the antimeridian and bent with the globe. Shapes are made page by page from a
+//! field's pages and kept while a page holds; a page written again keeps the shapes of its rows
+//! whose geometry did not change, so a tile landing shapes only its own rows. Triangles that do not
+//! fit the frame's budget are made in a job, their rows drawing nothing until it lands; bending a
+//! path is cheap, and done at once.
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+
+use super::{Derive, Input, Jobs, Tables, answers, beside, stamp_of};
+use crate::data::{Column, Field, GeometryBuilder, Id, Name, PAGE_ROWS, Page, PageId, Table, Value, Values, Version};
+use crate::host::{Job, Shaping};
+use crate::scene::areas::triangles_of;
+use crate::scene::lines::path_of;
+use crate::{Mark, Pending, Space};
+
+/// Microseconds a point takes to triangulate, by estimate.
+const TRIANGULATE: f64 = 0.5;
+
+/// Rows by id, each with the digest of the geometry it was shaped from.
+type Digests = FxHashMap<Id, u64>;
+
+/// A field to shape: its dataset, table, and field, and how.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+struct Want {
+    data: Name,
+    table: Name,
+    field: Name,
+    shaping: Shaping,
+}
+
+impl Want {
+    /// The derived field the shapes are written as.
+    fn derived(&self) -> Name {
+        match self.shaping {
+            Shaping::Triangles { .. } => triangles_of(&self.field),
+            Shaping::Path => path_of(&self.field),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One field's shapes: the last whole set made, the derived field written, shapes made but not yet
+/// written, and a job under way.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Shaped {
+    /// The source table, its field, and the derived column the shapes were last wholly made from.
+    made: Option<(Table, Column, Column)>,
+    /// The derived field written last, and the stamp of what it was written from.
+    field: Option<Field>,
+    stamp: u64,
+    /// Shapes made since, by row id: the digest of the geometry each was made from, and the shape.
+    landed: FxHashMap<Id, (u64, Value)>,
+    /// A job under way, with the digest of each row it shapes.
+    working: Option<(Pending<Vec<u8>>, Digests)>,
+    /// Bumps whenever a job's answer lands.
+    landings: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Shapes {
+    tables: Tables,
+    shaped: FxHashMap<Want, Shaped>,
+}
+
+impl Derive for Shapes {
+    fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> bool {
+        let wants = wants(input);
+        self.shaped.retain(|want, _| wants.contains(want));
+        let mut changed = false;
+        for want in &wants {
+            let Some(source) = input.data(&want.data).and_then(|d| d.table(&want.table)) else { continue };
+            let shaped = self.shaped.entry(want.clone()).or_default();
+            changed |= shaped.update(want, source, jobs);
+        }
+        // Each drawn table's derived table holds every field shaped from it.
+        let mut fields: FxHashMap<(Name, Name), Vec<(Name, Field)>> = FxHashMap::default();
+        for want in &wants {
+            if let Some(field) = self.shaped.get(want).and_then(|s| s.field.clone()) {
+                fields.entry((want.data.clone(), want.table.clone())).or_default().push((want.derived(), field));
+            }
+        }
+        let before = self.tables.len();
+        self.tables.retain(|key, _| fields.contains_key(key));
+        changed |= self.tables.len() != before;
+        if changed {
+            for (key, fields) in fields {
+                let Some(source) = input.data(&key.0).and_then(|d| d.table(&key.1)) else { continue };
+                self.tables.insert(key, beside(source, fields));
+            }
+        }
+        changed
+    }
+
+    fn busy(&self) -> bool {
+        self.shaped.values().any(|s| s.working.is_some())
+    }
+
+    fn tables(&self) -> &Tables {
+        &self.tables
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.tables.clear();
+        self.shaped.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+/// The fields the scene's marks shape: every area's polygons, and on the earth every line's paths.
+fn wants(input: &Input<'_>) -> Vec<Want> {
+    let earth = matches!(input.scene.space, Space::Earth(_));
+    let mut wants: Vec<Want> = Vec::new();
+    for mark in &input.scene.marks {
+        let (field, shaping) = match mark {
+            Mark::Areas(areas) => (areas.field(), Shaping::Triangles { earth }),
+            Mark::Lines(lines) if earth => (lines.traced(), Shaping::Path),
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+        let style = mark.style();
+        let want = Want { data: style.data.clone(), table: style.table.clone(), field, shaping };
+        if !wants.contains(&want) {
+            wants.push(want);
+        }
+    }
+    wants
+}
+
+impl Shaped {
+    /// Brings the shapes up to `source`; whether the derived field changed.
+    fn update(&mut self, want: &Want, source: &Table, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> bool {
+        if let Some((pending, asked)) = &self.working
+            && let Some(answer) = pending.take()
+        {
+            for ((_, id), values) in answer.map(|bytes| answers(&bytes, &["shape"])).unwrap_or_default() {
+                if let (Some(&digest), Some(Some(shape))) = (asked.get(&id), values.into_iter().next()) {
+                    self.landed.insert(id, (digest, shape));
+                }
+            }
+            self.working = None;
+            self.landings += 1;
+        }
+        let Some(Field::Values(column, version)) = source.field_named(&want.field) else {
+            let had = self.field.take().is_some();
+            self.stamp = 0;
+            return had;
+        };
+        let depth = column.kind().depth();
+        let ((Some(depth @ (2 | 3)), Shaping::Triangles { .. }) | (Some(depth @ 1..), Shaping::Path)) =
+            (depth, want.shaping)
+        else {
+            return self.field.take().is_some();
+        };
+        let stamp = stamp_of((source.structure, *version, self.landings, want.shaping));
+        if stamp == self.stamp {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.stamp = stamp;
+        // Rows shaped on the frame land at once; a second pass writes them.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let (derived, missing) = self.build(want, source, column, depth);
+            if missing.is_empty() {
+                self.field = Some(Field::Values(derived.clone(), Version::next()));
+                self.made = Some((source.clone(), column.clone(), derived));
+                self.landed.clear();
+                return true;
+            }
+            let points: usize = missing.iter().map(|&(row, ..)| points_of(column, row)).sum();
+            if jobs.fits((points as f64 * TRIANGULATE).ceil() as u64) {
+                for (row, id, digest) in missing {
+                    let Some(value) = column.get(row) else { continue };
+                    let shape = want.shaping.shape(&value).unwrap_or(value);
+                    self.landed.insert(id, (digest, shape));
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            if self.working.is_none() {
+                let rows: Vec<usize> = missing.iter().map(|&(row, ..)| row).collect();
+                let job = Job::shapes(want.shaping, rows_of(source, column, &rows));
+                let asked = missing.into_iter().map(|(_, id, digest)| (id, digest)).collect();
+                self.working = Some((jobs.spawn(job), asked));
+            }
+            // Until the job lands, its rows draw nothing and the rest draw as they were.
+            self.field = Some(Field::Values(derived, Version::next()));
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// The derived column for `column` of `source`, page by page: a page whose source page is the
+    /// one shaped last keeps its shapes; others are assembled row by row from shapes landed, or kept
+    /// from the last set where a row's geometry did not change. Rows with neither are missing: each
+    /// row, its id, and the digest of its geometry.
+    fn build(&self, want: &Want, source: &Table, column: &Column, depth: u8) -> (Column, Vec<(usize, Id, u64)>) {
+        let made_pages: FxHashMap<PageId, &Page> = self
+            .made
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|(_, field, derived)| field.pages().iter().map(|p| p.id).zip(derived.pages()))
+            .collect();
+        let depth = want.shaping.depth(depth);
+        let mut pages: Vec<Page> = Vec::with_capacity(column.pages().len());
+        let mut missing = Vec::new();
+        for (p, page) in column.pages().iter().enumerate() {
+            if let Some(&kept) = made_pages.get(&page.id) {
+                pages.push(kept.clone());
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(geometry) = page.values.geometry() else {
+                pages.push(Page::new(Values::of_geometry(GeometryBuilder::new(depth).finish())));
+                continue;
+            };
+            // A path page that needs no bending is its own shape: shared, nothing uploads again.
+            if want.shaping == Shaping::Path && !bends(geometry.coords()) {
+                pages.push(page.clone());
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut shapes = GeometryBuilder::new(depth);
+            for local in 0..page.values.len() {
+                let row = p * PAGE_ROWS + local;
+                let Some(id) = source.ids.id(row) else {
+                    shapes.push_empty();
+                    continue;
+                };
+                if !page.values.is_valid(local) {
+                    shapes.push_empty();
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let digest = geometry.row_hash(local);
+                if let Some((d, shape)) = self.landed.get(&id)
+                    && *d == digest
+                {
+                    shapes.push_value(shape);
+                } else if let Some((page, at)) = self.kept(&id, digest) {
+                    shapes.push_from(page, at);
+                } else if want.shaping == Shaping::Path {
+                    // Bending is cheap, so done here; rows that need none keep their geometry.
+                    match page.values.get(local).and_then(|v| want.shaping.shape(&v)) {
+                        Some(shape) => {
+                            shapes.push_value(&shape);
+                        }
+                        None => shapes.push_from(geometry, local),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    missing.push((row, id, digest));
+                    shapes.push_empty();
+                }
+            }
+            pages.push(Page::new(Values::of_geometry(shapes.finish())));
+        }
+        let like = Values::of_geometry(GeometryBuilder::new(depth).finish());
+        (Column::of_pages(pages, &like), missing)
+    }
+
+    /// Where the last whole set holds the shape of the row with `id`, when its geometry's digest was
+    /// `digest`: the derived page's geometry and the row's place in it.
+    fn kept(&self, id: &Id, digest: u64) -> Option<(&crate::data::Geometry, usize)> {
+        let (table, field, derived) = self.made.as_ref()?;
+        let row = table.row(id.as_ref())?;
+        let (page, at) = (row / PAGE_ROWS, row % PAGE_ROWS);
+        let was = field.pages().get(page)?.values.geometry()?;
+        if !field.pages()[page].values.is_valid(at) || was.row_hash(at) != digest {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some((derived.pages().get(page)?.values.geometry()?, at))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether any two coordinates in a row of `coords` lie farther apart than an earth path's step: a
+/// page with none needs no bending.
+fn bends(coords: &[[f64; 2]]) -> bool {
+    let step = crate::geo::shapes::EARTH_STEP;
+    coords.windows(2).any(|w| (w[1][0] - w[0][0]).abs() > step || (w[1][1] - w[0][1]).abs() > step)
+}
+
+/// How many points row `row` of geometry column `column` holds.
+fn points_of(column: &Column, row: usize) -> usize {
+    let Some(page) = column.pages().get(row / PAGE_ROWS) else { return 0 };
+    page.values.geometry().map_or(0, |g| g.row_coords(row % PAGE_ROWS).len())
+}
+
+/// Rows `rows` of `source`, by id, with their geometry from `column` as field `geometry`: what a
+/// shapes job reads.
+fn rows_of(source: &Table, column: &Column, rows: &[usize]) -> Table {
+    let ids: Vec<Id> = rows.iter().filter_map(|&row| source.ids.id(row)).collect();
+    let depth = column.kind().depth().expect("a geometry column");
+    let mut geometry = GeometryBuilder::new(depth);
+    for &row in rows {
+        let page = &column.pages()[row / PAGE_ROWS];
+        match page.values.geometry() {
+            Some(g) if page.values.is_valid(row % PAGE_ROWS) => geometry.push_from(g, row % PAGE_ROWS),
+            _ => geometry.push_empty(),
+        }
+    }
+    Table::new(source.name.clone(), ids).field("geometry", Values::of_geometry(geometry.finish()))
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/sight.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/sight.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d199c3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/sight.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+//! What the camera sees, as tiles: the one place derivations read the camera. Tiles split a
+//! square of the space four ways a level, the earth's web mercator square or a square of a plane; a
+//! tile is wanted where it meets what the camera shows, and splits while it draws larger than its
+//! size where it lies nearest the camera's focus.
+
+use glam::DVec3;
+
+use crate::tiles::TileKey;
+use crate::view::Projected;
+
+/// CSS pixels a tile spans drawn at its own level.
+pub(crate) const TILE_PX: f64 = 512.0;
+/// The latitude web mercator reaches, north and south.
+const MAX_LATITUDE: f64 = 85.051_128_779_806_59;
+
+/// Where a space's tiles lie: the earth's web mercator square, or a square of a plane.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Domain {
+    Earth,
+    /// A plane's square: its west and south edges and its size, in position units.
+    Plane {
+        min: [f64; 2],
+        size: f64,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Domain {
+    /// The square holding positions within `bounds` (west, south, east, north) on a plane, with a
+    /// little room so nothing lies on its edge.
+    pub(crate) fn plane(bounds: [f64; 4]) -> Domain {
+        let [w, s, e, n] = if bounds[0] <= bounds[2] { bounds } else { [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0] };
+        let size = (e - w).max(n - s).max(1e-9) * 1.02;
+        let center = [w.midpoint(e), s.midpoint(n)];
+        Domain::Plane { min: [center[0] - size / 2.0, center[1] - size / 2.0], size }
+    }
+
+    /// Where position `p` lies across the square, 0 to 1 from the west and from the north.
+    pub(crate) fn unit(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
+        match *self {
+            Domain::Earth => {
+                let lat = p[1].clamp(-MAX_LATITUDE, MAX_LATITUDE).to_radians();
+                let y = 0.5 - (std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4 + lat / 2.0).tan().ln() / std::f64::consts::TAU;
+                [((p[0] + 180.0) / 360.0).rem_euclid(1.0), y]
+            }
+            Domain::Plane { min, size } => [(p[0] - min[0]) / size, 1.0 - (p[1] - min[1]) / size],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The position at `u` across the square.
+    pub(crate) fn position(&self, u: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
+        match *self {
+            Domain::Earth => {
+                let lat = (std::f64::consts::PI * (1.0 - 2.0 * u[1])).sinh().atan().to_degrees();
+                [u[0] * 360.0 - 180.0, lat]
+            }
+            Domain::Plane { min, size } => [min[0] + u[0] * size, min[1] + (1.0 - u[1]) * size],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// West, south, east, and north of tile `key`, grown on every side by `grow` across the square,
+    /// within the square.
+    pub(crate) fn bounds(&self, key: TileKey, grow: f64) -> [f64; 4] {
+        let n = f64::from(1_u32 << key.z);
+        let (x, y) = (f64::from(key.x), f64::from(key.y));
+        let west = (x / n - grow).max(0.0);
+        let east = ((x + 1.0) / n + grow).min(1.0);
+        let north = (y / n - grow).max(0.0);
+        let south = ((y + 1.0) / n + grow).min(1.0);
+        let [w, s] = self.position([west, south]);
+        let [e, n] = self.position([east, north]);
+        [w, s, e, n]
+    }
+}
+
+/// What the camera sees: where tiles are wanted and how large they draw.
+pub(crate) struct Sight<'a> {
+    pub(crate) projected: &'a Projected,
+    /// The view's size, CSS pixels.
+    pub(crate) size: [f64; 2],
+    pub(crate) earth: bool,
+}
+
+/// West, south, east, north boxes, in position units: what the camera shows, in one box, or on the
+/// earth two where it wraps the antimeridian.
+pub(crate) type Region = Vec<[f64; 4]>;
+
+impl Sight<'_> {
+    /// Where position `p` lands on screen, if it shows.
+    fn project(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+        let w = self.projected.world([p[0], p[1], 0.0]);
+        if !self.facing(w) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.projected.screen(w).map(|s| [s[0], s[1]])
+    }
+
+    /// The position on the ground under screen point `p`.
+    fn ground(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+        let w = self.projected.surface(p)?;
+        let [x, y, _] = self.projected.position(w);
+        Some([x, y])
+    }
+
+    /// The center of the globe the earth is, and its radius, in world units.
+    fn sphere(&self) -> (DVec3, f64) {
+        let radius = 1.0 / self.projected.center[1].to_radians().cos();
+        (DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -radius), radius)
+    }
+
+    fn globe(&self) -> bool {
+        self.earth && self.projected.globe >= 0.5
+    }
+
+    /// Whether world point `w` faces the camera: always on a map, on the globe its near side.
+    fn facing(&self, w: DVec3) -> bool {
+        if !self.globe() {
+            return true;
+        }
+        let (center, _) = self.sphere();
+        (w - center).dot(self.projected.eye - w) > 0.0
+    }
+
+    /// Where tiles draw largest: where the camera looks, and tilted, the nearest ground it shows.
+    pub(crate) fn focus(&self) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+        let center = [self.projected.center[0], self.projected.center[1]];
+        let near = self.ground([self.size[0] / 2.0, self.size[1]]);
+        std::iter::once(center).chain(near).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The ground the camera shows, sampled on a grid of points across the view.
+    pub(crate) fn region(&self) -> Region {
+        const SAMPLES: usize = 7;
+        let globe = self.globe();
+        let center = self.projected.center;
+        let (mut w, mut s, mut e, mut n) = (f64::INFINITY, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY);
+        let mut missed = false;
+        let last = (SAMPLES - 1) as f64;
+        for i in 0..SAMPLES {
+            for j in 0..SAMPLES {
+                let at = [self.size[0] * i as f64 / last, self.size[1] * j as f64 / last];
+                let Some([x, y]) = self.ground(at) else {
+                    missed = true;
+                    continue;
+                };
+                // Longitudes kept beside the center's, so a view across the antimeridian is one span.
+                let x = if globe { center[0] + turn(center[0], x) } else { x };
+                (w, e, s, n) = (w.min(x), e.max(x), s.min(y), n.max(y));
+            }
+        }
+        if !self.earth {
+            if w > e {
+                return Vec::new();
+            }
+            if missed {
+                // A tilted plane past its horizon: everything toward it.
+                let size = (e - w).max(n - s) * 4.0;
+                return vec![[w - size, s - size, e + size, n + size]];
+            }
+            return vec![[w, s, e, n]];
+        }
+        if globe {
+            if missed {
+                return self.cap();
+            }
+            let shows = |lat: f64| {
+                self.project([center[0], lat])
+                    .is_some_and(|p| p[0] >= 0.0 && p[1] >= 0.0 && p[0] <= self.size[0] && p[1] <= self.size[1])
+            };
+            if shows(90.0) {
+                return boxes(-180.0, 180.0, s, 90.0);
+            }
+            if shows(-90.0) {
+                return boxes(-180.0, 180.0, -90.0, n);
+            }
+        }
+        if w > e {
+            return vec![[-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0]];
+        }
+        if missed {
+            // A tilted map past its horizon: everything toward it.
+            let size = (e - w).max(n - s) * 4.0;
+            return boxes(w - size, e + size, s - size, n + size);
+        }
+        let (pad_x, pad_y) = ((e - w) * 0.02, (n - s) * 0.02);
+        if globe {
+            return boxes(w - pad_x, e + pad_x, s - pad_y, n + pad_y);
+        }
+        vec![[(w - pad_x).max(-180.0), (s - pad_y).max(-90.0), (e + pad_x).min(180.0), (n + pad_y).min(90.0)]]
+    }
+
+    /// The cap of the globe the camera can see past its horizon.
+    fn cap(&self) -> Region {
+        let (center, radius) = self.sphere();
+        let out = self.projected.eye - center;
+        let reach = (radius / out.length().max(radius)).acos().to_degrees();
+        let [lon, lat, _] = self.projected.position(center + out.normalize_or_zero() * radius);
+        if reach >= 89.0 {
+            return vec![[-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0]];
+        }
+        let (south, north) = (lat - reach, lat + reach);
+        if north >= 90.0 || south <= -90.0 {
+            return boxes(-180.0, 180.0, south, north);
+        }
+        let half = (reach.to_radians().sin() / lat.to_radians().cos()).min(1.0).asin().to_degrees();
+        boxes(lon - half, lon + half, south, north)
+    }
+
+    /// How large a tile of bounds `b` draws where it lies nearest each focus, and how far from the
+    /// view's middle that lands.
+    pub(crate) fn measure(&self, focus: &[[f64; 2]], b: [f64; 4]) -> (f64, f64) {
+        let [w, s, e, n] = b;
+        let (dx, dy) = ((e - w) / 64.0, (n - s) / 64.0);
+        let (mut size, mut distance) = (0.0_f64, f64::INFINITY);
+        for &[fx, fy] in focus {
+            let near = if self.earth { fx + 360.0 * ((w.midpoint(e) - fx) / 360.0).round() } else { fx };
+            let (x, y) = (near.clamp(w, e - dx), fy.clamp(s, n - dy));
+            let Some(p) = self.project([x, y]) else { continue };
+            let reach = |q: Option<[f64; 2]>| q.map_or(0.0, |q| 64.0 * (q[0] - p[0]).hypot(q[1] - p[1]));
+            size = size.max(reach(self.project([x + dx, y]))).max(reach(self.project([x, y + dy])));
+            distance = distance.min((p[0] - self.size[0] / 2.0).hypot(p[1] - self.size[1] / 2.0));
+        }
+        (size, distance)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The shortest turn from longitude `from` to `to`, in degrees.
+fn turn(from: f64, to: f64) -> f64 {
+    (to - from + 540.0).rem_euclid(360.0) - 180.0
+}
+
+/// The boxes of a longitude range that may wrap, and a latitude range.
+fn boxes(west: f64, east: f64, south: f64, north: f64) -> Region {
+    let (s, n) = (south.max(-90.0), north.min(90.0));
+    if east - west >= 360.0 {
+        return vec![[-180.0, s, 180.0, n]];
+    }
+    let w = (west + 180.0).rem_euclid(360.0) - 180.0;
+    let e = w + (east - west);
+    if e <= 180.0 { vec![[w, s, e, n]] } else { vec![[w, s, 180.0, n], [-180.0, s, e - 360.0, n]] }
+}
+
+/// Whether box `b` meets what the camera shows.
+pub(crate) fn meets(region: &Region, b: [f64; 4]) -> bool {
+    region.iter().any(|r| b[0] <= r[2] && b[2] >= r[0] && b[1] <= r[3] && b[3] >= r[1])
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn domains_place_positions_across_their_square() {
+        let earth = Domain::Earth;
+        let u = earth.unit([0.0, 0.0]);
+        assert!((u[0] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-12 && (u[1] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-12);
+        let back = earth.position(earth.unit([-97.5, 30.25]));
+        assert!((back[0] + 97.5).abs() < 1e-9 && (back[1] - 30.25).abs() < 1e-9);
+        let plane = Domain::plane([0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 5.0]);
+        let u = plane.unit([5.0, 2.5]);
+        assert!((u[0] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-12 && (u[1] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-12, "the middle of the data");
+        let b = plane.bounds(TileKey { z: 1, x: 0, y: 0 }, 0.0);
+        assert!(b[0] < 0.0 && b[3] > 5.0, "the northwest quarter: {b:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/stars.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/stars.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a1c6830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/stars.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//! Stars outside diagrams: a net's edges. Each row of an edge mark that `joins` a table is a net
+//! joining the vertex rows whose reference field names it, drawn from their middle to each, as the
+//! vertex mark drawing them places them. The star of each net row is a path field beside the net
+//! table, which the mark draws as any geometry; it works again only when the data or scene change.
+
+use super::graph::{VertexMark, marks, position};
+use super::{Input, Tables, beside, kept};
+use crate::data::{Field, Name, UNWIRED, Values};
+use crate::expr::cpu::Rows;
+use crate::{Mark, Space};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Stars {
+    tables: Tables,
+    stamp: u64,
+}
+
+impl Stars {
+    /// Brings the stars up to `input`, the members placed by their data or by `places`, the layout's
+    /// places beside their tables; whether a table changed.
+    pub(crate) fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, places: &Tables) -> bool {
+        let joining = input.scene.marks.iter().any(|m| matches!(m, Mark::Edges(e) if e.joins.is_some()));
+        if matches!(input.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_)) || !joining {
+            let had = !self.tables.is_empty();
+            self.clear();
+            return had;
+        }
+        let field = |t: &crate::Table, name: &str| t.field_named(name).map(Field::version);
+        let placed: Vec<_> = places.iter().map(|(key, t)| (key, field(t, "x"), field(t, "y"))).collect();
+        let mut hasher = rustc_hash::FxHasher::default();
+        std::hash::Hash::hash(&(input.scene_version, placed), &mut hasher);
+        input.structure(&mut hasher);
+        let stamp = std::hash::Hasher::finish(&hasher).max(1);
+        if stamp == self.stamp {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.stamp = stamp;
+        let (vertex_marks, _) = marks(input);
+        let mut tables = Tables::default();
+        for mark in &input.scene.marks {
+            let Mark::Edges(edges) = mark else { continue };
+            let Some((members, reference)) = &edges.joins else { continue };
+            let style = &edges.style;
+            let Some(data) = input.data(&style.data) else { continue };
+            let Some(nets) = data.table(&style.table) else { continue };
+            let Some(vm) = vertex_marks.iter().find(|vm| vm.data.name() == data.name() && vm.table.name() == members)
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let Some(Field::Reference(named)) = vm.table.field_named(reference) else { continue };
+            if named.to != *nets.name() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let placed = places.get(&(data.name().clone(), members.clone()));
+            let mut points: Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> = vec![Vec::new(); nets.len()];
+            let rows = Rows::new(vm.table, input.data);
+            for (row, net) in named.targets().into_iter().enumerate() {
+                if net == UNWIRED {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if let (Some(point), Some(members)) = (place(vm, &rows, row, placed), points.get_mut(net as usize)) {
+                    members.push(point);
+                }
+            }
+            let stars: Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>> = points.iter().map(|members| star(members)).collect();
+            let key = (data.name().clone(), nets.name().clone());
+            let before = self.tables.get(&key);
+            let route = kept("route", &Values::from(stars), nets, before);
+            tables.insert(key, beside(nets, [(Name::from("route"), route)]));
+        }
+        self.tables = tables;
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn tables(&self) -> &Tables {
+        &self.tables
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.tables.clear();
+        self.stamp = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where member row `row` stands: as its data positions it, else where the layout placed it.
+fn place(vm: &VertexMark<'_>, rows: &Rows<'_>, row: usize, placed: Option<&crate::Table>) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+    position(vm.mark, rows, row).or_else(|| {
+        let table = placed?;
+        match (table.value(row, "x", f64::INFINITY)?, table.value(row, "y", f64::INFINITY)?) {
+            (crate::Value::Number(x), crate::Value::Number(y)) => Some([x, y]),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// A net's star: a path from the middle of `members` to each; none for fewer than two.
+fn star(members: &[[f64; 2]]) -> Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> {
+    if members.len() < 2 {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let n = members.len() as f64;
+    let middle = [members.iter().map(|p| p[0]).sum::<f64>() / n, members.iter().map(|p| p[1]).sum::<f64>() / n];
+    members.iter().map(|&p| vec![middle, p]).collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiled.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiled.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d877db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiled.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1133 @@
+//! Tables drawn in part. A table with a priority draws its rows in priority order, the highest on
+//! top; one too large to draw whole draws the rows of the tiles the camera asks for, or where nothing
+//! places its rows, those that matter most. What a view draws of such a dataset is a dataset of its
+//! own, of the same name, ids, and origin: each such table's rows drawn in drawing order, with the
+//! rows the edges drawn end at carried along and the rows pinned (selected, or framed by a fit)
+//! kept; other tables as they are, their references naming the rows drawn. Marks draw it like any
+//! other dataset, so picks, selection, hover, transitions, lanes, and labels follow it.
+//!
+//! Each table's pyramid is worked out from where its rows lie and their priority: on the frame while
+//! that fits its budget, else in a job of its own, so a dataset's tables are placed side by side and
+//! each draws once its own lands; until then a table draws an even sample of its rows, as many as a
+//! first look needs. A pyramid serves while the rows it was placed from hold. The rows drawn are laid
+//! out again when the tiles asked for, the rows pinned, or the rows a table holds change; when only
+//! values change, every row stays where it is drawn and each field writes only the rows whose values
+//! changed, so a patch of one row costs one row. Only the fields marks read are gathered.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
+
+use super::pyramid::{Leveling, Places, Placing, Pyramid, Wanted, answer, reaches};
+use super::sight::{Domain, Sight};
+use super::{Jobs, stamp_of};
+use crate::data::{Data, Field, Name, RowIds, Table, UNWIRED, Version};
+use crate::expr::cpu::Rows;
+use crate::expr::{Expr, Node};
+use crate::host::Job;
+use crate::{Pending, Row};
+
+/// Microseconds placing a row takes, by estimate.
+const PLACE_COST: f64 = 1.0;
+/// Rows a table drawn in part draws at most until its pyramid lands: a first look at all of it.
+const SAMPLE: u32 = 1 << 16;
+
+/// How a table draws.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub(crate) enum Draw {
+    /// Every row.
+    Whole,
+    /// The rows of the tiles the camera asks for, as many as `rows` at most.
+    Tiles { rows: u32 },
+    /// The `rows` rows that matter most.
+    First { rows: u32 },
+}
+
+/// Where a table's rows lie, as the mark drawing them places them.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum Place {
+    /// Nowhere a camera's tiles reach: off a map or a plane.
+    Nowhere,
+    /// At a point each: x and y.
+    Points([Expr; 2]),
+    /// Along a geometry field.
+    Geometry(Name),
+    /// Between the rows its reference fields name.
+    Ends(Vec<Name>),
+}
+
+/// How one table draws, and what that reads.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct Planned {
+    pub(crate) draw: Draw,
+    /// Each row's priority, as the first mark giving one has it.
+    pub(crate) priority: Option<Expr>,
+    pub(crate) place: Place,
+    /// The fields marks read of it, which its rows drawn hold with every reference field; `None`
+    /// where they hold every field.
+    pub(crate) reads: Option<FxHashSet<Name>>,
+}
+
+impl Planned {
+    /// Whether the table draws as it is: whole, in its own order.
+    pub(crate) fn as_is(&self) -> bool {
+        self.draw == Draw::Whole && self.priority.is_none()
+    }
+}
+
+/// How each table drawn draws, by dataset and table.
+pub(crate) type Plans = FxHashMap<(Name, Name), Planned>;
+
+/// What drawing in part reads this frame.
+pub(crate) struct Ask<'a> {
+    pub(crate) sources: &'a [Data],
+    pub(crate) plans: &'a Plans,
+    /// What the camera sees, on a map or a plane.
+    pub(crate) sight: Option<&'a Sight<'a>>,
+    pub(crate) earth: bool,
+    /// Rows drawn whatever the tiles: those selected, and those a fit frames.
+    pub(crate) pinned: &'a [Row],
+    /// The axis coordinate shown, which sampled fields drawn in part are gathered about.
+    pub(crate) at: f64,
+}
+
+/// What each dataset drawn in part draws.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Tiled {
+    sets: Vec<Set>,
+}
+
+impl Tiled {
+    /// Brings what each dataset drawn in part draws up to `ask`: the datasets drawn that changed, and
+    /// the names of those no longer drawn in part, which draw as they are.
+    pub(crate) fn update(&mut self, ask: &Ask<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> (Vec<Data>, Vec<Name>) {
+        let mut wanted: Vec<&Name> = Vec::new();
+        for ((data, _), planned) in ask.plans {
+            if !planned.as_is() && !wanted.contains(&data) {
+                wanted.push(data);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut gone = Vec::new();
+        self.sets.retain(|set| {
+            let keep = wanted.contains(&&set.name) && ask.sources.iter().any(|d| *d.name() == set.name);
+            if !keep {
+                gone.push(set.name.clone());
+            }
+            keep
+        });
+        let mut changed = Vec::new();
+        for name in wanted {
+            let Some(source) = ask.sources.iter().find(|d| d.name() == name) else { continue };
+            let i = self.sets.iter().position(|s| s.name == *name).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                self.sets.push(Set::new(name.clone()));
+                self.sets.len() - 1
+            });
+            if let Some(drawn) = self.sets[i].update(source, ask, jobs) {
+                changed.push(drawn);
+            }
+        }
+        (changed, gone)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether every table drawn in part draws from its pyramid, its rows in drawing order: none draws
+    /// its first sample while its pyramid is worked out, nor waits to be laid out again.
+    pub(crate) fn complete(&self) -> bool {
+        self.sets.iter().all(|s| s.working.is_empty() && !s.deferred && !s.sampling && s.settled())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a dataset waits for a frame: to ask for its pyramids, or to lay its rows out again in
+    /// drawing order once the camera rests.
+    pub(crate) fn due(&self) -> bool {
+        self.sets.iter().any(|s| s.deferred || !s.settled())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether dataset `name` draws in part.
+    pub(crate) fn draws(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        self.sets.iter().any(|s| *s.name == *name)
+    }
+
+    /// The bounds of every row of table `table` of dataset `data` drawn through tiles, west, south,
+    /// east, north in position units: what a fit of everything frames, whatever tiles are drawn.
+    pub(crate) fn bounds(&self, data: &Name, table: &Name) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
+        let set = self.sets.iter().find(|s| s.name == *data)?;
+        set.placed.get(table).and_then(|placed| placed.bounds)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A table's pyramid: the rows it was placed from (the table's structure and order), the square it
+/// tiles, the bounds of its rows in position units, and the version that tells it from any other.
+struct Placed {
+    made: Version,
+    rows: (Version, Version),
+    domain: Domain,
+    pyramid: Pyramid,
+    bounds: Option<[f64; 4]>,
+}
+
+/// A pyramid job under way: the table it places, where the answer holds its pyramid, and what the
+/// pyramid is kept with once it lands.
+struct Working {
+    table: Name,
+    pending: Pending<Vec<u8>>,
+    answered: u32,
+    placed: Placed,
+}
+
+/// One table's rows drawn last time and where each lies, the versions of the table drawn while they
+/// hold, and its fields as gathered with what each was gathered from.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Gathered {
+    /// Each row drawn: its source row, or a [`HOLE`].
+    rows: Option<Arc<[u32]>>,
+    slots: Slots,
+    /// The rows written since the ids and fields kept were gathered, `(row, source row or HOLE)` by
+    /// row; `None` where every row was laid out afresh, and they gather again.
+    writes: Option<Vec<(usize, usize)>>,
+    versions: Option<(Version, Version)>,
+    ids: Option<RowIds>,
+    fields: FxHashMap<Name, Kept>,
+    /// Each reference field's ids as gathered and resolved, as of a version of it, and of that version
+    /// and the versions the rows it names hold where they are drawn; and every row's target by it, as
+    /// of a version of it.
+    references: FxHashMap<Name, (u64, u64, Field)>,
+    targets: FxHashMap<Name, (Version, Arc<[u32]>)>,
+}
+
+/// A field as gathered: a stamp of what it was gathered from, that field of the table, and the field
+/// drawn.
+struct Kept {
+    stamp: u64,
+    source: Field,
+    drawn: Field,
+}
+
+/// One dataset drawn in part.
+struct Set {
+    name: Name,
+    /// The stamp of everything its pyramids are placed from: every table placed, and the square.
+    stamp: u64,
+    /// Each table's pyramid, as last placed.
+    placed: FxHashMap<Name, Arc<Placed>>,
+    working: Vec<Working>,
+    /// Whether asking for its pyramids waits for a frame that gathers nothing.
+    deferred: bool,
+    /// What decides which rows draw and where, and what they hold, as last gathered.
+    laid: u64,
+    held: u64,
+    /// Updates since its rows were laid out.
+    quiet: u32,
+    tables: FxHashMap<Name, Gathered>,
+    /// Each table drawn in part as last laid out: its rows drawn, and the versions it holds while they
+    /// do.
+    rows: FxHashMap<Name, Arc<[u32]>>,
+    versions: FxHashMap<Name, (Version, Version)>,
+    /// Whether a table draws an even sample of its rows until its pyramid lands.
+    sampling: bool,
+}
+
+impl Set {
+    fn new(name: Name) -> Set {
+        Set {
+            name,
+            stamp: 0,
+            placed: FxHashMap::default(),
+            working: Vec::new(),
+            deferred: false,
+            laid: 0,
+            held: 0,
+            quiet: 0,
+            tables: FxHashMap::default(),
+            rows: FxHashMap::default(),
+            versions: FxHashMap::default(),
+            sampling: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether every table's rows lie in drawing order: none waits to be laid out again.
+    fn settled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tables.values().all(|g| g.slots.ordered || g.slots.rows.is_empty())
+    }
+
+    /// Brings the pyramids and the rows drawn up to `ask`; the dataset drawn, when it changed.
+    fn update(&mut self, source: &Data, ask: &Ask<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> Option<Data> {
+        let placing = placed(source, ask);
+        // Pyramids that landed serve from now on.
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < self.working.len() {
+            let Some(landed) = self.working[i].pending.take() else {
+                i += 1;
+                continue;
+            };
+            let working = self.working.swap_remove(i);
+            if let Ok(bytes) = landed
+                && let Some(pyramid) = Pyramid::read(&bytes).remove(&working.answered)
+            {
+                self.placed
+                    .insert(working.table, Arc::new(Placed { pyramid, made: Version::next(), ..working.placed }));
+            }
+        }
+        let stamp = stamp(source, ask, &placing);
+        let due = !placing.is_empty() && stamp != self.stamp;
+        // Pyramids small enough are placed at once, before the rows drawn are gathered from them;
+        // asking jobs for larger ones waits for a frame that gathers nothing, so no frame does both.
+        let cost: f64 = placing
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(t, p)| {
+                t.len() as f64 * if matches!(p.draw, Draw::Tiles { .. }) { PLACE_COST } else { PLACE_COST / 20.0 }
+            })
+            .sum();
+        let at_once = cost <= jobs.left() as f64;
+        if due && at_once {
+            self.level(&placing, ask, stamp, jobs);
+        }
+        let drawn = self.gather(source, ask);
+        self.deferred = due && !at_once && drawn.is_some();
+        if due && !at_once && drawn.is_none() {
+            self.level(&placing, ask, stamp, jobs);
+        }
+        drawn
+    }
+
+    /// Asks for the pyramids of `placing`, from what `stamp` stamps: at once where one fits the
+    /// frame, else in a job of its own.
+    fn level(&mut self, placing: &[(&Table, &Planned)], ask: &Ask<'_>, stamp: u64, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) {
+        {
+            self.stamp = stamp;
+            // What was asked before no longer serves once it lands.
+            self.working.clear();
+            let (leveling, bounds) = leveling(ask, placing);
+            let domain = leveling.domain;
+            for (i, table) in leveling.tables.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, t)| t.answered) {
+                let name = placing[i].0.name.clone();
+                // A table placed by its ends goes with the table they name, which only anchors it.
+                let mut alone = Leveling { domain, tables: Vec::with_capacity(2) };
+                let mut table = table.clone();
+                if let Some((target, _)) = table.ends.as_mut() {
+                    let at = &leveling.tables[*target as usize];
+                    alone.tables.push(Placing { rows: at.rows, places: at.places.clone(), ..Placing::default() });
+                    *target = 0;
+                }
+                let answered = alone.tables.len() as u32;
+                let rows = (placing[i].0.structure, placing[i].0.order);
+                alone.tables.push(table);
+                // Placing a row takes about a microsecond; ordering one by priority alone, far less.
+                let per_row = if alone.tables[answered as usize].leveled { PLACE_COST } else { PLACE_COST / 20.0 };
+                let cost = per_row * alone.tables.iter().map(|t| f64::from(t.rows)).sum::<f64>();
+                let made = Version::next();
+                let placed =
+                    Placed { made, rows, domain, pyramid: Pyramid::default(), bounds: bounds.get(&name).copied() };
+                if jobs.fits(cost as u64) {
+                    let pyramid = Pyramid::answered(answer(&alone)).remove(&answered).unwrap_or_default();
+                    self.placed.insert(name, Arc::new(Placed { pyramid, ..placed }));
+                } else {
+                    let job = Job::pyramid(&alone);
+                    let pending = jobs.spawn(job);
+                    self.working.push(Working { table: name, pending, answered, placed });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Table `name`'s pyramid while it serves: placed from the rows the table holds.
+    fn pyramid(&self, source: &Data, name: &Name) -> Option<Arc<Placed>> {
+        let table = source.table(name)?;
+        self.placed.get(name).filter(|p| p.rows == (table.structure, table.order)).cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset drawn, gathered again when what it is gathered from changed.
+    fn gather(&mut self, source: &Data, ask: &Ask<'_>) -> Option<Data> {
+        // Each table's tiles drawn, or how many of its rows, by what it draws.
+        let mut chosen: Vec<(Name, Choice)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut serving: Vec<(Name, Arc<Placed>)> = Vec::new();
+        for table in source.tables() {
+            let Some(planned) = ask.plans.get(&(source.name().clone(), table.name.clone())) else { continue };
+            if planned.as_is() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let placed = self.pyramid(source, &table.name);
+            if let Some(placed) = &placed {
+                serving.push((table.name.clone(), placed.clone()));
+            }
+            let pyramid = placed.as_deref().map(|placed| (&placed.pyramid, &placed.domain));
+            let choice = match (pyramid, planned.draw) {
+                (None, Draw::Whole) => Choice::AsIs,
+                (None, Draw::Tiles { rows } | Draw::First { rows }) => {
+                    Choice::Sample((table.len() as u32).div_ceil(rows.clamp(1, SAMPLE)).max(1))
+                }
+                (Some(_), Draw::Whole) => Choice::Tiles(Wanted { tiles: vec![(0, true)], cover: None }),
+                (Some((pyramid, _)), Draw::First { rows }) => Choice::Last(rows.min(pyramid.order.len() as u32)),
+                (Some((pyramid, domain)), Draw::Tiles { rows }) => {
+                    Choice::Tiles(ask.sight.map(|sight| pyramid.wanted(sight, domain, rows)).unwrap_or_default())
+                }
+            };
+            chosen.push((table.name.clone(), choice));
+        }
+        self.sampling = chosen.iter().any(|(_, choice)| matches!(choice, Choice::Sample(_)));
+        let pinned: Vec<&Row> = ask.pinned.iter().filter(|r| r.data == self.name).collect();
+        let frames: Vec<Option<u64>> = sampled_frames(source, ask);
+        let pyramids: Vec<Version> = serving.iter().map(|(_, p)| p.made).collect();
+        // Where rows draw, apart from what they hold: a patch writing values lays nothing out again.
+        let laid = stamp_of((pyramids, &chosen, &pinned, rows_of(source)));
+        let held = stamp_of((source.0.version, frames, reads_of(source, ask)));
+        if laid == self.laid {
+            // Once the camera rests, rows laid out of drawing order are laid out again in it.
+            self.quiet = self.quiet.saturating_add(1);
+            if held == self.held && (self.settled() || self.quiet < SETTLE) {
+                return None;
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.quiet = 0;
+        }
+        let afresh = self.quiet >= SETTLE && !self.settled();
+        let relaid = laid != self.laid || afresh;
+        (self.laid, self.held) = (laid, held);
+        if !relaid {
+            return Some(self.rewrite(source, ask));
+        }
+        let serving: FxHashMap<Name, Arc<Placed>> = serving.into_iter().collect();
+        Some(self.build(source, ask, &serving, &chosen, &pinned, afresh))
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset drawn when only what its rows hold changed: every row stays where it is drawn, and
+    /// each field writes only the rows whose values changed.
+    fn rewrite(&mut self, source: &Data, ask: &Ask<'_>) -> Data {
+        let (rows, versions) = (std::mem::take(&mut self.rows), std::mem::take(&mut self.versions));
+        for name in rows.keys() {
+            if let Some(gathered) = self.tables.get_mut(name) {
+                gathered.writes = Some(Vec::new());
+            }
+        }
+        let tables: Vec<Table> =
+            source.tables().map(|table| self.drawn(source, table, ask, &rows, &versions)).collect();
+        (self.rows, self.versions) = (rows, versions);
+        source.drawn(tables)
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset drawn: every table's rows drawn, pinned rows kept, the ends of edges drawn carried
+    /// along, each table's rows laid out, afresh where `afresh` says so, and gathered.
+    fn build(
+        &mut self,
+        source: &Data,
+        ask: &Ask<'_>,
+        serving: &FxHashMap<Name, Arc<Placed>>,
+        chosen: &[(Name, Choice)],
+        pinned: &[&Row],
+        afresh: bool,
+    ) -> Data {
+        let mut wanted: FxHashMap<Name, Vec<u32>> = chosen
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(name, choice)| {
+                let len = source.table(name).map_or(0, Table::len) as u32;
+                Some((name.clone(), choice.rows(serving.get(name).map(Arc::as_ref), len)?))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        // Rows pinned, and the rows the edges drawn end at, draw whatever their tiles.
+        let mut drawn: FxHashMap<Name, Bitset> = wanted
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, list)| (name.clone(), Bitset::of(list, source.table(name).map_or(0, Table::len))))
+            .collect();
+        for row in pinned {
+            let (Some(list), Some(table)) = (wanted.get_mut(&row.table), source.table(&row.table)) else { continue };
+            if let Some(r) = table.row(row.id.as_ref())
+                && drawn.get_mut(&row.table).is_some_and(|set| set.insert(r as u32))
+            {
+                list.push(r as u32);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut carried: Vec<(Name, Vec<u32>)> = Vec::new();
+        for table in source.tables() {
+            // Only the ends of edges and faces drawn are carried.
+            let Some(Place::Ends(ends)) = ask.plans.get(&(source.name().clone(), table.name.clone())).map(|p| &p.place)
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+                let Field::Reference(reference) = field else { continue };
+                if !wanted.contains_key(&reference.to) || !ends.contains(name) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let targets = self.targets(&table.name, name, field);
+                let ends: Vec<u32> = match wanted.get(&table.name) {
+                    Some(list) => list.iter().map(|&r| targets[r as usize]).collect(),
+                    None => targets.to_vec(),
+                };
+                carried.push((reference.to.clone(), ends));
+            }
+        }
+        for (to, ends) in carried {
+            let (Some(list), Some(set)) = (wanted.get_mut(&to), drawn.get_mut(&to)) else { continue };
+            for t in ends {
+                if t != UNWIRED && set.insert(t) {
+                    list.push(t);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Each table drawn in part: its rows laid out, and the versions it holds while they do.
+        let mut rows: FxHashMap<Name, Arc<[u32]>> = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut versions: FxHashMap<Name, (Version, Version)> = FxHashMap::default();
+        for (name, list) in &wanted {
+            let gathered = self.tables.entry(name.clone()).or_default();
+            let len = source.table(name).map_or(0, Table::len);
+            let writes = gathered.slots.lay(list, len, afresh);
+            let laid: Arc<[u32]> = match (&writes, &gathered.rows) {
+                (Some(writes), Some(before)) if writes.is_empty() => before.clone(),
+                _ => gathered.slots.rows.as_slice().into(),
+            };
+            // Rows written in place keep the order the table's rows are drawn in, as every row still
+            // drawn keeps its place; rows laid out afresh draw in another.
+            let held = match (&writes, gathered.versions) {
+                (Some(writes), Some(held)) if writes.is_empty() => held,
+                (Some(_), Some((order, _))) => (order, Version::next()),
+                _ => {
+                    let v = Version::next();
+                    (v, v)
+                }
+            };
+            gathered.versions = Some(held);
+            versions.insert(name.clone(), held);
+            if writes.is_none() {
+                gathered.ids = None;
+                gathered.fields.clear();
+                gathered.references.clear();
+            }
+            gathered.writes = writes.map(|w| {
+                w.iter().map(|&(at, r)| (at as usize, if r == HOLE { crate::data::HOLE } else { r as usize })).collect()
+            });
+            gathered.rows = Some(laid.clone());
+            rows.insert(name.clone(), laid);
+        }
+        let mut tables = Vec::with_capacity(source.tables().count());
+        for table in source.tables() {
+            tables.push(self.drawn(source, table, ask, &rows, &versions));
+        }
+        (self.rows, self.versions) = (rows, versions);
+        source.drawn(tables)
+    }
+
+    /// Every row's target by reference field `name` of table `table`, `field`, as of its version.
+    fn targets(&mut self, table: &Name, name: &Name, field: &Field) -> Arc<[u32]> {
+        let Field::Reference(reference) = field else { return Arc::from([]) };
+        let gathered = self.tables.entry(table.clone()).or_default();
+        if let Some((version, targets)) = gathered.targets.get(name)
+            && *version == reference.version
+        {
+            return targets.clone();
+        }
+        let targets: Arc<[u32]> = reference.targets().into();
+        gathered.targets.insert(name.clone(), (reference.version, targets.clone()));
+        targets
+    }
+
+    /// Table `table` as it is, its references naming the rows drawn of the tables drawn in part, each
+    /// holding `versions` while they do: resolved again only when the reference or where the rows it
+    /// names are drawn changed.
+    fn remapped(&mut self, table: &Table, versions: &FxHashMap<Name, (Version, Version)>) -> Table {
+        let mut out = table.clone();
+        for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+            let Field::Reference(reference) = field else { continue };
+            let Some(&(order, structure)) = versions.get(&reference.to) else { continue };
+            let whole = stamp_of((reference.version, order, structure));
+            let kept = self.tables.get(&table.name).and_then(|g| g.references.get(name));
+            if let Some((_, _, field)) = kept.filter(|(_, w, _)| *w == whole) {
+                out.insert(name.clone(), field.clone());
+                continue;
+            }
+            let targets = self.targets(&table.name, name, field);
+            let map = &self.tables[&reference.to].slots.at;
+            let mapped: Vec<u32> = targets.iter().map(|&t| remap(map, t)).collect();
+            let kept = self.tables.get(&table.name).and_then(|g| g.references.get(name)).map(|(_, _, f)| f.clone());
+            let kept = kept.as_ref().and_then(|f| if let Field::Reference(r) = f { Some(r) } else { None });
+            let remapped = reference.resolved_to(reference.ids.clone(), &mapped, order, structure, kept);
+            let field = Field::Reference(remapped);
+            let gathered = self.tables.entry(table.name.clone()).or_default();
+            gathered.references.insert(name.clone(), (stamp_of(reference.version), whole, field.clone()));
+            out.insert(name.clone(), field);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Table `table` as drawn: as it is, its references naming the rows drawn; or its rows drawn
+    /// in part, with the fields marks read. Rows written in place write the ids and fields kept,
+    /// touching only their pages, and so do rows whose values changed; rows laid out afresh gather
+    /// them again. What nothing changed under is kept as it is.
+    fn drawn(
+        &mut self,
+        source: &Data,
+        table: &Table,
+        ask: &Ask<'_>,
+        rows: &FxHashMap<Name, Arc<[u32]>>,
+        versions: &FxHashMap<Name, (Version, Version)>,
+    ) -> Table {
+        // A table no mark draws stays as it is: only joins read it, by id.
+        let planned = ask.plans.contains_key(&(source.name().clone(), table.name.clone()));
+        let remaps = table.fields.iter().any(|(_, f)| matches!(f, Field::Reference(r) if rows.contains_key(&r.to)));
+        let Some(list) = rows.get(&table.name) else {
+            return if remaps && planned { self.remapped(table, versions) } else { table.clone() };
+        };
+        let reads = ask.plans.get(&(source.name().clone(), table.name.clone())).and_then(|p| p.reads.as_ref());
+        // The source row of each row drawn, picked only where something gathers afresh.
+        let picks = std::cell::OnceCell::new();
+        let picked = || {
+            picks.get_or_init(|| {
+                list.iter().map(|&r| if r == HOLE { crate::data::HOLE } else { r as usize }).collect::<Vec<usize>>()
+            })
+        };
+        let (order, structure) = versions[&table.name];
+        let gathered = self.tables.get_mut(&table.name).expect("made with its rows");
+        let writes = gathered.writes.take();
+        let len = list.len();
+        let ids = match (&gathered.ids, writes.as_deref()) {
+            (Some(ids), Some([])) => ids.clone(),
+            (Some(ids), Some(writes)) => ids.write(len, writes, &table.ids).expect("ids of one kind"),
+            _ => table.ids.gather(picked()),
+        };
+        gathered.ids = Some(ids.clone());
+        let mut out =
+            Table { name: table.name.clone(), ids, index: Arc::default(), fields: Vec::new(), structure, order };
+        // Fields not read now miss the rows written: gathered again once read.
+        if writes.as_ref().is_some_and(|w| !w.is_empty()) {
+            gathered.fields.retain(|name, _| reads.is_none_or(|r| r.contains(name)));
+        }
+        let frames = |samples: &crate::data::Samples| samples.frame_at(ask.at);
+        for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+            let read = reads.is_none_or(|r| r.contains(name));
+            let gathered = self.tables.get_mut(&table.name).expect("made with its rows");
+            let kept = gathered.fields.get(name);
+            let (stamp, made) = match field {
+                Field::Values(column, version) if read => {
+                    let stamp = stamp_of(version);
+                    let made = match (kept, writes.as_deref()) {
+                        (Some(kept), Some([])) if kept.stamp == stamp => kept.drawn.clone(),
+                        // The rows laid out in place, and the rows whose values changed since the field
+                        // kept was gathered, wherever they are drawn; a field now of another kind
+                        // gathers afresh.
+                        (
+                            Some(Kept { stamp: was, source: Field::Values(before, _), drawn: Field::Values(drawn, _) }),
+                            Some(laid),
+                        ) if before.kind() == column.kind() => {
+                            // What the pages remember was written, else what differs: a row written
+                            // the value it held is written again, cheaper than comparing every row.
+                            let changed = if *was == stamp {
+                                Vec::new()
+                            } else {
+                                column.rows_since(before).unwrap_or_else(|| column.differing(before))
+                            };
+                            let at = &gathered.slots.at;
+                            let mut written: Vec<(usize, usize)> = changed
+                                .into_iter()
+                                .filter_map(|r| at.get(r).filter(|&&a| a != UNWIRED).map(|&a| (a as usize, r)))
+                                .collect();
+                            written.extend_from_slice(laid);
+                            written.sort_unstable_by_key(|w| w.0);
+                            written.dedup_by_key(|w| w.0);
+                            Field::Values(drawn.write(len, &written, column).expect("one storage"), Version::next())
+                        }
+                        _ => Field::Values(column.gather(picked()), Version::next()),
+                    };
+                    (stamp, made)
+                }
+                Field::Sampled(samples, version) if read => {
+                    let frame = frames(samples);
+                    let stamp = stamp_of((version, frame));
+                    let made = match (kept, writes.as_deref()) {
+                        (Some(kept), Some([])) if kept.stamp == stamp => kept.drawn.clone(),
+                        _ => {
+                            let span = frame.map_or(0..0, |f| f..f + 2);
+                            Field::Sampled(samples.gather_frames(picked(), span), Version::next())
+                        }
+                    };
+                    (stamp, made)
+                }
+                Field::Reference(reference) => {
+                    // Where the rows it names are drawn: as laid out where drawn in part, else as they are.
+                    let held = versions.get(&reference.to).copied();
+                    let named = held.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        source.table(&reference.to).map_or((order, structure), |t| (t.order, t.structure))
+                    });
+                    let resolved =
+                        self.reference(&table.name, name, field, list, writes.as_deref(), (held.is_some(), named));
+                    out.insert(name.clone(), resolved);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                _ => continue,
+            };
+            let gathered = self.tables.get_mut(&table.name).expect("made with its rows");
+            gathered.fields.insert(name.clone(), Kept { stamp, source: field.clone(), drawn: made.clone() });
+            out.insert(name.clone(), made);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Reference field `name` of table `table`, `field`, for the rows `list` drawn, resolved to where
+    /// the rows it names are drawn: `named` says whether those are drawn in part, and the versions they
+    /// hold. Kept as it is where no row was written here, the reference is the same, and the rows it
+    /// names hold; else its ids are written where rows were written in place.
+    fn reference(
+        &mut self,
+        table: &Name,
+        name: &Name,
+        field: &Field,
+        list: &[u32],
+        writes: Option<&[(usize, usize)]>,
+        (in_part, (order, structure)): (bool, (Version, Version)),
+    ) -> Field {
+        let Field::Reference(reference) = field else { return field.clone() };
+        let stamp = stamp_of(reference.version);
+        let whole = stamp_of((reference.version, order, structure));
+        let gathered = self.tables.entry(table.clone()).or_default();
+        if let Some((_, _, field)) = gathered.references.get(name).filter(|(_, w, _)| *w == whole)
+            && writes.is_some_and(<[_]>::is_empty)
+        {
+            return field.clone();
+        }
+        let targets = self.targets(table, name, field);
+        let gathered = self.tables.entry(table.clone()).or_default();
+        let kept = gathered.references.get(name).filter(|(s, _, _)| *s == stamp).map(|(_, _, f)| f.clone());
+        let kept = kept.as_ref().and_then(|f| if let Field::Reference(r) = f { Some(r) } else { None });
+        let len = list.len();
+        let ids = match (kept, writes) {
+            (Some(kept), Some(writes)) => kept.ids.write(len, writes, &reference.ids).expect("ids of one kind"),
+            (Some(kept), None) if kept.ids.len() == len => kept.ids.clone(),
+            _ => {
+                let picked: Vec<usize> =
+                    list.iter().map(|&r| if r == HOLE { crate::data::HOLE } else { r as usize }).collect();
+                reference.ids.gather(&picked)
+            }
+        };
+        let target = self.tables.get(&reference.to).filter(|_| in_part);
+        let mapped: Vec<u32> = list
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&r| match (r, target) {
+                (HOLE, _) => UNWIRED,
+                (r, Some(target)) => remap(&target.slots.at, targets[r as usize]),
+                (r, None) => targets[r as usize],
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let resolved = Field::Reference(reference.resolved_to(ids, &mapped, order, structure, kept));
+        let gathered = self.tables.entry(table.clone()).or_default();
+        gathered.references.insert(name.clone(), (stamp, whole, resolved.clone()));
+        resolved
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rows, a bit each: which rows of a table are drawn.
+struct Bitset(Vec<u64>);
+
+impl Bitset {
+    /// The rows of `list`, of a table of `len` rows.
+    fn of<'a>(list: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a u32>, len: usize) -> Bitset {
+        let mut set = Bitset(vec![0; len.div_ceil(64)]);
+        for &r in list {
+            set.insert(r);
+        }
+        set
+    }
+
+    /// Whether row `r` is there.
+    fn contains(&self, r: u32) -> bool {
+        self.0.get(r as usize / 64).is_some_and(|word| word >> (r % 64) & 1 == 1)
+    }
+
+    /// Adds row `r`; whether it was not there before.
+    fn insert(&mut self, r: u32) -> bool {
+        let Some(word) = self.0.get_mut(r as usize / 64) else { return false };
+        let bit = 1 << (r % 64);
+        let new = *word & bit == 0;
+        *word |= bit;
+        new
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a table drawn in part draws of its pyramid.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Hash)]
+enum Choice {
+    /// Every row as it is, until its pyramid lands.
+    AsIs,
+    /// Every row a step apart, until its pyramid lands.
+    Sample(u32),
+    /// The rows of these tiles.
+    Tiles(Wanted),
+    /// The last rows of its one tile: those that matter most.
+    Last(u32),
+}
+
+impl Choice {
+    /// The rows it draws of a table of `len` rows, by `placed`, its pyramid, in drawing order: finest
+    /// tiles first, so what matters more draws on top. `None` for a table drawn as it is.
+    fn rows(&self, placed: Option<&Placed>, len: u32) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        Some(match (self, placed) {
+            (Choice::AsIs, _) => return None,
+            (Choice::Tiles(wanted), Some(placed)) => {
+                let pyramid = &placed.pyramid;
+                let mut tiles = wanted.tiles.clone();
+                tiles.sort_by_key(|&(t, _)| std::cmp::Reverse((pyramid.tiles[t as usize].key.z, u32::MAX - t)));
+                let mut list = Vec::new();
+                for (t, finest) in tiles {
+                    let range = pyramid.tiles[t as usize].rows.clone();
+                    let rows = &pyramid.order[range.start as usize..range.end as usize];
+                    // A coarser tile draws only its rows reaching where the finest cover.
+                    match wanted.cover.filter(|_| !finest && !pyramid.anchors.is_empty()) {
+                        Some(cover) => list.extend(rows.iter().copied().filter(|&r| {
+                            let extent = pyramid.extents.get(r as usize).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+                            reaches(&cover, pyramid.anchors[r as usize], extent)
+                        })),
+                        None => list.extend_from_slice(rows),
+                    }
+                }
+                list
+            }
+            (Choice::Last(n), Some(placed)) => {
+                let order = &placed.pyramid.order;
+                order[order.len() - *n as usize..].to_vec()
+            }
+            (Choice::Sample(step), _) => (0..len).step_by(*step as usize).collect(),
+            (_, None) => Vec::new(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A row drawn that no source row fills: a hole a row no longer drawn left.
+const HOLE: u32 = u32::MAX;
+/// Updates without change after which rows laid out of drawing order are laid out again in order.
+const SETTLE: u32 = 8;
+
+/// Where a table drawn in part draws each row: a row still drawn keeps its place while the camera
+/// moves, so only arriving rows are gathered and evaluated. A row no longer drawn leaves a hole, which
+/// a row arriving later takes, the first hole first, else a row past the last. The rows are laid out
+/// afresh, in drawing order, when holes pass a quarter of them, and once the camera rests while they
+/// lie out of that order.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Slots {
+    /// Each row drawn: its source row, or a [`HOLE`].
+    rows: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Where each source row is drawn, `UNWIRED` where it is not.
+    at: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Holes, by row.
+    holes: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Whether the rows lie in drawing order with no hole, as laying out afresh lays them.
+    ordered: bool,
+}
+
+impl Slots {
+    /// Lays out `wanted`, rows of a table of `len` rows, in drawing order: each still drawn keeps its
+    /// place, each no longer drawn leaves a hole, and each arriving takes the first hole, else a row
+    /// past the last. Every row is laid out afresh where `afresh` says so or holes would pass a quarter
+    /// of the rows. The rows written, `(row, source row or HOLE)` by row; `None` where every row was
+    /// laid out afresh.
+    fn lay(&mut self, wanted: &[u32], len: usize, afresh: bool) -> Option<Vec<(u32, u32)>> {
+        self.at.resize(len, UNWIRED);
+        if afresh || self.rows.is_empty() {
+            return self.afresh(wanted);
+        }
+        let keep = Bitset::of(wanted, len);
+        let mut writes: Vec<(u32, u32)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut freed: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
+        for (i, slot) in self.rows.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            if *slot != HOLE && !keep.contains(*slot) {
+                if let Some(at) = self.at.get_mut(*slot as usize) {
+                    *at = UNWIRED;
+                }
+                *slot = HOLE;
+                freed.push(i as u32);
+                writes.push((i as u32, HOLE));
+            }
+        }
+        if !freed.is_empty() {
+            self.holes.extend(freed);
+            self.holes.sort_unstable();
+        }
+        let mut taken = 0;
+        for &source in wanted {
+            if self.at.get(source as usize).is_none_or(|&at| at != UNWIRED) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let row = if let Some(&hole) = self.holes.get(taken) {
+                taken += 1;
+                hole
+            } else {
+                self.rows.push(HOLE);
+                self.rows.len() as u32 - 1
+            };
+            self.rows[row as usize] = source;
+            self.at[source as usize] = row;
+            writes.push((row, source));
+        }
+        self.holes.drain(..taken);
+        if 4 * self.holes.len() > self.rows.len() {
+            return self.afresh(wanted);
+        }
+        // A row left and taken again writes what takes it.
+        writes.sort_by_key(|w| w.0);
+        writes.dedup_by(|later, earlier| {
+            let same = later.0 == earlier.0;
+            if same {
+                earlier.1 = later.1;
+            }
+            same
+        });
+        self.ordered = self.holes.is_empty() && self.rows == wanted;
+        Some(writes)
+    }
+
+    /// Lays every row out afresh, in drawing order, with no hole.
+    fn afresh(&mut self, wanted: &[u32]) -> Option<Vec<(u32, u32)>> {
+        for &old in self.rows.iter().filter(|&&r| r != HOLE) {
+            if let Some(at) = self.at.get_mut(old as usize) {
+                *at = UNWIRED;
+            }
+        }
+        for (row, &source) in wanted.iter().enumerate() {
+            if let Some(at) = self.at.get_mut(source as usize) {
+                *at = row as u32;
+            }
+        }
+        self.rows = wanted.to_vec();
+        self.holes.clear();
+        self.ordered = true;
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// The row `t` is drawn at, by `map`.
+fn remap(map: &[u32], t: u32) -> u32 {
+    map.get(t as usize).copied().unwrap_or(UNWIRED)
+}
+
+/// The tables of `source` a pyramid places, each with its plan: every table drawn in part, and every
+/// table the ends of one drawn through tiles name, which only anchors them.
+fn placed<'a>(source: &'a Data, ask: &'a Ask<'_>) -> Vec<(&'a Table, &'a Planned)> {
+    let plan = |table: &Table| ask.plans.get(&(source.name().clone(), table.name.clone()));
+    let mut out: Vec<(&Table, &Planned)> = Vec::new();
+    for table in source.tables() {
+        let Some(planned) = plan(table) else { continue };
+        let named = source.tables().any(|other| {
+            plan(other).is_some_and(|p| matches!(p.draw, Draw::Tiles { .. }) && ends_of(other, p) == Some(&table.name))
+        });
+        if !planned.as_is() || named {
+            out.push((table, planned));
+        }
+    }
+    // Tables an edge table's ends name come before it.
+    out.sort_by_key(|(_, p)| matches!(p.place, Place::Ends(_)));
+    out
+}
+
+/// The table the ends of `table` name, as `planned` places it.
+fn ends_of<'t>(table: &'t Table, planned: &Planned) -> Option<&'t Name> {
+    let Place::Ends(fields) = &planned.place else { return None };
+    match table.field_named(fields.first()?)? {
+        Field::Reference(reference) => Some(&reference.to),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The stamp of everything a dataset's pyramids are placed from.
+fn stamp(source: &Data, ask: &Ask<'_>, placed: &[(&Table, &Planned)]) -> u64 {
+    let rows: Vec<_> = placed.iter().map(|(t, _)| (t.name.clone(), t.structure, t.order)).collect();
+    let mut inputs = Vec::new();
+    for (table, planned) in placed {
+        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(priority) = &planned.priority {
+            fields_of(priority, &mut fields);
+        }
+        match &planned.place {
+            Place::Points(xy) => xy.iter().for_each(|e| fields_of(e, &mut fields)),
+            Place::Geometry(field) => fields.push(field.clone()),
+            Place::Ends(ends) => fields.extend(ends.iter().cloned()),
+            Place::Nowhere => {}
+        }
+        let versions: Vec<_> = fields.iter().map(|f| table.field_named(f).map(Field::version)).collect();
+        let tiles = matches!(planned.draw, Draw::Tiles { .. });
+        inputs.push((format!("{:?}{:?}", planned.priority, planned.place), versions, tiles, planned.as_is()));
+    }
+    stamp_of((source.name(), rows, inputs, ask.earth))
+}
+
+/// The fields `expr` reads of its mark's own table.
+fn fields_of(expr: &Expr, out: &mut Vec<Name>) {
+    match &*expr.0 {
+        Node::Field(f) if f.of.is_none() => out.push(f.name.clone()),
+        Node::Unary(_, a) | Node::Is(a, _) => fields_of(a, out),
+        Node::Binary(_, a, b) => {
+            fields_of(a, out);
+            fields_of(b, out);
+        }
+        Node::When(c, a, b) => {
+            fields_of(c, out);
+            fields_of(a, out);
+            fields_of(b, out);
+        }
+        Node::Scale { input, .. } | Node::Colormap { input, .. } => fields_of(input, out),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// The frame shown of each sampled field marks read of a table drawn in part.
+fn sampled_frames(source: &Data, ask: &Ask<'_>) -> Vec<Option<u64>> {
+    let mut frames = Vec::new();
+    for table in source.tables() {
+        let Some(planned) = ask.plans.get(&(source.name().clone(), table.name.clone())) else { continue };
+        if planned.as_is() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+            if let Field::Sampled(samples, _) = field
+                && planned.reads.as_ref().is_none_or(|r| r.contains(name))
+            {
+                frames.push(samples.frame_at(ask.at));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    frames
+}
+
+/// What decides which of `source`'s rows draw and where, beside the tiles and the rows pinned: each
+/// table's rows and their order, and the rows its references name.
+fn rows_of(source: &Data) -> Vec<(Version, Version, Vec<Version>)> {
+    source
+        .tables()
+        .map(|table| {
+            let references = table.fields.iter().filter(|(_, f)| matches!(f, Field::Reference(_)));
+            (table.structure, table.order, references.map(|(_, f)| f.version()).collect())
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// The fields read of each table drawn in part, in a stable order; `None` for every field.
+fn reads_of(source: &Data, ask: &Ask<'_>) -> Vec<Option<Vec<Name>>> {
+    source
+        .tables()
+        .filter_map(|t| ask.plans.get(&(source.name().clone(), t.name.clone())))
+        .map(|p| {
+            p.reads.as_ref().map(|reads| {
+                let mut reads: Vec<Name> = reads.iter().cloned().collect();
+                reads.sort();
+                reads
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// The box every placed row of `places` lies in, west, south, east, north; inverted when none is.
+fn bounds_of(places: &Places) -> [f64; 4] {
+    let mut b = [f64::INFINITY, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY];
+    let mut take = |r: [f64; 4]| {
+        if r.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+            b = [b[0].min(r[0]), b[1].min(r[1]), b[2].max(r[2]), b[3].max(r[3])];
+        }
+    };
+    match places {
+        Places::None => {}
+        Places::Points(points) => points.iter().for_each(|p| take([p[0], p[1], p[0], p[1]].map(f64::from))),
+        Places::Boxes(boxes) => boxes.iter().for_each(|r| take(r.map(f64::from))),
+    }
+    b
+}
+
+/// Where `table`'s rows lie, as `place` puts them.
+fn locate(table: &Table, place: &Place, all: &[Data]) -> Places {
+    match place {
+        Place::Points([x, y]) => {
+            let rows = Rows::new(table, all);
+            let (xs, ys) = (rows.numbers(x, |v| v as f32), rows.numbers(y, |v| v as f32));
+            Places::Points(xs.into_iter().zip(ys).map(|(x, y)| [x, y]).collect())
+        }
+        Place::Geometry(field) => {
+            let Some(Field::Values(column, _)) = table.field_named(field) else { return Places::None };
+            let mut boxes = Vec::with_capacity(table.len());
+            for page in column.pages() {
+                let geometry = page.values.geometry();
+                for i in 0..page.values.len() {
+                    let mut b = [f64::INFINITY, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY];
+                    if let Some(g) = geometry.filter(|_| page.values.is_valid(i)) {
+                        for p in g.row_coords(i) {
+                            if p[0].is_finite() && p[1].is_finite() {
+                                b = [b[0].min(p[0]), b[1].min(p[1]), b[2].max(p[0]), b[3].max(p[1])];
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    boxes.push(b);
+                }
+            }
+            Places::Boxes(boxes.into_iter().map(|b: [f64; 4]| b.map(|v| v as f32)).collect())
+        }
+        Place::Ends(_) | Place::Nowhere => Places::None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// What to ask pyramid jobs for `placed`, in the square they tile, and each table's bounds.
+fn leveling(ask: &Ask<'_>, placed: &[(&Table, &Planned)]) -> (Leveling, FxHashMap<Name, [f64; 4]>) {
+    let names: Vec<Name> = placed.iter().map(|(t, _)| t.name.clone()).collect();
+    let mut tables: Vec<Placing> = placed
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(table, planned)| {
+            // Tables drawn through tiles are placed; one only an edge table's ends name anchors them.
+            let anchors = matches!(planned.draw, Draw::Tiles { .. }) || planned.as_is();
+            let places = if anchors { locate(table, &planned.place, ask.sources) } else { Places::None };
+            Placing { rows: table.len() as u32, answered: !planned.as_is(), places, ..Placing::default() }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let mut bounds: FxHashMap<Name, [f64; 4]> = FxHashMap::default();
+    let mut all = [f64::INFINITY, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY];
+    for (name, placing) in names.iter().zip(&tables) {
+        let b = bounds_of(&placing.places);
+        if b[0] <= b[2] {
+            all = [all[0].min(b[0]), all[1].min(b[1]), all[2].max(b[2]), all[3].max(b[3])];
+            bounds.insert(name.clone(), b);
+        }
+    }
+    let domain = if ask.earth { Domain::Earth } else { Domain::plane(all) };
+    for (i, (table, planned)) in placed.iter().enumerate() {
+        let placing = &mut tables[i];
+        if let (Place::Ends(fields), Some(to)) = (&planned.place, ends_of(table, planned))
+            && let Some(target) = names.iter().position(|n| n == to)
+            && !placed[target].1.place.eq(&Place::Nowhere)
+        {
+            let ends: Option<Vec<Arc<[u32]>>> = fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|f| match table.field_named(f) {
+                    Some(Field::Reference(r)) if r.to == *to => Some(r.targets().into()),
+                    _ => None,
+                })
+                .collect();
+            placing.ends = ends.map(|ends| (target as u32, ends));
+        }
+        placing.leveled = matches!(planned.draw, Draw::Tiles { .. })
+            && (!matches!(placing.places, Places::None) || placing.ends.is_some());
+        if let Some(priority) = &planned.priority {
+            placing.priority = Rows::new(table, ask.sources).numbers(priority, |p| p as f32).into();
+        }
+    }
+    (Leveling { domain, tables }, bounds)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows_still_drawn_keep_their_places_and_arriving_ones_fill_holes() {
+        let mut slots = Slots::default();
+        let first: Vec<u32> = (0..20).collect();
+        assert_eq!(slots.lay(&first, 100, false), None, "laid out afresh");
+        assert!(slots.ordered);
+        // Rows 4..8 go: their places are holes, every other row stays.
+        let kept: Vec<u32> = (0..4).chain(8..20).collect();
+        let writes = slots.lay(&kept, 100, false).expect("in place");
+        assert_eq!(writes, (4..8).map(|r| (r, HOLE)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        assert_eq!((slots.rows[3], slots.rows[8], slots.at[9]), (3, 8, 9));
+        assert!(!slots.ordered, "holes lie among the rows");
+        // Rows 50..55 arrive: four take the holes, the fifth goes past the last row.
+        let more: Vec<u32> = kept.iter().copied().chain(50..55).collect();
+        let writes = slots.lay(&more, 100, false).expect("in place");
+        assert_eq!(writes, [(4, 50), (5, 51), (6, 52), (7, 53), (20, 54)]);
+        assert_eq!(slots.lay(&more, 100, false), Some(vec![]), "nothing changed, nothing written");
+        // A row leaving and another arriving in one go: the place left is taken at once.
+        let swapped: Vec<u32> = more.iter().copied().filter(|&r| r != 10).chain([60]).collect();
+        assert_eq!(slots.lay(&swapped, 100, false), Some(vec![(10, 60)]));
+        // Holes past a quarter of the rows lay every row out afresh, in order.
+        assert_eq!(slots.lay(&[60, 61], 100, false), None);
+        assert_eq!((slots.rows.as_slice(), slots.ordered, slots.at[10]), (&[60, 61][..], true, UNWIRED));
+        assert_eq!(slots.lay(&[60, 61], 100, true), None, "and so does asking for it");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/frames.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/frames.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46dcc9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/frames.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+//! Time tiles: sampled fields' histories fetched in spans as a view asks for them, from the files
+//! [`Data::to_tiles`](crate::Data::to_tiles) writes. Every field wants its coarsest spans, which stand
+//! in for any span still loading; a line tracing it wants the spans of the level of detail its plot
+//! window draws at, middle first; a mark showing it at the view's coordinate wants the frames about
+//! that coordinate. A span drawn puts its entries in the dataset; one no longer drawn lets them go.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
+
+use super::super::Jobs;
+use super::super::tiling::{Decoding, Requested, Source, Tiling};
+use super::Reading;
+use crate::data::{
+    Data, Field, Listed, MAX_LEVEL, Manifest, Name, Op, Patch, Run, Samples, bucket_frames, detail, sides,
+};
+use crate::host::Request;
+use crate::tiles::Span;
+use crate::{Error, Pending};
+
+/// Spans a line wants at most, middle first: those its plot window draws need far fewer.
+const MAX_SPANS: usize = 64;
+
+/// Sampled fields fetched in spans, drawn as a dataset the view owns.
+pub(crate) struct Frames {
+    manifest: Manifest,
+    /// Where each span lies, resolved against the manifest's URL.
+    url: String,
+    /// The dataset without its sampled fields' entries, until it lands.
+    base: Option<Pending<Vec<u8>>>,
+    /// Per field listed, its spans.
+    fields: Vec<Spans>,
+    failed: bool,
+}
+
+/// One field's spans: fetched and decoded, and those drawn with the runs each put in.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Spans {
+    tiling: Tiling<Span>,
+    drawn: FxHashMap<Span, Vec<Run>>,
+}
+
+impl Frames {
+    /// The fields `manifest`, found at `url`, lists; their dataset is fetched at once.
+    pub(crate) fn open(url: &str, manifest: Manifest, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Frames {
+        let base = jobs.fetch(&Request::new(crate::url::resolve(url, &manifest.data)));
+        Frames {
+            url: crate::url::resolve(url, &manifest.url),
+            base: Some(base),
+            fields: manifest.fields.iter().map(|_| Spans::default()).collect(),
+            manifest,
+            failed: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Spans drawn.
+    pub(crate) fn drawn(&self) -> usize {
+        self.fields.iter().map(|f| f.drawn.len()).sum()
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches and decodes under way.
+    pub(crate) fn under_way(&self) -> usize {
+        usize::from(self.base.is_some()) + self.fields.iter().map(|f| f.tiling.under_way()).sum::<usize>()
+    }
+
+    /// Brings `data`, dataset `name`, up to what `reading` reads of it: whether it changed, whether a
+    /// span stands in, and a failure to tell.
+    pub(crate) fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &Name,
+        data: &mut Data,
+        reading: &Reading,
+        jobs: &Jobs<'_>,
+    ) -> (bool, bool, Option<Error>) {
+        let mut changed = false;
+        if let Some(pending) = &self.base {
+            let Some(landed) = pending.take() else { return (false, true, None) };
+            self.base = None;
+            match landed.and_then(|bytes| Data::from_bytes(&bytes)) {
+                Ok(base) => {
+                    *data = base.renamed(name.clone());
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+                Err(error) => {
+                    self.failed = true;
+                    return (false, false, Some(error));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if self.failed {
+            return (false, false, None);
+        }
+        let (mut standing_in, mut failure) = (false, None);
+        for (k, listed) in self.manifest.fields.iter().enumerate() {
+            let reads = reading.reads(name, &listed.table, &listed.field);
+            let spans = &mut self.fields[k];
+            // Spans drawn may tell more finely where the window lies, which may want finer spans: ask
+            // again until what is wanted settles, so what stands in is never taken for what draws.
+            let (mut asked, mut standing) = (Vec::new(), false);
+            for _ in 0..=MAX_LEVEL {
+                let wanted =
+                    wanted(&listed.frames, sampled(data, listed), reads, reading, self.manifest.chunk, listed.levels);
+                if wanted == asked {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let drawn = spans.tiling.update(&wanted, 0, &mut At { url: &self.url, field: k }, jobs);
+                standing = drawn.standing_in;
+                failure = failure.or(drawn.failure);
+                changed |= spans.draw(&drawn.keys, &listed.table, &listed.field, data);
+                asked = wanted;
+            }
+            standing_in |= standing;
+        }
+        (changed, standing_in, failure)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Spans {
+    /// Makes `data`'s field `field` of `table` hold the entries of spans `drawn` and of no other:
+    /// whether it changed.
+    fn draw(&mut self, drawn: &[Span], table: &Name, field: &Name, data: &mut Data) -> bool {
+        let gone: Vec<Span> = self.drawn.keys().filter(|s| !drawn.contains(s)).copied().collect();
+        let arrived: Vec<(Span, &Patch)> = drawn
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| !self.drawn.contains_key(s))
+            .filter_map(|s| Some((*s, self.tiling.decoded(s, 0)?)))
+            .collect();
+        if gone.is_empty() && arrived.is_empty() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let mut put: Vec<(Span, Vec<Run>)> = Vec::new();
+        let drawn_runs = &mut self.drawn;
+        let changed = data.sampled(table, field, |samples| {
+            for span in &gone {
+                for run in drawn_runs.remove(span).unwrap_or_default() {
+                    samples.remove(&run);
+                }
+            }
+            for (span, tile) in &arrived {
+                put.push((*span, held(tile, table, field, samples)));
+            }
+            true
+        });
+        if changed {
+            self.drawn.extend(put);
+        }
+        changed
+    }
+}
+
+/// Puts the runs of field `field` of `table` that `tile` holds in `samples`: those it put.
+fn held(tile: &Patch, table: &Name, field: &Name, samples: &mut Samples) -> Vec<Run> {
+    let mut runs = Vec::new();
+    for op in &tile.ops {
+        let Op::Frames { table: t, field: f, run, at, values } = op else { continue };
+        if t != table || f != field {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let per_row = run.len() * sides(run.level);
+        let rows = values.len().checked_div(per_row).unwrap_or(0);
+        if samples.insert(run, at, values, rows).is_ok() {
+            runs.push(run.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    runs
+}
+
+/// The samples `data` holds of the field `listed` names.
+fn sampled<'a>(data: &'a Data, listed: &Listed) -> Option<&'a Samples> {
+    match data.table(&listed.table)?.field_named(&listed.field)? {
+        Field::Sampled(samples, _) => Some(samples),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The spans of a field reading `frames` a view wants, nearest first: those of its coarsest level
+/// holding any entry always; where a mark shows it, `(_, true)`, the frames about the coordinate shown;
+/// where a line traces it, `(true, _)`, those of the level of detail the plot window draws at, middle
+/// first. Where the window lies among the frames, what is held tells, as finely as it is held.
+fn wanted(
+    frames: &Range<u64>,
+    samples: Option<&Samples>,
+    (traced, shown): (bool, bool),
+    reading: &Reading,
+    chunk: u32,
+    levels: u32,
+) -> Vec<Span> {
+    // The entries of each level a history of `frames` holds: whole buckets only.
+    let chunk = u64::from(chunk);
+    let entries = |level: u32| frames.start >> (3 * level)..frames.end >> (3 * level);
+    // The spans of `level` holding its entries over frames `window`.
+    let spans = |level: u32, window: &Range<u64>| {
+        let (held, span) = (entries(level), bucket_frames(level));
+        let first = (window.start / span).max(held.start);
+        let end = window.end.div_ceil(span).min(held.end);
+        (first / chunk..end.div_ceil(chunk)).map(move |index| Span { level: level as u8, index })
+    };
+    let top = (0..=levels).rev().find(|&level| !entries(level).is_empty()).unwrap_or(0);
+    let mut wanted: Vec<Span> = spans(top, frames).take(MAX_SPANS).collect();
+    let held = samples.filter(|s| !s.is_empty());
+    if shown && let Some(samples) = held {
+        let frame = samples.bound(reading.at, true).saturating_sub(1);
+        wanted.extend(spans(0, &(frame..frame.saturating_add(2))));
+    }
+    if traced {
+        let window = match (held, reading.across) {
+            (Some(samples), Some(across)) => samples.across(across),
+            _ => frames.clone(),
+        };
+        let level = detail(window.end - window.start, reading.columns).min(top);
+        let (held, span) = (entries(level), bucket_frames(level));
+        let first = (window.start / span).max(held.start) / chunk;
+        let end = window.end.div_ceil(span).min(held.end).div_ceil(chunk);
+        // Choose nearest spans before allocating: an absolute-index range may be enormous and sparse.
+        let count = end.saturating_sub(first);
+        let middle = first + count.saturating_sub(1) / 2;
+        wanted.extend((0..count.min(MAX_SPANS as u64)).map(|offset| {
+            let index = if offset % 2 == 0 { middle - offset / 2 } else { middle + offset.div_ceil(2) };
+            Span { level: level as u8, index }
+        }));
+    }
+    let mut seen = FxHashSet::default();
+    wanted.retain(|span| seen.insert(*span));
+    wanted
+}
+
+/// Where a field's spans lie: the field's place in the manifest, in the spans' URL template.
+struct At<'a> {
+    url: &'a str,
+    field: usize,
+}
+
+impl Source<Span> for At<'_> {
+    fn request(&mut self, span: Span, _: &Jobs<'_>) -> Requested {
+        Requested::Fetch(Request::new(Manifest::span(self.url, self.field, u32::from(span.level), span.index)))
+    }
+
+    fn decode(&self, _: Span, bytes: &Arc<Vec<u8>>, _: &Jobs<'_>) -> Decoding {
+        Decoding::Now(Patch::from_bytes(bytes).unwrap_or_default())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6b11f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+//! Tiles: what a view fetches in pieces as it asks for them, kept as datasets the view owns, which
+//! marks draw like any other. A source's first bytes say what it holds: a manifest of time tiles,
+//! whose spans of sampled fields the plot window and the shown coordinate ask for; or a PMTiles
+//! archive, a TileJSON document, or a URL template, which hold vector tiles the camera asks for (the
+//! `geo` part).
+
+mod frames;
+mod vector;
+
+use super::sight::Sight;
+use super::{Input, Jobs};
+use crate::data::{Data, Manifest, Name};
+use crate::host::Request;
+use crate::{Error, Pending, Tiles};
+
+/// What a view reads of sampled fields: the plot window lines trace across and the pixel columns it
+/// spans, the coordinate fields are shown at, and each field marks read, by dataset, table, and
+/// name, with whether a line traces it.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Reading {
+    pub(crate) across: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    pub(crate) columns: u32,
+    pub(crate) at: f64,
+    pub(crate) fields: Vec<(Name, Name, Name, bool)>,
+}
+
+impl Reading {
+    /// Whether a line traces field `field` of `table` in dataset `data`, and whether a mark shows it
+    /// at the coordinate.
+    fn reads(&self, data: &str, table: &str, field: &str) -> (bool, bool) {
+        let mut reads = (false, false);
+        for (d, t, f, traced) in &self.fields {
+            if d == data && t == table && f == field {
+                if *traced {
+                    reads.0 = true;
+                } else {
+                    reads.1 = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        reads
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a source holds, once its first bytes said.
+enum Holds {
+    Frames(Box<frames::Frames>),
+    Vector(Box<vector::Vector>),
+}
+
+impl Holds {
+    /// Pieces drawn.
+    fn drawn(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Holds::Frames(frames) => frames.drawn(),
+            Holds::Vector(vector) => vector.drawn(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches and decodes under way.
+    fn under_way(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Holds::Frames(frames) => frames.under_way(),
+            Holds::Vector(vector) => vector.under_way(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Brings `data`, dataset `name`, up to what the view asks: whether it changed, whether a piece
+    /// stands in, and a failure to tell.
+    fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &Input<'_>,
+        name: &Name,
+        data: &mut Data,
+        asked: &Asked<'_>,
+        jobs: &Jobs<'_>,
+    ) -> (bool, bool, Option<Error>) {
+        match self {
+            Holds::Frames(frames) => frames.update(name, data, asked.reading, jobs),
+            Holds::Vector(vector) => vector.update(input, name, data, asked.sight, jobs),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What the view asks of its tiles: the tiles the camera shows, on the earth, and what it reads of
+/// sampled fields.
+pub(crate) struct Asked<'a> {
+    pub(crate) sight: Option<&'a Sight<'a>>,
+    pub(crate) reading: &'a Reading,
+}
+
+/// Where a set's pieces come from, as its source opens.
+enum Source {
+    Unopened,
+    /// The URL's first bytes, which say what it holds.
+    Opening(Pending<Vec<u8>>),
+    Open(Holds),
+    Failed,
+}
+
+/// A source's pieces: where they come from, and the dataset they make.
+struct TileSet {
+    tiles: Tiles,
+    source: Source,
+    data: Data,
+    /// Whether the dataset changed since it was last taken.
+    changed: bool,
+    /// Whether a failure was told: a source that went away tells it once.
+    told: bool,
+    /// Whether a piece the view wanted at the last update drew an ancestor, or nothing, instead.
+    standing_in: bool,
+}
+
+impl TileSet {
+    fn new(tiles: Tiles) -> TileSet {
+        TileSet {
+            data: Data::new(tiles.name.clone()),
+            tiles,
+            source: Source::Unopened,
+            changed: false,
+            told: false,
+            standing_in: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every source of tiles a view was given.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct TileSets {
+    sets: Vec<TileSet>,
+    /// Datasets the last update changed, for the view to take.
+    changed: Vec<Data>,
+    errors: Vec<Error>,
+}
+
+impl TileSets {
+    /// Fetches tiles from `tiles` as the view asks; tiles of the same name replace these.
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, tiles: Tiles) {
+        if self.sets.iter().any(|s| s.tiles == tiles) {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.sets.retain(|s| s.tiles.name != tiles.name);
+        self.sets.push(TileSet::new(tiles));
+    }
+
+    /// Whether every piece the view wants draws itself: none stands in by an ancestor, or by nothing
+    /// while its source opens. A piece that could not be fetched draws nothing, and is final.
+    pub(crate) fn complete(&self) -> bool {
+        self.sets.iter().all(|s| !matches!(s.source, Source::Unopened | Source::Opening(_)) && !s.standing_in)
+    }
+
+    /// The pieces every source draws, and those being fetched or decoded.
+    pub(crate) fn counts(&self) -> [u64; 2] {
+        let mut counts = [0, 0];
+        for set in &self.sets {
+            if let Source::Open(holds) = &set.source {
+                counts[0] += holds.drawn() as u64;
+                counts[1] += holds.under_way() as u64;
+            }
+        }
+        counts
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the view owns dataset `name`: pieces fetched as the view asks, drawn as they are.
+    pub(crate) fn owns(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        self.sets.iter().any(|s| *s.tiles.name == *name)
+    }
+
+    /// Stops fetching the pieces drawn as dataset `name`.
+    pub(crate) fn remove(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        self.sets.retain(|s| s.tiles.name != name);
+    }
+
+    /// The datasets the last update changed.
+    pub(crate) fn take_changed(&mut self) -> Vec<Data> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.changed)
+    }
+
+    /// Failures since last asked.
+    pub(crate) fn take_errors(&mut self) -> Vec<Error> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.errors)
+    }
+
+    /// Brings every source up to what the view asks and the scene draws.
+    pub(crate) fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, asked: &Asked<'_>, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) {
+        for set in &mut self.sets {
+            if let Some(error) = set.update(input, asked, jobs)
+                && !set.told
+            {
+                set.told = true;
+                self.errors.push(Error::Io(format!("tiles {}: {error}", set.tiles.name).into()));
+            }
+            if std::mem::take(&mut set.changed) {
+                self.changed.push(set.data.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TileSet {
+    /// Brings the pieces up to what the view asks; a failure to tell, if any.
+    fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, asked: &Asked<'_>, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Option<Error> {
+        self.standing_in = false;
+        let failure = self.open(jobs);
+        let Source::Open(holds) = &mut self.source else { return failure };
+        let (changed, standing_in, failed) = holds.update(input, &self.tiles.name, &mut self.data, asked, jobs);
+        self.changed |= changed;
+        self.standing_in = standing_in;
+        failure.or(failed)
+    }
+
+    /// Opens the source as far as what landed allows; a failure to tell, if any.
+    fn open(&mut self, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Option<Error> {
+        let url = self.tiles.url.clone();
+        if matches!(self.source, Source::Unopened) {
+            if url.contains("{z}") {
+                return self.vector(|| Ok(vector::Vector::template(&url)));
+            }
+            // An archive is read in ranges, from its header; a document whole.
+            let archive = url.split(['?', '#']).next().is_some_and(|path| path.ends_with(".pmtiles"));
+            let request = if archive {
+                Request::range(url.clone(), 0..crate::tiles::ARCHIVE_FIRST)
+            } else {
+                Request::new(url.clone())
+            };
+            self.source = Source::Opening(jobs.fetch(&request));
+        }
+        let Source::Opening(pending) = &self.source else { return None };
+        let bytes = match pending.take()? {
+            Ok(bytes) => bytes,
+            Err(error) => {
+                self.source = Source::Failed;
+                return Some(error);
+            }
+        };
+        match Manifest::from_bytes(&bytes) {
+            Some(Ok(manifest)) => {
+                self.source = Source::Open(Holds::Frames(Box::new(frames::Frames::open(&url, manifest, jobs))));
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(Err(error)) => {
+                self.source = Source::Failed;
+                return Some(error);
+            }
+            None => {}
+        }
+        self.vector(|| vector::Vector::open(&url, &bytes, jobs))
+    }
+
+    /// Opens the source as vector tiles `make` makes.
+    fn vector(&mut self, make: impl FnOnce() -> Result<vector::Vector, String>) -> Option<Error> {
+        match make() {
+            Ok(vector) => {
+                self.source = Source::Open(Holds::Vector(Box::new(vector)));
+                None
+            }
+            Err(reason) => {
+                self.source = Source::Failed;
+                Some(Error::Io(reason.into()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/vector.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/vector.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ceb0169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiles/vector.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+//! Vector tiles: the tiles the camera asks for, fetched from a PMTiles archive or a URL
+//! template, given or from a TileJSON document, decoded in jobs, and patched into the dataset the view
+//! owns. The camera chooses the tiles that draw no larger than their own size where they lie nearest
+//! its focus, nearest first. Tiles decode only the layers marks draw, and again when the scene draws
+//! others.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
+
+use super::super::sight::{Sight, TILE_PX, meets};
+use super::super::tiling::{Decoding, Requested, Source, Tiling};
+use super::super::{Input, Jobs, stamp_of};
+use crate::data::{Data, Field, Id, Name, Op, Patch, Table, Values};
+use crate::geo::mvt::Kind as Geometry;
+use crate::geo::pmtiles::{self, Directory, Entry, Header};
+use crate::geo::tiles::{Decoded, Template};
+use crate::host::{Job, Request};
+use crate::tiles::TileKey;
+use crate::{Error, Kind, Mark, Pending, Scene};
+
+/// Tiles drawn at once at most: past it, tiles stop splitting.
+const MAX_TILES: usize = 256;
+
+/// The tiles to draw within `zooms` and `bounds`: those meeting what the camera shows, each split
+/// while it draws larger than its size, nearest the view's middle first.
+fn wanted(sight: &Sight<'_>, zooms: [u8; 2], bounds: [f64; 4]) -> Vec<TileKey> {
+    let limit = TILE_PX * 1.25;
+    let region = sight.region();
+    let focus = sight.focus();
+    let mut out: Vec<(TileKey, f64)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut queue = vec![TileKey { z: 0, x: 0, y: 0 }];
+    while !queue.is_empty() {
+        let mut next = Vec::new();
+        for (k, &key) in queue.iter().enumerate() {
+            let b = key.bounds();
+            if b[0] > bounds[2] || b[2] < bounds[0] || b[1] > bounds[3] || b[3] < bounds[1] || !meets(&region, b) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (size, distance) = sight.measure(&focus, b);
+            let room = out.len() + next.len() + (queue.len() - k) * 4 < MAX_TILES;
+            if key.z < zooms[1] && (key.z < zooms[0] || size > limit) && room {
+                next.extend(key.children());
+            } else if key.z >= zooms[0] {
+                out.push((key, distance));
+            }
+        }
+        queue = next;
+    }
+    out.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.total_cmp(&b.1));
+    out.into_iter().map(|(key, _)| key).collect()
+}
+
+/// Where vector tiles come from once their source opens.
+enum Opened {
+    /// An archive whose root directory lies past the first bytes.
+    Root(Header, Pending<Vec<u8>>),
+    Template(Template),
+    Archive(Header, Directory),
+    Failed,
+}
+
+/// An archive's or a template's tiles, as a tiling fetches and decodes them.
+struct Tiles {
+    url: Arc<str>,
+    opened: Opened,
+    /// Leaf directories, and those being fetched.
+    leaves: FxHashMap<(u64, u64), Directory>,
+    leaf_fetches: FxHashMap<(u64, u64), Pending<Vec<u8>>>,
+    /// The tables marks draw from the tiles, which decoding writes.
+    tables: Vec<Decoded>,
+}
+
+/// Vector tiles drawn as a dataset the view owns.
+pub(crate) struct Vector {
+    tiles: Tiles,
+    tiling: Tiling<TileKey>,
+    /// The tiles whose rows the dataset holds, with the rows of each table.
+    drawn: FxHashMap<TileKey, Vec<(Name, Vec<Id>)>>,
+}
+
+impl Vector {
+    /// The tiles a URL template names, `{z}`, `{x}`, and `{y}` in it.
+    pub(crate) fn template(url: &Arc<str>) -> Vector {
+        Vector::opened(url, Opened::Template(Template::of(url)))
+    }
+
+    /// The tiles whose source's first `bytes` are a PMTiles archive's or a TileJSON document's; the
+    /// archive's root directory is fetched when it lies past them.
+    pub(crate) fn open(url: &Arc<str>, bytes: &[u8], jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Result<Vector, String> {
+        if !pmtiles::is_archive(bytes) {
+            return Template::tilejson(bytes, url).map(|template| Vector::opened(url, Opened::Template(template)));
+        }
+        let header = pmtiles::header(bytes)?;
+        if !header.vector {
+            return Err(format!("{url} holds image tiles; only vector tiles draw"));
+        }
+        let (offset, length) = header.root;
+        let opened = match bytes.get(offset as usize..(offset + length) as usize) {
+            Some(root) => archive(header, root).ok_or_else(|| corrupt(url))?,
+            None => Opened::Root(header, jobs.fetch(&Request::range(url.clone(), offset..offset + length))),
+        };
+        Ok(Vector::opened(url, opened))
+    }
+
+    fn opened(url: &Arc<str>, opened: Opened) -> Vector {
+        let tiles = Tiles {
+            url: url.clone(),
+            opened,
+            leaves: FxHashMap::default(),
+            leaf_fetches: FxHashMap::default(),
+            tables: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        Vector { tiles, tiling: Tiling::default(), drawn: FxHashMap::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the source is still opening, its root directory not landed.
+    pub(crate) fn opening(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.tiles.opened, Opened::Root(..))
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches and decodes under way.
+    pub(crate) fn under_way(&self) -> usize {
+        self.tiling.under_way()
+    }
+
+    /// Tiles drawn.
+    pub(crate) fn drawn(&self) -> usize {
+        self.drawn.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Brings `data` up to what `sight` shows and the scene draws of dataset `name`: whether it
+    /// changed, whether a tile stands in, and a failure to tell.
+    pub(crate) fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &Input<'_>,
+        name: &Name,
+        data: &mut Data,
+        sight: Option<&Sight<'_>>,
+        jobs: &Jobs<'_>,
+    ) -> (bool, bool, Option<Error>) {
+        let tables = decoded_tables(input.scene, name);
+        if tables.is_empty() {
+            return (false, false, None);
+        }
+        let mut failure = self.tiles.open_root();
+        failure = failure.or_else(|| self.tiles.land_leaves());
+        let Some((zooms, bounds)) = self.tiles.zooms() else { return (false, self.opening(), failure) };
+        let stamp = stamp_of(&tables);
+        self.tiles.tables = tables;
+        let wanted = sight.map(|s| wanted(s, zooms, bounds)).unwrap_or_default();
+        let drawn = self.tiling.update(&wanted, stamp, &mut self.tiles, jobs);
+        let changed = self.draw(&drawn.keys, stamp, data);
+        (changed, drawn.standing_in, failure.or(drawn.failure))
+    }
+
+    /// Makes `data` hold the rows of `drawn` and no other tile's; whether it changed.
+    fn draw(&mut self, drawn: &[TileKey], stamp: u64, data: &mut Data) -> bool {
+        let keep: FxHashSet<TileKey> = drawn.iter().copied().collect();
+        let mut patch = Patch::new();
+        // Tiles no longer drawn go, and so do those decoded for other tables, which come back
+        // decoded again.
+        let gone: Vec<TileKey> = self
+            .drawn
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|k| !keep.contains(k) || self.tiling.decoded(k, stamp).is_none())
+            .copied()
+            .collect();
+        for key in &gone {
+            for (table, ids) in self.drawn.remove(key).unwrap_or_default() {
+                if data.table(&table).is_some() {
+                    patch = patch.remove(table, ids);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for &key in drawn {
+            if self.drawn.contains_key(&key) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(tile) = self.tiling.decoded(&key, stamp) else { continue };
+            let mut rows = Vec::new();
+            for op in &tile.ops {
+                if let Op::Set(table) = op {
+                    rows.push((table.name.clone(), table.ids().collect()));
+                    patch = patch.set(harmonized(table, data));
+                }
+            }
+            self.drawn.insert(key, rows);
+        }
+        if patch.is_empty() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let mut next = data.clone();
+        if next.apply(patch).is_ok() {
+            *data = next;
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl Tiles {
+    /// The zooms and bounds of an open source.
+    fn zooms(&self) -> Option<([u8; 2], [f64; 4])> {
+        match &self.opened {
+            Opened::Template(t) => Some(([t.min_zoom, t.max_zoom], t.bounds)),
+            Opened::Archive(h, _) => Some(([h.min_zoom, h.max_zoom], h.bounds)),
+            Opened::Root(..) | Opened::Failed => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Opens the archive once its root directory landed; a failure to tell, if any.
+    fn open_root(&mut self) -> Option<Error> {
+        let Opened::Root(header, pending) = &self.opened else { return None };
+        let header = *header;
+        let landed = pending.take()?;
+        let opened = landed
+            .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
+            .and_then(|bytes| archive(header, &bytes).ok_or_else(|| corrupt(&self.url)));
+        match opened {
+            Ok(opened) => {
+                self.opened = opened;
+                None
+            }
+            Err(reason) => {
+                self.opened = Opened::Failed;
+                Some(Error::Io(reason.into()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Takes leaf directories that landed; a failure to tell, if any.
+    fn land_leaves(&mut self) -> Option<Error> {
+        let mut failure = None;
+        let landed: Vec<_> =
+            self.leaf_fetches.iter().filter_map(|(at, pending)| pending.take().map(|r| (*at, r.ok()))).collect();
+        for (at, bytes) in landed {
+            self.leaf_fetches.remove(&at);
+            let gzip = matches!(self.opened, Opened::Archive(h, _) if h.gzip_directories);
+            match bytes.and_then(|b| inflate(&b, gzip)).and_then(|b| Directory::decode(&b)) {
+                Some(leaf) => {
+                    self.leaves.insert(at, leaf);
+                }
+                None => failure = Some(Error::Io("a tile directory could not be read".into())),
+            }
+        }
+        failure
+    }
+}
+
+impl Source<TileKey> for Tiles {
+    fn request(&mut self, key: TileKey, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Requested {
+        match &self.opened {
+            Opened::Template(template) => Requested::Fetch(Request::new(template.url_of(key))),
+            Opened::Archive(header, root) => {
+                let id = pmtiles::tile_id(key);
+                let mut directory = root;
+                for _ in 0..pmtiles::DEPTH {
+                    match directory.find(id) {
+                        Some(Entry::Leaf(offset, length)) => {
+                            let at = (header.leaves + offset, length);
+                            let Some(leaf) = self.leaves.get(&at) else {
+                                let url = self.url.clone();
+                                self.leaf_fetches
+                                    .entry(at)
+                                    .or_insert_with(|| jobs.fetch(&Request::range(url, at.0..at.0 + at.1)));
+                                return Requested::Wait;
+                            };
+                            directory = leaf;
+                        }
+                        Some(Entry::Tile(offset, length)) => {
+                            let start = header.data + offset;
+                            return Requested::Fetch(Request::range(self.url.clone(), start..start + length));
+                        }
+                        None => break,
+                    }
+                }
+                // The archive has no such tile: it draws nothing.
+                Requested::Missing
+            }
+            Opened::Root(..) | Opened::Failed => Requested::Wait,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn decode(&self, key: TileKey, bytes: &Arc<Vec<u8>>, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Decoding {
+        Decoding::Job(jobs.spawn(Job::tile(key, &self.tables, bytes)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// The archive at `header` with root directory `bytes`, or `None` where it is corrupt.
+fn archive(header: Header, bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Opened> {
+    let root = inflate(bytes, header.gzip_directories).and_then(|b| Directory::decode(&b))?;
+    Some(Opened::Archive(header, root))
+}
+
+fn corrupt(url: &str) -> String {
+    format!("the archive at {url} has a corrupt directory")
+}
+
+/// The tables marks draw from dataset `name`: a table named after a layer holds the kind of feature
+/// its marks draw, polygons first, then lines, then points; one named `layer:kind` holds that kind.
+fn decoded_tables(scene: &Scene, name: &Name) -> Vec<Decoded> {
+    let mut tables: Vec<Decoded> = Vec::new();
+    for mark in &scene.marks {
+        let style = mark.style();
+        if style.data != *name {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let drawn = match mark {
+            Mark::Areas(_) => Geometry::Polygons,
+            Mark::Lines(_) => Geometry::Lines,
+            Mark::Vertices(_) => Geometry::Points,
+            Mark::Edges(_) | Mark::Faces(_) => continue,
+        };
+        let table = style.table.clone();
+        let (layer, kind) = match table.split_once(':') {
+            Some((layer, "polygons")) => (layer.to_owned(), Geometry::Polygons),
+            Some((layer, "lines")) => (layer.to_owned(), Geometry::Lines),
+            Some((layer, "points")) => (layer.to_owned(), Geometry::Points),
+            _ => (table.to_string(), drawn),
+        };
+        let rank = |k: Geometry| match k {
+            Geometry::Polygons => 0,
+            Geometry::Lines => 1,
+            Geometry::Points => 2,
+        };
+        match tables.iter_mut().find(|d| d.table == table) {
+            Some(d) if rank(kind) < rank(d.kind) => d.kind = kind,
+            Some(_) => {}
+            None => tables.push(Decoded { layer, kind, table }),
+        }
+    }
+    tables.sort_by(|a, b| a.table.cmp(&b.table));
+    tables
+}
+
+/// `table`'s fields made to hold what `data`'s table of its name holds where they differ: a field a
+/// tile reads as numbers but the dataset holds as texts is written as text, and so on.
+fn harmonized(table: &Table, data: &Data) -> Table {
+    let Some(existing) = data.table(&table.name) else { return table.clone() };
+    let mut out = table.clone();
+    for (name, field) in &table.fields {
+        let (Some(want), Field::Values(column, _)) = (existing.kind(name), field) else { continue };
+        if column.kind() == want {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let values: Vec<Option<crate::Value>> = (0..column.len()).map(|r| column.get(r)).collect();
+        let converted: Option<Values> = match want {
+            Kind::Text => Some(values.iter().map(|v| v.as_ref().map(text_of)).collect::<Vec<Option<String>>>().into()),
+            Kind::Number => Some(values.iter().map(|v| v.as_ref().and_then(number_of)).collect::<Vec<_>>().into()),
+            Kind::Bool => {
+                Some(values.iter().map(|v| v.as_ref().and_then(number_of).map(|n| n != 0.0)).collect::<Vec<_>>().into())
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(values) = converted {
+            out = out.field(name.clone(), values);
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn text_of(value: &crate::Value) -> String {
+    match value {
+        crate::Value::Text(t) => t.to_string(),
+        crate::Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        crate::Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        other => format!("{other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn number_of(value: &crate::Value) -> Option<f64> {
+    match value {
+        crate::Value::Number(n) => Some(*n),
+        crate::Value::Bool(b) => Some(f64::from(u8::from(*b))),
+        crate::Value::Text(t) => t.parse().ok(),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// `bytes` inflated when `gzip`.
+fn inflate(bytes: &[u8], gzip: bool) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    if !gzip {
+        return Some(bytes.to_vec());
+    }
+    crate::geo::gunzipped(bytes).ok().map(std::borrow::Cow::into_owned)
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiling.rs b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiling.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f0ebb94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/derive/tiling.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+//! Tilings: what a source holds, fetched in pieces by key as a view asks for them, decoded into
+//! patches, and held under a budget of bytes, the least recently drawn going first. A key wanted draws
+//! once it is decoded; until then its nearest decoded ancestor stands in, and what is missing is
+//! fetched, nearest first. Tiles of the earth and spans of a sampled field's history share it.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+
+use super::Jobs;
+use crate::data::Patch;
+use crate::host::Request;
+use crate::tiles::{Key, ancestry};
+use crate::{Error, Pending};
+
+/// Fetches, and decodes, a tiling has under way at once.
+const REQUESTS: usize = 8;
+/// Bytes of fetched pieces a tiling keeps, past which the least recently drawn go.
+const KEPT_BYTES: usize = 64 << 20;
+
+/// How a source fetches a piece.
+pub(crate) enum Requested {
+    /// The bytes `request` answers.
+    Fetch(Request),
+    /// Not yet: the source first fetches what finds the piece, as an archive its directories.
+    Wait,
+    /// Nowhere: the source holds no such piece, which draws nothing.
+    Missing,
+}
+
+/// What a piece's bytes become, the patch it draws: at once, or the answer of a job.
+pub(crate) enum Decoding {
+    Now(Patch),
+    Job(Pending<Vec<u8>>),
+}
+
+/// Where a tiling's pieces come from, and what they become.
+pub(crate) trait Source<K: Key> {
+    /// How to fetch `key`.
+    fn request(&mut self, key: K, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Requested;
+
+    /// What `key`'s fetched `bytes`, never empty, decode into.
+    fn decode(&self, key: K, bytes: &Arc<Vec<u8>>, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) -> Decoding;
+}
+
+/// What an update draws: each wanted key decoded, else its nearest decoded ancestor, each once; and
+/// whether any key stands in, by an ancestor or by nothing.
+pub(crate) struct Drawn<K> {
+    pub(crate) keys: Vec<K>,
+    pub(crate) standing_in: bool,
+    /// A failure to tell: a piece that could not be fetched.
+    pub(crate) failure: Option<Error>,
+}
+
+/// A tiling's pieces: their fetched bytes, and the patches they decoded into for a stamp of what
+/// decoding reads.
+pub(crate) struct Tiling<K: Key> {
+    /// Fetched bytes, as fetched, and when each last drew; empty where the source holds no piece.
+    held: FxHashMap<K, (Arc<Vec<u8>>, u64)>,
+    fetching: FxHashMap<K, Pending<Vec<u8>>>,
+    /// Decodes under way and done, each for the stamp it was asked for.
+    decoding: FxHashMap<K, (u64, Pending<Vec<u8>>)>,
+    decoded: FxHashMap<K, (u64, Patch)>,
+    /// Counts updates, for drawn pieces to note when they last drew.
+    tick: u64,
+}
+
+impl<K: Key> Default for Tiling<K> {
+    fn default() -> Tiling<K> {
+        Tiling {
+            held: FxHashMap::default(),
+            fetching: FxHashMap::default(),
+            decoding: FxHashMap::default(),
+            decoded: FxHashMap::default(),
+            tick: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: Key> Tiling<K> {
+    /// Brings the pieces up to `wanted`, nearest first, decoding for `stamp`: what draws.
+    pub(crate) fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        wanted: &[K],
+        stamp: u64,
+        source: &mut impl Source<K>,
+        jobs: &Jobs<'_>,
+    ) -> Drawn<K> {
+        self.tick += 1;
+        let failure = self.land(stamp);
+        // Keys not decoded yet decode once held, and so do the held ancestors of those still
+        // loading, to stand in for them; the rest fetch. A piece decoded at once draws at once.
+        let mut decode: Vec<K> = Vec::new();
+        for &key in wanted {
+            if self.ready(&key, stamp) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let held_up = ancestry(key).find(|k| self.held.contains_key(k));
+            if let Some(k) = held_up
+                && !self.ready(&k, stamp)
+                && !decode.contains(&k)
+            {
+                decode.push(k);
+            }
+            if !self.held.contains_key(&key) && !decode.contains(&key) {
+                self.fetch(key, source, jobs);
+            }
+        }
+        for key in decode {
+            self.decode(key, stamp, source, jobs);
+        }
+        let mut drawn: Vec<K> = Vec::new();
+        let mut standing_in = false;
+        for &key in wanted {
+            let stands = ancestry(key).find(|k| self.ready(k, stamp));
+            if let Some(stand) = stands
+                && !drawn.contains(&stand)
+            {
+                drawn.push(stand);
+            }
+            standing_in |= stands != Some(key);
+        }
+        let tick = self.tick;
+        for key in &drawn {
+            if let Some((_, used)) = self.held.get_mut(key) {
+                *used = tick;
+            }
+        }
+        self.evict(&drawn, wanted);
+        Drawn { keys: drawn, standing_in, failure }
+    }
+
+    /// The patch `key` decoded into for `stamp`, once it did.
+    pub(crate) fn decoded(&self, key: &K, stamp: u64) -> Option<&Patch> {
+        self.decoded.get(key).filter(|(s, _)| *s == stamp).map(|(_, patch)| patch)
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches and decodes under way.
+    pub(crate) fn under_way(&self) -> usize {
+        self.fetching.len() + self.decoding.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `key` is decoded for `stamp`.
+    fn ready(&self, key: &K, stamp: u64) -> bool {
+        self.decoded.get(key).is_some_and(|(s, _)| *s == stamp)
+    }
+
+    /// Takes fetches and decodes that landed; a failure to tell, if any.
+    fn land(&mut self, stamp: u64) -> Option<Error> {
+        let mut failure = None;
+        let fetched: Vec<_> = self.fetching.iter().filter_map(|(key, p)| p.take().map(|r| (*key, r))).collect();
+        for (key, result) in fetched {
+            self.fetching.remove(&key);
+            let bytes = result.unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+                failure.get_or_insert(error);
+                Vec::new()
+            });
+            self.held.insert(key, (Arc::new(bytes), self.tick));
+        }
+        let decoded: Vec<_> =
+            self.decoding.iter().filter_map(|(key, (s, p))| p.take().map(|r| (*key, *s, r))).collect();
+        for (key, s, result) in decoded {
+            self.decoding.remove(&key);
+            let patch = result.ok().and_then(|bytes| Patch::from_bytes(&bytes).ok()).unwrap_or_default();
+            if s == stamp {
+                self.decoded.insert(key, (s, patch));
+            }
+        }
+        failure
+    }
+
+    /// Starts fetching `key`, within the requests under way at once.
+    fn fetch(&mut self, key: K, source: &mut impl Source<K>, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) {
+        if self.fetching.contains_key(&key) || self.fetching.len() >= REQUESTS {
+            return;
+        }
+        match source.request(key, jobs) {
+            Requested::Fetch(request) => {
+                self.fetching.insert(key, jobs.fetch(&request));
+            }
+            Requested::Wait => {}
+            Requested::Missing => {
+                self.held.insert(key, (Arc::new(Vec::new()), self.tick));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Starts decoding `key` for `stamp`, within the decodes under way at once.
+    fn decode(&mut self, key: K, stamp: u64, source: &impl Source<K>, jobs: &Jobs<'_>) {
+        if self.decoding.get(&key).is_some_and(|(s, _)| *s == stamp) || self.decoding.len() >= REQUESTS {
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some((bytes, _)) = self.held.get(&key) else { return };
+        if bytes.is_empty() {
+            self.decoded.insert(key, (stamp, Patch::new()));
+            return;
+        }
+        match source.decode(key, bytes, jobs) {
+            Decoding::Now(patch) => {
+                self.decoded.insert(key, (stamp, patch));
+            }
+            Decoding::Job(pending) => {
+                self.decoding.insert(key, (stamp, pending));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lets go of the least recently drawn pieces' bytes past the budget, and of decodes no longer
+    /// drawn, wanted, or covering a wanted key.
+    fn evict(&mut self, drawn: &[K], wanted: &[K]) {
+        let kept = |k: &K| drawn.contains(k) || wanted.contains(k);
+        let mut bytes: usize = self.held.values().map(|(b, _)| b.len()).sum();
+        if bytes > KEPT_BYTES {
+            let mut old: Vec<(u64, K)> =
+                self.held.iter().filter(|(k, _)| !kept(k)).map(|(k, (_, used))| (*used, *k)).collect();
+            old.sort_unstable();
+            for (_, key) in old {
+                if bytes <= KEPT_BYTES {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if let Some((b, _)) = self.held.remove(&key) {
+                    bytes -= b.len();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.decoded.retain(|k, _| kept(k) || wanted.iter().any(|w| ancestry(*w).skip(1).any(|a| a == *k)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/error.rs b/crates/latkit/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e3b4d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::Name;
+
+/// Everything that can go wrong in latkit.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Error {
+    /// An input does not fit what it describes; `path` names the part, such as `marks[2].vertices.color`.
+    #[error("{path}: {reason}")]
+    Invalid {
+        /// Where in the input the problem is.
+        path: Path,
+        /// What is wrong there.
+        reason: Cow<'static, str>,
+    },
+    /// The platform or device cannot do what was asked.
+    #[error("unsupported: {0}")]
+    Unsupported(Cow<'static, str>),
+    /// A budget or device limit would be exceeded.
+    #[error("over limit: {0}")]
+    Limit(Cow<'static, str>),
+    /// Reading or writing external bytes failed: a fetch, a file, a worker, an encoder.
+    #[error("io: {0}")]
+    Io(Cow<'static, str>),
+    /// The operation did not complete before its deadline.
+    #[error("operation timed out")]
+    Timeout,
+    /// The GPU device was lost; create a new `Gpu`.
+    #[error("GPU device lost")]
+    DeviceLost,
+    /// The owner of pending work was destroyed before it could answer.
+    #[error("operation cancelled")]
+    Cancelled,
+}
+
+/// A `Result` whose error is [`Error`].
+pub type Result<T, E = Error> = std::result::Result<T, E>;
+
+impl Error {
+    /// An [`Error::Invalid`] at the root of the input.
+    pub fn invalid(reason: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> Error {
+        Error::Invalid { path: Path::default(), reason: reason.into() }
+    }
+
+    /// A short, stable name for the kind of error: `invalid`, `unsupported`, `limit`, `io`,
+    /// `device-lost`, `cancelled`, or `timeout`.
+    pub fn code(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Error::Invalid { .. } => "invalid",
+            Error::Unsupported(_) => "unsupported",
+            Error::Limit(_) => "limit",
+            Error::Io(_) => "io",
+            Error::DeviceLost => "device-lost",
+            Error::Cancelled => "cancelled",
+            Error::Timeout => "timeout",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Prefixes the path of an [`Error::Invalid`] with `step`; other errors pass through.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn at(self, step: impl Into<Step>) -> Error {
+        match self {
+            Error::Invalid { mut path, reason } => {
+                path.0.insert(0, step.into());
+                Error::Invalid { path, reason }
+            }
+            other => other,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The error as `{ code, message, path? }`: the shape the npm package's `LatkitError` takes.
+impl serde::Serialize for Error {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        use serde::ser::SerializeMap;
+        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
+        map.serialize_entry("code", self.code())?;
+        map.serialize_entry("message", &self.to_string())?;
+        if let Error::Invalid { path, .. } = self {
+            map.serialize_entry("path", &path.to_string())?;
+        }
+        map.end()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The error as it serializes: a failure, as plain data.
+impl schemars::JsonSchema for Error {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Failure".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(_: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+        schemars::json_schema!({
+            "description": "What failed: its `code`, the message, and for invalid input the `path` to the part, such as `marks[2].vertices.color`.",
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "code": { "enum": ["invalid", "unsupported", "limit", "io", "device-lost", "cancelled", "timeout"] },
+                "message": { "type": "string" },
+                "path": { "type": "string" },
+            },
+            "required": ["code", "message"],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where in an input an [`Error::Invalid`] occurred.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Path(pub Vec<Step>);
+
+/// One step of a [`Path`]: a named part or an index.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Step {
+    /// A named part, such as a table, field, or option.
+    Name(Name),
+    /// An index into a list.
+    Index(usize),
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Step {
+    fn from(name: &str) -> Step {
+        Step::Name(name.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Name> for Step {
+    fn from(name: &Name) -> Step {
+        Step::Name(name.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Name> for Step {
+    fn from(name: Name) -> Step {
+        Step::Name(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<usize> for Step {
+    fn from(index: usize) -> Step {
+        Step::Index(index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Path {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.0.is_empty() {
+            return f.write_str("input");
+        }
+        for (i, step) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
+            match step {
+                Step::Name(name) if i == 0 => write!(f, "{name}")?,
+                Step::Name(name) => write!(f, ".{name}")?,
+                Step::Index(index) => write!(f, "[{index}]")?,
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn paths_read_like_access_expressions() {
+        let error = Error::invalid("not a number").at("color").at(2).at("marks");
+        assert_eq!(error.to_string(), "marks[2].color: not a number");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn only_invalid_errors_take_steps() {
+        assert_eq!(Error::DeviceLost.at("marks"), Error::DeviceLost);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/expr/color.rs b/crates/latkit/src/expr/color.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c821f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/expr/color.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// An sRGB color with straight alpha, each channel in `0..=1`, as in CSS.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Color {
+    /// Red.
+    pub r: f32,
+    /// Green.
+    pub g: f32,
+    /// Blue.
+    pub b: f32,
+    /// Opacity.
+    pub a: f32,
+}
+
+impl Color {
+    /// Opaque white.
+    pub const WHITE: Color = Color::rgba(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    /// Opaque black.
+    pub const BLACK: Color = Color::rgba(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    /// Fully transparent.
+    pub const TRANSPARENT: Color = Color::rgba(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+
+    /// A color from channels in `0..=1`.
+    pub const fn rgba(r: f32, g: f32, b: f32, a: f32) -> Color {
+        Color { r, g, b, a }
+    }
+
+    /// An opaque color from channels in `0..=1`.
+    pub const fn rgb(r: f32, g: f32, b: f32) -> Color {
+        Color { r, g, b, a: 1.0 }
+    }
+
+    /// A color from `#rgb`, `#rgba`, `#rrggbb`, or `#rrggbbaa`.
+    pub fn hex(hex: &str) -> Option<Color> {
+        let digits = hex.strip_prefix('#')?;
+        if !digits.is_ascii() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let nibble = |i: usize| u8::from_str_radix(&digits[i..=i], 16).ok();
+        let byte = |i: usize| u8::from_str_radix(&digits[i..i + 2], 16).ok();
+        let [r, g, b, a] = match digits.len() {
+            3 | 4 => {
+                let channel = |i: usize| nibble(i).map(|v| v * 17);
+                [channel(0)?, channel(1)?, channel(2)?, if digits.len() == 4 { channel(3)? } else { 255 }]
+            }
+            6 | 8 => [byte(0)?, byte(2)?, byte(4)?, if digits.len() == 8 { byte(6)? } else { 255 }],
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        Some(Color::from_bytes([r, g, b, a]))
+    }
+
+    /// A color from CSS: hex, `rgb(…)`, `rgba(…)`, or a named color.
+    pub fn css(css: &str) -> Option<Color> {
+        let css = css.trim();
+        if css.starts_with('#') {
+            return Color::hex(css);
+        }
+        let lower = css.to_ascii_lowercase();
+        if let Some(args) = lower.strip_prefix("rgba(").or_else(|| lower.strip_prefix("rgb(")) {
+            let parts: Vec<&str> = args.strip_suffix(')')?.split([',', '/', ' ']).filter(|p| !p.is_empty()).collect();
+            if !(3..=4).contains(&parts.len()) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let channel = |p: &str| match p.strip_suffix('%') {
+                Some(percent) => percent.parse::<f32>().ok().map(|v| v / 100.0),
+                None => p.parse::<f32>().ok().map(|v| v / 255.0),
+            };
+            let alpha = |p: &str| match p.strip_suffix('%') {
+                Some(percent) => percent.parse::<f32>().ok().map(|v| v / 100.0),
+                None => p.parse::<f32>().ok(),
+            };
+            let a = parts.get(3).map_or(Some(1.0), |p| alpha(p))?;
+            return Some(Color::rgba(channel(parts[0])?, channel(parts[1])?, channel(parts[2])?, a).clamped());
+        }
+        if lower == "transparent" {
+            return Some(Color::TRANSPARENT);
+        }
+        let i = NAMED.binary_search_by(|(name, _)| name.cmp(&lower.as_str())).ok()?;
+        let [r, g, b] = NAMED[i].1.to_be_bytes()[1..].try_into().ok()?;
+        Some(Color::from_bytes([r, g, b, 255]))
+    }
+
+    /// The same color at opacity `a`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn alpha(self, a: f32) -> Color {
+        Color { a, ..self }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_bytes(bytes: [u8; 4]) -> Color {
+        let [red, green, blue, alpha] = bytes.map(|byte| f32::from(byte) / 255.0);
+        Color::rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)
+    }
+
+    /// Red, green, blue, and alpha as bytes.
+    pub fn to_rgba8(self) -> [u8; 4] {
+        let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+        [q(self.r), q(self.g), q(self.b), q(self.a)]
+    }
+
+    /// Packed as WGSL's `pack4x8unorm`: red in the low byte.
+    pub(crate) fn packed(self) -> u32 {
+        u32::from_le_bytes(self.to_rgba8())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_array(self) -> [f32; 4] {
+        [self.r, self.g, self.b, self.a]
+    }
+
+    fn clamped(self) -> Color {
+        let c = |v: f32| v.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        Color::rgba(c(self.r), c(self.g), c(self.b), c(self.a))
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Color {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let [red, green, blue, alpha] = self.to_rgba8();
+        write!(f, "#{red:02x}{green:02x}{blue:02x}")?;
+        if alpha == 255 { Ok(()) } else { write!(f, "{alpha:02x}") }
+    }
+}
+
+/// CSS named colors, sorted by name.
+#[allow(clippy::unreadable_literal)]
+static NAMED: &[(&str, u32)] = &[
+    ("aliceblue", 0xf0f8ff),
+    ("antiquewhite", 0xfaebd7),
+    ("aqua", 0x00ffff),
+    ("aquamarine", 0x7fffd4),
+    ("azure", 0xf0ffff),
+    ("beige", 0xf5f5dc),
+    ("bisque", 0xffe4c4),
+    ("black", 0x000000),
+    ("blanchedalmond", 0xffebcd),
+    ("blue", 0x0000ff),
+    ("blueviolet", 0x8a2be2),
+    ("brown", 0xa52a2a),
+    ("burlywood", 0xdeb887),
+    ("cadetblue", 0x5f9ea0),
+    ("chartreuse", 0x7fff00),
+    ("chocolate", 0xd2691e),
+    ("coral", 0xff7f50),
+    ("cornflowerblue", 0x6495ed),
+    ("cornsilk", 0xfff8dc),
+    ("crimson", 0xdc143c),
+    ("cyan", 0x00ffff),
+    ("darkblue", 0x00008b),
+    ("darkcyan", 0x008b8b),
+    ("darkgoldenrod", 0xb8860b),
+    ("darkgray", 0xa9a9a9),
+    ("darkgreen", 0x006400),
+    ("darkgrey", 0xa9a9a9),
+    ("darkkhaki", 0xbdb76b),
+    ("darkmagenta", 0x8b008b),
+    ("darkolivegreen", 0x556b2f),
+    ("darkorange", 0xff8c00),
+    ("darkorchid", 0x9932cc),
+    ("darkred", 0x8b0000),
+    ("darksalmon", 0xe9967a),
+    ("darkseagreen", 0x8fbc8f),
+    ("darkslateblue", 0x483d8b),
+    ("darkslategray", 0x2f4f4f),
+    ("darkslategrey", 0x2f4f4f),
+    ("darkturquoise", 0x00ced1),
+    ("darkviolet", 0x9400d3),
+    ("deeppink", 0xff1493),
+    ("deepskyblue", 0x00bfff),
+    ("dimgray", 0x696969),
+    ("dimgrey", 0x696969),
+    ("dodgerblue", 0x1e90ff),
+    ("firebrick", 0xb22222),
+    ("floralwhite", 0xfffaf0),
+    ("forestgreen", 0x228b22),
+    ("fuchsia", 0xff00ff),
+    ("gainsboro", 0xdcdcdc),
+    ("ghostwhite", 0xf8f8ff),
+    ("gold", 0xffd700),
+    ("goldenrod", 0xdaa520),
+    ("gray", 0x808080),
+    ("green", 0x008000),
+    ("greenyellow", 0xadff2f),
+    ("grey", 0x808080),
+    ("honeydew", 0xf0fff0),
+    ("hotpink", 0xff69b4),
+    ("indianred", 0xcd5c5c),
+    ("indigo", 0x4b0082),
+    ("ivory", 0xfffff0),
+    ("khaki", 0xf0e68c),
+    ("lavender", 0xe6e6fa),
+    ("lavenderblush", 0xfff0f5),
+    ("lawngreen", 0x7cfc00),
+    ("lemonchiffon", 0xfffacd),
+    ("lightblue", 0xadd8e6),
+    ("lightcoral", 0xf08080),
+    ("lightcyan", 0xe0ffff),
+    ("lightgoldenrodyellow", 0xfafad2),
+    ("lightgray", 0xd3d3d3),
+    ("lightgreen", 0x90ee90),
+    ("lightgrey", 0xd3d3d3),
+    ("lightpink", 0xffb6c1),
+    ("lightsalmon", 0xffa07a),
+    ("lightseagreen", 0x20b2aa),
+    ("lightskyblue", 0x87cefa),
+    ("lightslategray", 0x778899),
+    ("lightslategrey", 0x778899),
+    ("lightsteelblue", 0xb0c4de),
+    ("lightyellow", 0xffffe0),
+    ("lime", 0x00ff00),
+    ("limegreen", 0x32cd32),
+    ("linen", 0xfaf0e6),
+    ("magenta", 0xff00ff),
+    ("maroon", 0x800000),
+    ("mediumaquamarine", 0x66cdaa),
+    ("mediumblue", 0x0000cd),
+    ("mediumorchid", 0xba55d3),
+    ("mediumpurple", 0x9370db),
+    ("mediumseagreen", 0x3cb371),
+    ("mediumslateblue", 0x7b68ee),
+    ("mediumspringgreen", 0x00fa9a),
+    ("mediumturquoise", 0x48d1cc),
+    ("mediumvioletred", 0xc71585),
+    ("midnightblue", 0x191970),
+    ("mintcream", 0xf5fffa),
+    ("mistyrose", 0xffe4e1),
+    ("moccasin", 0xffe4b5),
+    ("navajowhite", 0xffdead),
+    ("navy", 0x000080),
+    ("oldlace", 0xfdf5e6),
+    ("olive", 0x808000),
+    ("olivedrab", 0x6b8e23),
+    ("orange", 0xffa500),
+    ("orangered", 0xff4500),
+    ("orchid", 0xda70d6),
+    ("palegoldenrod", 0xeee8aa),
+    ("palegreen", 0x98fb98),
+    ("paleturquoise", 0xafeeee),
+    ("palevioletred", 0xdb7093),
+    ("papayawhip", 0xffefd5),
+    ("peachpuff", 0xffdab9),
+    ("peru", 0xcd853f),
+    ("pink", 0xffc0cb),
+    ("plum", 0xdda0dd),
+    ("powderblue", 0xb0e0e6),
+    ("purple", 0x800080),
+    ("rebeccapurple", 0x663399),
+    ("red", 0xff0000),
+    ("rosybrown", 0xbc8f8f),
+    ("royalblue", 0x4169e1),
+    ("saddlebrown", 0x8b4513),
+    ("salmon", 0xfa8072),
+    ("sandybrown", 0xf4a460),
+    ("seagreen", 0x2e8b57),
+    ("seashell", 0xfff5ee),
+    ("sienna", 0xa0522d),
+    ("silver", 0xc0c0c0),
+    ("skyblue", 0x87ceeb),
+    ("slateblue", 0x6a5acd),
+    ("slategray", 0x708090),
+    ("slategrey", 0x708090),
+    ("snow", 0xfffafa),
+    ("springgreen", 0x00ff7f),
+    ("steelblue", 0x4682b4),
+    ("tan", 0xd2b48c),
+    ("teal", 0x008080),
+    ("thistle", 0xd8bfd8),
+    ("tomato", 0xff6347),
+    ("turquoise", 0x40e0d0),
+    ("violet", 0xee82ee),
+    ("wheat", 0xf5deb3),
+    ("white", 0xffffff),
+    ("whitesmoke", 0xf5f5f5),
+    ("yellow", 0xffff00),
+    ("yellowgreen", 0x9acd32),
+];
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_css() {
+        assert_eq!(Color::hex("#ff8000"), Some(Color::from_bytes([255, 128, 0, 255])));
+        assert_eq!(Color::hex("#f80c"), Some(Color::from_bytes([255, 136, 0, 204])));
+        assert_eq!(Color::css("rgb(255, 0, 0)"), Some(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)));
+        assert_eq!(Color::css("rgba(0 0 255 / 50%)"), Some(Color::rgba(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.5)));
+        assert_eq!(Color::css("RebeccaPurple"), Color::hex("#663399"));
+        assert_eq!(Color::css("nope"), None);
+        assert!(NAMED.windows(2).all(|w| w[0].0 < w[1].0), "sorted for binary search");
+        assert_eq!(Color::hex("#336699").unwrap().to_string(), "#336699");
+        assert_eq!(Color::hex("#336699").unwrap().packed(), 0xff99_6633);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/expr/colormap.rs b/crates/latkit/src/expr/colormap.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f860b514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/expr/colormap.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::Color;
+use super::ramp::{self, Spread};
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// Colors for a range of values: one of the catalog's, or one of your own.
+///
+/// Sequential and diverging maps clamp, cyclic maps wrap, and categorical maps bin values by their
+/// integer part: category `i` takes color `i`, and may be named with [`Colormap::categories`].
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Colormap(Map);
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Map {
+    Catalog(u8),
+    Custom(Arc<Custom>),
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+struct Custom {
+    kind: ColormapKind,
+    count: u32,
+    texels: [[u8; 4]; 256],
+    categories: Vec<Arc<str>>,
+}
+
+/// How a colormap spans values.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum ColormapKind {
+    /// Low to high.
+    Sequential,
+    /// Below and above a middle.
+    Diverging,
+    /// Around a circle: values wrap.
+    Cyclic,
+    /// Distinct colors for distinct integers.
+    Categorical,
+}
+
+impl ColormapKind {
+    fn spread(self) -> Spread {
+        match self {
+            ColormapKind::Sequential | ColormapKind::Diverging => Spread::Continuous,
+            ColormapKind::Cyclic => Spread::Cyclic,
+            ColormapKind::Categorical => Spread::Categorical,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The code shaders read it by.
+    #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+    pub(crate) fn code(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            ColormapKind::Sequential => wgsl::COLORMAP_SEQUENTIAL,
+            ColormapKind::Diverging => wgsl::COLORMAP_DIVERGING,
+            ColormapKind::Cyclic => wgsl::COLORMAP_CYCLIC,
+            ColormapKind::Categorical => wgsl::COLORMAP_CATEGORICAL,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A colormap's color, at a place from 0 to 1 or evenly between its neighbors: from a [`Color`] or
+/// a `(place, Color)` pair.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Stop {
+    at: Option<f32>,
+    color: Color,
+}
+
+impl From<Color> for Stop {
+    fn from(color: Color) -> Stop {
+        Stop { at: None, color }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Color> for Stop {
+    fn from(color: &Color) -> Stop {
+        Stop::from(*color)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<(f32, Color)> for Stop {
+    fn from((at, color): (f32, Color)) -> Stop {
+        Stop { at: Some(at), color }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Entry {
+    name: &'static str,
+    label: &'static str,
+    kind: ColormapKind,
+    count: u32,
+    texels: [[u8; 4]; 256],
+}
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/colormaps.rs"));
+
+/// The catalog's names, in order.
+pub(crate) fn catalog() -> impl Iterator<Item = &'static str> {
+    CATALOG.iter().map(|e| e.name)
+}
+
+impl Colormap {
+    /// The catalog colormap named `name`, such as `"viridis"`.
+    pub fn named(name: &str) -> Option<Colormap> {
+        CATALOG.iter().position(|e| e.name == name).map(|i| Colormap(Map::Catalog(i as u8)))
+    }
+
+    /// A colormap through `stops`, colors or `(place, color)` pairs: blended in OKLab, so lightness
+    /// runs evenly, a color without a place evenly between its neighbors as in a CSS gradient; or
+    /// for a categorical map, one color per category. Fails without a stop, for places outside
+    /// `0..=1` or out of order, and for a categorical map's places or more than 256 categories.
+    pub fn new<S: Into<Stop>>(kind: ColormapKind, stops: impl IntoIterator<Item = S>) -> Result<Colormap> {
+        let stops: Vec<(Option<f32>, [f32; 4])> =
+            stops.into_iter().map(Into::into).map(|s: Stop| (s.at, s.color.to_array())).collect();
+        let places = || stops.iter().filter_map(|s| s.0);
+        let wrong: Option<Cow<'static, str>> = match kind {
+            _ if stops.is_empty() => Some("a colormap needs a color".into()),
+            ColormapKind::Categorical if places().next().is_some() => Some("a category's color has no place".into()),
+            ColormapKind::Categorical if stops.len() > 256 => {
+                Some(format!("a categorical map has at most 256 colors, not {}", stops.len()).into())
+            }
+            _ if places().any(|p| !(0.0..=1.0).contains(&p)) => Some("a color's place is from 0 to 1".into()),
+            _ if !places().is_sorted() => Some("colors' places ascend".into()),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(reason) = wrong {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(reason));
+        }
+        let texels = ramp::texels(kind.spread(), &stops);
+        Ok(Colormap(Map::Custom(Arc::new(Custom { kind, count: stops.len() as u32, texels, categories: Vec::new() }))))
+    }
+
+    /// The same categorical map with its categories named in order, from category 0: what its legend
+    /// lists. Panics for a continuous map.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn categories<S: Into<Arc<str>>>(&self, names: impl IntoIterator<Item = S>) -> Colormap {
+        assert_eq!(self.kind(), ColormapKind::Categorical, "only a categorical map has categories");
+        let categories = names.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
+        Colormap(Map::Custom(Arc::new(Custom {
+            kind: self.kind(),
+            count: self.count(),
+            texels: *self.texels(),
+            categories,
+        })))
+    }
+
+    /// The names of the categories, from category 0; none unless named.
+    pub(crate) fn named_categories(&self) -> &[Arc<str>] {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Map::Catalog(_) => &[],
+            Map::Custom(c) => &c.categories,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// How the colormap spans values.
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> ColormapKind {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Map::Catalog(i) => CATALOG[*i as usize].kind,
+            Map::Custom(c) => c.kind,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The catalog name, or `None` for a colormap of your own.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Map::Catalog(i) => Some(CATALOG[*i as usize].name),
+            Map::Custom(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A readable title, such as `"Red / Blue"`.
+    pub fn label(&self) -> &str {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Map::Catalog(i) => CATALOG[*i as usize].label,
+            Map::Custom(_) => "Custom",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The same colors in reverse order.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn reversed(&self) -> Colormap {
+        let mut texels = *self.texels();
+        match self.kind() {
+            ColormapKind::Categorical => texels[..self.count() as usize].reverse(),
+            _ => texels.reverse(),
+        }
+        if self.kind() == ColormapKind::Categorical {
+            let n = self.count() as usize;
+            for i in n..256 {
+                texels[i] = texels[i % n];
+            }
+        }
+        let categories = self.named_categories().to_vec();
+        Colormap(Map::Custom(Arc::new(Custom { kind: self.kind(), count: self.count(), texels, categories })))
+    }
+
+    /// The color at `t` in `0..=1`: clamped, wrapped for cyclic maps, binned for categorical maps.
+    pub fn sample(&self, t: f32) -> Color {
+        let texels = self.texels();
+        if self.kind() == ColormapKind::Categorical {
+            return Color::from_bytes(texels[(t.abs().floor() as usize) % self.count() as usize]);
+        }
+        let t = if self.kind() == ColormapKind::Cyclic { t - t.floor() } else { t.clamp(0.0, 1.0) };
+        let at = t * 255.0;
+        let (left, weight) = (at.floor() as usize, at - at.floor());
+        let (from, to) = (texels[left], texels[(left + 1).min(255)]);
+        let [red, green, blue, alpha] =
+            std::array::from_fn(|c| (f32::from(from[c]) * (1.0 - weight) + f32::from(to[c]) * weight) / 255.0);
+        Color::rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)
+    }
+
+    /// How many colors it was made from: a categorical map's categories.
+    pub fn count(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Map::Catalog(i) => CATALOG[*i as usize].count,
+            Map::Custom(c) => c.count,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn texels(&self) -> &[[u8; 4]; 256] {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Map::Catalog(i) => &CATALOG[*i as usize].texels,
+            Map::Custom(c) => &c.texels,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Identifies the colormap's colors, for sharing one texture layer.
+    pub(crate) fn key(&self) -> ColormapKey {
+        use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+        match &self.0 {
+            Map::Catalog(i) => ColormapKey::Catalog(*i),
+            Map::Custom(c) => {
+                let mut hasher = rustc_hash::FxHasher::default();
+                (c.kind, c.count, &c.texels).hash(&mut hasher);
+                ColormapKey::Custom(hasher.finish())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum ColormapKey {
+    Catalog(u8),
+    Custom(u64),
+}
+
+impl From<&Colormap> for Colormap {
+    fn from(colormap: &Colormap) -> Colormap {
+        colormap.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn catalog_maps_sample() {
+        assert_eq!(Colormap::named("viridis"), Some(Colormap::VIRIDIS));
+        assert_eq!(Colormap::VIRIDIS.kind(), ColormapKind::Sequential);
+        assert_eq!(Colormap::PHASE.kind(), ColormapKind::Cyclic);
+        assert_eq!(Colormap::NAMES.len(), 46);
+        let start = Colormap::VIRIDIS.sample(0.0).to_rgba8();
+        assert_eq!(start, [0x44, 0x01, 0x54, 255]);
+        assert_eq!(Colormap::TAB10.sample(11.0), Colormap::TAB10.sample(1.0));
+        assert_eq!(Colormap::GRAYS.sample(1.0).to_rgba8(), [255, 255, 255, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_maps_blend_and_reverse() {
+        let map = Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Sequential, [Color::BLACK, Color::WHITE]).unwrap();
+        // Blended in OKLab: half lightness, a darker byte than sRGB's middle.
+        assert!((95..105).contains(&map.sample(0.5).to_rgba8()[0]));
+        assert_eq!(map.reversed().sample(0.0).to_rgba8(), [255, 255, 255, 255]);
+        let placed = Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Sequential, [(0.0, Color::BLACK), (0.5, Color::WHITE)]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(placed.sample(0.75).to_rgba8(), [255, 255, 255, 255]);
+        let categories =
+            Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Categorical, [Color::BLACK, Color::WHITE, Color::TRANSPARENT]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(categories.reversed().sample(0.0), Color::TRANSPARENT);
+        let named = Colormap::TAB10.categories(["a", "b"]);
+        assert_eq!(named.sample(1.0), Colormap::TAB10.sample(1.0));
+        assert_eq!(named.reversed().named_categories(), named.named_categories());
+        assert_eq!(&*named.named_categories()[1], "b");
+        assert_eq!(named.key(), Colormap::TAB10.categories(["c"]).key());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrong_stops_fail() {
+        let wrong = |kind, stops: &[(f32, Color)]| Colormap::new(kind, stops.iter().copied()).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Sequential, [Color::BLACK; 0]).is_err());
+        assert!(wrong(ColormapKind::Sequential, &[(0.5, Color::BLACK), (0.2, Color::WHITE)]).contains("ascend"));
+        assert!(wrong(ColormapKind::Cyclic, &[(1.5, Color::BLACK)]).contains("0 to 1"));
+        assert!(wrong(ColormapKind::Categorical, &[(0.0, Color::BLACK)]).contains("no place"));
+        assert!(Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Categorical, [Color::BLACK; 257]).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/expr/compile.rs b/crates/latkit/src/expr/compile.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a772533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/expr/compile.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,761 @@
+//! Expressions to bytecode: each channel of a mark is a range of ops that ends in a store.
+//!
+//! Compilation type-checks against the data's fields and records what each channel depends on, so
+//! the view evaluates a channel only when one of its inputs changes.
+
+use std::ops::BitOr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::{Binary, Colormap, ColormapKind, Domain, Expr, FieldRef, Node, State, Unary};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Error, Kind, Name, Result};
+
+/// What a channel reads, so the view knows when to evaluate it again.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Deps(u8);
+
+impl Deps {
+    pub(crate) const DATA: Deps = Deps(1);
+    pub(crate) const SAMPLES: Deps = Deps(2);
+    pub(crate) const TIME: Deps = Deps(4);
+    pub(crate) const POINTER: Deps = Deps(8);
+    pub(crate) const FOCUS: Deps = Deps(16);
+    pub(crate) const DOMAIN: Deps = Deps(32);
+    pub(crate) const CAMERA: Deps = Deps(64);
+
+    pub(crate) fn intersects(self, other: Deps) -> bool {
+        self.0 & other.0 != 0
+    }
+}
+
+impl BitOr for Deps {
+    type Output = Deps;
+
+    fn bitor(self, other: Deps) -> Deps {
+        Deps(self.0 | other.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::BitOrAssign for Deps {
+    fn bitor_assign(&mut self, other: Deps) {
+        self.0 |= other.0;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Which words of a column's pages a program reads.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Words {
+    /// Numbers as `f32`, booleans as 0 or 1.
+    Values,
+    /// Text as dictionary codes.
+    Codes,
+    /// Reference rows as `u32`, `NONE` where unwired.
+    Bits,
+    /// A point's x.
+    X,
+    /// A point's y.
+    Y,
+    /// A geometry's points per row: a page's row count, each row's first point and the end, then
+    /// every point's x and y; parts are broken by a missing point.
+    Path,
+}
+
+/// A column a program reads: of the mark's own table, of another dataset's table joined by row id,
+/// or of the table the view derives beside the mark's own, row for row.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct ColumnUse {
+    pub(crate) of: Option<(Name, Name)>,
+    pub(crate) derived: bool,
+    pub(crate) name: Name,
+    pub(crate) words: Words,
+    pub(crate) sampled: bool,
+    pub(crate) step: bool,
+    /// Also read the part `f32` drops of an `f64`, for positions.
+    pub(crate) low: bool,
+    /// Read every frame in view, as a line tracing the field does.
+    pub(crate) trace: bool,
+}
+
+impl ColumnUse {
+    /// The mark's own field `name`, read as `words`.
+    fn own(name: impl Into<Name>, words: Words) -> ColumnUse {
+        ColumnUse {
+            of: None,
+            derived: false,
+            name: name.into(),
+            words,
+            sampled: false,
+            step: false,
+            low: false,
+            trace: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The derived field `name`, read as `words`.
+    fn derived(name: impl Into<Name>, words: Words) -> ColumnUse {
+        ColumnUse { derived: true, ..ColumnUse::own(name, words) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A constant holding a text's dictionary code in a column; the view writes it.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct TextUse {
+    pub(crate) constant: u32,
+    pub(crate) column: u32,
+    pub(crate) text: Arc<str>,
+}
+
+/// A mark's compiled channels and what they read.
+#[derive(Clone, Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Program {
+    pub(crate) code: Vec<[u32; 4]>,
+    pub(crate) constants: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Op ranges of every channel, then of every reduction.
+    pub(crate) ranges: Vec<[u32; 2]>,
+    pub(crate) channels: Vec<Channel>,
+    /// What each fitted domain's input reads.
+    pub(crate) domains: Vec<Reads>,
+    pub(crate) columns: Vec<ColumnUse>,
+    pub(crate) texts: Vec<TextUse>,
+    /// Colormap ops, whose layer the view writes.
+    pub(crate) colormaps: Vec<(u32, Colormap)>,
+    /// Tables that ends point at, by end index.
+    pub(crate) ends: Vec<Name>,
+    /// State words stored in position units.
+    pub(crate) units: u32,
+}
+
+/// What a channel or a fitted domain reads: kinds of input, and which of the program's columns.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Reads {
+    pub(crate) deps: Deps,
+    /// Bit `i` for column `i`; the last bit stands for every column past it.
+    pub(crate) columns: u64,
+}
+
+impl Reads {
+    pub(crate) fn column(index: usize) -> u64 {
+        1 << index.min(63)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Channel {
+    pub(crate) name: Name,
+    pub(crate) reads: Reads,
+}
+
+impl Program {
+    /// What all channels read together.
+    pub(crate) fn reads(&self) -> Deps {
+        self.channels.iter().fold(Deps::default(), |all, c| all | c.reads.deps)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a channel stores its value.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Store {
+    Number { word: u32, fallback: Option<u32> },
+    Size { word: u32, units: bool, fallback: Option<u32> },
+    Color { word: u32, fallback: u32 },
+    Flag { word: u32, bit: u32 },
+}
+
+/// The fields a mark's expressions can read.
+pub(crate) trait Fields {
+    /// The kind of `name` in the mark's table, or in `of`'s table.
+    fn kind(&self, of: Option<&(Name, Name)>, name: &str) -> Option<Kind>;
+    /// The table a reference field of the mark's table names.
+    fn target(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Name>;
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum Ty {
+    Number,
+    Bool,
+    Color,
+    Text,
+}
+
+const NONE: u32 = wgsl::NONE;
+
+pub(crate) struct Compiler<'a> {
+    fields: &'a dyn Fields,
+    program: Program,
+    depth: u32,
+    deps: Deps,
+    columns_read: u64,
+    /// Code of each fitted domain's reduction, placed after the channels by `finish`.
+    reductions: Vec<Vec<[u32; 4]>>,
+    reducing: bool,
+}
+
+fn invalid(reason: impl Into<std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>>) -> Error {
+    Error::invalid(reason)
+}
+
+impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(fields: &'a dyn Fields) -> Compiler<'a> {
+        Compiler {
+            fields,
+            program: Program::default(),
+            depth: 0,
+            deps: Deps::default(),
+            columns_read: 0,
+            reductions: Vec::new(),
+            reducing: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The kind of field `name` of the mark's table.
+    pub(crate) fn kind(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Kind> {
+        self.fields.kind(None, name)
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles `expr` into channel `name`, stored by `store`.
+    pub(crate) fn channel(&mut self, name: &str, expr: &Expr, store: Store) -> Result<()> {
+        let start = self.begin();
+        self.store(expr, store).map_err(|e| e.at(name))?;
+        self.close(name, start);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles a position channel. Plain number fields and point fields keep full precision.
+    pub(crate) fn position(&mut self, x: &Expr, y: &Expr, word: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let start = self.begin();
+        if let (Some(cx), Some(cy)) = (self.plain(x), self.plain(y)) {
+            self.deps |= Deps::DATA;
+            self.op(wgsl::OP_POSITION, word, cx, cy, 0, 0)?;
+        } else {
+            self.coordinate(x).map_err(|e| e.at("x"))?;
+            self.coordinate(y).map_err(|e| e.at("y"))?;
+            self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE_POSITION, word, 0, 0, 2, 0)?;
+        }
+        self.close("position", start);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles a position channel reading the place the view derives for each row, at full
+    /// precision.
+    pub(crate) fn derived_position(&mut self, word: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let start = self.begin();
+        let [x, y] =
+            ["x", "y"].map(|name| self.column(ColumnUse { low: true, ..ColumnUse::derived(name, Words::Values) }));
+        self.deps |= Deps::DATA;
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_POSITION, word, x, y, 0, 0)?;
+        self.close("position", start);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles channel `name` storing the number the view derives as field `field`.
+    pub(crate) fn derived(&mut self, name: &str, field: &str, store: Store) -> Result<()> {
+        let start = self.begin();
+        let column = self.column(ColumnUse::derived(field, Words::Values));
+        self.deps |= Deps::DATA;
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_FIELD, column, 0, 0, 0, 1)?;
+        self.store_op(store)?;
+        self.close(name, start);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The program column of the derived number field `field`, which shaders read directly.
+    pub(crate) fn derived_number(&mut self, field: &str) -> u32 {
+        self.column(ColumnUse::derived(field, Words::Values))
+    }
+
+    /// The program column of the derived geometry field `field`, read as points per row.
+    pub(crate) fn derived_path(&mut self, field: &str) -> u32 {
+        self.column(ColumnUse::derived(field, Words::Path))
+    }
+
+    /// The program column of the mark's geometry field `field`, read as points per row.
+    pub(crate) fn path(&mut self, field: &str) -> u32 {
+        self.column(ColumnUse::own(field, Words::Path))
+    }
+
+    /// The program column of the mark's reference field `name`, read as the rows it names.
+    pub(crate) fn bits(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<u32> {
+        if self.fields.kind(None, name) != Some(Kind::Reference) {
+            return Err(invalid("not a reference field"));
+        }
+        Ok(self.column(ColumnUse::own(name, Words::Bits)))
+    }
+
+    /// Refuses `expr` for option `name` when it reads anything but static fields: the CPU works it
+    /// out from the data alone, as it does a row's priority.
+    pub(crate) fn check_data(&self, name: &str, expr: &Expr) -> Result<()> {
+        match self.unstructural(expr) {
+            Some(reason) => Err(invalid(format!("{name} reads data only, not {reason}")).at(name)),
+            None => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Refuses `exprs` for option `name` when they read anything but static fields: where a
+    /// diagram's rows stand and how large they are is its structure, made from the data alone.
+    pub(crate) fn check_structure<'e>(&self, name: &str, exprs: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'e Expr>) -> Result<()> {
+        for expr in exprs {
+            if let Some(reason) = self.unstructural(expr) {
+                return Err(invalid(format!("a diagram's {name} reads data only, not {reason}")).at(name));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// What `expr` reads that structure cannot: view state or a sampled field.
+    fn unstructural(&self, expr: &Expr) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match &*expr.0 {
+            Node::State(State::Selected | State::Hovered) => Some("selection or hover"),
+            Node::State(State::Pointer) => Some("the pointer"),
+            Node::State(State::Elapsed) => Some("time"),
+            Node::State(State::Zoom) => Some("the zoom"),
+            Node::Field(f) if self.fields.kind(f.of.as_ref(), &f.name) == Some(Kind::Sampled) => {
+                Some("a sampled field")
+            }
+            Node::Unary(_, a) | Node::Is(a, _) | Node::Contains(a, _) => self.unstructural(a),
+            Node::Binary(_, a, b) => self.unstructural(a).or_else(|| self.unstructural(b)),
+            Node::When(c, a, b) => {
+                self.unstructural(c).or_else(|| self.unstructural(a)).or_else(|| self.unstructural(b))
+            }
+            Node::Scale { input, .. } | Node::Colormap { input, .. } => self.unstructural(input),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles end `index` of an edge: the vertex the reference field `name` names.
+    pub(crate) fn end(&mut self, name: &str, word: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let start = self.begin();
+        if self.fields.kind(None, name) != Some(Kind::Reference) {
+            return Err(invalid("not a reference field").at(name));
+        }
+        let target = self.fields.target(name).ok_or_else(|| invalid("not a reference field").at(name))?;
+        let column = self.column(ColumnUse::own(name, Words::Bits));
+        let index = self.program.ends.len() as u32;
+        self.program.ends.push(target);
+        self.deps |= Deps::DATA;
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE_END, word, column, index, 0, 0)?;
+        self.close(name, start);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles an end storing each row's own vertex slot at `word`: the vertex mark drawing the
+    /// mark's own table, row for row, as a pole stands on.
+    pub(crate) fn own_end(&mut self, table: &Name, word: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let start = self.begin();
+        let index = self.program.ends.len() as u32;
+        self.program.ends.push(table.clone());
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE_END, word, wgsl::NONE, index, 0, 0)?;
+        self.close("poles", start);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles channel `name` storing the code of text field `expr` at `word`, and returns the
+    /// program column whose dictionary names the codes.
+    pub(crate) fn text(&mut self, name: &str, expr: &Expr, word: u32) -> Result<u32> {
+        let Node::Field(f) = &*expr.0 else { return Err(invalid("a label's text is a text field").at(name)) };
+        if self.fields.kind(f.of.as_ref(), &f.name) != Some(Kind::Text) {
+            return Err(invalid("not a text field").at(&f.name).at(name));
+        }
+        let start = self.begin();
+        let column = self.field_column(f, Words::Codes, false);
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_FIELD, column, 0, 0, 0, 1)?;
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE_CODE, word, 0, 0, 1, 0)?;
+        self.close(name, start);
+        Ok(column)
+    }
+
+    /// The column of sampled field `name` that a line traces over the axis.
+    pub(crate) fn trace(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<u32> {
+        if self.fields.kind(None, name) != Some(Kind::Sampled) {
+            return Err(invalid("not a sampled field").at(name));
+        }
+        let use_ = ColumnUse { sampled: true, trace: true, ..ColumnUse::own(name, Words::Values) };
+        self.deps |= Deps::SAMPLES;
+        Ok(self.column(use_))
+    }
+
+    /// The program: channel ranges, then a range per fitted domain's reduction.
+    pub(crate) fn finish(mut self) -> Program {
+        for code in std::mem::take(&mut self.reductions) {
+            let start = self.program.code.len() as u32;
+            self.program.code.extend(code);
+            self.program.ranges.push([start, self.program.code.len() as u32]);
+        }
+        self.program
+    }
+
+    fn begin(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        self.depth = 0;
+        self.deps = Deps::default();
+        self.columns_read = 0;
+        self.program.code.len() as u32
+    }
+
+    fn close(&mut self, name: &str, start: u32) {
+        self.program.ranges.push([start, self.program.code.len() as u32]);
+        let reads = Reads { deps: self.deps, columns: self.columns_read };
+        self.program.channels.push(Channel { name: name.into(), reads });
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles channel `name` storing the theme's value in `slot`, for an option left unset.
+    pub(crate) fn theme(&mut self, name: &str, slot: u32, store: Store) -> Result<()> {
+        let start = self.begin();
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_THEME, slot, 0, 0, 0, 1)?;
+        self.store_op(store)?;
+        self.close(name, start);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn store(&mut self, expr: &Expr, store: Store) -> Result<()> {
+        let want = match store {
+            Store::Number { .. } | Store::Size { .. } => Ty::Number,
+            Store::Color { .. } => Ty::Color,
+            Store::Flag { .. } => Ty::Bool,
+        };
+        self.expect(expr, want)?;
+        self.store_op(store)
+    }
+
+    fn store_op(&mut self, store: Store) -> Result<()> {
+        let slot = |s: Option<u32>| s.unwrap_or(NONE);
+        match store {
+            Store::Number { word, fallback } => self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE, word, slot(fallback), 0, 1, 0),
+            Store::Size { word, units, fallback } => {
+                self.program.units |= u32::from(units) << word;
+                self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE, word, slot(fallback), 0, 1, 0)
+            }
+            Store::Color { word, fallback } => self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE_COLOR, word, fallback, 0, 1, 0),
+            Store::Flag { word, bit } => self.op(wgsl::OP_STORE_FLAG, word, bit, 0, 1, 0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The column of a plain number field or point component, with its low part.
+    fn plain(&mut self, e: &Expr) -> Option<u32> {
+        let Node::Field(f) = &*e.0 else { return None };
+        if f.of.is_some() || f.step {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let words = match (self.fields.kind(None, &f.name)?, f.component) {
+            (Kind::Number, None) => Words::Values,
+            (Kind::Point, Some(0)) => Words::X,
+            (Kind::Point, Some(1)) => Words::Y,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        Some(self.column(ColumnUse { low: true, ..ColumnUse::own(f.name.clone(), words) }))
+    }
+
+    fn coordinate(&mut self, e: &Expr) -> Result<()> {
+        if mentions_pointer(e) {
+            return Err(invalid("pointer() cannot place a position"));
+        }
+        self.expect(e, Ty::Number)
+    }
+
+    fn expect(&mut self, e: &Expr, want: Ty) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Node::Missing = &*e.0 {
+            let word = match want {
+                Ty::Color => wgsl::MISSING_COLOR,
+                Ty::Bool => 0,
+                Ty::Number | Ty::Text => wgsl::MISSING,
+            };
+            self.constant(word, want)?;
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        match (self.emit(e)?, want) {
+            (got, want) if got == want => Ok(()),
+            (Ty::Bool, Ty::Number) => Ok(()),
+            (got, want) => Err(invalid(format!("expected {}, found {}", ty_name(want), ty_name(got)))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit(&mut self, e: &Expr) -> Result<Ty> {
+        match &*e.0 {
+            Node::Number(v) => self.constant((*v as f32).to_bits(), Ty::Number),
+            Node::Bool(b) => self.constant(f32::from(u8::from(*b)).to_bits(), Ty::Bool),
+            Node::Color(c) => self.constant(c.packed(), Ty::Color),
+            Node::Missing => self.push(wgsl::OP_MISSING, 0, Ty::Number),
+            Node::Field(f) => self.field(f),
+            Node::State(State::Selected) => self.state(wgsl::OP_SELECTED, Deps::FOCUS, Ty::Bool),
+            Node::State(State::Hovered) => self.state(wgsl::OP_HOVERED, Deps::FOCUS, Ty::Bool),
+            Node::State(State::Pointer) => self.state(wgsl::OP_POINTER, Deps::POINTER, Ty::Number),
+            Node::State(State::Elapsed) => self.state(wgsl::OP_ELAPSED, Deps::TIME, Ty::Number),
+            Node::State(State::Zoom) => self.state(wgsl::OP_ZOOM, Deps::CAMERA, Ty::Number),
+            Node::Unary(op, a) => {
+                let ty = match (op, self.emit(a)?) {
+                    (Unary::Not, Ty::Bool) => Ty::Bool,
+                    (Unary::Not, t) => return Err(invalid(format!("not of {}", ty_name(t)))),
+                    (_, Ty::Number | Ty::Bool) => Ty::Number,
+                    (op, t) => return Err(invalid(format!("{op:?} of {}", ty_name(t)).to_lowercase())),
+                };
+                self.op(unary_code(*op), 0, 0, 0, 1, 1)?;
+                Ok(ty)
+            }
+            Node::Binary(op, a, b) => self.binary(*op, a, b),
+            Node::When(c, a, b) => {
+                self.expect(c, Ty::Bool).map_err(|e| e.at("when"))?;
+                // A missing value takes the other branch's type, so it goes last: a missing first
+                // branch swaps the branches and negates the condition.
+                let (a, b) = match (&*a.0, &*b.0) {
+                    (Node::Missing, Node::Missing) => (a, b),
+                    (Node::Missing, _) => {
+                        self.op(unary_code(Unary::Not), 0, 0, 0, 1, 1)?;
+                        (b, a)
+                    }
+                    _ => (a, b),
+                };
+                let ta = self.emit(a)?;
+                if let Node::Missing = &*b.0 {
+                    self.expect(b, ta)?;
+                    self.op(wgsl::OP_SELECT, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1)?;
+                    return Ok(ta);
+                }
+                let ty = match (ta, self.emit(b)?) {
+                    (a, b) if a == b => a,
+                    (Ty::Bool, Ty::Number) | (Ty::Number, Ty::Bool) => Ty::Number,
+                    (a, b) => return Err(invalid(format!("when chooses between {} and {}", ty_name(a), ty_name(b)))),
+                };
+                self.op(wgsl::OP_SELECT, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1)?;
+                Ok(ty)
+            }
+            Node::Contains(..) => Err(invalid("contains reads texts, which only a query holds")),
+            Node::Is(a, text) => {
+                let Node::Field(f) = &*a.0 else { return Err(invalid("is compares a text field")) };
+                if self.fields.kind(f.of.as_ref(), &f.name) != Some(Kind::Text) {
+                    return Err(invalid("is compares a text field").at(&f.name));
+                }
+                let column = self.field_column(f, Words::Codes, false);
+                self.op(wgsl::OP_FIELD, column, 0, 0, 0, 1)?;
+                let constant = self.program.constants.len() as u32;
+                self.program.constants.push(NONE);
+                self.program.texts.push(TextUse { constant, column, text: text.clone() });
+                self.op(wgsl::OP_CONST, constant, 0, 0, 0, 1)?;
+                self.op(wgsl::OP_EQ, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1)?;
+                Ok(Ty::Bool)
+            }
+            Node::Scale { input, domain, range } => {
+                self.expect(input, Ty::Number)?;
+                let d = self.domain(input, *domain)?;
+                let r = self.program.constants.len() as u32;
+                self.program.constants.extend([(range[0] as f32).to_bits(), (range[1] as f32).to_bits()]);
+                self.op(wgsl::OP_SCALE, d, r, 0, 1, 1)?;
+                Ok(Ty::Number)
+            }
+            Node::Colormap { input, colormap, domain } => {
+                self.expect(input, Ty::Number)?;
+                // A categorical map bins values by their integer part, so it has nothing to fit.
+                let domain = match domain {
+                    Domain::Fit if colormap.kind() == ColormapKind::Categorical => {
+                        Domain::Fixed([0.0, f64::from(colormap.count())])
+                    }
+                    _ => *domain,
+                };
+                let d = self.domain(input, domain)?;
+                let at = self.program.code.len() as u32;
+                self.program.colormaps.push((at, colormap.clone()));
+                self.op(wgsl::OP_COLORMAP, colormap.kind().code() << 16, d, colormap.count(), 1, 1)?;
+                Ok(Ty::Color)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn field(&mut self, f: &FieldRef) -> Result<Ty> {
+        let kind = self.fields.kind(f.of.as_ref(), &f.name).ok_or_else(|| match &f.of {
+            Some((data, table)) => invalid(format!("no field {} in {data}.{table}", f.name)),
+            None => invalid(format!("no field {}", f.name)),
+        })?;
+        let (words, ty, sampled) = match (kind, f.component) {
+            (Kind::Number, None) => (Words::Values, Ty::Number, false),
+            (Kind::Bool, None) => (Words::Values, Ty::Bool, false),
+            (Kind::Text, None) => (Words::Codes, Ty::Text, false),
+            (Kind::Sampled, None) => (Words::Values, Ty::Number, true),
+            (Kind::Point, Some(0)) => (Words::X, Ty::Number, false),
+            (Kind::Point, Some(1)) => (Words::Y, Ty::Number, false),
+            (Kind::Reference, _) => return Err(invalid("a reference names rows; read it as an end").at(&f.name)),
+            _ => return Err(invalid("not a number, boolean, or text field").at(&f.name)),
+        };
+        let column = self.field_column(f, words, sampled);
+        self.deps |= if sampled { Deps::SAMPLES } else { Deps::DATA };
+        self.op(wgsl::OP_FIELD, column, 0, 0, 0, 1)?;
+        Ok(ty)
+    }
+
+    fn field_column(&mut self, f: &FieldRef, words: Words, sampled: bool) -> u32 {
+        self.deps |= if sampled { Deps::SAMPLES } else { Deps::DATA };
+        let step = f.step && sampled;
+        self.column(ColumnUse { of: f.of.clone(), sampled, step, ..ColumnUse::own(f.name.clone(), words) })
+    }
+
+    fn column(&mut self, use_: ColumnUse) -> u32 {
+        let columns = &mut self.program.columns;
+        let i = columns.iter().position(|c| c == &use_).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            columns.push(use_);
+            columns.len() - 1
+        });
+        self.columns_read |= Reads::column(i);
+        i as u32
+    }
+
+    fn binary(&mut self, op: Binary, a: &Expr, b: &Expr) -> Result<Ty> {
+        let (ta, tb) = (self.emit(a)?, self.emit(b)?);
+        let numbers = matches!(ta, Ty::Number | Ty::Bool) && matches!(tb, Ty::Number | Ty::Bool);
+        let bools = ta == Ty::Bool && tb == Ty::Bool;
+        let ty = match op {
+            Binary::Add
+            | Binary::Sub
+            | Binary::Mul
+            | Binary::Div
+            | Binary::Rem
+            | Binary::Pow
+            | Binary::Min
+            | Binary::Max
+                if numbers =>
+            {
+                Ty::Number
+            }
+            Binary::Lt | Binary::Le | Binary::Gt | Binary::Ge | Binary::Eq | Binary::Ne if numbers => Ty::Bool,
+            Binary::Eq | Binary::Ne if ta == Ty::Color && tb == Ty::Color => Ty::Bool,
+            Binary::And | Binary::Or if bools => Ty::Bool,
+            _ => {
+                let hint = if ta == Ty::Text || tb == Ty::Text { "; compare text with is" } else { "" };
+                let reason = format!("{} of {} and {}{hint}", binary_name(op), ty_name(ta), ty_name(tb));
+                return Err(invalid(reason));
+            }
+        };
+        self.op(binary_code(op), 0, 0, 0, 2, 1)?;
+        Ok(ty)
+    }
+
+    /// A domain record in the constants; a fitted one adds a reduction of its input.
+    fn domain(&mut self, input: &Expr, domain: Domain) -> Result<u32> {
+        let at = self.program.constants.len() as u32;
+        match domain {
+            Domain::Fixed([a, b]) => {
+                self.program.constants.extend([0, (a as f32).to_bits(), (b as f32).to_bits(), 0]);
+            }
+            Domain::Fit => {
+                if self.reducing {
+                    return Err(invalid("a fitted domain's input cannot fit another domain; set one with domain"));
+                }
+                let index = self.program.domains.len() as u32;
+                self.program.domains.push(Reads::default());
+                self.program.constants.extend([1, 0, 0, index]);
+                // Compile the input again as a reduction; `finish` places it after the channels.
+                let saved = (std::mem::take(&mut self.program.code), self.depth, self.deps, self.columns_read);
+                self.depth = 0;
+                self.deps = Deps::default();
+                self.columns_read = 0;
+                self.reducing = true;
+                let result = self.expect(input, Ty::Number).and_then(|()| self.op(wgsl::OP_REDUCE, index, 0, 0, 1, 0));
+                self.reducing = false;
+                let reduction = std::mem::replace(&mut self.program.code, saved.0);
+                let reads = Reads { deps: self.deps, columns: self.columns_read };
+                self.depth = saved.1;
+                self.deps = saved.2 | Deps::DOMAIN;
+                self.columns_read = saved.3 | reads.columns;
+                result?;
+                self.program.domains[index as usize] = reads;
+                self.reductions.push(reduction);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(at)
+    }
+
+    fn state(&mut self, code: u32, deps: Deps, ty: Ty) -> Result<Ty> {
+        self.deps |= deps;
+        self.push(code, 0, ty)
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, code: u32, a: u32, ty: Ty) -> Result<Ty> {
+        self.op(code, a, 0, 0, 0, 1)?;
+        Ok(ty)
+    }
+
+    fn constant(&mut self, word: u32, ty: Ty) -> Result<Ty> {
+        let constants = &mut self.program.constants;
+        let i = constants.iter().position(|&c| c == word).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            constants.push(word);
+            constants.len() - 1
+        });
+        self.push(wgsl::OP_CONST, i as u32, ty)
+    }
+
+    fn op(&mut self, code: u32, a: u32, b: u32, c: u32, pops: u32, pushes: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        self.depth = self.depth - pops + pushes;
+        if self.depth > wgsl::STACK {
+            return Err(invalid("expression too deep"));
+        }
+        self.program.code.push([code, a, b, c]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn mentions_pointer(e: &Expr) -> bool {
+    match &*e.0 {
+        Node::State(State::Pointer) => true,
+        Node::Unary(_, a) | Node::Is(a, _) | Node::Contains(a, _) => mentions_pointer(a),
+        Node::Binary(_, a, b) => mentions_pointer(a) || mentions_pointer(b),
+        Node::When(c, a, b) => mentions_pointer(c) || mentions_pointer(a) || mentions_pointer(b),
+        Node::Scale { input, .. } | Node::Colormap { input, .. } => mentions_pointer(input),
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn unary_code(op: Unary) -> u32 {
+    match op {
+        Unary::Neg => wgsl::OP_NEG,
+        Unary::Not => wgsl::OP_NOT,
+        Unary::Abs => wgsl::OP_ABS,
+        Unary::Sqrt => wgsl::OP_SQRT,
+        Unary::Sin => wgsl::OP_SIN,
+        Unary::Cos => wgsl::OP_COS,
+        Unary::Floor => wgsl::OP_FLOOR,
+        Unary::Ln => wgsl::OP_LOG,
+        Unary::Exp => wgsl::OP_EXP,
+    }
+}
+
+fn binary_code(op: Binary) -> u32 {
+    match op {
+        Binary::Add => wgsl::OP_ADD,
+        Binary::Sub => wgsl::OP_SUB,
+        Binary::Mul => wgsl::OP_MUL,
+        Binary::Div => wgsl::OP_DIV,
+        Binary::Rem => wgsl::OP_MOD,
+        Binary::Pow => wgsl::OP_POW,
+        Binary::Min => wgsl::OP_MIN,
+        Binary::Max => wgsl::OP_MAX,
+        Binary::Lt => wgsl::OP_LT,
+        Binary::Le => wgsl::OP_LE,
+        Binary::Gt => wgsl::OP_GT,
+        Binary::Ge => wgsl::OP_GE,
+        Binary::Eq => wgsl::OP_EQ,
+        Binary::Ne => wgsl::OP_NE,
+        Binary::And => wgsl::OP_AND,
+        Binary::Or => wgsl::OP_OR,
+    }
+}
+
+fn binary_name(op: Binary) -> &'static str {
+    match op {
+        Binary::Add => "sum",
+        Binary::Sub => "difference",
+        Binary::Mul => "product",
+        Binary::Div => "quotient",
+        Binary::Rem => "remainder",
+        Binary::Pow => "power",
+        Binary::Min => "min",
+        Binary::Max => "max",
+        Binary::Lt | Binary::Le | Binary::Gt | Binary::Ge => "comparison",
+        Binary::Eq | Binary::Ne => "equality",
+        Binary::And => "and",
+        Binary::Or => "or",
+    }
+}
+
+fn ty_name(ty: Ty) -> &'static str {
+    match ty {
+        Ty::Number => "a number",
+        Ty::Bool => "a boolean",
+        Ty::Color => "a color",
+        Ty::Text => "a text",
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/expr/cpu.rs b/crates/latkit/src/expr/cpu.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d057b0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/expr/cpu.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+//! The expression machine on the CPU, for what a diagram's sheet reads (where rows stand, how large
+//! they are, and the texts its blocks fit) and what a query keeps, sorts, and selects. The GPU runs
+//! the same expressions for everything drawn; here they read fields, sampled ones at a coordinate.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+
+use super::{Binary, Domain, Expr, FieldRef, Node, Unary};
+use crate::Kind;
+use crate::data::{Data, Field, Geometry, Table, Value};
+
+/// The rows an expression reads: a table, and every dataset its joins may name.
+pub(crate) struct Rows<'a> {
+    pub(crate) table: &'a Table,
+    pub(crate) all: &'a [Data],
+    /// The axis coordinate sampled fields are read at: their last frame by default.
+    at: f64,
+    /// Fitted domains already reduced, by the input they reduce.
+    fitted: RefCell<FxHashMap<*const Node, [f64; 2]>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Rows<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(table: &'a Table, all: &'a [Data]) -> Rows<'a> {
+        Rows { table, all, at: f64::INFINITY, fitted: RefCell::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// The rows with sampled fields read at axis coordinate `at`.
+    pub(crate) fn at(mut self, at: f64) -> Rows<'a> {
+        self.at = at;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// `expr` for `row` as a number; `None` where it reads missing, or holds no number.
+    pub(crate) fn number(&self, expr: &Expr, row: usize) -> Option<f64> {
+        let v = self.eval(expr, row);
+        v.is_finite().then_some(v)
+    }
+
+    /// `expr` for every row, NaN where it reads missing, each made into a `T` by `make`: a plain
+    /// field read page by page, anything else row by row.
+    pub(crate) fn numbers<T>(&self, expr: &Expr, mut make: impl FnMut(f64) -> T) -> Vec<T> {
+        let n = self.table.len();
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+        match &*expr.0 {
+            Node::Number(v) => {
+                out.resize_with(n, || make(*v));
+                return out;
+            }
+            Node::Field(f) if f.of.is_none() => {
+                if let Some(Field::Values(column, _)) = self.table.field_named(&f.name) {
+                    let pages = column.pages().iter().map(|p| &p.values);
+                    match (column.kind(), f.component) {
+                        (Kind::Number | Kind::Bool, None) => {
+                            pages.for_each(|v| v.each_number(|x| out.push(make(x.unwrap_or(f64::NAN)))));
+                            return out;
+                        }
+                        (Kind::Point, Some(k)) => {
+                            let k = usize::from(k.min(1));
+                            for v in pages {
+                                let coords = v.geometry().map_or(&[][..], Geometry::coords);
+                                out.extend(
+                                    (0..v.len()).map(|i| make(if v.is_valid(i) { coords[i][k] } else { f64::NAN })),
+                                );
+                            }
+                            return out;
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        out.extend((0..n).map(|row| make(self.eval(expr, row))));
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// The text field `expr` names, for `row`.
+    pub(crate) fn text(&self, expr: &Expr, row: usize) -> Option<Arc<str>> {
+        let Node::Field(f) = &*expr.0 else { return None };
+        match self.value(f, row)? {
+            Value::Text(text) => Some(text),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Field `f`'s value for `row`: of the table, or of a joined one by the row's id.
+    fn value(&self, f: &FieldRef, row: usize) -> Option<Value> {
+        let value = match &f.of {
+            None => self.table.value(row, &f.name, self.at)?,
+            Some((data, table)) => {
+                let other = self.all.iter().find(|d| d.name() == data)?.table(table)?;
+                let key = self.table.ids.key(row)?;
+                other.value(other.row(key)?, &f.name, self.at)?
+            }
+        };
+        Some(match (value, f.component) {
+            (Value::Point(p), Some(k)) => Value::Number(p[usize::from(k.min(1))]),
+            (value, _) => value,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// `expr` as the GPU computes it, NaN standing for missing.
+    fn eval(&self, expr: &Expr, row: usize) -> f64 {
+        match &*expr.0 {
+            Node::Number(v) => *v,
+            Node::Bool(b) => f64::from(u8::from(*b)),
+            Node::Field(f) => match self.value(f, row) {
+                Some(Value::Number(n)) => n,
+                Some(Value::Bool(b)) => f64::from(u8::from(b)),
+                _ => f64::NAN,
+            },
+            Node::Unary(op, a) => unary(*op, self.eval(a, row)),
+            Node::Binary(op, a, b) => binary(*op, self.eval(a, row), self.eval(b, row)),
+            Node::When(c, a, b) => {
+                if self.eval(c, row) > 0.5 {
+                    self.eval(a, row)
+                } else {
+                    self.eval(b, row)
+                }
+            }
+            Node::Is(a, text) => {
+                let Node::Field(f) = &*a.0 else { return f64::NAN };
+                f64::from(u8::from(matches!(self.value(f, row), Some(Value::Text(t)) if *t == **text)))
+            }
+            Node::Contains(a, text) => {
+                let Node::Field(f) = &*a.0 else { return f64::NAN };
+                let held = |t: &str| t.to_lowercase().contains(&text.to_lowercase());
+                f64::from(u8::from(matches!(self.value(f, row), Some(Value::Text(t)) if held(&t))))
+            }
+            Node::Scale { input, domain, range } => {
+                let x = self.eval(input, row);
+                if !x.is_finite() {
+                    return x;
+                }
+                let [lo, hi] = match domain {
+                    Domain::Fixed(d) => *d,
+                    Domain::Fit => self.fit(input),
+                };
+                let span = hi - lo;
+                let t = if span == 0.0 { 0.5 } else { (x - lo) / span };
+                range[0] + (range[1] - range[0]) * t.clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+            }
+            Node::Color(_) | Node::Missing | Node::State(_) | Node::Colormap { .. } => f64::NAN,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The extent of `input` over every row, as a fitted domain reduces it.
+    fn fit(&self, input: &Expr) -> [f64; 2] {
+        let key = Arc::as_ptr(&input.0);
+        if let Some(&extent) = self.fitted.borrow().get(&key) {
+            return extent;
+        }
+        let mut extent = [f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY];
+        for row in 0..self.table.len() {
+            let x = self.eval(input, row);
+            if x.is_finite() {
+                extent = [extent[0].min(x), extent[1].max(x)];
+            }
+        }
+        if extent[0] > extent[1] {
+            extent = [0.0, 1.0];
+        }
+        self.fitted.borrow_mut().insert(key, extent);
+        extent
+    }
+}
+
+fn unary(op: Unary, a: f64) -> f64 {
+    match op {
+        Unary::Neg => -a,
+        Unary::Not => f64::from(u8::from(a <= 0.5)),
+        Unary::Abs => a.abs(),
+        Unary::Sqrt => a.sqrt(),
+        Unary::Sin => a.sin(),
+        Unary::Cos => a.cos(),
+        Unary::Floor => a.floor(),
+        Unary::Ln => a.ln(),
+        Unary::Exp => a.exp(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn binary(op: Binary, a: f64, b: f64) -> f64 {
+    let truth = |v: bool| f64::from(u8::from(v));
+    match op {
+        Binary::Add => a + b,
+        Binary::Sub => a - b,
+        Binary::Mul => a * b,
+        Binary::Div => a / b,
+        Binary::Rem => a - b * (a / b).floor(),
+        Binary::Pow => a.powf(b),
+        Binary::Min => a.min(b),
+        Binary::Max => a.max(b),
+        Binary::Lt => truth(a < b),
+        Binary::Le => truth(a <= b),
+        Binary::Gt => truth(a > b),
+        Binary::Ge => truth(a >= b),
+        Binary::Eq => truth(a == b),
+        Binary::Ne => truth(a != b),
+        Binary::And => truth(a > 0.5 && b > 0.5),
+        Binary::Or => truth(a > 0.5 || b > 0.5),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{Ids, Table, field, when};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn numbers_follow_the_gpu() {
+        let table = Table::new("T", Ids::count(3))
+            .field("w", vec![Some(10.0), None, Some(30.0)])
+            .field("on", vec![true, false, true]);
+        let rows = Rows::new(&table, &[]);
+        let size = field("w") * 2.0 + 4.0;
+        assert_eq!(rows.number(&size, 0), Some(24.0));
+        assert_eq!(rows.number(&size, 1), None, "missing stays missing");
+        let pick = when(field("on")).then(1.0).otherwise(2.0);
+        assert_eq!((0..3).map(|r| rows.number(&pick, r)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [Some(1.0), Some(2.0), Some(1.0)]);
+        let scaled: Expr = field("w").scale(0.0..=1.0).into();
+        assert_eq!(rows.number(&scaled, 2), Some(1.0), "a fitted domain spans the values");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/expr/form.rs b/crates/latkit/src/expr/form.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f56eb1e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/expr/form.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+//! Expressions, sizes, colors, and colormaps as JSON. A number or boolean is a constant, a string a
+//! field (or a hex color when it starts with `#`), and an object one node, named by its key:
+//!
+//! | Form                                                       | Builder                         |
+//! | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
+//! | `{ "field": "x", "of": ["data", "Table"], "step": true }`   | `field("x").of(..).step()`      |
+//! | `{ "color": "#ffb000" }`                                   | a color                         |
+//! | `{ "state": "selected" }`                                  | `selected()`, `hovered()`, …    |
+//! | `{ "missing": true }`                                      | `Expr::missing()`               |
+//! | `{ "op": "add", "args": [a, b] }`                          | `a + b`, `a.min(b)`, `!a`, …    |
+//! | `{ "when": [[c, v], …], "otherwise": e }`                  | `when(c).then(v)…otherwise(e)`  |
+//! | `{ "is": [a, "text"] }`, `{ "contains": [a, "text"] }`     | `a.is("text")`, `a.contains(..)` |
+//! | `{ "scale": [0, 1], "value": a, "domain": [lo, hi] }`      | `a.scale(..).domain(..)`        |
+//! | `{ "colormap": "viridis", "value": a, "domain": [lo, hi] }` | `a.colormap(..).domain(..)`     |
+//! | `{ "units": a, "atLeast": 2, "atMost": 20 }` (sizes only)  | `units(a).at_least(..)`         |
+//!
+//! Each object is its kind's form exactly: a key another kind has is refused. A map is a catalog name
+//! or `{ "kind": "sequential", "colors": ["black", [0.2, "red"], "white"] }`, a color placed as a
+//! `[place, color]` pair, and `categories` naming a categorical map's colors.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+use schemars::{JsonSchema, Schema, SchemaGenerator, json_schema};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::de::{self, DeserializeOwned, Deserializer};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value};
+
+use super::{Binary, Color, Colormap, ColormapKind, Expr, Node, Size, State, Stop, Unary, node};
+use crate::Name;
+
+/// The key naming each kind of expression object.
+const KINDS: &[&str] = &["field", "color", "state", "missing", "op", "when", "is", "contains", "scale", "colormap"];
+
+/// `T` read from JSON `value`, or why not.
+fn read<T: DeserializeOwned>(value: Value) -> Result<T, String> {
+    serde_json::from_value(value).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Expr {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Expr, D::Error> {
+        Expr::from_value(Value::deserialize(deserializer)?).map_err(de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Expr {
+    /// The expression JSON `value` writes.
+    pub(crate) fn from_value(value: Value) -> Result<Expr, String> {
+        match value {
+            Value::Number(n) => n.as_f64().map(Expr::from).ok_or_else(|| "a number within range".to_owned()),
+            Value::Bool(b) => Ok(b.into()),
+            Value::String(text) if text.starts_with('#') => {
+                Color::hex(&text).map(Expr::from).ok_or_else(|| format!("not a hex color: {text:?}"))
+            }
+            Value::String(name) => Ok(super::field(name)),
+            Value::Object(map) => object(map),
+            Value::Null | Value::Array(_) => {
+                Err("an expression is a number, a boolean, a field's name, or an expression object".to_owned())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The expression an object writes, read by the form of the kind its key names.
+fn object(map: Map<String, Value>) -> Result<Expr, String> {
+    let Some(&kind) = KINDS.iter().find(|&&k| map.contains_key(k)) else {
+        return Err(format!("an expression object has one of {}", KINDS.join(", ")));
+    };
+    let op = map.get("op").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_owned);
+    let value = Value::Object(map);
+    Ok(match kind {
+        "field" => {
+            let FieldNode { field, of, step } = read(value)?;
+            let expr = super::field(field);
+            let expr = match of {
+                Some((data, table)) => expr.of(data, table),
+                None => expr,
+            };
+            if step { expr.step() } else { expr }
+        }
+        "color" => read::<ColorNode>(value)?.color.into(),
+        "state" => node(Node::State(read::<StateNode>(value)?.state)),
+        "missing" => {
+            if !read::<MissingNode>(value)?.missing {
+                return Err("missing is true".to_owned());
+            }
+            Expr::missing()
+        }
+        "op" if op.as_deref().is_some_and(|op| named::<Unary>(op).is_ok()) => {
+            let UnaryNode { op, args: [a] } = read(value)?;
+            node(Node::Unary(op, a))
+        }
+        "op" => {
+            let BinaryNode { op, args: [a, b] } = read(value)?;
+            node(Node::Binary(op, a, b))
+        }
+        "when" => {
+            let WhenNode { when, otherwise } = read(value)?;
+            when.into_iter().rev().fold(otherwise, |rest, (c, v)| node(Node::When(c, v, rest)))
+        }
+        "is" => {
+            let IsNode { is: (a, text) } = read(value)?;
+            a.is(&text)
+        }
+        "contains" => {
+            let ContainsNode { contains: (a, text) } = read(value)?;
+            a.contains(&text)
+        }
+        "scale" => {
+            let ScaleNode { scale: [lo, hi], value, domain } = read(value)?;
+            domained(value.scale(lo..=hi), domain)
+        }
+        _ => {
+            let ColormapNode { colormap, value, domain } = read(value)?;
+            domained(value.colormap(colormap), domain)
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// `mapped` with `domain` when given, else fitting the values shown.
+fn domained(mapped: super::Mapped, domain: Option<[f64; 2]>) -> Expr {
+    match domain {
+        Some([lo, hi]) => mapped.domain(lo..=hi).into(),
+        None => mapped.into(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `name` read as one of the names `T` deserializes from.
+fn named<T: DeserializeOwned>(name: &str) -> Result<T, String> {
+    read(Value::String(name.to_owned()))
+}
+
+/// A field of each row: of the mark's own table, or of another dataset's table joined by row id.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct FieldNode {
+    field: Name,
+    /// The dataset and table the field is read from, joined by row id.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[data: string, table: string]"))]
+    of: Option<(Name, Name)>,
+    /// Reads a sampled field at its last frame without interpolating.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    step: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct ColorNode {
+    color: Color,
+}
+
+/// What the view knows of each row.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct StateNode {
+    state: State,
+}
+
+/// A missing value: options that read one take the theme's.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct MissingNode {
+    #[schemars(extend("const" = true))]
+    missing: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct UnaryNode {
+    op: Unary,
+    args: [Expr; 1],
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct BinaryNode {
+    op: Binary,
+    args: [Expr; 2],
+}
+
+/// The value of the first case whose condition holds, else `otherwise`.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct WhenNode {
+    #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[condition: ExprInput, value: ExprInput][]"))]
+    when: Vec<(Expr, Expr)>,
+    otherwise: Expr,
+}
+
+/// Whether a text field equals the text.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct IsNode {
+    #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[field: ExprInput, text: string]"))]
+    is: (Expr, String),
+}
+
+/// Whether a text field holds the text, ignoring case: read by queries, which hold texts.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct ContainsNode {
+    #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[field: ExprInput, text: string]"))]
+    contains: (Expr, String),
+}
+
+/// `value` mapped linearly onto the range `scale`, clamped: from its `domain`, else from the extent of
+/// the values shown.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct ScaleNode {
+    #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[low: number, high: number]"))]
+    scale: [f64; 2],
+    value: Expr,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[low: number, high: number]"))]
+    domain: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+}
+
+/// `value` through `colormap`: from its `domain`, else from the extent of the values shown.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct ColormapNode {
+    colormap: Colormap,
+    value: Expr,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[low: number, high: number]"))]
+    domain: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+}
+
+/// A size in position units, so it scales as the view zooms, kept within CSS pixels when given.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[allow(clippy::struct_field_names, reason = "its JSON is `{units, atLeast, atMost}`")]
+struct Units {
+    units: Expr,
+    /// CSS pixels it keeps at least, however far the view zooms out.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[schemars(range(min = 0))]
+    at_least: Option<f32>,
+    /// CSS pixels it keeps at most, however far the view zooms in.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[schemars(range(min = 0))]
+    at_most: Option<f32>,
+}
+
+/// An expression is its JSON, `ExprNode`; TypeScript also takes the builders that write it.
+impl JsonSchema for Expr {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Expr".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let mut schema = generator.subschema_for::<ExprNode>();
+        schema.insert("tsType".into(), "ExprInput".into());
+        schema
+    }
+}
+
+/// The JSON an expression is written as.
+struct ExprNode;
+
+impl JsonSchema for ExprNode {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "ExprNode".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let forms = [
+            generator.subschema_for::<FieldNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<ColorNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<StateNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<MissingNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<UnaryNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<BinaryNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<WhenNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<IsNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<ContainsNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<ScaleNode>(),
+            generator.subschema_for::<ColormapNode>(),
+        ];
+        let mut any = vec![
+            json_schema!({ "type": "number" }),
+            json_schema!({ "type": "boolean" }),
+            json_schema!({ "type": "string", "description": "A field's name, or a hex color when it starts with `#`." }),
+        ];
+        any.extend(forms);
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "A value for every row of a mark: a constant, a field, view state, or arithmetic of them.",
+            "anyOf": any,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Size {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Size, D::Error> {
+        let value = Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        if !value.as_object().is_some_and(|map| map.contains_key("units")) {
+            return Expr::from_value(value).map(Size::from).map_err(de::Error::custom);
+        }
+        let Units { units, at_least, at_most } = read(value).map_err(de::Error::custom)?;
+        Ok(Size { expr: units, units: true, px: [at_least.unwrap_or(0.0).max(0.0), at_most.unwrap_or(f32::INFINITY)] })
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Size {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Size".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let expr = generator.subschema_for::<Expr>();
+        let units = generator.subschema_for::<Units>();
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "A size: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`.",
+            "anyOf": [expr, units],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Color {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Color, D::Error> {
+        let css = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Color::css(&css).ok_or_else(|| de::Error::custom(format!("not a CSS color: {css:?}")))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A color writes as CSS `rgba(…)`, read back exactly: whole channels as bytes, alpha as it is.
+impl serde::Serialize for Color {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        let channel = |v: f32| {
+            let byte = v * 255.0;
+            if (byte - byte.round()).abs() < 1e-3 { byte.round() } else { byte }
+        };
+        let [r, g, b] = [self.r, self.g, self.b].map(channel);
+        serializer.serialize_str(&format!("rgba({r}, {g}, {b}, {})", self.a))
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Color {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Color".into()
+    }
+
+    fn inline_schema() -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(_: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "A CSS color, such as `#ffb000` or `rebeccapurple`.",
+            "tsType": "Color",
+            "type": "string",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Your own colormap: its kind, its colors, and for a categorical map its categories' names.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+struct CustomColormap {
+    kind: ColormapKind,
+    /// Colors blended in OKLab, each at its `[place, color]` from 0 to 1 or evenly between its
+    /// neighbors, as in a CSS gradient; a categorical map's, one per category.
+    colors: Vec<Stop>,
+    /// The categories' names, in order, for a legend: a categorical map's alone.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    categories: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Colormap {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Colormap, D::Error> {
+        let value = Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        if let Value::String(name) = &value {
+            return Colormap::named(name).ok_or_else(|| de::Error::custom(format!("no colormap named {name:?}")));
+        }
+        let CustomColormap { kind, colors, categories } = read(value).map_err(de::Error::custom)?;
+        if kind != ColormapKind::Categorical && !categories.is_empty() {
+            return Err(de::Error::custom("only a categorical map has categories"));
+        }
+        let map = Colormap::new(kind, colors).map_err(|e| match e {
+            crate::Error::Invalid { reason, .. } => de::Error::custom(reason),
+            e => de::Error::custom(e),
+        })?;
+        Ok(if categories.is_empty() { map } else { map.categories(categories) })
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Colormap {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Colormap".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let names: Vec<&str> = super::colormap::catalog().collect();
+        generator.definitions_mut().insert(
+            "ColormapName".into(),
+            serde_json::json!({ "description": "A colormap of the catalog.", "type": "string", "enum": names }),
+        );
+        let colors = generator.subschema_for::<CustomColormap>();
+        json_schema!({
+            "description": "Colors for a range of values: a catalog name, or your own colors.",
+            "anyOf": [{ "$ref": "#/$defs/ColormapName" }, colors],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Stop {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Stop, D::Error> {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        #[serde(untagged)]
+        enum Form {
+            Color(Color),
+            Placed(f32, Color),
+        }
+        Ok(match Form::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+            Form::Color(color) => color.into(),
+            Form::Placed(at, color) => (at, color).into(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl JsonSchema for Stop {
+    fn schema_name() -> Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Stop".into()
+    }
+
+    fn inline_schema() -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(generator: &mut SchemaGenerator) -> Schema {
+        let color = generator.subschema_for::<Color>();
+        json_schema!({
+            "anyOf": [
+                color,
+                {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "prefixItems": [{ "type": "number", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 1 }, color],
+                    "minItems": 2,
+                    "maxItems": 2,
+                },
+            ],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{field, selected, when};
+
+    fn parse(json: &str) -> Expr {
+        serde_json::from_str(json).expect("an expression")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn forms_match_builders() {
+        assert_eq!(parse("\"vm\""), field("vm"));
+        assert_eq!(parse("2.5"), Expr::from(2.5));
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#"{"op": "add", "args": ["a", 1]}"#), field("a") + 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#"{"op": "not", "args": ["on"]}"#), !field("on"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse(r##"{"when": [[{"state": "selected"}, {"color": "#ff0000"}]], "otherwise": "c"}"##),
+            when(selected()).then(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)).otherwise(field("c"))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse(r#"{"colormap": "balance", "value": "vm", "domain": [0.9, 1.1]}"#),
+            field("vm").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.9..=1.1).into()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#"{"scale": [2, 8], "value": "kv"}"#), field("kv").scale(2.0..=8.0).into());
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#"{"contains": ["name", "lake"]}"#), field("name").contains("lake"));
+        let size: Size = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"units": 3}"#).expect("a size");
+        assert_eq!(size, crate::units(3.0));
+        let size: Size = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"units": 3, "atLeast": 2, "atMost": 20}"#).expect("a size");
+        assert_eq!(size, crate::units(3.0).at_least(2.0).at_most(20.0));
+        let map: Colormap =
+            serde_json::from_str(r#"{"kind": "sequential", "colors": ["black", [0.25, "red"], "white"]}"#)
+                .expect("a map");
+        let stops = [Stop::from(Color::BLACK), (0.25, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)).into(), Color::WHITE.into()];
+        assert_eq!(map, Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Sequential, stops).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn errors_name_what_is_wrong() {
+        let error = serde_json::from_str::<Expr>(r#"{"field": "a", "color": "red"}"#).expect_err("two kinds");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("color"), "{error}");
+        let error = serde_json::from_str::<Expr>(r#"{"field": "a", "map": "viridis"}"#).expect_err("a stray key");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("map"), "{error}");
+        let error = serde_json::from_str::<Expr>(r#"{"op": "frob", "args": []}"#).expect_err("unknown op");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("frob"), "{error}");
+        let error = serde_json::from_str::<Expr>(r#"{"op": "add", "args": ["a"]}"#).expect_err("two arguments");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains('2'), "{error}");
+        let error = serde_json::from_str::<Colormap>(r#"{"kind": "cyclic", "colors": [[0.5, "red"], [0.2, "blue"]]}"#)
+            .expect_err("descending places");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("ascend"), "{error}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/expr/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/expr/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fc49a38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/expr/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+//! Per-row values: expressions over fields and view state, compiled to bytecode the GPU runs.
+
+mod color;
+mod colormap;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub(crate) mod compile;
+pub(crate) mod cpu;
+mod form;
+mod ramp;
+
+use std::ops::{Add, BitAnd, BitOr, Div, Mul, Neg, Not, RangeInclusive, Rem, Sub};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub use color::Color;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub(crate) use colormap::ColormapKey;
+pub use colormap::{Colormap, ColormapKind, Stop};
+
+use crate::Name;
+
+/// A value for every row of a mark: a constant, a field, view state, or arithmetic of them.
+///
+/// A `&str` converts to the field of that name, so options read fields by name:
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{field, when, selected, Colormap, Color};
+/// let color = field("vm").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.95..=1.05);
+/// let radius = 4.0 + field("load") / 100.0;
+/// let status = when(selected()).then(Color::hex("#ffb000").unwrap()).otherwise(color);
+/// let high_voltage = field("kv").ge(230.0) & field("kind").is("substation");
+/// ```
+///
+/// Expressions compile to bytecode; changing one never compiles a shader.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Expr(pub(crate) Arc<Node>);
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Node {
+    Number(f64),
+    Bool(bool),
+    Color(Color),
+    Missing,
+    Field(FieldRef),
+    State(State),
+    Unary(Unary, Expr),
+    Binary(Binary, Expr, Expr),
+    When(Expr, Expr, Expr),
+    Is(Expr, Arc<str>),
+    Contains(Expr, Arc<str>),
+    Scale { input: Expr, domain: Domain, range: [f64; 2] },
+    Colormap { input: Expr, colormap: Colormap, domain: Domain },
+}
+
+/// A field read: of the mark's own table, or of another dataset's table joined by row id.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct FieldRef {
+    pub(crate) name: Name,
+    pub(crate) of: Option<(Name, Name)>,
+    pub(crate) step: bool,
+    /// For a point geometry: 0 for x, 1 for y.
+    pub(crate) component: Option<u8>,
+}
+
+/// What the view knows of each row.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub(crate) enum State {
+    Selected,
+    Hovered,
+    Pointer,
+    Elapsed,
+    Zoom,
+}
+
+/// An operation of one value.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub(crate) enum Unary {
+    Neg,
+    Not,
+    Abs,
+    Sqrt,
+    Sin,
+    Cos,
+    Floor,
+    Ln,
+    Exp,
+}
+
+/// An operation of two values.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub(crate) enum Binary {
+    Add,
+    Sub,
+    Mul,
+    Div,
+    Rem,
+    Pow,
+    Min,
+    Max,
+    Lt,
+    Le,
+    Gt,
+    Ge,
+    Eq,
+    Ne,
+    And,
+    Or,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Domain {
+    /// The extent of the values shown, reduced on the GPU.
+    Fit,
+    Fixed([f64; 2]),
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn node(node: Node) -> Expr {
+    Expr(Arc::new(node))
+}
+
+/// The field `name` of each row.
+pub fn field(name: impl Into<Name>) -> Expr {
+    node(Node::Field(FieldRef { name: name.into(), of: None, step: false, component: None }))
+}
+
+/// Starts a conditional: `when(c).then(a).when(d).then(b).otherwise(e)`.
+pub fn when(condition: impl Into<Expr>) -> When {
+    When { cases: Vec::new(), condition: condition.into() }
+}
+
+/// Whether the row is selected.
+pub fn selected() -> Expr {
+    node(Node::State(State::Selected))
+}
+
+/// Whether the pointer is over the row.
+pub fn hovered() -> Expr {
+    node(Node::State(State::Hovered))
+}
+
+/// CSS pixels from a vertex to the pointer; for vertices only, and not in their position.
+pub fn pointer() -> Expr {
+    node(Node::State(State::Pointer))
+}
+
+/// Seconds since the view was created; a mark that reads it redraws every frame.
+pub fn elapsed() -> Expr {
+    node(Node::State(State::Elapsed))
+}
+
+/// The camera's zoom: the web mercator level on the earth, log₂ CSS pixels per unit elsewhere. Options
+/// that read it change with the view, as levels of detail do.
+pub fn zoom() -> Expr {
+    node(Node::State(State::Zoom))
+}
+
+/// A size measured in position units, so it scales as the view zooms; [`Size::at_least`] and
+/// [`Size::at_most`] keep it within CSS pixels.
+pub fn units(size: impl Into<Expr>) -> Size {
+    Size { expr: size.into(), units: true, px: Size::ANY }
+}
+
+macro_rules! unary {
+    ($($(#[$doc:meta])* $name:ident => $op:ident),* $(,)?) => {$(
+        $(#[$doc])*
+        #[must_use]
+        pub fn $name(self) -> Expr {
+            node(Node::Unary(Unary::$op, self))
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+macro_rules! binary {
+    ($($(#[$doc:meta])* $name:ident => $op:ident),* $(,)?) => {$(
+        $(#[$doc])*
+        #[must_use]
+        pub fn $name(self, other: impl Into<Expr>) -> Expr {
+            node(Node::Binary(Binary::$op, self, other.into()))
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+impl Expr {
+    /// A missing value: options that read one take the theme's value.
+    pub fn missing() -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Missing)
+    }
+
+    unary!(
+        /// The absolute value.
+        abs => Abs,
+        /// The square root.
+        sqrt => Sqrt,
+        /// The sine of radians.
+        sin => Sin,
+        /// The cosine of radians.
+        cos => Cos,
+        /// The largest integer at most the value.
+        floor => Floor,
+        /// The natural logarithm.
+        ln => Ln,
+        /// `e` raised to the value.
+        exp => Exp,
+    );
+
+    binary!(
+        /// The smaller value.
+        min => Min,
+        /// The larger value.
+        max => Max,
+        /// The value raised to `other`.
+        pow => Pow,
+        /// Whether the value is less than `other`.
+        lt => Lt,
+        /// Whether the value is at most `other`.
+        le => Le,
+        /// Whether the value is greater than `other`.
+        gt => Gt,
+        /// Whether the value is at least `other`.
+        ge => Ge,
+        /// Whether the value equals `other`.
+        eq => Eq,
+        /// Whether the value differs from `other`.
+        ne => Ne,
+    );
+
+    /// The value clamped to `low..=high`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn clamp(self, low: impl Into<Expr>, high: impl Into<Expr>) -> Expr {
+        self.max(low).min(high)
+    }
+
+    /// 0 below `from`, 1 above `to`, and a smooth step between.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn smoothstep(self, from: impl Into<Expr>, to: impl Into<Expr>) -> Expr {
+        let (from, to) = (from.into(), to.into());
+        let t = ((self - from.clone()) / (to - from)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        t.clone() * t.clone() * (3.0 - 2.0 * t)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a text field equals `text`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is(self, text: &str) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Is(self, text.into()))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a text field holds `text`, ignoring case. Only a [`Query`](crate::Query) reads it, as
+    /// the GPU holds no texts.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn contains(self, text: &str) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Contains(self, text.into()))
+    }
+
+    /// Reads this expression's fields from `table` of dataset `data`, joined by row id.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn of(self, data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>) -> Expr {
+        let of = (data.into(), table.into());
+        self.map_fields(&|f| FieldRef { of: Some(of.clone()), ..f.clone() })
+    }
+
+    /// Reads sampled fields at the last frame at or before the shown coordinate, without
+    /// interpolating to the next.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn step(self) -> Expr {
+        self.map_fields(&|f| FieldRef { step: true, ..f.clone() })
+    }
+
+    /// The value through `colormap`; the domain fits the values shown unless set by
+    /// [`Mapped::domain`].
+    pub fn colormap(self, colormap: impl Into<Colormap>) -> Mapped {
+        Mapped(node(Node::Colormap { input: self, colormap: colormap.into(), domain: Domain::Fit }))
+    }
+
+    /// The value mapped linearly onto `range`, clamped; the domain fits the values shown unless set
+    /// by [`Mapped::domain`].
+    pub fn scale(self, range: RangeInclusive<f64>) -> Mapped {
+        let range = [*range.start(), *range.end()];
+        Mapped(node(Node::Scale { input: self, domain: Domain::Fit, range }))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn component(name: impl Into<Name>, component: u8) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Field(FieldRef { name: name.into(), of: None, step: false, component: Some(component) }))
+    }
+
+    fn map_fields(&self, f: &impl Fn(&FieldRef) -> FieldRef) -> Expr {
+        match &*self.0 {
+            Node::Field(field) => node(Node::Field(f(field))),
+            Node::Unary(op, a) => node(Node::Unary(*op, a.map_fields(f))),
+            Node::Binary(op, a, b) => node(Node::Binary(*op, a.map_fields(f), b.map_fields(f))),
+            Node::When(c, a, b) => node(Node::When(c.map_fields(f), a.map_fields(f), b.map_fields(f))),
+            Node::Is(a, text) => node(Node::Is(a.map_fields(f), text.clone())),
+            Node::Contains(a, text) => node(Node::Contains(a.map_fields(f), text.clone())),
+            Node::Scale { input, domain, range } => {
+                node(Node::Scale { input: input.map_fields(f), domain: *domain, range: *range })
+            }
+            Node::Colormap { input, colormap, domain } => {
+                node(Node::Colormap { input: input.map_fields(f), colormap: colormap.clone(), domain: *domain })
+            }
+            Node::Number(_) | Node::Bool(_) | Node::Color(_) | Node::Missing | Node::State(_) => self.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Calls `f` with every field the expression reads.
+    pub(crate) fn for_each_field<'e>(&'e self, f: &mut impl FnMut(&'e FieldRef)) {
+        match &*self.0 {
+            Node::Field(field) => f(field),
+            Node::Unary(_, a)
+            | Node::Is(a, _)
+            | Node::Contains(a, _)
+            | Node::Scale { input: a, .. }
+            | Node::Colormap { input: a, .. } => a.for_each_field(f),
+            Node::Binary(_, a, b) => {
+                a.for_each_field(f);
+                b.for_each_field(f);
+            }
+            Node::When(c, a, b) => {
+                c.for_each_field(f);
+                a.for_each_field(f);
+                b.for_each_field(f);
+            }
+            Node::Number(_) | Node::Bool(_) | Node::Color(_) | Node::Missing | Node::State(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a domain fits the values of every row: each row's value then reads them all.
+    pub(crate) fn fits(&self) -> bool {
+        match &*self.0 {
+            Node::Scale { domain: Domain::Fit, .. } | Node::Colormap { domain: Domain::Fit, .. } => true,
+            Node::Unary(_, a)
+            | Node::Is(a, _)
+            | Node::Contains(a, _)
+            | Node::Scale { input: a, .. }
+            | Node::Colormap { input: a, .. } => a.fits(),
+            Node::Binary(_, a, b) => a.fits() || b.fits(),
+            Node::When(c, a, b) => c.fits() || a.fits() || b.fits(),
+            Node::Number(_) | Node::Bool(_) | Node::Color(_) | Node::Missing | Node::Field(_) | Node::State(_) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The field's name, when the expression is a field of its own table read as it is.
+    pub(crate) fn field_name(&self) -> Option<&Name> {
+        match &*self.0 {
+            Node::Field(f) if f.of.is_none() && f.component.is_none() => Some(&f.name),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The first colormap a color maps through, and its domain when set: what a legend shows. A
+    /// conditional's general case, its `otherwise`, comes before the cases it makes exceptions for.
+    pub(crate) fn colormap_of(&self) -> Option<(&Colormap, Option<[f64; 2]>)> {
+        match &*self.0 {
+            Node::Colormap { colormap, domain, .. } => {
+                Some((colormap, if let Domain::Fixed(domain) = domain { Some(*domain) } else { None }))
+            }
+            Node::Unary(_, a) | Node::Is(a, _) | Node::Contains(a, _) => a.colormap_of(),
+            Node::Binary(_, a, b) => a.colormap_of().or_else(|| b.colormap_of()),
+            Node::When(c, a, b) => b.colormap_of().or_else(|| a.colormap_of()).or_else(|| c.colormap_of()),
+            Node::Scale { input, .. } => input.colormap_of(),
+            Node::Number(_) | Node::Bool(_) | Node::Color(_) | Node::Missing | Node::Field(_) | Node::State(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A value mapped through a colormap or onto a range, whose domain can be set.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Mapped(Expr);
+
+impl Mapped {
+    /// The input values that map to the ends of the range or colormap.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn domain(self, domain: RangeInclusive<f64>) -> Mapped {
+        let fixed = Domain::Fixed([*domain.start(), *domain.end()]);
+        Mapped(match &*self.0.0 {
+            Node::Colormap { input, colormap, .. } => {
+                node(Node::Colormap { input: input.clone(), colormap: colormap.clone(), domain: fixed })
+            }
+            Node::Scale { input, range, .. } => {
+                node(Node::Scale { input: input.clone(), domain: fixed, range: *range })
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!("a mapped value is a colormap or a scale"),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Mapped> for Expr {
+    fn from(mapped: Mapped) -> Expr {
+        mapped.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// The open cases of a [`when`].
+pub struct When {
+    cases: Vec<(Expr, Expr)>,
+    condition: Expr,
+}
+
+/// The cases of a [`when`], waiting for another case or the value otherwise.
+pub struct Then {
+    cases: Vec<(Expr, Expr)>,
+}
+
+impl When {
+    /// The value where the condition holds.
+    pub fn then(mut self, value: impl Into<Expr>) -> Then {
+        self.cases.push((self.condition, value.into()));
+        Then { cases: self.cases }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Then {
+    /// Another case, tried when the earlier ones do not hold.
+    pub fn when(self, condition: impl Into<Expr>) -> When {
+        When { cases: self.cases, condition: condition.into() }
+    }
+
+    /// The value where no case holds.
+    pub fn otherwise(self, value: impl Into<Expr>) -> Expr {
+        self.cases.into_iter().rev().fold(value.into(), |otherwise, (c, v)| node(Node::When(c, v, otherwise)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A size: CSS pixels, or position units with [`units`], kept within a range of CSS pixels.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Size {
+    pub(crate) expr: Expr,
+    pub(crate) units: bool,
+    /// The CSS pixels it keeps within, at any zoom.
+    pub(crate) px: [f32; 2],
+}
+
+impl Size {
+    /// Any number of CSS pixels.
+    pub(crate) const ANY: [f32; 2] = [0.0, f32::INFINITY];
+
+    /// Keeps at least `px` CSS pixels however far the view zooms out: `units(field("r")).at_least(2.0)`
+    /// grows with the map and never vanishes. A marker keeps its proportions, its larger side held.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn at_least(mut self, px: f32) -> Size {
+        self.px[0] = px.max(0.0);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps at most `px` CSS pixels however far the view zooms in.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn at_most(mut self, px: f32) -> Size {
+        self.px[1] = px.max(0.0);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Into<Expr>> From<T> for Size {
+    fn from(value: T) -> Size {
+        Size { expr: value.into(), units: false, px: Size::ANY }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Expr {
+    fn from(name: &str) -> Expr {
+        field(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Expr {
+    fn from(name: String) -> Expr {
+        field(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Name> for Expr {
+    fn from(name: &Name) -> Expr {
+        field(name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<f64> for Expr {
+    fn from(value: f64) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Number(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<f32> for Expr {
+    fn from(value: f32) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Number(f64::from(value)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<i32> for Expr {
+    fn from(value: i32) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Number(f64::from(value)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<bool> for Expr {
+    fn from(value: bool) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Bool(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Color> for Expr {
+    fn from(value: Color) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Color(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Expr> for Expr {
+    fn from(value: &Expr) -> Expr {
+        value.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! operators {
+    ($($trait:ident $method:ident $op:ident),*) => {$(
+        impl<R: Into<Expr>> $trait<R> for Expr {
+            type Output = Expr;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: R) -> Expr {
+                node(Node::Binary(Binary::$op, self, other.into()))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $trait<Expr> for f64 {
+            type Output = Expr;
+
+            fn $method(self, other: Expr) -> Expr {
+                node(Node::Binary(Binary::$op, Expr::from(self), other))
+            }
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+operators!(Add add Add, Sub sub Sub, Mul mul Mul, Div div Div, Rem rem Rem, BitAnd bitand And, BitOr bitor Or);
+
+impl Neg for Expr {
+    type Output = Expr;
+
+    fn neg(self) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Unary(Unary::Neg, self))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Not for Expr {
+    type Output = Expr;
+
+    fn not(self) -> Expr {
+        node(Node::Unary(Unary::Not, self))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn when_folds_right_to_left() {
+        let e = when(selected()).then(1.0).when(hovered()).then(2.0).otherwise(3.0);
+        let Node::When(c, a, rest) = &*e.0 else { panic!("a when") };
+        assert_eq!(c, &selected());
+        assert_eq!(a, &Expr::from(1.0));
+        assert!(matches!(&*rest.0, Node::When(..)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn domain_applies_to_the_mapping_whatever_the_order() {
+        let a: Expr = field("vm").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.9..=1.1).into();
+        let Node::Colormap { domain, .. } = &*a.0 else { panic!("a colormap") };
+        assert_eq!(*domain, Domain::Fixed([0.9, 1.1]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn of_reaches_every_field() {
+        let e = (field("a") + field("b")).of("weather", "Station");
+        let Node::Binary(_, a, b) = &*e.0 else { panic!("a sum") };
+        for side in [a, b] {
+            let Node::Field(f) = &*side.0 else { panic!("a field") };
+            assert_eq!(f.of, Some(("weather".into(), "Station".into())));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/expr/ramp.rs b/crates/latkit/src/expr/ramp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c416be0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/expr/ramp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//! A colormap's 256 texels from its stops, made one way for the catalog the build bakes and for the
+//! maps made at run time: blended in OKLab, so lightness runs evenly; wrapping when cyclic; a stop a
+//! texel in turn when categorical. Free of the crate, so the build script includes it as it is.
+
+/// How a ramp spans its stops.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Spread {
+    /// From the first stop to the last.
+    Continuous,
+    /// Around a circle: past the last stop, back to the first.
+    Cyclic,
+    /// A stop's color for each texel in turn.
+    Categorical,
+}
+
+/// The 256 texels through `stops`, each a place from 0 to 1, ascending, and a straight sRGB color
+/// from 0 to 1. A stop without a place sits evenly between its neighbors' places, as in a CSS
+/// gradient: the first at 0, the last at 1, or a turn after the first when cyclic. A categorical
+/// ramp's texel `i` takes stop `i` modulo their count.
+pub(crate) fn texels(spread: Spread, stops: &[(Option<f32>, [f32; 4])]) -> [[u8; 4]; 256] {
+    assert!(!stops.is_empty(), "a ramp has a stop");
+    if spread == Spread::Categorical || stops.len() == 1 {
+        return std::array::from_fn(|t| bytes(stops[t % stops.len()].1));
+    }
+    let cyclic = spread == Spread::Cyclic;
+    let places = places(stops.iter().map(|s| s.0), cyclic);
+    let lab: Vec<(f32, [f32; 4])> = places.into_iter().zip(stops.iter().map(|s| oklab(s.1))).collect();
+    std::array::from_fn(|t| {
+        let x = if cyclic { t as f32 / 256.0 } else { t as f32 / 255.0 };
+        bytes(srgb(blend(&lab, x, cyclic)))
+    })
+}
+
+/// Each stop's place, filled in evenly between those given.
+fn places(given: impl Iterator<Item = Option<f32>>, cyclic: bool) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let mut at: Vec<Option<f32>> = given.collect();
+    let n = at.len();
+    let first = *at[0].get_or_insert(0.0);
+    if cyclic {
+        at.push(Some(first + 1.0));
+    } else {
+        at[n - 1].get_or_insert(1.0);
+    }
+    let known: Vec<(usize, f32)> = at.iter().enumerate().filter_map(|(i, p)| Some((i, (*p)?))).collect();
+    let mut places = vec![0.0; at.len()];
+    for pair in known.windows(2) {
+        let ((i, from), (j, to)) = (pair[0], pair[1]);
+        for (k, place) in places.iter_mut().enumerate().take(j + 1).skip(i) {
+            *place = from + (to - from) * (k - i) as f32 / (j - i) as f32;
+        }
+    }
+    places.truncate(n);
+    places
+}
+
+/// The OKLab color at `x` between the stops around it.
+fn blend(stops: &[(f32, [f32; 4])], x: f32, cyclic: bool) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let n = stops.len();
+    let (first, last) = (stops[0], stops[n - 1]);
+    let (a, b) = match stops.partition_point(|s| s.0 <= x) {
+        // Before the first stop: from the last a turn back, when cyclic.
+        0 if cyclic => ((last.0 - 1.0, last.1), first),
+        0 => (first, first),
+        // Past the last stop: on to the first a turn on, when cyclic.
+        i if i == n && cyclic => (last, (first.0 + 1.0, first.1)),
+        i if i == n => (last, last),
+        i => (stops[i - 1], stops[i]),
+    };
+    let w = if b.0 > a.0 { ((x - a.0) / (b.0 - a.0)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    std::array::from_fn(|c| a.1[c] + (b.1[c] - a.1[c]) * w)
+}
+
+fn bytes(color: [f32; 4]) -> [u8; 4] {
+    color.map(|c| (c.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8)
+}
+
+fn linear(c: f32) -> f32 {
+    if c <= 0.04045 { c / 12.92 } else { ((c + 0.055) / 1.055).powf(2.4) }
+}
+
+fn gamma(c: f32) -> f32 {
+    if c <= 0.003_130_8 { c * 12.92 } else { 1.055 * c.max(0.0).powf(1.0 / 2.4) - 0.055 }
+}
+
+/// A straight sRGB color in OKLab, its alpha kept.
+fn oklab([r, g, b, a]: [f32; 4]) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let [r, g, b] = [r, g, b].map(linear);
+    let l = (0.412_221_47 * r + 0.536_332_55 * g + 0.051_445_995 * b).cbrt();
+    let m = (0.211_903_5 * r + 0.680_699_5 * g + 0.107_396_96 * b).cbrt();
+    let s = (0.088_302_46 * r + 0.281_718_85 * g + 0.629_978_7 * b).cbrt();
+    [
+        0.210_454_26 * l + 0.793_617_8 * m - 0.004_072_047 * s,
+        1.977_998_5 * l - 2.428_592_2 * m + 0.450_593_7 * s,
+        0.025_904_037 * l + 0.782_771_77 * m - 0.808_675_77 * s,
+        a,
+    ]
+}
+
+/// An OKLab color in straight sRGB, its alpha kept.
+fn srgb([l, a, b, alpha]: [f32; 4]) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let l_ = (l + 0.396_337_78 * a + 0.215_803_76 * b).powi(3);
+    let m_ = (l - 0.105_561_346 * a - 0.063_854_17 * b).powi(3);
+    let s_ = (l - 0.089_484_18 * a - 1.291_485_5 * b).powi(3);
+    let [r, g, b] = [
+        4.076_741_7 * l_ - 3.307_711_6 * m_ + 0.230_969_94 * s_,
+        -1.268_438 * l_ + 2.609_757_4 * m_ - 0.341_319_38 * s_,
+        -0.004_196_086_3 * l_ - 0.703_418_6 * m_ + 1.707_614_7 * s_,
+    ]
+    .map(gamma);
+    [r, g, b, alpha]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const BLACK: [f32; 4] = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+    const WHITE: [f32; 4] = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stops_land_on_their_texels_and_blend_in_oklab() {
+        let ramp = texels(Spread::Continuous, &[(None, BLACK), (None, WHITE)]);
+        assert_eq!((ramp[0], ramp[255]), ([0, 0, 0, 255], [255, 255, 255, 255]));
+        // OKLab's half lightness is a darker byte than sRGB's middle: about 100, not 128.
+        assert!((95..105).contains(&ramp[128][0]), "{:?}", ramp[128]);
+        let red = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+        let placed = texels(Spread::Continuous, &[(None, BLACK), (Some(64.0 / 255.0), red), (None, WHITE)]);
+        assert_eq!(placed[64], [255, 0, 0, 255], "a placed stop lands on its texel");
+        assert_eq!(placed[0], [0, 0, 0, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cyclic_ramps_wrap_and_categories_repeat() {
+        let cyclic = texels(Spread::Cyclic, &[(None, BLACK), (None, WHITE)]);
+        assert_eq!((cyclic[0], cyclic[128]), ([0, 0, 0, 255], [255, 255, 255, 255]));
+        assert!(cyclic[255][0] < 20, "a cyclic ramp returns to its first stop: {:?}", cyclic[255]);
+        assert_eq!(places([None, Some(0.5), None, None].into_iter(), false), [0.0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0]);
+        assert_eq!(places([None, None].into_iter(), true), [0.0, 0.5]);
+        let categories = texels(Spread::Categorical, &[(None, BLACK), (None, WHITE)]);
+        assert_eq!(categories[..3], [[0, 0, 0, 255], [255, 255, 255, 255], [0, 0, 0, 255]]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/geo/earcut.rs b/crates/latkit/src/geo/earcut.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0f3707d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/geo/earcut.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,749 @@
+//! Ear clipping: a polygon with holes cut into triangles, after Mapbox's earcut 3.2. Holes join the
+//! outer ring through bridges; ears are clipped from a doubly linked ring, found by z-order hashing
+//! on large polygons; where none clips, the ring is filtered while that removes points, cured once
+//! of local self-intersections, then split in two.
+
+/// No node.
+const NIL: u32 = u32::MAX;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Node {
+    /// The vertex index.
+    i: u32,
+    x: f64,
+    y: f64,
+    prev: u32,
+    next: u32,
+    /// Z-order of the vertex, and its neighbors in z-order.
+    z: u32,
+    prev_z: u32,
+    next_z: u32,
+    /// Whether the vertex is a lone hole point, which may stay in the ring.
+    steiner: bool,
+}
+
+struct Rings<'a> {
+    nodes: Vec<Node>,
+    points: &'a [[f64; 2]],
+    triangles: Vec<[u32; 3]>,
+    /// Whether the last filter removed a point.
+    filtered: bool,
+}
+
+/// The triangles of the polygon whose points are `points`: the outer ring first, then each hole from
+/// where `holes` starts it. Each triangle is three indices into `points`.
+pub(crate) fn earcut(points: &[[f64; 2]], holes: &[usize]) -> Vec<[u32; 3]> {
+    let nodes = Vec::with_capacity(points.len() * 3 / 2);
+    let mut rings = Rings { nodes, points, triangles: Vec::new(), filtered: false };
+    let outer_end = holes.first().copied().unwrap_or(points.len());
+    let mut outer = rings.linked(0, outer_end, true);
+    if outer == NIL || rings.n(outer).next == rings.n(outer).prev {
+        return rings.triangles;
+    }
+    if !holes.is_empty() {
+        outer = rings.eliminate_holes(holes, outer);
+    }
+    // Large polygons find ears through z-order hashing.
+    let (mut min, mut size) = ([0.0; 2], 0.0);
+    if points.len() > 80 {
+        let mut max = [f64::NEG_INFINITY; 2];
+        min = [f64::INFINITY; 2];
+        for p in &points[..outer_end] {
+            for k in 0..2 {
+                min[k] = min[k].min(p[k]);
+                max[k] = max[k].max(p[k]);
+            }
+        }
+        let span = (max[0] - min[0]).max(max[1] - min[1]);
+        size = if span > 0.0 { 32767.0 / span } else { 0.0 };
+    }
+    rings.clip(outer, min, size);
+    rings.triangles
+}
+
+impl Rings<'_> {
+    fn n(&self, i: u32) -> &Node {
+        &self.nodes[i as usize]
+    }
+
+    fn m(&mut self, i: u32) -> &mut Node {
+        &mut self.nodes[i as usize]
+    }
+
+    fn xy(&self, i: u32) -> (f64, f64) {
+        let n = self.n(i);
+        (n.x, n.y)
+    }
+
+    /// A circular list of points `start..end`, wound as `clockwise` asks.
+    fn linked(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize, clockwise: bool) -> u32 {
+        let mut last = NIL;
+        if clockwise == (signed_area(&self.points[start..end]) > 0.0) {
+            for i in start..end {
+                last = self.insert(i as u32, last);
+            }
+        } else {
+            for i in (start..end).rev() {
+                last = self.insert(i as u32, last);
+            }
+        }
+        if last != NIL && self.equals(last, self.n(last).next) {
+            let next = self.n(last).next;
+            self.remove(last);
+            last = next;
+        }
+        last
+    }
+
+    fn insert(&mut self, i: u32, last: u32) -> u32 {
+        let [x, y] = self.points[i as usize];
+        let p = self.nodes.len() as u32;
+        let mut node = Node { i, x, y, prev: p, next: p, z: 0, prev_z: NIL, next_z: NIL, steiner: false };
+        if last == NIL {
+            self.nodes.push(node);
+        } else {
+            let after = self.n(last).next;
+            node.next = after;
+            node.prev = last;
+            self.nodes.push(node);
+            self.m(after).prev = p;
+            self.m(last).next = p;
+        }
+        p
+    }
+
+    fn remove(&mut self, p: u32) {
+        let Node { prev, next, prev_z, next_z, .. } = *self.n(p);
+        self.m(next).prev = prev;
+        self.m(prev).next = next;
+        if prev_z != NIL {
+            self.m(prev_z).next_z = next_z;
+        }
+        if next_z != NIL {
+            self.m(next_z).prev_z = prev_z;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn equals(&self, a: u32, b: u32) -> bool {
+        self.xy(a) == self.xy(b)
+    }
+
+    /// Twice the signed area of the triangle `p q r`: negative turning one way.
+    fn area(&self, p: u32, q: u32, r: u32) -> f64 {
+        let ((px, py), (qx, qy), (rx, ry)) = (self.xy(p), self.xy(q), self.xy(r));
+        (qy - py) * (rx - qx) - (qx - px) * (ry - qy)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes repeated points and straight runs: around the whole ring from `start` until none is
+    /// left when `end` is `NIL`; else from `start` to `end`, healing the cut between them. Answers a
+    /// point still in the ring.
+    fn filter(&mut self, start: u32, end: u32) -> u32 {
+        if start == NIL {
+            return start;
+        }
+        let whole = end == NIL || end == start;
+        let mut end = if end == NIL { start } else { end };
+        let mut p = start;
+        loop {
+            let mut again = false;
+            let (prev, next) = (self.n(p).prev, self.n(p).next);
+            if p != next && !self.n(p).steiner && (self.equals(p, next) || self.area(prev, p, next) == 0.0) {
+                if whole || p == end {
+                    end = prev;
+                }
+                self.filtered = true;
+                self.remove(p);
+                p = prev;
+                again = true;
+            } else if whole || p != end {
+                p = next;
+                again = !whole;
+            }
+            if !again && p == end {
+                return end;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clips ears from the ring at `ear`. Where none clips, filters while that removes points, cures
+    /// local self-intersections once, then splits the ring in two.
+    fn clip(&mut self, mut ear: u32, min: [f64; 2], size: f64) {
+        if ear == NIL {
+            return;
+        }
+        if size > 0.0 {
+            self.index(ear, min, size);
+        }
+        let (mut stop, mut cured) = (ear, false);
+        while self.n(ear).prev != self.n(ear).next {
+            let (prev, next) = (self.n(ear).prev, self.n(ear).next);
+            let is_ear = if size > 0.0 { self.is_ear_hashed(ear, min, size) } else { self.is_ear(ear) };
+            if is_ear {
+                self.triangles.push([self.n(prev).i, self.n(ear).i, self.n(next).i]);
+                self.remove(ear);
+                ear = next;
+                stop = next;
+                continue;
+            }
+            ear = next;
+            if ear == stop {
+                self.filtered = false;
+                ear = self.filter(ear, NIL);
+                if self.filtered {
+                    stop = ear;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if !cured {
+                    ear = self.cure(ear);
+                    stop = ear;
+                    cured = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                self.split(ear, min, size);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_ear(&self, ear: u32) -> bool {
+        let (a, b, c) = (self.n(ear).prev, ear, self.n(ear).next);
+        if self.area(a, b, c) >= 0.0 {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let ((ax, ay), (bx, by), (cx, cy)) = (self.xy(a), self.xy(b), self.xy(c));
+        let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = (ax.min(bx).min(cx), ay.min(by).min(cy), ax.max(bx).max(cx), ay.max(by).max(cy));
+        let mut p = self.n(c).next;
+        while p != a {
+            let n = self.n(p);
+            if n.x >= x0
+                && n.x <= x1
+                && n.y >= y0
+                && n.y <= y1
+                && inside_except_first([ax, ay], [bx, by], [cx, cy], [n.x, n.y])
+                && self.area(n.prev, p, n.next) >= 0.0
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            p = n.next;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn is_ear_hashed(&self, ear: u32, min: [f64; 2], size: f64) -> bool {
+        let (a, b, c) = (self.n(ear).prev, ear, self.n(ear).next);
+        if self.area(a, b, c) >= 0.0 {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let ((ax, ay), (bx, by), (cx, cy)) = (self.xy(a), self.xy(b), self.xy(c));
+        let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = (ax.min(bx).min(cx), ay.min(by).min(cy), ax.max(bx).max(cx), ay.max(by).max(cy));
+        let (low, high) = (z_order(x0, y0, min, size), z_order(x1, y1, min, size));
+        let blocks = |p: u32| {
+            let n = self.n(p);
+            n.x >= x0
+                && n.x <= x1
+                && n.y >= y0
+                && n.y <= y1
+                && p != a
+                && p != c
+                && inside_except_first([ax, ay], [bx, by], [cx, cy], [n.x, n.y])
+                && self.area(n.prev, p, n.next) >= 0.0
+        };
+        let (mut p, mut n) = (self.n(ear).prev_z, self.n(ear).next_z);
+        while p != NIL && self.n(p).z >= low && n != NIL && self.n(n).z <= high {
+            if blocks(p) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            p = self.n(p).prev_z;
+            if blocks(n) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            n = self.n(n).next_z;
+        }
+        while p != NIL && self.n(p).z >= low {
+            if blocks(p) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            p = self.n(p).prev_z;
+        }
+        while n != NIL && self.n(n).z <= high {
+            if blocks(n) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            n = self.n(n).next_z;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Clips the triangles of local self-intersections, returning the ring left.
+    fn cure(&mut self, start: u32) -> u32 {
+        let (mut p, mut start, mut cured) = (start, start, false);
+        loop {
+            let a = self.n(p).prev;
+            let next = self.n(p).next;
+            let b = self.n(next).next;
+            if self.crosses(a, p, next, b) && self.locally_inside(a, b) && self.locally_inside(b, a) {
+                self.triangles.push([self.n(a).i, self.n(p).i, self.n(b).i]);
+                self.remove(p);
+                self.remove(next);
+                p = b;
+                start = b;
+                cured = true;
+            }
+            p = self.n(p).next;
+            if p == start {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if cured { self.filter(p, NIL) } else { p }
+    }
+
+    /// Splits the ring in two along a valid diagonal, and clips each.
+    fn split(&mut self, start: u32, min: [f64; 2], size: f64) {
+        let mut a = start;
+        loop {
+            let mut b = self.n(self.n(a).next).next;
+            while b != self.n(a).prev {
+                if self.n(a).i != self.n(b).i && self.valid_diagonal(a, b) {
+                    let c = self.split_polygon(a, b);
+                    let a = self.filter(a, self.n(a).next);
+                    let c = self.filter(c, self.n(c).next);
+                    self.clip(a, min, size);
+                    self.clip(c, min, size);
+                    return;
+                }
+                b = self.n(b).next;
+            }
+            a = self.n(a).next;
+            if a == start {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Joins every hole to the outer ring, leftmost first.
+    fn eliminate_holes(&mut self, holes: &[usize], mut outer: u32) -> u32 {
+        let mut queue = Vec::with_capacity(holes.len());
+        for (k, &start) in holes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let end = holes.get(k + 1).copied().unwrap_or(self.points.len());
+            if end <= start {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let list = self.linked(start, end, false);
+            if list == NIL {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if list == self.n(list).next {
+                self.m(list).steiner = true;
+            }
+            queue.push(self.leftmost(list));
+        }
+        // Holes whose leftmost points meet go around that point, so each bridges to where they meet.
+        let slope = |p: u32| {
+            let (n, next) = (self.n(p), self.n(self.n(p).next));
+            (next.y - n.y) / (next.x - n.x)
+        };
+        queue.sort_by(|&a, &b| {
+            let (na, nb) = (self.n(a), self.n(b));
+            na.x.total_cmp(&nb.x).then(na.y.total_cmp(&nb.y)).then_with(|| slope(a).total_cmp(&slope(b)))
+        });
+        for hole in queue {
+            outer = self.eliminate_hole(hole, outer);
+        }
+        // Points made collinear or repeated across the merged ring go before clipping.
+        self.filter(outer, NIL)
+    }
+
+    fn eliminate_hole(&mut self, hole: u32, outer: u32) -> u32 {
+        let Some(bridge) = self.hole_bridge(hole, outer) else { return outer };
+        let reverse = self.split_polygon(bridge, hole);
+        self.filter(reverse, self.n(reverse).next);
+        self.filter(bridge, self.n(bridge).next)
+    }
+
+    /// The outer ring's point a hole joins it at: seen from the hole's leftmost point, nothing between.
+    fn hole_bridge(&self, hole: u32, outer: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+        let (hx, hy) = self.xy(hole);
+        let mut qx = f64::NEG_INFINITY;
+        let mut m = NIL;
+        let mut p = outer;
+        // A hole touching the outer ring at a point joins it there.
+        if self.equals(hole, p) {
+            return Some(p);
+        }
+        loop {
+            let (px, py) = self.xy(p);
+            let next = self.n(p).next;
+            let (nx, ny) = self.xy(next);
+            if self.equals(hole, next) {
+                return Some(next);
+            }
+            if hy <= py && hy >= ny && ny != py {
+                let x = px + (hy - py) * (nx - px) / (ny - py);
+                if x <= hx && x > qx {
+                    qx = x;
+                    m = if px < nx { p } else { next };
+                    if x == hx {
+                        return Some(m);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            p = next;
+            if p == outer {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if m == NIL {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let stop = m;
+        let (mx, my) = self.xy(m);
+        let mut tan_min = f64::INFINITY;
+        p = m;
+        loop {
+            let (px, py) = self.xy(p);
+            let (ax, cx) = if hy < my { (hx, qx) } else { (qx, hx) };
+            if hx >= px && px >= mx && hx != px && inside_triangle([ax, hy], [mx, my], [cx, hy], [px, py]) {
+                let tan = (hy - py).abs() / (hx - px);
+                let (bx, _) = self.xy(m);
+                // The hole's point on `p`'s level edge, a T touch: a bridge along that edge is valid,
+                // though not locally inside.
+                let (nx, ny) = self.xy(self.n(p).next);
+                let along = py == hy && ny == hy && nx > hx;
+                if (self.locally_inside(p, hole) || along)
+                    && (tan < tan_min || (tan == tan_min && (px > bx || (px == bx && self.sector_contains(m, p)))))
+                {
+                    m = p;
+                    tan_min = tan;
+                }
+            }
+            p = self.n(p).next;
+            if p == stop {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        Some(m)
+    }
+
+    fn sector_contains(&self, m: u32, p: u32) -> bool {
+        self.area(self.n(m).prev, m, self.n(p).prev) < 0.0 && self.area(self.n(p).next, m, self.n(m).next) < 0.0
+    }
+
+    fn leftmost(&self, start: u32) -> u32 {
+        let (mut p, mut left) = (start, start);
+        loop {
+            let (n, l) = (self.n(p), self.n(left));
+            if n.x < l.x || (n.x == l.x && n.y < l.y) {
+                left = p;
+            }
+            p = n.next;
+            if p == start {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        left
+    }
+
+    /// Links the ring in z-order, sorted.
+    fn index(&mut self, start: u32, min: [f64; 2], size: f64) {
+        let mut p = start;
+        loop {
+            let n = *self.n(p);
+            self.m(p).z = z_order(n.x, n.y, min, size);
+            self.m(p).prev_z = n.prev;
+            self.m(p).next_z = n.next;
+            p = n.next;
+            if p == start {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        let last = self.n(p).prev_z;
+        self.m(last).next_z = NIL;
+        self.m(p).prev_z = NIL;
+        self.sort(p);
+    }
+
+    /// Merge-sorts the z-order list from `list`.
+    fn sort(&mut self, mut list: u32) {
+        let mut in_size = 1;
+        loop {
+            let mut p = list;
+            list = NIL;
+            let mut tail = NIL;
+            let mut merges = 0;
+            while p != NIL {
+                merges += 1;
+                let mut q = p;
+                let mut p_size = 0;
+                for _ in 0..in_size {
+                    p_size += 1;
+                    q = self.n(q).next_z;
+                    if q == NIL {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                let mut q_size = in_size;
+                while p_size > 0 || (q_size > 0 && q != NIL) {
+                    let e;
+                    if p_size != 0 && (q_size == 0 || q == NIL || self.n(p).z <= self.n(q).z) {
+                        e = p;
+                        p = self.n(p).next_z;
+                        p_size -= 1;
+                    } else {
+                        e = q;
+                        q = self.n(q).next_z;
+                        q_size -= 1;
+                    }
+                    if tail == NIL {
+                        list = e;
+                    } else {
+                        self.m(tail).next_z = e;
+                    }
+                    self.m(e).prev_z = tail;
+                    tail = e;
+                }
+                p = q;
+            }
+            if tail != NIL {
+                self.m(tail).next_z = NIL;
+            }
+            in_size *= 2;
+            if merges <= 1 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether diagonal `a b` lies inside the polygon: locally visible from both ends, crossing no
+    /// edge, its middle inside, and making no opposite-facing sectors; or of no length between two
+    /// convex corners.
+    fn valid_diagonal(&self, a: u32, b: u32) -> bool {
+        let (na, nb) = (self.n(a), self.n(b));
+        let zero_length =
+            self.equals(a, b) && self.area(na.prev, a, na.next) > 0.0 && self.area(nb.prev, b, nb.next) > 0.0;
+        self.n(na.next).i != nb.i
+            && (zero_length
+                || (self.locally_inside(a, b)
+                    && self.locally_inside(b, a)
+                    && (self.area(na.prev, a, nb.prev) != 0.0 || self.area(a, nb.prev, b) != 0.0)))
+            && !self.intersects_polygon(a, b)
+            && (zero_length || self.middle_inside(a, b))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether segments `p1 q1` and `p2 q2` cross, not counting a touch.
+    fn crosses(&self, p1: u32, q1: u32, p2: u32, q2: u32) -> bool {
+        let (o1, o2) = (sign(self.area(p1, q1, p2)), sign(self.area(p1, q1, q2)));
+        let (o3, o4) = (sign(self.area(p2, q2, p1)), sign(self.area(p2, q2, q1)));
+        o1 * o2 < 0 && o3 * o4 < 0
+    }
+
+    /// Whether segments `p1 q1` and `p2 q2` meet, touches included.
+    fn intersects(&self, p1: u32, q1: u32, p2: u32, q2: u32) -> bool {
+        let o1 = sign(self.area(p1, q1, p2));
+        let o2 = sign(self.area(p1, q1, q2));
+        let o3 = sign(self.area(p2, q2, p1));
+        let o4 = sign(self.area(p2, q2, q1));
+        self.crosses(p1, q1, p2, q2)
+            || (o1 == 0 && self.on_segment(p1, p2, q1))
+            || (o2 == 0 && self.on_segment(p1, q2, q1))
+            || (o3 == 0 && self.on_segment(p2, p1, q2))
+            || (o4 == 0 && self.on_segment(p2, q1, q2))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `q` lies within the box of segment `p r`, on which it lies.
+    fn on_segment(&self, p: u32, q: u32, r: u32) -> bool {
+        let ((px, py), (qx, qy), (rx, ry)) = (self.xy(p), self.xy(q), self.xy(r));
+        qx <= px.max(rx) && qx >= px.min(rx) && qy <= py.max(ry) && qy >= py.min(ry)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether diagonal `a b` meets an edge of the ring, other than those at its ends.
+    fn intersects_polygon(&self, a: u32, b: u32) -> bool {
+        let (ia, ib) = (self.n(a).i, self.n(b).i);
+        let ((ax, ay), (bx, by)) = (self.xy(a), self.xy(b));
+        let (x0, x1, y0, y1) = (ax.min(bx), ax.max(bx), ay.min(by), ay.max(by));
+        let mut p = a;
+        loop {
+            let next = self.n(p).next;
+            let ((px, py), (nx, ny)) = (self.xy(p), self.xy(next));
+            // An edge beside the diagonal's box cannot meet it.
+            let apart = (px > x1 && nx > x1) || (px < x0 && nx < x0) || (py > y1 && ny > y1) || (py < y0 && ny < y0);
+            let (ip, inext) = (self.n(p).i, self.n(next).i);
+            if !apart && ip != ia && inext != ia && ip != ib && inext != ib && self.intersects(p, next, a, b) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            p = next;
+            if p == a {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn locally_inside(&self, a: u32, b: u32) -> bool {
+        let n = self.n(a);
+        if self.area(n.prev, a, n.next) < 0.0 {
+            self.area(a, b, n.next) >= 0.0 && self.area(a, n.prev, b) >= 0.0
+        } else {
+            self.area(a, b, n.prev) < 0.0 || self.area(a, n.next, b) < 0.0
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn middle_inside(&self, a: u32, b: u32) -> bool {
+        let ((ax, ay), (bx, by)) = (self.xy(a), self.xy(b));
+        let (px, py) = (f64::midpoint(ax, bx), f64::midpoint(ay, by));
+        let mut inside = false;
+        let mut p = a;
+        loop {
+            let (x, y) = self.xy(p);
+            let next = self.n(p).next;
+            let (nx, ny) = self.xy(next);
+            if ((y > py) != (ny > py)) && ny != y && px < (nx - x) * (py - y) / (ny - y) + x {
+                inside = !inside;
+            }
+            p = next;
+            if p == a {
+                return inside;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Splits the ring along the diagonal `a b` into two; returns the new copy of `b`.
+    fn split_polygon(&mut self, a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 {
+        let (na, nb) = (*self.n(a), *self.n(b));
+        let a2 = self.nodes.len() as u32;
+        let b2 = a2 + 1;
+        let fresh = |n: Node| Node { prev: NIL, next: NIL, z: 0, prev_z: NIL, next_z: NIL, steiner: false, ..n };
+        self.nodes.push(fresh(na));
+        self.nodes.push(fresh(nb));
+        let (an, bp) = (na.next, nb.prev);
+        self.m(a).next = b;
+        self.m(b).prev = a;
+        self.m(a2).next = an;
+        self.m(an).prev = a2;
+        self.m(b2).next = a2;
+        self.m(a2).prev = b2;
+        self.m(bp).next = b2;
+        self.m(b2).prev = bp;
+        b2
+    }
+}
+
+/// Twice the signed area of a ring, by the shoelace sum as earcut takes it.
+fn signed_area(points: &[[f64; 2]]) -> f64 {
+    let Some(&last) = points.last() else { return 0.0 };
+    let mut sum = 0.0;
+    let mut j = last;
+    for &p in points {
+        sum += (j[0] - p[0]) * (p[1] + j[1]);
+        j = p;
+    }
+    sum
+}
+
+/// The z-order of point `(x, y)` in a box from `min` scaled by `size` to 15 bits a side.
+fn z_order(x: f64, y: f64, min: [f64; 2], size: f64) -> u32 {
+    let spread = |v: f64| {
+        let mut v = (v * size) as u32 & 0x7fff;
+        v = (v | (v << 8)) & 0x00ff_00ff;
+        v = (v | (v << 4)) & 0x0f0f_0f0f;
+        v = (v | (v << 2)) & 0x3333_3333;
+        (v | (v << 1)) & 0x5555_5555
+    };
+    spread(x - min[0]) | (spread(y - min[1]) << 1)
+}
+
+fn inside_triangle(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], c: [f64; 2], p: [f64; 2]) -> bool {
+    (c[0] - p[0]) * (a[1] - p[1]) >= (a[0] - p[0]) * (c[1] - p[1])
+        && (a[0] - p[0]) * (b[1] - p[1]) >= (b[0] - p[0]) * (a[1] - p[1])
+        && (b[0] - p[0]) * (c[1] - p[1]) >= (c[0] - p[0]) * (b[1] - p[1])
+}
+
+/// Whether `p` lies in the triangle, other than at its first corner: a point where a bridge doubled
+/// that corner blocks no ear.
+fn inside_except_first(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], c: [f64; 2], p: [f64; 2]) -> bool {
+    a != p && inside_triangle(a, b, c, p)
+}
+
+fn sign(v: f64) -> i8 {
+    if v > 0.0 {
+        1
+    } else if v < 0.0 {
+        -1
+    } else {
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Twice the area the triangles cover.
+    fn covered(points: &[[f64; 2]], triangles: &[[u32; 3]]) -> f64 {
+        triangles
+            .iter()
+            .map(|t| {
+                let [a, b, c] = t.map(|i| points[i as usize]);
+                ((b[0] - a[0]) * (c[1] - a[1]) - (c[0] - a[0]) * (b[1] - a[1])).abs()
+            })
+            .sum()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_square_is_two_triangles() {
+        let square = [[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 1.0]];
+        let triangles = earcut(&square, &[]);
+        assert_eq!(triangles.len(), 2);
+        assert!((covered(&square, &triangles) - 2.0).abs() < 1e-12);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn holes_are_left_out() {
+        let mut points = vec![[0.0, 0.0], [10.0, 0.0], [10.0, 10.0], [0.0, 10.0]];
+        points.extend([[2.0, 2.0], [2.0, 4.0], [4.0, 4.0], [4.0, 2.0]]);
+        points.extend([[6.0, 6.0], [6.0, 8.0], [8.0, 8.0], [8.0, 6.0]]);
+        let triangles = earcut(&points, &[4, 8]);
+        assert!((covered(&points, &triangles) - 2.0 * (100.0 - 8.0)).abs() < 1e-9, "{triangles:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn holes_touching_the_ring_or_each_other_are_left_out() {
+        /// Holes, where each starts, and the area left.
+        type Case<'a> = (&'a [[f64; 2]], &'a [usize], f64);
+        let outer = [[0.0, 0.0], [10.0, 0.0], [10.0, 10.0], [0.0, 10.0]];
+        let cases: [Case<'_>; 3] = [
+            // A hole touching the outer ring at its corner.
+            (&[[0.0, 0.0], [3.0, 1.0], [1.0, 3.0]], &[4], 96.0),
+            // One touching its edge.
+            (&[[0.0, 5.0], [3.0, 4.0], [3.0, 6.0]], &[4], 97.0),
+            // Two meeting at their leftmost point.
+            (&[[5.0, 5.0], [7.0, 4.0], [7.0, 6.0], [5.0, 5.0], [7.0, 7.0], [6.0, 9.0]], &[4, 7], 95.0),
+        ];
+        for (holes, starts, area) in cases {
+            let points = [&outer[..], holes].concat();
+            let triangles = earcut(&points, starts);
+            assert!((covered(&points, &triangles) - 2.0 * area).abs() < 1e-9, "{holes:?}: {triangles:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn large_rings_hash_their_ears() {
+        // A star of 200 points: concave everywhere, so ear finding matters.
+        let points: Vec<[f64; 2]> = (0..200)
+            .map(|k| {
+                let a = f64::from(k) / 200.0 * std::f64::consts::TAU;
+                let r = if k % 2 == 0 { 10.0 } else { 4.0 };
+                [r * a.cos(), r * a.sin()]
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let triangles = earcut(&points, &[]);
+        assert_eq!(triangles.len(), 198);
+        let area = signed_area(&points).abs();
+        assert!((covered(&points, &triangles) - area).abs() < 1e-6 * area);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn degenerate_rings_answer_nothing() {
+        let none: Vec<[u32; 3]> = Vec::new();
+        assert_eq!(earcut(&[[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0]], &[]), none);
+        assert_eq!(earcut(&[[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0], [2.0, 0.0]], &[]), none, "collinear");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/geo/geojson.rs b/crates/latkit/src/geo/geojson.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11fa1b04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/geo/geojson.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+//! GeoJSON as data: a feature collection's features become rows of three tables by what their
+//! geometry is, `points`, `lines`, and `polygons`, each with its geometry as field `geometry` and its
+//! properties as fields.
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::de::{self, IgnoredAny, SeqAccess, Visitor};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value as Json};
+
+use crate::data::{Data, Ids, Name, Patch, Table, Values};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+type Point = [f64; 2];
+
+/// The features of GeoJSON `bytes`, gzip-compressed or not, as dataset `name`: a feature collection,
+/// one feature, or a bare geometry.
+///
+/// Points become rows of table `points`, a point field `geometry`; line strings rows of `lines`, a
+/// field of parts; polygons rows of `polygons`, a field of polygons. A multi-point is a row per point,
+/// and a geometry collection a row per member. Properties become fields: numbers, booleans, and texts,
+/// any other value written as its JSON. Rows take their features' ids where every row of a table has
+/// one and no two share it, and are numbered in order otherwise.
+pub(crate) fn geojson(name: impl Into<Name>, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Data> {
+    let bytes = super::gunzipped(bytes)?;
+    let top: Top = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).map_err(|e| Error::invalid(format!("not GeoJSON: {e}")))?;
+    let mut tables = [Rows::default(), Rows::default(), Rows::default()];
+    let mut add = |feature: Feature| {
+        if let Some(geometry) = feature.geometry {
+            let properties = feature.properties.unwrap_or_default();
+            geometry.into_rows(feature.id.as_ref(), &properties, &mut tables);
+        }
+    };
+    match top.kind.as_str() {
+        "FeatureCollection" => top.features.unwrap_or_default().into_iter().for_each(&mut add),
+        "Feature" => add(Feature { id: top.id, geometry: top.geometry, properties: top.properties }),
+        _ => add(Feature {
+            id: None,
+            geometry: Some(Geometry { kind: top.kind, coordinates: top.coordinates, geometries: top.geometries }),
+            properties: None,
+        }),
+    }
+    let mut patch = Patch::new();
+    for (rows, name) in tables.into_iter().zip(["points", "lines", "polygons"]) {
+        if let Some(table) = rows.table(name) {
+            patch = patch.replace(table);
+        }
+    }
+    let mut data = Data::new(name);
+    data.apply(patch)?;
+    Ok(data)
+}
+
+/// The top of a document: a collection, a feature, or a geometry, as one struct of each's members.
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Top {
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    kind: String,
+    features: Option<Vec<Feature>>,
+    id: Option<Json>,
+    geometry: Option<Geometry>,
+    properties: Option<Map<String, Json>>,
+    coordinates: Option<Coordinates>,
+    geometries: Option<Vec<Geometry>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Feature {
+    id: Option<Json>,
+    geometry: Option<Geometry>,
+    properties: Option<Map<String, Json>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Geometry {
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    kind: String,
+    coordinates: Option<Coordinates>,
+    geometries: Option<Vec<Geometry>>,
+}
+
+/// Which table a geometry's rows go to.
+const POINTS: usize = 0;
+const LINES: usize = 1;
+const POLYGONS: usize = 2;
+
+impl Geometry {
+    /// Adds this geometry's rows, with the feature's id and properties, to the table of each kind.
+    fn into_rows(self, id: Option<&Json>, properties: &Map<String, Json>, tables: &mut [Rows; 3]) {
+        let coordinates = self.coordinates.unwrap_or(Coordinates::Empty);
+        match (self.kind.as_str(), coordinates) {
+            ("Point", Coordinates::Position(p)) => tables[POINTS].push(id, properties, Shape::Point(p)),
+            ("MultiPoint", Coordinates::Line(points)) => {
+                for p in points {
+                    tables[POINTS].push(id, properties, Shape::Point(p));
+                }
+            }
+            ("LineString", Coordinates::Line(line)) => tables[LINES].push(id, properties, Shape::Parts(vec![line])),
+            ("MultiLineString", Coordinates::Rings(lines)) => tables[LINES].push(id, properties, Shape::Parts(lines)),
+            ("Polygon", Coordinates::Rings(rings)) => {
+                tables[POLYGONS].push(id, properties, Shape::Polygons(vec![rings]));
+            }
+            ("MultiPolygon", Coordinates::Polygons(polygons)) => {
+                tables[POLYGONS].push(id, properties, Shape::Polygons(polygons));
+            }
+            ("GeometryCollection", _) => {
+                for member in self.geometries.unwrap_or_default() {
+                    member.into_rows(id, properties, tables);
+                }
+            }
+            // A geometry without coordinates, or of a type GeoJSON does not have, adds no row.
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum Shape {
+    Point(Point),
+    Parts(Vec<Vec<Point>>),
+    Polygons(Vec<Vec<Vec<Point>>>),
+}
+
+/// One table's rows as they are read: each row's id, its properties, and its shape.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Rows {
+    ids: Vec<Option<Json>>,
+    properties: Vec<Map<String, Json>>,
+    shapes: Vec<Shape>,
+}
+
+impl Rows {
+    fn push(&mut self, id: Option<&Json>, properties: &Map<String, Json>, shape: Shape) {
+        self.ids.push(id.cloned());
+        self.properties.push(properties.clone());
+        self.shapes.push(shape);
+    }
+
+    /// The rows as table `name`, or `None` without any.
+    fn table(self, name: &str) -> Option<Table> {
+        if self.shapes.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let count = self.shapes.len();
+        let mut table = Table::new(name, ids(&self.ids).unwrap_or_else(|| Ids::count(count as u32)));
+        let geometry: Values = match &self.shapes[0] {
+            Shape::Point(_) => self
+                .shapes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| if let Shape::Point(p) = s { *p } else { [f64::NAN; 2] })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into(),
+            Shape::Parts(_) => self
+                .shapes
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| if let Shape::Parts(parts) = s { parts } else { Vec::new() })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into(),
+            Shape::Polygons(_) => self
+                .shapes
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| if let Shape::Polygons(polygons) = s { polygons } else { Vec::new() })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into(),
+        };
+        table = table.field("geometry", geometry);
+        let mut keys: Vec<&String> = Vec::new();
+        for properties in &self.properties {
+            for key in properties.keys() {
+                if !keys.contains(&key) {
+                    keys.push(key);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for key in keys {
+            // A property named like the geometry would replace it.
+            if key == "geometry" {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let values: Vec<Option<&Json>> =
+                self.properties.iter().map(|p| p.get(key.as_str()).filter(|v| !v.is_null())).collect();
+            table = table.field(key.as_str(), property(&values));
+        }
+        Some(table)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The rows' ids: every one present, of one kind, and distinct; else `None`.
+fn ids(ids: &[Option<Json>]) -> Option<Ids> {
+    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::with_capacity(ids.len());
+    if ids.iter().all(|id| id.as_ref().and_then(Json::as_u64).is_some_and(|n| seen.insert(n.to_string()))) {
+        return Some(Ids::from(
+            ids.iter().map(|id| id.as_ref().and_then(Json::as_u64).unwrap_or(0)).collect::<Vec<u64>>(),
+        ));
+    }
+    seen.clear();
+    if ids.iter().all(|id| id.as_ref().and_then(Json::as_str).is_some_and(|t| seen.insert(t.to_owned()))) {
+        let texts: Vec<&str> = ids.iter().map(|id| id.as_ref().and_then(Json::as_str).unwrap_or("")).collect();
+        return Some(Ids::from(texts));
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// A property's values as a field: numbers where every value present is one, booleans likewise, and
+/// texts otherwise, any value not a text written as its JSON.
+fn property(values: &[Option<&Json>]) -> Values {
+    let present = || values.iter().flatten();
+    if present().all(|v| v.is_number()) {
+        return values.iter().map(|v| v.and_then(Json::as_f64)).collect::<Vec<_>>().into();
+    }
+    if present().all(|v| v.is_boolean()) {
+        return values.iter().map(|v| v.and_then(Json::as_bool)).collect::<Vec<_>>().into();
+    }
+    let texts: Vec<Option<String>> = values
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| {
+            v.map(|v| match v {
+                Json::String(text) => text.clone(),
+                other => other.to_string(),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect();
+    texts.into()
+}
+
+/// Coordinates of any depth: a position, a list of them, lists of those, or polygons. Positions read
+/// their longitude and latitude and skip any altitude.
+enum Coordinates {
+    Number(f64),
+    Position(Point),
+    Line(Vec<Point>),
+    Rings(Vec<Vec<Point>>),
+    Polygons(Vec<Vec<Vec<Point>>>),
+    Empty,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Coordinates {
+    fn deserialize<D: de::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Coordinates, D::Error> {
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(Depth)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads coordinates of any depth: the first element of each array says how deep the rest are.
+struct Depth;
+
+impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for Depth {
+    type Value = Coordinates;
+
+    fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("GeoJSON coordinates")
+    }
+
+    fn visit_f64<E: de::Error>(self, v: f64) -> std::result::Result<Coordinates, E> {
+        Ok(Coordinates::Number(v))
+    }
+
+    fn visit_i64<E: de::Error>(self, v: i64) -> std::result::Result<Coordinates, E> {
+        Ok(Coordinates::Number(v as f64))
+    }
+
+    fn visit_u64<E: de::Error>(self, v: u64) -> std::result::Result<Coordinates, E> {
+        Ok(Coordinates::Number(v as f64))
+    }
+
+    fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> std::result::Result<Coordinates, A::Error> {
+        Ok(match seq.next_element::<Coordinates>()? {
+            None => Coordinates::Empty,
+            Some(Coordinates::Number(x)) => {
+                let y = seq.next_element::<f64>()?.unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+                while seq.next_element::<IgnoredAny>()?.is_some() {}
+                Coordinates::Position([x, y])
+            }
+            Some(Coordinates::Position(p)) => {
+                let mut line = vec![p];
+                while let Some(Position(p)) = seq.next_element()? {
+                    line.push(p);
+                }
+                Coordinates::Line(line)
+            }
+            Some(Coordinates::Line(first)) => {
+                let mut rings = vec![first];
+                while let Some(ring) = seq.next_element::<Vec<Position>>()? {
+                    rings.push(ring.into_iter().map(|p| p.0).collect());
+                }
+                Coordinates::Rings(rings)
+            }
+            Some(Coordinates::Rings(first)) => {
+                let mut polygons = vec![first];
+                while let Some(polygon) = seq.next_element::<Vec<Vec<Position>>>()? {
+                    polygons.push(polygon.into_iter().map(|r| r.into_iter().map(|p| p.0).collect()).collect());
+                }
+                Coordinates::Polygons(polygons)
+            }
+            Some(Coordinates::Polygons(_) | Coordinates::Empty) => {
+                while seq.next_element::<IgnoredAny>()?.is_some() {}
+                Coordinates::Empty
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// One position: longitude and latitude, any altitude skipped.
+struct Position(Point);
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Position {
+    fn deserialize<D: de::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Position, D::Error> {
+        struct Numbers;
+        impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for Numbers {
+            type Value = Position;
+
+            fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                f.write_str("a position")
+            }
+
+            fn visit_seq<A: SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> std::result::Result<Position, A::Error> {
+                let x = seq.next_element::<f64>()?.unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+                let y = seq.next_element::<f64>()?.unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+                while seq.next_element::<IgnoredAny>()?.is_some() {}
+                Ok(Position([x, y]))
+            }
+        }
+        deserializer.deserialize_seq(Numbers)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{Kind, Value};
+
+    const COLLECTION: &str = r#"{
+        "type": "FeatureCollection",
+        "features": [
+            {"type": "Feature", "id": 7, "properties": {"name": "Austin", "pop": 974447, "capital": true},
+             "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-97.74, 30.27, 149.0]}},
+            {"type": "Feature", "id": 9, "properties": {"name": "Dallas", "pop": null, "tags": ["big"]},
+             "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-96.8, 32.78]}},
+            {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"river": "Colorado"},
+             "geometry": {"type": "LineString", "coordinates": [[-98.0, 30.0], [-97.0, 29.0]]}},
+            {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"county": "Travis"},
+             "geometry": {"type": "MultiPolygon", "coordinates": [[[[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1], [0, 0]]],
+                                                                 [[[2, 2], [3, 2], [3, 3], [2, 2]]]]}}
+        ]
+    }"#;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn features_become_rows_of_tables_by_kind() {
+        let data = geojson("texas", COLLECTION.as_bytes()).expect("valid");
+        let points = data.table("points").expect("points");
+        assert_eq!(points.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(points.get(7_u64, "geometry"), Some(Value::Point([-97.74, 30.27])), "altitude skipped");
+        assert_eq!(points.get(7_u64, "pop"), Some(Value::Number(974_447.0)));
+        assert_eq!(points.get(9_u64, "pop"), None, "null is missing");
+        assert_eq!(points.get(7_u64, "capital"), Some(Value::Bool(true)));
+        assert_eq!(points.get(9_u64, "tags"), Some(Value::Text("[\"big\"]".into())), "other values as JSON");
+        assert_eq!(data.table("lines").map(|t| t.kind("geometry")), Some(Some(Kind::Parts)));
+        let polygons = data.table("polygons").expect("polygons");
+        assert_eq!(polygons.kind("geometry"), Some(Kind::Polygons));
+        let Some(Value::Polygons(shapes)) = polygons.get(0_u64, "geometry") else { panic!("polygons") };
+        assert_eq!(shapes.len(), 2, "a multipolygon is one row");
+        assert_eq!(polygons.get(0_u64, "county"), Some(Value::Text("Travis".into())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gzip_compressed_bytes_read_alike() {
+        use std::io::Write;
+        let mut encoder = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), flate2::Compression::fast());
+        encoder.write_all(COLLECTION.as_bytes()).expect("written");
+        let data = geojson("texas", &encoder.finish().expect("finished")).expect("valid");
+        assert_eq!(data.table("points").map(Table::len), Some(2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bare_geometries_and_bad_documents() {
+        let data = geojson("g", br#"{"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1], [0, 0]]]}"#)
+            .expect("a geometry");
+        assert_eq!(data.table("polygons").map(Table::len), Some(1));
+        assert!(geojson("g", b"{\"type\": \"FeatureCollection\"").is_err(), "cut short");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/geo/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/geo/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b335c69e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/geo/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//! Geography: GeoJSON and vector tiles as data, and what shapes become to draw: an
+//! area's triangles, and lines bent along the globe.
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod earcut;
+mod geojson;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub(crate) mod mvt;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub(crate) mod pmtiles;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub(crate) mod shapes;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub(crate) mod tiles;
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::io::Read;
+
+pub(crate) use geojson::geojson;
+
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// `bytes` inflated where they are gzip-compressed, else as they are.
+pub(crate) fn gunzipped(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Cow<'_, [u8]>> {
+    if !bytes.starts_with(&[0x1f, 0x8b]) {
+        return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(bytes));
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len() * 4);
+    flate2::read::MultiGzDecoder::new(bytes)
+        .read_to_end(&mut out)
+        .map_err(|e| Error::invalid(format!("the gzip-compressed bytes are corrupt: {e}")))?;
+    Ok(Cow::Owned(out))
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/geo/mvt.rs b/crates/latkit/src/geo/mvt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81f0d699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/geo/mvt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+//! Mapbox vector tiles: a tile's layers, their features' geometry in longitude and latitude, clipped
+//! to the tile so neighbors never overlap, and their properties.
+
+use crate::tiles::TileKey;
+
+type Point = [f64; 2];
+
+/// What a feature's geometry is.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Kind {
+    Points,
+    Lines,
+    Polygons,
+}
+
+/// A property value as a tile holds it.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Property {
+    Text(String),
+    Number(f64),
+    Bool(bool),
+}
+
+/// A feature's geometry, in degrees.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Shape {
+    Points(Vec<Point>),
+    Lines(Vec<Vec<Point>>),
+    Polygons(Vec<Vec<Vec<Point>>>),
+}
+
+impl Shape {
+    pub(crate) fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        match self {
+            Shape::Points(_) => Kind::Points,
+            Shape::Lines(_) => Kind::Lines,
+            Shape::Polygons(_) => Kind::Polygons,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One feature: its place among its layer's features, its shape, and its properties by key.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Feature {
+    pub(crate) shape: Shape,
+    pub(crate) properties: Vec<(u32, Property)>,
+}
+
+/// One layer: its name, its keys, and its features.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Layer {
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) keys: Vec<String>,
+    pub(crate) features: Vec<Feature>,
+}
+
+/// The layers of tile `key`'s `bytes`; a feature's geometry clipped to the tile, and one left with
+/// nothing inside it dropped. Bytes that are no tile answer `None`.
+pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8], key: TileKey) -> Option<Vec<Layer>> {
+    let mut layers = Vec::new();
+    let mut tile = Reader::new(bytes);
+    while !tile.done() {
+        let (field, wire) = tile.tag()?;
+        if field == 3 && wire == LENGTH {
+            layers.push(layer(tile.bytes()?, key)?);
+        } else {
+            tile.skip(wire)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Some(layers)
+}
+
+fn layer(bytes: &[u8], key: TileKey) -> Option<Layer> {
+    let mut out = Layer::default();
+    let mut values = Vec::new();
+    let mut raw = Vec::new();
+    let mut extent = 4096_u32;
+    let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
+    while !reader.done() {
+        let (field, wire) = reader.tag()?;
+        match (field, wire) {
+            (1, LENGTH) => out.name = String::from_utf8_lossy(reader.bytes()?).into_owned(),
+            (2, LENGTH) => raw.push(reader.bytes()?),
+            (3, LENGTH) => out.keys.push(String::from_utf8_lossy(reader.bytes()?).into_owned()),
+            (4, LENGTH) => values.push(value(reader.bytes()?)?),
+            (5, VARINT) => extent = reader.varint()? as u32,
+            _ => reader.skip(wire)?,
+        }
+    }
+    let frame = Frame::new(key, f64::from(extent.max(1)));
+    out.features = raw.into_iter().filter_map(|bytes| feature(bytes, &values, &frame)).collect();
+    Some(out)
+}
+
+fn value(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Property> {
+    let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
+    let mut out = Property::Bool(false);
+    while !reader.done() {
+        let (field, wire) = reader.tag()?;
+        out = match (field, wire) {
+            (1, LENGTH) => Property::Text(String::from_utf8_lossy(reader.bytes()?).into_owned()),
+            (2, FIXED32) => Property::Number(f64::from(f32::from_le_bytes(reader.take()?))),
+            (3, FIXED64) => Property::Number(f64::from_le_bytes(reader.take()?)),
+            (4, VARINT) => Property::Number(reader.varint()? as i64 as f64),
+            (5, VARINT) => Property::Number(reader.varint()? as f64),
+            (6, VARINT) => Property::Number(zigzag(reader.varint()?) as f64),
+            (7, VARINT) => Property::Bool(reader.varint()? != 0),
+            _ => {
+                reader.skip(wire)?;
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    Some(out)
+}
+
+/// A feature: `None` when nothing of it lies in the tile, or its bytes are no feature, which drops
+/// it alone.
+fn feature(bytes: &[u8], values: &[Property], frame: &Frame) -> Option<Feature> {
+    let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
+    let (mut tags, mut geometry, mut kind) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), 0);
+    while !reader.done() {
+        let (field, wire) = reader.tag()?;
+        match (field, wire) {
+            (2, LENGTH) => packed(reader.bytes()?, &mut tags)?,
+            (2, VARINT) => tags.push(reader.varint()? as u32),
+            (3, VARINT) => kind = reader.varint()?,
+            (4, LENGTH) => packed(reader.bytes()?, &mut geometry)?,
+            (4, VARINT) => geometry.push(reader.varint()? as u32),
+            _ => reader.skip(wire)?,
+        }
+    }
+    let shape = match kind {
+        1 => frame.points(&geometry),
+        2 => frame.lines(&geometry),
+        3 => frame.polygons(&geometry),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    let shape = shape?;
+    let properties = tags
+        .as_chunks::<2>()
+        .0
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|&[key, value]| Some((key, values.get(value as usize)?.clone())))
+        .collect();
+    Some(Feature { shape, properties })
+}
+
+/// A tile's frame: where its coordinates lie on the earth.
+struct Frame {
+    key: TileKey,
+    extent: f64,
+}
+
+impl Frame {
+    fn new(key: TileKey, extent: f64) -> Frame {
+        Frame { key, extent }
+    }
+
+    /// The longitude and latitude of tile coordinates `p`.
+    fn degrees(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> Point {
+        let n = f64::from(1_u32 << self.key.z.min(31));
+        let x = (f64::from(self.key.x) + p[0] / self.extent) / n;
+        let y = (f64::from(self.key.y) + p[1] / self.extent) / n;
+        let lat = (std::f64::consts::PI * (1.0 - 2.0 * y)).sinh().atan().to_degrees();
+        [x * 360.0 - 180.0, lat]
+    }
+
+    /// The tile's points, those outside it dropped.
+    fn points(&self, geometry: &[u32]) -> Option<Shape> {
+        let inside = |p: &[f64; 2]| p.iter().all(|&v| v >= 0.0 && v < self.extent);
+        let points: Vec<Point> =
+            paths(geometry).into_iter().flatten().filter(inside).map(|p| self.degrees(p)).collect();
+        (!points.is_empty()).then_some(Shape::Points(points))
+    }
+
+    /// The tile's lines, cut where they leave it.
+    fn lines(&self, geometry: &[u32]) -> Option<Shape> {
+        let mut parts: Vec<Vec<Point>> = Vec::new();
+        for path in paths(geometry) {
+            for part in clip_line(&path, self.extent) {
+                if part.len() >= 2 {
+                    parts.push(part.into_iter().map(|p| self.degrees(p)).collect());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        (!parts.is_empty()).then_some(Shape::Lines(parts))
+    }
+
+    /// The tile's polygons: each exterior ring, by its positive area, with the holes after it,
+    /// clipped to the tile as a whole.
+    fn polygons(&self, geometry: &[u32]) -> Option<Shape> {
+        let mut groups: Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>> = Vec::new();
+        for ring in paths(geometry) {
+            let area = surveyor(&ring);
+            if area > 0.0 {
+                groups.push(vec![ring]);
+            } else if let Some(group) = groups.last_mut().filter(|_| area < 0.0) {
+                group.push(ring);
+            }
+        }
+        let polygons: Vec<Vec<Vec<Point>>> = groups
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|group| clip_polygon(group, self.extent))
+            .map(|polygon| {
+                let closed = |ring: Vec<[f64; 2]>| {
+                    let mut ring: Vec<Point> = ring.into_iter().map(|p| self.degrees(p)).collect();
+                    ring.push(ring[0]);
+                    ring
+                };
+                polygon.into_iter().map(closed).collect()
+            })
+            .collect();
+        (!polygons.is_empty()).then_some(Shape::Polygons(polygons))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A polygon, its exterior then its holes, clipped to the square `0..extent` as a whole: a ring
+/// wholly inside it stays; the runs of the rest inside it join along its edge, where the polygon's
+/// inside lies, into exteriors; and each hole inside goes to the exterior around it. Clipping each
+/// ring alone would leave a hole crossing the edge running along its exterior there, which no
+/// triangulation reads right.
+fn clip_polygon(rings: &[Vec<[f64; 2]>], extent: f64) -> Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>> {
+    let inside = |p: &[f64; 2]| p.iter().all(|&v| (0.0..=extent).contains(&v));
+    let (mut exteriors, mut holes, mut runs) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    // Whether the square lies within the polygon, as the rings that miss it say.
+    let mut covered = false;
+    for (k, ring) in rings.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, r)| r.len() >= 3) {
+        if ring.iter().all(inside) {
+            if k == 0 {
+                exteriors.push(ring.clone());
+            } else {
+                holes.push(ring.clone());
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        let crossing = runs_inside(ring, extent);
+        // A ring missing the square holds all of it or none: the exterior first, then a hole within.
+        if crossing.is_empty() && contains(ring, [extent / 2.0; 2]) {
+            covered = k == 0;
+        }
+        runs.extend(crossing);
+    }
+    if !runs.is_empty() {
+        exteriors.extend(join(&runs, extent));
+    } else if covered {
+        exteriors.push(vec![[0.0, 0.0], [extent, 0.0], [extent, extent], [0.0, extent]]);
+    }
+    let mut polygons: Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>> = exteriors.into_iter().map(|e| vec![e]).collect();
+    for hole in holes {
+        let within = |p: &&[f64; 2]| p.iter().all(|&v| v > 0.0 && v < extent);
+        let Some(&point) = hole.iter().find(within) else { continue };
+        let around = match polygons.len() {
+            1 => polygons.first_mut(),
+            _ => polygons.iter_mut().find(|p| contains(&p[0], point)),
+        };
+        if let Some(polygon) = around {
+            polygon.push(hole);
+        }
+    }
+    polygons
+}
+
+/// The runs of closed `ring`, which has a point outside the square `0..extent`, inside it: each from
+/// where it enters to where it leaves, on the edge. A run lying along the edge alone bounds nothing,
+/// and drops.
+fn runs_inside(ring: &[[f64; 2]], extent: f64) -> Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> {
+    let outside = |p: &[f64; 2]| p.iter().any(|&v| !(0.0..=extent).contains(&v));
+    let Some(start) = ring.iter().position(outside) else { return Vec::new() };
+    let on_edge = |p: &[f64; 2]| p.iter().any(|&v| v.abs() <= extent * 1e-9 || (v - extent).abs() <= extent * 1e-9);
+    let n = ring.len();
+    let (mut runs, mut run) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for k in 0..n {
+        let (a, b) = (ring[(start + k) % n], ring[(start + k + 1) % n]);
+        let Some((p, q)) = clip_segment(a, b, extent) else { continue };
+        if run.is_empty() {
+            run.push(onto_edge(p, extent));
+        }
+        if q == b {
+            run.push(q);
+            continue;
+        }
+        // The segment leaves the square: the run ends.
+        run.push(onto_edge(q, extent));
+        if run.len() >= 2 && !run.iter().all(on_edge) {
+            runs.push(std::mem::take(&mut run));
+        }
+        run.clear();
+    }
+    runs
+}
+
+/// `p`, near the square's edge, moved onto it.
+fn onto_edge(p: [f64; 2], extent: f64) -> [f64; 2] {
+    let gaps = [p[1].abs(), (p[0] - extent).abs(), (p[1] - extent).abs(), p[0].abs()];
+    let edge = (0..4).min_by(|&a, &b| gaps[a].total_cmp(&gaps[b])).unwrap_or(0);
+    let p = p.map(|v| v.clamp(0.0, extent));
+    match edge {
+        0 => [p[0], 0.0],
+        1 => [extent, p[1]],
+        2 => [p[0], extent],
+        _ => [0.0, p[1]],
+    }
+}
+
+/// How far along the square's edge `p` lies, from the corner at 0 the way an exterior winds: along
+/// y = 0, then x = extent, y = extent, and x = 0.
+fn along(p: [f64; 2], extent: f64) -> f64 {
+    let gaps = [p[1].abs(), (p[0] - extent).abs(), (p[1] - extent).abs(), p[0].abs()];
+    match (0..4).min_by(|&a, &b| gaps[a].total_cmp(&gaps[b])).unwrap_or(0) {
+        0 => p[0],
+        1 => extent + p[1],
+        2 => 3.0 * extent - p[0],
+        _ => 4.0 * extent - p[1],
+    }
+}
+
+/// The exteriors `runs` make: from where each leaves the square, along its edge the way the
+/// polygon's inside lies to where the next enters, past the corners between, until the first again.
+fn join(runs: &[Vec<[f64; 2]>], extent: f64) -> Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> {
+    let around = 4.0 * extent;
+    let entries: Vec<f64> = runs.iter().map(|r| along(r[0], extent)).collect();
+    let ahead = |from: f64, to: f64| (to - from).rem_euclid(around);
+    let corner = |k: i64| match k.rem_euclid(4) {
+        0 => [0.0, 0.0],
+        1 => [extent, 0.0],
+        2 => [extent, extent],
+        _ => [0.0, extent],
+    };
+    let mut used = vec![false; runs.len()];
+    let mut rings = Vec::new();
+    for first in 0..runs.len() {
+        if used[first] {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let (mut ring, mut run) = (Vec::new(), first);
+        loop {
+            used[run] = true;
+            ring.extend_from_slice(&runs[run]);
+            let exit = along(runs[run][runs[run].len() - 1], extent);
+            let next = (0..runs.len())
+                .filter(|&k| !used[k] || k == first)
+                .min_by(|&a, &b| ahead(exit, entries[a]).total_cmp(&ahead(exit, entries[b])))
+                .unwrap_or(first);
+            let to = exit + ahead(exit, entries[next]);
+            let first_corner = (exit / extent).floor() as i64 + 1;
+            for k in first_corner.. {
+                if k as f64 * extent >= to {
+                    break;
+                }
+                ring.push(corner(k));
+            }
+            if next == first {
+                break;
+            }
+            run = next;
+        }
+        if ring.len() >= 3 {
+            rings.push(ring);
+        }
+    }
+    rings
+}
+
+/// Whether closed `ring` holds `p`, by the crossings of a ray from it.
+fn contains(ring: &[[f64; 2]], p: [f64; 2]) -> bool {
+    let mut inside = false;
+    let mut a = ring[ring.len() - 1];
+    for &b in ring {
+        if (a[1] > p[1]) != (b[1] > p[1]) && p[0] < a[0] + (p[1] - a[1]) * (b[0] - a[0]) / (b[1] - a[1]) {
+            inside = !inside;
+        }
+        a = b;
+    }
+    inside
+}
+
+/// The paths a geometry's commands draw, in tile coordinates: each move starts one, a close returns
+/// to its start (left implicit).
+fn paths(geometry: &[u32]) -> Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> {
+    let mut paths: Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> = Vec::new();
+    let (mut x, mut y) = (0_i64, 0_i64);
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < geometry.len() {
+        let command = geometry[i];
+        let (id, count) = (command & 7, (command >> 3) as usize);
+        i += 1;
+        match id {
+            1 | 2 => {
+                for k in 0..count {
+                    let (Some(&dx), Some(&dy)) = (geometry.get(i), geometry.get(i + 1)) else { return paths };
+                    i += 2;
+                    x += zigzag(u64::from(dx));
+                    y += zigzag(u64::from(dy));
+                    if id == 1 && (k == 0 || paths.is_empty()) {
+                        paths.push(Vec::new());
+                    }
+                    if let Some(path) = paths.last_mut() {
+                        path.push([x as f64, y as f64]);
+                    }
+                    // A move with several points is several points, each its own path.
+                    if id == 1 && count > 1 && k + 1 < count {
+                        paths.push(Vec::new());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            7 => {}
+            _ => return paths,
+        }
+    }
+    paths.retain(|p| !p.is_empty());
+    paths
+}
+
+/// Twice a ring's area by the surveyor's formula in tile coordinates, y down: positive for an
+/// exterior ring.
+fn surveyor(ring: &[[f64; 2]]) -> f64 {
+    let Some(&last) = ring.last() else { return 0.0 };
+    let mut sum = 0.0;
+    let mut a = last;
+    for &b in ring {
+        sum += a[0] * b[1] - b[0] * a[1];
+        a = b;
+    }
+    sum
+}
+
+/// `line` cut to the square `0..extent`: the runs of it inside.
+fn clip_line(line: &[[f64; 2]], extent: f64) -> Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> {
+    let mut parts: Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut current: Vec<[f64; 2]> = Vec::new();
+    for w in line.windows(2) {
+        let Some((a, b)) = clip_segment(w[0], w[1], extent) else {
+            if current.len() >= 2 {
+                parts.push(std::mem::take(&mut current));
+            }
+            current.clear();
+            continue;
+        };
+        if current.last() != Some(&a) {
+            if current.len() >= 2 {
+                parts.push(std::mem::take(&mut current));
+            }
+            current.clear();
+            current.push(a);
+        }
+        current.push(b);
+        // The segment left the tile: what follows starts a new run.
+        if b != w[1] {
+            parts.push(std::mem::take(&mut current));
+        }
+    }
+    if current.len() >= 2 {
+        parts.push(current);
+    }
+    parts
+}
+
+/// Segment `a b` clipped to the square `0..extent`, by Liang and Barsky.
+fn clip_segment(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], extent: f64) -> Option<([f64; 2], [f64; 2])> {
+    let (dx, dy) = (b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
+    let (mut t0, mut t1) = (0.0_f64, 1.0_f64);
+    for (p, q) in [(-dx, a[0]), (dx, extent - a[0]), (-dy, a[1]), (dy, extent - a[1])] {
+        if p == 0.0 {
+            if q < 0.0 {
+                return None;
+            }
+        } else {
+            let t = q / p;
+            if p < 0.0 {
+                t0 = t0.max(t);
+            } else {
+                t1 = t1.min(t);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if t0 > t1 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let at = |t: f64| {
+        if t == 0.0 {
+            a
+        } else if t == 1.0 {
+            b
+        } else {
+            [a[0] + dx * t, a[1] + dy * t]
+        }
+    };
+    Some((at(t0), at(t1)))
+}
+
+fn zigzag(n: u64) -> i64 {
+    ((n >> 1) as i64) ^ -((n & 1) as i64)
+}
+
+fn packed(bytes: &[u8], out: &mut Vec<u32>) -> Option<()> {
+    let mut reader = Reader::new(bytes);
+    while !reader.done() {
+        out.push(reader.varint()? as u32);
+    }
+    Some(())
+}
+
+const VARINT: u8 = 0;
+const FIXED64: u8 = 1;
+const LENGTH: u8 = 2;
+const FIXED32: u8 = 5;
+
+/// Protocol buffer fields, read in order; `None` past the end or on a malformed field.
+struct Reader<'a> {
+    bytes: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+impl<'a> Reader<'a> {
+    fn new(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Reader<'a> {
+        Reader { bytes }
+    }
+
+    fn done(&self) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    fn varint(&mut self) -> Option<u64> {
+        let mut value = 0_u64;
+        for shift in (0..64).step_by(7) {
+            let (&byte, rest) = self.bytes.split_first()?;
+            self.bytes = rest;
+            value |= u64::from(byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+            if byte < 0x80 {
+                return Some(value);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// The next field's number and wire type.
+    fn tag(&mut self) -> Option<(u32, u8)> {
+        let tag = self.varint()?;
+        Some(((tag >> 3) as u32, (tag & 7) as u8))
+    }
+
+    fn bytes(&mut self) -> Option<&'a [u8]> {
+        let len = usize::try_from(self.varint()?).ok()?;
+        let (head, rest) = self.bytes.split_at_checked(len)?;
+        self.bytes = rest;
+        Some(head)
+    }
+
+    fn take<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Option<[u8; N]> {
+        let (head, rest) = self.bytes.split_first_chunk::<N>()?;
+        self.bytes = rest;
+        Some(*head)
+    }
+
+    fn skip(&mut self, wire: u8) -> Option<()> {
+        match wire {
+            VARINT => self.varint().map(drop),
+            FIXED64 => self.take::<8>().map(drop),
+            LENGTH => self.bytes().map(drop),
+            FIXED32 => self.take::<4>().map(drop),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Protocol buffer fields, written.
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    pub(crate) struct Writer(pub(crate) Vec<u8>);
+
+    impl Writer {
+        pub(crate) fn varint(&mut self, mut v: u64) {
+            while v >= 0x80 {
+                self.0.push((v as u8) | 0x80);
+                v >>= 7;
+            }
+            self.0.push(v as u8);
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn tag(&mut self, field: u32, wire: u8) {
+            self.varint(u64::from(field << 3) | u64::from(wire));
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn bytes(&mut self, field: u32, bytes: &[u8]) {
+            self.tag(field, LENGTH);
+            self.varint(bytes.len() as u64);
+            self.0.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn packed(&mut self, field: u32, values: &[u32]) {
+            let mut inner = Writer::default();
+            for &v in values {
+                inner.varint(u64::from(v));
+            }
+            self.bytes(field, &inner.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn zig(v: i64) -> u32 {
+        ((v << 1) ^ (v >> 63)) as u32
+    }
+
+    /// A tile of one layer `name` holding one feature of `kind` drawn by `geometry`, with property
+    /// `name` set to `value`.
+    pub(crate) fn tile(layer: &str, kind: u64, geometry: &[u32], value: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut feature = Writer::default();
+        feature.packed(2, &[0, 0]);
+        feature.tag(3, VARINT);
+        feature.varint(kind);
+        feature.packed(4, geometry);
+        let mut text = Writer::default();
+        text.bytes(1, value.as_bytes());
+        let mut l = Writer::default();
+        l.tag(15, VARINT);
+        l.varint(2);
+        l.bytes(1, layer.as_bytes());
+        l.bytes(2, &feature.0);
+        l.bytes(3, b"name");
+        l.bytes(4, &text.0);
+        l.tag(5, VARINT);
+        l.varint(4096);
+        let mut t = Writer::default();
+        t.bytes(3, &l.0);
+        t.0
+    }
+
+    /// A square's commands, from `(x, y)` of `side`, clockwise in tile coordinates.
+    pub(crate) fn square(x: i64, y: i64, side: i64) -> Vec<u32> {
+        vec![9, zig(x), zig(y), 26, zig(side), 0, 0, zig(side), zig(-side), 0, 15]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_polygon_decodes_to_degrees() {
+        let key = TileKey { z: 0, x: 0, y: 0 };
+        let layers = decode(&tile("water", 3, &square(1024, 1024, 2048), "lake"), key).expect("a tile");
+        assert_eq!(layers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(layers[0].name, "water");
+        let feature = &layers[0].features[0];
+        let Shape::Polygons(polygons) = &feature.shape else { panic!("polygons") };
+        let ring = &polygons[0][0];
+        assert_eq!(ring.len(), 5, "closed");
+        assert!((ring[0][0] + 90.0).abs() < 1e-9, "a quarter in: {:?}", ring[0]);
+        assert!(ring[0][1] > 60.0 && ring[0][1] < 70.0, "mercator latitude: {:?}", ring[0]);
+        assert_eq!(feature.properties, vec![(0, Property::Text("lake".into()))]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_polygon_clips_as_a_whole() {
+        let square = |x: f64, y: f64, side: f64, exterior: bool| {
+            let ring = vec![[x, y], [x + side, y], [x + side, y + side], [x, y + side]];
+            if exterior { ring } else { ring.into_iter().rev().collect() }
+        };
+        // A sea over the tile and its buffer, with islands across its left edge, across its corner,
+        // inside it, and outside it.
+        let rings = [
+            square(-64.0, -64.0, 4224.0, true),
+            square(-200.0, 1800.0, 500.0, false),
+            square(3900.0, -100.0, 400.0, false),
+            square(1000.0, 1000.0, 200.0, false),
+            square(5000.0, 5000.0, 100.0, false),
+        ];
+        let polygons = clip_polygon(&rings, 4096.0);
+        assert_eq!(polygons.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(polygons[0].len(), 2, "islands across the edge notch the sea; the one inside stays a hole");
+        let points: Vec<[f64; 2]> = polygons[0].concat();
+        let triangles = super::super::earcut::earcut(&points, &[polygons[0][0].len()]);
+        let area: f64 = triangles
+            .iter()
+            .map(|t| {
+                let [a, b, c] = t.map(|i| points[i as usize]);
+                ((b[0] - a[0]) * (c[1] - a[1]) - (c[0] - a[0]) * (b[1] - a[1])).abs() / 2.0
+            })
+            .sum();
+        let sea = 4096.0 * 4096.0 - 300.0 * 500.0 - 196.0 * 300.0 - 200.0 * 200.0;
+        assert!((area - sea).abs() < 1e-6, "{area} drawn of {sea}");
+        // A sea the tile lies wholly in is the tile; one beside it is nothing.
+        assert_eq!(clip_polygon(&[square(-100.0, -100.0, 5000.0, true)], 4096.0)[0][0].len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(clip_polygon(&[square(5000.0, 0.0, 100.0, true)], 4096.0).len(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shapes_are_clipped_to_the_tile() {
+        let key = TileKey { z: 1, x: 1, y: 0 };
+        // A square reaching past the tile's left edge: clipped there.
+        let layers = decode(&tile("land", 3, &square(-512, 1024, 1024), "x"), key).expect("a tile");
+        let Shape::Polygons(polygons) = &layers[0].features[0].shape else { panic!("polygons") };
+        assert!(polygons[0][0].iter().all(|p| p[0] >= -1e-9), "west of 0 is clipped: {:?}", polygons[0][0]);
+        // A line wholly outside draws nothing.
+        let outside = vec![9, zig(-100), zig(10), 10, zig(-50), 0];
+        let layers = decode(&tile("road", 2, &outside, "y"), key).expect("a tile");
+        assert!(layers[0].features.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_polygon_wholly_outside_leaves_nothing() {
+        let key = TileKey { z: 1, x: 1, y: 0 };
+        // Commands move relative to where the last ring ended, (-3000, 600): the second starts at (100, 100).
+        let mut geometry = square(-3000, 100, 500);
+        geometry.extend(square(3100, -500, 500));
+        let layers = decode(&tile("land", 3, &geometry, "x"), key).expect("a tile");
+        let Shape::Polygons(polygons) = &layers[0].features[0].shape else { panic!("polygons") };
+        assert_eq!(polygons.len(), 1, "only the one inside: {polygons:?}");
+        assert!(polygons.iter().flatten().all(|ring| ring.len() >= 4));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lines_are_cut_where_they_leave() {
+        let parts = clip_line(&[[-10.0, 5.0], [10.0, 5.0], [10.0, -10.0], [20.0, 5.0]], 100.0);
+        assert_eq!(parts.len(), 2, "{parts:?}");
+        assert_eq!(parts[0][0], [0.0, 5.0]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/geo/pmtiles.rs b/crates/latkit/src/geo/pmtiles.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eeebf0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/geo/pmtiles.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+//! PMTiles archives, version 3: a header, directories of tile entries along the Hilbert curve, and
+//! the tiles, each found by range requests.
+
+use crate::tiles::TileKey;
+
+/// Bytes a header takes.
+pub(crate) const HEADER: usize = 127;
+const MAGIC: &[u8] = b"PMTiles";
+/// How deep directories nest at most.
+pub(crate) const DEPTH: usize = 4;
+
+/// What an archive's header says.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Header {
+    pub(crate) root: (u64, u64),
+    pub(crate) metadata: (u64, u64),
+    pub(crate) leaves: u64,
+    pub(crate) data: u64,
+    /// Whether directories, and tiles, are gzip-compressed.
+    pub(crate) gzip_directories: bool,
+    pub(crate) gzip_tiles: bool,
+    pub(crate) vector: bool,
+    pub(crate) min_zoom: u8,
+    pub(crate) max_zoom: u8,
+    /// West, south, east, north.
+    pub(crate) bounds: [f64; 4],
+}
+
+/// Whether `bytes` begin a PMTiles archive.
+pub(crate) fn is_archive(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    bytes.starts_with(MAGIC)
+}
+
+/// The header at the start of `bytes`: a version 3 archive's, with compression read or none.
+pub(crate) fn header(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Header, String> {
+    if !is_archive(bytes) || bytes.len() < HEADER {
+        return Err("these bytes are not a PMTiles archive".into());
+    }
+    if bytes[7] != 3 {
+        return Err(format!("PMTiles version {} is not read; version 3 is", bytes[7]));
+    }
+    let u64_at = |at: usize| u64::from_le_bytes(bytes[at..at + 8].try_into().expect("eight bytes"));
+    let degrees = |at: usize| f64::from(i32::from_le_bytes(bytes[at..at + 4].try_into().expect("four bytes"))) / 1e7;
+    let compression = |code: u8, what: &str| match code {
+        0 | 1 => Ok(false),
+        2 => Ok(true),
+        other => Err(format!("the archive's {what} use compression {other}; only gzip is read")),
+    };
+    Ok(Header {
+        root: (u64_at(8), u64_at(16)),
+        metadata: (u64_at(24), u64_at(32)),
+        leaves: u64_at(40),
+        data: u64_at(56),
+        gzip_directories: compression(bytes[97], "directories")?,
+        gzip_tiles: compression(bytes[98], "tiles")?,
+        vector: bytes[99] == 1 || bytes[99] == 0,
+        min_zoom: bytes[100],
+        max_zoom: bytes[101],
+        bounds: [degrees(102), degrees(106), degrees(110), degrees(114)],
+    })
+}
+
+/// A directory's entries, sorted by tile id: each one's id, run length (0 for a leaf directory),
+/// offset, and length.
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Directory {
+    ids: Vec<u64>,
+    runs: Vec<u32>,
+    offsets: Vec<u64>,
+    lengths: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+/// Where a directory sends a tile.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Entry {
+    /// The tile's bytes: offset from the data section, and length.
+    Tile(u64, u64),
+    /// A leaf directory: offset from the leaf section, and length.
+    Leaf(u64, u64),
+}
+
+impl Directory {
+    /// The directory in `bytes`, decompressed.
+    pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Directory> {
+        let mut at = 0;
+        let mut next = || -> Option<u64> {
+            let mut value = 0_u64;
+            for shift in (0..64).step_by(7) {
+                let byte = *bytes.get(at)?;
+                at += 1;
+                value |= u64::from(byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+                if byte < 0x80 {
+                    return Some(value);
+                }
+            }
+            None
+        };
+        let count = usize::try_from(next()?).ok()?;
+        if count > bytes.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut id = 0;
+        let ids: Vec<u64> = (0..count)
+            .map(|_| {
+                next().map(|d| {
+                    id += d;
+                    id
+                })
+            })
+            .collect::<Option<_>>()?;
+        let runs: Vec<u32> = (0..count).map(|_| next().map(|v| v as u32)).collect::<Option<_>>()?;
+        let lengths: Vec<u32> = (0..count).map(|_| next().map(|v| v as u32)).collect::<Option<_>>()?;
+        let mut offsets: Vec<u64> = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+        for i in 0..count {
+            let value = next()?;
+            let offset = match (value, i) {
+                (0, 0) => return None,
+                (0, _) => offsets[i - 1] + u64::from(lengths[i - 1]),
+                (v, _) => v - 1,
+            };
+            offsets.push(offset);
+        }
+        Some(Directory { ids, runs, offsets, lengths })
+    }
+
+    /// Where the entry holding tile id `id` sends it, if any does.
+    pub(crate) fn find(&self, id: u64) -> Option<Entry> {
+        let i = match self.ids.binary_search(&id) {
+            Ok(i) => i,
+            Err(0) => return None,
+            Err(i) => i - 1,
+        };
+        let (offset, length) = (self.offsets[i], u64::from(self.lengths[i]));
+        match self.runs[i] {
+            0 => Some(Entry::Leaf(offset, length)),
+            run if id - self.ids[i] < u64::from(run) => Some(Entry::Tile(offset, length)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tile `key`'s id along the Hilbert curve, counting every tile of the zooms before it.
+pub(crate) fn tile_id(key: TileKey) -> u64 {
+    let z = u32::from(key.z);
+    let before: u64 = (0..z).map(|k| 1_u64 << (2 * k)).sum();
+    let n = 1_u64 << z;
+    let (mut x, mut y) = (u64::from(key.x), u64::from(key.y));
+    let mut index = 0;
+    let mut s = n / 2;
+    while s > 0 {
+        let rx = u64::from(x & s != 0);
+        let ry = u64::from(y & s != 0);
+        index += s * s * ((3 * rx) ^ ry);
+        if ry == 0 {
+            if rx == 1 {
+                x = n - 1 - x;
+                y = n - 1 - y;
+            }
+            std::mem::swap(&mut x, &mut y);
+        }
+        s /= 2;
+    }
+    before + index
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tile_ids_follow_the_hilbert_curve() {
+        assert_eq!(tile_id(TileKey { z: 0, x: 0, y: 0 }), 0);
+        // Zoom 1 goes around its four tiles from the top left, down, then right.
+        let ids: Vec<u64> = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0)].map(|(x, y)| tile_id(TileKey { z: 1, x, y })).to_vec();
+        assert_eq!(ids, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+        assert_eq!(tile_id(TileKey { z: 2, x: 0, y: 0 }), 5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn directories_find_tiles_and_leaves() {
+        // Entries: ids 0 (a run of 2 tiles), 5 (a leaf); offsets written as offset + 1, then 0 for
+        // "right after the one before".
+        let bytes = [2, 0, 5, 2, 0, 10, 20, 1, 0];
+        let directory = Directory::decode(&bytes).expect("a directory");
+        assert_eq!(directory.find(0), Some(Entry::Tile(0, 10)));
+        assert_eq!(directory.find(1), Some(Entry::Tile(0, 10)), "inside the run");
+        assert_eq!(directory.find(2), None, "past the run");
+        assert_eq!(directory.find(7), Some(Entry::Leaf(10, 20)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/geo/shapes.rs b/crates/latkit/src/geo/shapes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffade701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/geo/shapes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+//! What geometry becomes to draw: an area's triangles with the point its label hangs from, and on the
+//! earth a path that bends with the globe. On the earth, longitudes unwrap across the antimeridian so
+//! nothing streaks across the map, and nothing spans more than [`EARTH_STEP`] degrees: triangles
+//! split along a grid of that pitch, paths gain points.
+
+use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
+
+use super::earcut::earcut;
+
+type Point = [f64; 2];
+
+/// Degrees an earth triangle spans a side at most, and an earth path's segment: a chord this long
+/// sags under a two-thousandth of the globe's radius.
+pub(crate) const EARTH_STEP: f64 = 2.0;
+
+/// The triangles of `polygons`, each its outer ring then its holes, as a point list: the point its
+/// label hangs from first, then three points per triangle. Without triangles, no points at all.
+pub(crate) fn triangles(polygons: &[Vec<Vec<Point>>], earth: bool) -> Vec<Point> {
+    let mut out = vec![[f64::NAN; 2]];
+    let mut largest: Option<(f64, Vec<Vec<Point>>)> = None;
+    for polygon in polygons {
+        let rings: Vec<Vec<Point>> = if earth { unwrapped(polygon) } else { polygon.clone() };
+        let Some(outer) = rings.first().filter(|r| r.len() >= 3) else { continue };
+        let area = ring_area(outer).abs();
+        let mut points: Vec<Point> = Vec::with_capacity(rings.iter().map(Vec::len).sum());
+        let mut holes = Vec::with_capacity(rings.len().saturating_sub(1));
+        for (k, ring) in rings.iter().enumerate() {
+            if k > 0 {
+                if ring.len() < 3 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                holes.push(points.len());
+            }
+            points.extend(ring.iter().copied().filter(|p| p[0].is_finite() && p[1].is_finite()));
+        }
+        for t in earcut(&points, &holes) {
+            let corners = t.map(|i| points[i as usize]);
+            if earth { split(corners, &mut out) } else { out.extend(corners) }
+        }
+        if largest.as_ref().is_none_or(|(a, _)| area > *a) {
+            largest = Some((area, rings));
+        }
+    }
+    if out.len() == 1 {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    if let Some((_, rings)) = largest {
+        out[0] = label_point(&rings);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// `parts` as an earth path draws them: longitudes unwrapped across the antimeridian, and a point
+/// every [`EARTH_STEP`] degrees along longer segments. `None` when nothing changes.
+pub(crate) fn earth_parts(parts: &[Vec<Point>]) -> Option<Vec<Vec<Point>>> {
+    let changes = parts.iter().any(|part| {
+        part.windows(2).any(|w| (w[1][0] - w[0][0]).abs() > EARTH_STEP || (w[1][1] - w[0][1]).abs() > EARTH_STEP)
+    });
+    changes.then(|| parts.iter().map(|part| densified(&unwrap(part))).collect())
+}
+
+/// `polygon`'s rings with longitudes unwrapped: each ring continuous, and every ring on the side of
+/// the antimeridian the outer ring starts on.
+fn unwrapped(polygon: &[Vec<Point>]) -> Vec<Vec<Point>> {
+    let first = polygon.first().and_then(|r| r.first()).map_or(0.0, |p| p[0]);
+    polygon
+        .iter()
+        .map(|ring| {
+            let mut ring = unwrap(ring);
+            if let Some(start) = ring.first().map(|p| p[0]) {
+                let shift = 360.0 * turns(first - start);
+                if shift != 0.0 {
+                    for p in &mut ring {
+                        p[0] += shift;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ring
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// `line` with each longitude moved by whole turns to within 180 degrees of the one before.
+fn unwrap(line: &[Point]) -> Vec<Point> {
+    let mut out: Vec<Point> = Vec::with_capacity(line.len());
+    for &p in line {
+        let mut p = p;
+        if let Some(prev) = out.last() {
+            p[0] += 360.0 * turns(prev[0] - p[0]);
+        }
+        out.push(p);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// The whole turns that bring a step of `degrees` within half a turn. A step of exactly half a turn
+/// stays: a tile half the world wide has edges that long, and which way round they run is theirs.
+fn turns(degrees: f64) -> f64 {
+    degrees.signum() * ((degrees.abs() - 180.0) / 360.0).ceil().max(0.0)
+}
+
+/// `line` with points every [`EARTH_STEP`] degrees along its longer segments, straight in longitude
+/// and latitude.
+fn densified(line: &[Point]) -> Vec<Point> {
+    let mut out: Vec<Point> = Vec::with_capacity(line.len());
+    for (k, &p) in line.iter().enumerate() {
+        if k > 0 {
+            let a = line[k - 1];
+            let steps = ((p[0] - a[0]).abs().max((p[1] - a[1]).abs()) / EARTH_STEP).ceil() as usize;
+            for s in 1..steps {
+                let t = s as f64 / steps as f64;
+                out.push([a[0] + (p[0] - a[0]) * t, a[1] + (p[1] - a[1]) * t]);
+            }
+        }
+        out.push(p);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Triangle `t` cut along the grid of [`EARTH_STEP`] degrees into the pieces each cell holds, each
+/// fanned into triangles. A crossing is worked out from its edge's ends in one order, so triangles
+/// sharing an edge share its crossings and no crack opens.
+fn split(t: [Point; 3], out: &mut Vec<Point>) {
+    let cell = |v: f64| (v / EARTH_STEP).floor();
+    let lo = [0, 1].map(|k| cell(t[0][k].min(t[1][k]).min(t[2][k])));
+    let hi = [0, 1].map(|k| cell(t[0][k].max(t[1][k]).max(t[2][k])));
+    if lo == hi || !lo.iter().chain(&hi).all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+        out.extend(t);
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut piece: Vec<Point> = Vec::with_capacity(9);
+    let mut next: Vec<Point> = Vec::with_capacity(9);
+    let mut x = lo[0];
+    while x <= hi[0] {
+        let mut y = lo[1];
+        while y <= hi[1] {
+            piece.clear();
+            piece.extend(t);
+            for (axis, at, keep_above) in [
+                (0, x * EARTH_STEP, true),
+                (0, (x + 1.0) * EARTH_STEP, false),
+                (1, y * EARTH_STEP, true),
+                (1, (y + 1.0) * EARTH_STEP, false),
+            ] {
+                clip(&piece, axis, at, keep_above, &mut next);
+                std::mem::swap(&mut piece, &mut next);
+                if piece.len() < 3 {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            for k in 1..piece.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+                out.extend([piece[0], piece[k], piece[k + 1]]);
+            }
+            y += 1.0;
+        }
+        x += 1.0;
+    }
+}
+
+/// The part of convex polygon `piece` on one side of the line where coordinate `axis` is `at`: at or
+/// above it when `keep_above`, else at or below it.
+fn clip(piece: &[Point], axis: usize, at: f64, keep_above: bool, out: &mut Vec<Point>) {
+    out.clear();
+    let inside = |p: &Point| if keep_above { p[axis] >= at } else { p[axis] <= at };
+    for (k, &p) in piece.iter().enumerate() {
+        let q = piece[(k + 1) % piece.len()];
+        let (p_in, q_in) = (inside(&p), inside(&q));
+        if p_in {
+            out.push(p);
+        }
+        if p_in != q_in {
+            out.push(crossing(p, q, axis, at));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where segment `p q` crosses the line where coordinate `axis` is `at`, worked out from its ends in
+/// one order whichever way the segment runs.
+fn crossing(p: Point, q: Point, axis: usize, at: f64) -> Point {
+    let (a, b) = if (p[0], p[1]) <= (q[0], q[1]) { (p, q) } else { (q, p) };
+    let t = (at - a[axis]) / (b[axis] - a[axis]);
+    let other = 1 - axis;
+    let mut out = [0.0; 2];
+    out[axis] = at;
+    out[other] = a[other] + (b[other] - a[other]) * t;
+    out
+}
+
+/// Twice the signed area of a ring.
+fn ring_area(ring: &[Point]) -> f64 {
+    let Some(&last) = ring.last() else { return 0.0 };
+    let mut sum = 0.0;
+    let mut j = last;
+    for &p in ring {
+        sum += (j[0] - p[0]) * (p[1] + j[1]);
+        j = p;
+    }
+    sum
+}
+
+/// The point a polygon's label hangs from: the point inside it farthest from its edges, found to a
+/// fiftieth of its size, as polylabel finds it.
+fn label_point(rings: &[Vec<Point>]) -> Point {
+    let Some(outer) = rings.first() else { return [f64::NAN; 2] };
+    let (mut lo, mut hi) = ([f64::INFINITY; 2], [f64::NEG_INFINITY; 2]);
+    for p in outer {
+        for k in 0..2 {
+            lo[k] = lo[k].min(p[k]);
+            hi[k] = hi[k].max(p[k]);
+        }
+    }
+    let (short, long) = ((hi[0] - lo[0]).min(hi[1] - lo[1]), (hi[0] - lo[0]).max(hi[1] - lo[1]));
+    if short.is_nan() || short <= 0.0 {
+        return [lo[0].midpoint(hi[0]), lo[1].midpoint(hi[1])];
+    }
+    // Cells start square, at most sixteen along the longer side.
+    let size = short.max(long / 16.0);
+    let precision = long / 50.0;
+    let probe = |center: Point, half: f64| Cell::new(center, half, signed_distance(center, rings));
+    let mut queue = BinaryHeap::new();
+    let mut h = size / 2.0;
+    let mut x = lo[0];
+    while x < hi[0] {
+        let mut y = lo[1];
+        while y < hi[1] {
+            queue.push(probe([x + h, y + h], h));
+            y += size;
+        }
+        x += size;
+    }
+    let mut best = probe(centroid(outer), 0.0);
+    let middle = probe([lo[0].midpoint(hi[0]), lo[1].midpoint(hi[1])], 0.0);
+    if middle.distance > best.distance {
+        best = middle;
+    }
+    // Each cell probed costs a pass over the rings; cap them so a huge polygon stays bounded.
+    let mut probes = 0;
+    while let Some(cell) = queue.pop() {
+        if cell.distance > best.distance {
+            best = cell;
+        }
+        if cell.max - best.distance <= precision || probes > 4096 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        h = cell.half / 2.0;
+        for [dx, dy] in [[-1.0, -1.0], [1.0, -1.0], [-1.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.0]] {
+            queue.push(probe([cell.center[0] + dx * h, cell.center[1] + dy * h], h));
+            probes += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    best.center
+}
+
+/// A square cell of polylabel's search: its center, half its side, the distance from its center to
+/// the polygon's edges (negative outside), and the most any point of it could reach.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Cell {
+    center: Point,
+    half: f64,
+    distance: f64,
+    max: f64,
+}
+
+impl Cell {
+    fn new(center: Point, half: f64, distance: f64) -> Cell {
+        Cell { center, half, distance, max: distance + half * std::f64::consts::SQRT_2 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Cell {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Cell) -> bool {
+        self.max == other.max
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Cell {}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Cell {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Cell) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Cell {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Cell) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.max.total_cmp(&other.max)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The distance from `p` to the nearest edge of `rings`: positive inside, negative outside.
+fn signed_distance(p: Point, rings: &[Vec<Point>]) -> f64 {
+    let mut inside = false;
+    let mut nearest = f64::INFINITY;
+    for ring in rings {
+        let Some(&last) = ring.last() else { continue };
+        let mut a = last;
+        for &b in ring {
+            if (a[1] > p[1]) != (b[1] > p[1]) && p[0] < (b[0] - a[0]) * (p[1] - a[1]) / (b[1] - a[1]) + a[0] {
+                inside = !inside;
+            }
+            nearest = nearest.min(segment_distance_squared(p, a, b));
+            a = b;
+        }
+    }
+    let distance = nearest.sqrt();
+    if inside { distance } else { -distance }
+}
+
+fn segment_distance_squared(p: Point, a: Point, b: Point) -> f64 {
+    let (dx, dy) = (b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
+    let length = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+    let t = if length > 0.0 { (((p[0] - a[0]) * dx + (p[1] - a[1]) * dy) / length).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    let (x, y) = (a[0] + dx * t - p[0], a[1] + dy * t - p[1]);
+    x * x + y * y
+}
+
+/// A ring's centroid, or its first point when it has no area.
+fn centroid(ring: &[Point]) -> Point {
+    let (mut area, mut x, mut y) = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let Some(&last) = ring.last() else { return [f64::NAN; 2] };
+    let mut a = last;
+    for &b in ring {
+        let f = a[0] * b[1] - b[0] * a[1];
+        x += (a[0] + b[0]) * f;
+        y += (a[1] + b[1]) * f;
+        area += f * 3.0;
+        a = b;
+    }
+    if area == 0.0 { ring[0] } else { [x / area, y / area] }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn square(x: f64, y: f64, side: f64) -> Vec<Point> {
+        vec![[x, y], [x + side, y], [x + side, y + side], [x, y + side], [x, y]]
+    }
+
+    /// The area the triangles of a point list cover.
+    fn covered(points: &[Point]) -> f64 {
+        points[1..]
+            .chunks(3)
+            .map(|t| {
+                ((t[1][0] - t[0][0]) * (t[2][1] - t[0][1]) - (t[2][0] - t[0][0]) * (t[1][1] - t[0][1])).abs() / 2.0
+            })
+            .sum()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_square_triangulates_with_its_label_in_the_middle() {
+        let points = triangles(&[vec![square(0.0, 0.0, 10.0)]], false);
+        assert_eq!(points.len(), 1 + 6);
+        assert!((covered(&points) - 100.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        let [x, y] = points[0];
+        assert!((x - 5.0).abs() < 0.3 && (y - 5.0).abs() < 0.3, "{:?}", points[0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_half_world_tile_stays_where_it_lies_from_any_corner() {
+        // A tile at zoom 1 is half the world wide: its edges run exactly 180 degrees.
+        let corners = [[0.0, 0.0], [180.0, 0.0], [180.0, 80.0], [0.0, 80.0]];
+        for start in 0..4 {
+            let mut ring: Vec<Point> = (0..4).map(|k| corners[(start + k) % 4]).collect();
+            ring.push(ring[0]);
+            let points = triangles(&[vec![ring]], true);
+            assert!((covered(&points) - 180.0 * 80.0).abs() < 1e-6, "from corner {start}");
+            assert!(points[1..].iter().all(|p| (0.0..=180.0).contains(&p[0])), "from corner {start}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_hole_moves_the_label_off_it() {
+        let polygon = vec![square(0.0, 0.0, 10.0), square(3.0, 3.0, 4.0)];
+        let points = triangles(&[polygon], false);
+        assert!((covered(&points) - 84.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        let [x, y] = points[0];
+        assert!(!(3.0..=7.0).contains(&x) || !(3.0..=7.0).contains(&y), "{:?}", points[0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn earth_triangles_split_along_the_grid_without_losing_area() {
+        let points = triangles(&[vec![square(0.5, 0.5, 9.0)]], true);
+        assert!((covered(&points) - 81.0).abs() < 1e-6, "{}", covered(&points));
+        for t in points[1..].chunks(3) {
+            for k in 0..2 {
+                let (lo, hi) = (
+                    t.iter().map(|p| p[k]).fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min),
+                    t.iter().map(|p| p[k]).fold(f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::max),
+                );
+                assert!(hi - lo <= EARTH_STEP + 1e-9, "a piece spans {lo}..{hi}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rings_across_the_antimeridian_stay_whole() {
+        let ring = vec![[179.0, 0.0], [-179.0, 0.0], [-179.0, 1.0], [179.0, 1.0], [179.0, 0.0]];
+        let points = triangles(&[vec![ring]], true);
+        assert!((covered(&points) - 2.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{}", covered(&points));
+        assert!(points[1..].iter().all(|p| p[0] >= 179.0 && p[0] <= 181.0), "unwrapped east: {points:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn earth_parts_bend_and_unwrap() {
+        assert!(earth_parts(&[vec![[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0]]]).is_none(), "short segments stay");
+        let parts = earth_parts(&[vec![[170.0, 10.0], [-170.0, 10.0]]]).expect("crosses");
+        assert_eq!(parts[0].first(), Some(&[170.0, 10.0]));
+        assert_eq!(parts[0].last(), Some(&[190.0, 10.0]));
+        assert!(parts[0].windows(2).all(|w| (w[1][0] - w[0][0]).abs() <= EARTH_STEP + 1e-9));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/geo/tiles.rs b/crates/latkit/src/geo/tiles.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44d1716d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/geo/tiles.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+//! Vector tiles as data: where tiles come from, and a tile decoded into the rows of the tables marks
+//! draw from it.
+
+use super::mvt::{self, Kind, Property, Shape};
+use crate::data::{Ids, Name, Patch, Table, Values};
+use crate::tiles::TileKey;
+
+/// Tiles fetched from a URL template, from a TileJSON document or given as one.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Template {
+    pub(crate) url: String,
+    pub(crate) min_zoom: u8,
+    pub(crate) max_zoom: u8,
+    /// West, south, east, north.
+    pub(crate) bounds: [f64; 4],
+    /// Whether rows count from the south, as TMS has them.
+    pub(crate) tms: bool,
+}
+
+/// The whole earth web mercator reaches.
+pub(crate) const WORLD: [f64; 4] = [-180.0, -85.051_128_78, 180.0, 85.051_128_78];
+
+impl Template {
+    /// The template `url`, its zooms and bounds as most sources serve them.
+    pub(crate) fn of(url: &str) -> Template {
+        Template { url: url.to_owned(), min_zoom: 0, max_zoom: 14, bounds: WORLD, tms: false }
+    }
+
+    /// The TileJSON document `bytes`, found at `base`.
+    pub(crate) fn tilejson(bytes: &[u8], base: &str) -> Result<Template, String> {
+        let json: serde_json::Value =
+            serde_json::from_slice(bytes).map_err(|e| format!("{base} is not TileJSON: {e}"))?;
+        let template = json["tiles"][0].as_str().ok_or_else(|| format!("the TileJSON at {base} names no tiles"))?;
+        if let Some(format) = json["format"].as_str()
+            && ["png", "jpg", "jpeg", "webp", "avif"].contains(&format)
+        {
+            return Err(format!("the TileJSON at {base} names image tiles; only vector tiles draw"));
+        }
+        let zoom = |key: &str, or: u8| json[key].as_u64().map_or(or, |z| z.min(24) as u8);
+        let bounds = json["bounds"]
+            .as_array()
+            .filter(|b| b.len() == 4)
+            .and_then(|b| Some([b[0].as_f64()?, b[1].as_f64()?, b[2].as_f64()?, b[3].as_f64()?]))
+            .unwrap_or(WORLD);
+        Ok(Template {
+            url: crate::url::resolve(base, template),
+            min_zoom: zoom("minzoom", 0),
+            max_zoom: zoom("maxzoom", 14),
+            bounds,
+            tms: json["scheme"].as_str() == Some("tms"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The URL of tile `key`.
+    pub(crate) fn url_of(&self, key: TileKey) -> String {
+        let y = if self.tms { (1_u32 << key.z) - 1 - key.y } else { key.y };
+        self.url.replace("{z}", &key.z.to_string()).replace("{x}", &key.x.to_string()).replace("{y}", &y.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A table a tile decodes into: its layer's features of one kind, as table `table`.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Decoded {
+    pub(crate) layer: String,
+    pub(crate) kind: Kind,
+    pub(crate) table: Name,
+}
+
+/// Features a tile's table numbers at most; ids beyond its place in the tile never collide.
+pub(crate) const FEATURES: u64 = 1 << 20;
+
+/// Tile `key`'s rows as a patch of every table of `tables`: each feature of the table's layer and
+/// kind a row (a multi-point a row per point), its geometry field `geometry` and its properties
+/// fields. A row's id is the tile's place along the Hilbert curve times [`FEATURES`], plus its own
+/// place among the table's rows. `None` when the bytes are no tile.
+pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8], key: TileKey, tables: &[Decoded]) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let bytes = super::gunzipped(bytes).ok()?;
+    let layers = mvt::decode(&bytes, key)?;
+    let first = super::pmtiles::tile_id(key) * FEATURES;
+    let mut patch = Patch::new();
+    for decoded in tables {
+        let Some(layer) = layers.iter().find(|l| l.name == decoded.layer) else { continue };
+        let mut shapes: Vec<Shape> = Vec::new();
+        let mut properties: Vec<&[(u32, Property)]> = Vec::new();
+        for feature in layer.features.iter().filter(|f| f.shape.kind() == decoded.kind) {
+            match &feature.shape {
+                Shape::Points(points) => {
+                    for &p in points {
+                        shapes.push(Shape::Points(vec![p]));
+                        properties.push(&feature.properties);
+                    }
+                }
+                shape => {
+                    shapes.push(shape.clone());
+                    properties.push(&feature.properties);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let count = shapes.len().min(FEATURES as usize);
+        if count == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let ids: Vec<u64> = (0..count as u64).map(|k| first + k).collect();
+        let geometry: Values = match decoded.kind {
+            Kind::Points => shapes[..count]
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| if let Shape::Points(p) = s { p[0] } else { [f64::NAN; 2] })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into(),
+            Kind::Lines => shapes
+                .into_iter()
+                .take(count)
+                .map(|s| if let Shape::Lines(parts) = s { parts } else { Vec::new() })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into(),
+            Kind::Polygons => shapes
+                .into_iter()
+                .take(count)
+                .map(|s| if let Shape::Polygons(polygons) = s { polygons } else { Vec::new() })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into(),
+        };
+        let mut table = Table::new(decoded.table.clone(), Ids::from(ids)).field("geometry", geometry);
+        for (k, key) in layer.keys.iter().enumerate() {
+            if key == "geometry" {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let values: Vec<Option<&Property>> = properties[..count]
+                .iter()
+                .map(|props| props.iter().find(|(i, _)| *i as usize == k).map(|(_, v)| v))
+                .collect();
+            if values.iter().any(Option::is_some) {
+                table = table.field(key.as_str(), field(&values));
+            }
+        }
+        patch = patch.set(table);
+    }
+    Some(patch)
+}
+
+/// A property's values as a field: numbers where every value present is one, booleans likewise,
+/// texts otherwise.
+fn field(values: &[Option<&Property>]) -> Values {
+    let present = || values.iter().flatten();
+    if present().all(|v| matches!(v, Property::Number(_))) {
+        return values
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| v.and_then(|v| if let Property::Number(n) = v { Some(*n) } else { None }))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .into();
+    }
+    if present().all(|v| matches!(v, Property::Bool(_))) {
+        return values
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| v.and_then(|v| if let Property::Bool(b) = v { Some(*b) } else { None }))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .into();
+    }
+    values.iter().map(|v| v.map(text)).collect::<Vec<Option<String>>>().into()
+}
+
+/// A property written as text.
+pub(crate) fn text(property: &Property) -> String {
+    match property {
+        Property::Text(t) => t.clone(),
+        Property::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        Property::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::geo::mvt::tests::{square, tile};
+    use crate::{Data, Value};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_tile_decodes_into_its_tables_rows() {
+        let key = TileKey { z: 3, x: 2, y: 3 };
+        let bytes = tile("water", 3, &square(100, 100, 1000), "bay");
+        let tables = [Decoded { layer: "water".into(), kind: Kind::Polygons, table: "water".into() }];
+        let patch = decode(&bytes, key, &tables).expect("a tile");
+        let mut data = Data::new("base");
+        data.apply(patch).expect("valid");
+        let water = data.table("water").expect("the table");
+        assert_eq!(water.len(), 1);
+        let id = crate::geo::pmtiles::tile_id(key) * FEATURES;
+        assert_eq!(water.get(id, "name"), Some(Value::Text("bay".into())), "stable ids");
+        assert!(matches!(water.get(id, "geometry"), Some(Value::Polygons(_))));
+        let other = [Decoded { layer: "water".into(), kind: Kind::Lines, table: "water".into() }];
+        assert!(decode(&bytes, key, &other).expect("a tile").is_empty(), "no lines in it");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn templates_fill_and_resolve() {
+        let json = br#"{"tiles": ["/planet/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf"], "minzoom": 0, "maxzoom": 14, "scheme": "xyz"}"#;
+        let template = Template::tilejson(json, "https://tiles.example/planet").expect("TileJSON");
+        assert_eq!(template.url_of(TileKey { z: 2, x: 1, y: 3 }), "https://tiles.example/planet/2/1/3.pbf");
+        let tms = Template { tms: true, ..Template::of("{z}/{x}/{y}") };
+        assert_eq!(tms.url_of(TileKey { z: 1, x: 0, y: 0 }), "1/0/1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tile_bounds_meet_their_parents() {
+        let key = TileKey { z: 1, x: 1, y: 0 };
+        let [w, s, e, n] = key.bounds();
+        assert_eq!([w, s, e], [0.0, 0.0, 180.0]);
+        assert!((n - 85.051_128_78).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert_eq!(key.children()[3].ancestor(1), key);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/arena.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/arena.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09ba3206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/arena.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+//! Data pages on the GPU: one pool of 64 Ki-word chunks in one storage buffer, which doubles as it
+//! fills, up to the budget. A chunk is carved into blocks of one power-of-two size, and no page is
+//! larger than a chunk: a geometry's points split into pieces of a chunk each. So the room any page
+//! leaves serves any other: a chunk whose blocks all come back is carved again for another size.
+//!
+//! A page is identified by its id, the words of it a program reads, and its piece. Page tables pin
+//! the pages they reference, so a page in use is never evicted; unpinned pages stay cached, the least
+//! recently used going first when a page needs their room. Uploads stream within a per-frame byte
+//! budget. A page that finds no room waits until pins let room go: views plan what they draw to fit
+//! the pool, so none waits long.
+
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, VecDeque};
+
+use rustc_hash::FxBuildHasher;
+
+use crate::data::{AxisPage, FramePage, PageId, Value, Values};
+use crate::expr::compile::Words;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{MISSING, NONE, POINT_BITS};
+use crate::gpu::work::Queue;
+
+/// Words in a chunk: the largest block, and the largest page.
+pub(crate) const CHUNK_WORDS: u32 = 1 << 16;
+/// Bytes in a chunk.
+pub(crate) const CHUNK_BYTES: u64 = CHUNK_WORDS as u64 * 4;
+const MIN_CLASS_BITS: u32 = 6;
+const CLASSES: usize = (16 - MIN_CLASS_BITS + 1) as usize;
+const INITIAL_CHUNKS: u32 = 16;
+/// Points in a piece of a geometry's points: a chunk of x and y words.
+pub(crate) const PIECE_POINTS: usize = 1 << POINT_BITS;
+
+/// A page as a program reads it.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct PageKey {
+    pub(crate) page: PageId,
+    pub(crate) words: Words,
+    /// The part `f32` drops of an `f64`, rather than the value.
+    pub(crate) low: bool,
+    /// Which piece of the page: a geometry's first points, then its points a chunk at a time; 0
+    /// for every other page, which is one piece.
+    pub(crate) piece: u32,
+}
+
+impl PageKey {
+    /// The one piece of a page that is not a geometry's.
+    pub(crate) fn of(page: PageId, words: Words, low: bool) -> PageKey {
+        PageKey { page, words, low, piece: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What to upload for a page.
+pub(crate) enum Content {
+    /// Static values, converted to words for `words`.
+    Values { values: Values, words: Words, low: bool },
+    /// A page of samples; one an append opened grows, and only its new tail uploads.
+    Frames(FramePage),
+    /// A page of where a level's entries draw along the axis; it grows like a page of samples.
+    Axis(AxisPage),
+    /// Words computed on the CPU: text codes, join rows, a geometry's pieces.
+    Computed(Vec<u32>),
+}
+
+impl Content {
+    /// Words in the page.
+    fn len(&self) -> u32 {
+        let len = match self {
+            Content::Values { values, .. } => values.len(),
+            Content::Frames(page) => page.read(<[f32]>::len),
+            Content::Axis(page) => page.words_len(),
+            Content::Computed(words) => words.len(),
+        };
+        debug_assert!(len <= CHUNK_WORDS as usize, "no page is larger than a chunk");
+        len as u32
+    }
+
+    /// The page's words from word `from` on: a growing page uploads only its new tail.
+    fn words(&self, from: usize) -> Vec<u32> {
+        match self {
+            Content::Values { values, words, low } => page_words(values, *words, *low).split_off(from),
+            Content::Frames(page) => {
+                page.read(|values| values[from.min(values.len())..].iter().map(|v| v.to_bits()).collect())
+            }
+            Content::Axis(page) => page.words(from),
+            Content::Computed(words) => words[from.min(words.len())..].to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The class of the block it takes: a growing page takes a whole chunk to grow into.
+    fn class(&self, words: u32) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Content::Frames(page) if page.grows() => CLASSES - 1,
+            Content::Axis(page) if page.grows() => CLASSES - 1,
+            _ => class_of(words),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The class of a block holding `words`: the power of two at least that large.
+fn class_of(words: u32) -> usize {
+    let bits = words.max(1).next_power_of_two().trailing_zeros().max(MIN_CLASS_BITS);
+    (bits - MIN_CLASS_BITS) as usize
+}
+
+fn class_words(class: usize) -> u32 {
+    1 << (class as u32 + MIN_CLASS_BITS)
+}
+
+/// Blocks of `class` in a chunk.
+fn slots(class: usize) -> u32 {
+    CHUNK_WORDS / class_words(class)
+}
+
+/// What a page uploads as `words` reads it: numbers as `f32`, the low part of `f64`s, point
+/// components, or reference rows as `u32`. Missing values are `MISSING`, or `NONE` for rows.
+pub(crate) fn page_words(values: &Values, words: Words, low: bool) -> Vec<u32> {
+    let n = values.len();
+    let word = |x: f64| {
+        let hi = x as f32;
+        if low { (x - f64::from(hi)) as f32 } else { hi }.to_bits()
+    };
+    match words {
+        Words::Values => values.map_numbers(|x| x.map_or(MISSING, word)),
+        Words::Bits => values.map_numbers(|x| x.map_or(NONE, |x| x as u32)),
+        Words::X | Words::Y => {
+            let component = usize::from(words == Words::Y);
+            let coords = values.geometry().map(crate::data::Geometry::coords);
+            (0..n)
+                .map(|i| match coords {
+                    Some(coords) if values.is_valid(i) && coords[i][component].is_finite() => {
+                        word(coords[i][component])
+                    }
+                    _ => MISSING,
+                })
+                .collect()
+        }
+        Words::Path => unreachable!("a geometry uploads in pieces"),
+        Words::Codes => unreachable!("text codes upload as words"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Points a geometry page's rows take as shaders read them: every coordinate, and a break between a
+/// row's parts or rings.
+pub(crate) fn path_points(values: &Values) -> usize {
+    let Some(geometry) = values.geometry() else { return 0 };
+    (0..values.len()).filter(|&row| values.is_valid(row)).map(|row| geometry.row_points(row)).sum()
+}
+
+/// A geometry page's pieces, as `lib/read.wesl` reads them: each row's first point, then its points
+/// a chunk at a time, every point an x and a y word. A row's parts, or its polygons' rings, are
+/// broken by a missing point.
+pub(crate) fn path_pieces(values: &Values) -> Vec<Vec<u32>> {
+    let mut firsts = Vec::with_capacity(values.len());
+    let mut pieces: Vec<Vec<u32>> = vec![Vec::new()];
+    let mut points = 0_u32;
+    let push = |point: [u32; 2], pieces: &mut Vec<Vec<u32>>, points: &mut u32| {
+        if pieces.last().is_some_and(|p| p.len() == 2 * PIECE_POINTS) {
+            pieces.push(Vec::with_capacity(2 * PIECE_POINTS));
+        }
+        pieces.last_mut().expect("a piece").extend(point);
+        *points += 1;
+    };
+    let bits = |p: &[f64; 2]| p.map(|v| (v as f32).to_bits());
+    for row in 0..values.len() {
+        firsts.push(points);
+        let parts: Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> = match values.get(row) {
+            Some(Value::Point(p)) => vec![vec![p]],
+            Some(Value::Path(path)) => vec![path],
+            Some(Value::Parts(parts)) => parts,
+            Some(Value::Polygons(polygons)) => polygons.into_iter().flatten().collect(),
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        };
+        for (k, part) in parts.iter().enumerate() {
+            if k > 0 {
+                push([MISSING, MISSING], &mut pieces, &mut points);
+            }
+            for p in part {
+                push(bits(p), &mut pieces, &mut points);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if pieces.last().is_some_and(Vec::is_empty) {
+        pieces.pop();
+    }
+    std::iter::once(firsts).chain(pieces).collect()
+}
+
+struct Block {
+    /// Offset in words, or `NONE` until allocated.
+    offset: u32,
+    class: usize,
+    /// Words uploaded so far.
+    written: u32,
+    pins: u32,
+    /// When it was last unpinned, its place in the LRU.
+    tick: u64,
+}
+
+/// A chunk of the pool: free, or carved into blocks of one class with a bit for each that is free;
+/// the class is the one whose chunks list it.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Chunk {
+    live: u32,
+    free: [u64; 16],
+}
+
+impl Chunk {
+    const FREE: Chunk = Chunk { live: 0, free: [0; 16] };
+
+    /// Takes a free block, returning its slot.
+    fn take(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        let word = self.free.iter().position(|&w| w != 0).expect("a chunk listed with room has a free block");
+        let bit = self.free[word].trailing_zeros();
+        self.free[word] &= !(1 << bit);
+        self.live += 1;
+        word as u32 * 64 + bit
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Arena {
+    buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    chunks: Vec<Chunk>,
+    /// The most chunks the pool grows to.
+    limit: u32,
+    /// Changes whenever the buffer is replaced, so views rebind it.
+    pub(crate) generation: u64,
+    /// Free chunks, and each class's chunks with a free block, lowest first so blocks gather low.
+    free: BTreeSet<u32>,
+    partial: [BTreeSet<u32>; CLASSES],
+    blocks: HashMap<PageKey, Block, FxBuildHasher>,
+    /// Unpinned, allocated blocks by when they were unpinned.
+    unpinned: BTreeMap<u64, PageKey>,
+    tick: u64,
+    uploads: VecDeque<PageKey>,
+    contents: HashMap<PageKey, Content, FxBuildHasher>,
+    /// Bytes of allocated blocks.
+    resident: u64,
+    /// Whether the page at the front of the queue found no room, the last time it tried.
+    starved: bool,
+}
+
+impl Arena {
+    /// A pool that grows to at most `bytes`, within what the device binds.
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, bytes: u64) -> Arena {
+        let limit = limit_of(device, bytes);
+        let chunks = INITIAL_CHUNKS.min(limit);
+        Arena {
+            buffer: create(device, chunks),
+            chunks: vec![Chunk::FREE; chunks as usize],
+            limit,
+            generation: 0,
+            free: (0..chunks).collect(),
+            partial: Default::default(),
+            blocks: HashMap::default(),
+            unpinned: BTreeMap::new(),
+            tick: 0,
+            uploads: VecDeque::new(),
+            contents: HashMap::default(),
+            resident: 0,
+            starved: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn buffer(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.buffer
+    }
+
+    /// Lets the pool grow to at most `bytes` from now on; it never shrinks.
+    pub(crate) fn set_limit(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, bytes: u64) {
+        self.limit = limit_of(device, bytes).max(self.chunks.len() as u32);
+    }
+
+    /// The block holding at least `need` words of `key`, or `None` while it uploads.
+    pub(crate) fn get(&mut self, key: PageKey, need: u32, content: impl FnOnce() -> Content) -> Option<u32> {
+        if let Some(offset) = self.offset(key, need) {
+            return Some(offset);
+        }
+        if let Entry::Vacant(entry) = self.contents.entry(key) {
+            entry.insert(content());
+            self.uploads.push_back(key);
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// The block holding at least `need` words of `key`, if one does.
+    pub(crate) fn offset(&self, key: PageKey, need: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.blocks.get(&key).filter(|b| b.offset != NONE && b.written >= need).map(|b| b.offset)
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps `key` resident while pinned; pins nest.
+    pub(crate) fn pin(&mut self, key: PageKey) {
+        let block = self.blocks.entry(key).or_insert(Block { offset: NONE, class: 0, written: 0, pins: 0, tick: 0 });
+        if block.pins == 0 && block.offset != NONE {
+            self.unpinned.remove(&block.tick);
+        }
+        block.pins += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn unpin(&mut self, key: PageKey) {
+        let Some(block) = self.blocks.get_mut(&key) else { return };
+        block.pins -= 1;
+        if block.pins > 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        if block.offset == NONE {
+            self.blocks.remove(&key);
+            self.contents.remove(&key);
+            return;
+        }
+        self.tick += 1;
+        block.tick = self.tick;
+        self.unpinned.insert(self.tick, key);
+        // Room let go may be what a waiting page needs.
+        self.starved = false;
+    }
+
+    /// Whether uploads are waiting that can make progress.
+    pub(crate) fn uploading(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.uploads.is_empty() && !self.starved
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes waiting to upload.
+    pub(crate) fn pending(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.contents.values().map(|c| u64::from(c.len()) * 4).sum()
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes of resident blocks.
+    pub(crate) fn resident(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.resident
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes the pool may grow to.
+    pub(crate) fn capacity(&self) -> u64 {
+        u64::from(self.limit) * CHUNK_BYTES
+    }
+
+    /// Uploads queued pages, at least one and at most `budget` bytes; returns the bytes uploaded.
+    ///
+    /// A page that finds no room stays queued at the front, and later pages wait behind it, so the
+    /// pages of one table upload in order; it tries again once a pin lets room go.
+    pub(crate) fn pump(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, budget: u64) -> u64 {
+        let mut bytes = 0;
+        while !self.starved
+            && (bytes == 0 || bytes < budget)
+            && let Some(key) = self.uploads.pop_front()
+        {
+            let Some(content) = self.contents.remove(&key) else { continue };
+            let resident = self.blocks.get(&key).filter(|b| b.offset != NONE).map(|b| (b.offset, b.class, b.written));
+            let len = content.len();
+            let (offset, written) = match resident {
+                Some((offset, class, written)) if class_words(class) >= len => (offset, written),
+                _ => {
+                    let Some(offset) = self.place(device, queue, key, content.class(len)) else {
+                        self.contents.insert(key, content);
+                        self.uploads.push_front(key);
+                        self.starved = true;
+                        break;
+                    };
+                    (offset, 0)
+                }
+            };
+            let tail = content.words(written as usize);
+            if !tail.is_empty() {
+                queue.upload(&self.buffer, u64::from(offset + written) * 4, bytemuck::cast_slice(&tail));
+                bytes += tail.len() as u64 * 4;
+            }
+            self.blocks.get_mut(&key).expect("placed").written = written + tail.len() as u32;
+        }
+        bytes
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a block of `class` for `key`, releasing a smaller one it had.
+    fn place(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, key: PageKey, class: usize) -> Option<u32> {
+        let offset = self.allocate(device, queue, class, key)?;
+        if let Some(old) = self.blocks.get(&key).filter(|b| b.offset != NONE) {
+            let (old_offset, old_class) = (old.offset, old.class);
+            self.release(old_offset, old_class);
+        }
+        let block = self.blocks.entry(key).or_insert(Block { offset: NONE, class, written: 0, pins: 0, tick: 0 });
+        let pinned = block.pins > 0;
+        block.offset = offset;
+        block.class = class;
+        block.written = 0;
+        self.resident += u64::from(class_words(class)) * 4;
+        if !pinned {
+            self.tick += 1;
+            block.tick = self.tick;
+            self.unpinned.insert(self.tick, key);
+        }
+        Some(offset)
+    }
+
+    fn release(&mut self, offset: u32, class: usize) {
+        let k = offset / CHUNK_WORDS;
+        let slot = (offset % CHUNK_WORDS) / class_words(class);
+        let chunk = &mut self.chunks[k as usize];
+        chunk.free[slot as usize / 64] |= 1 << (slot % 64);
+        chunk.live -= 1;
+        if chunk.live == 0 {
+            *chunk = Chunk::FREE;
+            self.partial[class].remove(&k);
+            self.free.insert(k);
+        } else {
+            self.partial[class].insert(k);
+        }
+        self.resident -= u64::from(class_words(class)) * 4;
+    }
+
+    /// A block of `class`: a free one of its size, a free chunk carved, the pool grown, or room the
+    /// least recently used unpinned blocks leave, whatever their size; `None` when every block left
+    /// is pinned. `keep` is the page it is for, which is never evicted for itself.
+    fn allocate(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, class: usize, keep: PageKey) -> Option<u32> {
+        loop {
+            if let Some(&k) = self.partial[class].first() {
+                let chunk = &mut self.chunks[k as usize];
+                let slot = chunk.take();
+                if chunk.live == slots(class) {
+                    self.partial[class].remove(&k);
+                }
+                return Some(k * CHUNK_WORDS + slot * class_words(class));
+            }
+            if let Some(k) = self.free.pop_first() {
+                let slots = slots(class);
+                let mut free = [0_u64; 16];
+                for (w, word) in free.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                    let bits = slots.saturating_sub(w as u32 * 64).min(64);
+                    *word = if bits == 64 { u64::MAX } else { (1 << bits) - 1 };
+                }
+                self.chunks[k as usize] = Chunk { live: 0, free };
+                self.partial[class].insert(k);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if self.grow(device, queue) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (&tick, &key) = self.unpinned.iter().find(|&(_, k)| *k != keep)?;
+            self.unpinned.remove(&tick);
+            let block = self.blocks.remove(&key).expect("listed");
+            self.release(block.offset, block.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Doubles the buffer up to the limit, copying what it holds.
+    fn grow(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue) -> bool {
+        let before = self.chunks.len() as u32;
+        let chunks = (before * 2).min(self.limit);
+        if chunks <= before {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let buffer = create(device, chunks);
+        let mut encoder =
+            device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: Some("latkit arena") });
+        encoder.copy_buffer_to_buffer(&self.buffer, 0, &buffer, 0, self.buffer.size());
+        queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+        self.buffer = buffer;
+        self.chunks.resize(chunks as usize, Chunk::FREE);
+        self.free.extend(before..chunks);
+        self.generation += 1;
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+/// Chunks a pool of at most `bytes` holds, within what the device binds: at least the first ones.
+fn limit_of(device: &wgpu::Device, bytes: u64) -> u32 {
+    let limits = device.limits();
+    let bytes = bytes.min(limits.max_storage_buffer_binding_size).min(limits.max_buffer_size);
+    ((bytes / CHUNK_BYTES).min(u64::from(u32::MAX / CHUNK_WORDS)) as u32).max(INITIAL_CHUNKS)
+}
+
+fn create(device: &wgpu::Device, chunks: u32) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+    device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit pages"),
+        size: u64::from(chunks) * CHUNK_BYTES,
+        usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC,
+        mapped_at_creation: false,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classes_round_up_to_powers_of_two() {
+        assert_eq!(class_of(1), 0);
+        assert_eq!(class_words(class_of(64)), 64);
+        assert_eq!(class_words(class_of(65)), 128);
+        assert_eq!(class_words(class_of(65536)), 65536);
+        assert_eq!(CLASSES, 11);
+        assert_eq!(slots(0), 1024);
+        assert_eq!(slots(CLASSES - 1), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn page_words_split_doubles() {
+        let values = Values::from(vec![Some(1.0_f64 + 1e-9), None]);
+        let hi = page_words(&values, Words::Values, false);
+        let lo = page_words(&values, Words::Values, true);
+        assert_eq!(hi[1], MISSING);
+        let back = f64::from(f32::from_bits(hi[0])) + f64::from(f32::from_bits(lo[0]));
+        assert!((back - (1.0 + 1e-9)).abs() < 1e-15);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn geometry_pieces_hold_a_chunk_of_points_each() {
+        let long: Vec<[f64; 2]> = (0..PIECE_POINTS + 10).map(|i| [i as f64, 0.0]).collect();
+        let parts = vec![vec![[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0]], vec![[2.0, 2.0]]];
+        let values = Values::from(vec![vec![long.clone()], Vec::new(), parts]);
+        let pieces = path_pieces(&values);
+        assert_eq!(pieces[0], vec![0, (PIECE_POINTS + 10) as u32, (PIECE_POINTS + 10) as u32], "first points");
+        assert_eq!(pieces.len(), 3, "the first points, then two pieces of points");
+        assert_eq!(pieces[1].len(), 2 * PIECE_POINTS);
+        // The last row's two parts are broken by a missing point.
+        assert_eq!(pieces[2].len(), 2 * (10 + 2 + 1 + 1));
+        assert_eq!(path_points(&values), PIECE_POINTS + 10 + 4);
+        assert!(pieces.iter().all(|p| p.len() <= CHUNK_WORDS as usize));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/atlas.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/atlas.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71bb27c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/atlas.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+//! Text on the GPU: runs set once by the host at `TEXT_BASE`, turned into distance fields reaching
+//! `TEXT_SPREAD` texels past the text's edge, and packed on shelves of one texture. A distance field
+//! draws crisp at any size and gives halos for free, so a run is set once whatever size it shows at.
+//! The host sets coverage; the GPU makes the fields of every run set in a frame at once, before the
+//! frame draws (`compute/fields.wesl`). When no shelf has room, the shelf used least recently is
+//! cleared for the new run; only when none fits does the packing start over. A run counts as used
+//! when it is set and whenever labels in view show it, so what the view shows stays. Views follow
+//! evictions to drop what they pointed at.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::gpu::pipelines::Pipelines;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{FIELD_AT, FIELD_COLUMNS, FIELD_COVERAGE, FIELD_HEIGHT, FIELD_ROW, FIELD_WIDTH, FIELD_WORDS};
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{Shader, TEXT_BASE, TEXT_SPREAD};
+use crate::gpu::work::{Count, Counters, Queue};
+use crate::host::{Host, Raster, TextRun};
+
+/// Texels across the atlas: room for about 1,400 labels of ten characters at the base size.
+const SIZE: u32 = 4096;
+/// Texels between runs, so filtering never reads a neighbor.
+const GAP: u32 = 1;
+/// Texels of field around a run's coverage.
+const PAD: u32 = TEXT_SPREAD as u32;
+/// Runs whose fields one dispatch makes at most: one workgroup layer each.
+const RUNS: usize = 65_535;
+
+/// Where a run lies in the atlas.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Glyphs {
+    /// Left, top, right, and bottom, texels, reaching `TEXT_SPREAD` past the text on every side.
+    pub(crate) rect: [u32; 4],
+    /// Texels from the top of the rectangle to the baseline.
+    pub(crate) baseline: f32,
+}
+
+impl Glyphs {
+    /// The rectangle as the two corner words shaders read: 16 bits of x, then 16 of y.
+    pub(crate) fn corners(&self) -> [u32; 2] {
+        let [l, t, r, b] = self.rect;
+        [l | t << 16, r | b << 16]
+    }
+}
+
+/// A run table entry for `run` before it is set: the estimate flag, then the corner a rectangle of
+/// its size by a rough measure would reach from the atlas's own corner, so its label can be placed
+/// while only labels that show have their texts set.
+pub(crate) fn estimate(run: &TextRun) -> [u32; 2] {
+    let size = run.size_px as f32;
+    let width = run.text.chars().count() as f32 * 0.58 * size;
+    let (width, lines) = match run.max_width.map(|w| w as f32) {
+        Some(wrap) if width > wrap => (wrap, (width / wrap).ceil()),
+        _ => (width, 1.0),
+    };
+    // The host pads each run a little, and the field reaches past it.
+    let pad = 2.0 * (2.0 + PAD as f32);
+    let w = ((width + pad).ceil() as u32).min(0xffff);
+    let h = ((lines * 1.25 * size + pad).ceil() as u32).min(0xffff);
+    [crate::gpu::shaders::TEXT_ESTIMATE, w | h << 16]
+}
+
+/// The run the atlas sets for `text` shown at `size`, wrapping at `max_width`, both length units: set
+/// at the base size, wrapping where `max_width` falls at it. A sheet measures the same run it draws.
+pub(crate) fn run(text: Arc<str>, font: Arc<str>, size: f32, max_width: Option<f32>) -> TextRun {
+    let wrap = max_width.map(|w| (w * TEXT_BASE / size.max(1e-3)).round().max(1.0) as u32);
+    TextRun { text, font, size_px: TEXT_BASE as u32, max_width: wrap }
+}
+
+struct Shelf {
+    top: u32,
+    height: u32,
+    used: u32,
+    /// When a run on it was last asked for.
+    tick: u64,
+}
+
+/// A run set whose field waits to be made: its coverage, and the shelf and corner its field fills.
+struct Waiting {
+    raster: Raster,
+    shelf: usize,
+    corner: [u32; 2],
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Atlas {
+    pub(crate) errors: Vec<crate::Error>,
+    texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    pub(crate) view: wgpu::TextureView,
+    shelves: Vec<Shelf>,
+    /// Every run asked for, and its shelf; `None` when the host could not set it.
+    runs: HashMap<TextRun, Option<(Glyphs, usize)>>,
+    /// Runs set whose fields the next frame makes.
+    waiting: Vec<Waiting>,
+    /// What making fields works in, and its bind group.
+    work: Option<(wgpu::Buffer, wgpu::BindGroup)>,
+    /// Counts the frames runs are asked for in.
+    clock: u64,
+    /// Changes whenever runs are evicted, so what pointed at them looks again.
+    pub(crate) evictions: u64,
+    /// What counts the texts the host is asked to set.
+    counters: Arc<Counters>,
+}
+
+impl Atlas {
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, counters: Arc<Counters>) -> Atlas {
+        let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit text"),
+            size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: SIZE, height: SIZE, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: wgpu::TextureFormat::R8Unorm,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+        let view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        Atlas {
+            errors: Vec::new(),
+            texture,
+            view,
+            shelves: Vec::new(),
+            runs: HashMap::new(),
+            waiting: Vec::new(),
+            work: None,
+            clock: 0,
+            evictions: 0,
+            counters,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Starts a frame: runs asked for from now on count as used in it.
+    pub(crate) fn tick(&mut self) {
+        self.clock += 1;
+    }
+
+    /// Where `run` lies, set by `host` the first time it is asked for; its field is made before the
+    /// frame draws.
+    pub(crate) fn text(&mut self, host: Option<&dyn Host>, run: &TextRun) -> Option<Glyphs> {
+        if let Some(found) = self.runs.get(run) {
+            let (glyphs, shelf) = (*found)?;
+            self.shelves[shelf].tick = self.clock;
+            return Some(glyphs);
+        }
+        let host = host?;
+        self.counters.add(Count::Texts, 1);
+        let raster = match host.rasterize(run) {
+            Ok(raster) => raster,
+            Err(error) => {
+                self.errors.push(error);
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+        let placed = self.hold(raster);
+        if placed.is_some() {
+            self.runs.insert(run.clone(), placed);
+        }
+        placed.map(|(glyphs, _)| glyphs)
+    }
+
+    /// Places `raster`'s field, which waits to be made: where it lies, and its shelf.
+    fn hold(&mut self, raster: Raster) -> Option<(Glyphs, usize)> {
+        let [w, h] = raster.size;
+        let (width, height) = (w.saturating_add(2 * PAD), h.saturating_add(2 * PAD));
+        if w == 0 || h == 0 || width > SIZE || height > SIZE {
+            self.errors.push(crate::Error::Limit("text raster does not fit the atlas".into()));
+            return None;
+        }
+        if raster.coverage.len() != w as usize * h as usize {
+            self.errors.push(crate::Error::invalid("text raster coverage does not match its size"));
+            return None;
+        }
+        let (shelf, [left, top]) = self.place(width, height);
+        let glyphs = Glyphs { rect: [left, top, left + width, top + height], baseline: raster.baseline + PAD as f32 };
+        self.waiting.push(Waiting { raster, shelf, corner: [left, top] });
+        Some((glyphs, shelf))
+    }
+
+    /// Counts `run` as used now: labels in view show it.
+    pub(crate) fn touch(&mut self, run: &TextRun) {
+        if let Some(Some((_, shelf))) = self.runs.get(run) {
+            self.shelves[*shelf].tick = self.clock;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `glyphs` still lie where they were for `run`.
+    pub(crate) fn holds(&self, run: &TextRun, glyphs: Glyphs) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.runs.get(run), Some(Some((g, _))) if *g == glyphs)
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the fields of the runs set since last time, recorded into `encoder` before what draws
+    /// them: their coverage goes up, each column and then each row takes its least squared distances
+    /// within the spread, and each field copies into its place.
+    pub(crate) fn lay(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &Queue,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        pipelines: &mut Pipelines,
+    ) {
+        if self.waiting.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let rest = self.waiting.split_off(self.waiting.len().min(RUNS));
+        let laid = std::mem::replace(&mut self.waiting, rest);
+        let size = |w: &Waiting| w.raster.size.map(|n| n + 2 * PAD);
+        // The runs and their coverage go up; their columns and fields follow. A field starts where a
+        // copy out of it may, and its rows are as far apart as copies need.
+        let mut runs = vec![[0_u32; FIELD_WORDS as usize]; laid.len()];
+        let mut coverage = Vec::new();
+        let mut at = laid.len() as u32 * FIELD_WORDS;
+        for (w, run) in laid.iter().zip(&mut runs) {
+            run[FIELD_COVERAGE as usize] = at + (coverage.len() / 4) as u32;
+            [run[FIELD_WIDTH as usize], run[FIELD_HEIGHT as usize]] = w.raster.size;
+            coverage.extend_from_slice(&w.raster.coverage);
+            coverage.resize(coverage.len().next_multiple_of(4), 0);
+        }
+        at += (coverage.len() / 4) as u32;
+        for (w, run) in laid.iter().zip(&mut runs) {
+            let [width, height] = size(w);
+            run[FIELD_COLUMNS as usize] = at;
+            at += width * height;
+        }
+        for (w, run) in laid.iter().zip(&mut runs) {
+            let [width, height] = size(w);
+            at = at.next_multiple_of(COPY_ALIGN / 4);
+            run[FIELD_AT as usize] = at;
+            run[FIELD_ROW as usize] = width.next_multiple_of(wgpu::COPY_BYTES_PER_ROW_ALIGNMENT) / 4;
+            at += run[FIELD_ROW as usize] * height;
+        }
+        let (buffer, group) = self.fit_work(device, pipelines, u64::from(at) * 4);
+        let mut upload: Vec<u8> = bytemuck::cast_slice(&runs).to_vec();
+        upload.extend_from_slice(&coverage);
+        queue.write_buffer_in(device, encoder, &buffer, 0, &upload);
+        let most = laid.iter().map(size).fold([0, 0], |m, s| [m[0].max(s[0]), m[1].max(s[1])]);
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit fields"),
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &pipelines.empty, &[]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, &pipelines.empty, &[]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, &group, &[]);
+            pass.set_pipeline(&pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Fields, "columns"));
+            pass.dispatch_workgroups(most[0].div_ceil(16), most[1].div_ceil(16), laid.len() as u32);
+            pass.set_pipeline(&pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Fields, "rows"));
+            pass.dispatch_workgroups(most[0].div_ceil(4).div_ceil(16), most[1].div_ceil(16), laid.len() as u32);
+        }
+        for (w, run) in laid.iter().zip(&runs) {
+            let [width, height] = size(w);
+            encoder.copy_buffer_to_texture(
+                wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo {
+                    buffer: &buffer,
+                    layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                        offset: u64::from(run[FIELD_AT as usize]) * 4,
+                        bytes_per_row: Some(run[FIELD_ROW as usize] * 4),
+                        rows_per_image: Some(height),
+                    },
+                },
+                wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                    texture: &self.texture,
+                    mip_level: 0,
+                    origin: wgpu::Origin3d { x: w.corner[0], y: w.corner[1], z: 0 },
+                    aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+                },
+                wgpu::Extent3d { width, height, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The buffer making fields works in, holding at least `bytes`, and its bind group.
+    fn fit_work(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        pipelines: &mut Pipelines,
+        bytes: u64,
+    ) -> (wgpu::Buffer, wgpu::BindGroup) {
+        if let Some((buffer, group)) = self.work.as_ref().filter(|(buffer, _)| buffer.size() >= bytes) {
+            return (buffer.clone(), group.clone());
+        }
+        let buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit fields"),
+            size: (bytes + bytes / 2).next_multiple_of(256),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+        let group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit fields"),
+            layout: &pipelines.pass_layout(device, Shader::Fields),
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 0, resource: buffer.as_entire_binding() }],
+        });
+        self.work = Some((buffer.clone(), group.clone()));
+        (buffer, group)
+    }
+
+    /// The shelf and top left of room for `width` by `height` texels.
+    fn place(&mut self, width: u32, height: u32) -> (usize, [u32; 2]) {
+        let fits = |s: &Shelf| s.height >= height && s.height <= height + height / 2 + 4;
+        let at = self.shelves.iter().position(|s| fits(s) && s.used + width <= SIZE);
+        let at = at.or_else(|| {
+            let top = self.shelves.last().map_or(0, |s| s.top + s.height + GAP);
+            (top + height <= SIZE).then(|| {
+                self.shelves.push(Shelf { top, height, used: 0, tick: self.clock });
+                self.shelves.len() - 1
+            })
+        });
+        let at = at.or_else(|| {
+            // Clear the shelf of this height used least recently, if not in this frame.
+            let clock = self.clock;
+            let oldest = (0..self.shelves.len())
+                .filter(|&i| fits(&self.shelves[i]) && self.shelves[i].tick < clock)
+                .min_by_key(|&i| self.shelves[i].tick)?;
+            self.runs.retain(|_, placed| !matches!(placed, Some((_, shelf)) if *shelf == oldest));
+            self.waiting.retain(|w| w.shelf != oldest);
+            self.shelves[oldest].used = 0;
+            self.evictions += 1;
+            Some(oldest)
+        });
+        let at = at.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            // Nothing fits: start over.
+            self.runs.clear();
+            self.waiting.clear();
+            self.shelves.clear();
+            self.evictions += 1;
+            self.shelves.push(Shelf { top: 0, height, used: 0, tick: self.clock });
+            0
+        });
+        let shelf = &mut self.shelves[at];
+        let corner = [shelf.used, shelf.top];
+        shelf.used += width + GAP;
+        shelf.tick = self.clock;
+        (at, corner)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bytes a copy out of a buffer into a texture may start at a multiple of, on every backend.
+const COPY_ALIGN: u32 = 512;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The field of `width` by `height` coverage bytes as it is defined, texel by texel: the least
+    /// squared distance to a texel inside and outside over every texel within reach.
+    fn exact(coverage: &[u8], width: usize, height: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let pad = i64::from(PAD);
+        let (w, h) = (width as i64 + 2 * pad, height as i64 + 2 * pad);
+        let own = |x: i64, y: i64| {
+            let (cx, cy) = (x - pad, y - pad);
+            let a = if (0..width as i64).contains(&cx) && (0..height as i64).contains(&cy) {
+                f64::from(coverage[(cy * width as i64 + cx) as usize]) / 255.0
+            } else {
+                0.0
+            };
+            let d = 0.5 - a;
+            if a >= 1.0 {
+                (0.0, f64::INFINITY)
+            } else if a <= 0.0 {
+                (f64::INFINITY, 0.0)
+            } else {
+                (if d > 0.0 { d * d } else { 0.0 }, if d < 0.0 { d * d } else { 0.0 })
+            }
+        };
+        let mut field = Vec::new();
+        for y in 0..h {
+            for x in 0..w {
+                let (mut inside, mut outside) = (f64::INFINITY, f64::INFINITY);
+                for qy in (y - pad).max(0)..=(y + pad).min(h - 1) {
+                    for qx in (x - pad).max(0)..=(x + pad).min(w - 1) {
+                        let (i, o) = own(qx, qy);
+                        let r = ((qx - x).pow(2) + (qy - y).pow(2)) as f64;
+                        (inside, outside) = (inside.min(i + r), outside.min(o + r));
+                    }
+                }
+                let d = outside.sqrt() - inside.sqrt();
+                field.push(((0.5 + d / (2.0 * f64::from(TEXT_SPREAD))).clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8);
+            }
+        }
+        field
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fields_made_on_the_gpu_are_the_exact_field() {
+        let gpu = match pollster::block_on(crate::Gpu::new()) {
+            Ok(gpu) => gpu,
+            Err(error) if std::env::var_os("LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU").is_some() => panic!("GPU required: {error}"),
+            Err(_) => return,
+        };
+        // A soft disc, a hairline of half coverage, a faint speck, and an odd width.
+        let (width, height) = (41, 26);
+        let mut coverage = vec![0_u8; width * height];
+        for y in 0..height {
+            for x in 0..width {
+                let edge = ((x as f64 - 12.0).hypot(y as f64 - 13.0) - 8.0).clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
+                coverage[y * width + x] = ((0.5 - edge / 2.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+            }
+        }
+        for y in 3..23 {
+            coverage[y * width + 30] = 128;
+        }
+        coverage[5 * width + 37] = 40;
+        let mut inner = gpu.0.lock();
+        let raster = Raster { size: [width as u32, height as u32], coverage: coverage.clone(), baseline: 20.0 };
+        let (glyphs, _) = inner.atlas.hold(raster).expect("placed");
+        let (device, queue) = (&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue);
+        let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor::default());
+        let crate::gpu::Inner { atlas, pipelines, .. } = &mut *inner;
+        atlas.lay(device, queue, &mut encoder, pipelines);
+        // Another view can lay a smaller batch into the same scratch buffer before submission.
+        // Its upload must not replace the first batch's inputs before that batch has executed.
+        atlas.hold(Raster { size: [9, 7], coverage: vec![255; 63], baseline: 5.0 }).expect("second batch");
+        atlas.lay(device, queue, &mut encoder, pipelines);
+        let [l, t, r, b] = glyphs.rect;
+        let (w, h) = (r - l, b - t);
+        let row = w.next_multiple_of(wgpu::COPY_BYTES_PER_ROW_ALIGNMENT);
+        let readback = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            size: u64::from(row * h),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+        encoder.copy_texture_to_buffer(
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                texture: &atlas.texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: wgpu::Origin3d { x: l, y: t, z: 0 },
+                aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+            },
+            wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo {
+                buffer: &readback,
+                layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout { offset: 0, bytes_per_row: Some(row), rows_per_image: Some(h) },
+            },
+            wgpu::Extent3d { width: w, height: h, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        );
+        queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+        let slice = readback.slice(..);
+        slice.map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, |result| result.expect("mapped"));
+        let wait = wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: None, timeout: Some(std::time::Duration::from_secs(10)) };
+        device.poll(wait).expect("the GPU finishes");
+        let texels = slice.get_mapped_range().expect("mapped");
+        let made: Vec<u8> = texels.chunks(row as usize).flat_map(|line| &line[..w as usize]).copied().collect();
+        let want = exact(&coverage, width, height);
+        let off = made.iter().zip(&want).filter(|(a, b)| a.abs_diff(**b) > 1).count();
+        assert_eq!(off, 0, "every texel within a step of the exact field");
+        let deepest = made.iter().max().copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        assert!(made.contains(&0) && deepest > 224, "the field runs from nothing outside to deep inside: {deepest}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/colormaps.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/colormaps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd78b52a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/colormaps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//! Colormaps on the GPU: one 256-texel layer per colormap a program uses, in one texture array.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::expr::{Colormap, ColormapKey};
+use crate::gpu::work::Queue;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+const INITIAL_LAYERS: u32 = 16;
+
+pub(crate) struct Colormaps {
+    texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    pub(crate) view: wgpu::TextureView,
+    layers: HashMap<ColormapKey, u32>,
+    capacity: u32,
+    /// Changes whenever the texture is replaced, so views rebind it.
+    pub(crate) generation: u64,
+}
+
+fn create(device: &wgpu::Device, layers: u32) -> (wgpu::Texture, wgpu::TextureView) {
+    let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit colormaps"),
+        size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: 256, height: 1, depth_or_array_layers: layers },
+        mip_level_count: 1,
+        sample_count: 1,
+        dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+        format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+        usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+        view_formats: &[],
+    });
+    let view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
+        dimension: Some(wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2Array),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    (texture, view)
+}
+
+impl Colormaps {
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Colormaps {
+        let (texture, view) = create(device, INITIAL_LAYERS);
+        Colormaps { texture, view, layers: HashMap::new(), capacity: INITIAL_LAYERS, generation: 0 }
+    }
+
+    /// The layer holding `colormap`, uploading it the first time.
+    pub(crate) fn layer(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, colormap: &Colormap) -> Result<u32> {
+        let key = colormap.key();
+        if let Some(&layer) = self.layers.get(&key) {
+            return Ok(layer);
+        }
+        let layer = self.layers.len() as u32;
+        if layer >= self.capacity {
+            let capacity = (self.capacity * 2).min(device.limits().max_texture_array_layers);
+            if layer >= capacity {
+                return Err(Error::Limit(format!("more than {capacity} distinct colormaps").into()));
+            }
+            let (texture, view) = create(device, capacity);
+            let mut encoder =
+                device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: Some("latkit colormaps") });
+            encoder.copy_texture_to_texture(
+                self.texture.as_image_copy(),
+                texture.as_image_copy(),
+                wgpu::Extent3d { width: 256, height: 1, depth_or_array_layers: self.capacity },
+            );
+            queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+            self.texture = texture;
+            self.view = view;
+            self.capacity = capacity;
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+        queue.write_texture(
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                texture: &self.texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: wgpu::Origin3d { x: 0, y: 0, z: layer },
+                aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+            },
+            bytemuck::cast_slice(colormap.texels()),
+            wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout { offset: 0, bytes_per_row: Some(256 * 4), rows_per_image: Some(1) },
+            wgpu::Extent3d { width: 256, height: 1, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        );
+        self.layers.insert(key, layer);
+        Ok(layer)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/dictionary.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/dictionary.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f029d56f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/dictionary.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//! Text on the GPU: each text field's distinct texts get codes in the order they are first seen.
+//! Codes only ever grow, so a page's codes never change and upload once. A page is coded once; one
+//! written over a page coded takes its codes and codes only the rows written.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rustc_hash::FxBuildHasher;
+
+use crate::Name;
+use crate::data::{Page, PageId, Values};
+use crate::gpu::shaders::MISSING;
+
+/// Pages a dictionary keeps the codes of: past them, it forgets them all.
+const PAGES: usize = 256;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Dictionaries {
+    fields: HashMap<(Name, Name, Name), Dictionary, FxBuildHasher>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Dictionary {
+    codes: HashMap<Arc<str>, u32, FxBuildHasher>,
+    /// Each code's text.
+    texts: Vec<Arc<str>>,
+    /// The codes of pages coded, by page.
+    pages: HashMap<PageId, Arc<[u32]>, FxBuildHasher>,
+}
+
+impl Dictionaries {
+    /// The dictionary of field `field` of `table` in dataset `data`.
+    pub(crate) fn field(&mut self, data: &Name, table: &Name, field: &Name) -> &mut Dictionary {
+        self.fields.entry((data.clone(), table.clone(), field.clone())).or_default()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Dictionary {
+    /// The codes of `page`, its texts added: `f32` words, `MISSING` where missing. A page coded
+    /// before costs nothing; one written over a page coded costs the rows written.
+    pub(crate) fn codes(&mut self, page: &Page) -> Arc<[u32]> {
+        if let Some(codes) = self.pages.get(&page.id) {
+            return codes.clone();
+        }
+        let len = page.values.len();
+        // The nearest page it was written over whose codes are kept, and the rows written since.
+        let mut reused = None;
+        let mut at = page.written.as_deref();
+        while let Some(written) = at {
+            if let Some(codes) = self.pages.get(&written.from).filter(|codes| codes.len() == len) {
+                reused = page.rows_since(written.from).map(|rows| (written.from, codes.clone(), rows));
+                break;
+            }
+            at = written.before.as_deref();
+        }
+        let codes: Arc<[u32]> = match reused {
+            Some((from, before, rows)) => {
+                // The page written over is usually written over no more.
+                self.pages.remove(&from);
+                let mut codes = before.to_vec();
+                for row in rows {
+                    codes[row as usize] = self.code(&page.values, row as usize);
+                }
+                codes.into()
+            }
+            None => (0..len).map(|i| self.code(&page.values, i)).collect(),
+        };
+        if self.pages.len() >= PAGES {
+            self.pages.clear();
+        }
+        self.pages.insert(page.id, codes.clone());
+        codes
+    }
+
+    /// The code of value `i` of `values` as an `f32` word, its text added when it is new.
+    fn code(&mut self, values: &Values, i: usize) -> u32 {
+        let Some(text) = values.text().filter(|_| values.is_valid(i)) else { return MISSING };
+        let t = text.get(i);
+        let code = if let Some(&code) = self.codes.get(t) {
+            code
+        } else {
+            let code = self.codes.len() as u32;
+            let text: Arc<str> = t.into();
+            self.codes.insert(text.clone(), code);
+            self.texts.push(text);
+            code
+        };
+        (code as f32).to_bits()
+    }
+
+    /// Codes given so far.
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.texts.len()
+    }
+
+    /// The text of `code`.
+    pub(crate) fn text(&self, code: u32) -> Option<&Arc<str>> {
+        self.texts.get(code as usize)
+    }
+
+    /// The code of `text` as an `f32` word; one no text has when it was never seen.
+    pub(crate) fn code_of(&self, text: &str) -> u32 {
+        self.codes.get(text).map_or(f32::NAN.to_bits(), |&code| (code as f32).to_bits())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::data::Column;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_page_written_over_one_coded_codes_only_its_rows() {
+        let column = Column::new(&Values::from(vec!["a", "b", "c"]));
+        let mut dictionary = Dictionary::default();
+        let first = dictionary.codes(&column.pages()[0]);
+        let written = column.write(3, &[(1, 0)], &Column::new(&Values::from(vec!["d"]))).expect("texts");
+        let second = dictionary.codes(&written.pages()[0]);
+        let text = |word: u32| dictionary.text(f32::from_bits(word) as u32).map(ToString::to_string);
+        assert_eq!((second[0], second[2]), (first[0], first[2]), "rows not written keep their codes");
+        assert_eq!(text(second[1]).as_deref(), Some("d"));
+        assert_eq!(dictionary.len(), 4);
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&dictionary.codes(&written.pages()[0]), &second), "a page is coded once");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/icons.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/icons.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6b907c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/icons.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+//! Icons on the GPU: every image an icon marker shows, as a layer of one texture array of a common
+//! size, scaled to fit. Markers name their images; the same image shares its layer.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::gpu::work::Queue;
+
+/// Texels across an icon layer.
+const SIZE: u32 = 64;
+
+pub(crate) struct Icons {
+    texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    pub(crate) view: wgpu::TextureView,
+    /// Each image's layer, by the address of its pixels.
+    layers: HashMap<usize, (Arc<[u8]>, u32)>,
+    capacity: u32,
+    /// Changes whenever the texture is replaced, so views rebind it.
+    pub(crate) generation: u64,
+}
+
+fn create(device: &wgpu::Device, layers: u32) -> (wgpu::Texture, wgpu::TextureView) {
+    let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit icons"),
+        size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: SIZE, height: SIZE, depth_or_array_layers: layers },
+        mip_level_count: 1,
+        sample_count: 1,
+        dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+        format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+        usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+        view_formats: &[],
+    });
+    let view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
+        dimension: Some(wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2Array),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    (texture, view)
+}
+
+impl Icons {
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Icons {
+        let (texture, view) = create(device, 1);
+        Icons { texture, view, layers: HashMap::new(), capacity: 1, generation: 0 }
+    }
+
+    /// The layer of each of `images`, uploading the ones not yet on the GPU.
+    pub(crate) fn layers(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, images: &[crate::Image]) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let needed = self.layers.len() as u32 + images.len() as u32;
+        if needed > self.capacity {
+            let capacity = needed.next_power_of_two().min(device.limits().max_texture_array_layers);
+            let (texture, view) = create(device, capacity);
+            let mut encoder =
+                device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: Some("latkit icons") });
+            encoder.copy_texture_to_texture(
+                self.texture.as_image_copy(),
+                texture.as_image_copy(),
+                wgpu::Extent3d { width: SIZE, height: SIZE, depth_or_array_layers: self.capacity },
+            );
+            queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+            self.texture = texture;
+            self.view = view;
+            self.capacity = capacity;
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+        images
+            .iter()
+            .map(|image| {
+                let key = image.rgba.as_ptr() as usize;
+                if let Some((_, layer)) = self.layers.get(&key) {
+                    return *layer;
+                }
+                let layer = (self.layers.len() as u32).min(self.capacity - 1);
+                let texels = fit(image);
+                queue.write_texture(
+                    wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                        texture: &self.texture,
+                        mip_level: 0,
+                        origin: wgpu::Origin3d { x: 0, y: 0, z: layer },
+                        aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+                    },
+                    &texels,
+                    wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                        offset: 0,
+                        bytes_per_row: Some(SIZE * 4),
+                        rows_per_image: Some(SIZE),
+                    },
+                    wgpu::Extent3d { width: SIZE, height: SIZE, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+                );
+                self.layers.insert(key, (image.rgba.clone(), layer));
+                layer
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// `image` scaled to `SIZE` square by its nearest texels, centered with its aspect kept.
+fn fit(image: &crate::Image) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let [w, h] = image.size.map(|v| v.max(1));
+    let scale = f64::from(w.max(h)) / f64::from(SIZE);
+    let (fw, fh) = (f64::from(w) / scale, f64::from(h) / scale);
+    let (x0, y0) = ((f64::from(SIZE) - fw) / 2.0, (f64::from(SIZE) - fh) / 2.0);
+    let mut out = vec![0_u8; (SIZE * SIZE * 4) as usize];
+    for y in 0..SIZE {
+        for x in 0..SIZE {
+            let u = (f64::from(x) + 0.5 - x0) * scale;
+            let v = (f64::from(y) + 0.5 - y0) * scale;
+            if u < 0.0 || v < 0.0 || u >= f64::from(w) || v >= f64::from(h) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let from = ((v as u32 * w + u as u32) * 4) as usize;
+            let to = ((y * SIZE + x) * 4) as usize;
+            if let Some(texel) = image.rgba.get(from..from + 4) {
+                out[to..to + 4].copy_from_slice(texel);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40429190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+//! The GPU: one device shared by every view, with the page arena, pipelines, colormaps, and text
+//! dictionaries every view draws from.
+
+pub(crate) mod arena;
+pub(crate) mod atlas;
+pub(crate) mod colormaps;
+pub(crate) mod dictionary;
+pub(crate) mod icons;
+pub(crate) mod pipelines;
+pub(crate) mod readback;
+pub(crate) mod shaders;
+pub(crate) mod work;
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard, PoisonError};
+
+use arena::Arena;
+use atlas::Atlas;
+use colormaps::Colormaps;
+use dictionary::Dictionaries;
+use icons::Icons;
+use pipelines::Pipelines;
+use readback::Readbacks;
+use work::{Counters, Queue, Work};
+
+use crate::host::Host;
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// The format views draw canvases and shots in, so both share one set of pipelines: every WebGPU
+/// canvas takes it.
+pub(crate) const FORMAT: wgpu::TextureFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm;
+
+/// The GPU device that views draw with. Cheap to clone; views of one `Gpu` share uploaded data.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Gpu(pub(crate) Arc<Shared>);
+
+/// Receives events from an application-owned wgpu device without taking over its callbacks.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct DeviceEvents {
+    lost: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    errors: Arc<Mutex<Vec<Error>>>,
+}
+
+impl DeviceEvents {
+    /// Reports device loss to every view sharing this GPU.
+    pub fn lost(&self) {
+        self.lost.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    /// Reports an uncaptured device error to latkit's views.
+    pub fn error(&self, error: &wgpu::Error) {
+        self.errors
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner)
+            .push(Error::Unsupported(format!("the GPU refused: {error}").into()));
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Shared {
+    /// The instance and adapter `Gpu::new` created the device from, for surfaces.
+    pub(crate) instance: Option<wgpu::Instance>,
+    pub(crate) adapter: Option<wgpu::Adapter>,
+    pub(crate) device: wgpu::Device,
+    /// The queue, counting what is written through it.
+    pub(crate) queue: Queue,
+    /// What the GPU did, counted: views count the rows they evaluate and the jobs they hand out
+    /// through it, and [`Gpu::work`] reads it.
+    pub(crate) counters: Arc<Counters>,
+    pub(crate) sampler: wgpu::Sampler,
+    pub(crate) lost: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    /// Errors the device reported outside any scope, for views to tell.
+    pub(crate) errors: Arc<Mutex<Vec<Error>>>,
+    inner: Mutex<Inner>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Inner {
+    pub(crate) arena: Arena,
+    pub(crate) pipelines: Pipelines,
+    pub(crate) colormaps: Colormaps,
+    pub(crate) dictionaries: Dictionaries,
+    pub(crate) atlas: Atlas,
+    pub(crate) icons: Icons,
+    pub(crate) readbacks: Readbacks,
+    pub(crate) host: Option<Arc<dyn Host>>,
+    pub(crate) budget: Budget,
+    /// What each view plans within: its share of the budget.
+    pub(crate) ledger: Ledger,
+}
+
+/// The share of the budget the views of a GPU plan what they draw within, between them; the rest holds
+/// pages a new version uploads while the one it replaces is still drawn, and pages cached.
+const PLANNED: f64 = 0.5;
+
+/// What each view of a GPU plans what it draws within: shares of one part of the budget, granted
+/// max-min fair, so views together never plan past it however many there are. Pages several views
+/// draw are on the GPU once, so they count once, split between those views.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Ledger {
+    /// What each view would draw whole, by view.
+    asks: rustc_hash::FxHashMap<u64, Ask>,
+}
+
+/// What a view would draw whole: bytes of its own, and the pages it reads that any view drawing the
+/// same data shares.
+#[derive(Clone, Default, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Ask {
+    /// Bytes no other view holds: its marks' state, focus, labels, traces, and derived columns.
+    pub(crate) own: f64,
+    /// Each piece any view drawing it shares, by what it holds, and its bytes.
+    pub(crate) shared: Vec<(u64, f64)>,
+}
+
+impl Ledger {
+    /// Records what view `view` would draw whole, `whole` bytes as it counts them, and grants it its
+    /// share of what `budget` plans, as a part of `whole`. Each view asks its own bytes and a split of
+    /// each piece it shares between the views drawing it; each gets all it asks while an even split
+    /// of what is left covers it, else that split, views asking less having what they ask first.
+    pub(crate) fn grant(&mut self, view: u64, whole: f64, ask: Ask, budget: u64) -> f64 {
+        self.asks.insert(view, ask);
+        let mut sharing: rustc_hash::FxHashMap<u64, f64> = rustc_hash::FxHashMap::default();
+        for ask in self.asks.values() {
+            for (piece, _) in &ask.shared {
+                *sharing.entry(*piece).or_default() += 1.0;
+            }
+        }
+        let split = |ask: &Ask| ask.own + ask.shared.iter().map(|(piece, bytes)| bytes / sharing[piece]).sum::<f64>();
+        let mine = split(&self.asks[&view]);
+        let mut asks: Vec<f64> = self.asks.values().map(split).collect();
+        asks.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+        let mut left = budget as f64 * PLANNED;
+        for (i, &each) in asks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let even = left / (asks.len() - i) as f64;
+            if each > even {
+                return if mine > even { whole * even / mine } else { whole };
+            }
+            left -= each;
+        }
+        whole
+    }
+
+    /// Forgets view `view`, which no longer draws.
+    pub(crate) fn leave(&mut self, view: u64) {
+        self.asks.remove(&view);
+    }
+}
+
+/// How much GPU memory latkit uses.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Budget {
+    /// Bytes the data every view of the `Gpu` draws may take on the GPU: its pages, and each view's
+    /// rows. A view draws a table too large for its share through the tiles the camera asks for, so
+    /// what it draws always fits; pages no view draws stay cached in the room left, the least
+    /// recently drawn going first. By default half the device's largest storage buffer. The pool of
+    /// pages grows as data needs it, and never shrinks: set the budget before data draws.
+    pub bytes: u64,
+    /// Bytes uploaded per frame at most; larger data streams in over frames.
+    pub upload_per_frame: u64,
+}
+
+impl Budget {
+    /// Half the largest storage buffer `device` binds, and 32 MiB uploaded per frame.
+    fn of(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Budget {
+        let limits = device.limits();
+        let largest = limits.max_storage_buffer_binding_size.min(limits.max_buffer_size);
+        Budget { bytes: largest / 2, upload_per_frame: 32 << 20 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Gpu {
+    /// Creates a device on the best adapter: WebGPU in browsers, Vulkan, Metal, or DX12 natively.
+    pub async fn new() -> Result<Gpu> {
+        let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor {
+            backends: wgpu::Backends::PRIMARY | wgpu::Backends::BROWSER_WEBGPU,
+            ..wgpu::InstanceDescriptor::new_without_display_handle()
+        });
+        let adapter = instance
+            .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
+                power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+                ..Default::default()
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Unsupported(format!("no GPU adapter: {e}").into()))?;
+        let supported = adapter.limits();
+        let limits = wgpu::Limits {
+            max_storage_buffer_binding_size: supported.max_storage_buffer_binding_size,
+            max_buffer_size: supported.max_buffer_size,
+            max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage: supported.max_storage_buffers_per_shader_stage,
+            ..wgpu::Limits::default()
+        };
+        // Timestamps, where the adapter writes them, measure what each frame costs the GPU.
+        let features = adapter.features() & wgpu::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY;
+        let (device, queue) = adapter
+            .request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit"),
+                required_features: features,
+                required_limits: limits,
+                ..Default::default()
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| Error::Unsupported(format!("no GPU device: {e}").into()))?;
+        Ok(Gpu::create(Some(instance), Some(adapter), device, queue))
+    }
+
+    /// Draws with an application-owned device and queue without replacing their callbacks.
+    /// Forward device loss and uncaptured errors through [`Gpu::device_events`]. Clone this
+    /// `Gpu` to share its caches and budget between views.
+    pub fn from_wgpu(device: wgpu::Device, queue: wgpu::Queue) -> Result<Gpu> {
+        if !wgpu::Limits::default().check_limits(&device.limits()) {
+            return Err(Error::Unsupported("the device does not meet WebGPU's default limits".into()));
+        }
+        Ok(Gpu::create(None, None, device, queue))
+    }
+
+    /// A lightweight sink for the application's existing device callbacks; it does not own the GPU.
+    pub fn device_events(&self) -> DeviceEvents {
+        DeviceEvents { lost: self.0.lost.clone(), errors: self.0.errors.clone() }
+    }
+
+    fn create(
+        instance: Option<wgpu::Instance>,
+        adapter: Option<wgpu::Adapter>,
+        device: wgpu::Device,
+        queue: wgpu::Queue,
+    ) -> Gpu {
+        let lost = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let errors: Arc<Mutex<Vec<Error>>> = Arc::default();
+        if instance.is_some() {
+            let events = DeviceEvents { lost: lost.clone(), errors: errors.clone() };
+            let loss = events.clone();
+            device.set_device_lost_callback(move |_, _| loss.lost());
+            device.on_uncaptured_error(Arc::new(move |error| events.error(&error)));
+        }
+        let sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit ramp"),
+            mag_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+            min_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+            mipmap_filter: wgpu::MipmapFilterMode::Linear,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        let budget = Budget::of(&device);
+        let counters = Arc::new(Counters::default());
+        let inner = Inner {
+            arena: Arena::new(&device, budget.bytes),
+            pipelines: Pipelines::new(&device, counters.clone()),
+            colormaps: Colormaps::new(&device),
+            dictionaries: Dictionaries::default(),
+            atlas: Atlas::new(&device, counters.clone()),
+            icons: Icons::new(&device),
+            readbacks: Readbacks::counted(counters.clone()),
+            host: None,
+            budget,
+            ledger: Ledger::default(),
+        };
+        let queue = Queue::new(queue, counters.clone());
+        #[cfg_attr(
+            target_arch = "wasm32",
+            allow(clippy::arc_with_non_send_sync, reason = "WebGPU objects stay on the one thread a page has")
+        )]
+        let shared = Arc::new(Shared {
+            instance,
+            adapter,
+            device,
+            queue,
+            counters,
+            sampler,
+            lost,
+            errors,
+            inner: Mutex::new(inner),
+        });
+        Gpu(shared)
+    }
+
+    /// What this GPU did since it was made, counted exactly. It repeats wherever the budget, the
+    /// device's limits, and the frames drawn do, so tests and benchmarks hold it to what it was.
+    /// Subtract two for what happened between.
+    pub fn work(&self) -> Work {
+        self.0.counters.work()
+    }
+
+    /// The device.
+    pub fn device(&self) -> &wgpu::Device {
+        &self.0.device
+    }
+
+    /// The queue.
+    pub fn queue(&self) -> &wgpu::Queue {
+        &self.0.queue
+    }
+
+    /// The instance a `Gpu` from [`Gpu::new`] was created with, for creating surfaces it can draw to.
+    pub fn instance(&self) -> Option<&wgpu::Instance> {
+        self.0.instance.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// The adapter a `Gpu` from [`Gpu::new`] was created on, for a surface's capabilities.
+    pub fn adapter(&self) -> Option<&wgpu::Adapter> {
+        self.0.adapter.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets how much GPU memory latkit uses; bytes past what the device binds are not used.
+    pub fn set_budget(&self, budget: Budget) {
+        let mut inner = self.0.lock();
+        inner.arena.set_limit(&self.0.device, budget.bytes);
+        inner.budget = budget;
+    }
+
+    /// How much GPU memory latkit uses.
+    pub fn budget(&self) -> Budget {
+        self.0.lock().budget
+    }
+
+    /// Gives views the platform's services: setting text, and doing jobs off the frame.
+    pub fn set_host(&self, host: impl Host) {
+        self.0.lock().host = Some(Arc::new(host));
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the device was lost; drawing then does nothing, and a new `Gpu` is needed.
+    pub fn lost(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.lost.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Shared {
+    pub(crate) fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<'_, Inner> {
+        self.inner.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Gpu {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Gpu").field("budget", &self.budget()).field("lost", &self.lost()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{Ask, Ledger};
+
+    fn own(bytes: f64) -> Ask {
+        Ask { own: bytes, shared: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn views_share_the_planned_budget_max_min_fair() {
+        let mut ledger = Ledger::default();
+        let grant = |ledger: &mut Ledger, view, bytes| ledger.grant(view, bytes, own(bytes), 1000);
+        assert_eq!(grant(&mut ledger, 1, 100.0), 100.0, "a view asking less than half the budget has all it asks");
+        assert_eq!(grant(&mut ledger, 2, 900.0), 400.0, "the next has what is left");
+        assert_eq!(grant(&mut ledger, 3, 900.0), 200.0, "two large views split what the small one leaves");
+        ledger.leave(2);
+        assert_eq!(grant(&mut ledger, 3, 900.0), 400.0, "a view that leaves gives its share back");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pages_views_share_count_once() {
+        let mut ledger = Ledger::default();
+        // Eight views of one dataset: 300 bytes of shared pages each reads, and 20 of its own.
+        let ask = Ask { own: 20.0, shared: vec![(7, 300.0)] };
+        let shares: Vec<f64> = (0..8).map(|view| ledger.grant(view, 320.0, ask.clone(), 1000)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(shares[7], 320.0, "300 + 8 × 20 fits the 500 planned: every view draws whole");
+        // Two views of other data each, too large together: each has the same part of what it asks.
+        let mut ledger = Ledger::default();
+        ledger.grant(1, 400.0, Ask { own: 0.0, shared: vec![(1, 400.0)] }, 1000);
+        assert_eq!(ledger.grant(2, 400.0, Ask { own: 0.0, shared: vec![(2, 400.0)] }, 1000), 250.0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/pipelines.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/pipelines.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..036dacf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/pipelines.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+//! Pipelines, kept by [`Variant`]. A view asks for every pipeline its scene can use the first time
+//! it draws into a target, and a shot for what it composes with, all at once ([`Pipelines::ask`]):
+//! in a browser each then compiles off the GPU's thread, side by side with the rest, and what uses it
+//! waits until it landed, so no frame waits on a compile. Making it afterwards finds it compiled.
+//! Natively a pipeline is made in process where first used, which costs as little. Every pipeline
+//! shares the view and mark group layouts; each shader's pass group comes from its WGSL.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+use super::shaders::{Binding, MARK_GROUP, PATH_ENDS, Shader, VIEW_GROUP};
+use super::work::{Count, Counters};
+use crate::Error;
+use crate::view::DEPTH;
+
+/// A check of a custom marker's shader, resolving to its error if it has one: sent between threads
+/// natively, kept on the page's one thread in browsers.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+type Check = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Option<wgpu::Error>> + Send>>;
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+type Check = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Option<wgpu::Error>>>>;
+
+/// A custom marker's pipeline, compiled from its source the first time a view draws it.
+struct Custom {
+    pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
+    check: Option<Check>,
+    failed: bool,
+}
+
+/// One pipeline: a shader's entry point made for one primitive's geometry (its `PROBED`) and one
+/// kind of path (its `PATH`), and for a render shader, the format and samples per pixel it draws into.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Variant {
+    shader: Shader,
+    entry: &'static str,
+    primitive: u32,
+    path: u32,
+    target: Option<(wgpu::TextureFormat, u32)>,
+}
+
+impl Variant {
+    /// `shader` drawing into `format` with `samples` per pixel.
+    pub(crate) fn draw(shader: Shader, format: wgpu::TextureFormat, samples: u32) -> Variant {
+        Variant { shader, entry: "vertex", primitive: 0, path: PATH_ENDS, target: Some((format, samples)) }
+    }
+
+    /// `shader`'s compute entry point `entry`.
+    pub(crate) fn compute(shader: Shader, entry: &'static str) -> Variant {
+        Variant { shader, entry, primitive: 0, path: PATH_ENDS, target: None }
+    }
+
+    /// The probe program made for marks of `primitive` (a `POINTS`, `STROKES`, or `TRIANGLES` code),
+    /// which answers every question a step at a time.
+    pub(crate) fn probe(shader: Shader, primitive: u32) -> Variant {
+        Variant { shader, entry: "answer", primitive, path: PATH_ENDS, target: None }
+    }
+
+    /// The variant whose strokes read `path`, one of the `PATH_` codes.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub(crate) fn path(mut self, path: u32) -> Variant {
+        self.path = path;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The pipeline constants its shader declares, set.
+    fn constants(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, f64)> {
+        let value = |name: &str| match name {
+            "PROBED" => self.primitive,
+            "PATH" => self.path,
+            other => unreachable!("no value for the pipeline constant {other}"),
+        };
+        self.shader.source().overrides.iter().map(|&name| (name, f64::from(value(name)))).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A pipeline asked for ahead: a variant of one of latkit's shaders, or of a custom marker's, whose
+/// WGSL follows its shader's.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Asked {
+    Shader(Variant),
+    Custom(Arc<str>, Variant),
+}
+
+impl Asked {
+    /// Bytes of WGSL it compiles from: the more, the longer it takes.
+    pub(crate) fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Asked::Shader(variant) => variant.shader.source().size(),
+            Asked::Custom(source, variant) => variant.shader.source().size() + source.len(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A pipeline asked for ahead: whether it compiled then, off the GPU's thread, whether that landed,
+/// and what waits for it to.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Ahead {
+    compiled: AtomicBool,
+    landed: AtomicBool,
+    waiting: Mutex<Vec<Waker>>,
+}
+
+impl Ahead {
+    fn landed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.landed.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    /// Waits for it: `waker` wakes as it lands.
+    fn wait(&self, waker: &Waker) {
+        self.waiting.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).push(waker.clone());
+    }
+
+    /// Lands it, counted by `landed`, and wakes what waits.
+    fn land(&self, landed: &AtomicU64) {
+        self.landed.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        landed.fetch_add(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+        for waker in self.waiting.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).drain(..) {
+            waker.wake();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Pipelines {
+    pub(crate) view_layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
+    pub(crate) mark_layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
+    /// What a shader reading neither shared group binds in their place.
+    pub(crate) empty: wgpu::BindGroup,
+    empty_layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
+    pass_layouts: HashMap<Vec<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry>, wgpu::BindGroupLayout>,
+    modules: HashMap<Shader, wgpu::ShaderModule>,
+    render: HashMap<Variant, wgpu::RenderPipeline>,
+    compute: HashMap<Variant, wgpu::ComputePipeline>,
+    custom: HashMap<(Arc<str>, Variant), Custom>,
+    /// What views and shots asked for ahead, each with its compile.
+    asked: HashMap<Asked, Arc<Ahead>>,
+    /// How many compiles asked for ahead landed, and in a browser how many are under way.
+    landed: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    compiling: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+    /// What counts the pipelines compiled.
+    counters: Arc<Counters>,
+}
+
+/// Shaders that draw into the shadow map, custom markers' included.
+const CASTERS: [Shader; 5] =
+    [Shader::PointsCast, Shader::StrokesCast, Shader::TrianglesCast, Shader::Shade, Shader::PointsCustomCast];
+/// The probe a frame of `samples` per pixel reads its depth with.
+pub(crate) fn probe(samples: u32) -> Shader {
+    if samples > 1 { Shader::ProbeMultisampled } else { Shader::Probe }
+}
+
+/// How a render shader's vertices assemble.
+fn topology(shader: Shader) -> wgpu::PrimitiveTopology {
+    // Custom markers draw as points do.
+    match shader {
+        Shader::Backdrop | Shader::Triangles | Shader::TrianglesCast | Shader::Shade => {
+            wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList
+        }
+        _ => wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether a shader draws into the shadow map, which has no depth.
+fn casts(shader: Shader) -> bool {
+    CASTERS.contains(&shader)
+}
+
+/// How a render shader meets depth, which is reversed: the backdrop writes the globe's, triangles
+/// write theirs, the overlay and labels ignore it, and every other mark draws where nothing nearer
+/// was drawn.
+fn depth(shader: Shader) -> Option<wgpu::DepthStencilState> {
+    if casts(shader) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let compare = match shader {
+        Shader::Backdrop | Shader::Overlay | Shader::Glyphs => wgpu::CompareFunction::Always,
+        _ => wgpu::CompareFunction::GreaterEqual,
+    };
+    Some(wgpu::DepthStencilState {
+        format: DEPTH,
+        depth_write_enabled: Some(matches!(shader, Shader::Triangles | Shader::Backdrop)),
+        depth_compare: Some(compare),
+        stencil: wgpu::StencilState::default(),
+        bias: wgpu::DepthBiasState::default(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// How a shader's fragments blend: premultiplied over what is drawn; casters keep the least of each
+/// channel; map levels replace.
+fn blend(shader: Shader) -> Option<wgpu::BlendState> {
+    let component = |src, dst, operation| wgpu::BlendComponent { src_factor: src, dst_factor: dst, operation };
+    match shader {
+        Shader::Shade => None,
+        Shader::PointsCast | Shader::StrokesCast | Shader::TrianglesCast | Shader::PointsCustomCast => {
+            let least = component(wgpu::BlendFactor::One, wgpu::BlendFactor::One, wgpu::BlendOperation::Min);
+            Some(wgpu::BlendState { color: least, alpha: least })
+        }
+        _ => {
+            let over =
+                component(wgpu::BlendFactor::One, wgpu::BlendFactor::OneMinusSrcAlpha, wgpu::BlendOperation::Add);
+            Some(wgpu::BlendState { color: over, alpha: over })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn layout(device: &wgpu::Device, label: &str, bindings: &[Binding]) -> wgpu::BindGroupLayout {
+    let entries: Vec<_> = bindings.iter().map(Binding::layout_entry).collect();
+    device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor { label: Some(label), entries: &entries })
+}
+
+impl Pipelines {
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, counters: Arc<Counters>) -> Pipelines {
+        let empty_layout = layout(device, "latkit empty", &[]);
+        let empty = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit empty"),
+            layout: &empty_layout,
+            entries: &[],
+        });
+        Pipelines {
+            view_layout: layout(device, "latkit view", VIEW_GROUP),
+            mark_layout: layout(device, "latkit mark", MARK_GROUP),
+            empty,
+            empty_layout,
+            pass_layouts: HashMap::new(),
+            modules: HashMap::new(),
+            render: HashMap::new(),
+            compute: HashMap::new(),
+            custom: HashMap::new(),
+            asked: HashMap::new(),
+            landed: Arc::default(),
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            compiling: Arc::default(),
+            counters,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Asks for each of `needs` not yet asked for: in a browser it compiles now, off the GPU's thread
+    /// and side by side with the rest, and `waker` wakes as each lands. A view asks for everything its
+    /// scene can use at once, so nothing it does later compiles where it is used.
+    pub(crate) fn ask(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, needs: &[Asked], waker: &Waker) {
+        for need in needs {
+            if let Some(ahead) = self.asked.get(need) {
+                if !ahead.landed() {
+                    ahead.wait(waker);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let ahead = Arc::new(Ahead::default());
+            self.asked.insert(need.clone(), ahead.clone());
+            if !self.compile_ahead(device, need, &ahead, waker) {
+                ahead.land(&self.landed);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the shader modules `needs` compile from, ahead of asking for them: a browser reads a
+    /// module's WGSL on its GPU thread as it is made, so what a view asks for later is read before
+    /// it draws anything.
+    pub(crate) fn read(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, needs: &[Asked]) {
+        for need in needs {
+            if let Asked::Shader(variant) = need {
+                self.module(device, variant.shader);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether every one of `needs`, asked for, has landed: what uses them can be made without a
+    /// compile.
+    pub(crate) fn ready(&self, needs: &[Asked]) -> bool {
+        needs.iter().all(|need| self.asked.get(need).is_some_and(|ahead| ahead.landed()))
+    }
+
+    /// How many compiles asked for ahead have landed so far: what waits on one sees it change.
+    pub(crate) fn landed(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.landed.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles asked for ahead still under way.
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub(crate) fn compiling(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.compiling.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    /// Starts compiling `need` off the GPU's thread, where a browser can, with `waker` waiting for it:
+    /// whether it did.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "web")),
+        expect(clippy::unused_self, reason = "only a browser's device compiles ahead")
+    )]
+    fn compile_ahead(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, need: &Asked, ahead: &Arc<Ahead>, waker: &Waker) -> bool {
+        #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "web"))]
+        {
+            let Some(promise) = compiled::capture(device, || self.create(device, need)) else { return false };
+            self.counters.add(Count::Pipelines, 1);
+            ahead.compiled.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+            ahead.wait(waker);
+            let (ahead, landed, compiling) = (ahead.clone(), self.landed.clone(), self.compiling.clone());
+            compiling.fetch_add(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+            wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+                // A descriptor the browser refuses lands too: making it then tells why, as it did.
+                let _ = wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture::from(promise).await;
+                compiling.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+                ahead.land(&landed);
+            });
+            true
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "web")))]
+        {
+            let _ = (device, need, ahead, waker);
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes `need` through wgpu, neither kept nor counted: what compiling it ahead captures. A
+    /// custom marker's WGSL fails in its own scope, so only making it for real tells why.
+    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "web"))]
+    fn create(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, need: &Asked) {
+        match need {
+            Asked::Shader(variant) if variant.target.is_some() => {
+                let module = self.module(device, variant.shader);
+                drop(self.pipeline(device, *variant, &module));
+            }
+            Asked::Shader(variant) => drop(self.compute_made(device, *variant)),
+            Asked::Custom(source, variant) => {
+                let scope = device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+                let module = custom_module(device, source, variant.shader);
+                drop(self.pipeline(device, *variant, &module));
+                drop(scope.pop());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Counts a pipeline made for `need`: compiled now unless it compiled when asked for, and late
+    /// unless it was asked for at all.
+    fn count(&self, need: &Asked) {
+        let ahead = self.asked.get(need);
+        if !ahead.is_some_and(|ahead| ahead.compiled.load(Ordering::Acquire)) {
+            self.counters.add(Count::Pipelines, 1);
+        }
+        if ahead.is_none() {
+            self.counters.add(Count::Late, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The layout of `shader`'s pass group; shaders with the same bindings share one.
+    pub(crate) fn pass_layout(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, shader: Shader) -> wgpu::BindGroupLayout {
+        let entries: Vec<_> = shader.source().pass.iter().map(Binding::layout_entry).collect();
+        self.pass_layouts
+            .entry(entries)
+            .or_insert_with_key(|entries| {
+                device
+                    .create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor { label: Some("latkit pass"), entries })
+            })
+            .clone()
+    }
+
+    fn module(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, shader: Shader) -> wgpu::ShaderModule {
+        self.modules
+            .entry(shader)
+            .or_insert_with(|| {
+                let source = shader.source();
+                device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+                    label: Some(source.label),
+                    source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(source.wgsl().into()),
+                })
+            })
+            .clone()
+    }
+
+    /// The layout of `shader`'s pipelines: the view and mark groups, empty where it reads neither, then
+    /// its pass group.
+    fn pipeline_layout(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, shader: Shader) -> wgpu::PipelineLayout {
+        let pass = (!shader.source().pass.is_empty()).then(|| self.pass_layout(device, shader));
+        let mut groups = if shader.source().shared {
+            vec![Some(&self.view_layout), Some(&self.mark_layout)]
+        } else {
+            vec![Some(&self.empty_layout), Some(&self.empty_layout)]
+        };
+        if let Some(pass) = &pass {
+            groups.push(Some(pass));
+        }
+        device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: Some(shader.source().label),
+            bind_group_layouts: &groups,
+            immediate_size: 0,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The pipeline drawing a custom marker of `source` with `shader` (one of the custom variants),
+    /// or `None` once its WGSL failed to compile.
+    pub(crate) fn custom(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        source: &str,
+        shader: Shader,
+        format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+        samples: u32,
+    ) -> Option<wgpu::RenderPipeline> {
+        let key = (Arc::<str>::from(source), Variant::draw(shader, format, samples));
+        if let Some(custom) = self.custom.get(&key) {
+            return (!custom.failed).then(|| custom.pipeline.clone());
+        }
+        self.count(&Asked::Custom(key.0.clone(), key.1));
+        let scope = device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+        let module = custom_module(device, source, shader);
+        let pipeline = self.pipeline(device, key.1, &module);
+        let check: Check = Box::pin(scope.pop());
+        let custom = Custom { pipeline: pipeline.clone(), check: Some(check), failed: false };
+        self.custom.insert(key, custom);
+        Some(pipeline)
+    }
+
+    /// Errors custom markers' shaders turned out to have since last asked.
+    pub(crate) fn custom_errors(&mut self) -> Vec<Error> {
+        let mut context = Context::from_waker(Waker::noop());
+        let mut errors = Vec::new();
+        for custom in self.custom.values_mut() {
+            let Some(check) = &mut custom.check else { continue };
+            if let Poll::Ready(error) = check.as_mut().poll(&mut context) {
+                custom.check = None;
+                if let Some(error) = error {
+                    custom.failed = true;
+                    errors.push(Error::invalid(format!("the custom marker does not compile: {error}")).at("marker"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        errors
+    }
+
+    /// The pipeline drawing `shader` into `format` with `samples` per pixel.
+    pub(crate) fn render(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        shader: Shader,
+        format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+        samples: u32,
+    ) -> wgpu::RenderPipeline {
+        self.render_pipeline(device, Variant::draw(shader, format, samples))
+    }
+
+    /// The render pipeline `variant` names.
+    pub(crate) fn render_pipeline(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, variant: Variant) -> wgpu::RenderPipeline {
+        if let Some(pipeline) = self.render.get(&variant) {
+            return pipeline.clone();
+        }
+        self.count(&Asked::Shader(variant));
+        let module = self.module(device, variant.shader);
+        let pipeline = self.pipeline(device, variant, &module);
+        self.render.insert(variant, pipeline.clone());
+        pipeline
+    }
+
+    fn pipeline(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        variant: Variant,
+        module: &wgpu::ShaderModule,
+    ) -> wgpu::RenderPipeline {
+        let shader = variant.shader;
+        let (format, samples) = variant.target.expect("a render variant");
+        let layout = self.pipeline_layout(device, shader);
+        let constants = variant.constants();
+        let options = || wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions { constants: &constants, ..Default::default() };
+        device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some(shader.source().label),
+            layout: Some(&layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                module,
+                entry_point: Some("vertex"),
+                compilation_options: options(),
+                buffers: &[],
+            },
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState { topology: topology(shader), ..Default::default() },
+            depth_stencil: depth(shader),
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState { count: samples, ..Default::default() },
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module,
+                entry_point: Some("fragment"),
+                compilation_options: options(),
+                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
+                    format,
+                    blend: blend(shader),
+                    write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
+                })],
+            }),
+            multiview_mask: None,
+            cache: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The compute pipeline of `shader`'s entry point `entry`.
+    pub(crate) fn compute(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        shader: Shader,
+        entry: &'static str,
+    ) -> wgpu::ComputePipeline {
+        self.compute_pipeline(device, Variant::compute(shader, entry))
+    }
+
+    /// The compute pipeline `variant` names.
+    pub(crate) fn compute_pipeline(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, variant: Variant) -> wgpu::ComputePipeline {
+        if let Some(pipeline) = self.compute.get(&variant) {
+            return pipeline.clone();
+        }
+        self.count(&Asked::Shader(variant));
+        let pipeline = self.compute_made(device, variant);
+        self.compute.insert(variant, pipeline.clone());
+        pipeline
+    }
+
+    fn compute_made(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, variant: Variant) -> wgpu::ComputePipeline {
+        let module = self.module(device, variant.shader);
+        let layout = self.pipeline_layout(device, variant.shader);
+        let constants = variant.constants();
+        device.create_compute_pipeline(&wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some(variant.entry),
+            layout: Some(&layout),
+            module: &module,
+            entry_point: Some(variant.entry),
+            compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions { constants: &constants, ..Default::default() },
+            cache: None,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The module of a custom marker of `source` drawn with `shader`: its shader's WGSL, then the marker's.
+fn custom_module(device: &wgpu::Device, source: &str, shader: Shader) -> wgpu::ShaderModule {
+    device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit custom marker"),
+        source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(format!("{}\n{source}", shader.source().wgsl()).into()),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Compiling ahead in a browser. A browser compiles a pipeline made through `createRenderPipeline`
+/// on the GPU's thread, holding back every frame and readback behind it, but one made through its
+/// async twin on worker threads, side by side with others; Chrome keeps what it compiled by
+/// descriptor, so making the same descriptor later finds it compiled.
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "web"))]
+mod compiled {
+    use std::cell::RefCell;
+    use std::rc::Rc;
+
+    use wasm_bindgen::closure::Closure;
+    use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast, JsValue};
+
+    /// The device's pipeline makers, each with its async twin.
+    const MAKERS: [(&str, &str); 2] = [
+        ("createRenderPipeline", "createRenderPipelineAsync"),
+        ("createComputePipeline", "createComputePipelineAsync"),
+    ];
+
+    /// The browser compiling, off its GPU's thread, the pipeline `make` makes through wgpu: while it
+    /// runs, the device's makers are their async twins, handed the very descriptor wgpu builds, so
+    /// what compiles is what wgpu makes later, by construction. `None` where the device is no
+    /// browser's, or `make` made nothing.
+    pub(super) fn capture(device: &wgpu::Device, make: impl FnOnce()) -> Option<js_sys::Promise> {
+        let raw: &JsValue = device.as_webgpu()?.as_ref();
+        let twins: Vec<js_sys::Function> = MAKERS
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, twin)| js_sys::Reflect::get(raw, &JsValue::from_str(twin)).ok()?.dyn_into().ok())
+            .collect::<Option<_>>()?;
+        let caught: Rc<RefCell<Option<js_sys::Promise>>> = Rc::default();
+        let shims: Vec<Closure<dyn FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue>> = twins
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|twin| {
+                let (device, caught) = (raw.clone(), caught.clone());
+                Closure::new(move |descriptor: JsValue| {
+                    let promise = twin.call1(&device, &descriptor).unwrap_or(JsValue::UNDEFINED);
+                    *caught.borrow_mut() = promise.clone().dyn_into().ok();
+                    promise
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let swapped = MAKERS
+            .iter()
+            .zip(&shims)
+            .all(|((maker, _), shim)| js_sys::Reflect::set(raw, &JsValue::from_str(maker), shim.as_ref()).is_ok());
+        if swapped {
+            make();
+        }
+        for (maker, _) in MAKERS {
+            let _ = js_sys::Reflect::delete_property(raw.unchecked_ref::<js_sys::Object>(), &JsValue::from_str(maker));
+        }
+        drop(shims);
+        caught.take()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/readback.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/readback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b353e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/readback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//! Bytes read back from the GPU: copied in a frame's encoder and mapped when the caller submits it,
+//! so reading never stalls a frame and never submits on its own; once mapped, it wakes what waits on
+//! it. Map buffers come from a pool and go back to it once read, so hovering allocates nothing.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+use std::task::Waker;
+
+use super::work::{Count, Counters};
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// Map buffers no readback holds, by size, what counts the readbacks made from them, and how many
+/// are still mapping. Every pool says whether it counts, so none stops counting by default.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Readbacks {
+    free: Arc<Mutex<Vec<wgpu::Buffer>>>,
+    counters: Option<Arc<Counters>>,
+    mapping: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+}
+
+impl Readbacks {
+    /// A pool whose readbacks `counters` counts: the `Gpu`'s.
+    pub(crate) fn counted(counters: Arc<Counters>) -> Readbacks {
+        Readbacks { free: Arc::default(), counters: Some(counters), mapping: Arc::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// A pool whose readbacks count as no work: the frame timer's, which only some devices have.
+    pub(crate) fn uncounted() -> Readbacks {
+        Readbacks { free: Arc::default(), counters: None, mapping: Arc::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// Readbacks of this pool the GPU has yet to map.
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub(crate) fn mapping(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.mapping.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    fn take(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, size: u64) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+        if let Some(counters) = &self.counters {
+            counters.add(Count::Readbacks, 1);
+        }
+        let class = size.max(256).next_power_of_two();
+        let mut free = self.free.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if let Some(i) = free.iter().position(|b| b.size() == class) {
+            return free.swap_remove(i);
+        }
+        device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit readback"),
+            size: class,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a readback's map stands.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Mapping {
+    Waiting,
+    Ready,
+    Failed,
+    Read,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Readback {
+    buffer: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+    size: u64,
+    pool: Readbacks,
+    mapping: Arc<Mutex<Mapping>>,
+}
+
+impl Readback {
+    /// Copies `size` bytes of `source` from `offset`, to read once `encoder` is submitted; `waker`
+    /// wakes once they can be read.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        pool: &Readbacks,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        source: &wgpu::Buffer,
+        offset: u64,
+        size: u64,
+        waker: &Waker,
+    ) -> Readback {
+        let buffer = pool.take(device, size);
+        encoder.copy_buffer_to_buffer(source, offset, &buffer, 0, size);
+        let mapping = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Mapping::Waiting));
+        let done = mapping.clone();
+        let waker = waker.clone();
+        let pending = pool.mapping.clone();
+        pending.fetch_add(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+        encoder.map_buffer_on_submit(&buffer, wgpu::MapMode::Read, ..size, move |result| {
+            *done.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) =
+                if result.is_ok() { Mapping::Ready } else { Mapping::Failed };
+            pending.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+            waker.wake();
+        });
+        Readback { buffer: Some(buffer), size, pool: pool.clone(), mapping }
+    }
+
+    /// The bytes once mapped, or `None` while the GPU has not finished or they were taken.
+    pub(crate) fn take(&self) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let mut mapping = self.mapping.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        let buffer = self.buffer.as_ref()?;
+        match *mapping {
+            Mapping::Waiting | Mapping::Read => None,
+            Mapping::Failed => Some(Err(Error::DeviceLost)),
+            Mapping::Ready => {
+                let bytes = match buffer.get_mapped_range(..self.size) {
+                    Ok(view) => view.to_vec(),
+                    Err(_) => return Some(Err(Error::DeviceLost)),
+                };
+                buffer.unmap();
+                *mapping = Mapping::Read;
+                Some(Ok(bytes))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Readback {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let Some(buffer) = self.buffer.take() else { return };
+        // A buffer still mapping cannot go back yet; it is dropped instead.
+        let mapping = *self.mapping.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if mapping == Mapping::Ready {
+            buffer.unmap();
+        }
+        if matches!(mapping, Mapping::Ready | Mapping::Read) {
+            self.pool.free.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).push(buffer);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/shaders.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/shaders.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58495b6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/shaders.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+//! The GPU contract generated from the WESL shaders by `build/shaders.rs`: constants, `#[repr(C)]`
+//! mirrors of shared structs, bind group layouts, and each shader's text.
+
+#![allow(clippy::unreadable_literal)]
+
+/// How a binding is read.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Kind {
+    Uniform,
+    Storage { read_only: bool },
+    Texture { array: bool, filterable: bool },
+    Depth { multisampled: bool },
+    Sampler,
+}
+
+/// One binding of a bind group layout.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Binding {
+    pub(crate) slot: u32,
+    pub(crate) kind: Kind,
+    pub(crate) stages: u32,
+    pub(crate) dynamic: bool,
+}
+
+const VERTEX: u32 = 1;
+const FRAGMENT: u32 = 2;
+const COMPUTE: u32 = 4;
+
+impl ShaderSource {
+    /// The shader's WGSL: its declarations, each stored once for every shader, joined in order.
+    pub(crate) fn wgsl(&self) -> String {
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        for (i, &piece) in self.pieces.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i > 0 {
+                out.push_str("\n\n");
+            }
+            let (start, end) = PIECES[piece as usize];
+            out.push_str(&WGSL[start as usize..end as usize]);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes of its WGSL: what a browser compiles for each of its pipelines, and so about how long
+    /// one takes.
+    pub(crate) fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pieces
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&piece| {
+                let (start, end) = PIECES[piece as usize];
+                (end - start) as usize
+            })
+            .sum()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every distinct top-level declaration of every linked shader, each once; [`PIECES`] says where each
+/// lies.
+static WGSL: &str = include_str!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/shaders.wgsl"));
+
+/// One linked shader: its declarations, entry points, and the bindings of its pass group.
+pub(crate) struct ShaderSource {
+    pub(crate) label: &'static str,
+    /// Its declarations, as indices into [`PIECES`], in order.
+    pieces: &'static [u16],
+    pub(crate) pass: &'static [Binding],
+    /// The pipeline constants it declares.
+    pub(crate) overrides: &'static [&'static str],
+    /// Whether it reads the view and mark groups; one that does not binds its pass group alone.
+    pub(crate) shared: bool,
+}
+
+impl Binding {
+    pub(crate) fn layout_entry(&self) -> wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+        let mut visibility = wgpu::ShaderStages::NONE;
+        for (bit, stage) in [
+            (VERTEX, wgpu::ShaderStages::VERTEX),
+            (FRAGMENT, wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT),
+            (COMPUTE, wgpu::ShaderStages::COMPUTE),
+        ] {
+            if self.stages & bit != 0 {
+                visibility |= stage;
+            }
+        }
+        let ty = match self.kind {
+            Kind::Uniform => wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                has_dynamic_offset: self.dynamic,
+                min_binding_size: None,
+            },
+            Kind::Storage { read_only } => wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only },
+                has_dynamic_offset: self.dynamic,
+                min_binding_size: None,
+            },
+            Kind::Texture { array, filterable } => wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
+                sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable },
+                view_dimension: if array {
+                    wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2Array
+                } else {
+                    wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2
+                },
+                multisampled: false,
+            },
+            Kind::Depth { multisampled } => wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
+                sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Depth,
+                view_dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2,
+                multisampled,
+            },
+            Kind::Sampler => wgpu::BindingType::Sampler(wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering),
+        };
+        wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry { binding: self.slot, visibility, ty, count: None }
+    }
+}
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/shaders.rs"));
+
+// A block of rows the GPU evaluates is a page of every column.
+const _: () = assert!(BLOCK_ROWS as usize == crate::data::PAGE_ROWS && 1 << PAGE_BITS == BLOCK_ROWS);
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/gpu/work.rs b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/work.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e14cee58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/gpu/work.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+//! What a `Gpu` did, counted exactly. Unlike time, it repeats from run to run and machine to machine
+//! wherever the budget, the device's limits, and the frames drawn do, so the benchmark gates it and
+//! tests assert it. Every write to the GPU goes through [`Queue`], which counts it; clippy refuses the
+//! raw queue's writes anywhere else. Whatever else counts holds the counters itself: the pipelines,
+//! the readback pool, the atlas, and each frame's jobs and evaluations through the `Gpu`.
+
+use std::ops::{Deref, Sub};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering::Relaxed};
+
+/// [`Work`], the [`Count`] naming each of its fields, and the [`Counters`] keeping them, from one list.
+macro_rules! work {
+    ($($(#[$doc:meta])* $field:ident: $count:ident,)*) => {
+        /// What a [`Gpu`](crate::Gpu) did since it was made; subtract two for what happened between.
+        #[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+        pub struct Work {
+            $($(#[$doc])* pub $field: u64,)*
+        }
+
+        /// A kind of work a `Gpu` counts.
+        #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+        pub(crate) enum Count {
+            $($count,)*
+        }
+
+        /// The counts, shared by every view of a `Gpu`, from any thread.
+        #[derive(Default)]
+        pub(crate) struct Counters {
+            $($field: AtomicU64,)*
+        }
+
+        impl Counters {
+            pub(crate) fn add(&self, count: Count, n: u64) {
+                let counter = match count {
+                    $(Count::$count => &self.$field,)*
+                };
+                counter.fetch_add(n, Relaxed);
+            }
+
+            pub(crate) fn work(&self) -> Work {
+                Work { $($field: self.$field.load(Relaxed),)* }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Sub for Work {
+            type Output = Work;
+
+            fn sub(self, before: Work) -> Work {
+                Work { $($field: self.$field.saturating_sub(before.$field),)* }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+work! {
+    /// Bytes of data pages uploaded.
+    uploaded: Uploaded,
+    /// Bytes written besides pages: uniforms, programs, label runs, the selection, textures.
+    written: Written,
+    /// Rows whose channels the GPU evaluated.
+    evaluated: Evaluated,
+    /// Reads back from the GPU: probes, queries, fits, label placements, segment counts, pictures;
+    /// not the frame timer's, which only some devices have.
+    readbacks: Readbacks,
+    /// Jobs handed out: layouts, routes, lanes, triangulations, pyramids, tiles; to the host's
+    /// workers, or done at once without a host.
+    jobs: Jobs,
+    /// Label texts the host was asked to set.
+    texts: Texts,
+    /// Pipelines compiled: in a browser, each as a view or a shot asks for it ahead, off the GPU's
+    /// thread; natively, where it is first made.
+    pipelines: Pipelines,
+    /// Pipelines made without being asked for ahead, each compiled where it is first used: in a
+    /// browser on the GPU's thread, holding frames back. None, unless a scene uses what it did not
+    /// ask for.
+    late: Late,
+}
+
+/// The device's queue, counting what is written through it; everything else it does as the queue.
+pub(crate) struct Queue {
+    raw: wgpu::Queue,
+    counters: Arc<Counters>,
+}
+
+impl Queue {
+    pub(crate) fn new(raw: wgpu::Queue, counters: Arc<Counters>) -> Queue {
+        Queue { raw, counters }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes `bytes` into `buffer` at `offset`, counted as written.
+    #[expect(clippy::disallowed_methods, reason = "the counted write")]
+    pub(crate) fn write_buffer(&self, buffer: &wgpu::Buffer, offset: u64, bytes: &[u8]) {
+        self.counters.add(Count::Written, bytes.len() as u64);
+        self.raw.write_buffer(buffer, offset, bytes);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes in command order, so a reused scratch buffer keeps earlier passes' inputs intact.
+    pub(crate) fn write_buffer_in(
+        &self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        buffer: &wgpu::Buffer,
+        offset: u64,
+        bytes: &[u8],
+    ) {
+        use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
+        self.counters.add(Count::Written, bytes.len() as u64);
+        let upload = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit ordered upload"),
+            contents: bytes,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC,
+        });
+        encoder.copy_buffer_to_buffer(&upload, 0, buffer, offset, bytes.len() as u64);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes a data page's words into `buffer` at `offset`, counted as uploaded.
+    #[expect(clippy::disallowed_methods, reason = "the counted upload")]
+    pub(crate) fn upload(&self, buffer: &wgpu::Buffer, offset: u64, bytes: &[u8]) {
+        self.counters.add(Count::Uploaded, bytes.len() as u64);
+        self.raw.write_buffer(buffer, offset, bytes);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes texels, counted as written.
+    #[expect(clippy::disallowed_methods, reason = "the counted write")]
+    pub(crate) fn write_texture(
+        &self,
+        texture: wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo<'_>,
+        bytes: &[u8],
+        layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout,
+        size: wgpu::Extent3d,
+    ) {
+        self.counters.add(Count::Written, bytes.len() as u64);
+        self.raw.write_texture(texture, bytes, layout, size);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for Queue {
+    type Target = wgpu::Queue;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &wgpu::Queue {
+        &self.raw
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/host/browser.rs b/crates/latkit/src/host/browser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0c04fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/host/browser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast, JsValue};
+use web_sys::{OffscreenCanvas, OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2d};
+
+use super::{Encoder, Unit};
+use super::{Host, Job, Raster, Request, TextRun};
+use crate::Encoding;
+use crate::{Error, Pending};
+
+/// The browser: text set with a 2D canvas in the page's fonts, jobs done by the page's workers once
+/// [`set_jobs`](Browser::set_jobs) names them, else at once, bytes fetched with `fetch`, and video
+/// encoded by WebCodecs once [`set_encoder`](Browser::set_encoder) names how.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct Browser;
+
+thread_local! {
+    static CANVAS: RefCell<Option<(OffscreenCanvas, OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2d)>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+    static JOBS: RefCell<Option<js_sys::Function>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+    static ENCODERS: RefCell<Option<js_sys::Function>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+}
+
+impl Browser {
+    /// Has views' jobs done by `run`, which takes a job's bytes as a `Uint8Array` and returns a
+    /// promise of its answer's: a pool of workers, each holding the page's compiled module.
+    pub fn set_jobs(run: js_sys::Function) {
+        JOBS.with(|jobs| *jobs.borrow_mut() = Some(run));
+    }
+
+    /// Has videos encoded by what `create` makes of `(width, height, fps, bitrate)`: an object whose
+    /// `close()` releases resources; `encode(nv12, time, key)` and `finish()` return promises of the units finished since, each
+    /// `[time, key, bytes]`, in order. The npm package makes one with WebCodecs.
+    pub fn set_encoder(create: js_sys::Function) {
+        ENCODERS.with(|encoders| *encoders.borrow_mut() = Some(create));
+    }
+}
+
+/// An encoder the page made: its `encode` and `finish` answer promises of units.
+struct Script(JsValue);
+
+impl Script {
+    /// Calls method `name` with `args`, resolving to the units its promise answers.
+    fn call(&self, name: &str, args: &js_sys::Array) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>> {
+        let promise = js_sys::Reflect::get(&self.0, &name.into())
+            .and_then(JsCast::dyn_into::<js_sys::Function>)
+            .and_then(|f| f.apply(&self.0, args))
+            .map(|answer| js_sys::Promise::resolve(&answer));
+        let promise = match promise {
+            Ok(promise) => promise,
+            Err(error) => return Pending::ready(Err(Error::Unsupported(format!("the encoder: {error:?}").into()))),
+        };
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::new();
+        wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+            let answer = wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture::from(promise).await;
+            resolver.resolve(
+                answer
+                    .map_err(|error| Error::Unsupported(format!("the encoder failed: {error:?}").into()))
+                    .and_then(units),
+            );
+        });
+        pending
+    }
+}
+
+/// The units an encoder answered: `[time, key, bytes]` each.
+fn units(answer: JsValue) -> crate::Result<Vec<Unit>> {
+    let units: js_sys::Array =
+        answer.dyn_into().map_err(|_| Error::Unsupported("the encoder answered no units".into()))?;
+    units
+        .iter()
+        .map(|unit| {
+            let unit: js_sys::Array =
+                unit.dyn_into().map_err(|_| Error::Unsupported("a unit is [time, key, bytes]".into()))?;
+            let time = unit.get(0).as_f64().ok_or_else(|| Error::Unsupported("a unit's time".into()))?;
+            let bytes = js_sys::Uint8Array::new(&unit.get(2));
+            Ok(Unit { time: time as u64, key: unit.get(1).is_truthy(), annex_b: bytes.to_vec() })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+impl Drop for Script {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Ok(close) = js_sys::Reflect::get(&self.0, &"close".into()).and_then(JsCast::dyn_into::<js_sys::Function>)
+        {
+            let _ = close.call0(&self.0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Encoder for Script {
+    fn encode(&mut self, nv12: Vec<u8>, time: u64, key: bool) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>> {
+        let bytes = js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&nv12[..]);
+        self.call("encode", &js_sys::Array::of3(&bytes, &(time as f64).into(), &key.into()))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>> {
+        self.call("finish", &js_sys::Array::new())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pixels of room around each run, so antialiasing and overhangs are kept.
+const PAD: f64 = 2.0;
+
+/// `text` broken at spaces into lines no wider than `max_width`, each with its width.
+fn lines(
+    context: &OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2d,
+    text: &str,
+    max_width: Option<f64>,
+) -> Option<Vec<(String, f64)>> {
+    let width = |s: &str| context.measure_text(s).ok().map(|m| m.width());
+    let Some(max_width) = max_width else { return Some(vec![(text.to_owned(), width(text)?)]) };
+    let mut lines: Vec<(String, f64)> = Vec::new();
+    for word in text.split(' ') {
+        if let Some((line, w)) = lines.last_mut() {
+            let joined = format!("{line} {word}");
+            let joined_width = width(&joined)?;
+            if joined_width <= max_width {
+                *line = joined;
+                *w = joined_width;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        lines.push((word.to_owned(), width(word)?));
+    }
+    Some(lines)
+}
+
+/// The page's 2D context for setting and measuring text, made on first use.
+fn with_context<R>(f: impl FnOnce(&OffscreenCanvas, &OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2d) -> Option<R>) -> Option<R> {
+    CANVAS.with(|cell| {
+        let mut cell = cell.borrow_mut();
+        if cell.is_none() {
+            let canvas = OffscreenCanvas::new(256, 64).ok()?;
+            // Each run is read back once it is set.
+            let options = js_sys::Object::new();
+            js_sys::Reflect::set(&options, &"willReadFrequently".into(), &true.into()).ok()?;
+            let context = canvas.get_context_with_context_options("2d", &options).ok()??;
+            let context = context.dyn_into::<OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2d>().ok()?;
+            *cell = Some((canvas, context));
+        }
+        let (canvas, context) = cell.as_ref()?;
+        f(canvas, context)
+    })
+}
+
+/// A run laid out: its lines, each with its width, and its ascent and line height.
+struct Layout {
+    lines: Vec<(String, f64)>,
+    ascent: f64,
+    line_height: f64,
+}
+
+impl Layout {
+    /// `run` laid out in `context`, set to its font.
+    fn of(context: &OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2d, run: &TextRun) -> Option<Layout> {
+        context.set_font(&format!("{}px {}", run.size_px, run.font));
+        let lines = lines(context, &run.text, run.max_width.map(f64::from))?;
+        let metrics = context.measure_text(&run.text).ok()?;
+        let ascent = metrics.font_bounding_box_ascent();
+        Some(Layout { lines, ascent, line_height: ascent + metrics.font_bounding_box_descent() })
+    }
+
+    /// Its width and height, with room around it.
+    fn size(&self) -> [f64; 2] {
+        let widest = self.lines.iter().map(|(_, w)| *w).fold(0.0, f64::max);
+        [widest + 2.0 * PAD, self.line_height * self.lines.len() as f64 + 2.0 * PAD]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Host for Browser {
+    fn measure(&self, run: &TextRun) -> crate::Result<[f32; 2]> {
+        with_context(|_, context| Some(Layout::of(context, run)?.size().map(|v| v as f32)))
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Unsupported("browser text measurement failed".into()))
+    }
+
+    fn spawn(&self, job: Job) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        let Some(run) = JOBS.with(|jobs| jobs.borrow().clone()) else { return Pending::ready(Ok(job.run())) };
+        let bytes = js_sys::Uint8Array::from(&job.into_bytes()[..]);
+        let promise = match run.call1(&JsValue::NULL, &bytes).map(js_sys::Promise::from) {
+            Ok(promise) => promise,
+            Err(error) => return Pending::ready(Err(Error::Unsupported(format!("jobs: {error:?}").into()))),
+        };
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::new();
+        wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+            let answer = wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture::from(promise).await;
+            resolver.resolve(
+                answer
+                    .map(|bytes| js_sys::Uint8Array::new(&bytes).to_vec())
+                    .map_err(|error| Error::Unsupported(format!("a job failed: {error:?}").into())),
+            );
+        });
+        pending
+    }
+
+    fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::new();
+        let request = request.clone();
+        wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+            resolver.resolve(fetched(&request).await);
+        });
+        pending
+    }
+
+    fn rasterize(&self, run: &TextRun) -> crate::Result<Raster> {
+        with_context(|canvas, context| {
+            let layout = Layout::of(context, run)?;
+            let size = layout.size().map(|v| v.ceil() as u32);
+            if canvas.width() < size[0] || canvas.height() < size[1] {
+                canvas.set_width(canvas.width().max(size[0].next_power_of_two()));
+                canvas.set_height(canvas.height().max(size[1].next_power_of_two()));
+            }
+            // Resizing resets the context.
+            context.set_font(&format!("{}px {}", run.size_px, run.font));
+            context.set_text_baseline("alphabetic");
+            context.set_fill_style_str("#fff");
+            context.clear_rect(0.0, 0.0, f64::from(size[0]), f64::from(size[1]));
+            for (i, (line, _)) in layout.lines.iter().enumerate() {
+                context.fill_text(line, PAD, PAD + layout.ascent + layout.line_height * i as f64).ok()?;
+            }
+            let rgba = context.get_image_data(0.0, 0.0, f64::from(size[0]), f64::from(size[1])).ok()?.data();
+            let coverage = rgba.0.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|p| p[3]).collect();
+            Some(Raster { size, coverage, baseline: (PAD + layout.ascent) as f32 })
+        })
+        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Unsupported("browser text rasterization failed".into()))
+    }
+
+    fn encoder(&self, encoding: &Encoding) -> crate::Result<Box<dyn Encoder>> {
+        let unsupported =
+            || Error::Unsupported("videos in a browser encode with WebCodecs, which the page did not give".into());
+        let create = ENCODERS.with(|encoders| encoders.borrow().clone()).ok_or_else(unsupported)?;
+        let [width, height] = encoding.size;
+        let args = js_sys::Array::of4(
+            &width.into(),
+            &height.into(),
+            &encoding.fps.into(),
+            &f64::from(encoding.bitrate).into(),
+        );
+        let encoder = create
+            .apply(&JsValue::NULL, &args)
+            .map_err(|error| Error::Unsupported(format!("no encoder for {width}×{height}: {error:?}").into()))?;
+        Ok(Box::new(Script(encoder)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// The bytes `request` asks for: none where there is nothing at its URL, and only the range asked for
+/// where a server sends every byte.
+async fn fetched(request: &Request) -> crate::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let failed = |what: &str| Error::Io(format!("{} could not be read: {what}", request.url).into());
+    let init = web_sys::RequestInit::new();
+    let headers = web_sys::Headers::new().map_err(|e| failed(&format!("{e:?}")))?;
+    if let Some(range) = &request.range {
+        let value = format!("bytes={}-{}", range.start, range.end.saturating_sub(1));
+        headers.set("Range", &value).map_err(|e| failed(&format!("{e:?}")))?;
+    }
+    init.set_headers(&headers);
+    let fetch = web_sys::Request::new_with_str_and_init(&request.url, &init).map_err(|e| failed(&format!("{e:?}")))?;
+    // The page's fetch, or a worker's.
+    let global = js_sys::global();
+    let promise = match (global.dyn_ref::<web_sys::Window>(), global.dyn_ref::<web_sys::WorkerGlobalScope>()) {
+        (Some(window), _) => window.fetch_with_request(&fetch),
+        (None, Some(worker)) => worker.fetch_with_request(&fetch),
+        (None, None) => return Err(failed("no fetch here")),
+    };
+    let response = wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture::from(promise).await.map_err(|e| failed(&format!("{e:?}")))?;
+    let response: web_sys::Response = response.dyn_into().map_err(|_| failed("not a response"))?;
+    match response.status() {
+        200 | 206 => {}
+        204 | 404 => return Ok(Vec::new()),
+        status => return Err(failed(&format!("status {status}"))),
+    }
+    let body = response.array_buffer().map_err(|e| failed(&format!("{e:?}")))?;
+    let body = wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture::from(body).await.map_err(|e| failed(&format!("{e:?}")))?;
+    let mut bytes = js_sys::Uint8Array::new(&body).to_vec();
+    if response.status() == 200
+        && let Some(range) = &request.range
+    {
+        let end = (range.end as usize).min(bytes.len());
+        bytes = bytes.get(range.start as usize..end).map(<[u8]>::to_vec).unwrap_or_default();
+    }
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/host/job.rs b/crates/latkit/src/host/job.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e34c7fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/host/job.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+//! Jobs: work too large for the frame (laying out in ranks or by stress, routing wires, cutting areas
+//! into triangles, grouping a large table's rows into tiles, writing a picture as a file), handed to the
+//! host to do off the frame. A job is bytes in and bytes out, so a thread, or a worker holding its own
+//! copy of latkit, can do it with nothing shared. A view's job answers with a [`Patch`]: the rows it
+//! worked out, by id, with their places, the paths their wires run along, or their shapes; an image
+//! job answers with the file.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::Side;
+use crate::data::{Field, GeometryBuilder, Id, Name, Op, Patch, Table, Value, Values, Version};
+use crate::derive::pyramid::{Leveling, Places, Placing};
+use crate::derive::sight::Domain;
+use crate::geo::mvt::Kind as Geometry;
+use crate::geo::shapes::{earth_parts, triangles};
+use crate::geo::tiles::{Decoded, decode};
+use crate::layout::route::{Net, Terminal, route};
+use crate::layout::{layered::layered, levels::Graph, stress::stress};
+use crate::tiles::TileKey;
+use crate::{Direction, Layered, Layout};
+
+/// Work latkit hands its [`Host`](super::Host) to do off the frame: bytes in, bytes out.
+///
+/// A host that does jobs elsewhere sends [`into_bytes`](Job::into_bytes) there, and answers with
+/// what [`run`](Job::run) makes of [`from_bytes`](Job::from_bytes) of them.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Job(Vec<u8>);
+
+/// What a job does, its first word.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum Kind {
+    Layered = 1,
+    Stress = 2,
+    Routes = 3,
+    Shapes = 4,
+    Tile = 5,
+    GeoJson = 6,
+    Lanes = 7,
+    Pyramid = 8,
+    Image = 9,
+}
+
+/// What a shapes job works out of each row's geometry.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Shaping {
+    /// An area's triangles, the point its label hangs from first; on the earth, unwrapped and split
+    /// along its grid.
+    Triangles { earth: bool },
+    /// An earth line's path: unwrapped, and bent with the globe; cheap enough that no job makes it.
+    Path,
+}
+
+impl Shaping {
+    fn code(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            Shaping::Triangles { earth: false } => 0,
+            Shaping::Triangles { earth: true } => 1,
+            Shaping::Path => 2,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_code(code: u32) -> Option<Shaping> {
+        match code {
+            0 => Some(Shaping::Triangles { earth: false }),
+            1 => Some(Shaping::Triangles { earth: true }),
+            2 => Some(Shaping::Path),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The depth of the shapes made from geometry of `depth`.
+    pub(crate) fn depth(self, depth: u8) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Shaping::Triangles { .. } => 1,
+            Shaping::Path => depth,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The shape of `value`, or `None` where it stays as it is: a path that needs no bending.
+    pub(crate) fn shape(self, value: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
+        match (self, value) {
+            (Shaping::Triangles { earth }, Value::Polygons(polygons)) => Some(Value::Path(triangles(polygons, earth))),
+            (Shaping::Triangles { earth }, Value::Parts(rings)) => {
+                Some(Value::Path(triangles(std::slice::from_ref(rings), earth)))
+            }
+            (Shaping::Triangles { .. }, _) => Some(Value::Path(Vec::new())),
+            (Shaping::Path, Value::Path(path)) => {
+                earth_parts(std::slice::from_ref(path)).and_then(|mut parts| parts.pop()).map(Value::Path)
+            }
+            (Shaping::Path, Value::Parts(parts)) => earth_parts(parts).map(Value::Parts),
+            (Shaping::Path, Value::Polygons(polygons)) => {
+                let shaped: Vec<Option<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>>> = polygons.iter().map(|rings| earth_parts(rings)).collect();
+                shaped.iter().any(Option::is_some).then(|| {
+                    Value::Polygons(
+                        shaped
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .zip(polygons)
+                            .map(|(shaped, rings)| shaped.unwrap_or_else(|| rings.clone()))
+                            .collect(),
+                    )
+                })
+            }
+            (Shaping::Path, _) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A row a job answers for: its table and id.
+pub(crate) type Key = (Name, Id);
+
+/// Vertices to place: each one's size, its center when it has one, its group and how far a group's
+/// box reaches past its members (left, bottom, right, top), links between them, and the key of
+/// each vertex the answer places; vertices without a key are only placed around. Plane units, y up.
+pub(crate) struct Placement<'a> {
+    pub(crate) sizes: &'a [[f64; 2]],
+    pub(crate) pinned: &'a [Option<[f64; 2]>],
+    pub(crate) groups: &'a [Option<u32>],
+    pub(crate) pads: &'a [[f64; 4]],
+    pub(crate) links: &'a [[u32; 2]],
+    pub(crate) keys: &'a [Option<Key>],
+}
+
+/// Wires to route: around `obstacles` and among `groups`, each net's terminals with the key of the row
+/// it draws, runs beside `fixed` wires already routed, tracks `spacing` apart. Plane units, y up.
+pub(crate) struct Wiring<'a> {
+    pub(crate) obstacles: &'a [[f64; 4]],
+    pub(crate) groups: &'a [[f64; 4]],
+    pub(crate) nets: &'a [Net],
+    pub(crate) keys: &'a [Key],
+    pub(crate) fixed: &'a [Vec<[f64; 2]>],
+    pub(crate) spacing: f64,
+}
+
+impl Job {
+    /// A job from its bytes.
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Job {
+        Job(bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// The job as bytes.
+    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    /// Does the job, answering with a patch's bytes. Bytes that are no job answer nothing.
+    pub fn run(self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut input = Reader::new(&self.0);
+        let kind = input.u32();
+        if kind == Some(Kind::Image as u32) {
+            return run_image(&mut input).unwrap_or_default();
+        }
+        let answer = match kind {
+            Some(k) if k == Kind::Layered as u32 || k == Kind::Stress as u32 => run_layout(k, &mut input),
+            Some(k) if k == Kind::Routes as u32 => run_routes(&mut input),
+            Some(k) if k == Kind::Shapes as u32 => run_shapes(&mut input),
+            Some(k) if k == Kind::Tile as u32 => run_tile(&mut input),
+            Some(k) if k == Kind::GeoJson as u32 => run_geojson(&mut input),
+            Some(k) if k == Kind::Lanes as u32 => run_lanes(&mut input),
+            Some(k) if k == Kind::Pyramid as u32 => run_pyramid(&mut input),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        answer.map(|patch| patch.to_bytes()).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Placing `placement` by `layout`, which is layered or stress; it answers each keyed vertex's
+    /// center as fields `x` and `y`, y up.
+    pub(crate) fn layout(layout: &Layout, placement: &Placement<'_>) -> Job {
+        let mut out = match *layout {
+            Layout::Stress(stress) => {
+                let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Stress);
+                out.f64(stress.gap);
+                out
+            }
+            Layout::Layered(layered) => {
+                let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Layered);
+                out.u32(match layered.flow {
+                    Direction::Right => 0,
+                    Direction::Left => 1,
+                    Direction::Down => 2,
+                    Direction::Up => 3,
+                });
+                out.f64(layered.gap);
+                out.f64(layered.rank_gap);
+                out
+            }
+            Layout::None => unreachable!("a sheet asks for a layout only when its scene has one"),
+        };
+        out.u32(placement.sizes.len() as u32);
+        for v in 0..placement.sizes.len() {
+            out.f64s(&placement.sizes[v]);
+            out.u32(u32::from(placement.pinned[v].is_some()));
+            out.f64s(&placement.pinned[v].unwrap_or_default());
+            out.u32(placement.groups[v].unwrap_or(u32::MAX));
+            out.f64s(&placement.pads[v]);
+            out.u32(u32::from(placement.keys[v].is_some()));
+            if let Some(key) = &placement.keys[v] {
+                out.key(key);
+            }
+        }
+        out.u32(placement.links.len() as u32);
+        for link in placement.links {
+            out.u32(link[0]);
+            out.u32(link[1]);
+        }
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Working out `shaping` for every row of `rows`, whose field `geometry` holds each row's
+    /// geometry; it answers each row's shape as field `shape`.
+    pub(crate) fn shapes(shaping: Shaping, rows: Table) -> Job {
+        let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Shapes);
+        out.u32(shaping.code());
+        out.0.extend(Patch::new().set(rows).to_bytes());
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Decoding tile `key` from `bytes`, gzip-compressed or not, into the rows of `tables`; it answers
+    /// those rows.
+    pub(crate) fn tile(key: TileKey, tables: &[Decoded], bytes: &[u8]) -> Job {
+        let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Tile);
+        out.u32(u32::from(key.z));
+        out.u32(key.x);
+        out.u32(key.y);
+        out.u32(tables.len() as u32);
+        for decoded in tables {
+            out.text(&decoded.layer);
+            out.u32(match decoded.kind {
+                Geometry::Points => 0,
+                Geometry::Lines => 1,
+                Geometry::Polygons => 2,
+            });
+            out.text(&decoded.table);
+        }
+        out.0.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+
+    /// The job writing `image` as a file of `format`, which it answers with; nothing where it
+    /// cannot be written.
+    pub fn encode(image: &crate::Image, format: crate::ImageFormat) -> Job {
+        let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Image);
+        out.u32(match format {
+            crate::ImageFormat::Png => 0,
+            crate::ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality } => 0x100 | u32::from(quality),
+            crate::ImageFormat::WebP => 1,
+        });
+        out.u32(image.size[0]);
+        out.u32(image.size[1]);
+        out.0.extend_from_slice(&image.rgba);
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Reading GeoJSON `bytes` as dataset `name`, as [`Data::read`](crate::Data::read) does; it
+    /// answers the patch that builds the dataset, or nothing when the bytes are no GeoJSON.
+    pub fn geojson(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Job {
+        let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::GeoJson);
+        out.text(name);
+        out.0.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Finding every edge row's lane among the rows joining the same two vertices, from each row's two
+    /// ends; it answers a table of every row's lane as field `lane`, without rows when none share.
+    pub(crate) fn lanes(from: &[u32], to: &[u32]) -> Job {
+        let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Lanes);
+        out.u32(from.len() as u32);
+        out.words(from);
+        out.words(to);
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Grouping `leveling`'s tables into tiles; it answers each table's pyramid, as
+    /// [`Pyramid::read`](crate::derive::pyramid::Pyramid::read) reads it.
+    pub(crate) fn pyramid(leveling: &Leveling) -> Job {
+        let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Pyramid);
+        match leveling.domain {
+            Domain::Earth => out.f64s(&[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]),
+            Domain::Plane { min, size } => out.f64s(&[1.0, min[0], min[1], size]),
+        }
+        out.u32(leveling.tables.len() as u32);
+        for table in &leveling.tables {
+            let places = match &table.places {
+                Places::None => 0,
+                Places::Points(_) => 1,
+                Places::Boxes(_) => 2,
+            };
+            let flags = u32::from(table.leveled)
+                | u32::from(table.answered) << 1
+                | places << 2
+                | u32::from(!table.priority.is_empty()) << 4
+                | u32::from(table.ends.is_some()) << 5;
+            out.u32(table.rows);
+            out.u32(flags);
+            match &table.places {
+                Places::None => {}
+                Places::Points(points) => out.words(bytemuck::cast_slice(&points[..])),
+                Places::Boxes(boxes) => out.words(bytemuck::cast_slice(&boxes[..])),
+            }
+            out.words(bytemuck::cast_slice(&table.priority));
+            if let Some((target, ends)) = &table.ends {
+                out.u32(*target);
+                out.u32(ends.len() as u32);
+                for end in ends {
+                    out.words(end);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Routing `wiring`; it answers each keyed row's wire as field `route`, its polylines.
+    pub(crate) fn routes(wiring: &Wiring<'_>) -> Job {
+        let mut out = Writer::new(Kind::Routes);
+        out.f64(wiring.spacing);
+        for boxes in [wiring.obstacles, wiring.groups] {
+            out.u32(boxes.len() as u32);
+            for b in boxes {
+                out.f64s(b);
+            }
+        }
+        out.u32(wiring.fixed.len() as u32);
+        for line in wiring.fixed {
+            out.u32(line.len() as u32);
+            for point in line {
+                out.f64s(point);
+            }
+        }
+        out.u32(wiring.nets.len() as u32);
+        for (net, key) in wiring.nets.iter().zip(wiring.keys) {
+            out.key(key);
+            out.u32(net.terminals.len() as u32);
+            for terminal in &net.terminals {
+                out.f64s(&terminal.at);
+                out.u32(terminal.side.map_or(u32::MAX, Side::code));
+                out.u32(terminal.owner.unwrap_or(u32::MAX));
+            }
+        }
+        Job(out.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Job {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("Job").field(&self.0.len()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A patch writing `values` for `keys`, one table at a time in the order the keys name them.
+fn keyed<T>(keys: &[Key], values: Vec<T>, write: impl Fn(Table, Vec<T>) -> Table) -> Patch {
+    let mut tables: Vec<(Name, Vec<Id>, Vec<T>)> = Vec::new();
+    for ((table, id), value) in keys.iter().zip(values) {
+        match tables.iter_mut().find(|(name, ..)| name == table) {
+            Some((_, ids, values)) => {
+                ids.push(id.clone());
+                values.push(value);
+            }
+            None => tables.push((table.clone(), vec![id.clone()], vec![value])),
+        }
+    }
+    tables.into_iter().fold(Patch::new(), |patch, (name, ids, values)| patch.set(write(Table::new(name, ids), values)))
+}
+
+fn run_layout(kind: u32, input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let options = if kind == Kind::Stress as u32 {
+        Layout::Stress(crate::Stress { gap: input.f64()? })
+    } else {
+        let flow = match input.u32()? {
+            0 => Direction::Right,
+            1 => Direction::Left,
+            2 => Direction::Down,
+            _ => Direction::Up,
+        };
+        Layout::Layered(Layered { flow, gap: input.f64()?, rank_gap: input.f64()? })
+    };
+    let count = input.u32()? as usize;
+    let (mut sizes, mut pinned, mut groups, mut pads, mut keys) =
+        (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        sizes.push([input.f64()?, input.f64()?]);
+        let pin = input.u32()? != 0;
+        let at = [input.f64()?, input.f64()?];
+        pinned.push(pin.then_some(at));
+        groups.push(Some(input.u32()?).filter(|&g| (g as usize) < count));
+        pads.push([input.f64()?, input.f64()?, input.f64()?, input.f64()?]);
+        let keyed = input.u32()? != 0;
+        keys.push(if keyed { Some(input.key()?) } else { None });
+    }
+    let links = input.u32()?;
+    let links = (0..links).map(|_| Some([input.u32()?, input.u32()?])).collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    if links.iter().flatten().any(|&v| v as usize >= count) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let graph = Graph { sizes: &sizes, links: &links, pinned: &pinned, groups: &groups, pads: &pads };
+    let centers = match options {
+        Layout::Stress(s) => stress(&graph, s.gap),
+        Layout::Layered(l) => layered(&graph, &l),
+        Layout::None => return None,
+    };
+    let placed: Vec<(Key, [f64; 2])> =
+        keys.into_iter().zip(centers).filter_map(|(key, center)| Some((key?, center))).collect();
+    let (keys, centers): (Vec<Key>, Vec<[f64; 2]>) = placed.into_iter().unzip();
+    Some(keyed(&keys, centers, |table, centers| {
+        let (x, y): (Vec<f64>, Vec<f64>) = centers.into_iter().map(|c| (c[0], c[1])).unzip();
+        table.field("x", x).field("y", y)
+    }))
+}
+
+fn run_routes(input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let spacing = input.f64()?;
+    let mut boxes = || {
+        let count = input.u32()?;
+        (0..count).map(|_| Some([input.f64()?, input.f64()?, input.f64()?, input.f64()?])).collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()
+    };
+    let (obstacles, groups) = (boxes()?, boxes()?);
+    let count = input.u32()?;
+    let fixed = (0..count)
+        .map(|_| {
+            let points = input.u32()?;
+            (0..points).map(|_| Some([input.f64()?, input.f64()?])).collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()
+        })
+        .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let count = input.u32()?;
+    let (mut nets, mut keys) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        keys.push(input.key()?);
+        let terminals = input.u32()?;
+        let terminals = (0..terminals)
+            .map(|_| {
+                let at = [input.f64()?, input.f64()?];
+                let side = Side::from_code(input.u32()?);
+                let owner = Some(input.u32()?).filter(|&o| (o as usize) < obstacles.len());
+                Some(Terminal { at, side, owner })
+            })
+            .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        nets.push(Net { terminals });
+    }
+    let routes = route(&obstacles, &groups, &nets, &fixed, spacing);
+    Some(keyed(&keys, routes, |table, routes| table.field("route", routes)))
+}
+
+fn run_shapes(input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let shaping = Shaping::from_code(input.u32()?)?;
+    let Op::Set(rows) = Patch::from_bytes(input.rest()).ok()?.ops.into_iter().next()? else { return None };
+    let Some(Field::Values(column, _)) = rows.field_named("geometry") else { return None };
+    let depth = column.kind().depth()?;
+    let mut shapes = GeometryBuilder::new(shaping.depth(depth));
+    for row in 0..rows.len() {
+        match column.get(row) {
+            Some(value) => {
+                let shaped = shaping.shape(&value);
+                shapes.push_value(shaped.as_ref().unwrap_or(&value));
+            }
+            None => shapes.push_empty(),
+        }
+    }
+    let shapes = Values::of_geometry(shapes.finish());
+    let mut answer = rows.clone();
+    answer.fields.clear();
+    answer.insert("shape".into(), Field::Values(crate::data::Column::new(&shapes), Version::next()));
+    Some(Patch::new().set(answer))
+}
+
+fn run_tile(input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let key = TileKey { z: u8::try_from(input.u32()?).ok()?, x: input.u32()?, y: input.u32()? };
+    let count = input.u32()?;
+    let tables = (0..count)
+        .map(|_| {
+            let layer = input.text()?;
+            let kind = match input.u32()? {
+                0 => Geometry::Points,
+                1 => Geometry::Lines,
+                _ => Geometry::Polygons,
+            };
+            Some(Decoded { layer, kind, table: input.text()?.into() })
+        })
+        .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    decode(input.rest(), key, &tables)
+}
+
+fn run_image(input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let format = match input.u32()? {
+        0 => crate::ImageFormat::Png,
+        1 => crate::ImageFormat::WebP,
+        jpeg => crate::ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality: (jpeg & 0xff) as u8 },
+    };
+    let size = [input.u32()?, input.u32()?];
+    crate::Image::new(size, input.rest()).ok()?.encode(format).ok()
+}
+
+fn run_geojson(input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let name = input.text()?;
+    crate::geo::geojson(name, input.rest()).ok().map(|data| data.to_patch())
+}
+
+fn run_pyramid(input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let domain = match [input.f64()?, input.f64()?, input.f64()?, input.f64()?] {
+        [0.0, ..] => Domain::Earth,
+        [_, x, y, size] => Domain::Plane { min: [x, y], size },
+    };
+    let count = input.u32()?;
+    let mut tables = Vec::with_capacity(count as usize);
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        let rows = input.u32()?;
+        let flags = input.u32()?;
+        let n = rows as usize;
+        let has = |bit: u32| flags & 1 << bit != 0;
+        let places = match flags >> 2 & 3 {
+            1 => Places::Points(input.words(2 * n)?.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|w| w.map(f32::from_bits)).collect()),
+            2 => Places::Boxes(input.words(4 * n)?.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|w| w.map(f32::from_bits)).collect()),
+            _ => Places::None,
+        };
+        let priority = if has(4) { input.words(n)?.into_iter().map(f32::from_bits).collect() } else { Arc::from([]) };
+        let ends = if has(5) {
+            let target = input.u32()?;
+            let count = input.u32()?;
+            Some((target, (0..count).map(|_| input.words(n).map(Arc::from)).collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        tables.push(Placing { rows, leveled: has(0), answered: has(1), places, priority, ends });
+    }
+    Some(crate::derive::pyramid::answer(&Leveling { domain, tables }))
+}
+
+fn run_lanes(input: &mut Reader<'_>) -> Option<Patch> {
+    let rows = input.u32()? as usize;
+    let (from, to) = (input.words(rows)?, input.words(rows)?);
+    Some(crate::derive::lanes_answer(&from, &to))
+}
+
+/// Little-endian words, floats, and keys, written.
+struct Writer(Vec<u8>);
+
+impl Writer {
+    fn new(kind: Kind) -> Writer {
+        let mut out = Writer(Vec::new());
+        out.u32(kind as u32);
+        out
+    }
+
+    fn u32(&mut self, v: u32) {
+        self.0.extend(v.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn f64(&mut self, v: f64) {
+        self.0.extend(v.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    /// Words, copied whole where the machine is little-endian too.
+    fn words(&mut self, words: &[u32]) {
+        if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
+            self.0.extend_from_slice(bytemuck::cast_slice(words));
+        } else {
+            self.0.extend(words.iter().flat_map(|w| w.to_le_bytes()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn f64s(&mut self, vs: &[f64]) {
+        for &v in vs {
+            self.f64(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn text(&mut self, text: &str) {
+        self.u32(text.len() as u32);
+        self.0.extend(text.as_bytes());
+    }
+
+    /// A key: 1 then a numbered id, or 2 then a texted one; the table's name after.
+    fn key(&mut self, (table, id): &Key) {
+        match id {
+            Id::Number(n) => {
+                self.u32(1);
+                self.0.extend(n.to_le_bytes());
+            }
+            Id::Text(t) => {
+                self.u32(2);
+                self.text(t);
+            }
+        }
+        self.text(table);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Little-endian words, floats, and keys, read; `None` past the end.
+struct Reader<'a> {
+    bytes: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+impl<'a> Reader<'a> {
+    fn new(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Reader<'a> {
+        Reader { bytes }
+    }
+
+    /// Every byte not read yet.
+    fn rest(&mut self) -> &'a [u8] {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn take<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Option<[u8; N]> {
+        let (head, rest) = self.bytes.split_first_chunk::<N>()?;
+        self.bytes = rest;
+        Some(*head)
+    }
+
+    fn u32(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.take().map(u32::from_le_bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn f64(&mut self) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.take().map(f64::from_le_bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// `n` words.
+    fn words(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        let (head, rest) = self.bytes.split_at_checked(n.checked_mul(4)?)?;
+        self.bytes = rest;
+        Some(head.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|&w| u32::from_le_bytes(w)).collect())
+    }
+
+    fn text(&mut self) -> Option<String> {
+        let len = self.u32()? as usize;
+        let (head, rest) = self.bytes.split_at_checked(len)?;
+        self.bytes = rest;
+        String::from_utf8(head.to_vec()).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// A key as [`Writer::key`] wrote it.
+    fn key(&mut self) -> Option<Key> {
+        let id = match self.u32()? {
+            1 => Id::Number(u64::from_le_bytes(self.take()?)),
+            2 => Id::from(self.text()?),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        Some((self.text()?.into(), id))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::data::Value;
+
+    fn key(table: &str, id: u64) -> Key {
+        (table.into(), Id::Number(id))
+    }
+
+    /// Field `field` of `table`'s row `id` in the answer.
+    fn answered(answer: &[u8], table: &str, id: u64, field: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+        let mut data = crate::Data::new("d");
+        data.apply(Patch::from_bytes(answer).ok()?).ok()?;
+        data.get(&crate::Row::new("d", table, id), field)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn layout_jobs_answer_the_rows_they_place() {
+        let sizes = [[10.0, 10.0]; 3];
+        let pinned = [None, Some([5.0, 5.0]), None];
+        let keys = [Some(key("V", 7)), None, Some(key("V", 9))];
+        let placement = Placement {
+            sizes: &sizes,
+            pinned: &pinned,
+            groups: &[None; 3],
+            pads: &[[0.0; 4]; 3],
+            links: &[[0, 1], [1, 2]],
+            keys: &keys,
+        };
+        let answer = Job::from_bytes(Job::layout(&Layout::Layered(Layered::default()), &placement).into_bytes()).run();
+        let ranked = layered(
+            &Graph {
+                sizes: &sizes,
+                links: &[[0, 1], [1, 2]],
+                pinned: &pinned,
+                groups: &[None; 3],
+                pads: &[[0.0; 4]; 3],
+            },
+            &Layered::default(),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(answered(&answer, "V", 9, "x"), Some(Value::Number(ranked[2][0])));
+        assert_eq!(answered(&answer, "V", 7, "y"), Some(Value::Number(ranked[0][1])));
+        let stress = Job::layout(&Layout::Stress(crate::Stress::default()), &placement).run();
+        assert!(matches!(answered(&stress, "V", 7, "x"), Some(Value::Number(_))), "stress answers alike");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn route_jobs_answer_routed_wires() {
+        let obstacles = [[0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0], [40.0, 0.0, 50.0, 10.0]];
+        let terminal = |x: f64, side, owner| Terminal { at: [x, 5.0], side: Some(side), owner: Some(owner) };
+        let nets = [Net { terminals: vec![terminal(10.0, Side::Right, 0), terminal(40.0, Side::Left, 1)] }];
+        let wiring = Wiring {
+            obstacles: &obstacles,
+            groups: &[],
+            nets: &nets,
+            keys: &[key("Wire", 3)],
+            fixed: &[],
+            spacing: 2.0,
+        };
+        let answer = Job::routes(&wiring).run();
+        let want = route(&obstacles, &[], &nets, &[], 2.0).swap_remove(0);
+        assert_eq!(answered(&answer, "Wire", 3, "route"), Some(Value::Parts(want)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bytes_that_are_no_job_answer_nothing() {
+        assert_eq!(Job::from_bytes(vec![1, 0, 0, 0, 9]).run(), Vec::<u8>::new());
+        assert_eq!(Job::from_bytes(Vec::new()).run(), Vec::<u8>::new());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/host/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/host/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80422815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/host/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! What the platform does for latkit: set and measure text in its fonts, do jobs off the frame, fetch
+//! bytes (tiles, and the files JSON documents name), and encode video with its [`Encoder`]. A
+//! [`Gpu`](crate::Gpu) is given its host with [`Gpu::set_host`](crate::Gpu::set_host); without one,
+//! views draw no text, do their jobs at once, fetch nothing, and encode no video. A browser's host is
+//! `Browser`, built with the `web` feature for `wasm32`. Natively, the `native` feature supplies
+//! `Native`: lazy fonts, a worker pool doing jobs and reading files, and Media Foundation's H.264 on
+//! Windows, without a window or network client.
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+mod browser;
+mod job;
+#[cfg(all(feature = "native", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+mod native;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub use browser::Browser;
+pub use job::Job;
+pub(crate) use job::Placement;
+pub(crate) use job::Wiring;
+pub(crate) use job::{Key, Shaping};
+#[cfg(all(feature = "native", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+pub use native::Native;
+
+use crate::Encoding;
+pub use crate::resource::Request;
+use crate::{Error, Pending, Result};
+
+/// Ticks of a second an encoder's times count.
+pub const TIMESCALE: u32 = 90_000;
+
+/// A platform's H.264 encoder: NV12 pictures (BT.709, limited range) in, Annex B units out, no
+/// B-frames, so every platform's encoder fits and the muxer never reorders.
+pub trait Encoder {
+    /// Encodes one NV12 picture at `time` ticks, a keyframe when `key`; resolves, once it has room
+    /// for another picture, to the units it finished since the last call, in order.
+    fn encode(&mut self, nv12: Vec<u8>, time: u64, key: bool) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>>;
+
+    /// Resolves to the units it still holds once every picture given is encoded.
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>>;
+}
+
+/// One encoded access unit of H.264: Annex B bytes, at `time` ticks of [`TIMESCALE`], decode order
+/// equal to display order.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub struct Unit {
+    /// Ticks at which this frame shows.
+    pub time: u64,
+    /// Whether it is a keyframe, which carries its parameter sets in band.
+    pub key: bool,
+    /// Its NAL units, each after a start code.
+    pub annex_b: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// The platform services a view uses.
+pub trait Host: Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Sets `run` as coverage, reporting unavailable fonts or failed rasterization.
+    fn rasterize(&self, run: &TextRun) -> Result<Raster>;
+
+    /// The width and height `run` takes once set, in pixels; by default what setting it takes.
+    fn measure(&self, run: &TextRun) -> Result<[f32; 2]> {
+        self.rasterize(run).map(|raster| raster.size.map(|v| v as f32))
+    }
+
+    /// Does `job` off the frame, resolving to what [`Job::run`] answers; by default at once, on the
+    /// calling thread.
+    fn spawn(&self, job: Job) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        Pending::ready(Ok(job.run()))
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches `request`, resolving to its bytes; to no bytes where there is nothing at its URL, and
+    /// to an error where it cannot be read. By default a host fetches nothing.
+    fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        let _ = request;
+        Pending::ready(Err(Error::Unsupported("this host does not fetch".into())))
+    }
+
+    /// An H.264 encoder for pictures as `encoding` says, hardware where the platform has one: what an
+    /// [`Mp4`](crate::Mp4) encodes with. By default a host encodes no video.
+    fn encoder(&self, encoding: &Encoding) -> crate::Result<Box<dyn Encoder>> {
+        let _ = encoding;
+        Err(Error::Unsupported("this host encodes no video".into()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A line of text to set.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct TextRun {
+    /// The text.
+    pub text: Arc<str>,
+    /// A CSS font family list.
+    pub font: Arc<str>,
+    /// The size in pixels.
+    pub size_px: u32,
+    /// Pixels a line runs to before it wraps at a space; `None` keeps one line.
+    pub max_width: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// Text set as coverage: one byte per pixel, rows top to bottom.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Raster {
+    /// Width and height in pixels.
+    pub size: [u32; 2],
+    /// `size[0] * size[1]` coverage bytes.
+    pub coverage: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Pixels from the top to the baseline.
+    pub baseline: f32,
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/host/native.rs b/crates/latkit/src/host/native.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52e14b92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/host/native.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+//! Native text, a small, lazily started worker pool, local files, and the platform's H.264 encoder.
+//! No window or async runtime is needed.
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+#[allow(unsafe_code, reason = "Media Foundation is COM: the FFI stays in this module, behind Encoder")]
+mod media_foundation;
+
+use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
+use std::panic::{AssertUnwindSafe, catch_unwind};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock, mpsc};
+
+use cosmic_text::{Attrs, Buffer, Color, Family, FontSystem, Metrics, Shaping, SwashCache, Wrap, fontdb};
+
+use super::Encoder;
+use super::{Host, Job, Raster, Request, TextRun};
+use crate::Encoding;
+use crate::{Error, Pending, Resolver, Result};
+
+/// Native platform services: shaped text, background jobs, local files, and video. A handle: clones
+/// share its fonts and workers. System fonts are discovered only on the first text request;
+/// [`from_fonts`](Self::from_fonts) uses only the supplied font bytes. A pool of at most four
+/// workers starts on the first job or fetch; a fetch reads a file path, or a `file://` URL, on it.
+/// Video encodes with Media Foundation on Windows, hardware where the machine has it; elsewhere this
+/// host encodes none.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Native(Arc<Services>);
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Services {
+    text: Mutex<Option<Text>>,
+    workers: OnceLock<Result<Workers>>,
+}
+
+impl Native {
+    /// A host that discovers system fonts lazily. Constructing it does no I/O and starts no threads.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// A host using only these TTF/OTF/TTC bytes, in order; the first family is the generic fallback.
+    /// No system fonts are discovered. Each item must contain at least one usable face.
+    pub fn from_fonts(fonts: impl IntoIterator<Item = Vec<u8>>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut db = fontdb::Database::new();
+        for (i, font) in fonts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let before = db.faces().count();
+            db.load_font_data(font);
+            if db.faces().count() == before {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("no usable font faces").at(i).at("fonts"));
+            }
+        }
+        let family = db
+            .faces()
+            .next()
+            .and_then(|face| face.families.first())
+            .map(|(name, _)| name.clone())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("supply at least one font").at("fonts"))?;
+        db.set_sans_serif_family(family.clone());
+        db.set_serif_family(family.clone());
+        db.set_monospace_family(family);
+        let fonts = FontSystem::new_with_locale_and_db("en-US".into(), db);
+        let text = Mutex::new(Some(Text { fonts, cache: SwashCache::new() }));
+        Ok(Self(Arc::new(Services { text, workers: OnceLock::new() })))
+    }
+
+    fn with_text<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Text) -> Result<T>) -> Result<T> {
+        let mut text = self.0.text.lock().map_err(|_| Error::Io("native text service failed".into()))?;
+        let text = text.get_or_insert_with(Text::system);
+        if text.fonts.db().faces().next().is_none() {
+            return Err(Error::Unsupported("no fonts available; supply font bytes with Native::from_fonts".into()));
+        }
+        f(text)
+    }
+
+    /// Does `work` on a worker, resolving to what it answers.
+    fn work(&self, work: impl FnOnce() -> Result<Vec<u8>> + Send + 'static) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        let workers = match self.0.workers.get_or_init(Workers::new) {
+            Ok(workers) => workers,
+            Err(error) => return Pending::ready(Err(error.clone())),
+        };
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::new();
+        if let Err(error) = workers.0.send((Box::new(work), resolver)) {
+            error.0.1.resolve(Err(Error::Io("native workers stopped".into())));
+        }
+        pending
+    }
+}
+
+impl Host for Native {
+    fn rasterize(&self, run: &TextRun) -> Result<Raster> {
+        self.with_text(|text| {
+            let (mut buffer, bounds, baseline) = text.layout(run)?;
+            let size = [(bounds[2] - bounds[0]) as u32, (bounds[3] - bounds[1]) as u32];
+            let mut coverage = vec![0; size[0] as usize * size[1] as usize];
+            buffer.draw(&mut text.fonts, &mut text.cache, Color::rgb(255, 255, 255), |x, y, w, h, color| {
+                for row in y..y + h as i32 {
+                    for col in x..x + w as i32 {
+                        let at = (row - bounds[1]) as usize * size[0] as usize + (col - bounds[0]) as usize;
+                        let alpha = u32::from(color.a());
+                        let old = u32::from(coverage[at]);
+                        coverage[at] = (alpha + (old * (255 - alpha) + 127) / 255) as u8;
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            Ok(Raster { size, coverage, baseline: baseline - bounds[1] as f32 })
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn measure(&self, run: &TextRun) -> Result<[f32; 2]> {
+        self.with_text(|text| {
+            let (_, bounds, _) = text.layout(run)?;
+            Ok([(bounds[2] - bounds[0]) as f32, (bounds[3] - bounds[1]) as f32])
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn spawn(&self, job: Job) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.work(move || Ok(job.run()))
+    }
+
+    fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        let request = request.clone();
+        self.work(move || read(&request))
+    }
+
+    fn encoder(&self, encoding: &Encoding) -> Result<Box<dyn Encoder>> {
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        return media_foundation::encoder(encoding);
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
+        {
+            let _ = encoding;
+            Err(Error::Unsupported(
+                "native H.264 encoding is Windows' (Media Foundation); this platform has none".into(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The bytes `request` names of a local file: none where there is no file.
+fn read(request: &Request) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let url = &*request.url;
+    let path = if url.starts_with("file:") {
+        url::Url::parse(url)
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|url| url.to_file_path().ok())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid(format!("invalid file URL: {url}")))?
+    } else {
+        if url.contains("://") {
+            return Err(Error::Unsupported(format!("the native host reads files, not {url}").into()));
+        }
+        std::path::PathBuf::from(url)
+    };
+    let failed = |e: std::io::Error| Error::Io(format!("{}: {e}", path.display()).into());
+    let mut file = match std::fs::File::open(&path) {
+        Ok(file) => file,
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(Vec::new()),
+        Err(e) => return Err(failed(e)),
+    };
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    match &request.range {
+        None => {
+            file.read_to_end(&mut bytes).map_err(failed)?;
+        }
+        Some(range) => {
+            file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(range.start)).map_err(failed)?;
+            file.take(range.end.saturating_sub(range.start)).read_to_end(&mut bytes).map_err(failed)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+struct Text {
+    fonts: FontSystem,
+    cache: SwashCache,
+}
+
+impl Text {
+    fn system() -> Self {
+        // Keep fontdb's platform/fontconfig generic families. FontSystem::new replaces them with
+        // fixed Linux family names, which may be absent on Windows and macOS.
+        let mut db = fontdb::Database::new();
+        db.load_system_fonts();
+        installed_generics(&mut db);
+        Self { fonts: FontSystem::new_with_locale_and_db("en-US".into(), db), cache: SwashCache::new() }
+    }
+
+    fn layout(&mut self, run: &TextRun) -> Result<(Buffer, [i32; 4], f32)> {
+        if run.size_px == 0 || run.size_px > 4096 || run.max_width == Some(0) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("text size must be 1..=4096 pixels and wrap width must be positive"));
+        }
+        // Resolve the CSS family list in order, including generic families. Cosmic supplies glyph
+        // fallback within the chosen database, including shaping for complex scripts.
+        let family = run
+            .font
+            .split(',')
+            .map(|name| name.trim().trim_matches(['\'', '"']))
+            .map(|name| match name {
+                "serif" => Family::Serif,
+                "monospace" => Family::Monospace,
+                "sans-serif" | "system-ui" => Family::SansSerif,
+                _ => Family::Name(name),
+            })
+            .find(|family| {
+                self.fonts.db().query(&fontdb::Query { families: &[*family], ..Default::default() }).is_some()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(Family::SansSerif);
+        let size = run.size_px as f32;
+        let mut buffer = Buffer::new(&mut self.fonts, Metrics::new(size, size * 1.25));
+        buffer.set_size(run.max_width.map(|width| width as f32), None);
+        buffer.set_wrap(if run.max_width.is_some() { Wrap::Word } else { Wrap::None });
+        buffer.set_text(&run.text, &Attrs::new().family(family), Shaping::Advanced, None);
+        buffer.shape_until_scroll(&mut self.fonts, false);
+        let baseline = buffer.layout_runs().next().map_or(size, |line| line.line_y);
+        let mut bounds = [0, 0, 1, (size * 1.25).ceil() as i32];
+        for line in buffer.layout_runs() {
+            bounds[2] = bounds[2].max(line.line_w.ceil() as i32);
+            bounds[3] = bounds[3].max((line.line_top + line.line_height).ceil() as i32);
+            if line.glyphs.iter().any(|glyph| glyph.glyph_id == 0) {
+                return Err(Error::Unsupported(
+                    "available fonts do not cover this text; supply a fallback font".into(),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        buffer.draw(&mut self.fonts, &mut self.cache, Color::rgb(255, 255, 255), |x, y, w, h, _| {
+            bounds[0] = bounds[0].min(x);
+            bounds[1] = bounds[1].min(y);
+            bounds[2] = bounds[2].max(x + w as i32);
+            bounds[3] = bounds[3].max(y + h as i32);
+        });
+        bounds[0] -= 2;
+        bounds[1] -= 2;
+        bounds[2] += 2;
+        bounds[3] += 2;
+        if bounds[2] - bounds[0] > 4096 || bounds[3] - bounds[1] > 4096 {
+            return Err(Error::Limit("text raster exceeds 4096 pixels on one axis".into()));
+        }
+        Ok((buffer, bounds, baseline))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Points each generic family at an installed one. fontdb names a generic after fontconfig's last
+/// alias for it, installed or not: stock Ubuntu's last `sans-serif` alias prefers `FreeSans`, which
+/// it does not ship. A generic naming nothing installed takes the first installed of its common
+/// families, else any installed family.
+fn installed_generics(db: &mut fontdb::Database) {
+    fn has(db: &fontdb::Database, family: Family<'_>) -> bool {
+        db.query(&fontdb::Query { families: &[family], ..Default::default() }).is_some()
+    }
+    type Set = fn(&mut fontdb::Database, String);
+    let generics: [(Family<'_>, &[&str], Set); 3] = [
+        (
+            Family::SansSerif,
+            &["DejaVu Sans", "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", "Arial", "Helvetica"],
+            fontdb::Database::set_sans_serif_family::<String>,
+        ),
+        (
+            Family::Serif,
+            &["DejaVu Serif", "Noto Serif", "Liberation Serif", "Times New Roman", "Times"],
+            fontdb::Database::set_serif_family::<String>,
+        ),
+        (
+            Family::Monospace,
+            &["DejaVu Sans Mono", "Noto Sans Mono", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", "Menlo"],
+            fontdb::Database::set_monospace_family::<String>,
+        ),
+    ];
+    let any = db.faces().find_map(|face| face.families.first()).map(|(name, _)| name.clone());
+    for (generic, common, set) in generics {
+        if has(db, generic) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let name = common.iter().find(|name| has(db, Family::Name(name))).map(ToString::to_string);
+        if let Some(name) = name.or_else(|| any.clone()) {
+            set(db, name);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type Task = (Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Result<Vec<u8>> + Send>, Resolver<Vec<u8>>);
+struct Workers(mpsc::Sender<Task>);
+
+impl Workers {
+    fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel::<Task>();
+        let receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(receiver));
+        let count = std::thread::available_parallelism().map_or(1, |n| n.get().saturating_sub(1).clamp(1, 4));
+        for i in 0..count {
+            let receiver = receiver.clone();
+            std::thread::Builder::new()
+                .name(format!("latkit-{i}"))
+                .spawn(move || {
+                    loop {
+                        let task = receiver.lock().expect("worker queue").recv();
+                        let Ok((work, resolver)) = task else { break };
+                        if resolver.is_cancelled() {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        let result = catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(work))
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Err(Error::Io("native work panicked".into())));
+                        resolver.resolve(result);
+                    }
+                })
+                .map_err(|error| Error::Io(format!("cannot start native worker: {error}").into()))?;
+        }
+        Ok(Self(sender))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn font_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let fonts = Text::system().fonts;
+        let id = fonts
+            .db()
+            .query(&fontdb::Query { families: &[Family::SansSerif], ..Default::default() })
+            .expect("native text tests require a system sans-serif font");
+        fonts.db().with_face_data(id, |bytes, _| bytes.to_vec()).expect("font bytes")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generic_families_name_installed_fonts() {
+        let mut db = fontdb::Database::new();
+        db.load_system_fonts();
+        db.set_sans_serif_family("Not Installed Sans");
+        db.set_monospace_family("Not Installed Mono");
+        installed_generics(&mut db);
+        for generic in [Family::SansSerif, Family::Monospace] {
+            assert!(db.query(&fontdb::Query { families: &[generic], ..Default::default() }).is_some());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn services_are_lazy_and_explicit_fonts_are_validated() {
+        let native = Native::new();
+        assert!(native.0.text.lock().unwrap().is_none());
+        assert!(native.0.workers.get().is_none());
+        assert!(Native::from_fonts([]).is_err());
+        assert!(Native::from_fonts([b"not a font".to_vec()]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shaped_text_measures_wraps_and_reuses_the_glyph_cache() {
+        let host = Native::from_fonts([font_bytes()]).unwrap();
+        let mut run = TextRun {
+            text: "Hello world office".into(),
+            font: "Missing Font, sans-serif".into(),
+            size_px: 32,
+            max_width: None,
+        };
+        let raster = host.rasterize(&run).unwrap();
+        assert!(raster.coverage.iter().any(|&alpha| alpha > 0));
+        assert!(raster.coverage.contains(&0));
+        assert_eq!(host.measure(&run).unwrap(), raster.size.map(|n| n as f32));
+        assert_eq!(host.rasterize(&run).unwrap(), raster);
+        assert!(raster.baseline > 0.0 && raster.baseline < raster.size[1] as f32);
+        run.max_width = Some(130);
+        let wrapped = host.rasterize(&run).unwrap();
+        assert!(wrapped.size[1] > raster.size[1]);
+        assert!(wrapped.size[0] < raster.size[0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fetches_read_local_files_and_their_ranges() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("latkit-fetch-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let path = dir.join("bytes.bin");
+        std::fs::write(&path, b"0123456789").unwrap();
+        let host = Native::new();
+        let fetch = |request: Request| pollster::block_on(host.fetch(&request));
+        let url = path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        assert_eq!(fetch(Request::new(url.as_str())).unwrap(), b"0123456789");
+        assert_eq!(fetch(Request::range(format!("file://{url}"), 3..6)).unwrap(), b"345");
+        assert_eq!(fetch(Request::range(url.as_str(), 8..20)).unwrap(), b"89", "a range past the end");
+        assert_eq!(fetch(Request::new(dir.join("none").to_string_lossy().into_owned())).unwrap(), b"");
+        assert!(fetch(Request::new("https://example.com/tiles")).is_err());
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn background_jobs_complete_without_a_runtime_or_font_discovery() {
+        let host = Native::new();
+        let image = crate::Image::new([1, 1], vec![255, 0, 0, 128]).unwrap();
+        let jobs: Vec<_> = (0..12).map(|_| host.spawn(Job::encode(&image, crate::ImageFormat::Png))).collect();
+        for job in jobs {
+            assert_eq!(crate::Image::from_png(&pollster::block_on(job).unwrap()).unwrap(), image);
+        }
+        assert!(host.0.text.lock().unwrap().is_none());
+        let clone = host.clone();
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&clone.0, &host.0), "clones share the workers and fonts");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/host/native/media_foundation.rs b/crates/latkit/src/host/native/media_foundation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58cce9a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/host/native/media_foundation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+//! H.264 through Windows Media Foundation: the platform's encoder transform, hardware where the
+//! machine has one and the software encoder otherwise, on a thread of its own so encoding overlaps
+//! drawing. NV12 pictures in, Annex B units out, no B-frames, keyframes where asked.
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
+use std::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use windows::Win32::Media::MediaFoundation::{
+    CODECAPI_AVEncCommonMeanBitRate, CODECAPI_AVEncCommonRateControlMode, CODECAPI_AVEncMPVDefaultBPictureCount,
+    CODECAPI_AVEncMPVGOPSize, CODECAPI_AVEncVideoForceKeyFrame, CODECAPI_AVLowLatencyMode, ICodecAPI, IMFActivate,
+    IMFAsyncCallback, IMFMediaEventGenerator, IMFMediaType, IMFSample, IMFTransform, METransformDrainComplete,
+    METransformHaveOutput, METransformNeedInput, MF_E_INVALIDMEDIATYPE, MF_E_NOTACCEPTING,
+    MF_E_TRANSFORM_NEED_MORE_INPUT, MF_E_TRANSFORM_STREAM_CHANGE, MF_LOW_LATENCY, MF_MT_AVG_BITRATE,
+    MF_MT_DEFAULT_STRIDE, MF_MT_FRAME_RATE, MF_MT_FRAME_SIZE, MF_MT_INTERLACE_MODE, MF_MT_MAJOR_TYPE,
+    MF_MT_MPEG_SEQUENCE_HEADER, MF_MT_MPEG2_PROFILE, MF_MT_PIXEL_ASPECT_RATIO, MF_MT_SUBTYPE, MF_MT_TRANSFER_FUNCTION,
+    MF_MT_VIDEO_NOMINAL_RANGE, MF_MT_VIDEO_PRIMARIES, MF_MT_YUV_MATRIX, MF_TRANSFORM_ASYNC, MF_TRANSFORM_ASYNC_UNLOCK,
+    MF_VERSION, MFCreateMediaType, MFCreateMemoryBuffer, MFCreateSample, MFMediaType_Video, MFNominalRange_16_235,
+    MFSTARTUP_FULL, MFShutdown, MFStartup, MFT_CATEGORY_VIDEO_ENCODER, MFT_ENUM_FLAG, MFT_ENUM_FLAG_HARDWARE,
+    MFT_ENUM_FLAG_SORTANDFILTER, MFT_ENUM_FLAG_SYNCMFT, MFT_MESSAGE_COMMAND_DRAIN, MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_BEGIN_STREAMING,
+    MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_END_OF_STREAM, MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_END_STREAMING, MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_START_OF_STREAM,
+    MFT_OUTPUT_DATA_BUFFER, MFT_OUTPUT_STREAM_PROVIDES_SAMPLES, MFT_REGISTER_TYPE_INFO, MFTEnumEx, MFVideoFormat_H264,
+    MFVideoFormat_NV12, MFVideoInterlace_Progressive, MFVideoPrimaries_BT709, MFVideoTransFunc_709,
+    MFVideoTransferMatrix_BT709, eAVEncCommonRateControlMode_UnconstrainedVBR, eAVEncH264VProfile_High,
+};
+use windows::Win32::System::Com::{COINIT_MULTITHREADED, CoInitializeEx, CoTaskMemFree, CoUninitialize};
+use windows::Win32::System::Variant::VARIANT;
+use windows::core::Interface;
+
+use crate::host::{Encoder, TIMESCALE, Unit};
+use crate::video::nals;
+use crate::{Encoding, Error, Pending, Resolver, Result};
+use tell::Tell;
+
+/// The longest the transform may take to start, to want a picture, or to drain.
+const STALL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(20);
+/// Seconds between the keyframes the encoder places itself; the video asks for its own besides.
+const KEYFRAMES: f64 = 2.0;
+/// 100-nanosecond ticks a second, Media Foundation's clock.
+const HNS: u64 = 10_000_000;
+
+/// An encoder on a thread of its own, where Media Foundation lives.
+struct MediaFoundation {
+    work: Option<Sender<Work>>,
+}
+
+/// What the encoder's thread is handed: a picture, with what tells the encoder it has room for
+/// another; or the end.
+enum Work {
+    Picture { nv12: Vec<u8>, time: u64, key: bool, room: Resolver<Vec<Unit>> },
+    Finish(Resolver<Vec<Unit>>),
+}
+
+/// An encoder for pictures as `encoding` says: the machine's hardware encoder where one starts, else
+/// Windows' software encoder.
+pub(super) fn encoder(encoding: &Encoding) -> Result<Box<dyn Encoder>> {
+    open(*encoding, &[hardware(), software()]).map(|e| Box::new(e) as Box<dyn Encoder>)
+}
+
+fn hardware() -> MFT_ENUM_FLAG {
+    MFT_ENUM_FLAG_HARDWARE | MFT_ENUM_FLAG_SORTANDFILTER
+}
+
+fn software() -> MFT_ENUM_FLAG {
+    MFT_ENUM_FLAG_SYNCMFT | MFT_ENUM_FLAG_SORTANDFILTER
+}
+
+/// An encoder from the first transform of `kinds`, in order, that starts.
+fn open(encoding: Encoding, kinds: &[MFT_ENUM_FLAG]) -> Result<MediaFoundation> {
+    let (started, ready) = mpsc::channel();
+    let (work, pictures) = mpsc::channel();
+    let kinds = kinds.to_vec();
+    std::thread::Builder::new()
+        .name("latkit encoder".into())
+        .spawn(move || run(encoding, &kinds, &started, &pictures))
+        .map_err(|e| Error::Io(format!("the encoder's thread did not start: {e}").into()))?;
+    match ready.recv_timeout(STALL) {
+        Ok(Ok(())) => Ok(MediaFoundation { work: Some(work) }),
+        Ok(Err(error)) => Err(error),
+        Err(_) => Err(Error::Timeout),
+    }
+}
+
+fn stopped() -> Error {
+    Error::Unsupported("the Media Foundation encoder stopped".into())
+}
+
+impl Encoder for MediaFoundation {
+    fn encode(&mut self, nv12: Vec<u8>, time: u64, key: bool) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>> {
+        let (pending, room) = Pending::new();
+        match &self.work {
+            Some(work) if work.send(Work::Picture { nv12, time, key, room }).is_ok() => pending,
+            _ => Pending::ready(Err(stopped())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>> {
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::new();
+        match self.work.take() {
+            Some(work) if work.send(Work::Finish(resolver)).is_ok() => pending,
+            _ => Pending::ready(Err(stopped())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The encoder's thread: starts Media Foundation and the transform, then encodes what it is handed
+/// until it finishes or the encoder is dropped. Taking a picture tells there is room for another,
+/// with the units finished before it; after an error, every picture is answered with it.
+fn run(encoding: Encoding, kinds: &[MFT_ENUM_FLAG], started: &Sender<Result<()>>, work: &Receiver<Work>) {
+    let session = match Session::new() {
+        Ok(session) => session,
+        Err(error) => {
+            let _ = started.send(Err(error));
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+    let mut transform = match Transform::first(&encoding, kinds) {
+        Ok(transform) => transform,
+        Err(error) => {
+            let _ = started.send(Err(error));
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+    let _ = started.send(Ok(()));
+    let mut finished = Vec::new();
+    let mut failure: Option<Error> = None;
+    for item in work {
+        match item {
+            Work::Picture { nv12, time, key, room } => {
+                if let Some(error) = &failure {
+                    room.resolve(Err(error.clone()));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                room.resolve(Ok(std::mem::take(&mut finished)));
+                match transform.encode(&nv12, time, key) {
+                    Ok(units) => finished.extend(units),
+                    Err(error) => failure = Some(error),
+                }
+            }
+            Work::Finish(resolver) => {
+                let result = match failure.take() {
+                    Some(error) => Err(error),
+                    None => transform.finish().map(|units| {
+                        finished.extend(units);
+                        std::mem::take(&mut finished)
+                    }),
+                };
+                resolver.resolve(result);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    drop(transform);
+    drop(session);
+}
+
+/// A failed Media Foundation call, named.
+fn failed(call: &str, error: &windows::core::Error) -> Error {
+    Error::Unsupported(format!("the Media Foundation encoder's {call}: {error}").into())
+}
+
+/// COM and Media Foundation, started on this thread and shut down with it.
+struct Session {
+    media: bool,
+}
+
+impl Session {
+    fn new() -> Result<Session> {
+        // SAFETY: initialized on this thread, uninitialized on it when the session drops.
+        unsafe { CoInitializeEx(None, COINIT_MULTITHREADED).ok().map_err(|e| failed("CoInitializeEx", &e))? };
+        let mut session = Session { media: false };
+        // SAFETY: paired with MFShutdown when the session drops, on this thread.
+        unsafe { MFStartup(MF_VERSION, MFSTARTUP_FULL).map_err(|e| failed("MFStartup", &e))? };
+        session.media = true;
+        Ok(session)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Session {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // SAFETY: every transform, sample, and buffer of this thread was released before.
+        unsafe {
+            if self.media {
+                let _ = MFShutdown();
+            }
+            CoUninitialize();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One H.264 encoder transform, streaming.
+struct Transform {
+    activate: IMFActivate,
+    mft: IMFTransform,
+    codec: Option<ICodecAPI>,
+    /// An asynchronous transform's events: hardware encoders are asynchronous.
+    events: Option<Events>,
+    /// Inputs an asynchronous transform asked for and was not given.
+    wanted: u32,
+    input: u32,
+    output: u32,
+    /// Whether the transform makes its output samples; else, how large a buffer it takes.
+    provides: bool,
+    output_size: u32,
+    /// The times of the pictures given and not yet encoded, in order: no B-frames reorder them.
+    times: VecDeque<u64>,
+    /// The SPS and PPS, Annex B, for keyframes that leave them out.
+    header: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Parameter sets the transform gave as units of their own, for the next picture.
+    prefix: Vec<u8>,
+    encoding: Encoding,
+}
+
+impl Transform {
+    /// The first transform of `kinds` that starts for `encoding`.
+    fn first(encoding: &Encoding, kinds: &[MFT_ENUM_FLAG]) -> Result<Transform> {
+        let mut last = Error::Unsupported("this machine has no H.264 encoder".into());
+        for &kind in kinds {
+            for activate in activates(kind)? {
+                match Transform::new(activate, encoding) {
+                    Ok(transform) => return Ok(transform),
+                    Err(error) => last = error,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(last)
+    }
+
+    fn new(activate: IMFActivate, encoding: &Encoding) -> Result<Transform> {
+        let [width, height] = encoding.size;
+        let [num, den] = encoding.rate();
+        // SAFETY: owned COM handles; every pointer argument borrows a value that outlives its call.
+        unsafe {
+            let mft: IMFTransform = activate.ActivateObject().map_err(|e| failed("ActivateObject", &e))?;
+            let mut transform = Transform {
+                activate,
+                codec: mft.cast::<ICodecAPI>().ok(),
+                events: None,
+                wanted: 0,
+                input: 0,
+                output: 0,
+                provides: false,
+                output_size: 0,
+                times: VecDeque::new(),
+                header: Vec::new(),
+                prefix: Vec::new(),
+                encoding: *encoding,
+                mft,
+            };
+            if let Ok(attributes) = transform.mft.GetAttributes() {
+                if attributes.GetUINT32(&MF_TRANSFORM_ASYNC).unwrap_or(0) != 0 {
+                    attributes.SetUINT32(&MF_TRANSFORM_ASYNC_UNLOCK, 1).map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT32", &e))?;
+                    transform.events = Some(Events::new(transform.mft.cast().map_err(|e| failed("cast", &e))?));
+                }
+                let _ = attributes.SetUINT32(&MF_LOW_LATENCY, 1);
+            }
+            let (mut inputs, mut outputs) = ([0_u32], [0_u32]);
+            if transform.mft.GetStreamIDs(&mut inputs, &mut outputs).is_ok() {
+                (transform.input, transform.output) = (inputs[0], outputs[0]);
+            }
+            if let Some(codec) = &transform.codec {
+                // What an encoder cannot set it does without: these only shape its output.
+                let gop = (encoding.fps * KEYFRAMES).round().max(1.0) as u32;
+                let rate = eAVEncCommonRateControlMode_UnconstrainedVBR.0 as u32;
+                for (api, value) in [
+                    (&CODECAPI_AVEncCommonRateControlMode, VARIANT::from(rate)),
+                    (&CODECAPI_AVEncCommonMeanBitRate, VARIANT::from(encoding.bitrate)),
+                    (&CODECAPI_AVEncMPVDefaultBPictureCount, VARIANT::from(0_u32)),
+                    (&CODECAPI_AVEncMPVGOPSize, VARIANT::from(gop)),
+                    (&CODECAPI_AVLowLatencyMode, VARIANT::from(true)),
+                ] {
+                    let _ = codec.SetValue(api, &raw const value);
+                }
+            }
+            let output = MFCreateMediaType().map_err(|e| failed("MFCreateMediaType", &e))?;
+            output.SetGUID(&MF_MT_MAJOR_TYPE, &MFMediaType_Video).map_err(|e| failed("SetGUID", &e))?;
+            output.SetGUID(&MF_MT_SUBTYPE, &MFVideoFormat_H264).map_err(|e| failed("SetGUID", &e))?;
+            output.SetUINT32(&MF_MT_AVG_BITRATE, encoding.bitrate).map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT32", &e))?;
+            output
+                .SetUINT32(&MF_MT_MPEG2_PROFILE, eAVEncH264VProfile_High.0 as u32)
+                .map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT32", &e))?;
+            picture(&output, width, height, num, den)?;
+            transform.mft.SetOutputType(transform.output, &output, 0).map_err(|e| {
+                if e.code() == MF_E_INVALIDMEDIATYPE {
+                    Error::Unsupported(
+                        format!("this H.264 encoder takes no {width}×{height} pictures at {num}/{den} fps").into(),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    failed("SetOutputType", &e)
+                }
+            })?;
+            let input = transform.input_type(width, height, num, den)?;
+            transform.mft.SetInputType(transform.input, &input, 0).map_err(|e| failed("SetInputType", &e))?;
+            transform.output_info()?;
+            transform.header = header(&transform.mft, transform.output);
+            transform
+                .mft
+                .ProcessMessage(MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_BEGIN_STREAMING, 0)
+                .map_err(|e| failed("ProcessMessage", &e))?;
+            transform
+                .mft
+                .ProcessMessage(MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_START_OF_STREAM, 0)
+                .map_err(|e| failed("ProcessMessage", &e))?;
+            Ok(transform)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The NV12 input type: the transform's own where it offers one, else a type of ours.
+    fn input_type(&self, width: u32, height: u32, num: u32, den: u32) -> Result<IMFMediaType> {
+        // SAFETY: owned COM handles only.
+        unsafe {
+            let offered = (0..64)
+                .map_while(|i| self.mft.GetInputAvailableType(self.input, i).ok())
+                .find(|t| t.GetGUID(&MF_MT_SUBTYPE).is_ok_and(|s| s == MFVideoFormat_NV12));
+            let input = if let Some(input) = offered {
+                input
+            } else {
+                let input = MFCreateMediaType().map_err(|e| failed("MFCreateMediaType", &e))?;
+                input.SetGUID(&MF_MT_MAJOR_TYPE, &MFMediaType_Video).map_err(|e| failed("SetGUID", &e))?;
+                input.SetGUID(&MF_MT_SUBTYPE, &MFVideoFormat_NV12).map_err(|e| failed("SetGUID", &e))?;
+                input
+            };
+            input.SetUINT32(&MF_MT_DEFAULT_STRIDE, width).map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT32", &e))?;
+            picture(&input, width, height, num, den)?;
+            Ok(input)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the transform makes its own output samples, and how large ours must be otherwise.
+    fn output_info(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        // SAFETY: owned COM handles only.
+        let info =
+            unsafe { self.mft.GetOutputStreamInfo(self.output) }.map_err(|e| failed("GetOutputStreamInfo", &e))?;
+        self.provides = info.dwFlags & MFT_OUTPUT_STREAM_PROVIDES_SAMPLES.0 as u32 != 0;
+        let [width, height] = self.encoding.size;
+        self.output_size = info.cbSize.max(width * height * 3 / 2);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Encodes one NV12 picture at `time` ticks, a keyframe when `key`: the units the transform
+    /// finished meanwhile.
+    fn encode(&mut self, nv12: &[u8], time: u64, key: bool) -> Result<Vec<Unit>> {
+        let sample = self.sample(nv12, time)?;
+        if key && let Some(codec) = &self.codec {
+            let force = VARIANT::from(1_u32);
+            // SAFETY: a value borrowed for the call.
+            let _ = unsafe { codec.SetValue(&CODECAPI_AVEncVideoForceKeyFrame, &raw const force) };
+        }
+        self.times.push_back(time);
+        let mut units = Vec::new();
+        if self.events.is_some() {
+            while self.wanted == 0 {
+                self.event(true, &mut units)?;
+            }
+            self.wanted -= 1;
+            self.input(&sample)?;
+            // Whatever it told meanwhile: outputs ready, and inputs wanted.
+            while self.event(false, &mut units)? {}
+        } else {
+            let started = Instant::now();
+            loop {
+                // SAFETY: an owned sample, borrowed for the call.
+                match unsafe { self.mft.ProcessInput(self.input, &sample, 0) } {
+                    Ok(()) => break,
+                    Err(e) if e.code() == MF_E_NOTACCEPTING && started.elapsed() < STALL => self.drain(&mut units)?,
+                    Err(e) => return Err(failed("ProcessInput", &e)),
+                }
+            }
+            self.drain(&mut units)?;
+        }
+        Ok(units)
+    }
+
+    /// The units the transform still holds once every picture given is encoded.
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Unit>> {
+        let mut units = Vec::new();
+        // SAFETY: plain messages to an owned transform.
+        unsafe {
+            self.mft.ProcessMessage(MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_END_OF_STREAM, 0).map_err(|e| failed("ProcessMessage", &e))?;
+            self.mft.ProcessMessage(MFT_MESSAGE_COMMAND_DRAIN, 0).map_err(|e| failed("ProcessMessage", &e))?;
+        }
+        if self.events.is_some() {
+            loop {
+                match self.events.as_mut().expect("an asynchronous transform").next(true)? {
+                    Some(kind) if kind == METransformHaveOutput.0 as u32 => self.drain_one(&mut units)?,
+                    Some(kind) if kind == METransformDrainComplete.0 as u32 => break,
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.drain(&mut units)?;
+        }
+        // SAFETY: a plain message to an owned transform.
+        let _ = unsafe { self.mft.ProcessMessage(MFT_MESSAGE_NOTIFY_END_STREAMING, 0) };
+        Ok(units)
+    }
+
+    /// Gives a synchronous transform `sample`, or an asynchronous one that asked for it.
+    fn input(&self, sample: &IMFSample) -> Result<()> {
+        // SAFETY: an owned sample, borrowed for the call.
+        unsafe { self.mft.ProcessInput(self.input, sample, 0) }.map_err(|e| failed("ProcessInput", &e))
+    }
+
+    /// Handles the asynchronous transform's next event, waiting for it, up to the stall, when `wait`:
+    /// an input wanted is counted, an output ready is taken into `units`. Whether there was one.
+    fn event(&mut self, wait: bool, units: &mut Vec<Unit>) -> Result<bool> {
+        let events = self.events.as_mut().expect("an asynchronous transform");
+        match events.next(wait)? {
+            Some(kind) if kind == METransformNeedInput.0 as u32 => self.wanted += 1,
+            Some(kind) if kind == METransformHaveOutput.0 as u32 => self.drain_one(units)?,
+            Some(_) => {}
+            None => return Ok(false),
+        }
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Takes every output a synchronous transform has ready into `units`.
+    fn drain(&mut self, units: &mut Vec<Unit>) -> Result<()> {
+        while self.output(units)? {}
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the output an asynchronous transform said it has.
+    fn drain_one(&mut self, units: &mut Vec<Unit>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.output(units).map(|_| ())
+    }
+
+    /// Takes one output into `units`: whether there was one, rather than a want of input.
+    fn output(&mut self, units: &mut Vec<Unit>) -> Result<bool> {
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            let sample = if self.provides { None } else { Some(empty(self.output_size)?) };
+            let mut buffer = MFT_OUTPUT_DATA_BUFFER {
+                dwStreamID: self.output,
+                pSample: ManuallyDrop::new(sample),
+                dwStatus: 0,
+                pEvents: ManuallyDrop::new(None),
+            };
+            let mut status = 0;
+            // SAFETY: the buffer's sample and events are taken back below, whatever the result.
+            let result = unsafe { self.mft.ProcessOutput(0, std::slice::from_mut(&mut buffer), &raw mut status) };
+            let sample = unsafe { ManuallyDrop::take(&mut buffer.pSample) };
+            drop(unsafe { ManuallyDrop::take(&mut buffer.pEvents) });
+            match result {
+                Ok(()) => {}
+                Err(e) if e.code() == MF_E_TRANSFORM_NEED_MORE_INPUT => return Ok(false),
+                Err(e) if e.code() == MF_E_TRANSFORM_STREAM_CHANGE => {
+                    // SAFETY: owned COM handles.
+                    unsafe {
+                        let changed = self
+                            .mft
+                            .GetOutputAvailableType(self.output, 0)
+                            .map_err(|e| failed("GetOutputAvailableType", &e))?;
+                        self.mft.SetOutputType(self.output, &changed, 0).map_err(|e| failed("SetOutputType", &e))?;
+                        self.output_info()?;
+                    }
+                    // An asynchronous transform says when the output is ready in its new type.
+                    if self.events.is_some() {
+                        return Ok(true);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Err(e) => return Err(failed("ProcessOutput", &e)),
+            }
+            let Some(sample) = sample else { return Err(Error::Io("the encoder gave no sample".into())) };
+            let bytes = bytes(&sample)?;
+            let types: Vec<u8> = nals(&bytes).map(|nal| nal[0] & 0x1f).collect();
+            if !types.iter().any(|t| (1..=5).contains(t)) {
+                // Parameter sets alone: they lead the next picture.
+                self.prefix.extend_from_slice(&bytes);
+                return Ok(true);
+            }
+            let key = types.contains(&5);
+            let mut annex_b = std::mem::take(&mut self.prefix);
+            if key && !types.contains(&7) && !annex_b.windows(4).any(|w| w == [0, 0, 1, 0x67]) {
+                annex_b.extend_from_slice(&self.header);
+            }
+            annex_b.extend_from_slice(&bytes);
+            let time = self.times.pop_front().ok_or_else(|| Error::Io("the encoder gave more than given".into()))?;
+            units.push(Unit { time, key, annex_b });
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+        Err(Error::Io("the encoder kept changing its output".into()))
+    }
+
+    /// A sample of NV12 `bytes` showing at `time` ticks for a frame's duration.
+    fn sample(&self, bytes: &[u8], time: u64) -> Result<IMFSample> {
+        let length = u32::try_from(bytes.len()).map_err(|_| Error::invalid("the picture is too large to encode"))?;
+        let sample = empty(length)?;
+        // SAFETY: the buffer holds `length` bytes; the mapped slice never outlives its lock.
+        unsafe {
+            let buffer = sample.GetBufferByIndex(0).map_err(|e| failed("GetBufferByIndex", &e))?;
+            let mut address = std::ptr::null_mut();
+            buffer.Lock(&raw mut address, None, None).map_err(|e| failed("Lock", &e))?;
+            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(bytes.as_ptr(), address, bytes.len());
+            buffer.Unlock().map_err(|e| failed("Unlock", &e))?;
+            buffer.SetCurrentLength(length).map_err(|e| failed("SetCurrentLength", &e))?;
+            let hns = |ticks: u64| (u128::from(ticks) * u128::from(HNS) / u128::from(TIMESCALE)) as i64;
+            sample.SetSampleTime(hns(time)).map_err(|e| failed("SetSampleTime", &e))?;
+            let frame = (HNS as f64 / self.encoding.fps).round() as i64;
+            sample.SetSampleDuration(frame).map_err(|e| failed("SetSampleDuration", &e))?;
+        }
+        Ok(sample)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A sample with one empty buffer of `length` bytes.
+fn empty(length: u32) -> Result<IMFSample> {
+    // SAFETY: owned COM handles.
+    unsafe {
+        let buffer = MFCreateMemoryBuffer(length).map_err(|e| failed("MFCreateMemoryBuffer", &e))?;
+        let sample = MFCreateSample().map_err(|e| failed("MFCreateSample", &e))?;
+        sample.AddBuffer(&buffer).map_err(|e| failed("AddBuffer", &e))?;
+        Ok(sample)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Transform {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // SAFETY: an asynchronous transform is shut down through what activated it, once.
+        let _ = unsafe { self.activate.ShutdownObject() };
+    }
+}
+
+/// The transforms encoding NV12 into H.264 of `kind`, the best first.
+fn activates(kind: MFT_ENUM_FLAG) -> Result<Vec<IMFActivate>> {
+    let input = MFT_REGISTER_TYPE_INFO { guidMajorType: MFMediaType_Video, guidSubtype: MFVideoFormat_NV12 };
+    let output = MFT_REGISTER_TYPE_INFO { guidMajorType: MFMediaType_Video, guidSubtype: MFVideoFormat_H264 };
+    let mut list: *mut Option<IMFActivate> = std::ptr::null_mut();
+    let mut count = 0_u32;
+    // SAFETY: Media Foundation allocates the list; each item is taken from it, then it is freed.
+    unsafe {
+        MFTEnumEx(
+            MFT_CATEGORY_VIDEO_ENCODER,
+            kind,
+            Some(&raw const input),
+            Some(&raw const output),
+            &raw mut list,
+            &raw mut count,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| failed("MFTEnumEx", &e))?;
+        if list.is_null() {
+            return Ok(Vec::new());
+        }
+        let items = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(list, count as usize);
+        let activates = items.iter_mut().filter_map(Option::take).collect();
+        CoTaskMemFree(Some(list.cast_const().cast()));
+        Ok(activates)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sets what a picture is on `kind`: its size and rate, progressive, square pixels, BT.709 limited.
+fn picture(kind: &IMFMediaType, width: u32, height: u32, num: u32, den: u32) -> Result<()> {
+    // SAFETY: owned COM handles, values borrowed for each call.
+    unsafe {
+        kind.SetUINT64(&MF_MT_FRAME_SIZE, (u64::from(width) << 32) | u64::from(height))
+            .map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT64", &e))?;
+        kind.SetUINT64(&MF_MT_FRAME_RATE, (u64::from(num) << 32) | u64::from(den))
+            .map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT64", &e))?;
+        kind.SetUINT32(&MF_MT_INTERLACE_MODE, MFVideoInterlace_Progressive.0 as u32)
+            .map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT32", &e))?;
+        kind.SetUINT64(&MF_MT_PIXEL_ASPECT_RATIO, (1_u64 << 32) | 1).map_err(|e| failed("SetUINT64", &e))?;
+        let _ = kind.SetUINT32(&MF_MT_VIDEO_PRIMARIES, MFVideoPrimaries_BT709.0 as u32);
+        let _ = kind.SetUINT32(&MF_MT_TRANSFER_FUNCTION, MFVideoTransFunc_709.0 as u32);
+        let _ = kind.SetUINT32(&MF_MT_YUV_MATRIX, MFVideoTransferMatrix_BT709.0 as u32);
+        let _ = kind.SetUINT32(&MF_MT_VIDEO_NOMINAL_RANGE, MFNominalRange_16_235.0 as u32);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The SPS and PPS the transform's output type carries, Annex B; none where it carries them in band.
+fn header(mft: &IMFTransform, output: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // SAFETY: owned COM handles; the blob is copied into a buffer of its size.
+    unsafe {
+        let Ok(kind) = mft.GetOutputCurrentType(output) else { return Vec::new() };
+        let Ok(size) = kind.GetBlobSize(&MF_MT_MPEG_SEQUENCE_HEADER) else { return Vec::new() };
+        let mut blob = vec![0; size as usize];
+        if kind.GetBlob(&MF_MT_MPEG_SEQUENCE_HEADER, &mut blob, None).is_err() || !blob.starts_with(&[0, 0]) {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        blob
+    }
+}
+
+/// An asynchronous transform's events, told as they come to the callback each request names.
+struct Events {
+    generator: IMFMediaEventGenerator,
+    callback: IMFAsyncCallback,
+    told: Receiver<windows::core::Result<u32>>,
+    /// Whether an event was asked for and not yet told.
+    asked: bool,
+}
+
+impl Events {
+    fn new(generator: IMFMediaEventGenerator) -> Events {
+        let (tell, told) = mpsc::channel();
+        let callback = Tell { generator: generator.clone(), tell }.into();
+        Events { generator, callback, told, asked: false }
+    }
+
+    /// The type of the next event: waiting for it up to the stall when `wait`, else `None` while
+    /// none was told.
+    fn next(&mut self, wait: bool) -> Result<Option<u32>> {
+        if !self.asked {
+            // SAFETY: owned COM handles; the callback outlives the request it answers.
+            unsafe { self.generator.BeginGetEvent(&self.callback, None::<&windows::core::IUnknown>) }
+                .map_err(|e| failed("BeginGetEvent", &e))?;
+            self.asked = true;
+        }
+        let told = if wait { self.told.recv_timeout(STALL).ok() } else { self.told.try_recv().ok() };
+        match told {
+            Some(kind) => {
+                self.asked = false;
+                kind.map(Some).map_err(|e| failed("EndGetEvent", &e))
+            }
+            None if wait => Err(Error::Timeout),
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a transform tells its next event to: a COM object of ours, as `windows::core::implement`
+/// writes one.
+#[allow(clippy::ref_as_ptr, clippy::inline_always, reason = "what windows::core::implement writes")]
+mod tell {
+    use std::sync::mpsc::Sender;
+
+    use windows::Win32::Media::MediaFoundation::{
+        IMFAsyncCallback, IMFAsyncCallback_Impl, IMFAsyncResult, IMFMediaEventGenerator,
+    };
+
+    #[windows::core::implement(IMFAsyncCallback)]
+    pub(super) struct Tell {
+        pub(super) generator: IMFMediaEventGenerator,
+        pub(super) tell: Sender<windows::core::Result<u32>>,
+    }
+
+    impl IMFAsyncCallback_Impl for Tell_Impl {
+        fn GetParameters(&self, _: *mut u32, _: *mut u32) -> windows::core::Result<()> {
+            // E_NOTIMPL: the default work queue calls back.
+            Err(windows::core::Error::from_hresult(windows::core::HRESULT(0x8000_4001_u32 as i32)))
+        }
+
+        fn Invoke(&self, result: windows::core::Ref<IMFAsyncResult>) -> windows::core::Result<()> {
+            // SAFETY: the result of the request this callback answers.
+            let kind = result
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|result| unsafe { self.generator.EndGetEvent(result) })
+                .and_then(|event| unsafe { event.GetType() });
+            let _ = self.tell.send(kind);
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The bytes of `sample`'s buffers, in order.
+fn bytes(sample: &IMFSample) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    // SAFETY: the mapped bytes are copied out before the buffer unlocks.
+    unsafe {
+        let buffer = sample.ConvertToContiguousBuffer().map_err(|e| failed("ConvertToContiguousBuffer", &e))?;
+        let (mut address, mut length) = (std::ptr::null_mut(), 0_u32);
+        buffer.Lock(&raw mut address, None, Some(&raw mut length)).map_err(|e| failed("Lock", &e))?;
+        let bytes = std::slice::from_raw_parts(address, length as usize).to_vec();
+        buffer.Unlock().map_err(|e| failed("Unlock", &e))?;
+        Ok(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A gray NV12 picture of `size` with a light square that moves with `frame`.
+    fn picture_of(size: [u32; 2], frame: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let [w, h] = size;
+        let mut nv12 = vec![128; (w * h * 3 / 2) as usize];
+        for y in 0..h {
+            for x in 0..w {
+                let inside = (x + w - frame * 2 % w) % w < 16 && (8..24).contains(&y);
+                nv12[(y * w + x) as usize] = if inside { 220 } else { 60 };
+            }
+        }
+        nv12
+    }
+
+    fn encodes_a_short_video(kinds: &[MFT_ENUM_FLAG]) {
+        let encoding = Encoding::new([64, 64], 30.0);
+        let mut encoder = match open(encoding, kinds) {
+            Ok(encoder) => encoder,
+            Err(Error::Unsupported(reason)) => return eprintln!("skipping: {reason}"),
+            Err(error) => panic!("{error}"),
+        };
+        let mut units = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..12_u32 {
+            let time = u64::from(i) * 3000;
+            units.extend(pollster::block_on(encoder.encode(picture_of(encoding.size, i), time, i % 6 == 0)).unwrap());
+        }
+        units.extend(pollster::block_on(encoder.finish()).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(units.len(), 12, "a unit for every picture");
+        assert_eq!(units.iter().map(|u| u.time).collect::<Vec<_>>(), (0..12).map(|i| i * 3000).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        assert!(units[0].key, "the first is a keyframe");
+        let first: Vec<u8> = nals(&units[0].annex_b).map(|nal| nal[0] & 0x1f).collect();
+        assert!(first.contains(&7) && first.contains(&8), "the first keyframe carries its parameter sets: {first:?}");
+        assert!(units[6].key, "a keyframe where asked");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_software_encoder_gives_a_unit_a_picture() {
+        encodes_a_short_video(&[software()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_hardware_encoder_gives_a_unit_a_picture() {
+        encodes_a_short_video(&[hardware()]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/image.rs b/crates/latkit/src/image.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36bba992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/image.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+//! Images: RGBA texels, what an icon marker draws and what a shot reads its picture back as, written
+//! as PNG, JPEG, or lossless WebP and read from PNG.
+
+use std::io::{Cursor, Write};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// RGBA texels, straight alpha, sRGB, rows top to bottom.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(rename = "Bitmap")]
+pub struct Image {
+    /// Width and height in texels.
+    pub size: [u32; 2],
+    /// `size[0] * size[1] * 4` bytes.
+    pub rgba: Arc<[u8]>,
+}
+
+/// An image reads as `{ size, rgba }`, four bytes a texel.
+impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Image {
+    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Image, D::Error> {
+        let Image { size, rgba } = Image::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Image::new(size, rgba).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Image {
+    /// An image of `size` texels holding `rgba`, four bytes a texel.
+    pub fn new(size: [u32; 2], rgba: impl Into<Arc<[u8]>>) -> Result<Image> {
+        let rgba = rgba.into();
+        let expected = u64::from(size[0]).checked_mul(u64::from(size[1])).and_then(|pixels| pixels.checked_mul(4));
+        if size.contains(&0) || expected != Some(rgba.len() as u64) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("an image needs positive dimensions and exactly four bytes per pixel"));
+        }
+        Ok(Image { size, rgba })
+    }
+
+    /// The image written as a file of `format`.
+    pub fn encode(&self, format: ImageFormat) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        self.write(format, &mut out)?;
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the image as a file of `format` to a file or stream, reporting write failures.
+    pub fn write(&self, format: ImageFormat, mut output: impl Write) -> Result<()> {
+        Self::new(self.size, self.rgba.clone())?;
+        let [width, height] = self.size;
+        let failed = |error: &dyn std::fmt::Display| Error::Io(format!("cannot write {format}: {error}").into());
+        match format {
+            ImageFormat::Png => {
+                let mut encoder = png::Encoder::new(output, width, height);
+                encoder.set_color(png::ColorType::Rgba);
+                encoder.set_depth(png::BitDepth::Eight);
+                encoder.set_source_srgb(png::SrgbRenderingIntent::Perceptual);
+                // A picture is written far more often than it is stored long.
+                encoder.set_compression(png::Compression::Fast);
+                let mut writer = encoder.write_header().map_err(|e| failed(&e))?;
+                writer.write_image_data(&self.rgba).map_err(|e| failed(&e))?;
+                writer.finish().map_err(|e| failed(&e))
+            }
+            ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality } => {
+                if !(1..=100).contains(&quality) {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid("a JPEG's quality runs from 1 to 100").at("quality"));
+                }
+                let side = |v: u32| u16::try_from(v).map_err(|_| failed(&"a JPEG is at most 65535 pixels a side"));
+                let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+                jpeg_encoder::Encoder::new(&mut bytes, quality)
+                    .encode(&self.rgba, side(width)?, side(height)?, jpeg_encoder::ColorType::Rgba)
+                    .map_err(|e| failed(&e))?;
+                output.write_all(&bytes).map_err(|e| failed(&e))
+            }
+            ImageFormat::WebP => image_webp::WebPEncoder::new(output)
+                .encode(&self.rgba, width, height, image_webp::ColorType::Rgba8)
+                .map_err(|e| failed(&e)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The image a PNG file holds, any color type and depth made eight bit RGBA.
+    pub fn from_png(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Image> {
+        let failed = |e: png::DecodingError| Error::invalid(format!("not a PNG image: {e}"));
+        let mut decoder = png::Decoder::new(Cursor::new(bytes));
+        decoder.set_transformations(png::Transformations::normalize_to_color8());
+        let mut reader = decoder.read_info().map_err(failed)?;
+        let mut buffer = vec![0; reader.output_buffer_size().ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("a PNG too large"))?];
+        let info = reader.next_frame(&mut buffer).map_err(failed)?;
+        let texels = (info.width * info.height) as usize;
+        let rgba: Vec<u8> = match info.color_type {
+            png::ColorType::Rgba => buffer[..texels * 4].to_vec(),
+            png::ColorType::Rgb => {
+                buffer[..texels * 3].as_chunks::<3>().0.iter().flat_map(|c| [c[0], c[1], c[2], 255]).collect()
+            }
+            png::ColorType::GrayscaleAlpha => {
+                buffer[..texels * 2].as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().flat_map(|c| [c[0], c[0], c[0], c[1]]).collect()
+            }
+            png::ColorType::Grayscale => buffer[..texels].iter().flat_map(|&g| [g, g, g, 255]).collect(),
+            png::ColorType::Indexed => return Err(Error::invalid("a PNG palette was not expanded")),
+        };
+        Image::new([info.width, info.height], rgba)
+    }
+}
+
+/// How an image is written as a file.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default)]
+pub enum ImageFormat {
+    /// PNG: lossless, alpha kept, tagged sRGB.
+    #[default]
+    Png,
+    /// JPEG at `quality` from 1 to 100: small, its alpha dropped.
+    Jpeg {
+        /// From 1, smallest, to 100, sharpest; 90 is good for pictures of views.
+        quality: u8,
+    },
+    /// WebP, lossless: smaller than PNG, alpha kept.
+    WebP,
+}
+
+impl ImageFormat {
+    /// The format a file's `extension` names: `png`, `jpg` or `jpeg` at quality 90, or `webp`.
+    pub fn of_extension(extension: &str) -> Option<ImageFormat> {
+        match extension.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "png" => Some(ImageFormat::Png),
+            "jpg" | "jpeg" => Some(ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality: 90 }),
+            "webp" => Some(ImageFormat::WebP),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ImageFormat {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(match self {
+            ImageFormat::Png => "PNG",
+            ImageFormat::Jpeg { .. } => "JPEG",
+            ImageFormat::WebP => "WebP",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn png_holds_what_it_was_given() {
+        let rgba: Vec<u8> = (0..3 * 2 * 4).map(|i| (i * 11) as u8).collect();
+        let image = Image::new([3, 2], rgba).expect("whole");
+        let back = Image::from_png(&image.encode(ImageFormat::Png).expect("written")).expect("a PNG");
+        assert_eq!(back, image);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_format_writes_its_file() {
+        let rgba: Vec<u8> = (0..16 * 8 * 4).map(|i| (i * 7) as u8).collect();
+        let image = Image::new([16, 8], rgba).expect("whole");
+        let jpeg = image.encode(ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality: 90 }).expect("written");
+        assert_eq!(jpeg[..3], [0xff, 0xd8, 0xff], "a JPEG starts with its marker");
+        let webp = image.encode(ImageFormat::WebP).expect("written");
+        assert!(webp.starts_with(b"RIFF") && &webp[8..12] == b"WEBP", "a WebP is a RIFF file");
+        assert_eq!(ImageFormat::of_extension("JPG"), Some(ImageFormat::Jpeg { quality: 90 }));
+        assert_eq!(ImageFormat::of_extension("gif"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_image_holds_four_bytes_a_texel() {
+        assert!(Image::new([2, 2], vec![0; 15]).is_err());
+        assert!(Image::from_png(b"not a png").is_err());
+        assert!(Image::new([0, 0], Vec::new()).is_err());
+        assert!(Image::new([u32::MAX, u32::MAX], Vec::new()).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn writing_reports_stream_failures() {
+        struct Broken;
+        impl Write for Broken {
+            fn write(&mut self, _: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+                Err(std::io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe.into())
+            }
+            fn flush(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+        let image = Image::new([1, 1], vec![0; 4]).unwrap();
+        assert!(image.write(ImageFormat::Png, Broken).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/json.rs b/crates/latkit/src/json.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10013920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/json.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//! JSON as latkit reads it: any input from its text, an error naming the path to what it could not
+//! read, such as `marks[2].vertices.color`.
+
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+use serde::de::{Deserialize, DeserializeOwned, Deserializer};
+use serde_path_to_error::Segment;
+
+use crate::{Error, Path, Result, Step};
+
+/// What JSON `text` holds, read as `T`: a scene, a camera, a fit, a query, rows, a budget, a shot, or
+/// any type that deserializes. An error names the path to what could not be read.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # #[cfg(feature = "gpu")] {
+/// let scene: latkit::Scene = latkit::from_json(r#"{"space": "plane", "marks": []}"#)?;
+/// let error = latkit::from_json::<latkit::Scene>(r#"{"space": "plane", "marks": [{"vertices": 3}]}"#);
+/// assert!(error.unwrap_err().to_string().starts_with("marks[0]"));
+/// # }
+/// # Ok::<(), latkit::Error>(())
+/// ```
+pub fn from_json<T: DeserializeOwned>(text: &str) -> Result<T> {
+    let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(text);
+    let value = read(&mut deserializer)?;
+    deserializer.end().map_err(|e| Error::invalid(e.to_string()))?;
+    Ok(value)
+}
+
+/// What `deserializer` holds, read as `T`, an error naming the path to what could not be read.
+pub(crate) fn read<'de, T: Deserialize<'de>, D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<T>
+where
+    D::Error: Display,
+{
+    serde_path_to_error::deserialize(deserializer).map_err(|error| {
+        let steps = error.path().iter().filter_map(|segment| match segment {
+            Segment::Seq { index } => Some(Step::Index(*index)),
+            Segment::Map { key } => Some(Step::Name(key.as_str().into())),
+            Segment::Enum { variant } => Some(Step::Name(variant.as_str().into())),
+            Segment::Unknown => None,
+        });
+        Error::Invalid { path: Path(steps.collect()), reason: error.into_inner().to_string().into() }
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, feature = "gpu"))]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::{Scene, from_json};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn errors_name_the_path_through_presets_and_marks() {
+        let at = |json: &str| from_json::<Scene>(json).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        let grid = at(r#"{"space": {"plane": {"grid": "bogus"}}, "marks": []}"#);
+        assert!(grid.starts_with("space.plane.grid:"), "{grid}");
+        let mark = at(r#"{"space": "plane", "marks": [{"vertices": {"of": ["d", "t"], "colour": "x"}}]}"#);
+        assert!(mark.starts_with("marks[0].vertices"), "{mark}");
+        assert!(from_json::<Scene>(r#"{"space": "plane", "marks": []} trailing"#).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/layered.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/layered.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2df668bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/layered.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,756 @@
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+
+use super::levels::{Graph, Level, Runs, bounds, frame, nested};
+use super::pack;
+use super::rect::union;
+use crate::scene::{Direction, Layered};
+
+/// Width over height of the rows that parts nothing pins pack into.
+const ASPECT: f64 = 16.0 / 9.0;
+/// Crossing-reduction sweeps, alternately down and up the ranks.
+const SWEEPS: usize = 8;
+
+/// Every vertex's center: pinned vertices where they are; the others in ranks along `options.flow`
+/// (`Direction::Up` toward +y), `options.gap` apart within a rank and `options.rank_gap` between
+/// ranks, ordered to cross few links, each pointing from one vertex to another; cycles are broken.
+/// Each connected part is laid out alone, and parts nothing pins pack into rows (aspect 16:9) beside
+/// the pinned ones. Across the flow, each vertex lines up with its sources; in a part nothing pins,
+/// each source then settles amid the vertices it fans out to. Groups nest as [`nested`] lays them
+/// out.
+pub(crate) fn layered(graph: &Graph<'_>, options: &Layered) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    nested(graph, |level| arrange(level, options))
+}
+
+/// Places one level: each part that its links join laid out alone in ranks, then the parts nothing
+/// pins packed in rows below the pinned ones, tallest first.
+fn arrange(level: &Level, options: &Layered) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let (sizes, pins) = (&level.sizes, &level.pinned);
+    let mut centers = vec![[0.0; 2]; sizes.len()];
+    let (part, count) = parts(sizes.len(), &level.links);
+    let inside = Runs::new(count, (0..sizes.len()).map(|i| (part[i] as usize, i as u32)));
+    let joins = Runs::new(count, level.links.iter().map(|&link| (part[link[0] as usize] as usize, link)));
+    // Each member's place in its part, whose members run in index order.
+    let mut slot = vec![0_u32; sizes.len()];
+    for p in 0..count {
+        for (s, &i) in inside.get(p).iter().enumerate() {
+            slot[i as usize] = s as u32;
+        }
+    }
+    let vertex = |i: u32| i as usize;
+    let flow = options.flow;
+    let mut anchored: Option<[f64; 4]> = None;
+    let mut loose: Vec<(usize, [f64; 4])> = Vec::new();
+    for p in 0..count {
+        let part_members = inside.get(p);
+        let free = part_members.iter().filter(|&&i| pins[vertex(i)].is_none()).count();
+        if free > 0 && part_members.len() == 1 {
+            centers[vertex(part_members[0])] = [0.0; 2];
+        } else if free > 0 {
+            let extents: Vec<[f64; 2]> = part_members.iter().map(|&i| extent(flow, sizes[vertex(i)])).collect();
+            let fixed: Vec<Option<[f64; 2]>> =
+                part_members.iter().map(|&i| pins[vertex(i)].map(|pin| to_flow(flow, pin))).collect();
+            let part_links: Vec<[u32; 2]> =
+                joins.get(p).iter().map(|&[from, to]| [slot[from as usize], slot[to as usize]]).collect();
+            let placed = ranked(&extents, &fixed, &part_links, options.gap, options.rank_gap);
+            for (&i, &at) in part_members.iter().zip(&placed) {
+                centers[vertex(i)] = from_flow(flow, at);
+            }
+        }
+        for &i in part_members {
+            if let Some(pin) = pins[vertex(i)] {
+                centers[vertex(i)] = pin;
+            }
+        }
+        let bounds = bounds(part_members.iter().map(|&i| frame(centers[vertex(i)], sizes[vertex(i)])));
+        if free == part_members.len() {
+            loose.push((p, bounds));
+        } else {
+            anchored = Some(anchored.map_or(bounds, |anchored| union(anchored, bounds)));
+        }
+    }
+    if loose.is_empty() {
+        return centers;
+    }
+    // Tallest first, then by first member, so like parts line up.
+    loose.sort_by(|a, b| (b.1[3] - b.1[1]).total_cmp(&(a.1[3] - a.1[1])));
+    let boxes: Vec<[f64; 2]> = loose.iter().map(|(_, b)| [b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]]).collect();
+    let gap = options.rank_gap;
+    let span = pack::span(&boxes, gap, ASPECT).max(anchored.map_or(0.0, |anchored| anchored[2] - anchored[0]));
+    let origin = anchored.map_or([0.0; 2], |anchored| [anchored[0], anchored[1] - gap]);
+    for (&(p, bounds), corner) in loose.iter().zip(pack::rows(&boxes, gap, span)) {
+        let shift = [origin[0] + corner[0] - bounds[0], origin[1] + corner[1] - bounds[3]];
+        for &i in inside.get(p) {
+            let center = &mut centers[vertex(i)];
+            *center = [center[0] + shift[0], center[1] + shift[1]];
+        }
+    }
+    centers
+}
+
+/// Each of `count` vertices' part, the parts that `links` join numbered by their first vertex, and how many parts
+/// there are.
+fn parts(count: usize, links: &[[u32; 2]]) -> (Vec<u32>, usize) {
+    fn find(root: &mut [u32], mut vertex: u32) -> u32 {
+        while root[vertex as usize] != vertex {
+            root[vertex as usize] = root[root[vertex as usize] as usize];
+            vertex = root[vertex as usize];
+        }
+        vertex
+    }
+    let mut root: Vec<u32> = (0..count as u32).collect();
+    for &[from, to] in links {
+        let (from, to) = (find(&mut root, from), find(&mut root, to));
+        // The lower root wins, so a part's root is its first vertex.
+        if from < to {
+            root[to as usize] = from;
+        } else {
+            root[from as usize] = to;
+        }
+    }
+    let mut number = vec![u32::MAX; count];
+    let mut parts = 0;
+    let part = (0..count as u32)
+        .map(|vertex| {
+            let first = find(&mut root, vertex) as usize;
+            if number[first] == u32::MAX {
+                number[first] = parts as u32;
+                parts += 1;
+            }
+            number[first]
+        })
+        .collect();
+    (part, parts)
+}
+
+/// Plane coordinates turned so `flow` runs along the first: `[along, across]`, across running down a sideways flow and
+/// rightward across an upward or downward one.
+fn to_flow(flow: Direction, [x, y]: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
+    match flow {
+        Direction::Right => [x, -y],
+        Direction::Left => [-x, -y],
+        Direction::Down => [-y, x],
+        Direction::Up => [y, x],
+    }
+}
+
+/// Plane coordinates of flow coordinates `[along, across]`; undoes [`to_flow`].
+fn from_flow(flow: Direction, [along, across]: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
+    match flow {
+        Direction::Right => [along, -across],
+        Direction::Left => [-along, -across],
+        Direction::Down => [across, -along],
+        Direction::Up => [across, along],
+    }
+}
+
+/// A width and height as a length along `flow` and a span across it.
+fn extent(flow: Direction, [width, height]: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
+    match flow {
+        Direction::Right | Direction::Left => [width, height],
+        Direction::Down | Direction::Up => [height, width],
+    }
+}
+
+/// One part's centers in flow coordinates (see [`to_flow`]). `extents` are each vertex's length along the flow and
+/// span across it, `pins` the centers of those that stay, and `links` point from one vertex to another.
+fn ranked(
+    extents: &[[f64; 2]],
+    pins: &[Option<[f64; 2]>],
+    links: &[[u32; 2]],
+    gap: f64,
+    rank_gap: f64,
+) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let count = extents.len();
+    let rank = ranks(count, links);
+    let rank_count = rank.iter().max().map_or(0, |&last| last as usize + 1);
+    let mut layers = Runs::new(rank_count, (0..count).map(|i| (rank[i] as usize, i as u32)));
+    // Each link as its end in the earlier rank, then its end in the later; ranking leaves none within a rank.
+    let ends = |&[from, to]: &[u32; 2]| if rank[from as usize] < rank[to as usize] { [from, to] } else { [to, from] };
+    let above = Runs::new(count, links.iter().map(ends).map(|[early, late]| (late as usize, early)));
+    let below = Runs::new(count, links.iter().map(ends).map(|[early, late]| (early as usize, late)));
+    let adjacent = Runs::new(
+        rank_count,
+        links
+            .iter()
+            .map(ends)
+            .filter(|&[early, late]| rank[late as usize] == rank[early as usize] + 1)
+            .map(|link| (rank[link[0] as usize] as usize, link)),
+    );
+    reorder(&mut layers, &above, &below, &adjacent);
+    let mut centers = coordinates(extents, pins, &layers, &above, gap, rank_gap);
+    if pins.iter().all(Option::is_none) {
+        balance(&mut centers, extents, &layers, &below, gap);
+    }
+    centers
+}
+
+/// Each vertex's rank: the longest path to it from a vertex nothing points to, once the links that close cycles are
+/// set aside. A walk depth first from the vertices nothing points to finds those links.
+fn ranks(count: usize, links: &[[u32; 2]]) -> Vec<u32> {
+    const NEW: u8 = 0;
+    const WALKING: u8 = 1;
+    const DONE: u8 = 2;
+    let mut next = Runs::new(count, links.iter().map(|&[from, to]| (from as usize, to)));
+    next.sort_each();
+    let mut pointed = vec![false; count];
+    for &[_, to] in links {
+        pointed[to as usize] = true;
+    }
+    let mut roots: Vec<u32> = (0..count as u32).collect();
+    roots.sort_by_key(|&vertex| pointed[vertex as usize]);
+    // A link into a vertex still on the walk closes a cycle; every other link keeps its direction.
+    let mut state = vec![NEW; count];
+    let mut forward: Vec<[u32; 2]> = Vec::with_capacity(links.len());
+    let mut walk: Vec<(u32, usize)> = Vec::new();
+    for &root in &roots {
+        if state[root as usize] != NEW {
+            continue;
+        }
+        state[root as usize] = WALKING;
+        walk.push((root, 0));
+        while let Some(top) = walk.last_mut() {
+            let at = top.0;
+            let Some(&to) = next.get(at as usize).get(top.1) else {
+                state[at as usize] = DONE;
+                walk.pop();
+                continue;
+            };
+            top.1 += 1;
+            if state[to as usize] == WALKING {
+                continue;
+            }
+            forward.push([at, to]);
+            if state[to as usize] == NEW {
+                state[to as usize] = WALKING;
+                walk.push((to, 0));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let after = Runs::new(count, forward.iter().map(|&[from, to]| (from as usize, to)));
+    let mut waiting = vec![0_u32; count];
+    for &[_, to] in &forward {
+        waiting[to as usize] += 1;
+    }
+    let mut rank = vec![0_u32; count];
+    let mut queue: Vec<u32> = roots.iter().copied().filter(|&vertex| waiting[vertex as usize] == 0).collect();
+    let mut head = 0;
+    while let Some(&from) = queue.get(head) {
+        head += 1;
+        for &to in after.get(from as usize) {
+            rank[to as usize] = rank[to as usize].max(rank[from as usize] + 1);
+            waiting[to as usize] -= 1;
+            if waiting[to as usize] == 0 {
+                queue.push(to);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    rank
+}
+
+/// Orders each rank to cross few edges. Barycenter sweeps run alternately down the ranks, sorting each by where its
+/// vertices' neighbors in earlier ranks sit, and up them by their neighbors in later ranks; the order that crosses the
+/// fewest edges between adjacent ranks stays.
+fn reorder(layers: &mut Runs<u32>, above: &Runs<u32>, below: &Runs<u32>, adjacent: &Runs<[u32; 2]>) {
+    let mut position = vec![0_u32; above.len()];
+    for k in 0..layers.len() {
+        settle(layers.get(k), &mut position);
+    }
+    let mut crossings = Crossings::default();
+    let mut fewest = crossings.count(layers, &position, adjacent);
+    let mut best = layers.items.clone();
+    let mut score = vec![0.0; above.len()];
+    for sweep in 0..SWEEPS {
+        if fewest == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        let down = sweep % 2 == 0;
+        let neighbors = if down { above } else { below };
+        for step in 0..layers.len() {
+            let layer = layers.get_mut(if down { step } else { layers.len() - 1 - step });
+            for &vertex in &*layer {
+                let near = neighbors.get(vertex as usize);
+                score[vertex as usize] = if near.is_empty() {
+                    f64::from(position[vertex as usize])
+                } else {
+                    near.iter().map(|&other| f64::from(position[other as usize])).sum::<f64>() / near.len() as f64
+                };
+            }
+            layer.sort_by(|&a, &b| score[a as usize].total_cmp(&score[b as usize]));
+            settle(layer, &mut position);
+        }
+        let crossed = crossings.count(layers, &position, adjacent);
+        if crossed < fewest {
+            fewest = crossed;
+            best.clone_from(&layers.items);
+        }
+    }
+    layers.items = best;
+}
+
+/// Records where each vertex of `layer` sits in it.
+fn settle(layer: &[u32], position: &mut [u32]) {
+    for (at, &vertex) in layer.iter().enumerate() {
+        position[vertex as usize] = at as u32;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Counts edges crossing between adjacent ranks, keeping its buffers from one count to the next.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Crossings {
+    /// Where each edge between two ranks starts and ends in them.
+    ends: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
+    /// A Fenwick tree of how many edges so far end at each place of the later rank.
+    ended: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+impl Crossings {
+    /// Edges between adjacent ranks that cross, given where each vertex sits in its rank: once sorted by where they
+    /// start, each edge crosses the earlier ones ending past it.
+    fn count(&mut self, layers: &Runs<u32>, position: &[u32], adjacent: &Runs<[u32; 2]>) -> u64 {
+        let mut total = 0;
+        for k in 1..layers.len() {
+            let edges = adjacent.get(k - 1);
+            if edges.len() < 2 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            self.ends.clear();
+            self.ends.extend(edges.iter().map(|&[early, late]| (position[early as usize], position[late as usize])));
+            self.ends.sort_unstable();
+            self.ended.clear();
+            self.ended.resize(layers.get(k).len() + 1, 0);
+            for (seen, &(_, end)) in self.ends.iter().enumerate() {
+                let mut at_or_before = 0;
+                let mut node = end as usize + 1;
+                while node > 0 {
+                    at_or_before += self.ended[node] as usize;
+                    node &= node - 1;
+                }
+                total += (seen - at_or_before) as u64;
+                let mut node = end as usize + 1;
+                while node < self.ended.len() {
+                    self.ended[node] += 1;
+                    node += node.isolate_lowest_one();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        total
+    }
+}
+
+/// Each vertex's center in flow coordinates. Ranks run `rank_gap` apart along the flow, each vertex centered in its
+/// rank's band; across it, each vertex sits in line with the median of its neighbors in earlier ranks unless that
+/// would bring it within `gap` of the vertex before it in its rank. A rank holding pinned vertices starts where they
+/// do, and vertices step past the pinned ones they would come within `gap` of.
+fn coordinates(
+    extents: &[[f64; 2]],
+    pins: &[Option<[f64; 2]>],
+    layers: &Runs<u32>,
+    above: &Runs<u32>,
+    gap: f64,
+    rank_gap: f64,
+) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let mut centers: Vec<[f64; 2]> = pins.iter().map(|pin| pin.unwrap_or_default()).collect();
+    let length_of = |vertex: u32| extents[vertex as usize][0];
+    let bands: Vec<f64> =
+        (0..layers.len()).map(|k| layers.get(k).iter().map(|&i| length_of(i)).fold(0.0, f64::max)).collect();
+    // Where a rank's pinned vertices begin along the flow.
+    let lead = |k: usize| {
+        layers.get(k).iter().filter_map(|&i| pins[i as usize].map(|pin| pin[0] - length_of(i) / 2.0)).reduce(f64::min)
+    };
+    let first = (0..layers.len()).find_map(|k| lead(k).map(|at| (k, at)));
+    // Ranks before the first pinned one end where it starts.
+    let mut major = first.map_or(0.0, |(k, at)| at - bands[..k].iter().map(|band| band + rank_gap).sum::<f64>());
+    let mut obstacles = first.map(|_| Obstacles::new(extents, pins, [gap.min(rank_gap), gap]));
+    let mut wanted: Vec<f64> = Vec::new();
+    for (k, &band) in bands.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(at) = lead(k) {
+            major = at;
+        }
+        let along = major + band / 2.0;
+        let mut floor: Option<f64> = None;
+        for &i in layers.get(k) {
+            let i = i as usize;
+            if pins[i].is_some() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let [length, span] = extents[i];
+            wanted.clear();
+            wanted.extend(above.get(i).iter().map(|&other| centers[other as usize][1] - span / 2.0));
+            let median = (!wanted.is_empty()).then(|| {
+                let middle = (wanted.len() - 1) / 2;
+                *wanted.select_nth_unstable_by(middle, f64::total_cmp).1
+            });
+            let mut low = match (median, floor) {
+                (Some(median), Some(floor)) => median.max(floor),
+                (Some(at), None) | (None, Some(at)) => at,
+                (None, None) => 0.0,
+            };
+            let (start, end) = (along - length / 2.0, along + length / 2.0);
+            if let Some(obstacles) = &obstacles {
+                while let Some(high) = obstacles.reach([start, low, end, low + span]) {
+                    low = high + gap;
+                }
+            }
+            let high = low + span;
+            centers[i] = [along, low + span / 2.0];
+            if let Some(obstacles) = &mut obstacles {
+                obstacles.add([start, low, end, high]);
+            }
+            floor = Some(high + gap);
+        }
+        major += band + rank_gap;
+    }
+    centers
+}
+
+/// Moves each vertex across the flow toward the middle of its neighbors in later ranks, the last ranks first, as far
+/// as the vertices beside it in its rank allow, `gap` apart: a source settles amid the vertices it fans out to, and a
+/// chain stays in line.
+fn balance(centers: &mut [[f64; 2]], extents: &[[f64; 2]], layers: &Runs<u32>, below: &Runs<u32>, gap: f64) {
+    let mut across: Vec<f64> = Vec::new();
+    let mut goals: Vec<Option<f64>> = Vec::new();
+    for k in (0..layers.len()).rev() {
+        let layer = layers.get(k);
+        goals.clear();
+        for &vertex in layer {
+            let near = below.get(vertex as usize);
+            across.clear();
+            across.extend(near.iter().map(|&other| centers[other as usize][1]));
+            across.sort_unstable_by(f64::total_cmp);
+            let middle = across.len() / 2;
+            goals.push(match across.len() {
+                0 => None,
+                count if count % 2 == 1 => Some(across[middle]),
+                _ => Some(across[middle - 1].midpoint(across[middle])),
+            });
+        }
+        // Toward greater across, the last vertex first, each held short of the one after it.
+        let mut ceiling = f64::INFINITY;
+        for (&vertex, goal) in layer.iter().zip(&goals).rev() {
+            let half = extents[vertex as usize][1] / 2.0;
+            let center = &mut centers[vertex as usize][1];
+            if let Some(goal) = *goal
+                && goal > *center
+            {
+                *center = goal.min(ceiling - half).max(*center);
+            }
+            ceiling = *center - half - gap;
+        }
+        // Then toward lesser across, the first vertex first, each held short of the one before it.
+        let mut floor = f64::NEG_INFINITY;
+        for (&vertex, goal) in layer.iter().zip(&goals) {
+            let half = extents[vertex as usize][1] / 2.0;
+            let center = &mut centers[vertex as usize][1];
+            if let Some(goal) = *goal
+                && goal < *center
+            {
+                *center = goal.max(floor + half).min(*center);
+            }
+            floor = *center + half + gap;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Placed boxes in flow coordinates, bucketed in square cells to find those near a box quickly.
+struct Obstacles {
+    /// A cell's side.
+    cell: f64,
+    /// The room boxes keep between them along the flow and across it.
+    room: [f64; 2],
+    /// Each box: its least along and across, then its greatest.
+    boxes: Vec<[f64; 4]>,
+    /// The boxes reaching into each cell.
+    cells: FxHashMap<[i64; 2], Vec<u32>>,
+}
+
+impl Obstacles {
+    /// The pinned vertices' boxes, keeping `room` between boxes. Cells span a few vertices, so a box reaches few.
+    fn new(extents: &[[f64; 2]], pins: &[Option<[f64; 2]>], room: [f64; 2]) -> Obstacles {
+        let largest = extents.iter().flatten().fold(0.0, |largest: f64, &side| largest.max(side));
+        let cell = (room[1] * 8.0).max(largest * 2.0);
+        let mut obstacles = Obstacles {
+            cell: if cell > 0.0 { cell } else { 1.0 },
+            room,
+            boxes: Vec::new(),
+            cells: FxHashMap::default(),
+        };
+        for (pin, &[length, span]) in pins.iter().zip(extents) {
+            if let Some([along, across]) = *pin {
+                obstacles.add([along - length / 2.0, across - span / 2.0, along + length / 2.0, across + span / 2.0]);
+            }
+        }
+        obstacles
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a placed box.
+    fn add(&mut self, placed: [f64; 4]) {
+        let id = self.boxes.len() as u32;
+        self.boxes.push(placed);
+        for key in cells(self.cell, placed) {
+            self.cells.entry(key).or_default().push(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The greatest across of the boxes that `query` comes within room of, if any.
+    fn reach(&self, query: [f64; 4]) -> Option<f64> {
+        let [along, across] = self.room;
+        let grown = [query[0] - along, query[1] - across, query[2] + along, query[3] + across];
+        let mut reach: Option<f64> = None;
+        for key in cells(self.cell, grown) {
+            for &id in self.cells.get(&key).into_iter().flatten() {
+                let other = self.boxes[id as usize];
+                let near = other[0] < query[2] + along
+                    && query[0] < other[2] + along
+                    && other[1] < query[3] + across
+                    && query[1] < other[3] + across;
+                if near {
+                    reach = Some(reach.map_or(other[3], |reach| reach.max(other[3])));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        reach
+    }
+}
+
+/// The cells of side `cell` that `area` reaches into.
+fn cells(cell: f64, area: [f64; 4]) -> impl Iterator<Item = [i64; 2]> {
+    let index = |at: f64| (at / cell).floor() as i64;
+    let (across_from, across_to) = (index(area[1]), index(area[3]));
+    (index(area[0])..=index(area[2]))
+        .flat_map(move |along| (across_from..=across_to).map(move |across| [along, across]))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const SIZE: [f64; 2] = [20.0, 10.0];
+
+    fn options(flow: Direction) -> Layered {
+        Layered { flow, gap: 10.0, rank_gap: 40.0 }
+    }
+
+    /// A graph's columns, owned.
+    struct Columns {
+        sizes: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
+        edges: Vec<[u32; 2]>,
+        pinned: Vec<Option<[f64; 2]>>,
+        groups: Vec<Option<u32>>,
+        pads: Vec<[f64; 4]>,
+    }
+
+    impl Columns {
+        /// `count` vertices of [`SIZE`] joined by `edges`, none pinned or grouped; a group pads its members by
+        /// half a gap.
+        fn new(count: usize, edges: &[[u32; 2]]) -> Columns {
+            Columns {
+                sizes: vec![SIZE; count],
+                edges: edges.to_vec(),
+                pinned: vec![None; count],
+                groups: vec![None; count],
+                pads: vec![[5.0; 4]; count],
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn layout(&self, options: &Layered) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+            let graph = Graph {
+                sizes: &self.sizes,
+                links: &self.edges,
+                pinned: &self.pinned,
+                groups: &self.groups,
+                pads: &self.pads,
+            };
+            layered(&graph, options)
+        }
+
+        /// Vertex `v`'s box: a group's is its members' bounds, padded.
+        fn frame(&self, centers: &[[f64; 2]], v: usize, padding: f64) -> [f64; 4] {
+            let members: Vec<usize> = (0..self.sizes.len()).filter(|&m| self.groups[m] == Some(v as u32)).collect();
+            if members.is_empty() {
+                return frame(centers[v], self.sizes[v]);
+            }
+            let inner = bounds(members.iter().map(|&m| self.frame(centers, m, padding)));
+            [inner[0] - padding, inner[1] - padding, inner[2] + padding, inner[3] + padding]
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether two boxes share more than an edge.
+    fn overlap(a: [f64; 4], b: [f64; 4]) -> bool {
+        const SLACK: f64 = 1e-6;
+        a[0] < b[2] - SLACK && b[0] < a[2] - SLACK && a[1] < b[3] - SLACK && b[1] < a[3] - SLACK
+    }
+
+    fn near(a: f64, b: f64) -> bool {
+        (a - b).abs() < 1e-9
+    }
+
+    /// Edges that cross between vertices in the same two ranks of a rightward flow.
+    fn crossings(edges: &[[u32; 2]], centers: &[[f64; 2]]) -> usize {
+        let mut count = 0;
+        for (k, first) in edges.iter().enumerate() {
+            for second in &edges[k + 1..] {
+                let [from, to] = first.map(|vertex| centers[vertex as usize]);
+                let [other_from, other_to] = second.map(|vertex| centers[vertex as usize]);
+                let same_ranks = near(from[0], other_from[0]) && near(to[0], other_to[0]);
+                if same_ranks && (from[1] - other_from[1]) * (to[1] - other_to[1]) < 0.0 {
+                    count += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        count
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_chain_ranks_along_the_flow_in_order() {
+        let graph = Columns::new(4, &[[2, 3], [0, 1], [1, 2]]);
+        for flow in [Direction::Right, Direction::Left, Direction::Down, Direction::Up] {
+            let centers = graph.layout(&options(flow));
+            let (along, across, sign) = match flow {
+                Direction::Right => (0, 1, 1.0),
+                Direction::Left => (0, 1, -1.0),
+                Direction::Down => (1, 0, -1.0),
+                Direction::Up => (1, 0, 1.0),
+            };
+            let length = SIZE[along];
+            for pair in centers.windows(2) {
+                let step = (pair[1][along] - pair[0][along]) * sign;
+                assert!(near(step, length + 40.0), "{flow:?}: ranks a rank gap apart: {centers:?}");
+                assert!(near(pair[1][across], pair[0][across]), "{flow:?}: in line with its source: {centers:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_source_centers_on_its_fan() {
+        // 0 fans out to 1, 2, and 3; 3 runs on to 4.
+        let centers = Columns::new(5, &[[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3], [3, 4]]).layout(&options(Direction::Down));
+        assert!(near(centers[0][0], centers[2][0]), "the source sits amid its fan: {centers:?}");
+        assert!(near(centers[3][0], centers[4][0]), "a chain stays in line: {centers:?}");
+        assert!(centers[1][0] < centers[2][0] && centers[2][0] < centers[3][0], "{centers:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pinned_vertices_stay_put() {
+        let mut graph = Columns::new(5, &[[0, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3], [3, 4]]);
+        graph.pinned[1] = Some([500.0, -300.0]);
+        graph.pinned[3] = Some([620.0, -260.0]);
+        let centers = graph.layout(&options(Direction::Right));
+        assert_eq!(centers[1], [500.0, -300.0]);
+        assert_eq!(centers[3], [620.0, -260.0]);
+        assert!(centers[0][0] < centers[1][0] && centers[2][0] > centers[1][0], "{centers:?}");
+        for a in 0..5 {
+            for b in a + 1..5 {
+                assert!(!overlap(frame(centers[a], SIZE), frame(centers[b], SIZE)), "{a} and {b}: {centers:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn disconnected_parts_do_not_overlap() {
+        let graph = Columns::new(8, &[[0, 1], [1, 2], [3, 4], [4, 5]]);
+        let centers = graph.layout(&options(Direction::Right));
+        for a in 0..8 {
+            for b in a + 1..8 {
+                assert!(!overlap(frame(centers[a], SIZE), frame(centers[b], SIZE)), "{a} and {b}: {centers:?}");
+            }
+        }
+        let first = bounds((0..3).map(|v| frame(centers[v], SIZE)));
+        assert!(near(first[0], 0.0) && near(first[3], 0.0), "the first part's top left is the origin: {first:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_cycle_still_lays_out() {
+        let graph = Columns::new(4, &[[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 3]]);
+        let centers = graph.layout(&options(Direction::Right));
+        assert!(centers.iter().flatten().all(|at| at.is_finite()));
+        assert!(
+            centers.windows(2).all(|pair| pair[1][0] > pair[0][0]),
+            "the cycle breaks at its back edge: {centers:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sweeps_untangle_crossings() {
+        // A K2,2 short of one edge in two ranks of two, and three ranks of three; both cross in index order.
+        let small = [[0, 3], [1, 2], [1, 3]];
+        let large = [[0, 5], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4], [3, 8], [4, 7], [5, 6]];
+        for (count, width, edges) in [(4, 2, &small[..]), (9, 3, &large[..])] {
+            let in_index_order: Vec<[f64; 2]> = (0..count).map(|v| [(v / width) as f64, (v % width) as f64]).collect();
+            assert!(crossings(edges, &in_index_order) > 0);
+            let centers = Columns::new(count, edges).layout(&options(Direction::Right));
+            assert_eq!(crossings(edges, &centers), 0, "{centers:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn groups_hold_their_members_apart_from_the_rest() {
+        // Group 0 holds 1 → 2 → 3 and group 6, which holds 7 → 8; 4 feeds the group and 5 drains it.
+        let mut graph = Columns::new(9, &[[1, 2], [2, 3], [4, 1], [3, 5], [2, 7], [7, 8]]);
+        graph.groups = vec![None, Some(0), Some(0), Some(0), None, None, Some(0), Some(6), Some(6)];
+        let options = options(Direction::Right);
+        let centers = graph.layout(&options);
+        let padding = options.gap / 2.0;
+        let frame = |v: usize| graph.frame(&centers, v, padding);
+        for (group, members) in [(0, &[1, 2, 3, 6][..]), (6, &[7, 8][..])] {
+            let outer = frame(group);
+            let middle = [outer[0].midpoint(outer[2]), outer[1].midpoint(outer[3])];
+            assert!(near(centers[group][0], middle[0]) && near(centers[group][1], middle[1]), "{centers:?}");
+            for &m in members {
+                let inner = frame(m);
+                assert!(inner[0] >= outer[0] && inner[1] >= outer[1] && inner[2] <= outer[2] && inner[3] <= outer[3]);
+            }
+        }
+        for (a, b) in [(0, 4), (0, 5), (4, 5), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (7, 8)] {
+            assert!(!overlap(frame(a), frame(b)), "{a} and {b}: {centers:?}");
+        }
+        assert!(frame(4)[2] < frame(0)[0] && frame(0)[2] < frame(5)[0], "the group ranks as one vertex: {centers:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_pinned_member_holds_its_group_and_a_pinned_group_carries_its_members() {
+        let mut graph = Columns::new(7, &[[1, 2], [3, 0], [5, 6], [4, 5]]);
+        graph.groups = vec![None, Some(0), Some(0), None, None, Some(4), Some(4)];
+        graph.pinned[1] = Some([300.0, 200.0]);
+        graph.pinned[4] = Some([-1000.0, 1000.0]);
+        let options = options(Direction::Right);
+        let centers = graph.layout(&options);
+        assert_eq!(centers[1], [300.0, 200.0]);
+        assert!(near(centers[4][0], -1000.0) && near(centers[4][1], 1000.0), "{centers:?}");
+        let frame = |v: usize| graph.frame(&centers, v, options.gap / 2.0);
+        let group = frame(4);
+        assert!(near(group[0].midpoint(group[2]), -1000.0) && near(group[1].midpoint(group[3]), 1000.0));
+        assert!(!overlap(frame(3), frame(0)) && frame(3)[2] < frame(0)[0], "{centers:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn large_graphs_lay_out_apart() {
+        // Fifty groups of twenty, and edges joining random vertices, many against the flow.
+        let count = 10_000;
+        let mut seed = 0x9e37_79b9_u32;
+        let mut random = move |below: usize| {
+            seed ^= seed << 13;
+            seed ^= seed >> 17;
+            seed ^= seed << 5;
+            seed as usize % below
+        };
+        let mut edges: Vec<[u32; 2]> = (51..count).map(|v| [(50 + random(v - 50)) as u32, v as u32]).collect();
+        edges.extend((0..count / 2).map(|_| [(50 + random(count - 50)) as u32, (50 + random(count - 50)) as u32]));
+        let mut graph = Columns::new(count, &edges);
+        for v in 50..1050 {
+            graph.groups[v] = Some(((v - 50) / 20) as u32);
+        }
+        let options = options(Direction::Down);
+        let centers = graph.layout(&options);
+        assert!(centers.iter().flatten().all(|at| at.is_finite()));
+        let mut frames: Vec<(usize, [f64; 4])> = (50..count).map(|v| (v, frame(centers[v], SIZE))).collect();
+        frames.extend((0..50).map(|g| (g, graph.frame(&centers, g, options.gap / 2.0))));
+        // Ranks run down the page, so sweeping down it compares each frame with few others.
+        frames.sort_by(|a, b| a.1[1].total_cmp(&b.1[1]));
+        for (k, &(a, first)) in frames.iter().enumerate() {
+            for &(b, second) in frames[k + 1..].iter().take_while(|(_, second)| second[1] < first[3]) {
+                let held = graph.groups[a] == Some(b as u32) || graph.groups[b] == Some(a as u32);
+                assert!(held || !overlap(first, second), "{a} {first:?} and {b} {second:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/levels.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/levels.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31b3e1f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/levels.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+//! Nested graphs laid out a level at a time. A level is the vertices of the top, or the members of
+//! one group. A group's members are placed first, innermost groups first; the group then stands as
+//! one vertex of its box's size in the level holding it, with links between members of different
+//! groups lifted to the groups they meet in. Every layout places one level at a time, so every
+//! layout nests alike.
+
+use std::cmp::Reverse;
+
+/// A graph to lay out, plane units with y up: each vertex's width and height, its center when it has
+/// one, the group holding it, and how far a group's box reaches past its members (left, bottom,
+/// right, top); and links between vertices, from one to another where a layout reads direction.
+pub(crate) struct Graph<'a> {
+    pub(crate) sizes: &'a [[f64; 2]],
+    pub(crate) links: &'a [[u32; 2]],
+    pub(crate) pinned: &'a [Option<[f64; 2]>],
+    pub(crate) groups: &'a [Option<u32>],
+    pub(crate) pads: &'a [[f64; 4]],
+}
+
+/// One level to place: its vertices' sizes and pins, and the links among them, by index within it.
+pub(crate) struct Level {
+    pub(crate) sizes: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
+    pub(crate) links: Vec<[u32; 2]>,
+    pub(crate) pinned: Vec<Option<[f64; 2]>>,
+}
+
+/// Every vertex's center, `place` answering each level's. A group's center is the middle of its box:
+/// its members' bounds grown by its pads. A pinned member holds its group where its members settled;
+/// a group's own pin moves its members only when none of them is pinned. Groups out of range, of
+/// themselves, or closing a cycle hold nothing.
+pub(crate) fn nested(graph: &Graph<'_>, mut place: impl FnMut(&Level) -> Vec<[f64; 2]>) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let count = graph.sizes.len();
+    assert!(
+        graph.pinned.len() == count && graph.groups.len() == count && graph.pads.len() == count,
+        "a pin, a group, and pads for each vertex"
+    );
+    let parent = tree(graph.groups);
+    let depth = depths(&parent);
+    // Level 0 is the top, then the groups innermost first.
+    let mut holds = vec![false; count];
+    for &group in parent.iter().flatten() {
+        holds[group as usize] = true;
+    }
+    let mut groups: Vec<usize> = (0..count).filter(|&group| holds[group]).collect();
+    groups.sort_by_key(|&group| Reverse(depth[group]));
+    let mut level = vec![0; count];
+    for (k, &group) in groups.iter().enumerate() {
+        level[group] = k + 1;
+    }
+    let level_of = |vertex: usize| parent[vertex].map_or(0, |group| level[group as usize]);
+    let members = Runs::new(groups.len() + 1, (0..count).map(|vertex| (level_of(vertex), vertex as u32)));
+    let lifted: Vec<[u32; 2]> = graph.links.iter().filter_map(|&[from, to]| lift(from, to, &parent, &depth)).collect();
+    let links = Runs::new(groups.len() + 1, lifted.iter().map(|&link| (level_of(link[0] as usize), link)));
+
+    let mut sizes: Vec<[f64; 2]> =
+        graph.sizes.iter().map(|&[width, height]| [width.max(0.0), height.max(0.0)]).collect();
+    let mut pins: Vec<Option<[f64; 2]>> =
+        graph.pinned.iter().map(|pin| pin.filter(|at| at[0].is_finite() && at[1].is_finite())).collect();
+    // Centers within each vertex's level, and each group's members' middle within its own.
+    let mut centers = vec![[0.0; 2]; count];
+    let mut middles = vec![[0.0; 2]; count];
+    let mut local = vec![0_u32; count];
+    let mut lay = |inside: &[u32], joins: &[[u32; 2]], sizes: &[[f64; 2]], pins: &[Option<[f64; 2]>]| {
+        for (i, &vertex) in inside.iter().enumerate() {
+            local[vertex as usize] = i as u32;
+        }
+        let level = Level {
+            sizes: inside.iter().map(|&vertex| sizes[vertex as usize]).collect(),
+            links: joins.iter().map(|&[from, to]| [local[from as usize], local[to as usize]]).collect(),
+            pinned: inside.iter().map(|&vertex| pins[vertex as usize]).collect(),
+        };
+        place(&level)
+    };
+    for (k, &group) in groups.iter().enumerate() {
+        let inside = members.get(k + 1);
+        for (&vertex, center) in inside.iter().zip(lay(inside, links.get(k + 1), &sizes, &pins)) {
+            centers[vertex as usize] = center;
+        }
+        let bounds = bounds(inside.iter().map(|&vertex| frame(centers[vertex as usize], sizes[vertex as usize])));
+        let [left, bottom, right, top] = graph.pads[group];
+        let grown = [bounds[0] - left, bounds[1] - bottom, bounds[2] + right, bounds[3] + top];
+        middles[group] = [grown[0].midpoint(grown[2]), grown[1].midpoint(grown[3])];
+        sizes[group] = [grown[2] - grown[0], grown[3] - grown[1]];
+        if inside.iter().any(|&vertex| pins[vertex as usize].is_some()) {
+            pins[group] = Some(middles[group]);
+        }
+    }
+    let top = members.get(0);
+    for (&vertex, center) in top.iter().zip(lay(top, links.get(0), &sizes, &pins)) {
+        centers[vertex as usize] = center;
+    }
+    // Each group's members move with it, outermost first.
+    let mut shifts = vec![[0.0; 2]; count];
+    for &group in groups.iter().rev() {
+        let outer = parent[group].map_or([0.0; 2], |up| shifts[up as usize]);
+        shifts[group] =
+            [centers[group][0] + outer[0] - middles[group][0], centers[group][1] + outer[1] - middles[group][1]];
+    }
+    centers
+        .iter()
+        .zip(&parent)
+        .map(|(center, group)| {
+            let shift = group.map_or([0.0; 2], |group| shifts[group as usize]);
+            [center[0] + shift[0], center[1] + shift[1]]
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Each vertex's group: groups out of range or of themselves dropped, and each cycle of groups cut where a walk up it
+/// closes.
+fn tree(groups: &[Option<u32>]) -> Vec<Option<u32>> {
+    const NEW: u8 = 0;
+    const WALKING: u8 = 1;
+    const DONE: u8 = 2;
+    let count = groups.len();
+    let mut parent: Vec<Option<u32>> = groups
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(vertex, group)| group.filter(|&group| (group as usize) < count && group as usize != vertex))
+        .collect();
+    let mut state = vec![NEW; count];
+    let mut walk: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
+    for start in 0..count {
+        let mut at = start;
+        loop {
+            if state[at] != NEW {
+                if state[at] == WALKING {
+                    parent[*walk.last().expect("a walk reaches itself only after a step")] = None;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            state[at] = WALKING;
+            walk.push(at);
+            match parent[at] {
+                Some(group) => at = group as usize,
+                None => break,
+            }
+        }
+        for vertex in walk.drain(..) {
+            state[vertex] = DONE;
+        }
+    }
+    parent
+}
+
+/// How many groups hold each vertex.
+fn depths(parent: &[Option<u32>]) -> Vec<u32> {
+    let mut depth = vec![u32::MAX; parent.len()];
+    let mut walk: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
+    for start in 0..parent.len() {
+        let mut at = start;
+        while depth[at] == u32::MAX {
+            walk.push(at);
+            match parent[at] {
+                Some(group) => at = group as usize,
+                None => break,
+            }
+        }
+        // The walk ends at a vertex already counted, or at the top, which it holds.
+        let mut next = if depth[at] == u32::MAX { 0 } else { depth[at] + 1 };
+        while let Some(vertex) = walk.pop() {
+            depth[vertex] = next;
+            next += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    depth
+}
+
+/// The link `from` → `to` between the outermost groups (or vertices) that hold each end and share a level; `None` for
+/// a link within one of them or with an end out of range.
+fn lift(from: u32, to: u32, parent: &[Option<u32>], depth: &[u32]) -> Option<[u32; 2]> {
+    if from as usize >= parent.len() || to as usize >= parent.len() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let up = |vertex: usize| parent[vertex].expect("a held vertex has a group") as usize;
+    let (mut from, mut to) = (from as usize, to as usize);
+    while depth[from] > depth[to] {
+        from = up(from);
+    }
+    while depth[to] > depth[from] {
+        to = up(to);
+    }
+    while parent[from] != parent[to] {
+        (from, to) = (up(from), up(to));
+    }
+    (from != to).then_some([from as u32, to as u32])
+}
+
+/// The box of a vertex centered at `center`: its least x and y, then its greatest.
+pub(crate) fn frame(center: [f64; 2], size: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 4] {
+    let half = [size[0] / 2.0, size[1] / 2.0];
+    [center[0] - half[0], center[1] - half[1], center[0] + half[0], center[1] + half[1]]
+}
+
+/// The box holding `boxes`; a point at the origin for none.
+pub(crate) fn bounds(boxes: impl Iterator<Item = [f64; 4]>) -> [f64; 4] {
+    boxes.reduce(super::rect::union).unwrap_or([0.0; 4])
+}
+
+/// Items bucketed by key, each bucket's in the order given: bucket `k` is `items[offsets[k]..offsets[k + 1]]`.
+pub(crate) struct Runs<T> {
+    offsets: Vec<usize>,
+    /// Every bucket's items, bucket after bucket; reordered within buckets, they stay bucketed.
+    pub(crate) items: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy + Default> Runs<T> {
+    /// `keyed` items in `buckets` buckets, each item's key below `buckets`.
+    pub(crate) fn new(buckets: usize, keyed: impl Iterator<Item = (usize, T)> + Clone) -> Runs<T> {
+        let mut offsets = vec![0; buckets + 1];
+        for (key, _) in keyed.clone() {
+            offsets[key] += 1;
+        }
+        let mut total = 0;
+        for offset in &mut offsets {
+            (*offset, total) = (total, total + *offset);
+        }
+        let mut items = vec![T::default(); total];
+        let mut fill = offsets.clone();
+        for (key, item) in keyed {
+            items[fill[key]] = item;
+            fill[key] += 1;
+        }
+        Runs { offsets, items }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Runs<T> {
+    /// How many buckets.
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.offsets.len() - 1
+    }
+
+    /// Bucket `k`'s items.
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, k: usize) -> &[T] {
+        &self.items[self.offsets[k]..self.offsets[k + 1]]
+    }
+
+    /// Bucket `k`'s items, to change.
+    pub(crate) fn get_mut(&mut self, k: usize) -> &mut [T] {
+        &mut self.items[self.offsets[k]..self.offsets[k + 1]]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Ord> Runs<T> {
+    /// Sorts the items within each bucket.
+    pub(crate) fn sort_each(&mut self) {
+        for k in 0..self.len() {
+            self.get_mut(k).sort_unstable();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94e56c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//! Layouts on the CPU: layered drawing and stress over nested graphs, packing of parts, overlap
+//! removal, and a diagram's orthogonal routes. Each is pure, so it runs as well in a host's job.
+pub(crate) mod layered;
+pub(crate) mod levels;
+pub(crate) mod overlap;
+pub(crate) mod pack;
+pub(crate) mod rect;
+pub(crate) mod route;
+pub(crate) mod stress;
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/overlap.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/overlap.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d78e1f4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/overlap.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+//! Overlap removal: boxes pushed apart until no two come within a clearance of each other.
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+
+/// Rounds of pairwise pushing, before a sweep parts what they leave.
+const ROUNDS: usize = 40;
+
+/// Each box's center once no two of `boxes` (center, then half width and height) come within
+/// `clearance` of each other, pinned ones aside. First rounds of pushing: a pair too close parts
+/// along the axis it overlaps least, each half the way, or a free box all of it when the other is
+/// pinned. That moves boxes least, but a crowd jams; a sweep along x then places each box after the
+/// pinned ones, in order, right of any placed box it overlaps. Pairs are found in a grid of cells as
+/// wide as the widest box, so each round, and the sweep, is linear in the boxes for boxes of like
+/// sizes.
+pub(crate) fn separate(boxes: &[[f64; 4]], pinned: &[bool], clearance: f64) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let mut centers: Vec<[f64; 2]> = boxes.iter().map(|b| [b[0], b[1]]).collect();
+    let half: Vec<[f64; 2]> = boxes.iter().map(|b| [b[2], b[3]].map(|h| h.max(0.0) + clearance / 2.0)).collect();
+    let grid = Grid { cell: 2.0 * half.iter().flatten().copied().fold(1e-9, f64::max) };
+    // Overlaps this small are rounding, not overlap.
+    let slack = grid.cell * 1e-9;
+    let overlap = |centers: &[[f64; 2]], i: usize, j: usize| {
+        let over = [0, 1].map(|k| half[i][k] + half[j][k] - (centers[j][k] - centers[i][k]).abs());
+        (over[0] > slack && over[1] > slack).then_some(over)
+    };
+    let mut cells = FxHashMap::default();
+    for _ in 0..ROUNDS {
+        grid.fill(&mut cells, &centers, 0..centers.len());
+        let mut moved = false;
+        for i in 0..centers.len() {
+            for j in grid.near(&cells, centers[i]) {
+                if j <= i || (pinned[i] && pinned[j]) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let Some(over) = overlap(&centers, i, j) else { continue };
+                let d = [0, 1].map(|k| centers[j][k] - centers[i][k]);
+                // Boxes at one point part by their order, across and along by turns.
+                let k = if d == [0.0; 2] { (i + j) % 2 } else { usize::from(over[1] < over[0]) };
+                let sign = if d[k] == 0.0 { 1.0 } else { d[k].signum() };
+                let share = if pinned[i] {
+                    0.0
+                } else if pinned[j] {
+                    1.0
+                } else {
+                    0.5
+                };
+                centers[i][k] -= sign * over[k] * share;
+                centers[j][k] += sign * over[k] * (1.0 - share);
+                moved = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if !moved {
+            return centers;
+        }
+    }
+    let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..centers.len()).filter(|&i| !pinned[i]).collect();
+    order.sort_by(|&a, &b| centers[a][0].total_cmp(&centers[b][0]).then(a.cmp(&b)));
+    grid.fill(&mut cells, &centers, (0..centers.len()).filter(|&i| pinned[i]));
+    for i in order {
+        // Right past the placed boxes it overlaps, until it overlaps none.
+        while let Some(x) = grid
+            .near(&cells, centers[i])
+            .filter_map(|j| overlap(&centers, j, i).map(|_| centers[j][0] + half[j][0] + half[i][0]))
+            .reduce(f64::max)
+        {
+            centers[i][0] = x;
+        }
+        cells.entry(grid.key(centers[i])).or_default().push(i as u32);
+    }
+    centers
+}
+
+/// Square cells of boxes' centers, wide enough that boxes that overlap stand in neighboring cells.
+struct Grid {
+    cell: f64,
+}
+
+impl Grid {
+    fn key(&self, c: [f64; 2]) -> (i64, i64) {
+        ((c[0] / self.cell).floor() as i64, (c[1] / self.cell).floor() as i64)
+    }
+
+    /// Fills `cells` with the boxes `which`.
+    fn fill(
+        &self,
+        cells: &mut FxHashMap<(i64, i64), Vec<u32>>,
+        centers: &[[f64; 2]],
+        which: impl Iterator<Item = usize>,
+    ) {
+        cells.values_mut().for_each(Vec::clear);
+        for i in which {
+            cells.entry(self.key(centers[i])).or_default().push(i as u32);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The boxes in the cells around `at`.
+    fn near<'a>(&self, cells: &'a FxHashMap<(i64, i64), Vec<u32>>, at: [f64; 2]) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> + 'a {
+        let (x, y) = self.key(at);
+        [-1, 0, 1]
+            .into_iter()
+            .flat_map(move |dx| [-1, 0, 1].map(|dy| (x + dx, y + dy)))
+            .filter_map(|key| cells.get(&key))
+            .flatten()
+            .map(|&j| j as usize)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn clear(boxes: &[[f64; 4]], centers: &[[f64; 2]], clearance: f64) -> bool {
+        (0..boxes.len()).all(|i| {
+            (i + 1..boxes.len()).all(|j| {
+                (0..2).any(|k| {
+                    (centers[i][k] - centers[j][k]).abs() >= boxes[i][k + 2] + boxes[j][k + 2] + clearance - 1e-6
+                })
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_pair_parts_along_its_lesser_overlap() {
+        // Each half grows by half the clearance: 12 and 12 overlap 15 apart by 9 across, 22 along.
+        let boxes = [[0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0], [15.0, 2.0, 10.0, 10.0]];
+        let centers = separate(&boxes, &[false, false], 4.0);
+        assert_eq!(centers, vec![[-4.5, 0.0], [19.5, 2.0]]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pinned_boxes_hold() {
+        let boxes = [[0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0], [15.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0]];
+        let centers = separate(&boxes, &[true, false], 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(centers, vec![[0.0, 0.0], [20.0, 0.0]]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_crowd_at_one_point_spreads_until_none_overlap() {
+        let boxes: Vec<[f64; 4]> = (0..60).map(|i| [0.0, 0.0, 5.0 + f64::from(i % 3), 4.0]).collect();
+        let pinned: Vec<bool> = (0..60).map(|i| i == 7).collect();
+        let centers = separate(&boxes, &pinned, 2.0);
+        assert!(clear(&boxes, &centers, 2.0), "{centers:?}");
+        assert_eq!(centers[7], [0.0, 0.0], "the pinned box holds");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/pack.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/pack.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25cb7317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/pack.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/// Offsets that pack boxes (each `[width, height]`) into rows `gap` apart whose width over height approaches `aspect`,
+/// in the order given; the first box's top left lands at the origin. Returns each box's top-left corner (y up: top is
+/// the greater y).
+pub(crate) fn pack(boxes: &[[f64; 2]], gap: f64, aspect: f64) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    rows(boxes, gap, span(boxes, gap, aspect))
+}
+
+/// How wide rows of `boxes` run for the rows' width over height to approach `aspect`: as wide as a rectangle of that
+/// aspect holding all the boxes and their gaps.
+pub(super) fn span(boxes: &[[f64; 2]], gap: f64, aspect: f64) -> f64 {
+    let area: f64 = boxes.iter().map(|[width, height]| (width + gap) * (height + gap)).sum();
+    (area * aspect).sqrt()
+}
+
+/// Each box's top-left corner in rows `gap` apart, going down from the origin. A row breaks before a box that would
+/// run it past `span`, so only a box wider than `span` makes a row wider.
+pub(super) fn rows(boxes: &[[f64; 2]], gap: f64, span: f64) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let (mut x, mut top, mut tallest) = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0_f64);
+    boxes
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, &[width, height])| {
+            if i > 0 && x + width > span {
+                x = 0.0;
+                top -= tallest + gap;
+                tallest = 0.0;
+            }
+            let corner = [x, top];
+            x += width + gap;
+            tallest = tallest.max(height);
+            corner
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Boxes of uneven sizes, the same each run.
+    fn uneven(count: usize) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+        let mut seed = 0x2545_f491_u32;
+        let mut next = move || {
+            seed ^= seed << 13;
+            seed ^= seed >> 17;
+            seed ^= seed << 5;
+            f64::from(seed % 1000) / 10.0 + 1.0
+        };
+        (0..count).map(|_| [next(), next()]).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn boxes_do_not_overlap_and_keep_their_gap() {
+        let (boxes, gap) = (uneven(200), 4.0);
+        let corners = pack(&boxes, gap, 16.0 / 9.0);
+        assert_eq!(corners[0], [0.0, 0.0], "the first box's top left is the origin");
+        for (i, (a, &[aw, ah])) in corners.iter().zip(&boxes).enumerate() {
+            for (b, &[bw, bh]) in corners.iter().zip(&boxes).skip(i + 1) {
+                let apart_x = a[0] + aw + gap <= b[0] || b[0] + bw + gap <= a[0];
+                let apart_y = a[1] - ah - gap >= b[1] || b[1] - bh - gap >= a[1];
+                assert!(apart_x || apart_y, "{a:?} {:?} and {b:?} {:?}", [aw, ah], [bw, bh]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rows_approach_the_aspect() {
+        let squares = vec![[1.0, 1.0]; 100];
+        let corners = pack(&squares, 0.0, 16.0 / 9.0);
+        let width = corners.iter().map(|c| c[0] + 1.0).fold(0.0, f64::max);
+        let height = -corners.iter().map(|c| c[1] - 1.0).fold(0.0, f64::min);
+        let aspect = width / height;
+        assert!((1.4..=2.2).contains(&aspect), "{width} by {height}");
+        assert!(corners.iter().all(|c| c[1] <= 0.0), "rows go down from the origin");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_wide_box_takes_a_row_alone() {
+        let corners = pack(&[[1.0, 1.0], [50.0, 2.0], [1.0, 1.0]], 1.0, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(corners, vec![[0.0, 0.0], [0.0, -2.0], [0.0, -5.0]]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/rect.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/rect.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08c31932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/rect.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! Boxes on the plane, least x and y then greatest, and the points they hold.
+
+/// A point on the plane.
+pub(crate) type Point = [f64; 2];
+
+/// A box: least x, least y, greatest x, greatest y.
+pub(crate) type Rect = [f64; 4];
+
+/// A box holding nothing, which any union replaces.
+pub(crate) const EMPTY: Rect = [f64::INFINITY, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY];
+
+/// The box holding `a` and `b`.
+pub(crate) fn union(a: Rect, b: Rect) -> Rect {
+    [a[0].min(b[0]), a[1].min(b[1]), a[2].max(b[2]), a[3].max(b[3])]
+}
+
+/// The box holding only `p`.
+pub(crate) fn dot(p: Point) -> Rect {
+    [p[0], p[1], p[0], p[1]]
+}
+
+/// The box `half` its width and height each way about `center`.
+pub(crate) fn around(center: Point, half: Point) -> Rect {
+    [center[0] - half[0], center[1] - half[1], center[0] + half[0], center[1] + half[1]]
+}
+
+/// `r` grown by `by` on every side.
+pub(crate) fn grow(r: Rect, by: f64) -> Rect {
+    [r[0] - by, r[1] - by, r[2] + by, r[3] + by]
+}
+
+/// Whether two boxes meet, touching included.
+pub(crate) fn meets(a: &Rect, b: &Rect) -> bool {
+    a[0] <= b[2] && a[2] >= b[0] && a[1] <= b[3] && a[3] >= b[1]
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/route.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/route.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..535dd718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/route.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1654 @@
+//! Orthogonal routes: wires in horizontal and vertical runs around obstacles.
+//!
+//! Each net grows as a tree from its first terminal. Every terminal leaves its vertex along its side
+//! by a stub, and each further terminal, nearest first, branches off the tree by the cheapest clear
+//! elbow, or else by an A* search over a sparse visibility graph: the free stretches of the lines
+//! through the nearby obstacles' corners, joined where they cross. Tracks then set apart the runs of
+//! different nets that share a line.
+//!
+//! Sides are in plane units with y up: a top side faces +y.
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
+
+use super::rect::{EMPTY, Point, Rect, dot, grow, meets, union};
+use crate::scene::Side;
+
+/// Where a wire meets a vertex: the point on its boundary, the side it leaves by (None: any), and the
+/// obstacle it belongs to (an index into `obstacles`), which its own wire may touch.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Terminal {
+    /// The point on the vertex's boundary.
+    pub(crate) at: [f64; 2],
+    /// The side the wire leaves by; with none, the owner's side nearest `at`, or else the way toward
+    /// the rest of the net.
+    pub(crate) side: Option<Side>,
+    /// The obstacle the terminal belongs to.
+    pub(crate) owner: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// A net: every terminal it joins. Two terminals make a plain edge.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Net {
+    /// The terminals; the route grows from the first.
+    pub(crate) terminals: Vec<Terminal>,
+}
+
+/// Each net's route as polylines (a tree for nets of more than two terminals, sharing junction points),
+/// running in horizontal and vertical segments around `obstacles` (each `[min x, min y, max x, max y]`),
+/// leaving each terminal along its side, with parallel runs of different nets `spacing` apart. Runs of
+/// `fixed` polylines, wires already routed, keep their tracks, and the new runs take tracks beside
+/// them. A net whose route cannot avoid the obstacles still gets an orthogonal route through them.
+///
+/// Wires keep twice `spacing` from obstacles where they can. `groups` are soft: wires cross their
+/// borders at a cost, so they enter and leave a group once, and keep off its borders. A net of fewer
+/// than two terminals at finite points gets no polylines; obstacles with a non-finite or inverted box
+/// are left out.
+pub(crate) fn route(
+    obstacles: &[[f64; 4]],
+    groups: &[[f64; 4]],
+    nets: &[Net],
+    fixed: &[Vec<[f64; 2]>],
+    spacing: f64,
+) -> Vec<Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>>> {
+    let mut router = Router::new(obstacles, groups, spacing);
+    let mut trees: Vec<Option<Tree>> = nets.iter().map(|net| router.net(net)).collect();
+    let routed = trees.len();
+    trees.extend(fixed.iter().filter(|line| line.len() > 1).map(|line| Some(Tree::fixed(line))));
+    router.separate(&mut trees);
+    trees.truncate(routed);
+    trees.iter().map(|tree| tree.as_ref().map_or_else(Vec::new, Tree::polylines)).collect()
+}
+
+/// Arc points a rounded bend takes between its ends.
+const ARC: usize = 3;
+
+/// A net's polylines as drawn: each bend between perpendicular runs rounded by up to `radius`, and
+/// each part ending where another starts doubled at its end, so that point draws as a junction and
+/// takes no arrowhead. No point repeats anywhere else, as where two bends' arcs meet on a short run:
+/// it would draw as a junction too.
+pub(crate) fn finish(lines: &[Vec<Point>], radius: f64) -> Vec<Vec<Point>> {
+    lines
+        .iter()
+        .map(|line| {
+            let mut out: Vec<Point> = Vec::with_capacity(line.len() + ARC * line.len().saturating_sub(2));
+            out.extend(line.first());
+            for k in 1..line.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+                let (a, p, b) = (line[k - 1], line[k], line[k + 1]);
+                let (u, v) = (direction(a, p), direction(p, b));
+                let r = radius.min(manhattan(a, p) / 2.0).min(manhattan(p, b) / 2.0);
+                if u[0] * v[0] + u[1] * v[1] != 0.0 || r <= SAME || (u == [0.0; 2]) || (v == [0.0; 2]) {
+                    push_new(&mut out, p);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // A quarter circle from `p - u r` to `p + v r` about `p - u r + v r`.
+                let center = [p[0] - u[0] * r + v[0] * r, p[1] - u[1] * r + v[1] * r];
+                for i in 0..=ARC + 1 {
+                    let t = i as f64 / (ARC + 1) as f64 * std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
+                    let (cos, sin) = (t.cos(), t.sin());
+                    let at = [center[0] - v[0] * r * cos + u[0] * r * sin, center[1] - v[1] * r * cos + u[1] * r * sin];
+                    push_new(&mut out, at);
+                }
+            }
+            if let Some(&last) = line.last().filter(|_| line.len() > 1) {
+                push_new(&mut out, last);
+            }
+            let end = *out.last().expect("a polyline has points");
+            if lines.iter().any(|other| other.first() == Some(&end)) {
+                out.push(end);
+            }
+            out
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Pushes `p` onto `out` unless it is the last point there again.
+fn push_new(out: &mut Vec<Point>, p: Point) {
+    if out.last().is_none_or(|&q| manhattan(q, p) > EPSILON) {
+        out.push(p);
+    }
+}
+
+/// How far wires keep from obstacles, in spacings.
+const CLEARANCE: f64 = 2.0;
+
+/// Offsets below this are rounding: a point this near a box's side is on it.
+const EPSILON: f64 = 1e-6;
+
+/// Points nearer than this are one point.
+const SAME: f64 = 1e-9;
+
+/// Children per index node.
+const NODE: usize = 16;
+
+/// Attach points a branch tries, nearest first.
+const ATTACHES: usize = 8;
+
+/// Attach points a branch searches from when no elbow is clear.
+const SEARCHED: usize = 3;
+
+/// Crossings past which a search gives up.
+const MAX_CROSSINGS: usize = 1 << 20;
+
+/// Steps a search takes before it gives up.
+const MAX_VISITS: usize = 1 << 17;
+
+/// Crossings a flood from a search's goal reaches before it takes the goal for open.
+const POCKET: usize = 256;
+
+/// Times a search widens its window over the obstacles that wall it in.
+const WIDENINGS: usize = 1;
+
+/// What crossing a group's border costs, in clearances of length.
+const CROSSING: f64 = 4.0;
+
+/// No joint: the root's parent, or a joint without children.
+const NONE: usize = usize::MAX;
+
+/// No state: where a search starts.
+const NOWHERE: u32 = u32::MAX;
+
+impl Side {
+    /// The unit normal out of this side.
+    fn normal(self) -> Point {
+        match self {
+            Side::Left => [-1.0, 0.0],
+            Side::Right => [1.0, 0.0],
+            Side::Top => [0.0, 1.0],
+            Side::Bottom => [0.0, -1.0],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A terminal as routing reads it: where its wire meets the vertex, the way out, and its owner's box.
+struct End {
+    at: Point,
+    normal: Point,
+    owner: Option<Rect>,
+}
+
+/// Plans nets among the obstacles, then sets their runs apart.
+struct Router<'a> {
+    obstacles: Obstacles<'a>,
+    groups: Groups,
+    /// How far apart tracks run.
+    spacing: f64,
+    /// How far wires keep from obstacles where they can.
+    clearance: f64,
+    search: Search,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Router<'a> {
+    /// A router among `boxes` and `groups`, tracks `spacing` apart; a negative or non-finite spacing
+    /// is zero.
+    fn new(boxes: &'a [Rect], groups: &[Rect], spacing: f64) -> Router<'a> {
+        let spacing = if spacing.is_finite() { spacing.max(0.0) } else { 0.0 };
+        let clearance = spacing * CLEARANCE;
+        let groups = Groups { boxes: groups.iter().copied().filter(valid).collect(), clearance };
+        Router { obstacles: Obstacles::new(boxes), groups, spacing, clearance, search: Search::new(2.0 * clearance) }
+    }
+
+    /// The shortest stub, and the least a track keeps a stub's end off its terminal.
+    fn least(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.spacing / 8.0
+    }
+
+    /// A net's tree: the first terminal's stub, then each further terminal's branch, nearest first;
+    /// `None` for a net of fewer than two terminals at finite points.
+    fn net(&mut self, net: &Net) -> Option<Tree> {
+        let terminals: Vec<Terminal> =
+            net.terminals.iter().filter(|terminal| terminal.at.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite())).copied().collect();
+        let (first, rest) = terminals.split_first()?;
+        let root = self.end(*first, rest.first()?.at);
+        let mut readers: Vec<End> = rest.iter().map(|terminal| self.end(*terminal, root.at)).collect();
+        readers.sort_by(|a, b| manhattan(a.at, root.at).total_cmp(&manhattan(b.at, root.at)));
+        let mut tree = Tree::default();
+        let origin = tree.add(root.at, NONE, Joint::Terminal);
+        tree.add(self.stub(&root), origin, Joint::Stub(origin));
+        for reader in &readers {
+            let end = self.stub(reader);
+            let branch = self.branch(&tree, end, reader, &root);
+            let Attach { child, interior, .. } = branch.attach;
+            let mut parent = if interior {
+                tree.split(child, branch.points[0])
+            } else if manhattan(branch.points[0], tree.points[child]) < SAME {
+                child
+            } else {
+                tree.parent[child]
+            };
+            for &bend in branch.points.iter().take(branch.points.len() - 1).skip(1) {
+                parent = tree.add(bend, parent, Joint::Bend);
+            }
+            let stub = tree.add(end, parent, Joint::Bend);
+            let terminal = tree.add(reader.at, stub, Joint::Terminal);
+            tree.joints[stub] = Joint::Stub(terminal);
+        }
+        Some(tree)
+    }
+
+    /// How routing reads a terminal. Its way out is its side; else its owner's side nearest it; else
+    /// the axis toward `toward`.
+    fn end(&self, terminal: Terminal, toward: Point) -> End {
+        let owner = self.obstacles.owned(terminal.owner);
+        let at = terminal.at;
+        let normal = match (terminal.side, owner) {
+            (Some(side), _) => side.normal(),
+            (None, Some(own)) => {
+                let offset = [at[0] - own[0].midpoint(own[2]), at[1] - own[1].midpoint(own[3])];
+                outward(offset, [own[2] - own[0], own[3] - own[1]])
+            }
+            (None, None) => outward([toward[0] - at[0], toward[1] - at[1]], [1.0, 1.0]),
+        };
+        End { at, normal, owner }
+    }
+
+    /// Where a terminal's stub ends: clear of its owner by the clearance, or halfway to an obstacle
+    /// in the way.
+    fn stub(&self, end: &End) -> Point {
+        let axis = usize::from(end.normal[0] == 0.0);
+        let sign = end.normal[axis];
+        let from = end.at[axis];
+        let exit = end
+            .owner
+            .map_or(0.0, |own| (((if sign > 0.0 { own[axis + 2] } else { own[axis] }) - from) * sign).max(0.0));
+        let length = exit + self.clearance;
+        let far = from + sign * length;
+        let across = end.at[1 - axis];
+        let (lo, hi) = (from.min(far), from.max(far));
+        let region = if axis == 0 { [lo, across, hi, across] } else { [across, lo, across, hi] };
+        let mut nearest = length;
+        self.obstacles.some(region, 0.0, |obstacle| {
+            let near = ((if sign > 0.0 { obstacle[axis] } else { obstacle[axis + 2] }) - from) * sign;
+            if near > exit + EPSILON && near < nearest {
+                nearest = near;
+            }
+            false
+        });
+        let length = if nearest < length { (exit + self.least()).max(exit.midpoint(nearest)) } else { length };
+        let mut point = end.at;
+        point[axis] = from + sign * length;
+        point
+    }
+
+    /// The cheapest clear way from the tree to a reader's stub end `end`: an elbow from one of the
+    /// nearest attach points; else a search around the obstacles at less and less clearance; else a
+    /// plain elbow through them.
+    fn branch(&mut self, tree: &Tree, end: Point, reader: &End, root: &End) -> Branch {
+        let mut attaches = tree.attaches(end);
+        attaches.truncate(ATTACHES);
+        let into = [-reader.normal[0], -reader.normal[1]];
+        let mut best =
+            Best { tree, into, bend: self.search.bend, groups: &self.groups, cost: f64::INFINITY, branch: None };
+        let clear = Some((&self.obstacles, self.clearance - EPSILON));
+        for &attach in &attaches {
+            let from = attach.point;
+            let middle = [from[0].midpoint(end[0]), from[1].midpoint(end[1])];
+            best.consider(&[from, [end[0], from[1]], end], attach, clear);
+            best.consider(&[from, [from[0], end[1]], end], attach, clear);
+            best.consider(&[from, [middle[0], from[1]], [middle[0], end[1]], end], attach, clear);
+            best.consider(&[from, [from[0], middle[1]], [end[0], middle[1]], end], attach, clear);
+        }
+        // An elbow that keeps out of every group it need not cross is as good as any search finds.
+        match best.branch.take() {
+            Some(branch) if branch.points.windows(2).all(|w| self.groups.cost(w[0], w[1]) == 0.0) => return branch,
+            elbow => best.branch = elbow,
+        }
+        // The window frames the boxes a branch may have to go around: its terminal's, and the root's
+        // when the branch may leave the root's stub.
+        let searched = &attaches[..attaches.len().min(SEARCHED)];
+        let from_root = searched.iter().any(|attach| attach.point == tree.points[1]);
+        let owners: Vec<Rect> = [reader.owner, root.owner.filter(|_| from_root)].into_iter().flatten().collect();
+        let from: Vec<(Point, Option<Point>)> =
+            searched.iter().map(|&attach| (attach.point, tree.stub_way(attach))).collect();
+        let leg = Leg { from: &from, to: end, arrive: Some(reader.normal) };
+        for by in [self.clearance, self.clearance / 2.0, 0.0] {
+            if let Some((source, path)) = self.search.path(&self.obstacles, &self.groups, &leg, &owners, by) {
+                best.consider(&path, attaches[source], None);
+            }
+            if let Some(branch) = best.branch.take() {
+                return branch;
+            }
+        }
+        let attach = attaches.first().copied().unwrap_or(Attach { point: tree.points[0], child: 1, interior: false });
+        Branch { points: simplify(&[attach.point, [end[0], attach.point[1]], end]), attach }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets apart the runs of different nets that share a line: each takes its own track, `spacing`
+    /// apart where the corridor between obstacles has room, ordered by where its ends turn so runs
+    /// nest rather than cross. A run carries its joints, so branches stay joined; terminals never
+    /// move, and stubs only grow.
+    fn separate(&self, trees: &mut [Option<Tree>]) {
+        let tolerance = self.spacing / 16.0;
+        for axis in 0..2 {
+            let mut runs = runs(trees, axis, self.least());
+            runs.sort_by(|a, b| a.line.total_cmp(&b.line).then(a.along[0].total_cmp(&b.along[0])));
+            let mut first = 0;
+            while first < runs.len() {
+                let mut end = first + 1;
+                let mut reach = runs[first].along[1];
+                while end < runs.len() && runs[end].line - runs[first].line < tolerance && runs[end].along[0] < reach {
+                    reach = reach.max(runs[end].along[1]);
+                    end += 1;
+                }
+                let cluster = &runs[first..end];
+                first = end;
+                if cluster.iter().any(|run| run.net != cluster[0].net) {
+                    self.tracks(cluster, axis, trees);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Spreads a cluster of runs on one line across tracks between the nearest obstacles' sides.
+    fn tracks(&self, cluster: &[Run], axis: usize, trees: &mut [Option<Tree>]) {
+        let gap = self.spacing;
+        let line = cluster[0].line;
+        let lo = cluster.iter().map(|run| run.along[0]).fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min);
+        let hi = cluster.iter().map(|run| run.along[1]).fold(f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::max);
+        let reach = gap * (cluster.len() + 2) as f64;
+        let (mut low, mut high) = (line - reach, line + reach);
+        let region =
+            if axis == 0 { [line - reach, lo, line + reach, hi] } else { [lo, line - reach, hi, line + reach] };
+        self.obstacles.some(region, 0.0, |obstacle| {
+            if obstacle[axis + 2] <= line + EPSILON {
+                low = low.max(obstacle[axis + 2] + gap / 2.0);
+            } else if obstacle[axis] >= line - EPSILON {
+                high = high.min(obstacle[axis] - gap / 2.0);
+            }
+            false
+        });
+        let mut order: Vec<&Run> = cluster.iter().collect();
+        order.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            let (length_a, length_b) = (a.along[1] - a.along[0], b.along[1] - b.along[0]);
+            a.turn
+                .total_cmp(&b.turn)
+                .then_with(|| if a.turn > 0.0 { length_a.total_cmp(&length_b) } else { length_b.total_cmp(&length_a) })
+                .then(a.along[0].total_cmp(&b.along[0]))
+        });
+        let last = (order.len() - 1) as f64;
+        let step = gap.min((high - low).max(0.0) / last.max(1.0));
+        let base =
+            order.iter().position(|run| run.held()).map_or(line - last * step / 2.0, |held| line - held as f64 * step);
+        let base = low.min(line).max(base.min(high.max(line) - last * step));
+        for (rank, run) in order.iter().enumerate() {
+            if run.held() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let at = (base + rank as f64 * step).min(run.limits[1]).max(run.limits[0]);
+            if let Some(tree) = &mut trees[run.net] {
+                for &joint in &run.joints {
+                    tree.points[joint][axis] = at;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The axis direction an offset from a box's middle leaves it by, measured across the box's `size`.
+fn outward(offset: Point, size: Point) -> Point {
+    let across = |k: usize| (offset[k] / size[k].max(f64::MIN_POSITIVE)).abs();
+    let away = |v: f64| if v < 0.0 { -1.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    if across(0) > across(1) { [away(offset[0]), 0.0] } else { [0.0, away(offset[1])] }
+}
+
+/// What a joint of a tree is, which says how far tracks may move it.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum Joint {
+    /// A bend or a junction, free to move.
+    Bend,
+    /// A terminal, which never moves.
+    Terminal,
+    /// A stub's outer end, whose stub from the terminal joint given only grows.
+    Stub(usize),
+}
+
+/// A net while it is planned: joints, each joined to its parent by an axis-aligned segment. The
+/// first joint is the root's terminal.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Tree {
+    points: Vec<Point>,
+    parent: Vec<usize>,
+    joints: Vec<Joint>,
+}
+
+impl Tree {
+    /// A wire already routed, as a chain of joints none of which moves: its runs hold their tracks.
+    fn fixed(line: &[Point]) -> Tree {
+        let mut tree = Tree::default();
+        let mut parent = NONE;
+        for &point in line {
+            parent = tree.add(point, parent, Joint::Terminal);
+        }
+        tree
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a joint at `point` below `parent`.
+    fn add(&mut self, point: Point, parent: usize, joint: Joint) -> usize {
+        self.points.push(point);
+        self.parent.push(parent);
+        self.joints.push(joint);
+        self.points.len() - 1
+    }
+
+    /// A joint at `point` on the segment from `child` to its parent.
+    fn split(&mut self, child: usize, point: Point) -> usize {
+        let joint = self.add(point, self.parent[child], Joint::Bend);
+        self.parent[child] = joint;
+        joint
+    }
+
+    /// Where a branch may attach, nearest `toward` first: each joint but a terminal, and each
+    /// segment's nearest point to `toward`. Segments into terminals are stubs, which no branch
+    /// attaches inside.
+    fn attaches(&self, toward: Point) -> Vec<Attach> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for child in 1..self.points.len() {
+            let parent = self.parent[child];
+            let (upper, lower) = (self.points[parent], self.points[child]);
+            let (upper_held, lower_held) =
+                (self.joints[parent] == Joint::Terminal, self.joints[child] == Joint::Terminal);
+            if !upper_held {
+                out.push(Attach { point: upper, child, interior: false });
+            }
+            if !lower_held {
+                out.push(Attach { point: lower, child, interior: false });
+            }
+            if upper_held || lower_held {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let nearest = |k: usize| toward[k].max(upper[k].min(lower[k])).min(upper[k].max(lower[k]));
+            let point = if upper[0] == lower[0] { [upper[0], nearest(1)] } else { [nearest(0), upper[1]] };
+            if manhattan(point, upper) > SAME && manhattan(point, lower) > SAME {
+                out.push(Attach { point, child, interior: true });
+            }
+        }
+        out.sort_by(|a, b| manhattan(a.point, toward).total_cmp(&manhattan(b.point, toward)));
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// The way from a joint `attach` is at along its stub into a terminal, which no branch leaves by.
+    fn stub_way(&self, attach: Attach) -> Option<Point> {
+        if attach.interior {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let parent = self.parent[attach.child];
+        let joint = if manhattan(attach.point, self.points[parent]) < SAME { parent } else { attach.child };
+        let up = self.parent[joint];
+        (0..self.points.len())
+            .find(|&k| (k == up || self.parent[k] == joint) && self.joints[k] == Joint::Terminal)
+            .map(|terminal| direction(attach.point, self.points[terminal]))
+    }
+
+    /// Moves a path's start along the tree while its first step runs along a segment of the tree, so
+    /// the path attaches where it leaves the tree. Stubs, which no branch attaches inside, stop it.
+    fn slide(&self, path: &mut Vec<Point>, mut attach: Attach) -> Attach {
+        for _ in 0..self.points.len() {
+            let [start, next, ..] = path[..] else { break };
+            let way = direction(start, next);
+            let along = (1..self.points.len()).find_map(|child| {
+                let parent = self.parent[child];
+                if self.joints[parent] == Joint::Terminal || self.joints[child] == Joint::Terminal {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let (upper, lower) = (self.points[parent], self.points[child]);
+                let on = (start[0] == upper[0] && upper[0] == lower[0] && between(start[1], upper[1], lower[1]))
+                    || (start[1] == upper[1] && upper[1] == lower[1] && between(start[0], upper[0], lower[0]));
+                [upper, lower].into_iter().find(|&far| on && direction(start, far) == way).map(|far| (child, far))
+            });
+            let Some((child, far)) = along else { break };
+            let (to_next, to_far) = (manhattan(start, next), manhattan(start, far));
+            if to_next < to_far - SAME {
+                path.remove(0);
+                return Attach { point: next, child, interior: true };
+            }
+            attach = Attach { point: far, child, interior: false };
+            if to_next <= to_far + SAME {
+                path.remove(0);
+            } else {
+                path[0] = far;
+            }
+        }
+        attach
+    }
+
+    /// The tree as polylines, each from the root or a junction to a leaf or the next junction.
+    fn polylines(&self) -> Vec<Vec<Point>> {
+        let count = self.points.len();
+        let (mut children, mut siblings) = (vec![NONE; count], vec![NONE; count]);
+        for joint in (1..count).rev() {
+            let parent = self.parent[joint];
+            siblings[joint] = children[parent];
+            children[parent] = joint;
+        }
+        let mut polylines = Vec::new();
+        let mut stack = if count > 0 { vec![0] } else { Vec::new() };
+        while let Some(start) = stack.pop() {
+            let mut first = children[start];
+            while first != NONE {
+                let mut line = vec![self.points[start]];
+                let mut joint = first;
+                loop {
+                    line.push(self.points[joint]);
+                    let child = children[joint];
+                    if child == NONE || siblings[child] != NONE {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    joint = child;
+                }
+                polylines.push(simplify(&line));
+                if children[joint] != NONE {
+                    stack.push(joint);
+                }
+                first = siblings[first];
+            }
+        }
+        polylines
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a branch may attach to a tree: a point on the segment from `child` to its parent, inside
+/// it or at one of its joints.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Attach {
+    point: Point,
+    child: usize,
+    interior: bool,
+}
+
+/// A branch from a tree to a terminal's stub end: its path, from where it attaches.
+struct Branch {
+    points: Vec<Point>,
+    attach: Attach,
+}
+
+/// The cheapest branch found so far.
+struct Best<'t> {
+    tree: &'t Tree,
+    /// The way a branch enters the stub end: against the terminal's side.
+    into: Point,
+    /// What a bend costs, in length.
+    bend: f64,
+    groups: &'t Groups,
+    cost: f64,
+    branch: Option<Branch>,
+}
+
+impl Best<'_> {
+    /// Keeps the path through `points` from `attach` when it turns well, costs less than the best so
+    /// far, and, with `clear`, keeps out of the obstacles grown by the clearance given.
+    fn consider(&mut self, points: &[Point], attach: Attach, clear: Option<(&Obstacles, f64)>) {
+        let mut path = simplify(points);
+        let attach = self.tree.slide(&mut path, attach);
+        if !self.fits(&path, attach) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut cost = path.len().saturating_sub(2) as f64 * self.bend;
+        for pair in path.windows(2) {
+            cost += manhattan(pair[0], pair[1]) + self.groups.cost(pair[0], pair[1]);
+            if cost >= self.cost || clear.is_some_and(|(obstacles, by)| !obstacles.clear(pair[0], pair[1], by)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        if cost < self.cost {
+            self.cost = cost;
+            self.branch = Some(Branch { points: path, attach });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a path from the tree to the stub end turns well: it never doubles back along the
+    /// stub, leaves a segment it attaches inside across it, and leaves a joint along none of the
+    /// segments already there.
+    fn fits(&self, path: &[Point], attach: Attach) -> bool {
+        let (Some(&[start, next]), Some(&[before, last])) = (path.first_chunk(), path.last_chunk()) else {
+            return path.len() == 1;
+        };
+        direction(before, last) != [-self.into[0], -self.into[1]] && self.leaves_well(start, next, attach)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a path's first step, from `start` toward `next`, leaves the tree well.
+    fn leaves_well(&self, start: Point, next: Point, attach: Attach) -> bool {
+        let tree = self.tree;
+        let parent = tree.parent[attach.child];
+        let (upper, lower) = (tree.points[parent], tree.points[attach.child]);
+        if attach.interior {
+            let along = usize::from(upper[0] == lower[0]);
+            return next[along] == start[along];
+        }
+        let leaving = direction(start, next);
+        let joint = if manhattan(start, upper) < SAME { parent } else { attach.child };
+        let up = tree.parent[joint];
+        (0..tree.points.len())
+            .filter(|&k| k == up || tree.parent[k] == joint)
+            .all(|k| direction(start, tree.points[k]) != leaving)
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a search joins: the points it may leave from, each with a way it may not leave by, and the
+/// point it reaches, with a way it may not arrive moving.
+struct Leg<'p> {
+    from: &'p [(Point, Option<Point>)],
+    to: Point,
+    arrive: Option<Point>,
+}
+
+/// How a search over one window ended.
+enum Outcome {
+    /// The path found, from the leg's start given.
+    Found(usize, Vec<Point>),
+    /// No way inside the window, though a wider one may hold one.
+    Walled,
+    /// No way at all, or too much to look through.
+    Unreachable,
+}
+
+/// What a flood from a search's goal found before the search spreads over the window.
+enum Reach {
+    /// A start, or more than a pocket: the search is worth running.
+    Open,
+    /// A pocket without a start that reaches the window's edge: a wider window may join them.
+    Apart,
+    /// A pocket without a start, walled in inside the window.
+    Enclosed,
+}
+
+/// A state waiting in a search: its estimated total cost, its cost so far, and the state, a crossing
+/// and the axis of the step that reached it.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Step {
+    estimate: f64,
+    cost: f64,
+    state: u32,
+}
+
+impl Ord for Step {
+    // The heap pops its greatest: the least estimate, then the farthest along, then the first state.
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Step) -> Ordering {
+        other
+            .estimate
+            .total_cmp(&self.estimate)
+            .then(self.cost.total_cmp(&other.cost))
+            .then(other.state.cmp(&self.state))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Step {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Step) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Step {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Step) -> bool {
+        self.cmp(other) == Ordering::Equal
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Step {}
+
+/// A free stretch of a line among a search's obstacles: the line's place across, and where the
+/// stretch starts and ends along it.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+struct Span {
+    line: f64,
+    lo: f64,
+    hi: f64,
+}
+
+/// Where a horizontal and a vertical span cross: a vertex of a search's graph.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Crossing {
+    point: Point,
+    /// The horizontal span, then the vertical one.
+    spans: [u32; 2],
+    /// Its place in the search's columns.
+    place: u32,
+}
+
+/// Searches for orthogonal paths around obstacles over a sparse visibility graph: the free spans of
+/// the lines through the obstacles' corners, the path's two ends, and the window's edges, which meet
+/// where they cross. Its scratch is shared by every search, grown and never shrunk.
+struct Search {
+    /// What a bend costs, in length.
+    bend: f64,
+    /// How far a window reaches past what it frames.
+    margin: f64,
+    /// The graph's vertices: horizontal span by span, each from left to right.
+    crossings: Vec<Crossing>,
+    /// The crossings of each vertical span from bottom to top, span after span.
+    columns: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Where each vertical span's crossings start in `columns`, then where the last ends.
+    starts: Vec<u32>,
+    /// The cheapest cost found to each state: a crossing, and the axis of the step that reached it.
+    costs: Vec<f64>,
+    /// The state each state was reached from.
+    came: Vec<u32>,
+    heap: BinaryHeap<Step>,
+    /// Which crossings a flood has reached, and the order it reached them in.
+    seen: Vec<bool>,
+    queue: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+impl Search {
+    /// A search whose bends cost, and whose windows reach, `reach`.
+    fn new(reach: f64) -> Search {
+        Search {
+            bend: reach,
+            margin: reach,
+            crossings: Vec::new(),
+            columns: Vec::new(),
+            starts: Vec::new(),
+            costs: Vec::new(),
+            came: Vec::new(),
+            heap: BinaryHeap::new(),
+            seen: Vec::new(),
+            queue: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The cheapest orthogonal path for `leg` around the obstacles grown by `by`, from whichever start
+    /// is cheapest, in a window framing the leg and the boxes `around`. The window widens over
+    /// obstacles that wall it in. `None` when the leg's end or every start is inside an obstacle, or no
+    /// way is found.
+    fn path(
+        &mut self,
+        obstacles: &Obstacles,
+        groups: &Groups,
+        leg: &Leg,
+        around: &[Rect],
+        by: f64,
+    ) -> Option<(usize, Vec<Point>)> {
+        let frame = around.iter().fold(dot(leg.to), |frame, owner| union(frame, *owner));
+        let frame = leg.from.iter().fold(frame, |frame, &(start, _)| union(frame, dot(start)));
+        let mut window = grow(frame, self.margin);
+        for _ in 0..=WIDENINGS {
+            let boxes = obstacles.query(grow(window, by), by);
+            let free = |point: Point| !boxes.iter().any(|obstacle| inside(point, obstacle));
+            if !free(leg.to) || !leg.from.iter().any(|&(start, _)| free(start)) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            match self.graph(&boxes, groups, window, leg) {
+                Outcome::Found(source, path) => return Some((source, path)),
+                Outcome::Unreachable => return None,
+                Outcome::Walled => {}
+            }
+            if boxes.iter().all(|obstacle| within(obstacle, &window)) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            window = grow(boxes.iter().fold(window, |walls, obstacle| union(walls, *obstacle)), self.margin);
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Builds the window's visibility graph through `ends` among `boxes`, the grown obstacles that
+    /// meet it; false when it holds too many crossings to search.
+    fn build(&mut self, boxes: &[Rect], window: Rect, ends: &[Point]) -> bool {
+        let horizontal = spans(boxes, window, ends, 0);
+        let vertical = spans(boxes, window, ends, 1);
+        self.crossings.clear();
+        for (row, span) in horizontal.iter().enumerate() {
+            let first = vertical.partition_point(|other| other.line < span.lo);
+            for (column, other) in
+                vertical.iter().enumerate().skip(first).take_while(|(_, other)| other.line <= span.hi)
+            {
+                if other.lo <= span.line && span.line <= other.hi {
+                    let spans = [row as u32, column as u32];
+                    self.crossings.push(Crossing { point: [other.line, span.line], spans, place: 0 });
+                }
+            }
+            if self.crossings.len() > MAX_CROSSINGS {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // Each vertical span's crossings, which come bottom to top as the rows do.
+        self.starts.clear();
+        self.starts.resize(vertical.len() + 1, 0);
+        for crossing in &self.crossings {
+            self.starts[crossing.spans[1] as usize] += 1;
+        }
+        let mut total = 0;
+        for start in &mut self.starts {
+            (*start, total) = (total, total + *start);
+        }
+        let mut cursor = self.starts.clone();
+        self.columns.clear();
+        self.columns.resize(self.crossings.len(), 0);
+        for (index, crossing) in self.crossings.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let at = &mut cursor[crossing.spans[1] as usize];
+            crossing.place = *at;
+            self.columns[*at as usize] = index as u32;
+            *at += 1;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// A* over the window's visibility graph for `leg` among `boxes`, the grown obstacles that meet
+    /// it, its steps costing their crossings of `groups`' borders: each state a crossing and the axis
+    /// of the step that reached it. The groups' lanes, just inside and outside their borders, are
+    /// lines of the graph too.
+    fn graph(&mut self, boxes: &[Rect], groups: &Groups, window: Rect, leg: &Leg) -> Outcome {
+        let groups = groups.within(window);
+        let mut ends: Vec<Point> = leg.from.iter().map(|&(start, _)| start).chain([leg.to]).collect();
+        ends.extend(groups.lanes());
+        if !self.build(boxes, window, &ends) {
+            return Outcome::Unreachable;
+        }
+        let find = |point: Point| self.crossings.iter().position(|crossing| crossing.point == point);
+        let Some(goal) = find(leg.to) else { return Outcome::Unreachable };
+        let sources: Vec<(usize, Option<Point>)> =
+            leg.from.iter().filter_map(|&(start, banned)| find(start).map(|vertex| (vertex, banned))).collect();
+        if sources.is_empty() {
+            return Outcome::Unreachable;
+        }
+        match self.flood(goal, &sources, window) {
+            Reach::Open => {}
+            Reach::Apart => return Outcome::Walled,
+            Reach::Enclosed => return Outcome::Unreachable,
+        }
+        let states = self.crossings.len() * 2;
+        self.costs.clear();
+        self.costs.resize(states, f64::INFINITY);
+        self.came.clear();
+        self.came.resize(states, NOWHERE);
+        self.heap.clear();
+        for &(vertex, _) in &sources {
+            for axis in 0..2 {
+                let state = vertex * 2 + axis;
+                self.costs[state] = 0.0;
+                let estimate = self.estimate(self.crossings[vertex].point, None, leg.to);
+                self.heap.push(Step { estimate, cost: 0.0, state: state as u32 });
+            }
+        }
+        let (mut visits, mut edge) = (0, false);
+        while let Some(Step { cost, state, .. }) = self.heap.pop() {
+            let state = state as usize;
+            if cost > self.costs[state] {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (vertex, axis) = (state / 2, state % 2);
+            if vertex == goal {
+                let path = self.trace(state);
+                let source = leg.from.iter().position(|&(start, _)| start == path[0]).unwrap_or(0);
+                return Outcome::Found(source, path);
+            }
+            visits += 1;
+            if visits > MAX_VISITS {
+                return Outcome::Unreachable;
+            }
+            let crossing = self.crossings[vertex];
+            edge |= on_edge(crossing.point, &window);
+            // A start's first step leaves by any way but its banned one.
+            let first = self.came[state] == NOWHERE;
+            let banned =
+                if first { sources.iter().find(|source| source.0 == vertex).and_then(|source| source.1) } else { None };
+            for (k, next) in self.neighbors(vertex).into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let Some(next) = next else { continue };
+                let along = k / 2;
+                let point = self.crossings[next].point;
+                let way = Some(direction(crossing.point, point));
+                if (banned.is_some() && way == banned) || (next == goal && way == leg.arrive) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let turn = if !first && along != axis { self.bend } else { 0.0 };
+                let value = cost + manhattan(crossing.point, point) + turn + groups.cost(crossing.point, point);
+                let reached = next * 2 + along;
+                if value >= self.costs[reached] {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                self.costs[reached] = value;
+                self.came[reached] = state as u32;
+                let estimate = value + self.estimate(point, Some(along), leg.to);
+                self.heap.push(Step { estimate, cost: value, state: reached as u32 });
+            }
+        }
+        // A start walled in short of the window's edge stays walled in however wide the window.
+        if edge { Outcome::Walled } else { Outcome::Unreachable }
+    }
+
+    /// The least a path can cost from `point`, reached along `axis` (`None` at a start, whose first
+    /// step turns for free), to `to`: its length, and a bend for the turn it still needs.
+    fn estimate(&self, point: Point, axis: Option<usize>, to: Point) -> f64 {
+        let turns = match ([point[0] != to[0], point[1] != to[1]], axis) {
+            ([true, true], _) | ([true, false], Some(1)) | ([false, true], Some(0)) => 1.0,
+            _ => 0.0,
+        };
+        manhattan(point, to) + turns * self.bend
+    }
+
+    /// The crossings next to `vertex`: left and right along its horizontal span, then down and up
+    /// along its vertical one.
+    fn neighbors(&self, vertex: usize) -> [Option<usize>; 4] {
+        let crossing = self.crossings[vertex];
+        let row = |other: usize| self.crossings.get(other).is_some_and(|c| c.spans[0] == crossing.spans[0]);
+        let place = crossing.place as usize;
+        let column = crossing.spans[1] as usize;
+        let (low, high) = (self.starts[column] as usize, self.starts[column + 1] as usize);
+        [
+            vertex.checked_sub(1).filter(|&left| row(left)),
+            Some(vertex + 1).filter(|&right| row(right)),
+            (place > low).then(|| self.columns[place - 1] as usize),
+            (place + 1 < high).then(|| self.columns[place + 1] as usize),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    /// Floods the graph from `goal` for a pocket's worth of crossings, to fail fast where the goal is
+    /// walled in apart from every start.
+    fn flood(&mut self, goal: usize, sources: &[(usize, Option<Point>)], window: Rect) -> Reach {
+        self.seen.clear();
+        self.seen.resize(self.crossings.len(), false);
+        self.queue.clear();
+        self.queue.push(goal);
+        self.seen[goal] = true;
+        let (mut next, mut edge) = (0, false);
+        while let Some(&vertex) = self.queue.get(next) {
+            if next >= POCKET || sources.iter().any(|source| source.0 == vertex) {
+                return Reach::Open;
+            }
+            next += 1;
+            edge |= on_edge(self.crossings[vertex].point, &window);
+            for other in self.neighbors(vertex).into_iter().flatten() {
+                if !self.seen[other] {
+                    self.seen[other] = true;
+                    self.queue.push(other);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if edge { Reach::Apart } else { Reach::Enclosed }
+    }
+
+    /// The path that reached state `goal`, from the start.
+    fn trace(&self, goal: usize) -> Vec<Point> {
+        let mut path = Vec::new();
+        let mut state = goal;
+        loop {
+            path.push(self.crossings[state / 2].point);
+            match self.came[state] {
+                NOWHERE => break,
+                previous => state = previous as usize,
+            }
+        }
+        path.reverse();
+        simplify(&path)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The free spans of lines running along `along` (0: x, 1: y) within `window`, among `boxes`, the
+/// grown obstacles that meet it: through each box's corners, or where its sides' lines enter the
+/// window, through each of `ends`, and every span along the window's edges. Sorted by line, then
+/// start.
+fn spans(boxes: &[Rect], window: Rect, ends: &[Point], along: usize) -> Vec<Span> {
+    let held = 1 - along;
+    let (start, end) = (window[along], window[along + 2]);
+    let (low, high) = (window[held], window[held + 2]);
+    // A seed is a line and a point along it its span holds; NaN takes every span of the line.
+    let mut seeds: Vec<Point> = boxes
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|r| {
+            [[r[held], r[along]], [r[held], r[along + 2]], [r[held + 2], r[along]], [r[held + 2], r[along + 2]]]
+        })
+        .chain(ends.iter().map(|point| [point[held], point[along]]))
+        .filter(|&[line, _]| (low..=high).contains(&line))
+        .map(|[line, at]| [line, at.max(start).min(end)])
+        .chain([[low, f64::NAN], [high, f64::NAN]])
+        .collect();
+    seeds.sort_by(|a, b| a[0].total_cmp(&b[0]).then(a[1].total_cmp(&b[1])));
+    // A sweep across the lines: the boxes whose open stretch across holds the line, by start along.
+    let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..boxes.len()).collect();
+    order.sort_by(|&a, &b| boxes[a][held].total_cmp(&boxes[b][held]).then(a.cmp(&b)));
+    let mut order = order.into_iter().peekable();
+    let mut active: Vec<Rect> = Vec::new();
+    let mut spans = Vec::new();
+    let mut merged: Vec<[f64; 2]> = Vec::new();
+    for seeds in seeds.chunk_by(|a, b| a[0] == b[0]) {
+        let line = seeds[0][0];
+        while let Some(r) = order.next_if(|&next| boxes[next][held] + EPSILON < line).map(|next| boxes[next]) {
+            let at = active.partition_point(|other| other[along] <= r[along]);
+            active.insert(at, r);
+        }
+        active.retain(|r| line < r[held + 2] - EPSILON);
+        // The stretches of the line inside an obstacle, merged where they meet.
+        merged.clear();
+        for r in &active {
+            match merged.last_mut() {
+                Some(last) if r[along] <= last[1] + EPSILON => last[1] = last[1].max(r[along + 2]),
+                _ => merged.push([r[along], r[along + 2]]),
+            }
+        }
+        for &[_, at] in seeds {
+            if at.is_nan() {
+                let mut lo = start;
+                for &[from, to] in &merged {
+                    if lo > end {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if from > lo {
+                        spans.push(Span { line, lo, hi: from.min(end) });
+                    }
+                    lo = lo.max(to);
+                }
+                if lo <= end {
+                    spans.push(Span { line, lo, hi: end });
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let after = merged.partition_point(|stretch| stretch[0] <= at - EPSILON);
+            if after > 0 && merged[after - 1][1] > at + EPSILON {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let lo = if after > 0 { merged[after - 1][1].max(start) } else { start };
+            let hi = merged.get(after).map_or(end, |stretch| stretch[0].min(end));
+            spans.push(Span { line, lo: lo.min(at), hi: hi.max(at) });
+        }
+    }
+    spans.sort_by(|a, b| a.line.total_cmp(&b.line).then(a.lo.total_cmp(&b.lo)));
+    spans.dedup();
+    spans
+}
+
+/// The groups wires route among: boxes they may cross, at a cost.
+struct Groups {
+    boxes: Vec<Rect>,
+    /// How far wires keep from obstacles: a border's lanes lie half of it inside and outside.
+    clearance: f64,
+}
+
+impl Groups {
+    /// What a run from `a` to `b` costs past its length: [`CROSSING`] clearances for each border it
+    /// crosses, and its length again where it runs along a border, nearer than half a clearance.
+    fn cost(&self, a: Point, b: Point) -> f64 {
+        let along = usize::from(a[0] == b[0]);
+        let held = 1 - along;
+        let (lo, hi, line) = (a[along].min(b[along]), a[along].max(b[along]), a[held]);
+        let near = self.clearance / 2.0;
+        let mut cost = 0.0;
+        for r in &self.boxes {
+            if line > r[held] && line < r[held + 2] {
+                let crossed = [r[along], r[along + 2]].iter().filter(|&&side| side > lo && side < hi).count();
+                cost += crossed as f64 * CROSSING * self.clearance;
+            }
+            for side in [r[held], r[held + 2]] {
+                if (line - side).abs() < near {
+                    cost += (hi.min(r[along + 2]) - lo.max(r[along])).max(0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        cost
+    }
+
+    /// The groups meeting `window`.
+    fn within(&self, window: Rect) -> Groups {
+        Groups { boxes: self.boxes.iter().copied().filter(|r| meets(r, &window)).collect(), clearance: self.clearance }
+    }
+
+    /// The corners of the lanes along every group's borders, half a clearance inside and outside each:
+    /// points the search's lines run through.
+    fn lanes(&self) -> Vec<Point> {
+        let half = self.clearance / 2.0;
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for r in &self.boxes {
+            for by in [half, -half] {
+                let g = grow(*r, by);
+                if g[0] < g[2] && g[1] < g[3] {
+                    out.extend([[g[0], g[1]], [g[2], g[1]], [g[0], g[3]], [g[2], g[3]]]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+/// The obstacles routing avoids, with an index over them.
+struct Obstacles<'a> {
+    boxes: &'a [Rect],
+    index: Index,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Obstacles<'a> {
+    /// The obstacles `boxes`, indexed.
+    fn new(boxes: &'a [Rect]) -> Obstacles<'a> {
+        Obstacles { boxes, index: Index::new(boxes) }
+    }
+
+    /// The box of obstacle `owner`, when there is one.
+    fn owned(&self, owner: Option<u32>) -> Option<Rect> {
+        owner.and_then(|owner| self.boxes.get(owner as usize)).copied().filter(valid)
+    }
+
+    /// Visits the obstacles meeting `region`, each grown by `by`, until `visit` returns true; whether
+    /// it did.
+    fn some(&self, region: Rect, by: f64, mut visit: impl FnMut(Rect) -> bool) -> bool {
+        self.index.some(region, &mut |item| visit(grow(self.boxes[item], by)))
+    }
+
+    /// The obstacles meeting `region`, each grown by `by`.
+    fn query(&self, region: Rect, by: f64) -> Vec<Rect> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        self.some(region, by, |obstacle| {
+            out.push(obstacle);
+            false
+        });
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the axis-aligned segment from `a` to `b` keeps out of every obstacle grown by `by`.
+    fn clear(&self, a: Point, b: Point, by: f64) -> bool {
+        let span = grow([a[0].min(b[0]), a[1].min(b[1]), a[0].max(b[0]), a[1].max(b[1])], by);
+        !self.some(span, by, |obstacle| crosses(a, b, &obstacle))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A packed R-tree over the valid boxes: leaves in Z-order of their middles, [`NODE`] children a
+/// node.
+struct Index {
+    /// The box at each leaf.
+    items: Vec<usize>,
+    /// Each node's box: the leaves, then each level up to the root.
+    nodes: Vec<Rect>,
+    /// Where each level's nodes start, leaves first; the last is the node count.
+    starts: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+impl Index {
+    /// An index over `boxes`, leaving out those that are not [`valid`].
+    fn new(boxes: &[Rect]) -> Index {
+        let mut items: Vec<usize> = (0..boxes.len()).filter(|&item| valid(&boxes[item])).collect();
+        let extent = items.iter().fold(EMPTY, |extent, &item| union(extent, boxes[item]));
+        let cell =
+            |v: f64, lo: f64, hi: f64| if hi > lo { ((v - lo) / (hi - lo) * f64::from(u16::MAX)) as u32 } else { 0 };
+        items.sort_by_cached_key(|&item| {
+            let middle = [boxes[item][0].midpoint(boxes[item][2]), boxes[item][1].midpoint(boxes[item][3])];
+            (morton(cell(middle[0], extent[0], extent[2]), cell(middle[1], extent[1], extent[3])), item)
+        });
+        let mut nodes: Vec<Rect> = items.iter().map(|&item| boxes[item]).collect();
+        let mut starts = vec![0];
+        let mut level = 0;
+        loop {
+            let next = nodes.len();
+            starts.push(next);
+            for first in (level..next).step_by(NODE) {
+                let node = nodes[first..(first + NODE).min(next)].iter().fold(EMPTY, |node, child| union(node, *child));
+                nodes.push(node);
+            }
+            if nodes.len() - next <= 1 {
+                break;
+            }
+            level = next;
+        }
+        starts.push(nodes.len());
+        Index { items, nodes, starts }
+    }
+
+    /// Visits the boxes meeting `region` until `visit` returns true; whether it did.
+    fn some(&self, region: Rect, visit: &mut impl FnMut(usize) -> bool) -> bool {
+        let top = self.starts.len() - 2;
+        !self.items.is_empty()
+            && meets(&self.nodes[self.starts[top]], &region)
+            && self.descend(top, self.starts[top], region, visit)
+    }
+
+    /// [`Index::some`] below `node` of `level`.
+    fn descend(&self, level: usize, node: usize, region: Rect, visit: &mut impl FnMut(usize) -> bool) -> bool {
+        let first = self.starts[level - 1] + (node - self.starts[level]) * NODE;
+        let last = (first + NODE).min(self.starts[level]);
+        (first..last).any(|child| {
+            meets(&self.nodes[child], &region)
+                && if level > 1 { self.descend(level - 1, child, region, visit) } else { visit(self.items[child]) }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Position along a Z-order curve on a 65536² grid.
+fn morton(x: u32, y: u32) -> u32 {
+    let spread = |v: u32| {
+        let v = v & 0xffff;
+        let v = (v | (v << 8)) & 0x00ff_00ff;
+        let v = (v | (v << 4)) & 0x0f0f_0f0f;
+        let v = (v | (v << 2)) & 0x3333_3333;
+        (v | (v << 1)) & 0x5555_5555
+    };
+    spread(x) | (spread(y) << 1)
+}
+
+/// Whether a box is finite and not inverted.
+fn valid(r: &Rect) -> bool {
+    r.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) && r[0] <= r[2] && r[1] <= r[3]
+}
+
+/// Whether box `a` lies within box `b`.
+fn within(a: &Rect, b: &Rect) -> bool {
+    a[0] >= b[0] && a[1] >= b[1] && a[2] <= b[2] && a[3] <= b[3]
+}
+
+/// Whether a point is on a box's edge.
+fn on_edge(p: Point, r: &Rect) -> bool {
+    p[0] == r[0] || p[0] == r[2] || p[1] == r[1] || p[1] == r[3]
+}
+
+/// Whether a point is strictly inside a box.
+fn inside(p: Point, r: &Rect) -> bool {
+    p[0] > r[0] + EPSILON && p[0] < r[2] - EPSILON && p[1] > r[1] + EPSILON && p[1] < r[3] - EPSILON
+}
+
+/// Whether the axis-aligned segment from `a` to `b` passes through a box's interior.
+fn crosses(a: Point, b: Point, r: &Rect) -> bool {
+    // A vertical segment holds its x and runs along y; a horizontal one holds its y.
+    let held = usize::from(a[0] != b[0]);
+    let runs = 1 - held;
+    a[held] > r[held] + EPSILON
+        && a[held] < r[held + 2] - EPSILON
+        && a[runs].max(b[runs]) > r[runs] + EPSILON
+        && a[runs].min(b[runs]) < r[runs + 2] - EPSILON
+}
+
+/// Whether `v` lies between `a` and `b`, either way round.
+fn between(v: f64, a: f64, b: f64) -> bool {
+    a.min(b) <= v && v <= a.max(b)
+}
+
+/// The length of an orthogonal path between two points.
+fn manhattan(a: Point, b: Point) -> f64 {
+    (a[0] - b[0]).abs() + (a[1] - b[1]).abs()
+}
+
+/// −1, 0, or 1 as `v` is below, at, or above zero.
+fn sign(v: f64) -> f64 {
+    if v > 0.0 {
+        1.0
+    } else if v < 0.0 {
+        -1.0
+    } else {
+        0.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// The axis signs of the way from one point to another.
+fn direction(from: Point, to: Point) -> Point {
+    [sign(to[0] - from[0]), sign(to[1] - from[1])]
+}
+
+/// A path's points without repeats or in-line middles.
+pub(crate) fn simplify(path: &[Point]) -> Vec<Point> {
+    let mut out: Vec<Point> = Vec::with_capacity(path.len());
+    for &p in path {
+        if out.last() == Some(&p) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let [.., a, b] = out[..]
+            && ((a[0] == b[0] && b[0] == p[0]) || (a[1] == b[1] && b[1] == p[1]))
+        {
+            out.pop();
+        }
+        out.push(p);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// A net's chain of segments along one line, which a track moves as one.
+struct Run {
+    net: usize,
+    /// The joints it carries.
+    joints: Vec<usize>,
+    /// The line's coordinate on the axis tracks move it along.
+    line: f64,
+    /// Where it starts and ends along the line.
+    along: [f64; 2],
+    /// Where its ends turn: below zero toward lower lines, above toward higher.
+    turn: f64,
+    /// The lines tracks may move it between; one line for a run holding a terminal.
+    limits: [f64; 2],
+}
+
+impl Run {
+    /// Whether it holds a terminal, so no track moves it.
+    fn held(&self) -> bool {
+        self.limits[0] == self.limits[1]
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every net's runs on lines across `axis`: maximal chains of segments along one line through
+/// joints. A stub's end keeps `least` off its terminal.
+fn runs(trees: &[Option<Tree>], axis: usize, least: f64) -> Vec<Run> {
+    let mut runs = Vec::new();
+    for (net, tree) in trees.iter().enumerate() {
+        let Some(tree) = tree else { continue };
+        let count = tree.points.len();
+        let line = |joint: usize| tree.points[joint][axis];
+        let along = |joint: usize| tree.points[joint][1 - axis];
+        let on_line = |a: usize, b: usize| line(a) == line(b) && along(a) != along(b);
+        let mut neighbors = vec![Vec::new(); count];
+        for child in 1..count {
+            let parent = tree.parent[child];
+            neighbors[child].push(parent);
+            neighbors[parent].push(child);
+        }
+        let mut component = vec![NONE; count];
+        for seed in 0..count {
+            if component[seed] != NONE || !neighbors[seed].iter().any(|&other| on_line(seed, other)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut joints = Vec::new();
+            let mut stack = vec![seed];
+            component[seed] = seed;
+            while let Some(joint) = stack.pop() {
+                joints.push(joint);
+                for &other in &neighbors[joint] {
+                    if component[other] == NONE && on_line(joint, other) {
+                        component[other] = seed;
+                        stack.push(other);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            let (mut first, mut last) = (joints[0], joints[0]);
+            let mut limits = [f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::INFINITY];
+            for &joint in &joints {
+                if along(joint) < along(first) {
+                    first = joint;
+                }
+                if along(joint) > along(last) {
+                    last = joint;
+                }
+                match tree.joints[joint] {
+                    Joint::Terminal => limits = [line(joint); 2],
+                    Joint::Stub(terminal) => {
+                        let out = sign(line(joint) - line(terminal));
+                        if out > 0.0 {
+                            limits[0] = limits[0].max(line(terminal) + least);
+                        } else if out < 0.0 {
+                            limits[1] = limits[1].min(line(terminal) - least);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Joint::Bend => {}
+                }
+            }
+            let turn = |joint: usize| -> f64 {
+                neighbors[joint]
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&&other| component[other] != seed)
+                    .map(|&other| sign(line(other) - line(joint)))
+                    .sum()
+            };
+            let at = line(seed);
+            runs.push(Run {
+                net,
+                line: at,
+                along: [along(first), along(last)],
+                turn: turn(first) + turn(last),
+                limits: [limits[0].min(at), limits[1].max(at)],
+                joints,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    runs
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const SPACING: f64 = 8.0;
+
+    /// A terminal at `at` on `side` of obstacle `owner`.
+    fn on(at: Point, side: Side, owner: u32) -> Terminal {
+        Terminal { at, side: Some(side), owner: Some(owner) }
+    }
+
+    /// Every segment of a net's polylines.
+    fn segments(wire: &[Vec<Point>]) -> Vec<[Point; 2]> {
+        wire.iter().flat_map(|line| line.windows(2).map(|pair| [pair[0], pair[1]])).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether every segment runs horizontally or vertically.
+    fn orthogonal(wire: &[Vec<Point>]) -> bool {
+        segments(wire).iter().all(|[a, b]| a[0] == b[0] || a[1] == b[1])
+    }
+
+    /// Whether no segment passes through any of `boxes`.
+    fn outside(wire: &[Vec<Point>], boxes: &[Rect]) -> bool {
+        segments(wire).iter().all(|[a, b]| boxes.iter().all(|r| !crosses(*a, *b, r)))
+    }
+
+    /// The point next to the terminal at `at` on its wire: the way the wire leaves it.
+    fn leaving(wire: &[Vec<Point>], at: Point) -> Point {
+        wire.iter()
+            .find_map(|line| match line[..] {
+                [first, next, ..] if first == at => Some(next),
+                [.., next, last] if last == at => Some(next),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .expect("the wire ends at the terminal")
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the polylines make one tree reaching every terminal: each starts at the first terminal
+    /// or where another ends.
+    fn one_tree(wire: &[Vec<Point>], terminals: &[Terminal]) -> bool {
+        let mut reached = vec![terminals[0].at];
+        let mut joined = vec![false; wire.len()];
+        while let Some(line) = (0..wire.len()).find(|&line| !joined[line] && reached.contains(&wire[line][0])) {
+            joined[line] = true;
+            reached.extend(wire[line].last());
+        }
+        joined.iter().all(|&joined| joined) && terminals.iter().all(|terminal| reached.contains(&terminal.at))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn side_by_side_boxes_join_by_a_straight_run() {
+        let boxes = [[0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0], [100.0, 0.0, 120.0, 20.0]];
+        let nets = [Net { terminals: vec![on([20.0, 10.0], Side::Right, 0), on([100.0, 10.0], Side::Left, 1)] }];
+        assert_eq!(route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING), vec![vec![vec![[20.0, 10.0], [100.0, 10.0]]]]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_wire_bends_around_an_obstacle_between() {
+        let boxes = [[0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0], [200.0, 0.0, 220.0, 20.0], [80.0, -30.0, 140.0, 50.0]];
+        let nets = [Net { terminals: vec![on([20.0, 10.0], Side::Right, 0), on([200.0, 10.0], Side::Left, 1)] }];
+        let wire = &route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING)[0];
+        assert!(orthogonal(wire), "{wire:?}");
+        assert!(segments(wire).len() > 2, "it bends: {wire:?}");
+        assert!(outside(wire, &boxes), "{wire:?}");
+        assert!(one_tree(wire, &nets[0].terminals), "{wire:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wires_go_around_groups_they_do_not_join() {
+        // A thin group on the straight way between two blocks: through it is shorter, around keeps out.
+        let boxes = [[20.0, 45.0, 40.0, 55.0], [160.0, 45.0, 180.0, 55.0]];
+        let group = [90.0, 44.0, 110.0, 56.0];
+        let nets = [Net { terminals: vec![on([40.0, 50.0], Side::Right, 0), on([160.0, 50.0], Side::Left, 1)] }];
+        let through = &route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING)[0];
+        assert_eq!(segments(through).len(), 1, "without the group, straight: {through:?}");
+        let around = &route(&boxes, &[group], &nets, &[], SPACING)[0];
+        assert!(outside(around, &[group]), "with it, around: {around:?}");
+        assert!(orthogonal(around) && one_tree(around, &nets[0].terminals), "{around:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bends_meeting_on_a_short_run_repeat_no_point() {
+        // An S-bend whose middle run is shorter than two radii: the arcs of its bends meet halfway.
+        let wire = finish(&[vec![[0.0, 0.0], [20.0, 0.0], [20.0, 10.0], [40.0, 10.0]]], 8.0);
+        let line = &wire[0];
+        assert!(line.windows(2).all(|w| manhattan(w[0], w[1]) > EPSILON), "no point twice: {line:?}");
+        assert_eq!((line[0], line[line.len() - 1]), ([0.0, 0.0], [40.0, 10.0]));
+        // A part ending where another starts still doubles its end: a junction.
+        let tree = finish(&[vec![[0.0, 0.0], [10.0, 0.0]], vec![[10.0, 0.0], [10.0, 10.0]]], 8.0);
+        assert_eq!(tree[0], [[0.0, 0.0], [10.0, 0.0], [10.0, 0.0]]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn crossing_and_running_along_a_border_cost() {
+        let groups = Groups { boxes: vec![[0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 90.0]], clearance: 2.0 * SPACING };
+        assert_eq!(groups.cost([-10.0, 10.0], [10.0, 10.0]), CROSSING * 2.0 * SPACING, "a crossing");
+        assert_eq!(groups.cost([10.0, 10.0], [20.0, 10.0]), 0.0, "inside, away from the border");
+        assert_eq!(groups.cost([10.0, 88.0], [30.0, 88.0]), 20.0, "along the border");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_wall_too_long_for_the_window_is_gone_around() {
+        let boxes = [
+            [0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0],
+            [200.0, 0.0, 220.0, 20.0],
+            [80.0, -100.0, 100.0, 120.0],
+            [100.0, -400.0, 120.0, 90.0],
+        ];
+        let nets = [Net { terminals: vec![on([20.0, 10.0], Side::Right, 0), on([200.0, 10.0], Side::Left, 1)] }];
+        let wire = &route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING)[0];
+        assert!(orthogonal(wire) && outside(wire, &boxes), "{wire:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn terminals_leave_along_their_sides() {
+        let boxes = [
+            [0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0],
+            [100.0, 100.0, 120.0, 120.0],
+            [0.0, 200.0, 20.0, 220.0],
+            [100.0, -100.0, 120.0, -80.0],
+        ];
+        let nets = [
+            Net { terminals: vec![on([10.0, 20.0], Side::Top, 0), on([100.0, 110.0], Side::Left, 1)] },
+            Net { terminals: vec![on([10.0, 200.0], Side::Bottom, 2), on([120.0, -90.0], Side::Right, 3)] },
+        ];
+        let routes = route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING);
+        for (net, wire) in nets.iter().zip(&routes) {
+            assert!(orthogonal(wire) && outside(wire, &boxes), "{wire:?}");
+            for terminal in &net.terminals {
+                let next = leaving(wire, terminal.at);
+                let out = [next[0] - terminal.at[0], next[1] - terminal.at[1]];
+                let normal = terminal.side.expect("a side").normal();
+                let ahead = out[0] * normal[0] + out[1] * normal[1];
+                assert!(ahead > 0.0 && ahead == manhattan(next, terminal.at), "{terminal:?} leaves toward {next:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_net_of_three_terminals_is_one_tree() {
+        let boxes = [[0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0], [100.0, -60.0, 120.0, -40.0], [100.0, 60.0, 120.0, 80.0]];
+        let net = Net {
+            terminals: vec![
+                on([20.0, 10.0], Side::Right, 0),
+                on([100.0, -50.0], Side::Left, 1),
+                on([100.0, 70.0], Side::Left, 2),
+            ],
+        };
+        let wire = &route(&boxes, &[], std::slice::from_ref(&net), &[], SPACING)[0];
+        assert!(wire.len() >= 3, "a junction splits it: {wire:?}");
+        assert!(orthogonal(wire) && outside(wire, &boxes), "{wire:?}");
+        assert!(one_tree(wire, &net.terminals), "{wire:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parallel_runs_of_different_nets_keep_spacing_apart() {
+        let boxes =
+            [[0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0], [0.0, 30.0, 20.0, 50.0], [100.0, 60.0, 120.0, 80.0], [100.0, 90.0, 120.0, 110.0]];
+        let nets = [
+            Net { terminals: vec![on([20.0, 10.0], Side::Right, 0), on([100.0, 70.0], Side::Left, 2)] },
+            Net { terminals: vec![on([20.0, 40.0], Side::Right, 1), on([100.0, 100.0], Side::Left, 3)] },
+        ];
+        let routes = route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING);
+        // A segment as the axis it runs along, its line, and its extent along it.
+        let run = |[a, b]: [Point; 2]| {
+            let axis = usize::from(a[0] == b[0]);
+            (axis, a[1 - axis], [a[axis].min(b[axis]), a[axis].max(b[axis])])
+        };
+        let mut beside = 0;
+        for one in segments(&routes[0]).into_iter().map(run) {
+            for other in segments(&routes[1]).into_iter().map(run) {
+                let overlap = one.2[1].min(other.2[1]) - one.2[0].max(other.2[0]);
+                if one.0 != other.0 || overlap <= EPSILON {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let apart = (one.1 - other.1).abs();
+                assert!(apart >= SPACING - EPSILON, "runs {apart} apart: {routes:?}");
+                beside += usize::from(apart < 2.0 * SPACING);
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(beside > 0, "the nets run side by side: {routes:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_enclosed_terminal_still_gets_an_orthogonal_route() {
+        let ring = [
+            [80.0, 40.0, 140.0, 50.0],
+            [80.0, -30.0, 140.0, -20.0],
+            [80.0, -30.0, 90.0, 50.0],
+            [130.0, -30.0, 140.0, 50.0],
+        ];
+        let mut boxes = vec![[0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0], [100.0, 0.0, 120.0, 20.0]];
+        boxes.extend(ring);
+        let nets = [Net { terminals: vec![on([20.0, 10.0], Side::Right, 0), on([100.0, 10.0], Side::Left, 1)] }];
+        let wire = &route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING)[0];
+        assert!(orthogonal(wire) && one_tree(wire, &nets[0].terminals), "{wire:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_crowded_grid_routes_alike_every_time() {
+        let mut boxes = Vec::new();
+        for row in 0..30 {
+            for column in 0..30 {
+                let (x, y) = (f64::from(column) * 60.0, f64::from(row) * 50.0);
+                boxes.push([x, y, x + 30.0, y + 20.0]);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut seed = 0x2545_f491_u32;
+        let mut next = move |below: u32| {
+            seed ^= seed << 13;
+            seed ^= seed >> 17;
+            seed ^= seed << 5;
+            seed % below
+        };
+        let sides = [Side::Left, Side::Right, Side::Top, Side::Bottom];
+        let nets: Vec<Net> = (0..300)
+            .map(|n| {
+                let terminals = (0..if n % 5 == 0 { 3 } else { 2 })
+                    .map(|_| {
+                        let owner = next(900);
+                        let r: Rect = boxes[owner as usize];
+                        let side = sides[next(4) as usize];
+                        let at = match side {
+                            Side::Left => [r[0], r[1].midpoint(r[3])],
+                            Side::Right => [r[2], r[1].midpoint(r[3])],
+                            Side::Top => [r[0].midpoint(r[2]), r[3]],
+                            Side::Bottom => [r[0].midpoint(r[2]), r[1]],
+                        };
+                        on(at, side, owner)
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+                Net { terminals }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let routes = route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING);
+        assert_eq!(routes, route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING), "the same input routes the same");
+        for (net, wire) in nets.iter().zip(&routes) {
+            assert!(orthogonal(wire), "{wire:?}");
+            assert!(one_tree(wire, &net.terminals), "{net:?}: {wire:?}");
+            let others: Vec<Rect> = (0..boxes.len())
+                .filter(|&other| net.terminals.iter().all(|terminal| terminal.owner != Some(other as u32)))
+                .map(|other| boxes[other])
+                .collect();
+            assert!(outside(wire, &others), "{net:?}: {wire:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nets_without_two_terminals_get_nothing() {
+        let free = Terminal { at: [0.0, 0.0], side: None, owner: None };
+        let nets = [
+            Net::default(),
+            Net { terminals: vec![free] },
+            Net { terminals: vec![free, Terminal { at: [f64::NAN, 0.0], ..free }] },
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(route(&[], &[], &nets, &[], SPACING), vec![Vec::<Vec<Point>>::new(); 3]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn terminals_without_sides_leave_toward_the_rest_of_the_net() {
+        let boxes = [[0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 20.0]];
+        let nets = [Net {
+            terminals: vec![
+                Terminal { at: [20.0, 10.0], side: None, owner: Some(0) },
+                Terminal { at: [100.0, 50.0], side: None, owner: None },
+            ],
+        }];
+        let wire = &route(&boxes, &[], &nets, &[], SPACING)[0];
+        assert!(orthogonal(wire) && outside(wire, &boxes), "{wire:?}");
+        assert_eq!(leaving(wire, [20.0, 10.0])[1], 10.0, "it leaves by the side it is on: {wire:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/layout/stress.rs b/crates/latkit/src/layout/stress.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97d97e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/layout/stress.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+//! Stress majorization: vertices at graph distances, then their boxes parted. Each vertex's terms are
+//! its neighbors a gap away and a few pivots at their graph distance, so a round costs O(vertices ×
+//! pivots). Pinned vertices hold the rest; vertices start near the pinned ones they link to, or
+//! around their part's most linked vertex, and parts nothing pins pack apart. Groups nest as
+//! [`nested`] lays them out: a group's members settle by stress among themselves, and the group by
+//! stress among the vertices and groups beside it.
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+use super::levels::{Graph, Level, nested};
+use super::overlap::separate;
+use super::pack::pack;
+
+/// Jacobi rounds stress runs.
+const ROUNDS: usize = 240;
+/// Pivots stress measures graph distances from, and the distances it keeps in all.
+const PIVOTS: usize = 32;
+const DISTANCES: usize = 8_000_000;
+/// The share of the gap vertices' boxes keep clear of each other.
+const CLEARANCE: f64 = 0.25;
+
+/// Every vertex's center: neighbors `gap` apart, pinned vertices where they are, boxes a quarter of
+/// the gap clear of each other; links' directions do not matter.
+pub(crate) fn stress(graph: &Graph<'_>, gap: f64) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    nested(graph, |level| place(level, gap))
+}
+
+/// One level's centers.
+fn place(level: &Level, gap: f64) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let n = level.sizes.len();
+    if n == 0 {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let (offsets, targets) = neighbors(n, &level.links);
+    let terms = terms(n, gap, &offsets, &targets);
+    let mut position = start(level, gap, &offsets, &targets);
+    let mut next = position.clone();
+    for _ in 0..ROUNDS {
+        for v in 0..n {
+            if let Some(pin) = level.pinned[v] {
+                next[v] = pin;
+                continue;
+            }
+            let here = position[v];
+            let (mut sum, mut weights) = ([0.0; 2], 0.0);
+            for &(other, distance, weight) in &terms[v] {
+                let there = position[other as usize];
+                let apart = [here[0] - there[0], here[1] - there[1]];
+                let length = apart[0].hypot(apart[1]);
+                // Vertices at one point part along a direction of their own.
+                let toward = if length > 1e-9 {
+                    [apart[0] / length, apart[1] / length]
+                } else {
+                    let angle = v as f64;
+                    [angle.cos(), angle.sin()]
+                };
+                sum = [
+                    sum[0] + weight * (there[0] + distance * toward[0]),
+                    sum[1] + weight * (there[1] + distance * toward[1]),
+                ];
+                weights += weight;
+            }
+            next[v] = if weights > 0.0 { [sum[0] / weights, sum[1] / weights] } else { here };
+        }
+        std::mem::swap(&mut position, &mut next);
+    }
+    let boxes: Vec<[f64; 4]> =
+        position.iter().zip(&level.sizes).map(|(p, s)| [p[0], p[1], s[0] / 2.0, s[1] / 2.0]).collect();
+    let pinned: Vec<bool> = level.pinned.iter().map(Option::is_some).collect();
+    separate(&boxes, &pinned, gap * CLEARANCE)
+}
+
+/// Each vertex's terms: its neighbors one `gap` away, weighted by the inverse square, and pivots at
+/// their graph distance, weighted by the vertices nearer the pivot than half that distance.
+fn terms(n: usize, gap: f64, offsets: &[u32], targets: &[u32]) -> Vec<Vec<(u32, f64, f64)>> {
+    let degree = |v: usize| offsets[v + 1] - offsets[v];
+    // Pivots far from each other: each the vertex farthest from those before, other parts first.
+    let count = PIVOTS.min(n).min((DISTANCES / n.max(1)).max(2));
+    let mut pivots: Vec<(usize, Vec<u32>)> = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+    let mut nearest = vec![u32::MAX; n];
+    let mut next = (0..n).max_by_key(|&v| degree(v)).unwrap_or(0);
+    while pivots.len() < count {
+        let distance = hops(next, offsets, targets);
+        for (near, &d) in nearest.iter_mut().zip(&distance) {
+            *near = (*near).min(d);
+        }
+        pivots.push((next, distance));
+        let Some(far) = (0..n).max_by_key(|&v| (nearest[v], degree(v))) else { break };
+        if nearest[far] == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        next = far;
+    }
+    // Each pivot's region, as the sorted distances of the vertices nearest it.
+    let mut regions: Vec<Vec<u32>> = vec![Vec::new(); pivots.len()];
+    for v in 0..n {
+        let closest = pivots.iter().enumerate().map(|(p, (_, d))| (p, d[v])).filter(|&(_, d)| d != u32::MAX);
+        if let Some((p, d)) = closest.min_by_key(|&(_, d)| d) {
+            regions[p].push(d);
+        }
+    }
+    for region in &mut regions {
+        region.sort_unstable();
+    }
+    let weight = 1.0 / (gap * gap);
+    (0..n)
+        .map(|v| {
+            let mut own: Vec<(u32, f64, f64)> =
+                targets[offsets[v] as usize..offsets[v + 1] as usize].iter().map(|&w| (w, gap, weight)).collect();
+            for (p, (pivot, distance)) in pivots.iter().enumerate() {
+                let d = distance[v];
+                if *pivot == v || d == u32::MAX || d <= 1 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let held = regions[p].partition_point(|&r| 2 * r <= d).max(1) as f64;
+                let apart = gap * f64::from(d);
+                own.push((*pivot as u32, apart, held / (apart * apart)));
+            }
+            own
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Where stress starts each vertex. A part holding pinned vertices starts around their middle, each
+/// free vertex a gap per hop from the nearest of them; a part nothing pins starts around its most
+/// linked vertex on a golden-angle spiral, and such parts pack apart below the pinned ones.
+fn start(level: &Level, gap: f64, offsets: &[u32], targets: &[u32]) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let n = level.sizes.len();
+    let mut start = vec![[0.0; 2]; n];
+    let mut part = vec![u32::MAX; n];
+    let mut parts: Vec<Vec<usize>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..n).collect();
+    order.sort_by_key(|&v| (level.pinned[v].is_none(), std::cmp::Reverse(offsets[v + 1] - offsets[v])));
+    for &root in &order {
+        if part[root] != u32::MAX {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let id = parts.len() as u32;
+        part[root] = id;
+        let mut inside = vec![root];
+        let mut k = 0;
+        while k < inside.len() {
+            let v = inside[k];
+            k += 1;
+            for &w in &targets[offsets[v] as usize..offsets[v + 1] as usize] {
+                if part[w as usize] == u32::MAX {
+                    part[w as usize] = id;
+                    inside.push(w as usize);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        parts.push(inside);
+    }
+    let mut loose: Vec<(usize, [f64; 2])> = Vec::new();
+    let spiral = |v: usize, hops: u32| {
+        let angle = v as f64 * 2.399_963_229_728_653;
+        let radius = gap * f64::from(hops) + gap * 0.1 * (v % 7) as f64;
+        [radius * angle.cos(), radius * angle.sin()]
+    };
+    for (p, inside) in parts.iter().enumerate() {
+        let pins: Vec<[f64; 2]> = inside.iter().filter_map(|&v| level.pinned[v]).collect();
+        // Hops from the pinned vertices, or from the part's first, most linked one.
+        let sources: Vec<usize> = if pins.is_empty() {
+            vec![inside[0]]
+        } else {
+            inside.iter().copied().filter(|&v| level.pinned[v].is_some()).collect()
+        };
+        let mut hop = vec![u32::MAX; n];
+        let mut from = vec![usize::MAX; n];
+        let mut queue: VecDeque<usize> = VecDeque::new();
+        for &s in &sources {
+            hop[s] = 0;
+            from[s] = s;
+            queue.push_back(s);
+        }
+        while let Some(v) = queue.pop_front() {
+            for &w in &targets[offsets[v] as usize..offsets[v + 1] as usize] {
+                if hop[w as usize] == u32::MAX {
+                    hop[w as usize] = hop[v] + 1;
+                    from[w as usize] = from[v];
+                    queue.push_back(w as usize);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if pins.is_empty() {
+            let mut reach: f64 = 0.0;
+            for &v in inside {
+                start[v] = spiral(v, hop[v]);
+                reach = reach.max(start[v][0].hypot(start[v][1]));
+            }
+            loose.push((p, [2.0 * reach + gap, 2.0 * reach + gap]));
+            continue;
+        }
+        for &v in inside {
+            start[v] = level.pinned[v].unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let anchor = level.pinned[from[v]].unwrap_or(pins[0]);
+                let offset = spiral(v, hop[v]);
+                [anchor[0] + offset[0], anchor[1] + offset[1]]
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    if loose.is_empty() {
+        return start;
+    }
+    // Parts nothing pins pack in rows below whatever is pinned.
+    let pinned: Vec<[f64; 2]> = level.pinned.iter().flatten().copied().collect();
+    let below = pinned.iter().map(|p| p[1]).fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min);
+    let left = pinned.iter().map(|p| p[0]).fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min);
+    let origin = if pinned.is_empty() { [0.0, 0.0] } else { [left, below - 2.0 * gap] };
+    let boxes: Vec<[f64; 2]> = loose.iter().map(|(_, b)| *b).collect();
+    for ((p, size), corner) in loose.iter().zip(pack(&boxes, gap, 16.0 / 9.0)) {
+        let center = [origin[0] + corner[0] + size[0] / 2.0, origin[1] + corner[1] - size[1] / 2.0];
+        for &v in &parts[*p] {
+            start[v] = [center[0] + start[v][0], center[1] + start[v][1]];
+        }
+    }
+    start
+}
+
+/// Each vertex's neighbors, once each.
+fn neighbors(n: usize, links: &[[u32; 2]]) -> (Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>) {
+    let mut pairs: Vec<(u32, u32)> = links
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|[a, b]| a != b && (*a as usize) < n && (*b as usize) < n)
+        .flat_map(|&[a, b]| [(a, b), (b, a)])
+        .collect();
+    pairs.sort_unstable();
+    pairs.dedup();
+    let mut offsets = vec![0_u32; n + 1];
+    for &(a, _) in &pairs {
+        offsets[a as usize + 1] += 1;
+    }
+    for i in 0..n {
+        offsets[i + 1] += offsets[i];
+    }
+    (offsets, pairs.into_iter().map(|(_, b)| b).collect())
+}
+
+/// Hops from `from` to every vertex; `u32::MAX` where none lead.
+fn hops(from: usize, offsets: &[u32], targets: &[u32]) -> Vec<u32> {
+    let mut distance = vec![u32::MAX; offsets.len() - 1];
+    let mut queue = VecDeque::from([from]);
+    distance[from] = 0;
+    while let Some(v) = queue.pop_front() {
+        for &w in &targets[offsets[v] as usize..offsets[v + 1] as usize] {
+            if distance[w as usize] == u32::MAX {
+                distance[w as usize] = distance[v] + 1;
+                queue.push_back(w as usize);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    distance
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn apart(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]) -> f64 {
+        (a[0] - b[0]).hypot(a[1] - b[1])
+    }
+
+    /// `sizes` laid out by stress with `links`, `pinned`, and `groups`, groups padding their members by 5.
+    fn laid(
+        sizes: &[[f64; 2]],
+        links: &[[u32; 2]],
+        pinned: &[Option<[f64; 2]>],
+        groups: &[Option<u32>],
+        gap: f64,
+    ) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+        let pads = vec![[5.0; 4]; sizes.len()];
+        stress(&Graph { sizes, links, pinned, groups, pads: &pads }, gap)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn neighbors_settle_a_gap_apart_and_leaves_spread() {
+        // A chain 0 → 1 → 2 and a branch 1 → 3.
+        let p = laid(&[[4.0, 4.0]; 4], &[[0, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3]], &[None; 4], &[None; 4], 40.0);
+        for (a, b) in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3)] {
+            assert!((apart(p[a], p[b]) - 40.0).abs() < 14.0, "{a}–{b}: {p:?}");
+        }
+        assert!(apart(p[2], p[3]) > 56.0, "leaves spread: {p:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pins_hold_and_boxes_part() {
+        let pinned = [Some([-100.0, 60.0]), None, None, None];
+        let p = laid(&[[60.0, 20.0]; 4], &[[0, 1], [1, 2], [1, 3]], &pinned, &[None; 4], 10.0);
+        assert_eq!(p[0], [-100.0, 60.0]);
+        for i in 0..4 {
+            for j in i + 1..4 {
+                let (dx, dy) = ((p[i][0] - p[j][0]).abs(), (p[i][1] - p[j][1]).abs());
+                assert!(dx >= 60.0 || dy >= 20.0, "{i} and {j} overlap: {p:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn groups_hold_their_members_apart_from_each_other() {
+        // Groups 0 and 1 hold three linked vertices each, and link through their members.
+        let sizes =
+            [[0.0; 2], [0.0; 2], [20.0, 10.0], [20.0, 10.0], [20.0, 10.0], [20.0, 10.0], [20.0, 10.0], [20.0, 10.0]];
+        let groups = [None, None, Some(0), Some(0), Some(0), Some(1), Some(1), Some(1)];
+        let links = [[2, 3], [3, 4], [5, 6], [6, 7], [4, 5]];
+        let p = laid(&sizes, &links, &[None; 8], &groups, 40.0);
+        let frame = |members: &[usize]| {
+            let boxes = members.iter().map(|&m| super::super::levels::frame(p[m], sizes[m]));
+            let b = super::super::levels::bounds(boxes);
+            [b[0] - 5.0, b[1] - 5.0, b[2] + 5.0, b[3] + 5.0]
+        };
+        let (a, b) = (frame(&[2, 3, 4]), frame(&[5, 6, 7]));
+        let overlap = a[0] < b[2] && b[0] < a[2] && a[1] < b[3] && b[1] < a[3];
+        assert!(!overlap, "the groups' boxes stand apart: {a:?} {b:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/lib.rs b/crates/latkit/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b029e8d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//! Columnar data drawn as vertices, edges, lines, and areas on the GPU.
+//!
+//! A [`Data`] is a named collection of [`Table`]s, changed in place by [`Patch`]es; a clone is an
+//! O(1) snapshot. A [`Scene`] describes what to draw and how it answers input: marks that name tables
+//! of data, in a space, with a theme and controls. A [`View`] draws a scene into any wgpu frame, is
+//! given the data by name, and turns platform [`Input`] into [`Event`]s.
+//!
+//! Every input is plain data that deserializes: [`from_json`] reads one from JSON text, an error
+//! naming the path to what it could not read, and [`schema`] gives its JSON Schema.
+
+// Without `gpu`, some of the data's internals have no reader.
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "gpu"), allow(dead_code))]
+mod data;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod derive;
+mod error;
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "gpu"), allow(dead_code))]
+mod expr;
+mod geo;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod gpu;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub mod host;
+mod image;
+mod json;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod layout;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod panels;
+mod pending;
+pub mod resource;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod scene;
+mod schema;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod sheet;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod shot;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod tiles;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod time;
+mod url;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod video;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+mod view;
+#[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub mod web;
+
+pub use data::{
+    Data, DecodeLimits, Description, Envelope, FieldDescription, Id, Ids, Kind, Name, Patch, Row, Rows, Table,
+    TableDescription, Value, Values,
+};
+pub use data::{Order, Patches, Query};
+pub use error::{Error, Path, Result, Step};
+pub use expr::{
+    Color, Colormap, ColormapKind, Expr, Mapped, Size, Stop, Then, When, elapsed, field, hovered, pointer, selected,
+    units, when, zoom,
+};
+pub use image::{Image, ImageFormat};
+pub use json::from_json;
+pub use pending::{Pending, Resolver};
+pub use schema::schema;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub use schema::schemas;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub use {
+    gpu::{Budget, DeviceEvents, Gpu, work::Work},
+    panels::Panels,
+    scene::{
+        Areas, Axis, Controls, Diagram, Direction, Earth, Edges, Faces, Flow, Format, Grid, Interpolation, Label,
+        Layered, Layout, Lines, Mark, Marker, Motion, Plane, Plot, Port, Projection, Route, Scene, Shadow, Shape, Side,
+        Space, Stress, Theme, Vertices, Zoom,
+    },
+    shot::Shot,
+    tiles::Tiles,
+    video::{Encoding, Mp4, Pixels, Sink, Video},
+    view::{
+        Button, Camera, Cursor, Device, End, Event, Fit, Frame, Hit, Input, Key, Modifiers, Phase, Sample, Stats,
+        Trigger, View, Waiting,
+    },
+};
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/panels.rs b/crates/latkit/src/panels.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48b8ff59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/panels.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//! Panels: where views draw in a target they share. A canvas showing several views and a picture or
+//! video composing them lay their views out the same way.
+
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// Where each of several views draws in a target: x, y, width, and height as fractions of it, a
+/// panel per view, in order; a later panel draws over an earlier one. None given is one view filling
+/// the target.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use latkit::Panels;
+/// let map_over_plot = Panels::from([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.8], [0.0, 0.8, 1.0, 0.2]]);
+/// assert_eq!(map_over_plot.len(), 2);
+/// assert_eq!(Panels::default().len(), 1);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Default, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(transparent)]
+pub struct Panels(Vec<[f32; 4]>);
+
+impl Panels {
+    /// How many views the panels take: one when none are given.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len().max(1)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether no parts were given, so one view fills the target.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// The pixels of a target of `size` each view draws in, edges on multiples of `align`.
+    pub(crate) fn rects(&self, size: [u32; 2], align: [u32; 2]) -> Result<Vec<Rect>> {
+        let whole = [[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]];
+        let parts = if self.0.is_empty() { &whole[..] } else { &self.0[..] };
+        let edge = |f: f32, length: u32, align: u32| {
+            let units = (f64::from(f.clamp(0.0, 1.0)) * f64::from(length) / f64::from(align)).round() as u32;
+            (units * align).min(length)
+        };
+        parts
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| {
+                let x = [edge(p[0], size[0], align[0]), edge(p[0] + p[2], size[0], align[0])];
+                let y = [edge(p[1], size[1], align[1]), edge(p[1] + p[3], size[1], align[1])];
+                if x[1] <= x[0] || y[1] <= y[0] {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid(format!("panel {p:?} covers no pixels")).at("panels"));
+                }
+                Ok(Rect { origin: [x[0], y[0]], size: [x[1] - x[0], y[1] - y[0]] })
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<[f32; 4]>> for Panels {
+    fn from(parts: Vec<[f32; 4]>) -> Panels {
+        Panels(parts)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> From<[[f32; 4]; N]> for Panels {
+    fn from(parts: [[f32; 4]; N]) -> Panels {
+        Panels(parts.to_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A view's panel of a target in pixels: its top left corner and its size.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Rect {
+    pub(crate) origin: [u32; 2],
+    pub(crate) size: [u32; 2],
+}
+
+impl Rect {
+    /// Whether the two share a pixel.
+    pub(crate) fn overlaps(self, other: Rect) -> bool {
+        (0..2).all(|i| {
+            self.origin[i] < other.origin[i] + other.size[i] && other.origin[i] < self.origin[i] + self.size[i]
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn panels_split_a_target_on_whole_blocks() {
+        let panels = Panels::from([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.7], [0.0, 0.7, 1.0, 0.3]]);
+        let rects = panels.rects([1920, 1080], [4, 2]).expect("valid");
+        assert_eq!(rects, [Rect { origin: [0, 0], size: [1920, 756] }, Rect { origin: [0, 756], size: [1920, 324] }]);
+        assert!(!rects[0].overlaps(rects[1]));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Panels::default().rects([10, 10], [1, 1]).expect("valid"),
+            [Rect { origin: [0, 0], size: [10, 10] }]
+        );
+        assert!(Panels::from([[0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5]]).rects([10, 10], [1, 1]).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/pending.rs b/crates/latkit/src/pending.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ad3d34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/pending.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+//! The one future latkit hands out: what a view will answer once the GPU has, and what a host's job
+//! or fetch will bring.
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+/// A value still to come: a future its [`Resolver`] resolves, from a view's frames, a host's worker,
+/// or the network. A view's answers resolve to an error when the device is lost, and stay pending
+/// while no frames are drawn. Destroying their owner cancels them. Await it, or [`take`](Pending::take)
+/// it from a frame loop.
+#[must_use = "a pending value does nothing unless awaited or taken"]
+pub struct Pending<T>(Arc<Mutex<Slot<T>>>);
+
+enum Slot<T> {
+    Waiting { waker: Option<Waker>, errors: Option<Arc<Mutex<Vec<Error>>>> },
+    Ready(Result<T>),
+    Taken,
+}
+
+/// What resolves a [`Pending`]: a host keeps it until its job or fetch is done. Dropping it without
+/// resolving cancels the answer and wakes its waiter.
+pub struct Resolver<T>(Arc<Mutex<Slot<T>>>);
+
+impl<T> Pending<T> {
+    /// A pending value, and what resolves it.
+    pub fn new() -> (Pending<T>, Resolver<T>) {
+        let slot = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Slot::Waiting { waker: None, errors: None }));
+        (Pending(slot.clone()), Resolver(slot))
+    }
+
+    /// A value already here.
+    pub fn ready(result: Result<T>) -> Pending<T> {
+        Pending(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Slot::Ready(result))))
+    }
+
+    /// Wakes `waker` once the value is resolved: at once when it already is.
+    #[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+    pub(crate) fn notify(&self, waker: &Waker) {
+        let mut slot = self.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        match &mut *slot {
+            Slot::Waiting { waker: waiting, .. } => *waiting = Some(waker.clone()),
+            Slot::Ready(_) => {
+                drop(slot);
+                waker.wake_by_ref();
+            }
+            Slot::Taken => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reports a host job's failure even if its derivation keeps an earlier result. Called once
+    /// before handing the pending value to a derivation; superseded/dropped consumers report nothing.
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "gpu", test))]
+    pub(crate) fn report_errors(&self, errors: &Arc<Mutex<Vec<Error>>>) {
+        let mut slot = self.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        match &mut *slot {
+            Slot::Waiting { errors: sink, .. } => *sink = Some(errors.clone()),
+            Slot::Ready(Err(error)) => errors.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).push(error.clone()),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The value once resolved, taking it; `None` while it waits, and after it was taken.
+    pub fn take(&self) -> Option<Result<T>> {
+        let mut slot = self.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        match std::mem::replace(&mut *slot, Slot::Taken) {
+            Slot::Ready(value) => Some(value),
+            waiting @ Slot::Waiting { .. } => {
+                *slot = waiting;
+                None
+            }
+            Slot::Taken => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Resolver<T> {
+    /// Whether the consumer dropped its pending value, so unstarted work can be skipped.
+    pub fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
+        Arc::strong_count(&self.0) == 1
+    }
+
+    /// Resolves the pending value with `result`, waking whatever awaits it.
+    pub fn resolve(self, result: Result<T>) {
+        let mut slot = self.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if let Slot::Waiting { errors: Some(errors), .. } = &*slot
+            && !self.is_cancelled()
+            && let Err(error) = &result
+        {
+            errors.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).push(error.clone());
+        }
+        let previous = std::mem::replace(&mut *slot, Slot::Ready(result));
+        drop(slot);
+        if let Slot::Waiting { waker, .. } = previous
+            && let Some(waker) = waker
+        {
+            waker.wake();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Drop for Resolver<T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let waker = {
+            let mut slot = self.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+            let Slot::Waiting { waker, errors } = &mut *slot else { return };
+            if !self.is_cancelled()
+                && let Some(errors) = errors
+            {
+                errors.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).push(Error::Cancelled);
+            }
+            let waker = waker.take();
+            *slot = Slot::Ready(Err(Error::Cancelled));
+            waker
+        };
+        if let Some(waker) = waker {
+            waker.wake();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Future for Pending<T> {
+    type Output = Result<T>;
+
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, context: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<T>> {
+        let mut slot = self.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        match std::mem::replace(&mut *slot, Slot::Taken) {
+            Slot::Ready(value) => Poll::Ready(value),
+            Slot::Waiting { errors, .. } => {
+                *slot = Slot::Waiting { waker: Some(context.waker().clone()), errors };
+                Poll::Pending
+            }
+            Slot::Taken => panic!("a pending value polled after it resolved"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> std::fmt::Debug for Pending<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("Pending")
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> std::fmt::Debug for Resolver<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("Resolver")
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+    use std::task::Wake;
+
+    struct Notified(AtomicBool);
+
+    impl Wake for Notified {
+        fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+            self.0.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dropping_the_resolver_cancels_and_wakes_the_waiter() {
+        let (mut pending, resolver) = Pending::<u32>::new();
+        let notified = Arc::new(Notified(AtomicBool::new(false)));
+        let waker = Waker::from(notified.clone());
+        assert!(Pin::new(&mut pending).poll(&mut Context::from_waker(&waker)).is_pending());
+        drop(resolver);
+        assert!(notified.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
+        assert_eq!(pending.take(), Some(Err(Error::Cancelled)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolving_preserves_the_answer_when_the_resolver_drops() {
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::new();
+        resolver.resolve(Ok(42));
+        assert_eq!(pending.take(), Some(Ok(42)));
+        assert_eq!(pending.take(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn job_failures_report_before_the_answer_is_consumed() {
+        let errors = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::<()>::new();
+        pending.report_errors(&errors);
+        resolver.resolve(Err(Error::DeviceLost));
+        assert_eq!(pending.take(), Some(Err(Error::DeviceLost)));
+        assert_eq!(*errors.lock().unwrap(), vec![Error::DeviceLost]);
+        let ready = Pending::<()>::ready(Err(Error::Timeout));
+        ready.report_errors(&errors);
+        assert_eq!(*errors.lock().unwrap(), vec![Error::DeviceLost, Error::Timeout]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn abandoned_jobs_do_not_report_failures() {
+        let errors = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::<()>::new();
+        pending.report_errors(&errors);
+        assert!(!resolver.is_cancelled());
+        drop(pending);
+        assert!(resolver.is_cancelled());
+        resolver.resolve(Err(Error::DeviceLost));
+        assert_eq!(*errors.lock().unwrap(), Vec::<Error>::new());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/resource.rs b/crates/latkit/src/resource.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ea8f821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/resource.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//! Fetching bytes for CPU data loading, independent of graphics and window systems.
+use crate::Pending;
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// A source of bytes used by JSON data documents and their binary slices.
+pub trait Fetch: Send + Sync {
+    /// Resolves to the requested bytes, or an error. A missing resource returns empty bytes.
+    fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>>;
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+impl<T: crate::host::Host + ?Sized> Fetch for T {
+    fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        crate::host::Host::fetch(self, request)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bytes to fetch: a URL, and the range of its bytes, or all of them.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct Request {
+    /// The URL.
+    pub url: Arc<str>,
+    /// Bytes `start..end`; `None` fetches every byte.
+    pub range: Option<Range<u64>>,
+}
+
+impl Request {
+    /// Every byte at `url`.
+    pub fn new(url: impl Into<Arc<str>>) -> Request {
+        Request { url: url.into(), range: None }
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes `range` at `url`.
+    pub fn range(url: impl Into<Arc<str>>, range: Range<u64>) -> Request {
+        Request { url: url.into(), range: Some(range) }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/areas.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/areas.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01ad02f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/areas.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use super::mark::{Context, Drawing, GEOMETRY, MarkKind, Style, mark, style_methods};
+use crate::expr::compile::{Compiler, Store};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Error, Kind, Name, Result};
+
+mark!(
+/// Rows drawn as the areas a polygon field holds: parcels, states, lakes, the land and water of a
+/// map. The view cuts each row's polygons into triangles once, off the frame when they are large;
+/// on the earth they bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian. Outline areas with
+/// a [`Lines`](crate::Lines) mark of the same table, which draws their rings.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{field, Areas, Colormap};
+/// let states = Areas::of("map", "states").color(field("load").colormap(Colormap::MAKO));
+/// ```
+Areas {
+    /// The polygon field each row fills: one polygon's rings, or polygons. `geometry` unless set.
+    geometry: Option<Name>,
+});
+
+impl Areas {
+    /// Draws the rows of `table` in dataset `data`.
+    pub fn of(data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>) -> Areas {
+        Areas { style: Style::new(data.into(), table.into()), geometry: None }
+    }
+
+    /// The polygon field each row fills: one polygon's rings, or polygons. Unless set, the field
+    /// `geometry`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn geometry(mut self, field: impl Into<Name>) -> Areas {
+        self.geometry = Some(field.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The field each row fills.
+    pub(crate) fn field(&self) -> Name {
+        self.geometry.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| GEOMETRY.into())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&self, c: &mut Compiler<'_>, _: Context<'_>) -> Result<Drawing> {
+        let field = self.field();
+        match c.kind(&field) {
+            Some(Kind::Parts | Kind::Polygons) => {}
+            Some(_) => return Err(Error::invalid("not a polygon field").at(&field).at("geometry")),
+            None if self.geometry.is_some() => return Err(Error::invalid("no such field").at(&field).at("geometry")),
+            None => return Err(Error::invalid("name the polygon field each row fills").at("geometry")),
+        }
+        let color = Store::Color { word: wgsl::AREA_COLOR, fallback: wgsl::THEME_AREA };
+        match &self.style.color {
+            Some(expr) => c.channel("color", expr, color)?,
+            None => c.theme("color", wgsl::THEME_AREA, color)?,
+        }
+        c.channel("visible", &self.style.visible, Store::Flag { word: wgsl::AREA_FLAGS, bit: wgsl::VISIBLE })?;
+        let mut drawing = Drawing::new(MarkKind::Areas, wgsl::AREA_WORDS);
+        drawing.geometry = c.derived_path(&triangles_of(&field));
+        Ok(drawing)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The derived field holding the triangles of polygon field `field`: per row the point its label
+/// hangs from, then three points per triangle.
+pub(crate) fn triangles_of(field: &str) -> Name {
+    format!("{field}.triangles").into()
+}
+
+style_methods!(Areas);
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/compile.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/compile.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12966f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/compile.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//! One schema compiler for validation and interactive rendering.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::mark::{Context, Drawing};
+use crate::expr::compile::{Compiler, Fields, Program};
+use crate::{Data, Error, Kind, Mark, Name, Result, Table};
+
+/// A mark compiled against the schemas of its dataset and any datasets it joins.
+pub(crate) struct Compiled {
+    pub(crate) program: Arc<Program>,
+    pub(crate) drawing: Drawing,
+    pub(crate) schemas: Vec<(Name, u64)>,
+}
+
+/// Missing data stays pending in a live view; validation requires it before calling this.
+pub(crate) fn compile(mark: &Mark, all: &[Data], context: Context<'_>) -> Result<Option<Compiled>> {
+    let style = mark.style();
+    let Some(data) = all.iter().find(|d| *d.name() == style.data) else { return Ok(None) };
+    let Some(table) = data.table(&style.table) else { return Ok(None) };
+    let fields = Schema { table, all };
+    let mut compiler = Compiler::new(&fields);
+    let drawing = mark.compile(&mut compiler, context)?;
+    let program = compiler.finish();
+    if program.channels.len() > 32 {
+        return Err(Error::invalid("more than 32 options read data"));
+    }
+    let mut schemas = vec![(data.name().clone(), data.schema())];
+    for column in &program.columns {
+        if let Some((name, _)) = &column.of
+            && !schemas.iter().any(|(n, _)| n == name)
+            && let Some(other) = all.iter().find(|d| d.name() == name)
+        {
+            schemas.push((name.clone(), other.schema()));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(Some(Compiled { program: Arc::new(program), drawing, schemas }))
+}
+
+struct Schema<'a> {
+    table: &'a Table,
+    all: &'a [Data],
+}
+
+impl Fields for Schema<'_> {
+    fn kind(&self, of: Option<&(Name, Name)>, name: &str) -> Option<Kind> {
+        match of {
+            None => self.table.kind(name),
+            Some((data, table)) => self.all.iter().find(|d| d.name() == data)?.table(table)?.kind(name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn target(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Name> {
+        match self.table.field_named(name)? {
+            crate::data::Field::Reference(reference) => Some(reference.to.clone()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/controls.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/controls.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..014ef9e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/controls.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use schemars::JsonSchema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
+
+use super::form::{Presets, preset_or, presets, seconds};
+
+/// How a view answers the pointer and keyboard, and how much it moves on its own: a preset, or options
+/// over the defaults. Each mark says whether its rows pick, select, and drag; these say what the view
+/// itself does.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = presets::<Controls>)]
+pub struct Controls {
+    /// Dragging the background moves the camera.
+    pub pan: bool,
+    /// What zooms: the wheel and pinching, or the wheel only with Control or Meta held (as a
+    /// trackpad's pinch sends it), leaving the plain wheel to scroll the page; or nothing.
+    pub zoom: Zoom,
+    /// Dragging with the secondary button, or with Shift, turns and tilts a map or plane.
+    pub turn: bool,
+    /// Tab steps through the rows nearest the view's middle and arrows to the nearest row their way;
+    /// Enter opens the row stepped to and Space selects it. Otherwise arrows pan, `+` and `-` zoom,
+    /// Home fits, and Escape clears the selection.
+    pub keyboard: bool,
+    /// The row the user points at glows. It is hovered either way: events tell it, and `hovered()`
+    /// reads it.
+    pub hover: bool,
+    /// CSS pixels around the pointer that picks reach; touch reaches 8 more.
+    pub pick_radius: f32,
+    /// Dragging with Shift selects the rows in a box, instead of turning; a Shift click still toggles
+    /// its row.
+    pub select_box: bool,
+    /// Dragging from a port, from a vertex with Alt, or an edge off its end draws a connection,
+    /// told as [`Event::Connect`](crate::Event).
+    pub connect: bool,
+    /// Delete and Backspace tell [`Event::Delete`](crate::Event) with the selection.
+    pub delete: bool,
+    /// Clicking again where nothing moved selects the next row under the point, nearest first, so
+    /// rows drawn over one another can each be selected.
+    pub cycle: bool,
+    /// Seconds a touch or a pen held still asks for a menu, as the secondary button does; zero never
+    /// does.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "seconds")]
+    #[schemars(with = "f64")]
+    pub press: Duration,
+    /// How much the view moves on its own: eases, flights, coasting, orbits, label fades, comets, and
+    /// what reads `elapsed()`.
+    pub motion: Motion,
+}
+
+/// What zooms a view.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Zoom {
+    /// The wheel, pinching, and the keys.
+    #[default]
+    Wheel,
+    /// Pinching and the keys, and the wheel only with Control or Meta held, as a trackpad's pinch
+    /// sends it: the plain wheel scrolls the page.
+    Modifier,
+    /// Nothing.
+    Off,
+}
+
+/// How much a view moves on its own.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Motion {
+    /// As the platform asks: reduced where the user asked their system for less motion.
+    #[default]
+    System,
+    /// Every motion.
+    Full,
+    /// Only what the user moves: changes apply at once, flights jump, nothing coasts or orbits,
+    /// labels show without fading, and comets and what reads `elapsed()` hold still.
+    Reduced,
+}
+
+impl Presets for Controls {
+    const NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["none", "inspect"];
+
+    fn preset(name: &str) -> Option<Controls> {
+        match name {
+            "none" => Some(Controls::none()),
+            "inspect" => Some(Controls::inspect()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn options<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Controls, D::Error> {
+        Controls::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Controls {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Controls, D::Error> {
+        preset_or(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Controls {
+    fn default() -> Controls {
+        Controls {
+            pan: true,
+            zoom: Zoom::Wheel,
+            turn: true,
+            keyboard: true,
+            hover: true,
+            pick_radius: 6.0,
+            select_box: false,
+            connect: false,
+            delete: false,
+            cycle: false,
+            press: Duration::from_millis(500),
+            motion: Motion::System,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Controls {
+    /// A view that answers nothing: a still picture, its camera where the application puts it.
+    pub fn none() -> Controls {
+        Controls {
+            pan: false,
+            zoom: Zoom::Off,
+            turn: false,
+            keyboard: false,
+            hover: false,
+            press: Duration::ZERO,
+            ..Controls::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A view to inspect rows in: they glow under the pointer, select, and step with the keys, while
+    /// the camera stays where the application puts it.
+    pub fn inspect() -> Controls {
+        Controls { pan: false, zoom: Zoom::Off, turn: false, ..Controls::default() }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/edges.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/edges.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3d03361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/edges.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+use super::Route;
+use super::mark::{Context, Drawing, MarkKind, Stroke, StrokeWords, Style, mark, stroke_methods, style_methods};
+use crate::expr::compile::{Compiler, Store};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Error, Kind, Name, Result};
+
+mark!(
+/// Rows drawn as strokes between the vertices two reference fields name: branches, links, wires. In a
+/// diagram, a row without ends is a net: it joins every vertex port whose reference field names it.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{field, Edges};
+/// let branches = Edges::of("grid", "Branch").ends("from", "to").width(field("rating") / 100.0).flow(field("p"));
+/// ```
+Edges + stroke {
+    /// The reference fields naming each row's two vertices.
+    ends: Option<(Name, Name)> as "[from: string, to: string]",
+    /// A path field of points each row runs through between its ends.
+    bends: Option<Name>,
+    /// How each row runs between its ends; on the earth geodesic, elsewhere straight, unless set.
+    /// Orthogonal routes run around blocks, bends rounded; diagrams only.
+    route: Option<Route>,
+    /// Whether each row ends in an arrowhead at its second end; a net's at each input it reaches.
+    arrows: bool,
+    /// Draws each row as a pole from its own vertex down to the ground beneath it, on a plane or the
+    /// earth; it has no ends.
+    poles: bool,
+    /// Draws each row as a net on a plane or the earth: it joins the vertex rows of `table` whose
+    /// reference field names it, as a star from their middle to each.
+    joins: Option<(Name, Name)> as "[table: string, reference: string]",
+});
+
+impl Edges {
+    /// Draws the rows of `table` in dataset `data`.
+    pub fn of(data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>) -> Edges {
+        Edges {
+            style: Style::new(data.into(), table.into()),
+            stroke: Stroke::default(),
+            ends: None,
+            bends: None,
+            route: None,
+            arrows: false,
+            poles: false,
+            joins: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Draws each row as a net on a plane or the earth: it joins the vertex rows of `table` whose
+    /// reference field `reference` names it, as a star from their middle to each. In a diagram nets
+    /// join vertex ports instead.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn joins(mut self, table: impl Into<Name>, reference: impl Into<Name>) -> Edges {
+        self.joins = Some((table.into(), reference.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Draws each row as a pole: a stroke from the row's own vertex, as the vertex mark drawing the
+    /// table places it, down to the ground beneath it, on a plane or the earth. Dashes, comets, picks,
+    /// and labels run along it as along any edge.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn poles(mut self) -> Edges {
+        self.poles = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// A path field of points each row runs through between its ends.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bends(mut self, field: impl Into<Name>) -> Edges {
+        self.bends = Some(field.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// How each row runs between its ends; on the earth geodesic, elsewhere straight, unless set.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn route(mut self, route: Route) -> Edges {
+        self.route = Some(route);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Whether each row ends in an arrowhead at its second end; a net's at each input it reaches.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn arrows(mut self, on: bool) -> Edges {
+        self.arrows = on;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The reference fields naming each row's two vertices.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn ends(mut self, from: impl Into<Name>, to: impl Into<Name>) -> Edges {
+        self.ends = Some((from.into(), to.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&self, c: &mut Compiler<'_>, context: Context<'_>) -> Result<Drawing> {
+        if self.joins.is_some() {
+            if self.ends.is_some() || self.bends.is_some() || self.poles {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("a net joins its members: it has no ends, bends, or poles").at("joins"));
+            }
+        } else if self.poles {
+            if self.ends.is_some() || self.bends.is_some() {
+                return Err(
+                    Error::invalid("a pole stands on its own row's vertex: it has no ends or bends").at("poles")
+                );
+            }
+            // Both ends are the row's own vertex, which lights as its pole does.
+            c.own_end(&self.style.table, wgsl::EDGE_FROM)?;
+            c.own_end(&self.style.table, wgsl::EDGE_TO)?;
+        } else if let Some((from, to)) = &self.ends {
+            c.end(from, wgsl::EDGE_FROM).map_err(|e| e.at("ends"))?;
+            c.end(to, wgsl::EDGE_TO).map_err(|e| e.at("ends"))?;
+        } else if self.bends.is_some() {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("bends run between ends; name them").at("bends"));
+        }
+        if let Some(bends) = &self.bends
+            && !matches!(c.kind(bends), Some(Kind::Path))
+        {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("not a path field").at(bends).at("bends"));
+        }
+        let mut flags = if self.arrows { wgsl::ARROWS } else { 0 };
+        let color = Store::Color { word: wgsl::EDGE_COLOR, fallback: wgsl::THEME_EDGE };
+        match (&self.style.color, context.theme.edge) {
+            (Some(expr), _) => c.channel("color", expr, color)?,
+            (None, Some(_)) => c.theme("color", wgsl::THEME_EDGE, color)?,
+            // A diagram's wires, and nets without ends to blend, take the text color.
+            (None, None) if context.diagram() || self.ends.is_none() => {
+                c.theme(
+                    "color",
+                    wgsl::THEME_TEXT,
+                    Store::Color { word: wgsl::EDGE_COLOR, fallback: wgsl::THEME_TEXT },
+                )?;
+            }
+            (None, None) => flags |= wgsl::ENDS_COLOR,
+        }
+        c.channel("visible", &self.style.visible, Store::Flag { word: wgsl::EDGE_FLAGS, bit: wgsl::VISIBLE })?;
+        let words = StrokeWords {
+            width: wgsl::EDGE_WIDTH,
+            flow: wgsl::EDGE_FLOW,
+            flags: wgsl::EDGE_FLAGS,
+            theme_width: wgsl::THEME_EDGE_WIDTH,
+        };
+        self.stroke.compile(c, &words, context.diagram())?;
+        let mut drawing = Drawing::new(MarkKind::Edges, wgsl::EDGE_WORDS);
+        drawing.size_px = self.stroke.px();
+        drawing.flags = flags;
+        if self.poles {
+            drawing.path = wgsl::PATH_POLES;
+        } else if self.joins.is_some() {
+            // Each net's star runs along the path the view works out from its members.
+            drawing.path = wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY;
+            drawing.geometry = c.derived_path("route");
+        } else if context.diagram() {
+            // Every wire runs along the path its sheet worked out.
+            drawing.path = wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY;
+            drawing.geometry = c.derived_path("route");
+        } else {
+            drawing.geometry = self.bends.as_ref().map_or(wgsl::NONE, |bends| c.path(bends));
+            drawing.lane = c.derived_number("lane");
+        }
+        Ok(drawing)
+    }
+}
+
+style_methods!(Edges);
+stroke_methods!(Edges);
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/faces.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/faces.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f29f4008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/faces.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+use super::mark::{Drawing, MarkKind, Style, mark, style_methods};
+use crate::expr::compile::{Compiler, Store};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Error, Name, Result};
+
+mark!(
+/// Rows drawn as triangles between the vertices three reference fields name: meshes, surfaces, and
+/// fields interpolated across a network. Faces are lit from the camera, so a flat mesh seen from
+/// above shows its exact colors.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::Faces;
+/// let surface = Faces::of("mesh", "Face").corners("a", "b", "c");
+/// ```
+Faces {
+    /// The reference fields naming each row's three vertices. Without a color, a face blends the
+    /// colors of its corners.
+    corners: Option<[Name; 3]> as "[a: string, b: string, c: string]",
+});
+
+impl Faces {
+    /// Draws the rows of `table` in dataset `data`.
+    pub fn of(data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>) -> Faces {
+        Faces { style: Style::new(data.into(), table.into()), corners: None }
+    }
+
+    /// The reference fields naming each row's three vertices. Without a color, a face blends the
+    /// colors of its corners.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn corners(mut self, a: impl Into<Name>, b: impl Into<Name>, c: impl Into<Name>) -> Faces {
+        self.corners = Some([a.into(), b.into(), c.into()]);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&self, c: &mut Compiler<'_>) -> Result<Drawing> {
+        let Some(corners) = &self.corners else {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("name the reference fields of each row's three corners").at("corners"));
+        };
+        for (corner, word) in corners.iter().zip([wgsl::FACE_A, wgsl::FACE_B, wgsl::FACE_C]) {
+            c.end(corner, word).map_err(|e| e.at("corners"))?;
+        }
+        let mut flags = 0;
+        match &self.style.color {
+            Some(expr) => {
+                c.channel("color", expr, Store::Color { word: wgsl::FACE_COLOR, fallback: wgsl::THEME_VERTEX })?;
+            }
+            None => flags |= wgsl::ENDS_COLOR,
+        }
+        c.channel("visible", &self.style.visible, Store::Flag { word: wgsl::FACE_FLAGS, bit: wgsl::VISIBLE })?;
+        let mut drawing = Drawing::new(MarkKind::Faces, wgsl::FACE_WORDS);
+        drawing.flags = flags;
+        Ok(drawing)
+    }
+}
+
+style_methods!(Faces);
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/form.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/form.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2817f120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/form.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//! What scenes read as JSON. Each type deserializes as itself and its schema is derived from it; a
+//! type a name can stand for also reads one of its presets' names, such as `"inspect"`, `"globe"`, or
+//! `"stress"`.
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use schemars::{Schema, json_schema};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::de::value::MapAccessDeserializer;
+use serde::de::{self, Deserializer, MapAccess, Visitor};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+/// A type a name can stand for.
+pub(crate) trait Presets: Sized {
+    /// The names, as the schema lists them.
+    const NAMES: &'static [&'static str];
+
+    /// The value `name` stands for.
+    fn preset(name: &str) -> Option<Self>;
+
+    /// The value its options, written out, make: what its derive reads.
+    fn options<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>;
+}
+
+/// `T` read from one of its presets' names, or from its options, read where they are written so an
+/// error names the path to the option it could not read.
+pub(crate) fn preset_or<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>, T: Presets>(deserializer: D) -> Result<T, D::Error> {
+    struct Named<T>(PhantomData<T>);
+
+    impl<'de, T: Presets> Visitor<'de> for Named<T> {
+        type Value = T;
+
+        fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+            write!(f, "one of {}, or options", T::NAMES.join(", "))
+        }
+
+        fn visit_str<E: de::Error>(self, name: &str) -> Result<T, E> {
+            T::preset(name)
+                .ok_or_else(|| E::custom(format!("unknown name {name:?}, expected one of {}", T::NAMES.join(", "))))
+        }
+
+        fn visit_map<A: MapAccess<'de>>(self, map: A) -> Result<T, A::Error> {
+            T::options(MapAccessDeserializer::new(map))
+        }
+    }
+
+    deserializer.deserialize_any(Named(PhantomData))
+}
+
+/// `T`'s schema as one of its presets' names or what it derived, its description kept on the whole.
+pub(crate) fn presets<T: Presets>(schema: &mut Schema) {
+    let mut derived = std::mem::replace(schema, json_schema!({}));
+    let description = derived.remove("description");
+    // A variant without options that a preset names already is the preset.
+    for key in ["oneOf", "anyOf"] {
+        if let Some(variants) = derived.get_mut(key).and_then(Value::as_array_mut) {
+            variants.retain(|v| !v.get("const").and_then(Value::as_str).is_some_and(|name| T::NAMES.contains(&name)));
+        }
+    }
+    *schema = json_schema!({ "anyOf": [{ "type": "string", "enum": T::NAMES }, derived] });
+    if let Some(description) = description {
+        schema.insert("description".into(), description);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A duration read as seconds.
+pub(crate) fn seconds<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Duration, D::Error> {
+    let seconds = f64::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    Duration::try_from_secs_f64(seconds).map_err(|_| de::Error::custom("seconds from 0, within range"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/label.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/label.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5883e387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/label.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use schemars::JsonSchema;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::de::{self, Deserializer};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::Expr;
+
+/// A row's text, placed beside, inside, or along what its mark draws, following it every frame: a
+/// text field, or options. Labels that would overlap give way by priority; among equals, those
+/// already shown keep their place. In a diagram a label is part of the drawing: it scales with the
+/// zoom, fades out once too small to read, and shows wherever it fits its vertex.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{field, Label, Vertices};
+/// let buses = Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("lon", "lat").label(Label::new("name").priority(field("kv")));
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = text_or_options)]
+pub struct Label {
+    /// A text field.
+    pub(crate) text: Expr,
+    /// CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; the theme's font size unless set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) size: Option<f32>,
+    /// Each row's text color; the theme's text color unless set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) color: Option<Expr>,
+    /// Where labels would overlap, the higher shows; the mark's priority unless set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) priority: Option<Expr>,
+    /// How far a line runs before it wraps: CSS pixels, or units in a diagram.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) max_width: Option<f32>,
+    /// The CSS font family list its texts are set in; the theme's font unless set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) font: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    /// The most labels shown at once, those of highest priority among the rows in view; where they
+    /// would overlap, fewer.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) max: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// A label reads a text field as its text alone, or an object with `text` as its options.
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Label {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Label, D::Error> {
+        let value = Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        if value.as_object().is_some_and(|map| map.contains_key("text")) {
+            return Label::deserialize(value).map_err(de::Error::custom);
+        }
+        Expr::from_value(value).map(Label::new).map_err(de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A label's schema: a text field, or its options.
+fn text_or_options(schema: &mut schemars::Schema) {
+    let options = std::mem::replace(schema, schemars::json_schema!({}));
+    *schema = schemars::json_schema!({ "anyOf": [{ "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr" }, options] });
+}
+
+impl Label {
+    /// Labels each row with a text field's value.
+    pub fn new(text: impl Into<Expr>) -> Label {
+        Label { text: text.into(), size: None, color: None, priority: None, max_width: None, font: None, max: None }
+    }
+
+    /// Text size, CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; the theme's font size unless set.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size(mut self, size: f32) -> Label {
+        self.size = Some(size);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Each row's text color; the theme's text color unless set.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn color(mut self, color: impl Into<Expr>) -> Label {
+        self.color = Some(color.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Each row's priority: where labels would overlap, the higher shows. The mark's priority
+    /// unless set.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn priority(mut self, priority: impl Into<Expr>) -> Label {
+        self.priority = Some(priority.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// How far a line of text runs before it wraps: CSS pixels, or units in a diagram.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn max_width(mut self, width: f32) -> Label {
+        self.max_width = Some(width);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The CSS font family list its texts are set in; the theme's font unless set.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn font(mut self, font: impl Into<Arc<str>>) -> Label {
+        self.font = Some(font.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Shows at most `max` labels at once, those of highest priority among the rows in view; where
+    /// they would overlap, fewer.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn max(mut self, max: u32) -> Label {
+        self.max = Some(max);
+        self
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/layout.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/layout.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00010459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/layout.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+use schemars::JsonSchema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
+
+use super::form::{Presets, preset_or, presets};
+
+/// How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, sized, or the points of a
+/// plane or the earth, among the rows linked to them, gaps in the space's units: a name, or `{ stress
+/// | layered: options }`. A place, once given, holds: rows added later are placed around the rest,
+/// and [`View::arrange`](crate::View::arrange) lays every row out again.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = presets::<Layout>)]
+pub enum Layout {
+    /// Unplaced vertices are not drawn.
+    #[default]
+    None,
+    /// Distances on the drawing follow distances in the graph.
+    Stress(Stress),
+    /// Ranks along a direction, for flows and hierarchies.
+    Layered(Layered),
+}
+
+impl Presets for Layout {
+    const NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["none", "stress", "layered"];
+
+    fn preset(name: &str) -> Option<Layout> {
+        match name {
+            "none" => Some(Layout::None),
+            "stress" => Some(Layout::Stress(Stress::default())),
+            "layered" => Some(Layout::Layered(Layered::default())),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn options<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Layout, D::Error> {
+        Layout::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Layout {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Layout, D::Error> {
+        preset_or(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stress majorization: each pair of vertices pulls toward its graph distance; then their boxes
+/// part, keeping a quarter of the gap clear.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Stress {
+    /// Units between adjacent vertices' centers.
+    #[schemars(range(min = 0))]
+    pub gap: f64,
+}
+
+impl Default for Stress {
+    fn default() -> Stress {
+        Stress { gap: 40.0 }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Layered drawing: vertices in ranks, edges pointing along `flow`, and nets from their outputs.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Layered {
+    /// Where edges point.
+    pub flow: Direction,
+    /// Units between vertices of a rank.
+    pub gap: f64,
+    /// Units between ranks.
+    pub rank_gap: f64,
+}
+
+impl Default for Layered {
+    fn default() -> Layered {
+        Layered { flow: Direction::Right, gap: 30.0, rank_gap: 80.0 }
+    }
+}
+
+/// How an edge runs between its ends.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Route {
+    /// Straight across the screen.
+    Straight,
+    /// Along the great circle, on the earth.
+    Geodesic,
+    /// In horizontal and vertical runs around vertices, leaving and entering at their sides, bends
+    /// rounded. Diagrams only.
+    Orthogonal,
+}
+
+/// How a line runs between its samples.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Interpolation {
+    /// Straight from each sample to the next.
+    #[default]
+    Linear,
+    /// Each value holds from the sample before it: steps rise at their samples' ends.
+    StepBefore,
+    /// Each value holds until the next sample: steps rise at the next sample.
+    StepAfter,
+}
+
+/// A direction on screen.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Direction {
+    /// Toward the right.
+    #[default]
+    Right,
+    /// Toward the left.
+    Left,
+    /// Toward the bottom.
+    Down,
+    /// Toward the top.
+    Up,
+}
+
+impl From<Stress> for Layout {
+    fn from(stress: Stress) -> Layout {
+        Layout::Stress(stress)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Layered> for Layout {
+    fn from(layered: Layered) -> Layout {
+        Layout::Layered(layered)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/lines.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/lines.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cfe55d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/lines.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+use super::Interpolation;
+use super::mark::{
+    Context, Drawing, GEOMETRY, MarkKind, Stroke, StrokeWords, Style, mark, stroke_methods, style_methods,
+};
+use crate::expr::compile::{Compiler, Store};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Error, Kind, Name, Result, Space};
+
+mark!(
+/// Rows drawn as lines: along a path field (roads, rivers, borders) or a polygon field's rings,
+/// outlining its areas; on a plot, through a sampled field's history across the data's axis, what a
+/// monitor shows. On the earth paths bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::Lines;
+/// let roads = Lines::of("city", "roads").width(2.0);
+/// let height = Lines::of("body", "Body").trace("height");
+/// ```
+Lines + stroke {
+    /// The path or polygon field each row runs along; `geometry` unless set. Not on a plot.
+    geometry: Option<Name>,
+    /// The sampled field each row traces across the data's axis, on a plot alone. A field not recorded
+    /// yet draws nothing until its first frame.
+    trace: Option<Name>,
+    /// How each row runs between its samples, on a plot.
+    interpolation: Interpolation,
+});
+
+impl Lines {
+    /// Draws the rows of `table` in dataset `data`.
+    pub fn of(data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>) -> Lines {
+        Lines {
+            style: Style::new(data.into(), table.into()),
+            stroke: Stroke::default(),
+            geometry: None,
+            trace: None,
+            interpolation: Interpolation::Linear,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The path or polygon field each row runs along; the field `geometry` unless set. Not on a plot.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn geometry(mut self, field: impl Into<Name>) -> Lines {
+        self.geometry = Some(field.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The sampled field each row traces across the data's axis, on a plot. Unless named, the mark
+    /// takes the field's name.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn trace(mut self, field: impl Into<Name>) -> Lines {
+        self.trace = Some(field.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// How each row runs between its samples, on a plot.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn interpolation(mut self, interpolation: Interpolation) -> Lines {
+        self.interpolation = interpolation;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The field each row draws from: the sampled field it traces, else its path field.
+    pub(crate) fn traced(&self) -> Name {
+        self.trace.clone().or_else(|| self.geometry.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|| GEOMETRY.into())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&self, c: &mut Compiler<'_>, context: Context<'_>) -> Result<Drawing> {
+        let mut drawing = Drawing::new(MarkKind::Lines, wgsl::LINE_WORDS);
+        drawing.size_px = self.stroke.px();
+        if matches!(context.space, Space::Plot(_)) {
+            if self.geometry.is_some() {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("a plot traces sampled fields; name one with trace").at("geometry"));
+            }
+            let Some(field) = &self.trace else {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("name the sampled field each row traces").at("trace"));
+            };
+            drawing.trace = match c.kind(field) {
+                // Streamed data appends its first frame later; the mark compiles again then.
+                None => wgsl::NONE,
+                _ => c.trace(field).map_err(|e| e.at("trace"))?,
+            };
+            drawing.flags = match self.interpolation {
+                Interpolation::Linear => 0,
+                Interpolation::StepBefore => wgsl::STEP_BEFORE,
+                Interpolation::StepAfter => wgsl::STEP_AFTER,
+            };
+        } else {
+            if self.trace.is_some() {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("only a plot traces a sampled field; name a path with geometry").at("trace"));
+            }
+            let field = self.geometry.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| GEOMETRY.into());
+            match c.kind(&field) {
+                Some(Kind::Path | Kind::Parts | Kind::Polygons) => {}
+                Some(_) => return Err(Error::invalid("not a path or polygon field").at(&field).at("geometry")),
+                None if self.geometry.is_some() => {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid("no such field").at(&field).at("geometry"));
+                }
+                None => return Err(Error::invalid("name the path field each row runs along").at("geometry")),
+            }
+            drawing.path = wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY;
+            // On the earth a line runs along its path as it bends with the globe.
+            drawing.geometry = if matches!(context.space, Space::Earth(_)) {
+                c.derived_path(&path_of(&field))
+            } else {
+                c.path(&field)
+            };
+        }
+        let color = Store::Color { word: wgsl::LINE_COLOR, fallback: wgsl::THEME_LINE };
+        match &self.style.color {
+            Some(expr) => c.channel("color", expr, color)?,
+            None => c.theme("color", wgsl::THEME_LINE, color)?,
+        }
+        c.channel("visible", &self.style.visible, Store::Flag { word: wgsl::LINE_FLAGS, bit: wgsl::VISIBLE })?;
+        let words = StrokeWords {
+            width: wgsl::LINE_WIDTH,
+            flow: wgsl::LINE_FLOW,
+            flags: wgsl::LINE_FLAGS,
+            theme_width: wgsl::THEME_LINE_WIDTH,
+        };
+        self.stroke.compile(c, &words, context.diagram())?;
+        Ok(drawing)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The derived field holding path field `field` as an earth line draws it: unwrapped across the
+/// antimeridian, with a point every few degrees along longer segments.
+pub(crate) fn path_of(field: &str) -> Name {
+    format!("{field}.path").into()
+}
+
+style_methods!(Lines);
+stroke_methods!(Lines);
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/mark.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/mark.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8671f202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/mark.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::{Areas, Edges, Faces, Label, Lines, Vertices};
+use crate::expr::compile::{Compiler, Store};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Error, Expr, Name, Result, Size, Space};
+
+/// One drawn table of a scene: `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }` as JSON.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Mark {
+    /// Rows drawn as markers.
+    Vertices(Vertices),
+    /// Rows drawn as strokes between two vertices.
+    Edges(Edges),
+    /// Rows drawn as triangles between three vertices.
+    Faces(Faces),
+    /// Rows drawn as lines along their paths, or on a plot through their samples.
+    Lines(Lines),
+    /// Rows drawn as the areas their polygons cover.
+    Areas(Areas),
+}
+
+impl From<Vertices> for Mark {
+    fn from(mark: Vertices) -> Mark {
+        Mark::Vertices(mark)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Edges> for Mark {
+    fn from(mark: Edges) -> Mark {
+        Mark::Edges(mark)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Faces> for Mark {
+    fn from(mark: Faces) -> Mark {
+        Mark::Faces(mark)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Lines> for Mark {
+    fn from(mark: Lines) -> Mark {
+        Mark::Lines(mark)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Areas> for Mark {
+    fn from(mark: Areas) -> Mark {
+        Mark::Areas(mark)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The field a mark reads its shape from unless told otherwise: what geography's tables hold.
+pub(crate) const GEOMETRY: &str = "geometry";
+
+/// Options every mark has.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Style {
+    pub(crate) data: Name,
+    pub(crate) table: Name,
+    pub(crate) color: Option<Expr>,
+    pub(crate) visible: Expr,
+    /// Each row's priority, read from its data alone.
+    pub(crate) priority: Option<Expr>,
+    pub(crate) name: Option<Name>,
+    pub(crate) interaction: Interaction,
+    pub(crate) label: Option<Label>,
+    pub(crate) shadow: bool,
+    /// A legend of the colors, under this title.
+    pub(crate) legend: Option<Arc<str>>,
+}
+
+/// Options of marks that draw strokes: edges and lines.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Stroke {
+    pub(crate) width: Option<Size>,
+    pub(crate) dash: Expr,
+    pub(crate) flow: Expr,
+}
+
+impl Default for Stroke {
+    fn default() -> Stroke {
+        Stroke { width: None, dash: false.into(), flow: 0.0.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a stroke mark keeps its width, flow, and flags in each row, and the theme's width.
+pub(crate) struct StrokeWords {
+    pub(crate) width: u32,
+    pub(crate) flow: u32,
+    pub(crate) flags: u32,
+    pub(crate) theme_width: u32,
+}
+
+impl Stroke {
+    /// Compiles the stroke's options; in a diagram its width is in units. The CSS pixels the width
+    /// keeps within are its size's.
+    pub(crate) fn px(&self) -> [f32; 2] {
+        self.width.as_ref().map_or(crate::Size::ANY, |size| size.px)
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles the stroke's options; in a diagram its width is in units.
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&self, c: &mut Compiler<'_>, words: &StrokeWords, diagram: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        c.channel("dash", &self.dash, Store::Flag { word: words.flags, bit: wgsl::DASH })?;
+        c.channel("flow", &self.flow, Store::Number { word: words.flow, fallback: None })?;
+        let width =
+            |units| Store::Size { word: words.width, units: units || diagram, fallback: Some(words.theme_width) };
+        match &self.width {
+            Some(size) => c.channel("width", &size.expr, width(size.units)),
+            None => c.theme("width", words.theme_width, width(false)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// How a mark's rows answer the pointer.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Interaction {
+    /// Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed; unless set, what the mark draws says: see
+    /// [`Mark::picks`].
+    pub(crate) pick: Option<bool>,
+    pub(crate) select: bool,
+    pub(crate) drag: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for Interaction {
+    fn default() -> Interaction {
+        Interaction { pick: None, select: true, drag: false }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Style {
+    pub(crate) fn new(data: Name, table: Name) -> Style {
+        Style {
+            data,
+            table,
+            color: None,
+            visible: true.into(),
+            priority: None,
+            name: None,
+            interaction: Interaction::default(),
+            label: None,
+            shadow: false,
+            legend: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a scene's marks are drawn as.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum MarkKind {
+    Vertices,
+    Edges,
+    Faces,
+    Lines,
+    Areas,
+}
+
+impl MarkKind {
+    /// The primitive its rows draw with.
+    pub(crate) fn primitive(self) -> Primitive {
+        match self {
+            MarkKind::Vertices => Primitive::Points,
+            MarkKind::Edges | MarkKind::Lines => Primitive::Strokes,
+            MarkKind::Faces | MarkKind::Areas => Primitive::Triangles,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What a mark of this kind is written under in JSON.
+    pub(crate) fn name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            MarkKind::Vertices => "vertices",
+            MarkKind::Edges => "edges",
+            MarkKind::Faces => "faces",
+            MarkKind::Lines => "lines",
+            MarkKind::Areas => "areas",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Identifies a mark across scenes: a new scene's mark with the same key eases from the old one.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Key {
+    pub(crate) kind: MarkKind,
+    pub(crate) data: Name,
+    pub(crate) table: Name,
+    pub(crate) name: Option<Name>,
+}
+
+/// The four shaders every mark draws with.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Primitive {
+    Points,
+    Strokes,
+    Triangles,
+}
+
+impl Primitive {
+    pub(crate) fn code(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            Primitive::Points => wgsl::POINTS,
+            Primitive::Strokes => wgsl::STROKES,
+            Primitive::Triangles => wgsl::TRIANGLES,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// How a mark's markers draw: built in or custom, their shape, and the inputs they read.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Markers {
+    pub(crate) marker: u32,
+    pub(crate) shape: u32,
+    pub(crate) corner: f32,
+    pub(crate) hole: f32,
+    /// Inputs, and the row word of the first.
+    pub(crate) inputs: u32,
+    pub(crate) input: u32,
+    /// A pie's slice colors, packed; an icon marker's layers, filled in when packed.
+    pub(crate) palette: Vec<u32>,
+    /// An icon marker's images.
+    pub(crate) icons: Vec<crate::Image>,
+    /// A custom marker's WGSL.
+    pub(crate) custom: Option<std::sync::Arc<str>>,
+}
+
+/// How a compiled mark's labels draw: the extra word their words start at, the program column of
+/// their text, their size in length units (CSS pixels, or units in a diagram), and where their lines
+/// wrap.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Labeling {
+    pub(crate) extra: u32,
+    pub(crate) column: u32,
+    pub(crate) size: f32,
+    pub(crate) max_width: Option<f32>,
+    /// The font its texts are set in: the label's, else the theme's.
+    pub(crate) font: std::sync::Arc<str>,
+    /// The most labels shown at once, or none.
+    pub(crate) max: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// What a mark compiles in: the theme it falls back on, and its space.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct Context<'a> {
+    pub(crate) theme: &'a super::Theme,
+    pub(crate) space: &'a Space,
+    pub(crate) layout: &'a super::Layout,
+}
+
+impl Context<'_> {
+    /// Whether the space is a diagram, where every length is a unit and the sheet says where vertices
+    /// stand and how wires run.
+    pub(crate) fn diagram(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.space, Space::Diagram(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether, outside a diagram, the view places vertex rows without positions by the scene's
+    /// layout: on a plane or the earth.
+    pub(crate) fn placed(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.space, Space::Plane(_) | Space::Earth(_)) && !matches!(self.layout, super::Layout::None)
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a compiled mark draws with, besides its program.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Drawing {
+    pub(crate) kind: MarkKind,
+    /// The primitive the mark draws its rows with.
+    pub(crate) primitive: Primitive,
+    /// Where a stroke's segments run between, or where a triangle's corners come from: one of the
+    /// `PATH_*` codes.
+    pub(crate) path: u32,
+    /// Kind words per row, and extra words per row after them.
+    pub(crate) stride: u32,
+    pub(crate) extras: u32,
+    pub(crate) flags: u32,
+    pub(crate) markers: Markers,
+    /// The program column a line traces, or `NONE`.
+    pub(crate) trace: u32,
+    /// Program columns: the geometry a stroke's path runs through (a diagram's route, bends, or a
+    /// line's path) or an area's triangles; and each row's lane among edges joining the same two
+    /// vertices; `NONE` without.
+    pub(crate) geometry: u32,
+    pub(crate) lane: u32,
+    pub(crate) label: Option<Labeling>,
+    /// A vertex mark's ports, by the reference field that names their nets, with the program column
+    /// reading that field.
+    pub(crate) ports: Vec<(Name, super::Port, u32)>,
+    /// The size a vertex mark's port labels are set at, in length units.
+    pub(crate) port_label_size: f32,
+    /// The CSS pixels the mark's size keeps within: a vertex's half, a stroke's width.
+    pub(crate) size_px: [f32; 2],
+}
+
+impl Drawing {
+    pub(crate) fn new(kind: MarkKind, stride: u32) -> Drawing {
+        let path = match kind {
+            MarkKind::Edges | MarkKind::Faces => wgsl::PATH_ENDS,
+            MarkKind::Lines => wgsl::PATH_TRACE,
+            MarkKind::Areas => wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY,
+            MarkKind::Vertices => wgsl::NONE,
+        };
+        Drawing {
+            kind,
+            primitive: kind.primitive(),
+            path,
+            stride,
+            extras: 0,
+            flags: 0,
+            markers: Markers::default(),
+            trace: wgsl::NONE,
+            geometry: wgsl::NONE,
+            lane: wgsl::NONE,
+            label: None,
+            ports: Vec::new(),
+            port_label_size: 0.0,
+            size_px: crate::Size::ANY,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Mark {
+    pub(crate) fn style(&self) -> &Style {
+        match self {
+            Mark::Vertices(m) => &m.style,
+            Mark::Edges(m) => &m.style,
+            Mark::Faces(m) => &m.style,
+            Mark::Lines(m) => &m.style,
+            Mark::Areas(m) => &m.style,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn style_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Style {
+        match self {
+            Mark::Vertices(m) => &mut m.style,
+            Mark::Edges(m) => &mut m.style,
+            Mark::Faces(m) => &mut m.style,
+            Mark::Lines(m) => &mut m.style,
+            Mark::Areas(m) => &mut m.style,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn kind(&self) -> MarkKind {
+        match self {
+            Mark::Vertices(_) => MarkKind::Vertices,
+            Mark::Edges(_) => MarkKind::Edges,
+            Mark::Faces(_) => MarkKind::Faces,
+            Mark::Lines(_) => MarkKind::Lines,
+            Mark::Areas(_) => MarkKind::Areas,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether its rows are hovered, clicked, and probed: as its `pick` says, else whether they are
+    /// things, as vertices, edges, faces, and a plot's traces are; geometry (areas, and lines along
+    /// paths: coasts, borders, roads) is not, so hovering probes none of it.
+    pub(crate) fn picks(&self) -> bool {
+        self.style().interaction.pick.unwrap_or(match self {
+            Mark::Vertices(_) | Mark::Edges(_) | Mark::Faces(_) => true,
+            Mark::Lines(lines) => lines.trace.is_some(),
+            Mark::Areas(_) => false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// `error`, met in this mark's options, as the `i`th mark of its scene: its path runs through the
+    /// mark as its JSON does, `marks[i].vertices`.
+    pub(crate) fn within(&self, i: usize, error: Error) -> Error {
+        error.at(self.kind().name()).at(i).at("marks")
+    }
+
+    /// Why `data`, the dataset it names, cannot draw it: the table it names is absent.
+    pub(crate) fn absent_from(&self, data: &crate::Data) -> Option<Error> {
+        let style = self.style();
+        data.table(&style.table)
+            .is_none()
+            .then(|| Error::invalid(format!("dataset '{}' has no table '{}'", style.data, style.table)).at("of"))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether its rows can carry comets: a stroke mark flowing at more than a constant 0.
+    pub(crate) fn flows(&self) -> bool {
+        let stroke = match self {
+            Mark::Edges(m) => &m.stroke,
+            Mark::Lines(m) => &m.stroke,
+            Mark::Vertices(_) | Mark::Faces(_) | Mark::Areas(_) => return false,
+        };
+        stroke.flow != Stroke::default().flow
+    }
+
+    /// The path a stroke mark's rows run along, or an area's triangles come from: one of the `PATH_`
+    /// codes, which its pipelines are made for. In a diagram every wire runs through the geometry
+    /// its sheet worked out; on a plot a line traces its samples, elsewhere it runs along its path.
+    pub(crate) fn path(&self, space: &Space) -> Option<u32> {
+        match self {
+            Mark::Edges(e) if e.poles => Some(wgsl::PATH_POLES),
+            Mark::Edges(e) if e.joins.is_some() => Some(wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY),
+            Mark::Edges(_) if matches!(space, Space::Diagram(_)) => Some(wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY),
+            Mark::Edges(_) => Some(wgsl::PATH_ENDS),
+            Mark::Lines(_) if matches!(space, Space::Plot(_)) => Some(wgsl::PATH_TRACE),
+            Mark::Lines(_) | Mark::Areas(_) => Some(wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY),
+            Mark::Vertices(_) | Mark::Faces(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The first option of this mark only a diagram has, if any: ports, groups, nets, orthogonal
+    /// routes. A diagram's own refusals: shadows and elevation.
+    pub(crate) fn misplaced(&self, diagram: bool) -> Option<(&'static str, &'static str)> {
+        const ONLY: &str = "only a diagram has ports, groups, nets, and orthogonal routes";
+        let style = self.style();
+        if let Mark::Areas(_) = self
+            && style.shadow
+        {
+            return Some(("shadow", "an area lies on the ground: it casts no shadow"));
+        }
+        if diagram {
+            if style.shadow {
+                return Some(("shadow", "a diagram is flat: nothing casts shadows"));
+            }
+            if let Mark::Edges(e) = self
+                && e.poles
+            {
+                return Some(("poles", "a diagram is flat: poles stand on planes and the earth"));
+            }
+            if let Mark::Edges(e) = self
+                && e.joins.is_some()
+            {
+                return Some(("joins", "a diagram's nets join vertex ports"));
+            }
+            if let Mark::Vertices(v) = self
+                && v.elevation != Expr::from(0.0)
+            {
+                return Some(("elevation", "a diagram is flat: vertices have no elevation"));
+            }
+            return None;
+        }
+        match self {
+            Mark::Vertices(v) if !v.ports.is_empty() => Some(("port", ONLY)),
+            Mark::Vertices(v) if v.contains.is_some() => Some(("contains", ONLY)),
+            Mark::Edges(e) if e.ends.is_none() && !e.poles && e.joins.is_none() => Some(("ends", ONLY)),
+            Mark::Edges(e) if e.route == Some(super::Route::Orthogonal) => Some(("route", ONLY)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lines are keyed by the field they trace unless named.
+    pub(crate) fn key(&self) -> Key {
+        let style = self.style();
+        let name = match self {
+            Mark::Lines(lines) => style.name.clone().or_else(|| Some(lines.traced().clone())),
+            _ => style.name.clone(),
+        };
+        Key { kind: self.kind(), data: style.data.clone(), table: style.table.clone(), name }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `other` draws the same, whatever either's interaction.
+    pub(crate) fn draws_like(&self, other: &Mark) -> bool {
+        let mut a = self.clone();
+        a.style_mut().interaction = other.style().interaction;
+        a == *other
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&self, compiler: &mut Compiler<'_>, context: Context<'_>) -> Result<Drawing> {
+        let mut drawing = match self {
+            Mark::Vertices(m) => m.compile(compiler, context),
+            Mark::Edges(m) => m.compile(compiler, context),
+            Mark::Faces(m) => m.compile(compiler),
+            Mark::Lines(m) => m.compile(compiler, context),
+            Mark::Areas(m) => m.compile(compiler, context),
+        }?;
+        let style = self.style();
+        if let Some(priority) = &style.priority {
+            compiler.check_data("priority", priority)?;
+        }
+        if let Some(label) = &style.label {
+            let priority = label.priority.as_ref().or(style.priority.as_ref());
+            compile_label(label, priority, compiler, context.theme, &mut drawing).map_err(|e| e.at("label"))?;
+        }
+        if style.shadow {
+            drawing.flags |= wgsl::CASTS;
+        }
+        Ok(drawing)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compiles `label`'s text, `priority` (its own, else the mark's), and color into extra words after
+/// the mark's own.
+fn compile_label(
+    label: &Label,
+    priority: Option<&Expr>,
+    c: &mut Compiler<'_>,
+    theme: &super::Theme,
+    drawing: &mut Drawing,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let extra = drawing.extras;
+    let word = |k: u32| drawing.stride + extra + k;
+    let column = c.text("text", &label.text, word(wgsl::LABEL_CODE))?;
+    let priority: Expr = priority.cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| 0.0.into()).scale(0.0..=255.0).into();
+    c.channel("priority", &priority, Store::Number { word: word(wgsl::LABEL_PRIORITY), fallback: None })?;
+    let color = Store::Color { word: word(wgsl::LABEL_COLOR), fallback: wgsl::THEME_TEXT };
+    match &label.color {
+        Some(expr) => c.channel("color", expr, color)?,
+        None => c.theme("color", wgsl::THEME_TEXT, color)?,
+    }
+    drawing.extras += wgsl::LABEL_WORDS;
+    drawing.flags |= wgsl::LABELED;
+    drawing.label = Some(Labeling {
+        extra,
+        column,
+        size: label.size.unwrap_or(theme.font_size),
+        max_width: label.max_width,
+        font: label.font.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| theme.font.clone()),
+        max: label.max,
+    });
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A mark's documentation as its schema's description: its prose, before its examples.
+pub(crate) fn described(lines: &[&str]) -> String {
+    let prose =
+        lines.iter().map(|line| line.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(line)).take_while(|line| !line.starts_with("```"));
+    let paragraphs: Vec<String> =
+        prose.collect::<Vec<_>>().split(|line| line.is_empty()).map(|p| p.join(" ")).collect();
+    paragraphs.into_iter().filter(|p| !p.is_empty()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(
+        "
+
+",
+    )
+}
+
+/// Declares a mark: its struct, holding the options every mark has, those strokes have where it
+/// draws them, and its own; and its JSON form, flat, with `of` naming its dataset and table, from
+/// which it deserializes and its schema derives. Its own options are declared once, here.
+macro_rules! mark {
+    ($(#[doc = $line:literal])* $name:ident $(+ $stroke:ident)? {
+        $($(#[$doc:meta])* $field:ident: $ty:ty $(as $ts:literal)? $(= $default:literal)?),* $(,)?
+    }) => {
+        $(#[doc = $line])*
+        #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+        pub struct $name {
+            pub(crate) style: $crate::scene::mark::Style,
+            $(pub(crate) $stroke: $crate::scene::mark::Stroke,)?
+            $($(#[$doc])* pub(crate) $field: $ty,)*
+        }
+
+        $crate::scene::mark::mark!(@form $name $(+ $stroke)? { $($(#[$doc])* $field: $ty $(as $ts)? $(= $default)?),* });
+
+        impl<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de> for $name {
+            fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<$name, D::Error> {
+                let form = <Form as serde::Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+                Ok($name {
+                    style: form.style(),
+                    $($stroke: form.stroke(),)?
+                    $($field: form.$field,)*
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl schemars::JsonSchema for $name {
+            fn schema_name() -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
+                stringify!($name).into()
+            }
+
+            fn json_schema(generator: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+                let mut schema = <Form as schemars::JsonSchema>::json_schema(generator);
+                schema.insert("description".into(), $crate::scene::mark::described(&[$($line),*]).into());
+                schema
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    (@form $name:ident { $($(#[$doc:meta])* $field:ident: $ty:ty $(as $ts:literal)? $(= $default:literal)?),* }) => {
+        $crate::scene::mark::mark!(@struct { $($(#[$doc])* $field: $ty $(as $ts)? $(= $default)?),* } {});
+    };
+    (@form $name:ident + stroke { $($(#[$doc:meta])* $field:ident: $ty:ty $(as $ts:literal)? $(= $default:literal)?),* }) => {
+        $crate::scene::mark::mark!(@struct { $($(#[$doc])* $field: $ty $(as $ts)? $(= $default)?),* } {
+            /// CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram.
+            width: Option<$crate::Size>,
+            /// Whether each row is dashed.
+            #[serde(default = "crate::scene::mark::no")]
+            dash: $crate::Expr,
+            /// Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram,
+            /// or position units where the theme's flow is in units; negative flows backward. A speed
+            /// that changes carries comets on from where they are.
+            #[serde(default = "crate::scene::mark::still")]
+            flow: $crate::Expr,
+        });
+
+        impl Form {
+            fn stroke(&self) -> $crate::scene::mark::Stroke {
+                $crate::scene::mark::Stroke { width: self.width.clone(), dash: self.dash.clone(), flow: self.flow.clone() }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    (@struct { $($(#[$doc:meta])* $field:ident: $ty:ty $(as $ts:literal)? $(= $default:literal)?),* } { $($stroke:tt)* }) => {
+        /// The mark as JSON writes it: `of`, its own options, then those of strokes and of every mark.
+        #[derive(serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+        #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+        struct Form {
+            /// The dataset and table drawn.
+            #[schemars(extend("tsType" = "[data: string, table: string]"))]
+            of: ($crate::Name, $crate::Name),
+            $($(#[$doc])* $(#[schemars(extend("tsType" = $ts))])? #[serde(default $(= $default)?)] $field: $ty,)*
+            $($stroke)*
+            /// Each row's color; the theme's unless set.
+            color: Option<$crate::Expr>,
+            /// Whether each row is drawn and picked.
+            #[serde(default = "crate::scene::mark::yes")]
+            visible: $crate::Expr,
+            /// Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as
+            /// a table too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+            priority: Option<$crate::Expr>,
+            /// Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits.
+            name: Option<$crate::Name>,
+            /// Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are
+            /// (vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along
+            /// paths: coasts, borders, roads).
+            pick: Option<bool>,
+            /// Whether a click selects a row.
+            #[serde(default = "crate::scene::mark::on")]
+            select: bool,
+            /// Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning.
+            #[serde(default)]
+            drag: bool,
+            /// Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options.
+            label: Option<$crate::Label>,
+            /// Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's
+            /// light.
+            #[serde(default)]
+            shadow: bool,
+            /// A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across
+            /// its domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's
+            /// `categories`. The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a
+            /// conditional's `otherwise` is read before its cases.
+            legend: Option<std::sync::Arc<str>>,
+        }
+
+        impl Form {
+            fn style(&self) -> $crate::scene::mark::Style {
+                $crate::scene::mark::Style {
+                    data: self.of.0.clone(),
+                    table: self.of.1.clone(),
+                    color: self.color.clone(),
+                    visible: self.visible.clone(),
+                    priority: self.priority.clone(),
+                    name: self.name.clone(),
+                    interaction: $crate::scene::mark::Interaction { pick: self.pick, select: self.select, drag: self.drag },
+                    label: self.label.clone(),
+                    shadow: self.shadow,
+                    legend: self.legend.clone(),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+pub(crate) use mark;
+
+/// Defaults of the JSON forms.
+pub(crate) fn yes() -> Expr {
+    true.into()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn no() -> Expr {
+    false.into()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn still() -> Expr {
+    0.0.into()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn on() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn zero() -> Expr {
+    0.0.into()
+}
+
+/// The options every mark has, as inherent methods.
+macro_rules! style_methods {
+    ($mark:ty) => {
+        impl $mark {
+            /// Each row's color.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn color(mut self, color: impl Into<$crate::Expr>) -> Self {
+                self.style.color = Some(color.into());
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Whether each row is drawn and picked.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn visible(mut self, visible: impl Into<$crate::Expr>) -> Self {
+                self.style.visible = visible.into();
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn
+            /// as a table too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn priority(mut self, priority: impl Into<$crate::Expr>) -> Self {
+                self.style.priority = Some(priority.into());
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Names the mark, so two marks of one table can be told apart across scenes.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn named(mut self, name: impl Into<$crate::Name>) -> Self {
+                self.style.name = Some(name.into());
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are
+            /// (vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along
+            /// paths: coasts, borders, roads).
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn pick(mut self, on: bool) -> Self {
+                self.style.interaction.pick = Some(on);
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Whether a click selects a row; on by default.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn select(mut self, on: bool) -> Self {
+                self.style.interaction.select = on;
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning; off by default.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn drag(mut self, on: bool) -> Self {
+                self.style.interaction.drag = on;
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Labels each row.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn label(mut self, label: $crate::Label) -> Self {
+                self.style.label = Some(label);
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's
+            /// light.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn shadow(mut self, on: bool) -> Self {
+                self.style.shadow = on;
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Draws a legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under `title`: the colormap
+            /// across its domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of
+            /// [named categories](crate::Colormap::categories). The color maps through a colormap
+            /// with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise` is read before its
+            /// cases. Legends stack upward in the marks' order.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn legend(mut self, title: impl Into<std::sync::Arc<str>>) -> Self {
+                self.style.legend = Some(title.into());
+                self
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// The options of marks that draw strokes, as inherent methods.
+macro_rules! stroke_methods {
+    ($mark:ty) => {
+        impl $mark {
+            /// Each row's width: CSS pixels, or position units with [`units`](crate::units); units in
+            /// a diagram.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn width(mut self, width: impl Into<$crate::Size>) -> Self {
+                self.stroke.width = Some(width.into());
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Whether each row is dashed.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn dash(mut self, dash: impl Into<$crate::Expr>) -> Self {
+                self.stroke.dash = dash.into();
+                self
+            }
+
+            /// Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram, or
+            /// position units where the theme's [`Flow`](crate::Flow) is in units; negative flows
+            /// backward. A speed that changes carries comets on from where they are.
+            #[must_use]
+            pub fn flow(mut self, speed: impl Into<$crate::Expr>) -> Self {
+                self.stroke.flow = speed.into();
+                self
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+pub(crate) use {stroke_methods, style_methods};
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/marker.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/marker.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98ca2cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/marker.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use schemars::JsonSchema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
+
+use super::form::{Presets, preset_or, presets};
+use super::mark::Markers;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Color, Expr, Image};
+
+/// How a vertex is drawn: a shape's name, `"block"`, or `{ shape | block | gauge | pie | icon | wgsl:
+/// options }`.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = presets::<Marker>)]
+pub enum Marker {
+    /// A filled shape.
+    Shape(Shape),
+    /// A block: a rectangle with rounded corners of `corner` CSS pixels, sized for diagrams.
+    Block {
+        /// Corner radius, CSS pixels; 4 unless set.
+        #[serde(default = "corner")]
+        corner: f32,
+    },
+    /// A shape's outline, filled to `fill` from 0 to 1: around a circle, up other shapes.
+    Gauge {
+        /// How full each row's gauge is.
+        fill: Expr,
+        /// The outline.
+        #[serde(default)]
+        shape: Shape,
+    },
+    /// A circle cut into slices, each as large as its value.
+    Pie {
+        /// Each slice's value.
+        slices: Vec<Expr>,
+        /// Each slice's color.
+        colors: Vec<Color>,
+        /// The hole in the middle, as a fraction of the radius.
+        #[serde(default)]
+        hole: f32,
+    },
+    /// One of `images`, fitted in the marker's box; `index` picks which for each row.
+    Icon {
+        /// The images.
+        images: Vec<Image>,
+        /// Each row's image, from 0.
+        index: Expr,
+    },
+    /// A marker in WGSL: `source` defines `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor`, reading up to
+    /// eight `inputs` as `f.input[i]`. It compiles once, when the view first draws it.
+    Wgsl {
+        /// The function's source.
+        source: Arc<str>,
+        /// Each row's inputs.
+        #[serde(default)]
+        inputs: Vec<Expr>,
+    },
+}
+
+/// A marker's outline.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Shape {
+    /// An ellipse: a circle when its width and height are equal.
+    #[default]
+    Ellipse,
+    /// A rectangle.
+    Rectangle,
+    /// A rectangle with rounded corners.
+    Rounded,
+    /// A diamond.
+    Diamond,
+}
+
+impl Presets for Marker {
+    const NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["ellipse", "rectangle", "rounded", "diamond", "block"];
+
+    fn preset(name: &str) -> Option<Marker> {
+        Some(match name {
+            "ellipse" => Marker::Shape(Shape::Ellipse),
+            "rectangle" => Marker::Shape(Shape::Rectangle),
+            "rounded" => Marker::Shape(Shape::Rounded),
+            "diamond" => Marker::Shape(Shape::Diamond),
+            "block" => Marker::block(),
+            _ => return None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn options<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Marker, D::Error> {
+        Marker::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Marker {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Marker, D::Error> {
+        preset_or(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A block's corner radius unless set.
+fn corner() -> f32 {
+    4.0
+}
+
+impl Default for Marker {
+    fn default() -> Marker {
+        Marker::Shape(Shape::Ellipse)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Shape> for Marker {
+    fn from(shape: Shape) -> Marker {
+        Marker::Shape(shape)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marker {
+    /// A block with 4 pixel corners.
+    pub fn block() -> Marker {
+        Marker::Block { corner: corner() }
+    }
+
+    /// The expressions each row's marker reads, in input order.
+    pub(crate) fn inputs(&self) -> Vec<&Expr> {
+        match self {
+            Marker::Shape(_) | Marker::Block { .. } => Vec::new(),
+            Marker::Gauge { fill, .. } => vec![fill],
+            Marker::Pie { slices, .. } => slices.iter().collect(),
+            Marker::Icon { index, .. } => vec![index],
+            Marker::Wgsl { inputs, .. } => inputs.iter().collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// How the mark's markers draw; inputs start at extra word `input`.
+    pub(crate) fn markers(&self, input: u32) -> Markers {
+        let inputs = self.inputs().len() as u32;
+        let base = Markers { inputs, input, ..Markers::default() };
+        match self {
+            Marker::Shape(shape) => Markers { marker: wgsl::MARKER_SHAPE, shape: shape.code(), ..base },
+            Marker::Block { corner } => {
+                Markers { marker: wgsl::MARKER_BLOCK, shape: wgsl::SHAPE_ROUNDED, corner: *corner, ..base }
+            }
+            Marker::Gauge { shape, .. } => Markers { marker: wgsl::MARKER_GAUGE, shape: shape.code(), ..base },
+            Marker::Pie { colors, hole, .. } => Markers {
+                marker: wgsl::MARKER_PIE,
+                hole: *hole,
+                palette: colors.iter().map(|c| c.packed()).collect(),
+                ..base
+            },
+            Marker::Icon { images, .. } => Markers { marker: wgsl::MARKER_ICON, icons: images.clone(), ..base },
+            Marker::Wgsl { source, .. } => {
+                Markers { marker: wgsl::MARKER_CUSTOM, custom: Some(source.clone()), ..base }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Shape {
+    fn code(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            Shape::Ellipse => wgsl::SHAPE_ELLIPSE,
+            Shape::Rectangle => wgsl::SHAPE_RECTANGLE,
+            Shape::Rounded => wgsl::SHAPE_ROUNDED,
+            Shape::Diamond => wgsl::SHAPE_DIAMOND,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d0805d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+//! Scenes: what a view draws, as plain data. Marks name their data; the view is given the data.
+
+pub(crate) mod areas;
+pub(crate) mod compile;
+mod controls;
+mod edges;
+mod faces;
+mod form;
+mod label;
+mod layout;
+pub(crate) mod lines;
+pub(crate) mod mark;
+mod marker;
+mod port;
+mod space;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+mod theme;
+mod vertices;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+pub use areas::Areas;
+pub use controls::{Controls, Motion, Zoom};
+pub use edges::Edges;
+pub use faces::Faces;
+pub(crate) use form::seconds;
+pub use label::Label;
+pub use layout::{Direction, Interpolation, Layered, Layout, Route, Stress};
+pub use lines::Lines;
+pub use mark::Mark;
+pub use marker::{Marker, Shape};
+pub use port::{Port, Side};
+pub(crate) use space::sun;
+pub use space::{Axis, Diagram, Earth, Format, Grid, Plane, Plot, Projection, Space};
+pub use theme::{Flow, Shadow, Theme};
+pub use vertices::Vertices;
+
+use crate::{Data, Error, Expr, Result};
+
+/// What a view draws and how it answers input: a space, marks in drawing order, a layout, a theme,
+/// controls, how long changes ease, and the title written over it. Plain data: as JSON, each field by
+/// its name in camelCase, each mark `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }`.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{Colormap, Edges, Earth, Scene, Vertices, field};
+/// let voltage = field("vm").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.95..=1.05);
+/// let scene = Scene::new(Earth::globe())
+///     .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Branch").ends("from", "to"))
+///     .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("lon", "lat").color(voltage).legend("Bus voltage · pu"))
+///     .title("Voltage");
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Scene {
+    pub(crate) space: Space,
+    /// What the view draws, in drawing order.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) marks: Vec<Mark>,
+    /// How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, or points on a plane
+    /// or the earth, gaps in the space's units.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) layout: Layout,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) theme: Theme,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) controls: Controls,
+    /// Seconds that changes ease over; 0.3 unless set.
+    #[serde(default = "ease", deserialize_with = "form::seconds")]
+    #[schemars(with = "f64")]
+    pub(crate) ease: Duration,
+    /// Written at the view's top left, larger than the theme's text.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) title: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    /// Written under the title.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) subtitle: Option<Arc<str>>,
+}
+
+/// How long changes ease unless set.
+fn ease() -> Duration {
+    Duration::from_millis(300)
+}
+
+impl Scene {
+    /// An empty scene in `space`.
+    pub fn new(space: impl Into<Space>) -> Scene {
+        Scene {
+            space: space.into(),
+            marks: Vec::new(),
+            layout: Layout::None,
+            theme: Theme::default(),
+            controls: Controls::default(),
+            ease: ease(),
+            title: None,
+            subtitle: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Draws `mark` over the marks before it.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn draw(mut self, mark: impl Into<Mark>) -> Scene {
+        self.marks.push(mark.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Places vertex rows that have no position: a diagram's blocks, or points on a plane or the earth.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn layout(mut self, layout: impl Into<Layout>) -> Scene {
+        self.layout = layout.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The theme.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn theme(mut self, theme: Theme) -> Scene {
+        self.theme = theme;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// How the view answers the pointer and keyboard.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn controls(mut self, controls: Controls) -> Scene {
+        self.controls = controls;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// How long changed descriptions and new data ease; zero changes at once.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn ease(mut self, over: Duration) -> Scene {
+        self.ease = over;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Writes `title` at the view's top left, in the theme's text and font, larger.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn title(mut self, title: impl Into<Arc<str>>) -> Scene {
+        self.title = Some(title.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Writes `subtitle` under the title.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn subtitle(mut self, subtitle: impl Into<Arc<str>>) -> Scene {
+        self.subtitle = Some(subtitle.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The space.
+    pub fn space(&self) -> &Space {
+        &self.space
+    }
+
+    /// Checks the scene against complete datasets without creating a GPU. Uses the same expression
+    /// compiler as a view, but requires every drawn dataset and table to be present, but for the
+    /// datasets `tiles` make, which a view fetches as it draws: their marks are checked once they do.
+    pub fn validate(&self, data: &[Data], tiles: &[crate::Tiles]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.check()?;
+        for (i, item) in data.iter().enumerate() {
+            if data[..i].iter().any(|other| other.name() == item.name()) {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("duplicate dataset name").at(i).at("data"));
+            }
+        }
+        for (i, mark) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let style = mark.style();
+            if tiles.iter().any(|t| *t.name() == style.data) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let dataset = data.iter().find(|d| *d.name() == style.data).ok_or_else(|| {
+                mark.within(i, Error::invalid(format!("dataset '{}' was not supplied", style.data)).at("of"))
+            })?;
+            if let Some(error) = mark.absent_from(dataset) {
+                return Err(mark.within(i, error));
+            }
+            compile::compile(
+                mark,
+                data,
+                mark::Context { theme: &self.theme, space: &self.space, layout: &self.layout },
+            )
+            .map_err(|error| mark.within(i, error))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Two marks with one key would be indistinguishable across scenes; options a space does not have
+    /// are refused.
+    pub(crate) fn check(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let diagram = matches!(self.space, Space::Diagram(_));
+        if matches!(self.space, Space::Plot(_)) && self.layout != Layout::None {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a plot lays out no vertices").at("layout"));
+        }
+        for (i, mark) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            if self.marks[..i].iter().any(|m| m.key() == mark.key()) {
+                let reason = "draws the same table as an earlier mark of its kind; give one a name with named";
+                return Err(Error::invalid(reason).at(i).at("marks"));
+            }
+            if let Some((option, reason)) = mark.misplaced(diagram) {
+                return Err(mark.within(i, Error::invalid(reason).at(option)));
+            }
+            let style = mark.style();
+            let shown = match style.color.as_ref().and_then(Expr::colormap_of) {
+                Some((colormap, domain)) => domain.is_some() || !colormap.named_categories().is_empty(),
+                None => false,
+            };
+            if style.legend.is_some() && !shown {
+                let reason = "a legend shows a color mapped through a colormap with a domain or named categories";
+                return Err(mark.within(i, Error::invalid(reason).at("legend")));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/port.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/port.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2109fb59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/port.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use schemars::JsonSchema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
+
+use super::Shape;
+use super::form::{Presets, preset_or, presets};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+
+/// A vertex's port: where a net its reference field names meets it, on one side of its marker: a
+/// side, or options. An output drives its net: layouts rank a net from its outputs, and its arrows
+/// point away from them.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{Port, Side, Vertices};
+/// let pumps = Vertices::of("plant", "Pump").port("in", Side::Left).port("out", Port::output(Side::Right));
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = presets::<Port>)]
+pub struct Port {
+    /// The side it sits on.
+    pub side: Side,
+    /// Its place among the ports on that side, from the top or the left; in declaration order unless set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub order: Option<u32>,
+    /// Its name, drawn beside it inside the marker.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub label: Option<String>,
+    /// Its marker.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub shape: Shape,
+    /// Whether it drives the net its reference field names; an input unless set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub output: bool,
+}
+
+impl Presets for Port {
+    const NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["left", "right", "top", "bottom"];
+
+    fn preset(name: &str) -> Option<Port> {
+        let side = [Side::Left, Side::Right, Side::Top, Side::Bottom];
+        Port::NAMES.iter().position(|n| *n == name).map(|i| Port::new(side[i]))
+    }
+
+    fn options<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Port, D::Error> {
+        Port::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Port {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Port, D::Error> {
+        preset_or(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A side of a marker.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Side {
+    /// The left side.
+    Left,
+    /// The right side.
+    Right,
+    /// The top.
+    Top,
+    /// The bottom.
+    Bottom,
+}
+
+impl Port {
+    /// A round input on `side`.
+    pub fn new(side: Side) -> Port {
+        Port { side, order: None, label: None, shape: Shape::Ellipse, output: false }
+    }
+
+    /// A round output on `side`.
+    pub fn output(side: Side) -> Port {
+        Port { output: true, ..Port::new(side) }
+    }
+
+    /// This port, labeled `label`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn label(mut self, label: impl Into<String>) -> Port {
+        self.label = Some(label.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Each of `ports`' codes: its side in two bits, its place among the ports on its side (by their
+    /// order, then as declared) and how many share the side in eight bits each, and whether it is an
+    /// output.
+    pub(crate) fn codes(ports: &[&Port]) -> Vec<u32> {
+        (0..ports.len())
+            .map(|i| {
+                let port = ports[i];
+                let mut same: Vec<usize> = (0..ports.len()).filter(|&j| ports[j].side == port.side).collect();
+                same.sort_by_key(|&j| (ports[j].order.unwrap_or(u32::MAX), j));
+                let place = same.iter().position(|&j| j == i).unwrap_or(0) as u32;
+                let output = if port.output { wgsl::PORT_OUTPUT } else { 0 };
+                port.side.code() | (place.min(255) << 2) | ((same.len() as u32).min(255) << 10) | output
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Side> for Port {
+    fn from(side: Side) -> Port {
+        Port::new(side)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Side {
+    pub(crate) fn code(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            Side::Left => 0,
+            Side::Right => 1,
+            Side::Top => 2,
+            Side::Bottom => 3,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The side of `code`, or `None` for any other number.
+    pub(crate) fn from_code(code: u32) -> Option<Side> {
+        [Side::Left, Side::Right, Side::Top, Side::Bottom].get(code as usize).copied()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/space.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/space.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b14d91a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/space.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+use schemars::JsonSchema;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
+
+use super::form::{Presets, preset_or, presets};
+use crate::Color;
+
+/// The coordinate space a scene's positions are in: a name, or `{ plane | diagram | earth | plot:
+/// options }`. A diagram is a flat sheet seen from straight above: y runs down, and every length is a
+/// unit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0, except glow, halo, and pick radius. Only a diagram has ports, groups,
+/// nets, orthogonal routes, and layouts.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = presets::<Space>)]
+pub enum Space {
+    /// Longitude and latitude in degrees, on a map or a globe.
+    Earth(Earth),
+    /// Plane units with elevation: graphs and scenes the camera turns and tilts around.
+    Plane(Plane),
+    /// The data's axis across, values up.
+    Plot(Plot),
+    /// A sheet for diagrams: x right and y down in units, every length a unit.
+    Diagram(Diagram),
+}
+
+impl Presets for Space {
+    const NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["plane", "diagram", "mercator", "globe", "plot"];
+
+    fn preset(name: &str) -> Option<Space> {
+        Some(match name {
+            "plane" => Space::Plane(Plane::default()),
+            "diagram" => Space::Diagram(Diagram::default()),
+            "mercator" => Space::Earth(Earth::mercator()),
+            "globe" => Space::Earth(Earth::globe()),
+            "plot" => Space::Plot(Plot::default()),
+            _ => return None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn options<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Space, D::Error> {
+        Space::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Space {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Space, D::Error> {
+        preset_or(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Space {
+    fn default() -> Space {
+        Space::Plane(Plane::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Diagram> for Space {
+    fn from(diagram: Diagram) -> Space {
+        Space::Diagram(diagram)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Earth> for Space {
+    fn from(earth: Earth) -> Space {
+        Space::Earth(earth)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Plane> for Space {
+    fn from(plane: Plane) -> Space {
+        Space::Plane(plane)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Plot> for Space {
+    fn from(plot: Plot) -> Space {
+        Space::Plot(plot)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The earth: positions are longitude and latitude in degrees.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Earth {
+    /// A flat map or a globe.
+    pub projection: Projection,
+    /// The ground's color; the theme's surface unless set.
+    pub surface: Option<Color>,
+    /// Whether lines of longitude and latitude cross the ground, in the theme's grid color.
+    pub graticule: bool,
+    /// Lit by the sun as it stands this many seconds after the Unix epoch, plus the view's axis
+    /// coordinate when it shows one: night falls on the ground and what stands on it, down to the
+    /// theme's night. Lit evenly unless set.
+    pub daylight: Option<f64>,
+    /// Whether air glows around the globe, in the theme's atmosphere color, brighter where it is day.
+    pub atmosphere: bool,
+}
+
+/// How the earth is drawn.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Projection {
+    /// Web mercator.
+    #[default]
+    Mercator,
+    /// A sphere.
+    Globe,
+}
+
+impl Earth {
+    /// A web mercator map.
+    pub fn mercator() -> Earth {
+        Earth { projection: Projection::Mercator, surface: None, graticule: true, daylight: None, atmosphere: false }
+    }
+
+    /// A globe.
+    pub fn globe() -> Earth {
+        Earth { projection: Projection::Globe, ..Earth::mercator() }
+    }
+
+    /// Lit by the sun as it stands `seconds` after the Unix epoch, plus the view's axis coordinate.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn daylight(mut self, seconds: f64) -> Earth {
+        self.daylight = Some(seconds);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Whether air glows around the globe.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn atmosphere(mut self, on: bool) -> Earth {
+        self.atmosphere = on;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// The direction toward the sun `seconds` after the Unix epoch, in the earth's frame: x toward 0°
+/// longitude on the equator, y toward 90° east, z toward the north pole. The sun's place by the
+/// low-precision formulas of the Astronomical Almanac, to a hundredth of a degree.
+pub(crate) fn sun(seconds: f64) -> [f64; 3] {
+    // Days since noon, January 1, 2000.
+    let n = seconds / 86_400.0 - 10_957.5;
+    let mean = (280.460 + 0.985_647_4 * n).rem_euclid(360.0);
+    let anomaly = (357.528 + 0.985_600_3 * n).rem_euclid(360.0).to_radians();
+    let ecliptic = (mean + 1.915 * anomaly.sin() + 0.020 * (2.0 * anomaly).sin()).to_radians();
+    let tilt = (23.439 - 0.000_000_4 * n).to_radians();
+    let ascension = (tilt.cos() * ecliptic.sin()).atan2(ecliptic.cos());
+    let declination = (tilt.sin() * ecliptic.sin()).asin();
+    let sidereal = (280.460_618_37 + 360.985_647_366_29 * n).rem_euclid(360.0).to_radians();
+    let longitude = ascension - sidereal;
+    [declination.cos() * longitude.cos(), declination.cos() * longitude.sin(), declination.sin()]
+}
+
+impl Default for Earth {
+    fn default() -> Earth {
+        Earth::mercator()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A plane: positions are plane units.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Plane {
+    /// The grid under the marks.
+    pub grid: Grid,
+}
+
+impl Default for Plane {
+    fn default() -> Plane {
+        Plane { grid: Grid::Lines { pitch: 10.0 } }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A sheet for diagrams, flat and seen from straight above: the camera pans and zooms. Positions are
+/// units with y down, and every length is a unit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0 (sizes, padding, ports,
+/// strokes, text, and the theme's), except glow, halo, and pick radius. Zooming scales one fixed
+/// picture. Only a diagram has ports, groups, nets, and orthogonal routes; it lays out blocks.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Diagram {
+    /// The grid under the marks.
+    pub grid: Grid,
+}
+
+impl Default for Diagram {
+    fn default() -> Diagram {
+        Diagram { grid: Grid::Dots { pitch: 20.0, snap: false } }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A plane's or a diagram's grid: `"off"`, `{ lines: { pitch } }`, or `{ dots: { pitch, snap } }`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub enum Grid {
+    /// No grid.
+    Off,
+    /// Lines `pitch` units apart, thinned by tens as the view zooms out.
+    Lines {
+        /// Units between lines.
+        pitch: f64,
+    },
+    /// Dots `pitch` units apart; drags snap to them when `snap`.
+    Dots {
+        /// Units between dots.
+        pitch: f64,
+        /// Whether moved vertices snap to the dots.
+        #[serde(default)]
+        snap: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+/// A plot: x is the data's axis, y the values.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Plot {
+    /// The horizontal axis.
+    pub x: Axis,
+    /// The vertical axis.
+    pub y: Axis,
+}
+
+/// A plot axis.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Axis {
+    /// The axis title.
+    pub label: Option<String>,
+    /// Whether grid lines cross the plot at the ticks.
+    pub grid: bool,
+    /// Whether the axis is hidden.
+    pub hidden: bool,
+    /// Ticks at these values, each a value or `[value, label]`, their values written unless labeled;
+    /// round values unless set.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "ticks")]
+    #[schemars(with = "Option<Vec<Tick>>")]
+    pub ticks: Ticks,
+    /// How tick values are written.
+    pub format: Format,
+    /// Decimals of fixed values, or of the significand of scientific and engineering ones; as many
+    /// as the ticks' step needs unless set.
+    #[schemars(range(max = 15))]
+    pub precision: Option<u8>,
+}
+
+/// A tick as written: a value, or `[value, label]`.
+#[derive(Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+enum Tick {
+    At(f64),
+    Labeled(f64, Option<String>),
+}
+
+/// An axis's ticks: each a value, and the label written there unless its value is.
+type Ticks = Option<Vec<(f64, Option<String>)>>;
+
+fn ticks<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Ticks, D::Error> {
+    let ticks = Option::<Vec<Tick>>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    Ok(ticks.map(|ticks| {
+        ticks
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|tick| match tick {
+                Tick::At(v) => (v, None),
+                Tick::Labeled(v, label) => (v, label),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }))
+}
+
+impl Default for Axis {
+    fn default() -> Axis {
+        Axis { label: None, grid: true, hidden: false, ticks: None, format: Format::Auto, precision: None }
+    }
+}
+
+/// How an axis writes its tick values.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Format {
+    /// Fixed decimals, scientific past a million or below a ten-thousandth.
+    #[default]
+    Auto,
+    /// Fixed decimals: `1500.0`.
+    Fixed,
+    /// A significand and a power of ten: `1.5e3`.
+    Scientific,
+    /// A significand and a power of ten that is a multiple of three: `1.5e3`, `150e-6`.
+    Engineering,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::sun;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_sun_stands_where_the_almanac_puts_it() {
+        // Noon UTC at the June solstice of 2026: over the tropic of Cancer, near the prime meridian.
+        let [x, y, z] = sun(1_782_043_200.0);
+        let (declination, longitude) = (z.asin().to_degrees(), y.atan2(x).to_degrees());
+        assert!((declination - 23.44).abs() < 0.05, "{declination}");
+        assert!(longitude.abs() < 1.0, "{longitude}");
+        // Six hours on, it stands a quarter turn west.
+        let [x, y, _] = sun(1_782_043_200.0 + 6.0 * 3600.0);
+        assert!((y.atan2(x).to_degrees() + 90.0).abs() < 1.5);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/tests.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47a15890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+//! Scenes read as JSON match the builders, field for field.
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::{Color, Colormap, ColormapKind, Expr, field};
+
+fn scene(json: &str) -> Scene {
+    serde_json::from_str(json).expect("a scene")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scenes_match_builders() {
+    let json = r#"{
+        "space": "globe",
+        "marks": [
+            { "edges": { "of": ["grid", "Branch"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "width": 2 } },
+            { "vertices": { "of": ["grid", "Bus"], "position": ["lon", "lat"], "radius": { "units": 3 },
+                "color": { "colormap": "balance", "value": "vm", "domain": [0.95, 1.05] } } }
+        ],
+        "theme": { "base": "light", "vertexRadius": 5 },
+        "ease": 0
+    }"#;
+    let built = Scene::new(Earth::globe())
+        .theme(Theme { vertex_radius: 5.0, ..Theme::light() })
+        .ease(Duration::ZERO)
+        .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Branch").ends("from", "to").width(2.0))
+        .draw(
+            Vertices::of("grid", "Bus")
+                .position("lon", "lat")
+                .radius(crate::units(3.0))
+                .color(field("vm").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.95..=1.05)),
+        );
+    assert_eq!(scene(json), built);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn things_pick_and_geometry_does_not_unless_asked() {
+    let picks = |mark: Mark| mark.picks();
+    assert!(picks(Vertices::of("d", "t").into()) && picks(Edges::of("d", "t").into()), "rows that are things");
+    assert!(picks(Lines::of("d", "t").trace("v").into()), "a plot's traces");
+    assert!(!picks(Lines::of("d", "t").into()) && !picks(Areas::of("d", "t").into()), "geometry");
+    assert!(picks(Areas::of("d", "t").pick(true).into()) && !picks(Vertices::of("d", "t").pick(false).into()));
+    let marks = scene(
+        r#"{ "space": "mercator", "marks": [ { "areas": { "of": ["m", "states"] } },
+        { "areas": { "of": ["m", "states"], "pick": true } } ] }"#,
+    )
+    .marks;
+    assert_eq!(marks.iter().map(Mark::picks).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [false, true], "JSON says the same");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn faces_lines_and_controls_match_builders() {
+    let json = r##"{
+        "space": "plane",
+        "controls": { "turn": false, "pickRadius": 12 },
+        "marks": [
+            { "faces": { "of": ["mesh", "Face"], "corners": ["a", "b", "c"], "pick": false, "shadow": true } },
+            { "lines": { "of": ["mesh", "Body"], "geometry": "outline", "color": "#66c7ff", "width": 2, "flow": 8 } },
+            { "vertices": { "of": ["mesh", "Vertex"], "select": false, "drag": true, "ring": "#ff0000" } }
+        ]
+    }"##;
+    let built = Scene::new(Plane::default())
+        .controls(Controls { turn: false, pick_radius: 12.0, ..Controls::default() })
+        .draw(Faces::of("mesh", "Face").corners("a", "b", "c").pick(false).shadow(true))
+        .draw(
+            Lines::of("mesh", "Body")
+                .geometry("outline")
+                .color(Color::hex("#66c7ff").expect("hex"))
+                .width(2.0)
+                .flow(8.0),
+        )
+        .draw(Vertices::of("mesh", "Vertex").select(false).drag(true).ring(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)));
+    assert_eq!(scene(json), built);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn areas_and_the_earths_look_match_builders() {
+    let json = r##"{
+        "space": { "earth": { "projection": "globe", "daylight": 1782043200, "atmosphere": true } },
+        "marks": [
+            { "areas": { "of": ["map", "states"], "geometry": "outline", "color": "#336699" } },
+            { "lines": { "of": ["map", "states"], "geometry": "outline" } }
+        ],
+        "theme": { "area": "#223344", "night": 0.4 }
+    }"##;
+    let built = Scene::new(Earth::globe().daylight(1_782_043_200.0).atmosphere(true))
+        .theme(Theme { area: Color::hex("#223344").expect("hex"), night: 0.4, ..Theme::default() })
+        .draw(Areas::of("map", "states").geometry("outline").color(Color::hex("#336699").expect("hex")))
+        .draw(Lines::of("map", "states").geometry("outline"));
+    assert_eq!(scene(json), built);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn comets_and_named_categories_match_builders() {
+    let json = r##"{
+        "space": "plane",
+        "marks": [
+            { "vertices": { "of": ["grid", "Bus"], "legend": "Kind",
+                "color": { "colormap": { "kind": "categorical", "colors": ["#ff0000", "#0000ff"],
+                    "categories": ["red", "blue"] }, "value": "k" } } }
+        ],
+        "theme": { "flow": { "color": "#00ff00", "width": 6 } }
+    }"##;
+    let map = Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Categorical, [Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)]).unwrap();
+    let flow = Flow { color: Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), width: 6.0, ..Theme::default().flow };
+    let built = Scene::new(Plane::default())
+        .theme(Theme { flow, ..Theme::default() })
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").legend("Kind").color(field("k").colormap(map.categories(["red", "blue"]))));
+    assert_eq!(scene(json), built);
+    let continuous =
+        r#"{ "colormap": { "kind": "sequential", "colors": ["red"], "categories": ["a"] }, "value": "k" }"#;
+    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<Expr>(continuous).is_err(), "only a categorical map has categories");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn themes_read_a_base_and_options_over_it() {
+    let theme = |json: &str| serde_json::from_str::<Theme>(json).expect("a theme");
+    assert_eq!(theme(r#""light""#), Theme::light());
+    assert_eq!(theme("{}"), Theme::dark());
+    assert!(Theme::default().selected.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(theme(r#"{ "selected": null }"#).selected, None, "null clears a color");
+    assert_eq!(theme(r#"{ "base": "light", "glow": 3 }"#), Theme { glow: 3.0, ..Theme::light() });
+    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<Theme>(r#"{ "glw": 3 }"#).is_err(), "a typo");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn presets_stand_for_values() {
+    let controls = |json: &str| serde_json::from_str::<Controls>(json).expect("controls");
+    assert_eq!(controls(r#""inspect""#), Controls::inspect());
+    assert_eq!(controls(r#""none""#), Controls::none());
+    let options = controls(r#"{ "zoom": "modifier", "cycle": true, "press": 0.8, "motion": "reduced" }"#);
+    let expected = Controls {
+        zoom: Zoom::Modifier,
+        cycle: true,
+        press: Duration::from_millis(800),
+        motion: Motion::Reduced,
+        ..Controls::default()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(options, expected);
+    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<Controls>(r#"{ "zoom": true }"#).is_err(), "zoom names what zooms");
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<Layout>(r#""layered""#).expect("a layout"), Layout::Layered(Layered::default()));
+    let layered = r#"{ "layered": { "flow": "down", "rankGap": 40 } }"#;
+    let layered = serde_json::from_str::<Layout>(layered).expect("a layout");
+    assert_eq!(layered, Layout::Layered(Layered { flow: Direction::Down, rank_gap: 40.0, ..Layered::default() }));
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<Marker>(r#""block""#).expect("a marker"), Marker::block());
+    let gauge = serde_json::from_str::<Marker>(r#"{ "gauge": { "fill": "f" } }"#).expect("a marker");
+    assert_eq!(gauge, Marker::Gauge { fill: field("f"), shape: Shape::Ellipse });
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<Port>(r#""left""#).expect("a port"), Port::new(Side::Left));
+    let output = serde_json::from_str::<Port>(r#"{ "side": "right", "output": true }"#).expect("a port");
+    assert_eq!(output, Port::output(Side::Right));
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<Label>(r#""name""#).expect("a label"), Label::new("name"));
+    let label = serde_json::from_str::<Label>(r#"{ "text": "name", "max": 20 }"#).expect("a label");
+    assert_eq!(label, Label::new("name").max(20));
+    let grid = r#"{ "diagram": { "grid": { "dots": { "pitch": 10, "snap": true } } } }"#;
+    let space = serde_json::from_str::<Space>(grid).expect("a space");
+    assert_eq!(space, Space::Diagram(Diagram { grid: Grid::Dots { pitch: 10.0, snap: true } }));
+    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<Space>(r#""earth""#).is_err(), "the earth is a mercator map or a globe");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unknown_options_are_refused() {
+    let error = serde_json::from_str::<Scene>(
+        r#"{"space": "plane", "marks": [{"vertices": {"of": ["a", "b"], "colour": "x"}}]}"#,
+    )
+    .expect_err("a typo");
+    assert!(error.to_string().contains("colour"), "{error}");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/theme.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/theme.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8af35877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/theme.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use schemars::JsonSchema;
+use serde::de::{self, Deserializer};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use super::form::{Presets, presets};
+use crate::Color;
+
+/// Colors and sizes marks take where their options read nothing, and the look of focus and motion: a
+/// base theme's name, or options over one (`base`, dark unless set). Lengths are CSS pixels; in a
+/// diagram they are units, except `glow` and `halo`.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(remote = "Self", default, rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = with_base)]
+pub struct Theme {
+    /// Behind everything.
+    pub background: Color,
+    /// The earth's ground, and a group's container.
+    pub surface: Color,
+    /// A plane's or a diagram's grid.
+    pub grid: Color,
+    /// Vertex color.
+    pub vertex: Color,
+    /// Vertex radius.
+    pub vertex_radius: f32,
+    /// Edge color; `None` blends the colors of each edge's two vertices, and in a diagram takes the
+    /// text color.
+    pub edge: Option<Color>,
+    /// Edge width.
+    pub edge_width: f32,
+    /// Line color.
+    pub line: Color,
+    /// Line width.
+    pub line_width: f32,
+    /// Area color.
+    pub area: Color,
+    /// How much a face turned away from the camera darkens, 0 to 1.
+    pub shading: f32,
+    /// Text: labels, axis ticks, and titles.
+    pub text: Color,
+    /// The CSS font family text is set in.
+    pub font: Arc<str>,
+    /// Text size.
+    pub font_size: f32,
+    /// The line a plot draws at the shown coordinate.
+    pub playhead: Color,
+    /// What a missing color reads as.
+    pub missing: Color,
+    /// The glow around hovered rows.
+    pub hover: Color,
+    /// The glow around selected rows; `None` glows in each row's own color.
+    pub selected: Option<Color>,
+    /// How far focus glows reach, CSS pixels.
+    pub glow: f32,
+    /// The opacity of rows outside a selection.
+    pub dim: f32,
+    /// How much a hovered vertex sized in CSS pixels grows.
+    pub hover_scale: f32,
+    /// Length of a dash.
+    pub dash: f32,
+    /// How comets flowing along edges and lines look.
+    pub flow: Flow,
+    /// In a diagram, distance between the lanes of edges joining the same two vertices, and between
+    /// parallel orthogonal wires, which keep twice it apart.
+    pub edge_spacing: f32,
+    /// Elsewhere, how far edges joining the same two vertices bow apart: each lane by this fraction
+    /// of the edge's length at its middle. A bow is part of the drawing, so zooming never moves it.
+    pub lane_bow: f32,
+    /// How far an arrowhead reaches past its edge's width.
+    pub arrow: f32,
+    /// CSS pixels of background around label text.
+    pub halo: f32,
+    /// Distance between a group's members and its outline.
+    pub group_padding: f32,
+    /// How marks that cast shadows cast them.
+    pub shadow: Shadow,
+    /// The air glowing around the globe, where the earth has an atmosphere.
+    pub atmosphere: Color,
+    /// How bright the earth's night side stays where it is lit by daylight, 0 to 1.
+    pub night: f32,
+}
+
+/// How comets flowing along edges and lines look: each a round head, brightest at its middle, trailing
+/// a tail that thins and fades.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = merged)]
+pub struct Flow {
+    /// A comet's color; its alpha is how strongly a comet covers its stroke.
+    pub color: Color,
+    /// Distance between comets.
+    pub spacing: f32,
+    /// How far a comet's tail trails its head.
+    pub length: f32,
+    /// How wide a comet's head is, CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; never narrower than its stroke.
+    pub width: f32,
+    /// Whether comets are part of the drawing: their spacing, length, and each row's flow in position
+    /// units, degrees on the earth, so they zoom with the view and stay where they are on their lines.
+    /// Otherwise they keep their size and speed on screen, and slide along their lines as it zooms.
+    pub units: bool,
+}
+
+/// How marks that cast shadows cast them onto the ground and onto faces.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
+#[schemars(transform = merged)]
+pub struct Shadow {
+    /// What a shadow darkens toward; its alpha is how dark a shadow at contact gets.
+    pub color: Color,
+    /// The direction toward the light, fixed in the world: shadows fall away from it.
+    pub light: [f32; 3],
+    /// How much a shadow spreads per unit of a caster's height: the light's size.
+    pub softness: f32,
+    /// CSS pixels flat marks cast from, as if raised.
+    pub lift: f32,
+}
+
+impl Theme {
+    /// Light marks on a dark ground.
+    pub fn dark() -> Theme {
+        Theme {
+            background: Color::hex("#0f141a").expect("hex"),
+            surface: Color::hex("#18212b").expect("hex"),
+            grid: Color::hex("#ffffff").expect("hex").alpha(0.07),
+            vertex: Color::hex("#7cc4ff").expect("hex"),
+            vertex_radius: 4.0,
+            edge: None,
+            edge_width: 1.5,
+            line: Color::hex("#7cc4ff").expect("hex"),
+            line_width: 1.5,
+            area: Color::hex("#2b3d50").expect("hex"),
+            shading: 0.6,
+            text: Color::hex("#a8b2c2").expect("hex"),
+            font: "ui-monospace, Menlo, Consolas, monospace".into(),
+            font_size: 11.0,
+            playhead: Color::hex("#ffe5d4").expect("hex").alpha(0.8),
+            missing: Color::hex("#6b7480").expect("hex"),
+            hover: Color::hex("#ffffff").expect("hex").alpha(0.6),
+            selected: Some(Color::hex("#ffb000").expect("hex").alpha(0.9)),
+            glow: 6.0,
+            dim: 0.35,
+            hover_scale: 1.25,
+            dash: 8.0,
+            flow: Flow {
+                color: Color::hex("#ffffff").expect("hex").alpha(0.85),
+                spacing: 64.0,
+                length: 24.0,
+                width: 4.0,
+                units: false,
+            },
+            edge_spacing: 4.0,
+            lane_bow: 0.12,
+            arrow: 7.0,
+            halo: 2.0,
+            group_padding: 16.0,
+            shadow: Shadow { color: Color::BLACK.alpha(0.45), light: [-0.35, 0.45, 1.0], softness: 0.15, lift: 3.0 },
+            atmosphere: Color::hex("#5aa9ff").expect("hex").alpha(0.55),
+            night: 0.3,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Dark marks on a light ground.
+    pub fn light() -> Theme {
+        Theme {
+            background: Color::hex("#f7f8fa").expect("hex"),
+            surface: Color::hex("#e8ecf0").expect("hex"),
+            grid: Color::hex("#000000").expect("hex").alpha(0.08),
+            vertex: Color::hex("#1f6feb").expect("hex"),
+            line: Color::hex("#1f6feb").expect("hex"),
+            area: Color::hex("#c5d2df").expect("hex"),
+            text: Color::hex("#4a5361").expect("hex"),
+            playhead: Color::hex("#e36209").expect("hex").alpha(0.8),
+            missing: Color::hex("#9aa3ad").expect("hex"),
+            hover: Color::hex("#000000").expect("hex").alpha(0.35),
+            selected: Some(Color::hex("#e36209").expect("hex").alpha(0.9)),
+            flow: Flow { color: Color::hex("#ffffff").expect("hex").alpha(0.9), ..Theme::dark().flow },
+            shadow: Shadow { color: Color::BLACK.alpha(0.22), ..Theme::dark().shadow },
+            atmosphere: Color::hex("#6cb4ff").expect("hex").alpha(0.45),
+            night: 0.55,
+            ..Theme::dark()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Theme {
+    fn default() -> Theme {
+        Theme::dark()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Presets for Theme {
+    const NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["dark", "light"];
+
+    fn preset(name: &str) -> Option<Theme> {
+        match name {
+            "dark" => Some(Theme::dark()),
+            "light" => Some(Theme::light()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn options<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Theme, D::Error> {
+        Theme::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A theme reads a base theme's name, or options over one: written over the base as it serializes,
+/// so an option left out keeps the base's and `null` clears a color the base has.
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Theme {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Theme, D::Error> {
+        let named = |name: &str| {
+            Theme::preset(name).ok_or_else(|| de::Error::custom(format!("no theme {name:?}: dark or light")))
+        };
+        let mut options = match Value::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+            Value::String(name) => return named(&name),
+            Value::Object(options) => options,
+            _ => return Err(de::Error::custom("a theme: \"dark\", \"light\", or options")),
+        };
+        let base = match options.remove("base") {
+            None => Theme::dark(),
+            Some(Value::String(name)) => named(&name)?,
+            Some(_) => return Err(de::Error::custom("base names a theme: dark or light")),
+        };
+        let mut theme = serde_json::to_value(base).map_err(de::Error::custom)?;
+        over(&mut theme, Value::Object(options));
+        Theme::deserialize(theme).map_err(de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serialize for Theme {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        Theme::serialize(self, serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Writes `options` over `base`, object by object.
+fn over(base: &mut Value, options: Value) {
+    match (base, options) {
+        (Value::Object(base), Value::Object(options)) => {
+            for (key, value) in options {
+                over(base.entry(key).or_insert(Value::Null), value);
+            }
+        }
+        (slot, value) => *slot = value,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Options a theme merges over its base's, each of them optional.
+fn merged(schema: &mut schemars::Schema) {
+    schema.remove("required");
+}
+
+/// A theme's schema: a base's name, or options over the base `base` names.
+fn with_base(schema: &mut schemars::Schema) {
+    if let Some(properties) = schema.get_mut("properties").and_then(Value::as_object_mut) {
+        let base = serde_json::json!({ "description": "The theme these options change; dark unless set.", "enum": Theme::NAMES });
+        properties.insert("base".into(), base);
+    }
+    presets::<Theme>(schema);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/scene/vertices.rs b/crates/latkit/src/scene/vertices.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23585f57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/scene/vertices.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+use super::Port;
+use super::mark::{Context, Drawing, GEOMETRY, MarkKind, Style, mark, style_methods};
+use super::marker::Marker;
+use crate::expr::compile::{Compiler, Store};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Expr, Kind, Name, Result, Size};
+
+mark!(
+/// Rows drawn as markers: points of a map, nodes of a graph, blocks of a diagram.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::{field, Colormap, Vertices};
+/// let buses = Vertices::of("grid", "Bus")
+///     .position("lon", "lat")
+///     .radius(field("kv") / 50.0)
+///     .color(field("vm").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.95..=1.05));
+/// ```
+Vertices {
+    /// Each row's x and y. Without them, the point field `geometry` names places rows; rows without
+    /// either the scene's layout places.
+    position: Option<[Expr; 2]>,
+    /// The point field placing each row where `position` is not given; `geometry` unless set.
+    geometry: Option<Name>,
+    /// Height above the ground: on the earth, a fraction of its radius. Not in a diagram, which is
+    /// flat.
+    elevation: Expr = "crate::scene::mark::zero",
+    /// CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram.
+    radius: Option<Size>,
+    /// Width and height, for markers that are not round: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`;
+    /// units in a diagram, where a block without a size fits its label and ports.
+    size: Option<[Size; 2]>,
+    /// How each row is drawn.
+    marker: Marker,
+    /// A ring around each row's marker in this color; a missing or transparent color draws none.
+    ring: Option<Expr>,
+    /// A port on each row for each reference field naming a net, which an `edges` mark of the net
+    /// table without ends draws. Diagrams only.
+    ports: Vec<(Name, Port)> as "[reference: string, port: Port][]",
+    /// Makes each row a group: it holds the rows of `table` whose reference field names it, and is
+    /// drawn as a container around them, its label a title in its header. Diagrams only.
+    contains: Option<(Name, Name)> as "[table: string, reference: string]",
+});
+
+impl Vertices {
+    /// Draws the rows of `table` in dataset `data`.
+    pub fn of(data: impl Into<Name>, table: impl Into<Name>) -> Vertices {
+        Vertices {
+            style: Style::new(data.into(), table.into()),
+            position: None,
+            geometry: None,
+            elevation: 0.0.into(),
+            radius: None,
+            size: None,
+            marker: Marker::default(),
+            ring: None,
+            ports: Vec::new(),
+            contains: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A port on each row: where the net its reference field `reference` names meets it. An `Edges`
+    /// mark of the net table, without ends, draws the nets. Diagrams only.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn port(mut self, reference: impl Into<Name>, port: impl Into<Port>) -> Vertices {
+        let reference = reference.into();
+        self.ports.retain(|(name, _)| *name != reference);
+        self.ports.push((reference, port.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Makes each row a group: it holds the rows of `table` whose reference field `reference` names
+    /// it, and draws as a container around them, its label a title in its header. Diagrams only.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn contains(mut self, table: impl Into<Name>, reference: impl Into<Name>) -> Vertices {
+        self.contains = Some((table.into(), reference.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The point field placing each row where no position is given; `geometry` unless set.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn geometry(mut self, field: impl Into<Name>) -> Vertices {
+        self.geometry = Some(field.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The point field placing rows without a position.
+    pub(crate) fn point_field(&self) -> &str {
+        self.geometry.as_deref().unwrap_or(GEOMETRY)
+    }
+
+    /// Each row's position. Without one, a point field named `geometry` places rows; rows without
+    /// either the scene's layout places, in a diagram or on a plane or the earth.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn position(mut self, x: impl Into<Expr>, y: impl Into<Expr>) -> Vertices {
+        self.position = Some([x.into(), y.into()]);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Height above the ground: on the earth, a fraction of its radius. Not in a diagram, which is
+    /// flat.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn elevation(mut self, z: impl Into<Expr>) -> Vertices {
+        self.elevation = z.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Each row's radius: CSS pixels, or position units with [`units`](crate::units); units in a
+    /// diagram.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn radius(mut self, radius: impl Into<Size>) -> Vertices {
+        self.radius = Some(radius.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Each row's width and height, for markers that are not round: CSS pixels, or position units
+    /// with [`units`](crate::units); units in a diagram, where a block without a size fits its label
+    /// and ports.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn size(mut self, width: impl Into<Size>, height: impl Into<Size>) -> Vertices {
+        self.size = Some([width.into(), height.into()]);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// How each row is drawn.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn marker(mut self, marker: impl Into<Marker>) -> Vertices {
+        self.marker = marker.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// A ring around each row's marker in this color; a missing or transparent color draws none.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn ring(mut self, color: impl Into<Expr>) -> Vertices {
+        self.ring = Some(color.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&self, c: &mut Compiler<'_>, context: Context<'_>) -> Result<Drawing> {
+        let group = self.contains.is_some();
+        let inputs = self.marker.inputs();
+        if inputs.len() > 8 {
+            return Err(crate::Error::invalid("a marker reads at most eight inputs").at("marker"));
+        }
+        let mut flags = 0;
+        if context.diagram() {
+            // The sheet says where each row stands and how large it is, from the data alone.
+            c.check_structure("position", self.position.iter().flatten())?;
+            c.check_structure("size", self.size.iter().flatten().map(|s| &s.expr))?;
+            c.check_structure("radius", self.radius.iter().map(|s| &s.expr))?;
+            c.derived_position(wgsl::VERTEX_POSITION).map_err(|e| e.at("position"))?;
+            for (k, field) in ["half_x", "half_y"].into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let store = Store::Size { word: wgsl::VERTEX_HALF + k as u32, units: true, fallback: None };
+                c.derived(["width", "height"][k], field, store)?;
+            }
+            if group {
+                c.derived("depth", "depth", Store::Number { word: wgsl::VERTEX_DEPTH, fallback: None })?;
+            }
+            flags |= wgsl::SIZED;
+        } else {
+            let at = wgsl::VERTEX_POSITION;
+            if context.placed() {
+                // The view places rows without a position by the scene's layout, from the data alone.
+                c.check_structure("position", self.position.iter().flatten())?;
+                c.derived_position(at)
+            } else {
+                match &self.position {
+                    Some([x, y]) => c.position(x, y, at),
+                    None if c.kind(self.point_field()) == Some(Kind::Point) => {
+                        let field = self.point_field();
+                        c.position(&Expr::component(field, 0), &Expr::component(field, 1), at)
+                    }
+                    None => c.position(&Expr::missing(), &Expr::missing(), at),
+                }
+            }
+            .map_err(|e| e.at("position"))?;
+            let half = |word: u32, size: &Size| Store::Size {
+                word,
+                units: size.units,
+                fallback: Some(wgsl::THEME_VERTEX_RADIUS),
+            };
+            match (&self.size, &self.radius) {
+                (Some([w, h]), _) => {
+                    flags |= wgsl::SIZED;
+                    c.channel("width", &(w.expr.clone() * 0.5), half(wgsl::VERTEX_HALF, w))?;
+                    c.channel("height", &(h.expr.clone() * 0.5), half(wgsl::VERTEX_HALF + 1, h))?;
+                }
+                (None, Some(radius)) => c.channel("radius", &radius.expr, half(wgsl::VERTEX_HALF, radius))?,
+                (None, None) => {
+                    let store = Store::Size { word: wgsl::VERTEX_HALF, units: false, fallback: None };
+                    c.theme("radius", wgsl::THEME_VERTEX_RADIUS, store)?;
+                }
+            }
+            c.channel("elevation", &self.elevation, Store::Number { word: wgsl::VERTEX_ELEVATION, fallback: None })?;
+        }
+        let fallback = if group { wgsl::THEME_SURFACE } else { wgsl::THEME_VERTEX };
+        let color = Store::Color { word: wgsl::VERTEX_COLOR, fallback };
+        match &self.style.color {
+            Some(expr) => c.channel("color", expr, color)?,
+            None => c.theme("color", fallback, color)?,
+        }
+        let visible = Store::Flag { word: wgsl::VERTEX_FLAGS, bit: wgsl::VISIBLE };
+        c.channel("visible", &self.style.visible, visible)?;
+        if let Some(ring) = &self.ring {
+            flags |= wgsl::STATUS;
+            c.channel("ring", ring, Store::Color { word: wgsl::VERTEX_STATUS, fallback: wgsl::THEME_CLEAR })?;
+        }
+        for (i, input) in inputs.iter().enumerate() {
+            let store = Store::Number { word: wgsl::VERTEX_WORDS + i as u32, fallback: None };
+            c.channel(&format!("input{i}"), input, store).map_err(|e| e.at(i).at("marker"))?;
+        }
+        let mut ports = Vec::with_capacity(self.ports.len());
+        for (reference, port) in &self.ports {
+            let column = c.bits(reference).map_err(|e| e.at(reference).at("port"))?;
+            ports.push((reference.clone(), port.clone(), column));
+        }
+        let mut drawing = Drawing::new(MarkKind::Vertices, wgsl::VERTEX_WORDS);
+        // A marker's half keeps within its size's pixels, halved where the size is the whole width.
+        drawing.size_px = match (&self.size, &self.radius) {
+            (Some([w, _]), _) => w.px.map(|px| px / 2.0),
+            (None, Some(radius)) => radius.px,
+            (None, None) => crate::Size::ANY,
+        };
+        drawing.markers = self.marker.markers(0);
+        if group {
+            // A container is a box whatever its marker.
+            flags |= wgsl::GROUP;
+            drawing.markers.marker = wgsl::MARKER_SHAPE;
+            drawing.markers.shape = wgsl::SHAPE_RECTANGLE;
+        }
+        drawing.flags = flags;
+        drawing.extras = inputs.len() as u32;
+        drawing.ports = ports;
+        drawing.port_label_size = 0.8 * context.theme.font_size;
+        Ok(drawing)
+    }
+}
+
+style_methods!(Vertices);
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/schema.rs b/crates/latkit/src/schema.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8835a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/schema.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//! What latkit reads and writes, as JSON Schema: scenes, datasets, patches, queries, cameras, fits,
+//! budgets, and shots in; events, hits, stats, work, and descriptions out. Each type serializes or
+//! deserializes as itself and its schema derives from the same declaration, so the code and its
+//! schema never part. `latkit schema` prints them, and npm's types are written from them.
+
+use schemars::generate::SchemaSettings;
+use schemars::transform::RecursiveTransform;
+
+/// The settings every schema is made with: draft 2020-12, saying what is read or written and not
+/// latkit's defaults, which descriptions say.
+fn settings() -> SchemaSettings {
+    SchemaSettings::draft2020_12().with_transform(RecursiveTransform(|schema: &mut schemars::Schema| {
+        schema.remove("default");
+    }))
+}
+
+/// The JSON Schema of what `T` deserializes from, its definitions under `$defs`.
+///
+/// ```
+/// let data = latkit::schema::<latkit::Data>();
+/// assert!(data["properties"]["patch"].is_object());
+/// ```
+pub fn schema<T: schemars::JsonSchema>() -> serde_json::Value {
+    settings().into_generator().into_root_schema_for::<T>().to_value()
+}
+
+/// Every input's JSON Schema in one document, each under its name in `$defs` with what it is built
+/// of: `Scene`, `Data` (a dataset's document), `Patch`, `Query`, `Camera`, `Fit`, `Budget`, `Shot`.
+/// What latkit writes is under `outputs`, as it serializes: `ViewEvent`, `Stats`, `Work`,
+/// `Description`, `Rows`, `Camera`, `Budget`, `Value`, and `Failure` (an error).
+///
+/// ```
+/// let schemas = latkit::schemas();
+/// assert!(schemas["$defs"]["Theme"].is_object());
+/// assert!(schemas["outputs"]["Hit"].is_object());
+/// ```
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+pub fn schemas() -> serde_json::Value {
+    let mut inputs = settings().into_generator();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Scene>();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Data>();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Patch>();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Query>();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Camera>();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Fit>();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Budget>();
+    inputs.subschema_for::<crate::Shot>();
+    let mut settings = settings().for_serialize();
+    settings.definitions_path = "/outputs".into();
+    let mut outputs = settings.into_generator();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Event>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Stats>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Work>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Description>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Rows>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Camera>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Budget>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Value>();
+    outputs.subschema_for::<crate::Error>();
+    serde_json::json!({
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "$defs": inputs.take_definitions(true),
+        "outputs": outputs.take_definitions(true),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/sheet/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/sheet/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4ca283d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/sheet/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+//! A diagram's sheet: where every vertex row stands and how large it is, the boxes groups draw
+//! around their members, and the paths wires run along, in units with y down. It is made from the
+//! data and the scene alone, never from what was drawn, so the camera, hover, and motion never
+//! change it. Places persist by row, so adding a row moves nothing else, and a row that loses its
+//! position stays where it stood; layouts place only rows without one, until arranging lays every
+//! row out again, and a wire routes again only when its terminals move or a box near it changes.
+//! Superlinear work too large for the frame (layouts, many routes) is a host job answering with a
+//! patch. The sheet is a derivation: it writes a table beside each table it draws, row for row,
+//! which marks read like data. An edit of the values rows are sized and placed by derives only the
+//! rows it wrote and what they reach: their boxes, the groups around them, and the wires they move.
+
+mod wires;
+
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHasher};
+
+use crate::data::{Column, Field, Name, Row, Table, Value, Values, Version};
+use crate::derive::graph::{EdgeMark, VertexMark, drawing, key_of, links, marks, position};
+use crate::derive::{Derive, Input, Jobs, Read, Tables, answers, beside, kept, stamp_of};
+use crate::expr::cpu::Rows;
+use crate::gpu::atlas;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{HEADER_BAND, PORT_SIZE, TEXT_BASE};
+use crate::host::{Job, Key, Placement, TextRun};
+use crate::layout::rect::{Rect, around, union};
+use crate::{Layout, Marker, Pending, Shape, Side, Theme, Vertices};
+
+/// Texts measured past which the sheet forgets them all.
+const MEASURED: usize = 1 << 16;
+
+/// The sheet of a diagram's view.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Sheet {
+    /// Failures to tell: texts its host could not measure.
+    errors: Vec<crate::Error>,
+    /// The derived table beside each table it draws.
+    tables: Tables,
+    /// Places layouts gave rows without positions, kept by row, also after a row leaves, so undo
+    /// puts it back where it was.
+    places: FxHashMap<Row, [f64; 2]>,
+    /// Each orthogonal wire's route, by edge row.
+    routes: FxHashMap<Row, wires::Routed>,
+    /// The size each run of text takes, as its host measured it.
+    measured: FxHashMap<TextRun, [f64; 2]>,
+    /// The box of every placed vertex row the last update made: what a change moved.
+    boxes: FxHashMap<Row, [f64; 4]>,
+    /// The box holding every placed vertex and every wire the last update made.
+    extent: Option<[f64; 4]>,
+    /// What the derived tables were last made from.
+    stamp: u64,
+    /// Bumps when places start over, so layouts asked before are dropped.
+    generation: u64,
+    /// Whether every row without a position is to be laid out again, standing where it is until
+    /// the layout answers.
+    arranging: bool,
+    /// What the last arranging laid out, until the view takes it.
+    arranged: Option<Vec<(Row, [f64; 2])>>,
+    /// The layout places were made by.
+    layout: Option<Layout>,
+    placing: Option<Placing>,
+    routing: Option<wires::Routing>,
+    /// Bumps whenever an answer lands.
+    landed: u64,
+    /// What the last update drew, which an edit derives from.
+    drawn: Option<Drawn>,
+}
+
+/// What the sheet last drew: every vertex row as it stood, what wiring keeps, what the structure of
+/// the marks read, and a stamp of the scene, the host, the answers landed, and the generation of
+/// places it was drawn from.
+struct Drawn {
+    vertices: Vec<Vertex>,
+    wired: wires::Wired,
+    reads: Vec<Seen>,
+    from: u64,
+}
+
+/// What the structure of the marks read when the sheet was drawn: a table's rows, or a field.
+enum Seen {
+    Rows { key: (Name, Name), structure: Version, order: Version },
+    Field { key: (Name, Name, Name), field: Option<Box<Field>> },
+}
+
+/// A layout under way: the generation of places it was asked in, and the row each key it answers
+/// for names.
+struct Placing {
+    pending: Pending<Vec<u8>>,
+    generation: u64,
+    rows: FxHashMap<Key, Row>,
+}
+
+// A vertex row of the diagram.
+pub(crate) struct Vertex {
+    /// The vertex mark drawing it.
+    pub(crate) mark: usize,
+    pub(crate) key: Row,
+    /// Half its width and height, units; a group's while it holds nothing placed.
+    pub(crate) half: [f64; 2],
+    /// The position its data gives it.
+    pub(crate) pin: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    /// Its box, least x and y then greatest, once it has a place.
+    pub(crate) bounds: Option<[f64; 4]>,
+    /// The group holding it, and how many groups hold it.
+    pub(crate) parent: Option<usize>,
+    pub(crate) depth: u32,
+    /// Whether it is a group, and how many rows it holds.
+    pub(crate) group: bool,
+    pub(crate) members: u32,
+    pub(crate) shape: Shape,
+}
+
+impl Vertex {
+    pub(crate) fn center(&self) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+        self.bounds.map(|b| [b[0].midpoint(b[2]), b[1].midpoint(b[3])])
+    }
+}
+
+impl Derive for Sheet {
+    /// Brings the sheet up to `input`, writing each drawn table's derived table.
+    fn update(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> bool {
+        if self.layout != Some(input.scene.layout) {
+            if self.layout.is_some() {
+                self.arrange();
+            }
+            self.layout = Some(input.scene.layout);
+        }
+        let mut changed = false;
+        // A job its host does at once is taken before the frame draws.
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            self.settle();
+            let stamp = stamp(input, self.landed, self.generation);
+            if stamp == self.stamp {
+                break;
+            }
+            self.stamp = stamp;
+            self.build(input, jobs);
+            changed = true;
+        }
+        changed
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a layout or routes are under way.
+    fn busy(&self) -> bool {
+        self.placing.is_some() || self.routing.is_some()
+    }
+
+    fn tables(&self) -> &Tables {
+        &self.tables
+    }
+
+    /// Forgets the tables but keeps places and routes: a scene that is a diagram again finds its rows
+    /// where they stood.
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.tables.clear();
+        self.drawn = None;
+        self.stamp = 0;
+    }
+
+    fn take_errors(&mut self) -> Vec<crate::Error> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.errors)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Sheet {
+    /// Whether a layout is under way, which a fit waits for.
+    pub(crate) fn placing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.placing.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Lays every row without a position out again; until the layout answers, rows stand where they
+    /// are.
+    pub(crate) fn arrange(&mut self) {
+        self.arranging = true;
+        self.placing = None;
+        self.generation += 1;
+        self.stamp = 0;
+    }
+
+    /// What the last arranging laid out, once it landed: each row placed, and where, units with y
+    /// down.
+    pub(crate) fn take_arranged(&mut self) -> Option<Vec<(Row, [f64; 2])>> {
+        self.arranged.take()
+    }
+
+    /// Row `row`'s box, units with y down, once it has one.
+    pub(crate) fn bounds(&self, row: &Row) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
+        self.boxes.get(row).copied()
+    }
+
+    /// The box holding every placed vertex and every wire, units with y down, once anything is placed.
+    pub(crate) fn extent(&self) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
+        self.extent
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the answers that landed: places asked in the current generation, and routes.
+    fn settle(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(answer) = self.placing.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.pending.take()) {
+            let placing = self.placing.take().expect("a layout under way");
+            if placing.generation == self.generation {
+                let mut placed = Vec::new();
+                for (key, values) in answer.map(|bytes| answers(&bytes, &["x", "y"])).unwrap_or_default() {
+                    if let (Some(row), [Some(Value::Number(x)), Some(Value::Number(y))]) =
+                        (placing.rows.get(&key), &values[..])
+                    {
+                        // Layouts lay out with y up.
+                        self.places.insert(row.clone(), [*x, -*y]);
+                        placed.push((row.clone(), [*x, -*y]));
+                    }
+                }
+                if std::mem::take(&mut self.arranging) {
+                    self.arranged = Some(placed);
+                }
+            }
+            self.landed += 1;
+        }
+        if let Some(answer) = self.routing.as_ref().and_then(|r| r.pending.take()) {
+            let routing = self.routing.take().expect("routes under way");
+            if let Ok(bytes) = answer {
+                wires::land(&mut self.routes, &routing, &bytes);
+            }
+            self.landed += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the derived tables again: sizes, places, group boxes, then wires. After an edit of only
+    /// values rows are sized and placed by, each by its own row's, only what the rows it wrote reach.
+    fn build(&mut self, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) {
+        let marks = marks(input);
+        let from = stamp_of((input.scene_version, input.host.is_some(), self.landed, self.generation));
+        let drawn = self.drawn.take().filter(|drawn| drawn.from == from);
+        let mut drawn = match drawn.as_ref().and_then(|drawn| edited(drawn, input, &marks.0)) {
+            Some(touched) => self.redraw(drawn.expect("drawn"), touched, &marks, input, jobs),
+            None => self.draw(&marks, input, jobs),
+        };
+        drawn.reads = seen(input);
+        drawn.from = from;
+        self.drawn = Some(drawn);
+    }
+
+    /// Draws every row: sizes, places, group boxes, then wires.
+    fn draw(&mut self, marks: &Marks<'_>, input: &Input<'_>, jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>) -> Drawn {
+        let (vertex_marks, edge_marks) = marks;
+        let mut vertices = self.vertices(vertex_marks, input);
+        hold(vertex_marks, &mut vertices);
+        let (header, padding) = framing(vertex_marks, &input.scene.theme);
+        for v in vertices.iter_mut().filter(|v| !v.group) {
+            self.stand(v);
+        }
+        stand_groups(&mut vertices, &self.places, &header, padding);
+        self.place(&vertices, vertex_marks, edge_marks, &header, padding, input, jobs);
+        let moved = wires::moved(&self.boxes, &vertices);
+        let mut drawn = Drawn { vertices, wired: wires::Wired::default(), reads: Vec::new(), from: 0 };
+        self.wire(&mut drawn, marks, &wires::Change { moved: &moved, touched: None }, input, jobs);
+        self.boxes = drawn.vertices.iter().filter_map(|v| Some((v.key.clone(), v.bounds?))).collect();
+        self.extent = extent(&drawn);
+        write(vertex_marks, &drawn.vertices, edge_marks, &drawn.wired.parts, &mut self.tables);
+        drawn
+    }
+
+    /// Draws again what an edit reaches: the rows `touched` sized and placed again, the groups around
+    /// them, and the wires meeting them or near what they moved.
+    fn redraw(
+        &mut self,
+        mut drawn: Drawn,
+        mut touched: Vec<usize>,
+        marks: &Marks<'_>,
+        input: &Input<'_>,
+        jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>,
+    ) -> Drawn {
+        let (vertex_marks, edge_marks) = marks;
+        let (header, padding) = framing(vertex_marks, &input.scene.theme);
+        let rows: Vec<Rows<'_>> = vertex_marks.iter().map(|vm| Rows::new(vm.table, input.data)).collect();
+        let before: Vec<Option<Rect>> = touched.iter().map(|&v| drawn.vertices[v].bounds).collect();
+        for &v in &touched {
+            let (m, row) = (drawn.vertices[v].mark, v - vertex_marks[drawn.vertices[v].mark].first);
+            let half = self.half(&vertex_marks[m], &rows[m], row, input);
+            let vertex = &mut drawn.vertices[v];
+            vertex.half = half;
+            vertex.pin = position(vertex_marks[m].mark, &rows[m], row);
+            if !vertex.group {
+                self.stand(vertex);
+            }
+        }
+        // The boxes the edit moved, added, or took away among the blocks wires route around.
+        let mut moved = Vec::new();
+        for (&v, &was) in touched.iter().zip(&before) {
+            let vertex = &drawn.vertices[v];
+            if !vertex.group && vertex.bounds != was {
+                moved.extend(was.into_iter().chain(vertex.bounds));
+            }
+        }
+        // Groups stand around their members again; a group that moved is touched too.
+        if touched.iter().any(|&v| drawn.vertices[v].group || drawn.vertices[v].parent.is_some()) {
+            let groups: Vec<(usize, Option<Rect>)> =
+                drawn.vertices.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, v)| v.group).map(|(g, v)| (g, v.bounds)).collect();
+            stand_groups(&mut drawn.vertices, &self.places, &header, padding);
+            touched.extend(groups.into_iter().filter(|&(g, was)| drawn.vertices[g].bounds != was).map(|(g, _)| g));
+            touched.sort_unstable();
+            touched.dedup();
+        }
+        self.place(&drawn.vertices, vertex_marks, edge_marks, &header, padding, input, jobs);
+        let written =
+            self.wire(&mut drawn, marks, &wires::Change { moved: &moved, touched: Some(&touched) }, input, jobs);
+        for &v in &touched {
+            let vertex = &drawn.vertices[v];
+            match vertex.bounds {
+                Some(b) => self.boxes.insert(vertex.key.clone(), b),
+                None => self.boxes.remove(&vertex.key),
+            };
+        }
+        self.extent = extent(&drawn);
+        if !write_rows(marks, &drawn, &touched, &written, &mut self.tables) {
+            write(vertex_marks, &drawn.vertices, edge_marks, &drawn.wired.parts, &mut self.tables);
+        }
+        drawn
+    }
+
+    /// Stands vertex `v`, not a group, where its data or a layout places it. A row that lost its
+    /// position keeps standing where it stood.
+    fn stand(&mut self, v: &mut Vertex) {
+        if v.pin.is_none()
+            && !self.places.contains_key(&v.key)
+            && let Some(b) = self.boxes.get(&v.key)
+        {
+            self.places.insert(v.key.clone(), [b[0].midpoint(b[2]), b[1].midpoint(b[3])]);
+        }
+        v.bounds = v.pin.or_else(|| self.places.get(&v.key).copied()).map(|center| around(center, v.half));
+    }
+
+    /// Works out the wires `change` reaches; the edge rows worked out, by edge mark.
+    fn wire(
+        &mut self,
+        drawn: &mut Drawn,
+        (vertex_marks, edge_marks): &Marks<'_>,
+        change: &wires::Change<'_>,
+        input: &Input<'_>,
+        jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>,
+    ) -> Vec<Vec<usize>> {
+        let spacing = f64::from(input.scene.theme.edge_spacing);
+        let context = wires::Context { vertices: &drawn.vertices, marks: vertex_marks, edges: edge_marks, spacing };
+        wires::paths(&context, input, jobs, change, &mut drawn.wired, (&mut self.routes, &mut self.routing))
+    }
+
+    /// Every vertex row of the diagram, sized, with the position its data gives it.
+    fn vertices(&mut self, vertex_marks: &[VertexMark<'_>], input: &Input<'_>) -> Vec<Vertex> {
+        let mut vertices = Vec::with_capacity(vertex_marks.iter().map(|vm| vm.table.len()).sum());
+        for (m, vm) in vertex_marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let rows = Rows::new(vm.table, input.data);
+            let (shape, group) = (shape_of(vm.mark), vm.mark.contains.is_some());
+            for row in 0..vm.table.len() {
+                let id = vm.table.ids.id(row).expect("every row has an id");
+                vertices.push(Vertex {
+                    mark: m,
+                    key: Row { data: vm.data.name().clone(), table: vm.table.name().clone(), id },
+                    half: self.half(vm, &rows, row, input),
+                    pin: position(vm.mark, &rows, row),
+                    bounds: None,
+                    parent: None,
+                    depth: 0,
+                    group,
+                    members: 0,
+                    shape,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        vertices
+    }
+
+    /// Half the width and height of `vm`'s row `row`, units: its size, its radius, or with neither a
+    /// box fitting its label and ports. A group's is what it takes holding nothing: its title.
+    fn half(&mut self, vm: &VertexMark<'_>, rows: &Rows<'_>, row: usize, input: &Input<'_>) -> [f64; 2] {
+        let theme = &input.scene.theme;
+        let radius = f64::from(theme.vertex_radius);
+        let group = vm.mark.contains.is_some();
+        if !group {
+            if let Some([w, h]) = &vm.mark.size {
+                let half = |size: &crate::Size| rows.number(&size.expr, row).map_or(radius, |v| v.max(0.0) / 2.0);
+                return [half(w), half(h)];
+            }
+            if let Some(r) = &vm.mark.radius {
+                let r = rows.number(&r.expr, row).map_or(radius, |v| v.max(0.0));
+                return [r, r];
+            }
+        }
+        let text = self.label(vm.mark, rows, row, input);
+        if group {
+            let padding = f64::from(theme.group_padding);
+            let title = text.map_or(0.0, |([w, _], _)| w);
+            return [title / 2.0 + padding, header(vm.mark, theme) / 2.0 + padding];
+        }
+        let ports = &vm.mark.ports;
+        // A row with neither a label nor ports is a dot.
+        if text.is_none() && ports.is_empty() {
+            return [radius, radius];
+        }
+        let size = text.map_or(f64::from(theme.font_size), |(_, size)| size);
+        let [w, h] = text.map_or([0.0; 2], |(box_, _)| box_);
+        // A round or pointed outline holds its text's box inside it.
+        let fit = match shape_of(vm.mark) {
+            Shape::Ellipse => std::f64::consts::SQRT_2,
+            Shape::Diamond => 2.0,
+            Shape::Rectangle | Shape::Rounded => 1.0,
+        };
+        let (mut width, mut height) = if text.is_some() {
+            ((w + 1.6 * size) * fit, (h + 1.2 * size) * fit)
+        } else {
+            (2.0 * radius, 2.0 * radius)
+        };
+        // Room for its ports: a pitch apiece along each side, and their labels across from each other.
+        let pitch = (2.0 * f64::from(PORT_SIZE)).max(1.4 * size);
+        let count = |side: Side| ports.iter().filter(|(_, p)| p.side == side).count() as f64;
+        height = height.max((count(Side::Left).max(count(Side::Right)) + 1.0) * pitch);
+        width = width.max((count(Side::Top).max(count(Side::Bottom)) + 1.0) * pitch);
+        let port_size = 0.8 * theme.font_size;
+        let mut widest = |side: Side| {
+            let mut widest: f64 = 0.0;
+            for label in ports.iter().filter(|(_, p)| p.side == side).filter_map(|(_, p)| p.label.as_deref()) {
+                let run = atlas::run(label.into(), theme.font.clone(), port_size, None);
+                widest = widest.max(self.measure(run, input)[0] * f64::from(port_size) / f64::from(TEXT_BASE));
+            }
+            widest
+        };
+        let labels = widest(Side::Left) + widest(Side::Right);
+        if labels > 0.0 {
+            width = width.max(w + labels + 3.0 * f64::from(PORT_SIZE) + 1.6 * size);
+        }
+        [width / 2.0, height / 2.0]
+    }
+
+    /// The width and height of row `row`'s label in units, and its size; `None` without one.
+    fn label(&mut self, mark: &Vertices, rows: &Rows<'_>, row: usize, input: &Input<'_>) -> Option<([f64; 2], f64)> {
+        let label = mark.style.label.as_ref()?;
+        let text = rows.text(&label.text, row)?;
+        let theme = &input.scene.theme;
+        let size = label.size.unwrap_or(theme.font_size);
+        let font = label.font.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| theme.font.clone());
+        let run = atlas::run(text, font, size, label.max_width);
+        let measured = self.measure(run, input);
+        Some((measured.map(|v| v * f64::from(size) / f64::from(TEXT_BASE)), f64::from(size)))
+    }
+
+    /// The width and height `run` takes, base pixels: as its host measures it, once, or an estimate
+    /// without one.
+    fn measure(&mut self, run: TextRun, input: &Input<'_>) -> [f64; 2] {
+        if let Some(&size) = self.measured.get(&run) {
+            return size;
+        }
+        let base = f64::from(TEXT_BASE);
+        let measured = input.host.map(|host| host.measure(&run));
+        let size = match measured {
+            Some(Ok(size)) => size,
+            other => {
+                if let Some(Err(error)) = other {
+                    self.errors.push(error);
+                }
+                return [run.text.chars().count() as f64 * 0.6 * base, 1.25 * base];
+            }
+        };
+        if self.measured.len() >= MEASURED {
+            self.measured.clear();
+        }
+        let size = size.map(f64::from);
+        self.measured.insert(run, size);
+        size
+    }
+
+    /// Asks the scene's layout, once none is under way, to place every row without a place: blocks,
+    /// and groups holding nothing; while arranging, every row without a position. The rest hold;
+    /// groups lay out around their members.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, reason = "one layout request")]
+    fn place(
+        &mut self,
+        vertices: &[Vertex],
+        vertex_marks: &[VertexMark<'_>],
+        edge_marks: &[EdgeMark<'_>],
+        header: &[f64],
+        padding: f64,
+        input: &Input<'_>,
+        jobs: &Jobs<'_>,
+    ) {
+        let layout = input.scene.layout;
+        let arranging = self.arranging;
+        let placed = |v: &Vertex| if arranging { v.pin.is_some() } else { v.bounds.is_some() };
+        let wanted = |v: &Vertex| !placed(v) && (!v.group || v.members == 0);
+        if self.placing.is_some() {
+            return;
+        }
+        if matches!(layout, Layout::None) || !vertices.iter().any(wanted) {
+            // Nothing to lay out: the arranging is done as asked.
+            if std::mem::take(&mut self.arranging) {
+                self.arranged = Some(Vec::new());
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        // Layouts lay out with y up: a group's header is its top.
+        let sizes: Vec<[f64; 2]> = vertices.iter().map(|v| v.half.map(|h| 2.0 * h)).collect();
+        let pinned: Vec<Option<[f64; 2]>> = vertices
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| v.center().filter(|_| placed(v) && (!v.group || v.members == 0)).map(|c| [c[0], -c[1]]))
+            .collect();
+        let groups: Vec<Option<u32>> = vertices.iter().map(|v| v.parent.map(|p| p as u32)).collect();
+        let pads: Vec<[f64; 4]> =
+            vertices.iter().map(|v| [padding, padding, padding, padding + header[v.mark]]).collect();
+        let links = links(vertex_marks, edge_marks);
+        let mut rows = FxHashMap::default();
+        let keys: Vec<Option<Key>> = vertices
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| {
+                let key = key_of(&v.key);
+                (wanted(v) && rows.insert(key.clone(), v.key.clone()).is_none()).then_some(key)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let placement =
+            Placement { sizes: &sizes, pinned: &pinned, groups: &groups, pads: &pads, links: &links, keys: &keys };
+        let pending = jobs.spawn(Job::layout(&layout, &placement));
+        self.placing = Some(Placing { pending, generation: self.generation, rows });
+    }
+}
+
+/// What the sheet reads, stamped: the scene, whether a host measures text, answers landed, the
+/// generation of places, whether rows are being dragged, and what the marks' structure reads.
+fn stamp(input: &Input<'_>, landed: u64, generation: u64) -> u64 {
+    let mut hasher = FxHasher::default();
+    (input.scene_version, input.host.is_some(), landed, generation, input.dragging).hash(&mut hasher);
+    input.structure(&mut hasher);
+    hasher.finish().max(1)
+}
+
+/// The diagram's vertex marks and edge marks.
+type Marks<'a> = (Vec<VertexMark<'a>>, Vec<EdgeMark<'a>>);
+
+/// What the structure of the marks reads now.
+fn seen(input: &Input<'_>) -> Vec<Seen> {
+    let mut seen = Vec::new();
+    input.reads(&mut |read| {
+        seen.push(match read {
+            Read::Rows { data, table, rows } => {
+                Seen::Rows { key: (data.clone(), table.clone()), structure: rows.structure, order: rows.order }
+            }
+            Read::Field { data, table, name, field, .. } => {
+                Seen::Field { key: (data.clone(), table.clone(), name.into()), field: field.cloned().map(Box::new) }
+            }
+        });
+    });
+    seen
+}
+
+/// The vertex rows written since `drawn`, by vertex, in order: `None` unless the same tables hold the
+/// same rows and nothing changed but values rows are sized and placed by, each by its own row's.
+fn edited(drawn: &Drawn, input: &Input<'_>, vertex_marks: &[VertexMark<'_>]) -> Option<Vec<usize>> {
+    let mut seen = drawn.reads.iter();
+    let mut rows = Vec::new();
+    let mut same = true;
+    input.reads(&mut |read| {
+        let Some(then) = seen.next().filter(|_| same) else {
+            same = false;
+            return;
+        };
+        same = match (read, then) {
+            (Read::Rows { data, table, rows: now }, Seen::Rows { key, structure, order }) => {
+                (data, table) == (&key.0, &key.1) && now.structure == *structure && now.order == *order
+            }
+            (Read::Field { data, table, name, field, own }, Seen::Field { key, field: before }) => {
+                (data, table, name) == (&key.0, &key.1, key.2.as_str())
+                    && match (field, before.as_deref()) {
+                        (None, None) => true,
+                        (Some(now), Some(then)) if now.version() == then.version() => true,
+                        (Some(Field::Values(now, _)), Some(Field::Values(then, _))) if own => {
+                            drawing(vertex_marks, data, table).is_some_and(|m| {
+                                let changed = now.changed_since(then);
+                                rows.extend(changed.into_iter().map(|row| vertex_marks[m].first + row));
+                                true
+                            })
+                        }
+                        _ => false,
+                    }
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        };
+    });
+    (same && seen.next().is_none()).then(|| {
+        rows.sort_unstable();
+        rows.dedup();
+        rows
+    })
+}
+
+/// The band across the top of each vertex mark's groups, and the padding around their members.
+fn framing(vertex_marks: &[VertexMark<'_>], theme: &Theme) -> (Vec<f64>, f64) {
+    (vertex_marks.iter().map(|vm| header(vm.mark, theme)).collect(), f64::from(theme.group_padding))
+}
+
+/// The box holding every placed vertex and every wire.
+fn extent(drawn: &Drawn) -> Option<Rect> {
+    let points = drawn.wired.parts.iter().flatten().flatten().flatten().map(|&[x, y]| [x, y, x, y]);
+    drawn.vertices.iter().filter_map(|v| v.bounds).chain(points).reduce(union)
+}
+
+/// The outline a vertex mark's markers draw: groups and blocks are boxes, the rest their shape.
+fn shape_of(mark: &Vertices) -> Shape {
+    if mark.contains.is_some() {
+        return Shape::Rectangle;
+    }
+    match &mark.marker {
+        Marker::Shape(shape) | Marker::Gauge { shape, .. } => *shape,
+        Marker::Pie { .. } => Shape::Ellipse,
+        Marker::Block { .. } | Marker::Icon { .. } | Marker::Wgsl { .. } => Shape::Rectangle,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The band across the top of a group mark's containers its titles sit in, units; none for other
+/// marks, or without titles.
+fn header(mark: &Vertices, theme: &Theme) -> f64 {
+    match (&mark.contains, &mark.style.label) {
+        (Some(_), Some(label)) => f64::from(label.size.unwrap_or(theme.font_size) * HEADER_BAND),
+        _ => 0.0,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Names each row's group: the rows of the table a group mark contains, through the reference
+/// naming the group; then how many groups hold each row, cycles cut where a walk up closes; then
+/// how many rows each group holds.
+fn hold(vertex_marks: &[VertexMark<'_>], vertices: &mut [Vertex]) {
+    for vm in vertex_marks {
+        let Some((table, reference)) = &vm.mark.contains else { continue };
+        let Some(m) = drawing(vertex_marks, vm.data.name(), table) else { continue };
+        let members = &vertex_marks[m];
+        let Some(Field::Reference(r)) = members.table.field_named(reference) else { continue };
+        if r.to != *vm.table.name() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for row in 0..members.table.len() {
+            let Some(group_row) = r.target(row) else { continue };
+            let (member, group) = (members.first + row, vm.first + group_row as usize);
+            if member != group {
+                vertices[member].parent = Some(group);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for v in 0..vertices.len() {
+        let (mut depth, mut at) = (0_u32, vertices[v].parent);
+        while let Some(p) = at {
+            depth += 1;
+            if depth as usize > vertices.len() {
+                vertices[v].parent = None;
+                depth = 0;
+                break;
+            }
+            at = vertices[p].parent;
+        }
+        vertices[v].depth = depth;
+    }
+    for v in 0..vertices.len() {
+        if let Some(p) = vertices[v].parent {
+            vertices[p].members += 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stands every group around its members, innermost first: their bounds grown by `padding`, with
+/// its header across the top. A group holding nothing placed stands at its own place.
+fn stand_groups(vertices: &mut [Vertex], places: &FxHashMap<Row, [f64; 2]>, header: &[f64], padding: f64) {
+    let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..vertices.len()).filter(|&v| vertices[v].group).collect();
+    order.sort_by_key(|&v| std::cmp::Reverse(vertices[v].depth));
+    let mut held: Vec<Option<[f64; 4]>> = vec![None; vertices.len()];
+    for v in vertices.iter().filter(|v| !v.group) {
+        if let (Some(p), Some(b)) = (v.parent, v.bounds) {
+            held[p] = Some(held[p].map_or(b, |h| union(h, b)));
+        }
+    }
+    for g in order {
+        let top = header[vertices[g].mark];
+        let own = if let Some(b) = held[g] {
+            Some([b[0] - padding, b[1] - padding - top, b[2] + padding, b[3] + padding])
+        } else {
+            let center = vertices[g].pin.or_else(|| places.get(&vertices[g].key).copied());
+            center.map(|c| around(c, vertices[g].half))
+        };
+        vertices[g].bounds = own;
+        if let (Some(p), Some(b)) = (vertices[g].parent, own) {
+            held[p] = Some(held[p].map_or(b, |h| union(h, b)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A derived table to write: its dataset and table, the table it stands beside, and its fields.
+type Writing<'a> = ((Name, Name), &'a Table, Vec<(&'static str, Values)>);
+
+/// A derived field of a vertex table, and its value for a vertex.
+type VertexField = (&'static str, fn(&Vertex) -> Option<f64>);
+
+/// A vertex table's derived fields, each a vertex's: its center and half sizes, then how many groups
+/// hold it, which only groups gaining or losing members change.
+const VERTEX_FIELDS: [VertexField; 5] = [
+    ("x", |v| v.center().map(|c| c[0])),
+    ("y", |v| v.center().map(|c| c[1])),
+    ("half_x", |v| v.bounds.map(|b| (b[2] - b[0]) / 2.0)),
+    ("half_y", |v| v.bounds.map(|b| (b[3] - b[1]) / 2.0)),
+    ("depth", |v| Some(f64::from(v.depth))),
+];
+
+/// Writes each drawn table's derived table, dropping those of tables no longer drawn: a vertex
+/// table's centers, half sizes, and depths; an edge table's paths. A field equal to the one before
+/// keeps its column, so nothing uploads again.
+fn write(
+    vertex_marks: &[VertexMark<'_>],
+    vertices: &[Vertex],
+    edge_marks: &[EdgeMark<'_>],
+    paths: &[Vec<wires::Parts>],
+    derived: &mut Tables,
+) {
+    let mut tables: Vec<Writing<'_>> = Vec::new();
+    for vm in vertex_marks {
+        let own = &vertices[vm.first..vm.first + vm.table.len()];
+        let fields = VERTEX_FIELDS
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&(name, value)| (name, Values::from(own.iter().map(value).collect::<Vec<_>>())))
+            .collect();
+        tables.push(((vm.data.name().clone(), vm.table.name().clone()), vm.table, fields));
+    }
+    for (em, paths) in edge_marks.iter().zip(paths) {
+        let key = (em.data.name().clone(), em.table.name().clone());
+        let field = ("route", Values::from(paths.clone()));
+        match tables.iter_mut().find(|(k, ..)| *k == key) {
+            Some((.., fields)) => fields.push(field),
+            None => tables.push((key, em.table, vec![field])),
+        }
+    }
+    derived.retain(|key, _| tables.iter().any(|(k, ..)| k == key));
+    for (key, source, fields) in tables {
+        let before = derived.get(&key);
+        let fields: Vec<(Name, Field)> =
+            fields.into_iter().map(|(name, values)| (name.into(), kept(name, &values, source, before))).collect();
+        derived.insert(key, beside(source, fields));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Writes what an edit reached over the derived tables, row by row: the center and half sizes of each
+/// vertex row `touched` names, and the parts of each edge row `written` names, so only the pages they
+/// fall on change. False where a derived table lacks a field to write over.
+fn write_rows(
+    (vertex_marks, edge_marks): &Marks<'_>,
+    drawn: &Drawn,
+    touched: &[usize],
+    written: &[Vec<usize>],
+    derived: &mut Tables,
+) -> bool {
+    for vm in vertex_marks {
+        let within =
+            touched.partition_point(|&v| v < vm.first)..touched.partition_point(|&v| v < vm.first + vm.table.len());
+        let rows: Vec<usize> = touched[within].iter().map(|&v| v - vm.first).collect();
+        if rows.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(table) = derived.get_mut(&(vm.data.name().clone(), vm.table.name().clone())) else { return false };
+        // An edit leaves which groups hold each row, and so its depth.
+        for &(name, value) in &VERTEX_FIELDS[..4] {
+            let values =
+                Values::from(rows.iter().map(|&row| value(&drawn.vertices[vm.first + row])).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            if !write_field(table, name, &rows, &values) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for ((em, rows), parts) in edge_marks.iter().zip(written).zip(&drawn.wired.parts) {
+        if rows.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(table) = derived.get_mut(&(em.data.name().clone(), em.table.name().clone())) else { return false };
+        let values = Values::from(rows.iter().map(|&row| parts[row].clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        if !write_field(table, "route", rows, &values) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// Writes `values` over rows `rows` of field `name` of `table`, but where a row holds its value already,
+/// so a page changes only when a value on it does; false where it holds no such column.
+fn write_field(table: &mut Table, name: &str, rows: &[usize], values: &Values) -> bool {
+    let Some(Field::Values(column, _)) = table.field_named(name) else { return false };
+    let writes: Vec<(usize, usize)> =
+        rows.iter().copied().zip(0..).filter(|&(row, at)| !column.holds(row, values, at)).collect();
+    if writes.is_empty() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    let Ok(column) = column.write(column.len(), &writes, &Column::new(values)) else { return false };
+    table.insert(name.into(), Field::Values(column, Version::next()));
+    true
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+    use std::task::Waker;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::data::{Data, Ids, Patch};
+    use crate::gpu::work::Counters;
+    use crate::{Diagram, Edges, Grid, Label, Port, Route, Scene};
+
+    const BLOCKS: u64 = 24;
+
+    /// Blocks with labels and ports, most in one of two groups, wired by orthogonal nets, straight
+    /// edges with lanes between the same two blocks, and orthogonal edges with ends.
+    fn diagram() -> (Scene, Data) {
+        let scene = Scene::new(Diagram { grid: Grid::Off })
+            .draw(Vertices::of("d", "G").contains("B", "group"))
+            .draw(Edges::of("d", "N").route(Route::Orthogonal))
+            .draw(Edges::of("d", "E").ends("from", "to"))
+            .draw(Edges::of("d", "F").ends("from", "to").route(Route::Orthogonal))
+            .draw(
+                Vertices::of("d", "B")
+                    .position("x", "y")
+                    .label(Label::new("name"))
+                    .port("in", Side::Left)
+                    .port("out", Port::output(Side::Right)),
+            );
+        let names: Vec<String> = (0..BLOCKS).map(|i| format!("block {i}")).collect();
+        let blocks = Table::new("B", (0..BLOCKS).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("x", (0..BLOCKS).map(|i| (i % 6) as f64 * 160.0).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("y", (0..BLOCKS).map(|i| (i / 6) as f64 * 120.0).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("name", names.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .reference(
+                "group",
+                "G",
+                (0..BLOCKS).map(|i| [Some(1_u64), Some(1), Some(2), None][i as usize % 4]).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            )
+            .reference("out", "N", (0..BLOCKS).map(|i| Some(i / 2)).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .reference("in", "N", (0..BLOCKS).map(|i| (i > 1).then(|| (i - 2) / 2)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        let pairs = |from: Vec<u64>, to: Vec<u64>, name: &str| {
+            Table::new(name, Ids::count(from.len() as u32)).reference("from", "B", from).reference("to", "B", to)
+        };
+        let mut data = Data::new("d");
+        data.apply(
+            Patch::new()
+                .set(Table::new("G", vec![1_u64, 2]))
+                .set(Table::new("N", (0..BLOCKS / 2).collect::<Vec<_>>()))
+                .set(blocks)
+                .set(pairs(vec![0, 0, 3, 7], vec![1, 1, 9, 15], "E"))
+                .set(pairs(vec![4, 5, 11, 20], vec![10, 17, 12, 21], "F")),
+        )
+        .expect("valid");
+        (scene, data)
+    }
+
+    /// The first row at which two sets of derived tables differ.
+    fn differ(a: &Tables, b: &Tables) -> Option<String> {
+        if a.len() != b.len() {
+            return Some(format!("{} tables, not {}", a.len(), b.len()));
+        }
+        for (key, ta) in a {
+            let Some(tb) = b.get(key) else { return Some(format!("no {key:?}")) };
+            for (name, _) in &ta.fields {
+                for row in 0..ta.len() {
+                    let (va, vb) = (ta.value(row, name, f64::INFINITY), tb.value(row, name, f64::INFINITY));
+                    if va != vb {
+                        return Some(format!("{key:?}.{name}[{row}]: {va:?} and {vb:?}"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_edit_derives_what_deriving_every_row_does() {
+        let (scene, mut data) = diagram();
+        let (counters, errors) = (Counters::default(), Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())));
+        let (mut edits, mut whole) = (Sheet::default(), Sheet::default());
+        let mut seed = 0x9e37_79b9_7f4a_7c15_u64;
+        let mut random = |n: u64| {
+            seed ^= seed << 13;
+            seed ^= seed >> 7;
+            seed ^= seed << 17;
+            seed % n
+        };
+        let mut redrawn = 0;
+        for step in 0..60 {
+            if step > 0 {
+                // Renames resize a block; moves and lost positions move it.
+                let rows: Vec<u64> = (0..=random(3)).map(|_| random(BLOCKS)).collect();
+                let edit = match random(3) {
+                    0 => Table::new("B", rows.clone()).field(
+                        "name",
+                        rows.iter().map(|r| format!("b{r}{}", "x".repeat(random(12) as usize))).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                    ),
+                    1 => Table::new("B", rows.clone())
+                        .field("x", rows.iter().map(|_| random(1000) as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+                        .field("y", rows.iter().map(|_| random(600) as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>()),
+                    _ => Table::new("B", rows.clone()).field("x", vec![None::<f64>; rows.len()]),
+                };
+                // A row named twice in one edit takes the last value.
+                let mut unique = rows.clone();
+                unique.sort_unstable();
+                unique.dedup();
+                if unique.len() < rows.len() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                data.apply(edit).expect("valid edit");
+            }
+            let input = Input {
+                scene: &scene,
+                scene_version: 1,
+                data: std::slice::from_ref(&data),
+                host: None,
+                dragging: true,
+            };
+            if let Some(drawn) = &edits.drawn {
+                redrawn += usize::from(edited(drawn, &input, &marks(&input).0).is_some());
+            }
+            whole.drawn = None;
+            for sheet in [&mut edits, &mut whole] {
+                sheet.update(&input, &mut Jobs::new(None, Waker::noop(), &counters, &errors));
+            }
+            if let Some(difference) = differ(&edits.tables, &whole.tables) {
+                panic!("step {step}: {difference}");
+            }
+            assert_eq!(edits.extent, whole.extent, "step {step}");
+        }
+        assert!(redrawn > 30, "edits derived only what they reached: {redrawn} of 60");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/sheet/wires.rs b/crates/latkit/src/sheet/wires.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..145f81fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/sheet/wires.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,710 @@
+//! Wires: the path each edge row of a diagram runs along, in units with y down. An edge with ends
+//! runs between its two vertices; a net joins every port naming it, from its outputs. A straight wire
+//! runs between outlines, set apart in lanes where edges join the same two vertices, or as a star
+//! through a net's middle; bends run through the points of a path field; an orthogonal wire routes
+//! around every block. A route holds until its terminals move or a box near it changes. Then it
+//! routes again on the frame when few do or rows are being dragged, else in a host job, keeping its
+//! old path while its terminals hold, or an elbow while they moved, until the job answers. After an
+//! edit of a few vertices, only the wires meeting them and those it makes route again are worked out.
+
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet, FxHasher};
+
+use super::Vertex;
+use crate::data::{Row, Table, Value};
+use crate::derive::graph::{EdgeMark, Joins, VertexMark, key_of, port_codes};
+use crate::derive::{Input, Jobs, answers, spread};
+use crate::gpu::shaders::PORT_SIZE;
+use crate::host::{Job, Key, Wiring};
+use crate::layout::rect::{EMPTY, Point, Rect, dot, grow, meets, union};
+use crate::layout::route::{Net, Terminal, finish, route, simplify};
+use crate::{Pending, Route, Shape, Side};
+
+/// Microseconds a wire takes to route, by estimate: what it spends of the frame's budget. A batch
+/// that does not fit routes in a host job.
+const ROUTE_COST: u64 = 160;
+/// Wires routed on the frame at most while rows are dragged, whatever the budget; the rest route
+/// once the drag ends.
+const DRAGGED: usize = 256;
+/// How far wires keep from blocks, in tracks: as far as routes keep.
+const CLEARANCE: f64 = 2.0;
+
+/// A wire's parts.
+pub(crate) type Parts = Vec<Vec<Point>>;
+
+/// A route: its polylines, y down, before bends round; a stamp of the terminals it joins; the box it
+/// spans; and whether it is to route again, a box having moved near it while it waited.
+pub(crate) struct Routed {
+    lines: Parts,
+    terminals: u64,
+    reach: Rect,
+    stale: bool,
+}
+
+impl Routed {
+    fn new(lines: Parts, terminals: u64) -> Routed {
+        let reach = lines.iter().flatten().fold(EMPTY, |reach, &p| union(reach, dot(p)));
+        Routed { lines, terminals, reach, stale: false }
+    }
+
+    /// A wire waiting for its first route: due until it has one, and in nothing's way.
+    fn waiting() -> Routed {
+        Routed { lines: Vec::new(), terminals: 0, reach: EMPTY, stale: true }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What wiring keeps between updates, so an edit works out only the wires it reaches: each edge mark's
+/// rows' parts, the edge and net rows meeting each vertex, and each edge mark's lanes.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Wired {
+    pub(crate) parts: Vec<Vec<Parts>>,
+    meeting: Vec<Vec<[u32; 2]>>,
+    lanes: Vec<Option<Vec<f64>>>,
+}
+
+/// What changed since wires were last worked out: the boxes that moved, added, or went, and after an
+/// edit of a few rows the vertices it touched; with none, every row is worked out.
+pub(crate) struct Change<'a> {
+    pub(crate) moved: &'a [Rect],
+    pub(crate) touched: Option<&'a [usize]>,
+}
+
+/// Routes a host job works out: each row it answers for by its key, with the stamp of its terminals
+/// when asked; the boxes that moved since, which the routes it answers may cross; and how far wires
+/// keep from them.
+pub(crate) struct Routing {
+    pub(crate) pending: Pending<Vec<u8>>,
+    rows: FxHashMap<Key, (Row, u64)>,
+    moved: Vec<Rect>,
+    clearance: f64,
+}
+
+/// What wires are worked out from: the diagram's vertices, vertex marks, and edge marks, and how far
+/// apart parallel wires run, units, which is also how round their bends are.
+pub(crate) struct Context<'a> {
+    pub(crate) vertices: &'a [Vertex],
+    pub(crate) marks: &'a [VertexMark<'a>],
+    pub(crate) edges: &'a [EdgeMark<'a>],
+    pub(crate) spacing: f64,
+}
+
+/// Where a wire meets a vertex: the point, y down, the side it leaves by, the vertex, and how far out
+/// the port there reaches, 0 where none is: a wire stops at a port's rim, so its arrowhead shows.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct End {
+    at: Point,
+    side: Option<Side>,
+    vertex: usize,
+    rim: f64,
+}
+
+/// An orthogonal wire to route: its edge mark and row, the row, its ends with the root first, and how
+/// many of its first ends drive it.
+struct Ask {
+    mark: usize,
+    row: usize,
+    key: Row,
+    ends: Vec<End>,
+    outputs: usize,
+}
+
+/// Takes a routing job's answer: each route it worked out, as routed from the terminals it was asked
+/// for; one near a box that moved since it was asked routes again.
+pub(crate) fn land(routes: &mut FxHashMap<Row, Routed>, routing: &Routing, bytes: &[u8]) {
+    for (key, values) in answers(bytes, &["route"]) {
+        let (Some((row, terminals)), Some(Some(Value::Parts(lines)))) =
+            (routing.rows.get(&key), values.into_iter().next())
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let mut routed = Routed::new(flipped(&lines), *terminals);
+        routed.stale = routing.moved.iter().any(|m| meets(&grow(routed.reach, routing.clearance), m));
+        routes.insert(row.clone(), routed);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The boxes a change moved, added, or took away among the blocks wires route around: where each was,
+/// and where it is.
+pub(crate) fn moved(before: &FxHashMap<Row, Rect>, vertices: &[Vertex]) -> Vec<Rect> {
+    let mut moved = Vec::new();
+    let mut now: FxHashSet<&Row> = FxHashSet::default();
+    for v in vertices {
+        let Some(b) = v.bounds else { continue };
+        now.insert(&v.key);
+        if v.group {
+            continue;
+        }
+        match before.get(&v.key) {
+            Some(was) if *was == b => {}
+            Some(was) => moved.extend([*was, b]),
+            None => moved.push(b),
+        }
+    }
+    moved.extend(before.iter().filter(|(row, _)| !now.contains(row)).map(|(_, b)| *b));
+    moved
+}
+
+/// Each edge mark's rows' paths, y down, into `wired`: worked out at once where straight or bent,
+/// routed where orthogonal: on the frame while the budget lasts, else in a job, `routes` holding what
+/// was routed and the job under way. After an edit, only the rows it reaches; the rows worked out.
+pub(crate) fn paths(
+    context: &Context<'_>,
+    input: &Input<'_>,
+    jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>,
+    change: &Change<'_>,
+    wired: &mut Wired,
+    (routes, routing): (&mut FxHashMap<Row, Routed>, &mut Option<Routing>),
+) -> Vec<Vec<usize>> {
+    let (vertices, edge_marks) = (context.vertices, context.edges);
+    let codes: Vec<Vec<u32>> = context.marks.iter().map(|vm| port_codes(vm.mark)).collect();
+    let joins: Vec<Joins<'_>> = edge_marks.iter().map(|em| Joins::new(context.marks, &codes, em)).collect();
+    let orthogonal = |e: usize| edge_marks[e].mark.route == Some(Route::Orthogonal);
+    let rows = if let Some(touched) = change.touched {
+        reached(context, touched, change.moved, wired, routes, routing.as_ref())
+    } else {
+        wired.parts = edge_marks.iter().map(|em| vec![Vec::new(); em.table.len()]).collect();
+        wired.meeting = vec![Vec::new(); vertices.len()];
+        wired.lanes = (0..edge_marks.len())
+            .map(|e| {
+                let em = &edge_marks[e];
+                let spaced = !orthogonal(e) && em.mark.bends.is_none();
+                if spaced { spread(em.table.len(), |r| joins[e].ends(r)) } else { None }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        edge_marks.iter().map(|em| (0..em.table.len()).collect()).collect()
+    };
+    // Which vertices each row meets is told once, as every row is worked out.
+    let telling = change.touched.is_none();
+    let mut asks: Vec<Ask> = Vec::new();
+    let mut edges: Vec<(usize, [usize; 2])> = Vec::new();
+    for (e, em) in edge_marks.iter().enumerate() {
+        let joins = &joins[e];
+        let orthogonal = orthogonal(e);
+        for &row in &rows[e] {
+            wired.parts[e][row] = Vec::new();
+            let Some(id) = em.table.ids.id(row) else { continue };
+            let key = Row { data: em.data.name().clone(), table: em.table.name().clone(), id };
+            let meeting = [e as u32, row as u32];
+            if let Some([a, b]) = joins.ends(row) {
+                if telling {
+                    wired.meeting[a].push(meeting);
+                    wired.meeting[b].push(meeting);
+                }
+                let (va, vb) = (&vertices[a], &vertices[b]);
+                if a == b || va.bounds.is_none() || vb.bounds.is_none() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if orthogonal {
+                    edges.push((asks.len(), [a, b]));
+                    asks.push(Ask { mark: e, row, key, ends: Vec::new(), outputs: 1 });
+                } else {
+                    let through = em.mark.bends.as_ref().map(|field| bends(em.table, field, row)).unwrap_or_default();
+                    let shift = wired.lanes[e].as_ref().map_or(0.0, |lanes| lanes[row] * context.spacing);
+                    wired.parts[e][row] = straight(va, vb, &through, shift).into_iter().collect();
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let terminals = joins.terminals(context.marks, row);
+            if telling {
+                for &(v, ..) in &terminals {
+                    wired.meeting[v].push(meeting);
+                }
+            }
+            // A net: its ends at the ports naming it, outputs first.
+            let mut ends: Vec<(End, bool)> = terminals
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(|(v, code, output)| {
+                    let b = vertices[v].bounds?;
+                    let end =
+                        End { at: port_point(b, code), side: Side::from_code(code & 3), vertex: v, rim: port_reach(b) };
+                    Some((end, output))
+                })
+                .collect();
+            if ends.len() < 2 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            ends.sort_by_key(|&(_, output)| !output);
+            let outputs = ends.iter().filter(|(_, output)| *output).count().max(1);
+            let ends: Vec<End> = ends.into_iter().map(|(end, _)| end).collect();
+            if orthogonal {
+                asks.push(Ask { mark: e, row, key, ends, outputs });
+            } else {
+                wired.parts[e][row] = star(&ends, outputs);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    face(&mut asks, &edges, vertices);
+    wire(context, input, jobs, &asks, change, (routes, routing), &mut wired.parts);
+    rows
+}
+
+/// The rows an edit of vertices `touched` reaches, by edge mark, in order: those meeting them; where
+/// one is an orthogonal edge with ends, every such edge, as they share the sides they leave by; and the
+/// orthogonal wires due to route again: stale, asked of the job under way, or near a box that `moved`.
+fn reached(
+    context: &Context<'_>,
+    touched: &[usize],
+    moved: &[Rect],
+    wired: &Wired,
+    routes: &FxHashMap<Row, Routed>,
+    routing: Option<&Routing>,
+) -> Vec<Vec<usize>> {
+    let edge_marks = context.edges;
+    let mut rows: Vec<Vec<usize>> = vec![Vec::new(); edge_marks.len()];
+    for &[e, row] in touched.iter().flat_map(|&v| &wired.meeting[v]) {
+        rows[e as usize].push(row as usize);
+    }
+    let sided = |e: usize| edge_marks[e].mark.route == Some(Route::Orthogonal) && edge_marks[e].mark.ends.is_some();
+    if (0..edge_marks.len()).any(|e| sided(e) && !rows[e].is_empty()) {
+        for e in (0..edge_marks.len()).filter(|&e| sided(e)) {
+            rows[e] = (0..edge_marks[e].table.len()).collect();
+        }
+    }
+    let clearance = CLEARANCE * 2.0 * context.spacing;
+    let due = routes.iter().filter(|(_, r)| r.stale || moved.iter().any(|m| meets(&grow(r.reach, clearance), m)));
+    let asked = routing.into_iter().flat_map(|r| r.rows.values().map(|(row, _)| row));
+    for (e, row) in due.map(|(row, _)| row).chain(asked).filter_map(|row| drawing(context, row)) {
+        rows[e].push(row);
+    }
+    for rows in &mut rows {
+        rows.sort_unstable();
+        rows.dedup();
+    }
+    rows
+}
+
+/// The edge mark and row drawing edge row `row`.
+fn drawing(context: &Context<'_>, row: &Row) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    let e = context.edges.iter().position(|em| *em.data.name() == row.data && *em.table.name() == row.table)?;
+    Some((e, context.edges[e].table.row(row.id.as_ref())?))
+}
+
+/// Routes the orthogonal wires that are due, and writes the parts of every orthogonal wire `asks`
+/// holds: its route, bends rounded; an elbow while its terminals moved and a job routes it.
+fn wire(
+    context: &Context<'_>,
+    input: &Input<'_>,
+    jobs: &mut Jobs<'_>,
+    asks: &[Ask],
+    change: &Change<'_>,
+    (routes, routing): (&mut FxHashMap<Row, Routed>, &mut Option<Routing>),
+    out: &mut [Vec<Parts>],
+) {
+    let moved = change.moved;
+    if let Some(routing) = routing.as_mut() {
+        routing.moved.extend_from_slice(moved);
+    }
+    // Routes of rows no longer drawn are forgotten, once every row is worked out.
+    if change.touched.is_none() {
+        let drawn: FxHashSet<&Row> = asks.iter().map(|ask| &ask.key).collect();
+        routes.retain(|row, _| drawn.contains(row));
+    }
+    if asks.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let vertices = context.vertices;
+    let tracks = 2.0 * context.spacing;
+    let clearance = CLEARANCE * tracks;
+    let stamps: Vec<u64> = asks.iter().map(|ask| stamp(&ask.ends, vertices)).collect();
+    let mut due: Vec<usize> = (0..asks.len())
+        .filter(|&k| match routes.get(&asks[k].key) {
+            Some(r) => r.stale || r.terminals != stamps[k] || moved.iter().any(|m| meets(&grow(r.reach, clearance), m)),
+            None => true,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let asked = |k: &usize| routing.as_ref().is_some_and(|r| r.rows.contains_key(&key_of(&asks[*k].key)));
+    if routing.is_some() && !input.dragging {
+        // Wires a job under way routes wait for it.
+        due.retain(|k| !asked(k));
+    }
+    if !due.is_empty() {
+        let (obstacles, owners) = obstacles(vertices);
+        let groups = groups(vertices);
+        let cost = ROUTE_COST * due.len() as u64;
+        let inline = if input.dragging {
+            jobs.spend(ROUTE_COST * due.len().min(DRAGGED) as u64);
+            true
+        } else {
+            jobs.fits(cost)
+        };
+        if inline {
+            let routed = &due[..due.len().min(DRAGGED)];
+            let nets: Vec<Net> = routed.iter().map(|&k| net(&asks[k], &owners)).collect();
+            let fixed = fixed(context, asks, routed, routes, 4.0 * clearance);
+            for (&k, lines) in routed.iter().zip(route(&obstacles, &groups, &nets, &fixed, tracks)) {
+                routes.insert(asks[k].key.clone(), Routed::new(flipped(&lines), stamps[k]));
+            }
+            if let Some(routing) = routing.as_mut() {
+                let done: FxHashSet<&Row> = routed.iter().map(|&k| &asks[k].key).collect();
+                routing.rows.retain(|_, (row, _)| !done.contains(row));
+            }
+            due.drain(..routed.len());
+        } else if routing.is_none() {
+            let nets: Vec<Net> = due.iter().map(|&k| net(&asks[k], &owners)).collect();
+            let fixed = fixed(context, asks, &due, routes, 4.0 * clearance);
+            let keys: Vec<Key> = due.iter().map(|&k| key_of(&asks[k].key)).collect();
+            let wiring = Wiring {
+                obstacles: &obstacles,
+                groups: &groups,
+                nets: &nets,
+                keys: &keys,
+                fixed: &fixed,
+                spacing: tracks,
+            };
+            let pending = jobs.spawn(Job::routes(&wiring));
+            let rows = keys.into_iter().zip(&due).map(|(key, &k)| (key, (asks[k].key.clone(), stamps[k]))).collect();
+            *routing = Some(Routing { pending, rows, moved: Vec::new(), clearance });
+        }
+        // Wires still due route later; until then they keep their routes while their terminals hold.
+        for &k in &due {
+            routes.entry(asks[k].key.clone()).or_insert_with(Routed::waiting).stale = true;
+        }
+    }
+    for (k, ask) in asks.iter().enumerate() {
+        let Some((root, rest)) = ask.ends.split_first() else { continue };
+        let lines = match routes.get(&ask.key) {
+            Some(r) if r.terminals == stamps[k] => r.lines.clone(),
+            _ => rest.iter().map(|end| elbow(root, end, clearance)).collect(),
+        };
+        let mut parts = finish(&lines, context.spacing);
+        // A part reaching another output ends there without an arrowhead.
+        let outputs = &rest[..(ask.outputs - 1).min(rest.len())];
+        for part in &mut parts {
+            if let Some(&end) = part.last()
+                && outputs.iter().any(|o| o.at == end)
+            {
+                part.push(end);
+            }
+            stop_at_rims(part, &ask.ends);
+        }
+        out[ask.mark][ask.row] = parts;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a port of code `code` sits on box `b`, y down: on its side, spread by its place among the
+/// ports there, as the port draws.
+fn port_point(b: Rect, code: u32) -> Point {
+    let (place, count) = (f64::from((code >> 2) & 255), f64::from((code >> 10) & 255));
+    let along = (place + 1.0) / (count + 1.0) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    let ([x, y], [w, h]) = (center(b), [(b[2] - b[0]) / 2.0, (b[3] - b[1]) / 2.0]);
+    match Side::from_code(code & 3) {
+        Some(Side::Left) => [x - w, y + along * h],
+        Some(Side::Right) => [x + w, y + along * h],
+        Some(Side::Top) => [x + along * w, y - h],
+        Some(Side::Bottom) | None => [x + along * w, y + h],
+    }
+}
+
+/// How far a port of box `b` reaches from its middle: a port draws `PORT_SIZE` across, at most half
+/// the box's smaller side.
+fn port_reach(b: Rect) -> f64 {
+    (f64::from(PORT_SIZE) / 2.0).min((b[2] - b[0]).min(b[3] - b[1]) / 4.0)
+}
+
+/// An end leaving by a side: where its other end lies along the side, its edge, and which end.
+type Leaving = (f64, usize, usize);
+
+/// Gives each orthogonal edge its ends: on the sides of its vertices facing each other, spread along
+/// each side by where the other ends lie, so wires leave a side without crossing.
+fn face(asks: &mut [Ask], edges: &[(usize, [usize; 2])], vertices: &[Vertex]) {
+    let bounds = |v: usize| vertices[v].bounds.unwrap_or(EMPTY);
+    // Each vertex's side: the ends leaving by it, each where its other end lies along the side, the
+    // edge, and which end.
+    let mut sides: FxHashMap<(usize, Side), Vec<Leaving>> = FxHashMap::default();
+    for (k, &(_, [a, b])) in edges.iter().enumerate() {
+        let (ba, bb) = (bounds(a), bounds(b));
+        let (side_a, side_b) = facing(ba, bb);
+        let along = |side: Side, other: Rect| match side {
+            Side::Left | Side::Right => center(other)[1],
+            Side::Top | Side::Bottom => center(other)[0],
+        };
+        sides.entry((a, side_a)).or_default().push((along(side_a, bb), k, 0));
+        sides.entry((b, side_b)).or_default().push((along(side_b, ba), k, 1));
+    }
+    let mut ends: Vec<[Option<End>; 2]> = vec![[None; 2]; edges.len()];
+    for ((v, side), mut placed) in sides {
+        placed.sort_by(|x, y| x.0.total_cmp(&y.0).then(x.1.cmp(&y.1)));
+        let count = (placed.len() as u32).min(255);
+        for (place, (_, k, end)) in placed.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let code = side.code() | ((place as u32).min(255) << 2) | (count << 10);
+            ends[k][end] = Some(End { at: port_point(bounds(v), code), side: Some(side), vertex: v, rim: 0.0 });
+        }
+    }
+    for (k, &(ask, _)) in edges.iter().enumerate() {
+        asks[ask].ends = ends[k].iter().flatten().copied().collect();
+    }
+}
+
+/// The sides of boxes `a` and `b` that face each other, y down: across the wider gap between them.
+fn facing(a: Rect, b: Rect) -> (Side, Side) {
+    let ([ax, ay], [bx, by]) = (center(a), center(b));
+    let (dx, dy) = (bx - ax, by - ay);
+    let gap_x = dx.abs() - (a[2] - a[0] + b[2] - b[0]) / 2.0;
+    let gap_y = dy.abs() - (a[3] - a[1] + b[3] - b[1]) / 2.0;
+    if gap_x >= gap_y {
+        if dx >= 0.0 { (Side::Right, Side::Left) } else { (Side::Left, Side::Right) }
+    } else if dy >= 0.0 {
+        (Side::Bottom, Side::Top)
+    } else {
+        (Side::Top, Side::Bottom)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A stamp of where a wire's ends are, the sides they leave by, and their vertices' boxes.
+fn stamp(ends: &[End], vertices: &[Vertex]) -> u64 {
+    let mut hasher = FxHasher::default();
+    for end in ends {
+        (end.at.map(f64::to_bits), end.side.map(Side::code)).hash(&mut hasher);
+        vertices[end.vertex].bounds.map(|b| b.map(f64::to_bits)).hash(&mut hasher);
+    }
+    hasher.finish().max(1)
+}
+
+/// The blocks wires route around, y up, and the obstacle of each vertex that is one. Groups hold
+/// wires rather than turn them away.
+fn obstacles(vertices: &[Vertex]) -> (Vec<Rect>, Vec<Option<u32>>) {
+    let mut boxes = Vec::new();
+    let owners = vertices
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| {
+            let b = v.bounds.filter(|_| !v.group)?;
+            boxes.push([b[0], -b[3], b[2], -b[1]]);
+            Some(boxes.len() as u32 - 1)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    (boxes, owners)
+}
+
+/// The groups wires route among, y up: they cross a group's border at a cost, and keep off it.
+fn groups(vertices: &[Vertex]) -> Vec<Rect> {
+    vertices.iter().filter(|v| v.group).filter_map(|v| v.bounds).map(|b| [b[0], -b[3], b[2], -b[1]]).collect()
+}
+
+/// The net routing `ask`, y up.
+fn net(ask: &Ask, owners: &[Option<u32>]) -> Net {
+    let terminal = |end: &End| Terminal { at: [end.at[0], -end.at[1]], side: end.side, owner: owners[end.vertex] };
+    Net { terminals: ask.ends.iter().map(terminal).collect() }
+}
+
+/// The routes of the wires near those about to route, which keep their tracks, y up: within `reach`
+/// of the ends of the wires `routed`, in the order the edge marks draw them.
+fn fixed(context: &Context<'_>, asks: &[Ask], routed: &[usize], routes: &FxHashMap<Row, Routed>, reach: f64) -> Parts {
+    let region = routed.iter().flat_map(|&k| &asks[k].ends).fold(EMPTY, |region, end| union(region, dot(end.at)));
+    let region = grow(region, reach);
+    let routing: FxHashSet<&Row> = routed.iter().map(|&k| &asks[k].key).collect();
+    let mut near: Vec<((usize, usize), &Routed)> = routes
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(row, r)| !routing.contains(row) && meets(&r.reach, &region))
+        .filter_map(|(row, r)| Some((drawing(context, row)?, r)))
+        .collect();
+    near.sort_unstable_by_key(|&(at, _)| at);
+    near.into_iter().flat_map(|(_, r)| flipped(&r.lines)).collect()
+}
+
+/// An orthogonal path from `a` to `b` that leaves and enters along their sides, `stub` out from each.
+fn elbow(a: &End, b: &End, stub: f64) -> Vec<Point> {
+    let out = |end: &End| {
+        let n = normal(end.side);
+        [end.at[0] + n[0] * stub, end.at[1] + n[1] * stub]
+    };
+    let (from, to) = (out(a), out(b));
+    let across = |end: &End| matches!(end.side, Some(Side::Left | Side::Right) | None);
+    let mut path = vec![a.at, from];
+    match (across(a), across(b)) {
+        (true, true) => {
+            let x = from[0].midpoint(to[0]);
+            path.extend([[x, from[1]], [x, to[1]]]);
+        }
+        (false, false) => {
+            let y = from[1].midpoint(to[1]);
+            path.extend([[from[0], y], [to[0], y]]);
+        }
+        (true, false) => path.push([to[0], from[1]]),
+        (false, true) => path.push([from[0], to[1]]),
+    }
+    path.extend([to, b.at]);
+    simplify(&path)
+}
+
+/// The way out of a side, y down.
+fn normal(side: Option<Side>) -> Point {
+    match side {
+        Some(Side::Left) => [-1.0, 0.0],
+        Some(Side::Right) => [1.0, 0.0],
+        Some(Side::Top) => [0.0, -1.0],
+        Some(Side::Bottom) => [0.0, 1.0],
+        None => [0.0, 0.0],
+    }
+}
+
+/// A straight wire from `a` to `b` through the points `through`, from outline to outline; without
+/// bends, shifted `shift` across into its lane.
+fn straight(a: &Vertex, b: &Vertex, through: &[Point], shift: f64) -> Option<Vec<Point>> {
+    let (ca, cb) = (a.center()?, b.center()?);
+    if let (Some(&first), Some(&last)) = (through.first(), through.last()) {
+        let (da, la) = unit(ca, first)?;
+        let (db, lb) = unit(last, cb)?;
+        let start = add(ca, da, outline(a, da).min(la));
+        let end = add(cb, db, -outline(b, db).min(lb));
+        return Some([start].into_iter().chain(through.iter().copied()).chain([end]).collect());
+    }
+    let (d, length) = unit(ca, cb)?;
+    let n = [-d[1], d[0]];
+    let (pa, pb) = (add(ca, n, shift), add(cb, n, shift));
+    let room = length / 2.0;
+    Some(vec![add(pa, d, outline(a, d).min(room)), add(pb, d, -outline(b, d).min(room))])
+}
+
+/// How far `v`'s outline lies from its middle along the unit direction `d`.
+fn outline(v: &Vertex, d: Point) -> f64 {
+    let Some(b) = v.bounds else { return 0.0 };
+    let (w, h) = ((b[2] - b[0]) / 2.0, (b[3] - b[1]) / 2.0);
+    if w <= 0.0 || h <= 0.0 {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    match v.shape {
+        Shape::Ellipse => 1.0 / ((d[0] / w).powi(2) + (d[1] / h).powi(2)).sqrt(),
+        Shape::Diamond => 1.0 / (d[0].abs() / w + d[1].abs() / h),
+        Shape::Rectangle | Shape::Rounded => (w / d[0].abs().max(1e-12)).min(h / d[1].abs().max(1e-12)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// A straight net: two ends joined, or more joined through their middle, outputs into it and from
+/// it out to inputs. Parts into the middle end doubled there, a junction without an arrowhead; parts
+/// stop at the rims of the ports they join.
+fn star(ends: &[End], outputs: usize) -> Parts {
+    if let [a, b] = ends {
+        let mut part = vec![rim_point(a, b.at), rim_point(b, a.at)];
+        if outputs > 1 {
+            part.push(part[1]);
+        }
+        return vec![part];
+    }
+    let n = ends.len() as f64;
+    let middle = [ends.iter().map(|e| e.at[0]).sum::<f64>() / n, ends.iter().map(|e| e.at[1]).sum::<f64>() / n];
+    let part = |(k, end): (usize, &End)| {
+        if k < outputs { vec![rim_point(end, middle), middle, middle] } else { vec![middle, rim_point(end, middle)] }
+    };
+    ends.iter().enumerate().map(part).collect()
+}
+
+/// Moves a routed part's ends at ports back to the ports' rims, as a straight net's stop: its first
+/// point toward the next, and its last, doubled where it reaches an output, toward the one before.
+/// The router joins the ports themselves, on their boxes' sides.
+fn stop_at_rims(part: &mut [Point], ends: &[End]) {
+    let port = |p: Point| ends.iter().find(|end| end.rim > 0.0 && end.at == p);
+    let last = part.len().saturating_sub(1);
+    let copies = part.iter().rev().take_while(|&&p| p == part[last]).count();
+    if copies > last {
+        return;
+    }
+    let first = port(part[0]).map(|end| rim_point(end, part[1]));
+    let end = port(part[last]).map(|end| rim_point(end, part[last - copies]));
+    if let Some(p) = first {
+        part[0] = p;
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = end {
+        part[last + 1 - copies..].fill(p);
+    }
+}
+
+/// `end`'s point on the way to `toward`: its port's rim, at most halfway there.
+fn rim_point(end: &End, toward: Point) -> Point {
+    unit(end.at, toward).map_or(end.at, |(d, length)| add(end.at, d, end.rim.min(length / 2.0)))
+}
+
+/// The points of row `row`'s path field `field`, y down.
+fn bends(table: &Table, field: &str, row: usize) -> Vec<Point> {
+    match table.value(row, field, f64::INFINITY) {
+        Some(Value::Path(points)) => points.into_iter().filter(|p| p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite())).collect(),
+        _ => Vec::new(),
+    }
+}
+
+// Lines with y up as y down, or back.
+fn flipped(lines: &[Vec<Point>]) -> Parts {
+    lines.iter().map(|line| line.iter().map(|p| [p[0], -p[1]]).collect()).collect()
+}
+
+fn center(b: Rect) -> Point {
+    [b[0].midpoint(b[2]), b[1].midpoint(b[3])]
+}
+
+/// The unit direction from `a` to `b`, and the distance; `None` where they meet.
+fn unit(a: Point, b: Point) -> Option<(Point, f64)> {
+    let d = [b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]];
+    let length = d[0].hypot(d[1]);
+    (length > 1e-9).then(|| ([d[0] / length, d[1] / length], length))
+}
+
+/// `p` moved `by` along `d`.
+fn add(p: Point, d: Point, by: f64) -> Point {
+    [p[0] + d[0] * by, p[1] + d[1] * by]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn end(at: Point, side: Side) -> End {
+        End { at, side: Some(side), vertex: 0, rim: 0.0 }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn elbows_leave_and_enter_along_their_sides() {
+        let path = elbow(&end([0.0, 0.0], Side::Right), &end([100.0, 40.0], Side::Left), 10.0);
+        assert_eq!(path, vec![[0.0, 0.0], [50.0, 0.0], [50.0, 40.0], [100.0, 40.0]]);
+        let turned = elbow(&end([0.0, 0.0], Side::Right), &end([100.0, 40.0], Side::Top), 10.0);
+        assert_eq!(turned, vec![[0.0, 0.0], [100.0, 0.0], [100.0, 40.0]]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn facing_sides_cross_the_wider_gap() {
+        let a = [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 20.0];
+        assert_eq!(facing(a, [150.0, 30.0, 250.0, 50.0]), (Side::Right, Side::Left));
+        assert_eq!(facing(a, [20.0, 80.0, 80.0, 100.0]), (Side::Bottom, Side::Top), "below, y down");
+        assert_eq!(facing(a, [20.0, -100.0, 80.0, -80.0]), (Side::Top, Side::Bottom));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ports_sit_where_they_draw() {
+        let b = [0.0, 0.0, 40.0, 20.0];
+        // The second of three on the left: halfway down, y down.
+        assert_eq!(port_point(b, Side::Left.code() | 1 << 2 | 3 << 10), [0.0, 10.0]);
+        assert_eq!(port_point(b, Side::Top.code() | 1 << 10), [20.0, 0.0]);
+        assert_eq!(port_point(b, Side::Bottom.code() | 1 << 2 | 3 << 10), [20.0, 20.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stars_join_outputs_to_inputs_through_their_middle() {
+        let ends = [end([0.0, 0.0], Side::Right), end([30.0, 0.0], Side::Left), end([30.0, 30.0], Side::Left)];
+        let parts = star(&ends, 1);
+        assert_eq!(parts[0], vec![[0.0, 0.0], [20.0, 10.0], [20.0, 10.0]], "into the middle, a junction");
+        assert_eq!(parts[2], vec![[20.0, 10.0], [30.0, 30.0]], "out to an input, an arrowhead");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wires_stop_at_the_rims_of_ports() {
+        let port = |at: Point| End { rim: 4.0, ..end(at, Side::Top) };
+        assert_eq!(star(&[port([0.0, 0.0]), port([40.0, 0.0])], 1), [vec![[4.0, 0.0], [36.0, 0.0]]], "short of each");
+        // A port reaches no further than halfway to the other end.
+        assert_eq!(star(&[port([0.0, 0.0]), port([6.0, 0.0])], 1), [vec![[3.0, 0.0], [3.0, 0.0]]]);
+        let b = [0.0, 0.0, 40.0, 40.0];
+        assert_eq!(port_reach(b), f64::from(PORT_SIZE) / 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(port_reach([0.0, 0.0, 8.0, 40.0]), 2.0, "at most half the box's smaller side");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routed_parts_stop_at_the_rims_of_ports() {
+        let ends =
+            [End { rim: 4.0, ..end([0.0, 0.0], Side::Right) }, End { rim: 4.0, ..end([40.0, 20.0], Side::Left) }];
+        let mut part = vec![[0.0, 0.0], [20.0, 0.0], [20.0, 20.0], [40.0, 20.0]];
+        stop_at_rims(&mut part, &ends);
+        assert_eq!(part, [[4.0, 0.0], [20.0, 0.0], [20.0, 20.0], [36.0, 20.0]], "routed between the ports");
+        // A branch from a junction into an output, doubled there: the junction stays.
+        let mut part = vec![[20.0, 0.0], [20.0, 20.0], [40.0, 20.0], [40.0, 20.0]];
+        stop_at_rims(&mut part, &ends);
+        assert_eq!(part, [[20.0, 0.0], [20.0, 20.0], [36.0, 20.0], [36.0, 20.0]]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/shot.rs b/crates/latkit/src/shot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de2f5150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/shot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+//! Shots: pictures of views at a size of their own. A shot draws each view into its panel of the
+//! picture through frames of its own, on a clock of its own, until every view is complete; then one
+//! compute pass composes the parts into exactly the bytes its consumer takes, RGBA rows for an image
+//! or NV12 planes for a video's encoder, and a plain buffer copy reads them back. No pixel is touched
+//! on the CPU.
+//!
+//! A view draws at one size at a time: while a shot draws it, nothing else does. Natively the shot
+//! borrows it; in a browser its canvas holds its last frame.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::Waker;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use web_time::Instant;
+
+use crate::gpu::pipelines::{Asked, Variant};
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{self as wgsl, Shader};
+use crate::gpu::{FORMAT, Gpu};
+use crate::panels::Rect;
+use crate::time::Notify;
+use crate::view::Signal;
+use crate::{Error, Frame, Image, Panels, Pixels, Result, View};
+
+/// Seconds a picture steps its views' clocks while they ease toward where they go.
+pub(crate) const TICK: f64 = 1.0 / 60.0;
+/// The longest a picture waits for work to land before drawing again.
+const FRAME: Duration = Duration::from_millis(16);
+
+/// A picture of views, each drawn into its panel of `size` pixels at `scale` pixels per CSS pixel:
+/// plain data, like a scene.
+///
+/// ```no_run
+/// # async fn example(view: &mut latkit::View) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+/// use latkit::Shot;
+/// let image = Shot::new([3840, 2160]).scale(2.0).image(&mut [view]).await?;
+/// std::fs::write("view.png", image.encode(latkit::ImageFormat::Png)?).expect("written");
+/// # Ok(()) }
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Shot {
+    /// Width and height in pixels.
+    size: [u32; 2],
+    /// Pixels per CSS pixel: views lay out `size / scale` CSS pixels; 1 unless set.
+    #[serde(default = "one")]
+    scale: f32,
+    /// Each view's panel of the picture, `[x, y, width, height]` as fractions; the whole by default.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    panels: Panels,
+    /// Whether alpha is kept where the themes' backgrounds would be.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    transparent: bool,
+    /// Seconds a picture, or a video frame, may take; 30 unless set.
+    #[serde(default = "thirty", deserialize_with = "crate::scene::seconds")]
+    #[schemars(with = "f64")]
+    deadline: Duration,
+    /// A still's effect time in seconds, where elapsed time and flowing comets read it.
+    #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "some_seconds")]
+    #[schemars(with = "Option<f64>")]
+    elapsed: Option<Duration>,
+}
+
+fn one() -> f32 {
+    1.0
+}
+
+fn thirty() -> Duration {
+    Duration::from_secs(30)
+}
+
+fn some_seconds<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Option<Duration>, D::Error> {
+    crate::scene::seconds(deserializer).map(Some)
+}
+
+impl Shot {
+    /// A picture of `size` pixels, one view filling it at a pixel per CSS pixel.
+    pub fn new(size: [u32; 2]) -> Shot {
+        Shot { size, scale: 1.0, panels: Panels::default(), transparent: false, deadline: thirty(), elapsed: None }
+    }
+
+    /// Draws `scale` pixels per CSS pixel: a view lays out `size / scale` CSS pixels, so 2 draws what
+    /// it shows twice as sharp.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn scale(mut self, scale: f32) -> Shot {
+        self.scale = scale;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Where each view draws in the picture, one panel per view in order; by default one view fills it.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn panels(mut self, panels: impl Into<Panels>) -> Shot {
+        self.panels = panels.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps the picture's alpha: views clear to transparent where their themes' backgrounds are.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn transparent(mut self) -> Shot {
+        self.transparent = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The longest, in real time, a picture may take, including GPU readback: 30 seconds unless set.
+    /// An incomplete picture returns [`Error::Timeout`].
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn deadline(mut self, deadline: Duration) -> Shot {
+        self.deadline = deadline;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Fixes elapsed-time expressions and animated drawing effects at this time while finite
+    /// transitions still settle. By default they follow the view's clock.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn elapsed(mut self, elapsed: Duration) -> Shot {
+        self.elapsed = Some(elapsed);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The picture's width and height in pixels.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> [u32; 2] {
+        self.size
+    }
+
+    /// Checks, without a GPU, that its pictures compose into `pixels`: a positive scale, panels that
+    /// cover pixels, and for NV12 a width a multiple of 4, a height of 2, and no alpha.
+    pub fn check(&self, pixels: Pixels) -> Result<()> {
+        if !(self.scale.is_finite() && self.scale > 0.0) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a shot's scale is positive").at("scale"));
+        }
+        self.panels.rects(self.size, align(pixels))?;
+        let [width, height] = self.size;
+        if pixels == Pixels::Nv12 && (width % 4 != 0 || height % 2 != 0) {
+            let reason = format!("an NV12 video's width is a multiple of 4 and its height of 2, not {width}×{height}");
+            return Err(Error::invalid(reason).at("size"));
+        }
+        if pixels == Pixels::Nv12 && self.transparent {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a video keeps no alpha; take it without transparent").at("transparent"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The picture of `views`, one per panel, once every one is complete and still: transitions,
+    /// flights, and label fades run on, a sixtieth of a second a step, until they land.
+    /// Fails on a render error (including errors still queued in [`View::events`]) or deadline;
+    /// events remain available to the caller and views are returned even on cancellation.
+    pub async fn image(&self, views: &mut [&mut View]) -> Result<Image> {
+        self.image_of(&mut Borrowed(views)).await
+    }
+
+    /// The picture of the views `views` lends.
+    pub(crate) async fn image_of(&self, views: &mut impl Views) -> Result<Image> {
+        let mut drawing = Drawing::later(self.clone(), Pixels::Rgba);
+        views.lend(|views| drawing.begin(views))?;
+        let mut time = 0.0;
+        loop {
+            match views.lend(|views| drawing.step(views, time, true))? {
+                Step::Done(readback) => {
+                    let bytes = drawing.read(&readback).await?;
+                    views.lend(|views| {
+                        for view in views {
+                            if let Some(error) = view.shot_error() {
+                                return Err(error);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Ok(())
+                    })?;
+                    return Image::new(self.size, bytes);
+                }
+                Step::Easing => time += TICK,
+                Step::Waiting => drawing.wait().await,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What lends a drawing its views for a step at a time: borrowed views natively; in a browser the
+/// views of canvases, which the page may read between steps.
+pub(crate) trait Views {
+    /// Calls `f` with the views, one per panel.
+    fn lend<R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut [&mut View]) -> R) -> R;
+}
+
+/// Views borrowed for the whole drawing.
+pub(crate) struct Borrowed<'a, 'b>(pub(crate) &'a mut [&'b mut View]);
+
+impl Views for Borrowed<'_, '_> {
+    fn lend<R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut [&mut View]) -> R) -> R {
+        f(self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// One view's panel of a picture: the texture it draws into, its size, and the bind group
+/// composing it.
+struct Panel {
+    target: wgpu::TextureView,
+    size: [u32; 2],
+    group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
+/// What a step of drawing came to.
+pub(crate) enum Step {
+    /// Every view was complete: the picture's bytes, once read back.
+    Done(Readback),
+    /// Views still ease toward where they go: draw again a step later.
+    Easing,
+    /// Views wait for work under way: draw again once it lands, which wakes the drawing.
+    Waiting,
+}
+
+/// Pictures under way: a shot's, composed into `pixels`, from views it draws once it has them.
+pub(crate) struct Drawing {
+    shot: Shot,
+    pixels: Pixels,
+    /// What the pictures draw into, once the views are known.
+    picture: Option<Picture>,
+    notify: Arc<Notify>,
+    waker: Waker,
+    /// The wakers the views had, given back once the drawing is done.
+    lent: Vec<(Arc<Signal>, Option<Waker>)>,
+    /// When the picture under way began, for its deadline.
+    started: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+/// What a drawing's pictures draw into: one texture per view, and the buffer they compose into.
+struct Picture {
+    gpu: Gpu,
+    panels: Vec<Panel>,
+    /// The picture's bytes, and how many there are.
+    buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    len: u64,
+    /// The background where no panel draws, when the panels leave gaps.
+    fill: Option<wgpu::BindGroup>,
+}
+
+impl Drawing {
+    /// Pictures of `shot` composed into `pixels`, drawn from the views the first picture is given.
+    pub(crate) fn later(shot: Shot, pixels: Pixels) -> Drawing {
+        let notify = Arc::new(Notify::default());
+        let waker = Waker::from(notify.clone());
+        Drawing { shot, pixels, picture: None, notify, waker, lent: Vec::new(), started: None }
+    }
+
+    /// Begins a picture of `views`, one per panel. The first takes the views: their wakers wake the
+    /// drawing until it is done, and nothing else draws them.
+    pub(crate) fn begin(&mut self, views: &[&mut View]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.started = Some(Instant::now());
+        let expected = self.shot.panels.len();
+        if views.len() != expected {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("a shot of {expected} panels draws {} views", views.len())));
+        }
+        if self.picture.is_none() {
+            for (i, view) in views.iter().enumerate() {
+                if view.lent() || views[..i].iter().any(|other| Arc::ptr_eq(other.signal(), view.signal())) {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid("a view is already lent to a picture"));
+                }
+                if !Arc::ptr_eq(&views[0].gpu().0, &view.gpu().0) {
+                    return Err(Error::invalid("all panels must use the same GPU"));
+                }
+            }
+            self.picture = Some(Picture::new(&self.shot, views, self.pixels)?);
+            self.lent = views
+                .iter()
+                .map(|view| {
+                    let signal = view.signal().clone();
+                    let before = signal.lend(
+                        self.waker.clone(),
+                        self.shot.elapsed.map(|elapsed| elapsed.as_secs_f64()),
+                        self.shot.transparent,
+                    );
+                    (signal, before)
+                })
+                .collect();
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Picture {
+    /// What pictures of `shot` from `views`, one per panel, draw into, composed into `pixels`.
+    fn new(shot: &Shot, views: &[&mut View], pixels: Pixels) -> Result<Picture> {
+        shot.check(pixels)?;
+        let rects = shot.panels.rects(shot.size, align(pixels))?;
+        let [width, height] = shot.size;
+        let gpu = views[0].gpu().clone();
+        let device = gpu.device();
+        let limits = device.limits();
+        if width == 0 || height == 0 || width.max(height) > limits.max_texture_dimension_2d {
+            return Err(Error::Limit(
+                format!(
+                    "a picture of {width}×{height} pixels; this GPU draws up to {0}×{0}",
+                    limits.max_texture_dimension_2d
+                )
+                .into(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let area = u64::from(width) * u64::from(height);
+        let len = match pixels {
+            Pixels::Rgba => area * 4,
+            Pixels::Nv12 => area * 3 / 2,
+        };
+        if len > limits.max_storage_buffer_binding_size.min(limits.max_buffer_size) {
+            return Err(Error::Limit(
+                format!("a picture of {width}×{height} pixels is larger than this GPU binds").into(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit shot"),
+            size: len,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+        // Gaps take the first view's background, or none in a transparent picture.
+        let background = if shot.transparent { [0.0; 4] } else { views[0].scene().theme.background.to_array() };
+        let layout = gpu.0.lock().pipelines.pass_layout(device, Shader::Compose);
+        let uniform = |origin: [u32; 2], size: [u32; 2]| {
+            let compose = wgsl::Compose {
+                origin,
+                size,
+                picture: shot.size,
+                chroma: (area / 4) as u32,
+                alpha: u32::from(shot.transparent),
+                background,
+            };
+            let uniform = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit compose"),
+                size: size_of::<wgsl::Compose>() as u64,
+                usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+                mapped_at_creation: false,
+            });
+            gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(&uniform, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&compose));
+            uniform
+        };
+        let group = |target: &wgpu::TextureView, uniform: &wgpu::Buffer| {
+            device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit compose"),
+                layout: &layout,
+                entries: &[
+                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 0, resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(target) },
+                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 1, resource: buffer.as_entire_binding() },
+                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 2, resource: uniform.as_entire_binding() },
+                ],
+            })
+        };
+        let panels: Vec<Panel> = rects
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&Rect { origin, size }| {
+                let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+                    label: Some("latkit panel"),
+                    size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: size[0], height: size[1], depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+                    mip_level_count: 1,
+                    sample_count: 1,
+                    dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+                    format: FORMAT,
+                    usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+                    view_formats: &[],
+                });
+                let target = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+                let group = group(&target, &uniform(origin, size));
+                Panel { target, size, group }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let covered: u64 = rects.iter().map(|r| u64::from(r.size[0]) * u64::from(r.size[1])).sum();
+        let overlap = rects.iter().enumerate().any(|(i, a)| rects[i + 1..].iter().any(|b| a.overlaps(*b)));
+        let fill = (covered < area || overlap).then(|| group(&panels[0].target, &uniform([0, 0], shot.size)));
+        Ok(Picture { gpu: gpu.clone(), panels, buffer, len, fill })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drawing {
+    /// Draws every view into its panel at `time` once. When every one is complete, and with `still`
+    /// none eases, composes them and starts reading the picture back. Until what the views draw with
+    /// compiled, it draws nothing and waits for that to land, eased or not.
+    pub(crate) fn step(&mut self, views: &mut [&mut View], time: f64, still: bool) -> Result<Step> {
+        let picture = self.picture.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("a picture begins before it draws"))?;
+        if picture.gpu.lost() {
+            return Err(Error::DeviceLost);
+        }
+        self.check_deadline()?;
+        let scale = self.shot.scale;
+        let mut ready = true;
+        for view in views.iter_mut() {
+            ready &= view.ready_for(FORMAT, scale, false);
+        }
+        if !ready {
+            return Ok(Step::Waiting);
+        }
+        let device = picture.gpu.device();
+        let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: Some("latkit shot") });
+        for (view, panel) in views.iter_mut().zip(&picture.panels) {
+            let frame = Frame { target: &panel.target, format: FORMAT, size: panel.size, pixel_ratio: scale, time };
+            view.render_picture(&mut encoder, &frame);
+        }
+        let complete = views.iter().all(|v| v.complete());
+        let easing = still && views.iter().any(|v| v.easing());
+        if let Some(error) = views.iter_mut().find_map(|view| view.shot_error()) {
+            picture.gpu.queue().submit([encoder.finish()]);
+            return Err(error);
+        }
+        self.check_deadline()?;
+        let composes = picture.composes(self.pixels, &self.waker);
+        let step = if complete && !easing && composes {
+            picture.compose(&mut encoder, self.pixels, self.shot.size);
+            let inner = picture.gpu.0.lock();
+            let (buffer, len) = (&picture.buffer, picture.len);
+            let readback = Readback::new(&inner.readbacks, device, &mut encoder, buffer, 0, len, &self.waker);
+            drop(inner);
+            Step::Done(readback)
+        } else if easing {
+            Step::Easing
+        } else {
+            Step::Waiting
+        };
+        picture.gpu.queue().submit([encoder.finish()]);
+        Ok(step)
+    }
+
+    /// The bytes `readback` holds, once the GPU has them.
+    pub(crate) async fn read(&self, readback: &Readback) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        loop {
+            self.check_deadline()?;
+            self.finish();
+            self.check_deadline()?;
+            if let Some(bytes) = readback.take() {
+                return bytes;
+            }
+            if self.picture.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.gpu.lost()) {
+                return Err(Error::DeviceLost);
+            }
+            self.notify.wait(FRAME).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Waits until work a view waits on lands, or a frame's time passes.
+    pub(crate) async fn wait(&self) {
+        self.finish();
+        self.notify.wait(FRAME).await;
+    }
+
+    fn check_deadline(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.started.is_some_and(|started| started.elapsed() >= self.shot.deadline) {
+            return Err(Error::Timeout);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Natively, polls what was submitted, so readbacks map and wake the drawing; a browser maps
+    /// them itself.
+    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", expect(clippy::unused_self, reason = "a browser maps readbacks itself"))]
+    fn finish(&self) {
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        if let Some(picture) = &self.picture {
+            let remaining =
+                self.started.map_or(self.shot.deadline, |started| self.shot.deadline.saturating_sub(started.elapsed()));
+            let wait = wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: None, timeout: Some(FRAME.min(remaining)) };
+            let _ = picture.gpu.device().poll(wait);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The compose passes of a picture of `pixels`: the background's, each panel's, and the blocks each
+/// thread writes.
+fn composing(pixels: Pixels) -> (&'static str, &'static str, [u32; 2]) {
+    match pixels {
+        Pixels::Rgba => ("fill_rgba", "rgba", [1, 1]),
+        Pixels::Nv12 => ("fill_nv12", "nv12", [4, 2]),
+    }
+}
+
+impl Picture {
+    /// Whether what composes it into `pixels` compiled: asked for as its first picture composes, all
+    /// at once, `waker` waking as it lands.
+    fn composes(&self, pixels: Pixels, waker: &Waker) -> bool {
+        let (fill, each, _) = composing(pixels);
+        let needs: Vec<Asked> = self
+            .fill
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|_| fill)
+            .into_iter()
+            .chain([each])
+            .map(|entry| Asked::Shader(Variant::compute(Shader::Compose, entry)))
+            .collect();
+        let mut inner = self.gpu.0.lock();
+        inner.pipelines.ask(self.gpu.device(), &needs, waker);
+        inner.pipelines.ready(&needs)
+    }
+
+    /// Records the passes composing every panel into the picture's `pixels`, the background first
+    /// where panels leave gaps.
+    fn compose(&self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, pixels: Pixels, size: [u32; 2]) {
+        let device = self.gpu.device();
+        let mut inner = self.gpu.0.lock();
+        let (fill, each, block) = composing(pixels);
+        let groups = |size: [u32; 2]| [0, 1].map(|i| size[i].div_ceil(block[i]).div_ceil(16));
+        let mut pass = encoder
+            .begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor { label: Some("latkit compose"), timestamp_writes: None });
+        pass.set_bind_group(0, &inner.pipelines.empty, &[]);
+        pass.set_bind_group(1, &inner.pipelines.empty, &[]);
+        if let Some(group) = &self.fill {
+            pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Compose, fill));
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
+            let [x, y] = groups(size);
+            pass.dispatch_workgroups(x, y, 1);
+        }
+        let pipeline = inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Compose, each);
+        pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
+        for panel in &self.panels {
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, &panel.group, &[]);
+            let [x, y] = groups(panel.size);
+            pass.dispatch_workgroups(x, y, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Drawing {
+    /// Gives each view back the waker it had, so whatever drew it draws it again.
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        for (signal, before) in self.lent.drain(..) {
+            signal.give_back(before);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The blocks a picture composed into `pixels` is made of: a pixel, or NV12's 4×2 of luma and
+/// shared chroma.
+fn align(pixels: Pixels) -> [u32; 2] {
+    match pixels {
+        Pixels::Rgba => [1, 1],
+        Pixels::Nv12 => [4, 2],
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/tiles.rs b/crates/latkit/src/tiles.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f7413ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/tiles.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+//! Tiles: data fetched in pieces, by key, as a view asks for them. A key is covered by its parent up to
+//! a root: a tile of the earth by the tile a zoom out, a span of a sampled field's history by the span
+//! a level of detail up. A piece not fetched yet draws its nearest fetched ancestor.
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+use crate::data::Name;
+
+/// Data a view fetches in pieces as it asks for them, kept as a dataset the view owns. Give them to a
+/// view with [`View::set_tiles`](crate::View::set_tiles); what the source's first bytes hold says
+/// which they are.
+///
+/// **Time tiles**, a `frames.json` manifest as [`Data::to_tiles`](crate::Data::to_tiles) writes it:
+/// a dataset whose sampled fields' histories are fetched in spans. A line tracing a field fetches the
+/// level of detail its plot window draws at, a mark showing a field fetches the frames about the
+/// view's coordinate, and a span still loading draws the coarser span above it.
+///
+/// **Vector tiles**, a PMTiles archive, a TileJSON document, or a URL template with `{z}`, `{x}`, and
+/// `{y}`, fetched as the camera asks for them. Each layer is a table of its
+/// features of the kind marks draw it as: polygons for [`Areas`](crate::Areas), lines for
+/// [`Lines`](crate::Lines), points for [`Vertices`](crate::Vertices), polygons first where marks of
+/// several kinds draw one layer. A table named `layer:polygons`, `layer:lines`, or `layer:points`
+/// holds that kind whatever draws it. Every feature's properties are fields, and its row's id is
+/// stable, made from its tile and its place in it, so a tile fetched again finds its rows selected as
+/// they were.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use latkit::Tiles;
+/// let base = Tiles::new("base", "https://tiles.openfreemap.org/planet");
+/// let history = Tiles::new("grid", "history/frames.json");
+/// ```
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct Tiles {
+    pub(crate) name: Name,
+    pub(crate) url: Arc<str>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+impl Tiles {
+    /// The tiles at `url`, drawn as dataset `name`.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<Name>, url: impl Into<Arc<str>>) -> Tiles {
+        Tiles { name: name.into(), url: url.into() }
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset the tiles are drawn as.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &Name {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Where the tiles come from.
+    pub fn url(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.url
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bytes read first of a source that is an archive, as a URL ending in `.pmtiles` names: its header,
+/// and in most archives the root directory after it. Any other source is read whole.
+pub(crate) const ARCHIVE_FIRST: u64 = 16_384;
+
+/// A key of a tiling: a piece of what a source holds, covered by its parent up to a root.
+pub(crate) trait Key: Copy + Eq + Hash + Ord + Debug {
+    /// The key covering this one, one level up; `None` at the root.
+    fn parent(self) -> Option<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `key`, then each key covering it, to the root.
+pub(crate) fn ancestry<K: Key>(key: K) -> impl Iterator<Item = K> {
+    std::iter::successors(Some(key), |k| k.parent())
+}
+
+impl Key for TileKey {
+    fn parent(self) -> Option<TileKey> {
+        (self.z > 0).then(|| self.ancestor(1))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A span of a sampled field's history: at level 0, `chunk` frames from `index × chunk`; at level `k`,
+/// `chunk` buckets of `8^k` frames from `index × chunk`, each row's least and greatest over each. Eight
+/// spans make the one a level up, as four tiles make the tile a zoom out.
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Span {
+    pub(crate) level: u8,
+    pub(crate) index: u64,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+impl Key for Span {
+    fn parent(self) -> Option<Span> {
+        (u32::from(self.level) < crate::data::MAX_LEVEL).then(|| Span { level: self.level + 1, index: self.index / 8 })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A tile: its zoom, column, and row, rows counting from the north.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct TileKey {
+    pub(crate) z: u8,
+    pub(crate) x: u32,
+    pub(crate) y: u32,
+}
+
+impl TileKey {
+    /// West, south, east, and north, in degrees.
+    pub(crate) fn bounds(self) -> [f64; 4] {
+        let n = f64::from(1_u32 << self.z);
+        let latitude = |t: f64| (std::f64::consts::PI * (1.0 - 2.0 * t)).sinh().atan().to_degrees();
+        let (x, y) = (f64::from(self.x), f64::from(self.y));
+        [x / n * 360.0 - 180.0, latitude((y + 1.0) / n), (x + 1.0) / n * 360.0 - 180.0, latitude(y / n)]
+    }
+
+    /// The tile `levels` zooms up that holds this one.
+    pub(crate) fn ancestor(self, levels: u8) -> TileKey {
+        TileKey { z: self.z - levels, x: self.x >> levels, y: self.y >> levels }
+    }
+
+    /// Its four children.
+    pub(crate) fn children(self) -> [TileKey; 4] {
+        let (z, x, y) = (self.z + 1, self.x * 2, self.y * 2);
+        [TileKey { z, x, y }, TileKey { z, x: x + 1, y }, TileKey { z, x, y: y + 1 }, TileKey { z, x: x + 1, y: y + 1 }]
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/time.rs b/crates/latkit/src/time.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb8c0fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/time.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+//! Bounded waits: work the views wait on wakes whatever awaits it, and a timer wakes it anyway once a
+//! wait has gone on long enough, so no wait outlasts its deadline. Natively one thread keeps every
+//! timer; in a browser the page's own timers do.
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Wake, Waker};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use web_time::Instant;
+
+/// Wakes `waker` once `after` has passed.
+pub(crate) fn wake_after(after: Duration, waker: Waker) {
+    platform::wake_after(after, waker);
+}
+
+/// What wakes a task waiting on views: their work landing, their readbacks mapping. Waking it marks
+/// it woken until a wait takes that.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Notify {
+    woken: AtomicBool,
+    waker: Mutex<Option<Waker>>,
+}
+
+impl Notify {
+    /// Waits until woken, or until `longest` has passed, whichever is first.
+    pub(crate) fn wait(self: &Arc<Self>, longest: Duration) -> Wait {
+        Wait { notify: self.clone(), until: Instant::now() + longest, armed: false }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wake for Notify {
+    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+        self.wake_by_ref();
+    }
+
+    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
+        self.woken.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        if let Some(waker) = self.waker.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).as_ref() {
+            waker.wake_by_ref();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A wait on a [`Notify`], bounded in time.
+pub(crate) struct Wait {
+    notify: Arc<Notify>,
+    until: Instant,
+    armed: bool,
+}
+
+impl Future for Wait {
+    type Output = ();
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, context: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<()> {
+        // The waker goes in before the flag is read, so a wake between the two is never lost.
+        *self.notify.waker.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) = Some(context.waker().clone());
+        if self.notify.woken.swap(false, Ordering::AcqRel) {
+            return Poll::Ready(());
+        }
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        if now >= self.until {
+            return Poll::Ready(());
+        }
+        if !self.armed {
+            self.armed = true;
+            wake_after(self.until - now, context.waker().clone());
+        }
+        Poll::Pending
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+mod platform {
+    use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, Sender, channel};
+    use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock, PoisonError};
+    use std::task::Waker;
+    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+    /// The one timer thread: it wakes each waker given it at its time.
+    fn timers() -> &'static Mutex<Sender<(Instant, Waker)>> {
+        static TIMERS: OnceLock<Mutex<Sender<(Instant, Waker)>>> = OnceLock::new();
+        TIMERS.get_or_init(|| {
+            let (sender, receiver) = channel();
+            std::thread::Builder::new().name("latkit timers".into()).spawn(move || run(&receiver)).expect("a thread");
+            Mutex::new(sender)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn run(receiver: &Receiver<(Instant, Waker)>) {
+        let mut due: Vec<(Instant, Waker)> = Vec::new();
+        loop {
+            let now = Instant::now();
+            due.retain(|(at, waker)| {
+                let waiting = *at > now;
+                if !waiting {
+                    waker.wake_by_ref();
+                }
+                waiting
+            });
+            let next = due.iter().map(|(at, _)| *at).min();
+            let received = match next {
+                Some(at) => receiver.recv_timeout(at.saturating_duration_since(now)),
+                None => receiver.recv().map_err(|_| RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected),
+            };
+            match received {
+                Ok(timer) => due.push(timer),
+                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {}
+                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => return,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn wake_after(after: Duration, waker: Waker) {
+        let at = Instant::now() + after;
+        let sender = timers().lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if sender.send((at, waker.clone())).is_err() {
+            waker.wake();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature = "web"))]
+mod platform {
+    use std::task::Waker;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    use wasm_bindgen::JsCast;
+    use wasm_bindgen::closure::Closure;
+
+    /// Wakes `waker` from the global scope's `setTimeout`, in a page or a worker alike.
+    pub(super) fn wake_after(after: Duration, waker: Waker) {
+        let wake = Closure::once_into_js(move || waker.wake());
+        let global = js_sys::global();
+        let set = js_sys::Reflect::get(&global, &"setTimeout".into())
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|f| f.dyn_into::<js_sys::Function>().ok());
+        let ms = after.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+        if let Some(set) = set {
+            let _ = set.call2(&global, &wake, &ms.into());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(feature = "web")))]
+mod platform {
+    use std::task::Waker;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    /// Without the browser's timers a wait is woken at once, and is polled again.
+    pub(super) fn wake_after(_: Duration, waker: Waker) {
+        waker.wake();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/url.rs b/crates/latkit/src/url.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17ddca6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/url.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//! Where what a document names lies: a URL or a path relative to the document's own.
+
+/// `url` resolved against `base`, the URL or path of the document naming it: as it is when absolute
+/// (a scheme, a `data:` URL, a drive or a root of a path), from `base`'s origin when it starts with
+/// `/` and `base` is a URL, else in `base`'s directory.
+pub(crate) fn resolve(base: &str, url: &str) -> String {
+    let drive = |s: &str| s.as_bytes().get(1) == Some(&b':') && s.as_bytes()[0].is_ascii_alphabetic();
+    if drive(url) || url.starts_with('\\') {
+        return url.to_owned();
+    }
+    if !drive(base)
+        && let Ok(base) = url::Url::parse(base)
+    {
+        // Resolve templates before substitution, preserving the difference between literal braces
+        // and percent-escaped braces. Choose a marker absent from both URLs to avoid collisions.
+        let mut marker = "__latkit_template__".to_owned();
+        while url.contains(&marker) || base.as_str().contains(&marker) {
+            marker.push('_');
+        }
+        let (open, close) = (format!("{marker}open"), format!("{marker}close"));
+        let template = url.replace('{', &open).replace('}', &close);
+        if let Ok(resolved) = base.join(&template) {
+            return resolved.as_str().replace(&open, "{").replace(&close, "}");
+        }
+    }
+    if url::Url::parse(url).is_ok() || url.starts_with('/') {
+        return url.to_owned();
+    }
+    match base.rfind(['/', '\\']) {
+        Some(at) => format!("{}{url}", &base[..=at]),
+        None => url.to_owned(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::resolve;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn names_resolve_against_their_document() {
+        assert_eq!(resolve("https://a.b/c/d.json", "t/{z}.pbf"), "https://a.b/c/t/{z}.pbf");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("https://a.b/c/d.json", "t/%7Bz%7D/{z}.pbf"), "https://a.b/c/t/%7Bz%7D/{z}.pbf");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("https://a.b/c/d.json", "/t.pbf"), "https://a.b/t.pbf");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("https://a.b/c/d.json", "https://x/t.pbf"), "https://x/t.pbf");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("https://x/data/grid.json", "v.f32"), "https://x/data/v.f32");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("C:\\data\\grid.json", "v.f32"), "C:\\data\\v.f32");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("C:\\data\\grid.json", "D:\\v.f32"), "D:\\v.f32");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("/srv/grid.json", "/v.f32"), "/v.f32");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("", "v.f32"), "v.f32");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("https://a.b/c/d.json?q=/elsewhere/", "../v.f32"), "https://a.b/v.f32");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("https://a.b/c/d.json", "//cdn.example/v.f32"), "https://cdn.example/v.f32");
+        assert_eq!(resolve("file:///C:/data/grid.json", "a b.f32"), "file:///C:/data/a%20b.f32");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/video/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/video/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b2418e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/video/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+//! Videos: a shot's pictures over time, handed in order to a [`Sink`] while they are drawn. Three
+//! stages overlap, so throughput is the slowest of them rather than their sum: the GPU draws and
+//! composes one frame while another is read back and the sink takes a third. A frame where nothing
+//! moved is neither drawn nor read back: the sink is told it is held, and shows the frame before.
+//!
+//! [`Mp4`] is the sink most videos take: H.264 from the host's
+//! [`Encoder`](crate::host::Encoder), written as fragmented MP4.
+
+mod mp4;
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+use mp4::Muxer;
+#[cfg(all(feature = "native", windows))]
+pub(crate) use mp4::nals;
+
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::host::{Encoder, Host, TIMESCALE, Unit};
+use crate::shot::{Borrowed, Drawing, Step, Views};
+use crate::{Error, Gpu, Result, Shot, View};
+
+/// Frames drawn and not yet taken at once: one drawing, one reading back, one in the sink.
+const IN_FLIGHT: usize = 3;
+/// Seconds of video between keyframes at most.
+const KEYFRAMES: f64 = 2.0;
+/// Bits a pixel of a frame takes by default: sharp lines and text stay sharp.
+const BITS_PER_PIXEL: f64 = 0.15;
+
+/// The bytes a picture is composed into.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Pixels {
+    /// RGBA rows, top to bottom, four bytes a pixel with straight alpha: an [`Image`](crate::Image)'s.
+    Rgba,
+    /// NV12: a plane of luma, then one of Cb and Cr interleaved at half the resolution, BT.709 in
+    /// limited range. The picture's width is a multiple of 4 and its height of 2.
+    Nv12,
+}
+
+/// What a video's frames go to, in order: an [`Mp4`] file, or whatever an application makes of the
+/// pixels.
+pub trait Sink {
+    /// The bytes it takes.
+    const PIXELS: Pixels;
+
+    /// Readies it for the video `encoding` describes, before the first frame, with the services of
+    /// the GPU's `host`: an MP4 asks it for an encoder.
+    fn begin(&mut self, encoding: &Encoding, host: Option<&dyn Host>) -> Result<()> {
+        let _ = (encoding, host);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Takes frame `index`: its pixels, or `None` where nothing moved since the frame before, which it
+    /// shows again. Resolves once there is room for another.
+    fn frame(&mut self, index: u64, pixels: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> impl Future<Output = Result<()>>;
+
+    /// Ends the video before frame `end`, every frame before it taken.
+    fn finish(&mut self, end: u64) -> impl Future<Output = Result<()>>;
+}
+
+/// A video: its pictures' size in pixels, frames a second, and the bits a second an encoder spends.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct Encoding {
+    /// Width and height in pixels.
+    pub size: [u32; 2],
+    /// Frames a second.
+    pub fps: f64,
+    /// Bits a second.
+    pub bitrate: u32,
+}
+
+impl Encoding {
+    /// A video of `size` at `fps`, at about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame.
+    pub fn new(size: [u32; 2], fps: f64) -> Encoding {
+        let bits = f64::from(size[0]) * f64::from(size[1]) * fps * BITS_PER_PIXEL;
+        Encoding { size, fps, bitrate: bits.clamp(1e5, 4e8) as u32 }
+    }
+
+    /// The frame rate as a ratio of whole numbers, as containers write it: 30000/1001 for 29.97.
+    pub fn rate(&self) -> [u32; 2] {
+        for den in [1_u32, 1001, 1000] {
+            let num = (self.fps * f64::from(den)).round();
+            if (num / f64::from(den) - self.fps).abs() < 1e-6 * self.fps {
+                return [num as u32, den];
+            }
+        }
+        [(self.fps * 1000.0).round() as u32, 1000]
+    }
+}
+
+/// A [`Sink`] encoding H.264 with the host's encoder and writing it to `out` as fragmented MP4 while
+/// frames are drawn. A frame lasts until the next one shows, so held frames cost nothing.
+///
+/// ```no_run
+/// # async fn example(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, map: &mut latkit::View, plot: &mut latkit::View) -> latkit::Result<()> {
+/// use latkit::{Mp4, Shot};
+/// let shot = Shot::new([1920, 1080]).scale(1.5).panels([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.7], [0.0, 0.7, 1.0, 0.3]]);
+/// let file = std::fs::File::create("film.mp4").expect("a file");
+/// let mut video = shot.video(gpu, 60.0, Mp4::new(file))?;
+/// while video.time() < 24.0 {
+///     let at = video.time() * 3600.0; // a day in 24 seconds
+///     map.set_at(at);
+///     plot.set_at(at);
+///     video.frame(&mut [map, plot]).await?;
+/// }
+/// video.finish().await?;
+/// # Ok(()) }
+/// ```
+pub struct Mp4<W: Write> {
+    out: W,
+    bitrate: Option<u32>,
+    /// The encoder, the muxer, and the frame rate, once the video began.
+    began: Option<(Box<dyn Encoder>, Muxer, f64)>,
+    /// When the last keyframe shows, in ticks.
+    keyed: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+impl<W: Write> Mp4<W> {
+    /// An MP4 written to `out`, at about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame.
+    pub fn new(out: W) -> Mp4<W> {
+        Mp4 { out, bitrate: None, began: None, keyed: None }
+    }
+
+    /// Encodes at `bitrate` bits a second.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bitrate(mut self, bitrate: u32) -> Mp4<W> {
+        self.bitrate = Some(bitrate);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// What it was written to.
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> W {
+        self.out
+    }
+
+    fn write(&mut self, units: Vec<Unit>) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some((_, muxer, _)) = &mut self.began else { return Ok(()) };
+        for unit in units {
+            let bytes = muxer.push(&unit).map_err(|reason| Error::Unsupported(reason.into()))?;
+            self.out.write_all(&bytes).map_err(|e| written(&e))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: Write> Sink for Mp4<W> {
+    const PIXELS: Pixels = Pixels::Nv12;
+
+    fn begin(&mut self, encoding: &Encoding, host: Option<&dyn Host>) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut encoding = *encoding;
+        if let Some(bitrate) = self.bitrate {
+            if bitrate == 0 {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("an MP4 takes a positive bitrate").at("bitrate"));
+            }
+            encoding.bitrate = bitrate;
+        }
+        let host = host.ok_or_else(|| Error::Unsupported("an MP4 is encoded by the Gpu's host; it has none".into()))?;
+        self.began = Some((host.encoder(&encoding)?, Muxer::new(encoding.size, TIMESCALE), encoding.fps));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn frame(&mut self, index: u64, pixels: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(nv12) = pixels else { return Ok(()) };
+        let (encoder, _, fps) = self.began.as_mut().ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("an MP4 begins before its frames"))?;
+        let time = ticks(index, *fps);
+        let key = self.keyed.is_none_or(|keyed| time - keyed >= (KEYFRAMES * f64::from(TIMESCALE)) as u64);
+        if key {
+            self.keyed = Some(time);
+        }
+        let units = encoder.encode(nv12, time, key).await?;
+        self.write(units)
+    }
+
+    async fn finish(&mut self, end: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        let (encoder, _, _) = self.began.as_mut().ok_or_else(|| Error::invalid("an MP4 begins before it ends"))?;
+        let units = encoder.finish().await?;
+        self.write(units)?;
+        let (_, muxer, fps) = self.began.as_mut().expect("begun");
+        let last = muxer.finish(ticks(end.max(1), *fps));
+        self.out.write_all(&last).map_err(|e| written(&e))?;
+        self.out.flush().map_err(|e| written(&e))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A video of a shot's pictures, handed to its sink while they are drawn.
+pub struct Video<S: Sink> {
+    drawing: Drawing,
+    sink: S,
+    fps: f64,
+    /// The next frame.
+    index: u64,
+    /// Frames drawn or held and not yet taken, oldest first: a held frame has nothing to read back.
+    flight: VecDeque<(u64, Option<Readback>)>,
+    /// Whether a frame was drawn: after one, a frame where nothing moved is held instead.
+    drawn: bool,
+}
+
+impl Shot {
+    /// A video of this shot's pictures at `fps` frames a second, each frame handed to `sink`.
+    pub fn video<S: Sink>(&self, gpu: &Gpu, fps: f64, mut sink: S) -> Result<Video<S>> {
+        if !(fps.is_finite() && (1.0..=240.0).contains(&fps)) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a video shows 1 to 240 frames a second").at("fps"));
+        }
+        self.check(S::PIXELS)?;
+        let host = gpu.0.lock().host.clone();
+        sink.begin(&Encoding::new(self.size(), fps), host.as_deref())?;
+        Ok(Video {
+            drawing: Drawing::later(self.clone(), S::PIXELS),
+            sink,
+            fps,
+            index: 0,
+            flight: VecDeque::with_capacity(IN_FLIGHT * 2),
+            drawn: false,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Sink> Video<S> {
+    /// Seconds into the video the next frame shows at.
+    pub fn time(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.index as f64 / self.fps
+    }
+
+    /// Frames drawn or held so far.
+    pub fn frames(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.index
+    }
+
+    /// Draws the next frame of `views`, one per panel, at its time once they are complete, and hands
+    /// it on to the sink. It returns once there is room for another frame, not once the sink took
+    /// this one. A frame where nothing moved is not drawn: the sink shows the one before again.
+    pub async fn frame(&mut self, views: &mut [&mut View]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.frame_of(&mut Borrowed(views)).await
+    }
+
+    /// Draws the next frame of the views `views` lends.
+    pub(crate) async fn frame_of(&mut self, views: &mut impl Views) -> Result<()> {
+        let held = self.drawn && !views.lend(|views| views.iter().any(|v| v.needs_render()));
+        if held {
+            self.flight.push_back((self.index, None));
+        } else {
+            while self.flight.iter().filter(|(_, readback)| readback.is_some()).count() >= IN_FLIGHT {
+                self.hand_on().await?;
+            }
+            let time = self.time();
+            views.lend(|views| self.drawing.begin(views))?;
+            let readback = loop {
+                match views.lend(|views| self.drawing.step(views, time, false))? {
+                    Step::Done(readback) => break readback,
+                    Step::Easing => {}
+                    Step::Waiting => self.drawing.wait().await,
+                }
+            };
+            self.flight.push_back((self.index, Some(readback)));
+            self.drawn = true;
+        }
+        self.index += 1;
+        // Held frames first in line wait on nothing.
+        while matches!(self.flight.front(), Some((_, None))) {
+            self.hand_on().await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Hands every frame under way to the sink, ends the video at the next frame's time, and gives
+    /// the sink back.
+    pub async fn finish(mut self) -> Result<S> {
+        while !self.flight.is_empty() {
+            self.hand_on().await?;
+        }
+        self.sink.finish(self.index).await?;
+        Ok(self.sink)
+    }
+
+    /// Reads the oldest frame back, when it was drawn, and hands it to the sink.
+    async fn hand_on(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some((index, readback)) = self.flight.pop_front() else { return Ok(()) };
+        let pixels = match readback {
+            Some(readback) => Some(self.drawing.read(&readback).await?),
+            None => None,
+        };
+        self.sink.frame(index, pixels).await
+    }
+}
+
+/// Frame `index`'s time in ticks at `fps`, rounded from its exact time, so durations never drift.
+fn ticks(index: u64, fps: f64) -> u64 {
+    (index as f64 * f64::from(TIMESCALE) / fps).round() as u64
+}
+
+fn written(error: &std::io::Error) -> Error {
+    Error::Io(format!("a video could not be written: {error}").into())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frame_rates_are_ratios() {
+        let rate = |fps| Encoding::new([16, 16], fps).rate();
+        assert_eq!(rate(60.0), [60, 1]);
+        assert_eq!(rate(30_000.0 / 1001.0), [30_000, 1001]);
+        assert_eq!(rate(12.5), [12_500, 1000]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/video/mp4.rs b/crates/latkit/src/video/mp4.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85924fe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/video/mp4.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+//! Fragmented MP4: one H.264 track written as it goes. `ftyp` and a `moov` with no samples come first, built from the
+//! first keyframe's SPS and PPS. Then each run of frames from a keyframe up to the next becomes one fragment: a `moof`
+//! that times, sizes, and flags its samples, and an `mdat` that holds them. Only the run being gathered is held, so a
+//! video of any length streams to its output with memory for one fragment.
+//!
+//! A frame lasts until the next one shows, so a video that skips frames where nothing moved pays nothing for them
+//! (variable frame rate). Each fragment's decode time is its first frame's own time, so durations never drift from the
+//! caller's clock. A sample is its NAL units with 4-byte lengths in place of start codes, access unit delimiters left
+//! out and SPS and PPS kept in band.
+
+use super::Unit;
+
+/// The one track's id.
+const TRACK: u32 = 1;
+/// The NAL unit type of a sequence parameter set.
+const SPS: u8 = 7;
+/// The NAL unit type of a picture parameter set.
+const PPS: u8 = 8;
+/// The NAL unit type of an access unit delimiter.
+const AUD: u8 = 9;
+/// Sample flags of a keyframe: it depends on no other.
+const KEY: u32 = 0x0200_0000;
+/// Sample flags of a frame between keyframes: it depends on others, and is no sync sample.
+const DELTA: u32 = 0x0101_0000;
+/// The identity transform, in 16.16 and 2.30 fixed point.
+const MATRIX: [u32; 9] = [0x0001_0000, 0, 0, 0, 0x0001_0000, 0, 0, 0, 0x4000_0000];
+
+/// A fragmented MP4 muxer for one H.264 track, taking access units and handing back the bytes to write.
+pub(crate) struct Muxer {
+    size: [u32; 2],
+    timescale: u32,
+    /// Whether `ftyp` and `moov` were handed out.
+    headed: bool,
+    /// How many fragments were handed out.
+    sequence: u32,
+    /// The frames of the fragment being gathered, the first its keyframe.
+    run: Vec<Sample>,
+    /// Their NAL units, length-prefixed: the fragment's `mdat` payload.
+    data: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The time of the last frame taken.
+    last: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+/// A frame of the fragment being gathered.
+struct Sample {
+    /// Ticks at which it shows.
+    time: u64,
+    /// Its bytes in the `mdat` payload.
+    size: u32,
+}
+
+impl Muxer {
+    /// A muxer for one H.264 track of `size` pixels whose frame times are `timescale` ticks a second.
+    pub(crate) fn new(size: [u32; 2], timescale: u32) -> Muxer {
+        Muxer { size, timescale, headed: false, sequence: 0, run: Vec::new(), data: Vec::new(), last: None }
+    }
+
+    /// Takes one access unit; returns the bytes ready to write next, in order: `ftyp` and `moov` before
+    /// the first keyframe's fragment, and a fragment (`moof` + `mdat`) whenever a keyframe closes the
+    /// run of frames before it. A frame lasts until the next frame's time, so frames a video skipped
+    /// because nothing moved cost nothing (variable frame rate). Units before the first keyframe are
+    /// dropped. Returns `Err` (a `String` reason) when the first keyframe holds no SPS and PPS.
+    ///
+    /// A unit whose time does not pass the last one's shows a tick after it. A unit holding no NAL units but
+    /// delimiters is dropped, and the frame before it lasts on.
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, unit: &Unit) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        if self.run.is_empty() && !unit.key {
+            return Ok(out);
+        }
+        if !self.headed {
+            let first = |kind| nals(&unit.annex_b).find(|nal| nal[0] & 0x1f == kind);
+            let (Some(sps), Some(pps)) = (first(SPS), first(PPS)) else {
+                return Err("the first keyframe holds no SPS and PPS".into());
+            };
+            if sps.len() < 4 {
+                return Err(format!("the first keyframe's SPS is {} bytes, too short to name a profile", sps.len()));
+            }
+            self.header(sps, pps, &mut out);
+            self.headed = true;
+        }
+        if !nals(&unit.annex_b).any(|nal| nal[0] & 0x1f != AUD) {
+            return Ok(out);
+        }
+        let time = self.last.map_or(unit.time, |last| unit.time.max(last + 1));
+        if unit.key && !self.run.is_empty() {
+            self.fragment(time, &mut out);
+        }
+        let start = self.data.len();
+        for nal in nals(&unit.annex_b).filter(|nal| nal[0] & 0x1f != AUD) {
+            self.data.extend((nal.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+            self.data.extend_from_slice(nal);
+        }
+        self.run.push(Sample { time, size: (self.data.len() - start) as u32 });
+        self.last = Some(time);
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    /// Ends the video at `end` ticks: the last frame lasts until then (at least one tick). Returns
+    /// the last fragment's bytes, or nothing when no frame was pushed.
+    pub(crate) fn finish(&mut self, end: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(last) = self.run.last().map(|sample| sample.time) {
+            self.fragment(end.max(last + 1), &mut out);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Writes `ftyp`, and the `moov` that describes the track by its first keyframe's `sps` and `pps`.
+    fn header(&self, sps: &[u8], pps: &[u8], out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        boxed(out, *b"ftyp", |o| {
+            o.extend_from_slice(b"isom");
+            o.extend(0x200_u32.to_be_bytes());
+            o.extend_from_slice(b"isomiso6avc1mp41");
+        });
+        boxed(out, *b"moov", |o| {
+            full(o, *b"mvhd", 0, 0, |o| {
+                o.extend([0; 8]); // creation and modification times
+                o.extend(self.timescale.to_be_bytes());
+                o.extend([0; 4]); // duration: the fragments hold it
+                o.extend(0x0001_0000_u32.to_be_bytes()); // rate
+                o.extend(0x0100_u16.to_be_bytes()); // volume
+                o.extend([0; 10]);
+                matrix(o);
+                o.extend([0; 24]);
+                o.extend((TRACK + 1).to_be_bytes());
+            });
+            boxed(o, *b"trak", |o| {
+                self.tkhd(o);
+                boxed(o, *b"mdia", |o| {
+                    full(o, *b"mdhd", 0, 0, |o| {
+                        o.extend([0; 8]);
+                        o.extend(self.timescale.to_be_bytes());
+                        o.extend([0; 4]);
+                        o.extend(0x55c4_u16.to_be_bytes()); // `und`, three 5-bit letters
+                        o.extend([0; 2]);
+                    });
+                    full(o, *b"hdlr", 0, 0, |o| {
+                        o.extend([0; 4]);
+                        o.extend_from_slice(b"vide");
+                        o.extend([0; 12]);
+                        o.extend_from_slice(b"latkit\0");
+                    });
+                    boxed(o, *b"minf", |o| {
+                        full(o, *b"vmhd", 0, 1, |o| o.extend([0; 8]));
+                        boxed(o, *b"dinf", |o| {
+                            full(o, *b"dref", 0, 0, |o| {
+                                o.extend(1_u32.to_be_bytes());
+                                full(o, *b"url ", 0, 1, |_| {});
+                            });
+                        });
+                        boxed(o, *b"stbl", |o| {
+                            full(o, *b"stsd", 0, 0, |o| {
+                                o.extend(1_u32.to_be_bytes());
+                                self.avc1(sps, pps, o);
+                            });
+                            for (kind, zeros) in [(*b"stts", 4), (*b"stsc", 4), (*b"stsz", 8), (*b"stco", 4)] {
+                                full(o, kind, 0, 0, |o| o.resize(o.len() + zeros, 0));
+                            }
+                        });
+                    });
+                });
+            });
+            boxed(o, *b"mvex", |o| {
+                full(o, *b"trex", 0, 0, |o| {
+                    o.extend(TRACK.to_be_bytes());
+                    o.extend(1_u32.to_be_bytes()); // sample description
+                    o.extend([0; 12]);
+                });
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the track header: its id and its size.
+    fn tkhd(&self, o: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        let [w, h] = self.size;
+        full(o, *b"tkhd", 0, 3, |o| {
+            o.extend([0; 8]);
+            o.extend(TRACK.to_be_bytes());
+            o.extend([0; 24]); // duration, layer, group, and volume, all none
+            matrix(o);
+            o.extend((w << 16).to_be_bytes());
+            o.extend((h << 16).to_be_bytes());
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the `avc1` sample entry: the picture's size, its decoder configuration from `sps` and `pps`, and its
+    /// colors, BT.709 in limited range.
+    fn avc1(&self, sps: &[u8], pps: &[u8], o: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        let [w, h] = self.size;
+        boxed(o, *b"avc1", |o| {
+            o.extend([0; 6]);
+            o.extend(1_u16.to_be_bytes()); // data reference
+            o.extend([0; 16]);
+            o.extend((w as u16).to_be_bytes());
+            o.extend((h as u16).to_be_bytes());
+            o.extend(0x0048_0000_u32.to_be_bytes()); // 72 dpi across
+            o.extend(0x0048_0000_u32.to_be_bytes()); // and down
+            o.extend([0; 4]);
+            o.extend(1_u16.to_be_bytes()); // frames a sample
+            o.extend([0; 32]); // compressor name
+            o.extend(0x18_u16.to_be_bytes()); // depth
+            o.extend((-1_i16).to_be_bytes());
+            boxed(o, *b"avcC", |o| {
+                // Version, profile, compatibility, level, 4-byte lengths, one SPS.
+                o.extend([1, sps[1], sps[2], sps[3], 0xff, 0xe1]);
+                o.extend((sps.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+                o.extend_from_slice(sps);
+                o.push(1);
+                o.extend((pps.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+                o.extend_from_slice(pps);
+                if matches!(sps[1], 100 | 110 | 122 | 144) {
+                    o.extend([0xfd, 0xf8, 0xf8, 0]); // 4:2:0, 8-bit luma and chroma, no SPS extensions
+                }
+            });
+            boxed(o, *b"colr", |o| {
+                o.extend_from_slice(b"nclx");
+                o.extend([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]); // primaries, transfer, and matrix BT.709; limited range
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the fragment of the frames gathered, the last lasting until `end`, and empties the run for the next.
+    fn fragment(&mut self, end: u64, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        self.sequence += 1;
+        out.reserve(100 + 12 * self.run.len() + self.data.len());
+        let start = out.len();
+        let mut offset = 0;
+        boxed(out, *b"moof", |o| {
+            full(o, *b"mfhd", 0, 0, |o| o.extend(self.sequence.to_be_bytes()));
+            boxed(o, *b"traf", |o| {
+                full(o, *b"tfhd", 0, 0x02_0000, |o| o.extend(TRACK.to_be_bytes()));
+                full(o, *b"tfdt", 1, 0, |o| o.extend(self.run[0].time.to_be_bytes()));
+                full(o, *b"trun", 0, 0x0701, |o| {
+                    o.extend((self.run.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+                    offset = o.len();
+                    o.extend([0; 4]);
+                    let nexts = self.run.iter().skip(1).map(|sample| sample.time).chain([end]);
+                    for (i, (sample, next)) in self.run.iter().zip(nexts).enumerate() {
+                        let flags = if i == 0 { KEY } else { DELTA };
+                        o.extend(u32::try_from(next - sample.time).unwrap_or(u32::MAX).to_be_bytes());
+                        o.extend(sample.size.to_be_bytes());
+                        o.extend(flags.to_be_bytes());
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+        });
+        let data_offset = (out.len() - start + 8) as u32;
+        out[offset..offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&data_offset.to_be_bytes());
+        boxed(out, *b"mdat", |o| o.extend_from_slice(&self.data));
+        self.run.clear();
+        self.data.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Writes a box of type `kind` whose body `body` writes, its size filled in after.
+fn boxed(out: &mut Vec<u8>, kind: [u8; 4], body: impl FnOnce(&mut Vec<u8>)) {
+    let start = out.len();
+    out.extend([0; 4]);
+    out.extend(kind);
+    body(out);
+    let size = (out.len() - start) as u32;
+    out[start..start + 4].copy_from_slice(&size.to_be_bytes());
+}
+
+/// Writes a full box: a box whose body starts with its `version` and 24 bits of `flags`.
+fn full(out: &mut Vec<u8>, kind: [u8; 4], version: u8, flags: u32, body: impl FnOnce(&mut Vec<u8>)) {
+    boxed(out, kind, |o| {
+        o.extend(((u32::from(version) << 24) | flags).to_be_bytes());
+        body(o);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Writes the identity transform.
+fn matrix(out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+    for value in MATRIX {
+        out.extend(value.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+/// The NAL units of Annex B `bytes`: what lies between start codes, less the zero bytes that lead a 4-byte start code
+/// (a NAL unit never ends in one).
+pub(crate) fn nals(bytes: &[u8]) -> impl Iterator<Item = &[u8]> {
+    let mut rest = start_code(bytes).map_or(&[][..], |at| &bytes[at + 3..]);
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        while !rest.is_empty() {
+            let (nal, next) = match start_code(rest) {
+                Some(at) => (&rest[..at], &rest[at + 3..]),
+                None => (rest, &[][..]),
+            };
+            rest = next;
+            let len = nal.iter().rposition(|&byte| byte != 0).map_or(0, |last| last + 1);
+            if len > 0 {
+                return Some(&nal[..len]);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    })
+}
+
+/// Where the first 3-byte start code in `bytes` begins.
+fn start_code(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<usize> {
+    bytes.windows(3).position(|w| w == [0, 0, 1])
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const AUD_NAL: &[u8] = &[0x09, 0xf0];
+    const SPS_NAL: &[u8] = &[0x67, 0x64, 0x00, 0x28, 0xac, 0xd9, 0x40, 0x78];
+    const PPS_NAL: &[u8] = &[0x68, 0xeb, 0xe3, 0xcb, 0x22, 0xc0];
+    const IDR: &[u8] = &[0x65, 0x88, 0x84, 0x00, 0x21];
+    const SLICE: &[u8] = &[0x41, 0x9a, 0x00, 0x03, 0x01, 0x7f];
+
+    /// NAL units in Annex B form, their start codes 4 and 3 bytes by turns.
+    fn annex_b(nals: &[&[u8]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for (i, nal) in nals.iter().enumerate() {
+            out.extend_from_slice(if i % 2 == 0 { &[0, 0, 0, 1] } else { &[0, 0, 1] });
+            out.extend_from_slice(nal);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// A keyframe at `time`, delimited, with its SPS and PPS.
+    fn key(time: u64) -> Unit {
+        Unit { time, key: true, annex_b: annex_b(&[AUD_NAL, SPS_NAL, PPS_NAL, IDR]) }
+    }
+
+    /// A frame between keyframes at `time`, delimited.
+    fn delta(time: u64) -> Unit {
+        Unit { time, key: false, annex_b: annex_b(&[AUD_NAL, SLICE]) }
+    }
+
+    fn u32_at(bytes: &[u8], at: usize) -> u32 {
+        u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[at..at + 4].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// The boxes `bytes` holds, each its type and its body.
+    fn boxes(mut bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<([u8; 4], &[u8])> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        while !bytes.is_empty() {
+            let size = u32_at(bytes, 0) as usize;
+            out.push((bytes[4..8].try_into().unwrap(), &bytes[8..size]));
+            bytes = &bytes[size..];
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// The body of the box of type `kind` among those `bytes` holds past its first `skip` bytes.
+    fn child(bytes: &[u8], skip: usize, kind: [u8; 4]) -> &[u8] {
+        let found = boxes(&bytes[skip..]).into_iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == kind);
+        found.unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&kind))).1
+    }
+
+    fn kinds(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<String> {
+        boxes(bytes).iter().map(|(kind, _)| String::from_utf8_lossy(kind).into_owned()).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// A fragment read back.
+    struct Fragment {
+        sequence: u32,
+        time: u64,
+        /// Each sample's duration, size, and flags.
+        samples: Vec<[u32; 3]>,
+        offset: u32,
+        moof: usize,
+        data: Vec<u8>,
+    }
+
+    /// The fragments of a whole file.
+    fn fragments(file: &[u8]) -> Vec<Fragment> {
+        let all = boxes(file);
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for pair in all.windows(2) {
+            let [(kind, moof), (next, mdat)] = pair else { unreachable!() };
+            if kind != b"moof" {
+                continue;
+            }
+            assert_eq!(next, b"mdat");
+            let traf = child(moof, 0, *b"traf");
+            let tfhd = child(traf, 0, *b"tfhd");
+            assert_eq!((u32_at(tfhd, 0), u32_at(tfhd, 4)), (0x02_0000, TRACK));
+            let tfdt = child(traf, 0, *b"tfdt");
+            assert_eq!(tfdt[0], 1, "tfdt version");
+            let trun = child(traf, 0, *b"trun");
+            assert_eq!(u32_at(trun, 0), 0x0701);
+            let count = u32_at(trun, 4) as usize;
+            assert_eq!(trun.len(), 12 + 12 * count);
+            out.push(Fragment {
+                sequence: u32_at(child(moof, 0, *b"mfhd"), 4),
+                time: u64::from_be_bytes(tfdt[4..12].try_into().unwrap()),
+                samples: (0..count).map(|i| [0, 4, 8].map(|k| u32_at(trun, 12 + 12 * i + k))).collect(),
+                offset: u32_at(trun, 8),
+                moof: moof.len() + 8,
+                data: mdat.to_vec(),
+            });
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// The NAL units of a length-prefixed sample.
+    fn prefixed(mut sample: &[u8]) -> Vec<&[u8]> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        while !sample.is_empty() {
+            let len = u32_at(sample, 0) as usize;
+            out.push(&sample[4..4 + len]);
+            sample = &sample[4 + len..];
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_header_comes_with_the_first_keyframe_and_a_fragment_with_each_next() {
+        let mut mp4 = Muxer::new([640, 360], 90_000);
+        let mut file = Vec::new();
+        let head = mp4.push(&key(0)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kinds(&head), ["ftyp", "moov"]);
+        file.extend(head);
+        for time in [3000, 6000] {
+            assert_eq!(mp4.push(&delta(time)).unwrap(), b"");
+        }
+        let fragment = mp4.push(&key(9000)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kinds(&fragment), ["moof", "mdat"]);
+        file.extend(fragment);
+        assert_eq!(mp4.push(&delta(12_000)).unwrap(), b"");
+        let last = mp4.finish(15_000);
+        assert_eq!(kinds(&last), ["moof", "mdat"]);
+        file.extend(last);
+        assert_eq!(kinds(&file), ["ftyp", "moov", "moof", "mdat", "moof", "mdat"]);
+        assert_eq!(mp4.finish(18_000), b"", "nothing left");
+
+        let ftyp = boxes(&file)[0].1;
+        assert_eq!(ftyp, b"isom\0\0\x02\0isomiso6avc1mp41");
+        let moov = boxes(&file)[1].1;
+        assert_eq!(kinds(moov), ["mvhd", "trak", "mvex"]);
+        assert_eq!(u32_at(child(moov, 0, *b"mvhd"), 12), 90_000);
+        let trak = child(moov, 0, *b"trak");
+        let tkhd = child(trak, 0, *b"tkhd");
+        assert_eq!((u32_at(tkhd, 0), u32_at(tkhd, 12)), (3, TRACK));
+        assert_eq!((u32_at(tkhd, 76), u32_at(tkhd, 80)), (640 << 16, 360 << 16));
+        let mdia = child(trak, 0, *b"mdia");
+        assert_eq!(u32_at(child(mdia, 0, *b"mdhd"), 12), 90_000);
+        assert_eq!(&child(mdia, 0, *b"hdlr")[8..12], b"vide");
+        let stbl = child(child(mdia, 0, *b"minf"), 0, *b"stbl");
+        assert_eq!(kinds(stbl), ["stsd", "stts", "stsc", "stsz", "stco"]);
+        let trex = child(child(moov, 0, *b"mvex"), 0, *b"trex");
+        assert_eq!((u32_at(trex, 4), u32_at(trex, 8)), (TRACK, 1));
+        let sequences: Vec<u32> = fragments(&file).iter().map(|f| f.sequence).collect();
+        assert_eq!(sequences, [1, 2]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_sample_entry_holds_the_parameter_sets_and_bt709() {
+        let mut mp4 = Muxer::new([1920, 1080], 90_000);
+        let head = mp4.push(&key(0)).unwrap();
+        let moov = boxes(&head)[1].1;
+        let stbl = [b"trak", b"mdia", b"minf", b"stbl"].into_iter().fold(moov, |body, kind| child(body, 0, *kind));
+        let avc1 = child(child(stbl, 0, *b"stsd"), 8, *b"avc1");
+        assert_eq!(&avc1[24..28], [0x07, 0x80, 0x04, 0x38], "width and height");
+        let avcc = child(avc1, 78, *b"avcC");
+        let mut want = vec![1, 0x64, 0x00, 0x28, 0xff, 0xe1, 0, SPS_NAL.len() as u8];
+        want.extend_from_slice(SPS_NAL);
+        want.extend([1, 0, PPS_NAL.len() as u8]);
+        want.extend_from_slice(PPS_NAL);
+        want.extend([0xfd, 0xf8, 0xf8, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(avcc, want);
+        assert_eq!(child(avc1, 78, *b"colr"), b"nclx\0\x01\0\x01\0\x01\0");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn samples_are_timed_sized_and_placed_by_the_fragment() {
+        let mut mp4 = Muxer::new([640, 360], 90_000);
+        let mut file = Vec::new();
+        let units = [key(0), delta(1500), delta(3000), key(9000), delta(10_500)];
+        for unit in &units {
+            file.extend(mp4.push(unit).unwrap());
+        }
+        file.extend(mp4.finish(12_000));
+        let fragments = fragments(&file);
+        let durations: Vec<Vec<u32>> = fragments.iter().map(|f| f.samples.iter().map(|s| s[0]).collect()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(durations, [vec![1500, 1500, 6000], vec![1500, 1500]]);
+        assert_eq!(fragments.iter().map(|f| f.time).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [0, 9000]);
+        for fragment in &fragments {
+            assert_eq!(fragment.offset as usize, fragment.moof + 8, "data offset is mdat's payload");
+            let mut data = &fragment.data[..];
+            for (i, &[_, size, flags]) in fragment.samples.iter().enumerate() {
+                let (sample, rest) = data.split_at(size as usize);
+                data = rest;
+                let nals = prefixed(sample);
+                if i == 0 {
+                    assert_eq!(flags, KEY);
+                    assert_eq!(nals, [SPS_NAL, PPS_NAL, IDR]);
+                } else {
+                    assert_eq!(flags, DELTA);
+                    assert_eq!(nals, [SLICE]);
+                }
+            }
+            assert!(data.is_empty(), "sizes cover mdat");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn late_times_take_a_tick_and_empty_units_are_dropped() {
+        let mut mp4 = Muxer::new([64, 64], 1000);
+        let mut file = mp4.push(&key(100)).unwrap();
+        for unit in [delta(100), delta(50), Unit { time: 300, key: false, annex_b: annex_b(&[AUD_NAL]) }, delta(400)] {
+            file.extend(mp4.push(&unit).unwrap());
+        }
+        file.extend(mp4.finish(0));
+        let fragment = &fragments(&file)[0];
+        assert_eq!(fragment.time, 100);
+        assert_eq!(fragment.samples.iter().map(|s| s[0]).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [1, 1, 298, 1]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frames_before_the_first_keyframe_are_dropped() {
+        let mut mp4 = Muxer::new([64, 64], 1000);
+        assert_eq!(mp4.push(&delta(0)).unwrap(), b"");
+        assert_eq!(mp4.push(&delta(10)).unwrap(), b"");
+        let mut file = mp4.push(&key(20)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kinds(&file), ["ftyp", "moov"]);
+        file.extend(mp4.finish(30));
+        let fragments = fragments(&file);
+        assert_eq!(fragments.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!((fragments[0].time, &fragments[0].samples[..]), (20, &[[10, 31, KEY]][..]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_first_keyframe_without_parameter_sets_fails() {
+        let mut mp4 = Muxer::new([64, 64], 1000);
+        let bare = Unit { time: 0, key: true, annex_b: annex_b(&[AUD_NAL, IDR]) };
+        assert!(mp4.push(&bare).is_err());
+        let no_pps = Unit { time: 0, key: true, annex_b: annex_b(&[SPS_NAL, IDR]) };
+        assert!(mp4.push(&no_pps).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(mp4.finish(10), b"");
+        assert_eq!(kinds(&mp4.push(&key(0)).unwrap()), ["ftyp", "moov"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn durations_sum_to_the_callers_clock_over_an_hour() {
+        let frames = 107_893_u64;
+        let fps = 30_000.0 / 1001.0;
+        let times: Vec<u64> = (0..frames).map(|i| (i as f64 * 90_000.0 / fps).round() as u64).collect();
+        let mut mp4 = Muxer::new([16, 16], 90_000);
+        let mut file = Vec::new();
+        let tiny = |time, key| Unit {
+            time,
+            key,
+            annex_b: if key { annex_b(&[SPS_NAL, PPS_NAL, IDR]) } else { vec![0, 0, 1, 0x41] },
+        };
+        for (i, &time) in times.iter().enumerate() {
+            file.extend(mp4.push(&tiny(time, i % 60 == 0)).unwrap());
+        }
+        let last = *times.last().unwrap();
+        let end = last + 3003;
+        file.extend(mp4.finish(end));
+        let mut clock = times[0];
+        let mut samples = 0;
+        for fragment in fragments(&file) {
+            assert_eq!(fragment.time, clock, "no drift between fragments");
+            clock += fragment.samples.iter().map(|s| u64::from(s[0])).sum::<u64>();
+            samples += fragment.samples.len();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(samples as u64, frames);
+        assert_eq!(clock - times[0], last - times[0] + (end - last));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/axes.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/axes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc45283c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/axes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+//! A plot's axes, drawn over its marks: grid lines at round values, tick labels and titles in the
+//! theme's font, and the playhead at the shown coordinate. Rebuilt each frame as overlay sprites,
+//! O(ticks).
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::View;
+use super::camera::Area;
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::host::TextRun;
+use crate::{Axis, Camera, Color, Format, Plot, Space, Theme};
+
+/// Room the axes take outside a plot's area: top, right, bottom, left, CSS pixels.
+pub(crate) fn gutters(plot: &Plot, theme: &Theme) -> [f64; 4] {
+    let f = f64::from(theme.font_size);
+    let top = if plot.y.label.is_some() && !plot.y.hidden { f * 2.4 } else { f };
+    let bottom = if plot.x.hidden { 8.0 } else { f * 2.4 + if plot.x.label.is_some() { f * 2.2 } else { 0.0 } };
+    let left = if plot.y.hidden { 8.0 } else { f * 6.0 };
+    [top, f * 1.5, bottom, left]
+}
+
+/// A round step about `span / count`: 1, 2, 2.5, or 5 times a power of ten.
+pub(super) fn step(span: f64, count: f64) -> f64 {
+    let raw = (span / count.max(1.0)).max(f64::MIN_POSITIVE);
+    let power = 10_f64.powf(raw.log10().floor());
+    [1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0].into_iter().map(|m| m * power).find(|&s| s >= raw).unwrap_or(10.0 * power)
+}
+
+/// Decimals a value needs to tell ticks `step` apart.
+fn decimals(step: f64) -> usize {
+    let magnitude = step.log10().floor();
+    let extra = usize::from(((step / 10_f64.powf(magnitude)) - 2.5).abs() < 1e-9);
+    (-magnitude).max(0.0) as usize + extra
+}
+
+/// `value` written as `axis` says, with as many decimals as `step` needs unless it sets them.
+pub(super) fn label(value: f64, step: f64, axis: &Axis) -> String {
+    let value = if value.abs() < step * 1e-9 { 0.0 } else { value };
+    let precision = axis.precision.map(usize::from);
+    let significand = precision.unwrap_or(2);
+    match axis.format {
+        Format::Auto if value != 0.0 && (value.abs() >= 1e6 || value.abs() < 1e-4) => format!("{value:.significand$e}"),
+        Format::Auto | Format::Fixed => {
+            let decimals = precision.unwrap_or_else(|| decimals(step));
+            format!("{value:.decimals$}")
+        }
+        Format::Scientific => format!("{value:.significand$e}"),
+        Format::Engineering => {
+            if value == 0.0 {
+                return format!("{value:.significand$}");
+            }
+            let power = (value.abs().log10() / 3.0).floor() as i32 * 3;
+            let mantissa = value / 10_f64.powi(power);
+            if power == 0 { format!("{mantissa:.significand$}") } else { format!("{mantissa:.significand$}e{power}") }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The ticks of `axis` across `range`: the ones it gives, else round values `step` apart.
+fn axis_ticks(axis: &Axis, range: [f64; 2], step: f64) -> Vec<(f64, String)> {
+    match &axis.ticks {
+        Some(given) => given
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(v, _)| (range[0]..=range[1]).contains(v))
+            .map(|(v, text)| (*v, text.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| label(*v, step, axis))))
+            .collect(),
+        None => ticks(range, step).map(|v| (v, label(v, step, axis))).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Values `step` apart within `range`.
+pub(super) fn ticks(range: [f64; 2], step: f64) -> impl Iterator<Item = f64> {
+    let first = (range[0] / step).ceil();
+    let last = (range[1] / step).floor().min(first + 200.0);
+    let count = if first.is_finite() && last >= first { (last - first) as u32 + 1 } else { 0 };
+    (0..count).map(move |i| (first + f64::from(i)) * step)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn line(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], width: f32, color: Color) -> wgsl::Sprite {
+    let mut sprite: wgsl::Sprite = bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed();
+    sprite.a = [a[0] as f32, a[1] as f32];
+    sprite.b = [b[0] as f32, b[1] as f32];
+    sprite.width = width;
+    sprite.color = color.to_array();
+    sprite.kind = wgsl::SPRITE_LINE;
+    sprite
+}
+
+/// Where a run of text goes: its anchor, and which of its edges meets the anchor.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(super) enum Align {
+    /// Centered across, top at the anchor.
+    Below,
+    /// Right edge at the anchor, centered up and down.
+    Left,
+    /// Left edge at the anchor, centered up and down.
+    Right,
+    /// Left edge at the anchor, bottom at the anchor.
+    Above,
+    /// Right edge at the anchor, top at the anchor.
+    BelowLeft,
+    /// Left edge at the anchor, top at the anchor.
+    BelowRight,
+}
+
+/// What sets text for the overlay: the atlas, in one font, size, and color.
+pub(super) struct Writer<'a> {
+    pub(super) inner: &'a mut Inner,
+    pub(super) font: Arc<str>,
+    pub(super) size_px: u32,
+    pub(super) ratio: f64,
+    pub(super) color: Color,
+}
+
+impl Writer<'_> {
+    /// `text` as a sprite placed by `align` at `anchor`, CSS pixels; `None` while it cannot be set.
+    pub(super) fn text(&mut self, text: &str, anchor: [f64; 2], align: Align) -> Option<wgsl::Sprite> {
+        let run = TextRun { text: text.into(), font: self.font.clone(), size_px: self.size_px, max_width: None };
+        let host = self.inner.host.clone();
+        let glyphs = self.inner.atlas.text(host.as_deref(), &run)?;
+        let [l, t, r, b] = glyphs.rect.map(f64::from);
+        let (w, h) = ((r - l) / self.ratio, (b - t) / self.ratio);
+        let [x, y] = match align {
+            Align::Below => [anchor[0] - w / 2.0, anchor[1]],
+            Align::Left => [anchor[0] - w, anchor[1] - h / 2.0],
+            Align::Right => [anchor[0], anchor[1] - h / 2.0],
+            Align::Above => [anchor[0], anchor[1] - h],
+            Align::BelowLeft => [anchor[0] - w, anchor[1]],
+            Align::BelowRight => anchor,
+        };
+        let snap = |v: f64| (v * self.ratio).round() / self.ratio;
+        let (x, y) = (snap(x), snap(y));
+        let mut sprite: wgsl::Sprite = bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed();
+        sprite.a = [x as f32, y as f32];
+        sprite.b = [(x + w) as f32, (y + h) as f32];
+        sprite.uv = [l as f32, t as f32, r as f32, b as f32];
+        sprite.color = self.color.to_array();
+        sprite.kind = wgsl::SPRITE_TEXT;
+        Some(sprite)
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// The sprites drawn over the marks this frame: a plot's axes, the title and legends,
+    /// and a box being selected.
+    pub(super) fn overlay(&self, inner: &mut Inner) -> Vec<wgsl::Sprite> {
+        let evictions = inner.atlas.evictions;
+        let mut sprites = self.written(inner);
+        // The atlas made room while setting this frame's text: set it again on the new packing.
+        if inner.atlas.evictions != evictions {
+            sprites = self.written(inner);
+        }
+        let theme = &self.scene.theme;
+        let color = theme.selected.unwrap_or(theme.hover);
+        let at = |p: [f32; 2]| [f64::from(p[0]), f64::from(p[1])];
+        match self.gestures.now {
+            super::gestures::Gesture::Box { from, to, .. } => {
+                let mut sprite = line(at(from), at(to), 1.0, color);
+                sprite.kind = wgsl::SPRITE_BOX;
+                sprites.push(sprite);
+            }
+            super::gestures::Gesture::Connect { anchor: Some(from), to, .. } => {
+                sprites.push(line(at(from), at(to), 2.0, color));
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        sprites
+    }
+
+    /// The sprites of the overlay's text and what goes with it: a plot's axes, the title, and the legends.
+    fn written(&self, inner: &mut Inner) -> Vec<wgsl::Sprite> {
+        let mut sprites = self.axes_sprites(inner);
+        sprites.extend(self.annotations(inner));
+        sprites
+    }
+
+    fn axes_sprites(&self, inner: &mut Inner) -> Vec<wgsl::Sprite> {
+        let Space::Plot(plot) = &self.scene.space else { return Vec::new() };
+        let Camera::Plot { x, y: Some(y) } = self.drawn_camera() else { return Vec::new() };
+        self.axes(inner, plot, &self.scene.theme, self.area(), x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn axes(
+        &self,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        plot: &Plot,
+        theme: &Theme,
+        area: Area,
+        x: [f64; 2],
+        y: [f64; 2],
+    ) -> Vec<wgsl::Sprite> {
+        let [left, top, right, bottom] = area;
+        let across = |v: f64| left + (v - x[0]) / (x[1] - x[0]) * (right - left);
+        let up = |v: f64| bottom - (v - y[0]) / (y[1] - y[0]) * (bottom - top);
+        let font = f64::from(theme.font_size);
+        let ratio = f64::from(self.pixel_ratio);
+        let mut writer = Writer {
+            inner,
+            font: theme.font.clone(),
+            size_px: (font * ratio).round().max(1.0) as u32,
+            ratio,
+            color: theme.text,
+        };
+        let axis = theme.text.alpha(0.35);
+        let mut sprites = Vec::new();
+        if !plot.x.hidden {
+            let step = step(x[1] - x[0], (right - left) / (font * 8.0));
+            for (v, text) in axis_ticks(&plot.x, x, step) {
+                let at = across(v);
+                if plot.x.grid {
+                    sprites.push(line([at, top], [at, bottom], 1.0, theme.grid));
+                }
+                sprites.push(line([at, bottom], [at, bottom + 4.0], 1.0, axis));
+                sprites.extend(writer.text(&text, [at, bottom + 6.0], Align::Below));
+            }
+            sprites.push(line([left, bottom], [right, bottom], 1.0, axis));
+            if let Some(title) = &plot.x.label {
+                sprites.extend(writer.text(title, [right, bottom + font * 2.2], Align::BelowLeft));
+            }
+        }
+        if !plot.y.hidden {
+            let step = step(y[1] - y[0], (bottom - top) / (font * 3.5));
+            for (v, text) in axis_ticks(&plot.y, y, step) {
+                let at = up(v);
+                if plot.y.grid {
+                    sprites.push(line([left, at], [right, at], 1.0, theme.grid));
+                }
+                sprites.push(line([left - 4.0, at], [left, at], 1.0, axis));
+                sprites.extend(writer.text(&text, [left - 7.0, at], Align::Left));
+            }
+            sprites.push(line([left, top], [left, bottom], 1.0, axis));
+            if let Some(title) = &plot.y.label {
+                sprites.extend(writer.text(title, [left - font * 4.0, top - font * 0.8], Align::Above));
+            }
+        }
+        if self.at.is_finite() && (x[0]..=x[1]).contains(&self.at) {
+            let at = across(self.at);
+            sprites.push(line([at, top], [at, bottom], 1.5, theme.playhead));
+        }
+        sprites
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn steps_are_round_and_labels_fit_them() {
+        assert!((step(12.0, 6.0) - 2.0).abs() < 1e-12);
+        assert!((step(1.0, 4.0) - 0.25).abs() < 1e-12);
+        let auto = Axis::default();
+        assert_eq!(label(0.25, 0.25, &auto), "0.25");
+        assert_eq!(label(4.0, 2.0, &auto), "4");
+        assert_eq!(label(-1e-17, 0.5, &auto), "0.0");
+        let with = |format, precision| Axis { format, precision, ..Axis::default() };
+        assert_eq!(label(1500.0, 500.0, &with(Format::Scientific, Some(1))), "1.5e3");
+        assert_eq!(label(0.00015, 0.00005, &with(Format::Engineering, Some(0))), "150e-6");
+        assert_eq!(label(2.0, 1.0, &with(Format::Fixed, Some(2))), "2.00");
+        let given = Axis { ticks: Some(vec![(0.0, Some("off".into())), (1.0, None), (5.0, None)]), ..Axis::default() };
+        assert_eq!(axis_ticks(&given, [0.0, 2.0], 1.0), [(0.0, "off".to_owned()), (1.0, "1".to_owned())]);
+        assert_eq!(ticks([0.1, 1.0], 0.25).count(), 4);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/camera.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/camera.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d01fe6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/camera.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
+use std::f64::consts::{PI, TAU};
+
+use glam::{DMat3, DMat4, DVec3, DVec4};
+
+use crate::Space;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+
+/// Where a view looks.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(untagged, deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub enum Camera {
+    /// On the earth, a plane, or a diagram: the point looked at and turned about, how far in, and how
+    /// tilted and turned. A diagram is always seen from straight above, upright.
+    Map {
+        /// Longitude, latitude, and elevation on the earth; x, y, and elevation on a plane or a
+        /// diagram. In JSON, `[x, y]` looks at the ground.
+        #[serde(with = "center")]
+        #[schemars(with = "center::Center")]
+        center: [f64; 3],
+        /// On the earth the web mercator level; elsewhere, log₂ of pixels per unit.
+        zoom: f64,
+        /// Degrees from looking straight down, up to 75; 0 in a diagram.
+        pitch: f64,
+        /// Degrees clockwise from north, or from up on a plane; 0 in a diagram.
+        bearing: f64,
+    },
+    /// On a plot: the axis range across, and the value range up, or none to fit the values in view.
+    Plot {
+        /// The axis range shown.
+        x: [f64; 2],
+        /// The value range shown, or none to fit what is in view.
+        y: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    },
+}
+
+mod center {
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer, de};
+
+    /// What a center is written as: the ground's `[x, y]`, or `[x, y, elevation]`.
+    #[derive(schemars::JsonSchema)]
+    #[serde(untagged)]
+    #[schemars(inline)]
+    #[allow(dead_code, reason = "its schema only")]
+    pub(super) enum Center {
+        Ground([f64; 2]),
+        Point([f64; 3]),
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn serialize<S: Serializer>(center: &[f64; 3], serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        if center[2] == 0.0 { [center[0], center[1]].serialize(serializer) } else { center.serialize(serializer) }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn deserialize<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<[f64; 3], D::Error> {
+        match Vec::<f64>::deserialize(deserializer)?[..] {
+            [x, y] => Ok([x, y, 0.0]),
+            [x, y, z] => Ok([x, y, z]),
+            _ => Err(de::Error::custom("a center is [x, y] or [x, y, elevation]")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Vertical field of view: the camera stands 1.5 heights from what it looks at.
+const FOV: f64 = 0.643_501_108_793_284_4;
+const MAX_LATITUDE: f64 = 85.051_128_779_806_59;
+pub(crate) const MAX_PITCH: f64 = 75.0;
+const MAX_ZOOM: f64 = 24.0;
+
+/// A rectangle of the view, CSS pixels: left, top, right, bottom.
+pub(crate) type Area = [f64; 4];
+
+/// What fits framed: everything, and any rows framed since. The camera stays within reach of it.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Bounds {
+    pub(crate) min: [f64; 3],
+    pub(crate) max: [f64; 3],
+    /// The least and greatest zoom the fits framed at.
+    pub(crate) zoom: [f64; 2],
+}
+
+impl Bounds {
+    /// Reach that holds both.
+    pub(crate) fn with(self, other: Bounds) -> Bounds {
+        Bounds {
+            min: std::array::from_fn(|k| self.min[k].min(other.min[k])),
+            max: std::array::from_fn(|k| self.max[k].max(other.max[k])),
+            zoom: [self.zoom[0].min(other.zoom[0]), self.zoom[1].max(other.zoom[1])],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Camera {
+    /// The camera a view of `space` starts with.
+    pub(crate) fn default_for(space: &Space) -> Camera {
+        match space {
+            Space::Earth(_) => Camera::Map { center: [0.0, 20.0, 0.0], zoom: 1.5, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 },
+            Space::Plane(_) | Space::Diagram(_) => {
+                Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 }
+            }
+            Space::Plot(_) => Camera::Plot { x: [0.0, 1.0], y: None },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this camera can look at `space`.
+    pub fn fits(&self, space: &Space) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            (self, space),
+            (Camera::Map { .. }, Space::Earth(_) | Space::Plane(_) | Space::Diagram(_))
+                | (Camera::Plot { .. }, Space::Plot(_))
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// The camera `t` of the way from `self` to `to`, `t` from 0 to 1, as a view of `space` flies:
+    /// bearing, and on the earth longitude, turn the short way. A script moving the camera over time
+    /// reads it.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn ease(&self, to: &Camera, t: f64, space: &Space) -> Camera {
+        let earth = matches!(space, Space::Earth(_));
+        let lerp = |a: f64, b: f64| a + (b - a) * t;
+        let turn = |a: f64, b: f64, full: f64| a + ((b - a + full * 1.5).rem_euclid(full) - full * 0.5) * t;
+        match (self, to) {
+            (
+                Camera::Map { center: c0, zoom: z0, pitch: p0, bearing: b0 },
+                Camera::Map { center: c1, zoom: z1, pitch: p1, bearing: b1 },
+            ) => Camera::Map {
+                center: [
+                    if earth { turn(c0[0], c1[0], 360.0) } else { lerp(c0[0], c1[0]) },
+                    lerp(c0[1], c1[1]),
+                    lerp(c0[2], c1[2]),
+                ],
+                zoom: lerp(*z0, *z1),
+                pitch: lerp(*p0, *p1),
+                bearing: turn(*b0, *b1, 360.0),
+            },
+            (Camera::Plot { x: x0, y: y0 }, Camera::Plot { x: x1, y: y1 }) => Camera::Plot {
+                x: [lerp(x0[0], x1[0]), lerp(x0[1], x1[1])],
+                y: match (y0, y1) {
+                    (Some(a), Some(b)) => Some([lerp(a[0], b[0]), lerp(a[1], b[1])]),
+                    _ => *y1,
+                },
+            },
+            _ => *to,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Moved so `anchor` moves `delta` CSS pixels on screen. A map slides along the level through
+    /// the anchor; where that level runs off toward the horizon, it slides as far as the anchor's
+    /// depth across the screen would take it, still level.
+    pub(crate) fn panned(&self, view: &Projected, anchor: [f64; 3], delta: [f64; 2]) -> Camera {
+        match *self {
+            Camera::Plot { x, y } => {
+                let dx = delta[0] / view.px_per_unit[0];
+                let dy = delta[1] / view.px_per_unit[1];
+                Camera::Plot { x: [x[0] - dx, x[1] - dx], y: y.map(|y| [y[0] + dy, y[1] + dy]) }
+            }
+            Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing } => {
+                let a = view.world(anchor);
+                let Some(s) = view.screen(a) else { return *self };
+                let to = [s[0] + delta[0], s[1] + delta[1]];
+                if view.globe >= 0.5 {
+                    // Past the globe's edge there is nothing to hold the anchor to.
+                    if view.surface(to).is_none() {
+                        return *self;
+                    }
+                    return view.keeping(*self, anchor, to);
+                }
+                let reach = 50.0 * (view.eye - a).length();
+                let level = view.on_plane(to, a.z).filter(|p| (*p - view.eye).length() < reach);
+                let p = match level {
+                    Some(p) if view.grazing(to) > 0.1 => p,
+                    _ => view.unproject(to, s[2]),
+                };
+                Camera::Map { center: view.shifted(center, a - p, 0.0), zoom, pitch, bearing }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Turned by `degrees` of bearing and pitch about `anchor`, which keeps its place on screen.
+    pub(crate) fn turned(&self, view: &Projected, anchor: [f64; 3], degrees: [f64; 2]) -> Camera {
+        let Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing } = *self else { return *self };
+        if view.space == wgsl::SPACE_DIAGRAM {
+            return *self;
+        }
+        let to_pitch = (pitch + degrees[1]).clamp(0.0, MAX_PITCH);
+        let to_bearing = (bearing + degrees[0]).rem_euclid(360.0);
+        if view.globe >= 0.5 {
+            let turned = Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch: to_pitch, bearing: to_bearing };
+            return match view.screen(view.world(anchor)) {
+                Some(s) => view.keeping(turned, anchor, [s[0], s[1]]),
+                None => turned,
+            };
+        }
+        // The camera turns rigidly about the anchor: its center goes with it.
+        let rig = |p: f64, b: f64| DMat3::from_rotation_z(-b.to_radians()) * DMat3::from_rotation_x(p.to_radians());
+        let r = rig(to_pitch, to_bearing) * rig(pitch, bearing).transpose();
+        let a = view.world(anchor);
+        let c = DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, center[2]);
+        let moved = a + r * (c - a);
+        let d = moved - c;
+        Camera::Map { center: view.shifted(center, d, d.z), zoom, pitch: to_pitch, bearing: to_bearing }
+    }
+
+    /// Zoomed in by `levels`, out when negative, toward `anchor`, which keeps its place on screen.
+    pub(crate) fn zoomed(&self, view: &Projected, anchor: [f64; 3], levels: f64) -> Camera {
+        match *self {
+            Camera::Plot { x, y } => {
+                let scale = (-levels).exp2();
+                let about = |range: [f64; 2], pivot: f64| {
+                    [pivot + (range[0] - pivot) * scale, pivot + (range[1] - pivot) * scale]
+                };
+                Camera::Plot { x: about(x, anchor[0]), y: y.map(|y| about(y, anchor[1])) }
+            }
+            Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing } => {
+                let to = (zoom + levels).clamp(-MAX_ZOOM, MAX_ZOOM);
+                if view.globe >= 0.5 {
+                    let zoomed = Camera::Map { center, zoom: to, pitch, bearing };
+                    return match view.screen(view.world(anchor)) {
+                        Some(s) => view.keeping(zoomed, anchor, [s[0], s[1]]),
+                        None => zoomed,
+                    };
+                }
+                let a = view.world(anchor);
+                let c = DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, center[2]);
+                let d = (a + (c - a) * (zoom - to).exp2()) - c;
+                Camera::Map { center: view.shifted(center, d, d.z), zoom: to, pitch, bearing }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Within reach of what `bounds` framed: zoomed no further out than a few levels past it, no
+    /// further in than eight, looking across no farther than its size from it, and no higher or
+    /// lower than it reaches, so the camera stays above what stands on the ground.
+    pub(crate) fn within(&self, bounds: &Bounds) -> Camera {
+        let Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing } = *self else { return *self };
+        let span = (0..2).map(|k| bounds.max[k] - bounds.min[k]).fold(0.0, f64::max).max(1e-9);
+        let across = |k: usize| center[k].clamp(bounds.min[k] - span, bounds.max[k] + span);
+        Camera::Map {
+            center: [across(0), across(1), center[2].clamp(bounds.min[2], bounds.max[2])],
+            zoom: zoom.clamp(bounds.zoom[0] - 3.0, bounds.zoom[1] + 8.0),
+            pitch: pitch.clamp(0.0, MAX_PITCH),
+            bearing,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The camera framing the box `min..max` of positions inside `area` with room to spare, looking
+    /// at its middle and keeping pitch and bearing.
+    pub(crate) fn framing(&self, space: &Space, min: [f64; 3], max: [f64; 3], size: [f64; 2], area: Area) -> Camera {
+        const PADDING: f64 = 24.0;
+        let room = [(area[2] - area[0] - 2.0 * PADDING).max(1.0), (area[3] - area[1] - 2.0 * PADDING).max(1.0)];
+        let (pitch, bearing) = match *self {
+            Camera::Map { pitch, bearing, .. } => (pitch.clamp(0.0, MAX_PITCH), bearing),
+            Camera::Plot { .. } => (0.0, 0.0),
+        };
+        let height = min[2].midpoint(max[2]);
+        // A box with no extent, as one point's is, has no zoom of its own: the camera looks at it at
+        // the zoom it shows.
+        if let Camera::Map { zoom, .. } = *self
+            && !matches!(space, Space::Plot(_))
+            && max[0] - min[0] <= 1e-9
+            && max[1] - min[1] <= 1e-9
+        {
+            return Camera::Map { center: [min[0], min[1], height], zoom, pitch, bearing };
+        }
+        match space {
+            Space::Plot(_) => {
+                let pad = |lo: f64, hi: f64, px: f64| {
+                    let span = (hi - lo).max(1e-9);
+                    let extra = span * PADDING / px.max(1.0);
+                    [lo - extra, hi + extra]
+                };
+                let x = if max[0] > min[0] { [min[0], max[0]] } else { [min[0] - 0.5, min[0] + 0.5] };
+                Camera::Plot { x, y: Some(pad(min[1], max[1], room[1])) }
+            }
+            Space::Earth(_) => {
+                let (y0, y1) = (mercator_y(min[1]), mercator_y(max[1]));
+                let dx = (max[0] - min[0]).to_radians().max(1e-9);
+                let dy = (y1 - y0).max(1e-9);
+                let px_per_radian = (room[0] / dx).min(room[1] / dy);
+                let zoom = (px_per_radian * TAU / 256.0).log2().clamp(0.0, 22.0);
+                let center = [min[0].midpoint(max[0]), latitude(y0.midpoint(y1)), height];
+                Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing }.framed(space, min, max, size, area, room)
+            }
+            Space::Plane(_) | Space::Diagram(_) => {
+                let dx = (max[0] - min[0]).max(1e-9);
+                let dy = (max[1] - min[1]).max(1e-9);
+                let zoom = (room[0] / dx).min(room[1] / dy).log2().clamp(-MAX_ZOOM, MAX_ZOOM);
+                let center = [min[0].midpoint(max[0]), min[1].midpoint(max[1]), height];
+                Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing }.framed(space, min, max, size, area, room)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Refines a map camera, still looking at the box's middle, so the box's eight corners reach no
+    /// farther from the middle of `area` than `room` allows: the perspective changes with the zoom,
+    /// so a few rounds settle it.
+    fn framed(self, space: &Space, min: [f64; 3], max: [f64; 3], size: [f64; 2], area: Area, room: [f64; 2]) -> Camera {
+        let middle = [area[0].midpoint(area[2]), area[1].midpoint(area[3])];
+        let mut camera = self;
+        for _ in 0..12 {
+            let Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing } = camera else { break };
+            let view = Projected::new(space, &camera, size, area, 0.0);
+            let mut reach = [1e-9_f64; 2];
+            for i in 0..8 {
+                let corner = [[min, max][i & 1][0], [min, max][(i >> 1) & 1][1], [min, max][i >> 2][2]];
+                let Some(s) = view.screen(view.world(corner)) else { continue };
+                reach = [reach[0].max((s[0] - middle[0]).abs()), reach[1].max((s[1] - middle[1]).abs())];
+            }
+            let scale = (0.5 * room[0] / reach[0]).min(0.5 * room[1] / reach[1]);
+            camera = Camera::Map { center, zoom: (zoom + scale.log2()).clamp(-MAX_ZOOM, MAX_ZOOM), pitch, bearing };
+            if (scale - 1.0).abs() < 1e-4 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        camera
+    }
+
+    /// Looking at `position`, keeping everything else.
+    pub(crate) fn centered(&self, position: [f64; 3]) -> Camera {
+        match *self {
+            Camera::Map { zoom, pitch, bearing, .. } => Camera::Map { center: position, zoom, pitch, bearing },
+            Camera::Plot { x, y } => {
+                let half = (x[1] - x[0]) / 2.0;
+                Camera::Plot { x: [position[0] - half, position[0] + half], y }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Longitude in `-180..180`.
+fn wrap(lon: f64) -> f64 {
+    (lon + 180.0).rem_euclid(360.0) - 180.0
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn mercator_y(latitude: f64) -> f64 {
+    let lat = latitude.clamp(-MAX_LATITUDE, MAX_LATITUDE).to_radians();
+    (PI / 4.0 + lat / 2.0).tan().ln()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn latitude(mercator_y: f64) -> f64 {
+    (2.0 * mercator_y.exp().atan() - PI / 2.0).to_degrees()
+}
+
+/// A camera looking at a space through a view of some size: everything a frame and the gestures
+/// need to go between positions, world coordinates, and the screen.
+///
+/// World coordinates are what the shaders project: position units from the camera's center across a
+/// plane or plot, mercator radians or the globe on the earth, with elevation up.
+pub(crate) struct Projected {
+    pub(crate) clip_from_world: DMat4,
+    pub(crate) world_from_clip: DMat4,
+    /// The camera's position, and the direction toward the key light.
+    pub(crate) eye: DVec3,
+    pub(crate) light: DVec3,
+    pub(crate) center: [f64; 3],
+    pub(crate) px_per_unit: [f64; 2],
+    /// The camera's zoom: the web mercator level on the earth, log₂ pixels per unit elsewhere.
+    pub(crate) zoom: f64,
+    pub(crate) mercator_y: f64,
+    pub(crate) globe: f64,
+    pub(crate) space: u32,
+    size: [f64; 2],
+    area: Area,
+}
+
+impl Projected {
+    /// How far a space's earth is morphed onto the globe.
+    pub(crate) fn globe_of(space: &Space) -> f64 {
+        match space {
+            Space::Earth(earth) => f64::from(u8::from(earth.projection == crate::Projection::Globe)),
+            _ => 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The projection of `camera` looking at `space` in a view of `size` CSS pixels, its center in the
+    /// middle of `area`. A plot's camera spans `area`; one without a value range shows `0..1`.
+    pub(crate) fn new(space: &Space, camera: &Camera, size: [f64; 2], area: Area, globe: f64) -> Projected {
+        let camera = if camera.fits(space) { *camera } else { Camera::default_for(space) };
+        let (w, h) = (size[0].max(1.0), size[1].max(1.0));
+        let room = [(area[2] - area[0]).max(1.0), (area[3] - area[1]).max(1.0)];
+        let (center, px_per_unit, pitch, bearing, space_code) = match (space, camera) {
+            (Space::Earth(_), Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing }) => {
+                let px = 256.0 * zoom.exp2() / TAU;
+                (center, [px, px], pitch, bearing, wgsl::SPACE_EARTH)
+            }
+            (Space::Plane(_), Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing }) => {
+                let px = zoom.exp2();
+                (center, [px, px], pitch, bearing, wgsl::SPACE_PLANE)
+            }
+            (Space::Diagram(_), Camera::Map { center, zoom, .. }) => {
+                let px = zoom.exp2();
+                (center, [px, px], 0.0, 0.0, wgsl::SPACE_DIAGRAM)
+            }
+            (_, Camera::Plot { x, y }) => {
+                let y = y.unwrap_or([0.0, 1.0]);
+                let px = [room[0] / (x[1] - x[0]).abs().max(1e-12), room[1] / (y[1] - y[0]).abs().max(1e-12)];
+                ([x[0].midpoint(x[1]), y[0].midpoint(y[1]), 0.0], px, 0.0, 0.0, wgsl::SPACE_PLOT)
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!("the camera fits the space"),
+        };
+        let distance = 0.5 * h / (0.5 * FOV).tan();
+        // Reversed depth: the near plane maps to 1 and the far plane to 0.
+        let projection = perspective(FOV, w / h, distance * 100.0, distance * 0.01);
+        // A diagram's y runs down the screen.
+        let up = if space_code == wgsl::SPACE_DIAGRAM { -px_per_unit[1] } else { px_per_unit[1] };
+        let view = DMat4::from_translation(DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -distance))
+            * DMat4::from_rotation_x(-pitch.clamp(0.0, MAX_PITCH).to_radians())
+            * DMat4::from_rotation_z(bearing.to_radians())
+            * DMat4::from_scale(DVec3::new(px_per_unit[0], up, px_per_unit[0]))
+            * DMat4::from_translation(DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -center[2]));
+        let middle = [area[0].midpoint(area[2]) / w * 2.0 - 1.0, 1.0 - area[1].midpoint(area[3]) / h * 2.0];
+        let offset = DMat4::from_cols(DVec4::X, DVec4::Y, DVec4::Z, DVec4::new(middle[0], middle[1], 0.0, 1.0));
+        let clip_from_world = offset * projection * view;
+        let world_from_view = view.inverse();
+        let eye = world_from_view.transform_point3(DVec3::ZERO);
+        let light = world_from_view.transform_vector3(DVec3::new(-0.4, 0.8, 1.0)).normalize_or_zero();
+        let mercator = if space_code == wgsl::SPACE_EARTH { mercator_y(center[1]) } else { 0.0 };
+        Projected {
+            clip_from_world,
+            world_from_clip: clip_from_world.inverse(),
+            eye,
+            light,
+            center,
+            px_per_unit,
+            zoom: px_per_unit[0].max(1e-300).log2()
+                - if space_code == wgsl::SPACE_EARTH { (256.0 / TAU).log2() } else { 0.0 },
+            mercator_y: mercator,
+            globe: if space_code == wgsl::SPACE_EARTH { globe } else { 0.0 },
+            space: space_code,
+            size: [w, h],
+            area,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `camera` moved on the globe, its center only, so that `anchor` lands at screen point `to`:
+    /// Newton's method on the center's longitude and latitude from where it stands. Where no center
+    /// puts the anchor there in front of the globe, `camera` as it is.
+    pub(crate) fn keeping(&self, camera: Camera, anchor: [f64; 3], to: [f64; 2]) -> Camera {
+        let Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing } = camera else { return camera };
+        let earth = Space::Earth(crate::Earth::globe());
+        let at = |center: [f64; 3]| {
+            let camera = Camera::Map { center, zoom, pitch, bearing };
+            let view = Projected::new(&earth, &camera, self.size, self.area, self.globe);
+            let w = view.world(anchor);
+            let radius = 1.0 / center[1].to_radians().cos();
+            let front = (w - DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -radius)).dot(view.eye - w) > 0.0;
+            view.screen(w).filter(|_| front).map(|s| [s[0], s[1]])
+        };
+        // A step a few pixels wide measures how the anchor moves with the center.
+        let step = 4.0 * 360.0 / (256.0 * zoom.exp2());
+        let mut c = center;
+        for _ in 0..8 {
+            let Some(s) = at(c) else { return camera };
+            let miss = [to[0] - s[0], to[1] - s[1]];
+            if miss[0].hypot(miss[1]) < 0.01 {
+                break;
+            }
+            let moved = |dc: [f64; 2]| {
+                at([c[0] + dc[0], c[1] + dc[1], c[2]]).map(|m| [(m[0] - s[0]) / step, (m[1] - s[1]) / step])
+            };
+            let (Some(dx), Some(dy)) = (moved([step, 0.0]), moved([0.0, step])) else { return camera };
+            let det = dx[0] * dy[1] - dy[0] * dx[1];
+            if det.abs() < 1e-12 {
+                return camera;
+            }
+            let along = [(miss[0] * dy[1] - dy[0] * miss[1]) / det, (dx[0] * miss[1] - miss[0] * dx[1]) / det];
+            let scale = (30.0 / along[0].hypot(along[1]).max(1e-12)).min(1.0);
+            c = [wrap(c[0] + along[0] * scale), (c[1] + along[1] * scale).clamp(-MAX_LATITUDE, MAX_LATITUDE), c[2]];
+        }
+        match at(c) {
+            Some(s) if (s[0] - to[0]).hypot(s[1] - to[1]) < 0.5 => Camera::Map { center: c, zoom, pitch, bearing },
+            _ => camera,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The world coordinates of `position`: x, y, and elevation.
+    pub(crate) fn world(&self, position: [f64; 3]) -> DVec3 {
+        let [x, y, z] = position;
+        if self.space != wgsl::SPACE_EARTH {
+            return DVec3::new(x - self.center[0], y - self.center[1], z);
+        }
+        let flat = DVec3::new((x - self.center[0]).to_radians(), mercator_y(y) - self.mercator_y, z);
+        if self.globe <= 0.0 {
+            return flat;
+        }
+        let lon = (x - self.center[0]).to_radians();
+        let (lat, lat0) = (y.clamp(-90.0, 90.0).to_radians(), self.center[1].to_radians());
+        let v = DVec3::new(lat.cos() * lon.sin(), lat.sin(), lat.cos() * lon.cos());
+        let s = DVec3::new(v.x, v.y * lat0.cos() - v.z * lat0.sin(), v.y * lat0.sin() + v.z * lat0.cos()) * (1.0 + z);
+        let round = DVec3::new(s.x, s.y, s.z - 1.0) / lat0.cos();
+        flat.lerp(round, self.globe)
+    }
+
+    /// The position at world coordinates `w`.
+    pub(crate) fn position(&self, w: DVec3) -> [f64; 3] {
+        if self.space != wgsl::SPACE_EARTH {
+            return [w.x + self.center[0], w.y + self.center[1], w.z];
+        }
+        if self.globe < 0.5 {
+            return [self.center[0] + w.x.to_degrees(), latitude(w.y + self.mercator_y), w.z];
+        }
+        let lat0 = self.center[1].to_radians();
+        let s = DVec3::new(w.x * lat0.cos(), w.y * lat0.cos(), w.z * lat0.cos() + 1.0);
+        let r = s.length().max(1e-12);
+        let u = s / r;
+        let v = DVec3::new(u.x, u.y * lat0.cos() + u.z * lat0.sin(), -u.y * lat0.sin() + u.z * lat0.cos());
+        [wrap(self.center[0] + v.x.atan2(v.z).to_degrees()), v.y.clamp(-1.0, 1.0).asin().to_degrees(), r - 1.0]
+    }
+
+    /// Where world point `w` lands, CSS pixels from the top left, with its depth; `None` behind the
+    /// camera.
+    pub(crate) fn screen(&self, w: DVec3) -> Option<[f64; 3]> {
+        let clip = self.clip_from_world * w.extend(1.0);
+        (clip.w > 0.0).then(|| {
+            let ndc = clip.truncate() / clip.w;
+            [(ndc.x * 0.5 + 0.5) * self.size[0], (0.5 - ndc.y * 0.5) * self.size[1], ndc.z]
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The world point drawn at screen point `p` at `depth`.
+    pub(crate) fn unproject(&self, p: [f64; 2], depth: f64) -> DVec3 {
+        let ndc = DVec4::new(p[0] / self.size[0] * 2.0 - 1.0, 1.0 - p[1] / self.size[1] * 2.0, depth, 1.0);
+        let w = self.world_from_clip * ndc;
+        w.truncate() / w.w
+    }
+
+    /// The ray under screen point `p`: where it leaves the near plane, and its direction.
+    fn ray(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> (DVec3, DVec3) {
+        let near = self.unproject(p, 1.0);
+        (near, (self.unproject(p, 0.0) - near).normalize_or_zero())
+    }
+
+    /// How steeply the ray under `p` meets a level: 1 looking straight down, 0 along the horizon.
+    pub(crate) fn grazing(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> f64 {
+        self.ray(p).1.z.abs()
+    }
+
+    /// Where the ray under `p` meets the level at elevation `z`, in front of the camera.
+    pub(crate) fn on_plane(&self, p: [f64; 2], z: f64) -> Option<DVec3> {
+        let (o, d) = self.ray(p);
+        let t = (z - o.z) / d.z;
+        (t.is_finite() && t >= 0.0).then(|| o + d * t)
+    }
+
+    /// Where the ray under `p` meets the ground: the plane's level, the map, or the globe.
+    pub(crate) fn surface(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> Option<DVec3> {
+        if self.globe < 0.5 {
+            return self.on_plane(p, 0.0);
+        }
+        let radius = 1.0 / self.center[1].to_radians().cos();
+        let (o, d) = self.ray(p);
+        let to = DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -radius) - o;
+        let along = to.dot(d);
+        let miss = (to - d * along).length_squared();
+        let half = (radius * radius - miss).sqrt();
+        (half.is_finite() && along - half >= 0.0).then(|| o + d * (along - half))
+    }
+
+    /// `center` moved by world offset `d` across the ground, and up by `raise`.
+    pub(crate) fn shifted(&self, center: [f64; 3], d: DVec3, raise: f64) -> [f64; 3] {
+        if self.space != wgsl::SPACE_EARTH {
+            return [center[0] + d.x, center[1] + d.y, center[2] + raise];
+        }
+        let lat = latitude(self.mercator_y + d.y).clamp(-MAX_LATITUDE, MAX_LATITUDE);
+        [wrap(center[0] + d.x.to_degrees()), lat, center[2] + raise]
+    }
+}
+
+/// A right-handed perspective projection onto WebGPU's clip space, depth `0..=1` from `near` to
+/// `far`; passing the far distance as `near` reverses depth.
+fn perspective(fov: f64, aspect: f64, near: f64, far: f64) -> DMat4 {
+    let f = 1.0 / (0.5 * fov).tan();
+    DMat4::from_cols_array(&[
+        f / aspect,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        f,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        far / (near - far),
+        -1.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        near * far / (near - far),
+        0.0,
+    ])
+}
+
+/// `f64` split into an `f32` and what it drops.
+pub(crate) fn split(x: f64) -> (f32, f32) {
+    let hi = x as f32;
+    (hi, (x - f64::from(hi)) as f32)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{Earth, Plane};
+
+    const SIZE: [f64; 2] = [800.0, 600.0];
+    const AREA: Area = [0.0, 0.0, 800.0, 600.0];
+
+    fn plane() -> Space {
+        Space::Plane(Plane::default())
+    }
+
+    fn to_screen(view: &Projected, p: [f64; 3]) -> [f64; 2] {
+        let s = view.screen(view.world(p)).expect("in front");
+        [s[0], s[1]]
+    }
+
+    fn near(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]) -> bool {
+        (a[0] - b[0]).hypot(a[1] - b[1]) < 1e-6
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn plane_centers_and_scales() {
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [10.0, 20.0, 0.0], zoom: 1.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 };
+        let view = Projected::new(&plane(), &camera, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+        assert!(near(to_screen(&view, [10.0, 20.0, 0.0]), [400.0, 300.0]));
+        assert!(near(to_screen(&view, [11.0, 21.0, 0.0]), [402.0, 298.0]), "two pixels per unit, y up");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_diagram_runs_y_down_and_never_turns() {
+        let space = Space::Diagram(crate::Diagram::default());
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [10.0, 20.0, 0.0], zoom: 1.0, pitch: 40.0, bearing: 30.0 };
+        let view = Projected::new(&space, &camera, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+        assert!(near(to_screen(&view, [10.0, 20.0, 0.0]), [400.0, 300.0]));
+        assert!(near(to_screen(&view, [11.0, 21.0, 0.0]), [402.0, 302.0]), "two pixels per unit, y down, upright");
+        assert_eq!(camera.turned(&view, [0.0; 3], [20.0, 10.0]), camera);
+        let back = view.position(view.surface([402.0, 302.0]).expect("the sheet"));
+        assert!((back[0] - 11.0).abs() < 1e-9 && (back[1] - 21.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{back:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_center_is_a_point_in_space() {
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [1.0, 2.0, 5.0], zoom: 3.0, pitch: 60.0, bearing: 40.0 };
+        let view = Projected::new(&plane(), &camera, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+        assert!(near(to_screen(&view, [1.0, 2.0, 5.0]), [400.0, 300.0]), "the center is in the middle");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn depth_is_reversed_and_unprojects() {
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: 2.0, pitch: 50.0, bearing: 30.0 };
+        let view = Projected::new(&plane(), &camera, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+        let low = view.screen(view.world([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])).expect("in front");
+        let high = view.screen(view.world([0.0, 0.0, 30.0])).expect("in front");
+        assert!(high[2] > low[2], "nearer is greater: {low:?} {high:?}");
+        let back = view.position(view.unproject([high[0], high[1]], high[2]));
+        assert!((back[2] - 30.0).abs() < 1e-6 && back[0].abs() < 1e-6, "{back:?}");
+        assert!(view.surface([low[0], low[1]]).expect("the ground").length() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn framing_holds_a_tilted_box_and_looks_at_its_middle() {
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 58.0, bearing: 30.0 };
+        let (min, max) = ([-4.0, -4.0, 0.0], [4.0, 4.0, 2.4]);
+        let framed = camera.framing(&plane(), min, max, SIZE, AREA);
+        let Camera::Map { center, .. } = framed else { panic!("a map camera") };
+        assert_eq!(center, [0.0, 0.0, 1.2], "turns about the box's middle");
+        let view = Projected::new(&plane(), &framed, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+        for i in 0..8 {
+            let s = to_screen(&view, [[min, max][i & 1][0], [min, max][(i >> 1) & 1][1], [min, max][i >> 2][2]]);
+            assert!((23.0..=777.0).contains(&s[0]) && (23.0..=577.0).contains(&s[1]), "corner {i}: {s:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn panning_turning_and_zooming_keep_the_anchor_in_place() {
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [0.0, 0.0, 1.0], zoom: 3.0, pitch: 40.0, bearing: 10.0 };
+        let view = Projected::new(&plane(), &camera, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+        let anchor = [3.0, -2.0, 1.5];
+        let at = to_screen(&view, anchor);
+        let check = |camera: Camera, want: [f64; 2]| {
+            let after = Projected::new(&plane(), &camera, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+            let s = to_screen(&after, anchor);
+            assert!((s[0] - want[0]).abs() < 1e-6 && (s[1] - want[1]).abs() < 1e-6, "{s:?} for {want:?}");
+        };
+        check(camera.panned(&view, anchor, [120.0, -50.0]), [at[0] + 120.0, at[1] - 50.0]);
+        check(camera.turned(&view, anchor, [35.0, 12.0]), at);
+        check(camera.zoomed(&view, anchor, 1.5), at);
+        check(camera.zoomed(&view, anchor, -2.0), at);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn panning_toward_the_horizon_does_not_fling() {
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: 4.0, pitch: 75.0, bearing: 0.0 };
+        let view = Projected::new(&plane(), &camera, SIZE, AREA, 0.0);
+        let anchor = view.position(view.surface([400.0, 200.0]).expect("ground"));
+        let Camera::Map { center, .. } = camera.panned(&view, anchor, [0.0, -190.0]) else { panic!("a map") };
+        assert!(center[1].abs() < 100.0, "a drag to the horizon stays near: {center:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn earth_positions_round_trip() {
+        for globe in [0.0, 1.0] {
+            let space = Space::Earth(if globe > 0.0 { Earth::globe() } else { Earth::mercator() });
+            let camera = Camera::Map { center: [-97.0, 31.0, 0.0], zoom: 4.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 };
+            let view = Projected::new(&space, &camera, SIZE, AREA, globe);
+            let p = [-95.5, 29.75, 0.0];
+            let back = view.position(view.world(p));
+            assert!((back[0] - p[0]).abs() < 1e-9 && (back[1] - p[1]).abs() < 1e-9, "globe {globe}: {back:?}");
+            let s = to_screen(&view, p);
+            let ground = view.position(view.surface(s).expect("the surface"));
+            assert!((ground[0] - p[0]).abs() < 1e-6 && (ground[1] - p[1]).abs() < 1e-6, "globe {globe}: {ground:?}");
+        }
+        assert!((latitude(mercator_y(37.5)) - 37.5).abs() < 1e-9);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn globe_gestures_keep_the_anchor_under_the_pointer() {
+        let space = Space::Earth(Earth::globe());
+        let camera = Camera::Map { center: [-97.0, 31.0, 0.0], zoom: 3.0, pitch: 20.0, bearing: 15.0 };
+        let view = Projected::new(&space, &camera, SIZE, AREA, 1.0);
+        let anchor = view.position(view.surface([520.0, 260.0]).expect("the globe"));
+        let at = to_screen(&view, anchor);
+        let check = |moved: Camera, want: [f64; 2]| {
+            let after = Projected::new(&space, &moved, SIZE, AREA, 1.0);
+            let s = to_screen(&after, anchor);
+            assert!((s[0] - want[0]).abs() < 0.5 && (s[1] - want[1]).abs() < 0.5, "{s:?} for {want:?}");
+        };
+        check(camera.panned(&view, anchor, [-90.0, 40.0]), [at[0] - 90.0, at[1] + 40.0]);
+        check(camera.zoomed(&view, anchor, 1.25), at);
+        check(camera.zoomed(&view, anchor, -0.75), at);
+        check(camera.turned(&view, anchor, [25.0, 10.0]), at);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn longitude_eases_the_short_way() {
+        let a = Camera::Map { center: [170.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 1.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 350.0 };
+        let b = Camera::Map { center: [-170.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 1.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 10.0 };
+        let earth = Space::Earth(crate::Earth::default());
+        let Camera::Map { center, bearing, .. } = a.ease(&b, 0.5, &earth) else { panic!("a map camera") };
+        assert!((center[0] - 180.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert!((bearing - 360.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/clock.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/clock.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c5d9096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/clock.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//! A view's clock: seconds of motion, moved by the steps between the times its frames give. Every
+//! ease, flight, fade, coast, orbit, and `elapsed()` reads it, never the wall, so whatever draws the
+//! frames decides when they are: an animation frame's timestamp, a video frame's time, a test's
+//! step. A shot may fix the time read by elapsed expressions and drawing effects while this clock
+//! keeps advancing finite transitions.
+
+/// The longest step the clock takes between two frames: a driver that slept, or switched from one
+/// timeline to another, never makes motion jump or run back.
+const STEP: f64 = 0.25;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Clock {
+    /// Seconds of motion since the first frame.
+    now: f64,
+    /// The time the last frame gave, on its driver's timeline.
+    last: Option<f64>,
+    /// The seconds the last frame moved the clock by.
+    step: f64,
+}
+
+impl Clock {
+    /// Takes a frame's `time`; the seconds the view moves by.
+    pub(crate) fn tick(&mut self, time: f64) -> f64 {
+        let dt = match self.last {
+            Some(last) if time.is_finite() => (time - last).clamp(0.0, STEP),
+            _ => 0.0,
+        };
+        if time.is_finite() {
+            self.last = Some(time);
+        }
+        self.now += dt;
+        self.step = dt;
+        dt
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the last frame moved the clock: what reads it shows anything new only then.
+    pub(crate) fn moved(&self) -> bool {
+        self.step > 0.0
+    }
+
+    /// Seconds of motion since the first frame.
+    pub(crate) fn now(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.now
+    }
+
+    /// How far an ease of `seconds` begun at `start` has come, smoothed, from 0 to 1: the one ease
+    /// flights and transitions share.
+    pub(crate) fn eased(&self, start: f64, seconds: f64) -> f64 {
+        let t = ((self.now - start) / seconds.max(1e-3)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether an ease of `seconds` begun at `start` is done.
+    pub(crate) fn done(&self, start: f64, seconds: f64) -> bool {
+        self.now >= start + seconds
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn steps_follow_the_driver_and_never_jump_or_run_back() {
+        let mut clock = Clock::default();
+        assert_eq!(clock.tick(100.0), 0.0, "the first frame starts the clock");
+        assert!((clock.tick(100.5) - STEP).abs() < 1e-12, "a long gap moves it one step");
+        assert_eq!(clock.tick(3.0), 0.0, "another timeline never runs it back");
+        assert!((clock.tick(3.1) - 0.1).abs() < 1e-12);
+        assert!((clock.now() - (STEP + 0.1)).abs() < 1e-12);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn eases_are_smooth_and_end_on_time() {
+        let mut clock = Clock::default();
+        clock.tick(0.0);
+        let start = clock.now();
+        clock.tick(0.1);
+        assert!((clock.eased(start, 0.2) - 0.5).abs() < 1e-12);
+        assert!(!clock.done(start, 0.2));
+        clock.tick(0.2);
+        assert_eq!(clock.eased(start, 0.2), 1.0);
+        assert!(clock.done(start, 0.2));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/event.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/event.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3598372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/event.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+//! What a view tells the application. An intent asks something of it: a click, an open, a menu, a
+//! drag, a connection, a deletion, each told once, in the order the user acted. A change tells that
+//! state the view keeps moved: hover, selection, camera, what a frame waits on. Only the latest change
+//! of each is told, and the state can always be read, so a listener added late reads what it missed.
+//! A view tells only what the application did not do itself: its setters change state silently.
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+use super::Camera;
+use super::input::{Device, Modifiers};
+use crate::{Error, Name, Pending, Row, Rows};
+
+/// What happened in a view, for the application to act on. Drain them with
+/// [`View::events`](crate::View::events).
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", content = "detail", rename_all = "lowercase")]
+#[schemars(rename = "ViewEvent")]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Event {
+    /// A row was clicked.
+    Click {
+        /// The row.
+        hit: Hit,
+        /// How the user clicked it.
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// A row was double clicked, or Enter pressed on the row the keys point at.
+    Open {
+        /// The row.
+        hit: Hit,
+        /// How the user opened it.
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// The secondary button clicked, or the menu key pressed: what lies under the trigger's point,
+    /// for a menu of what to do with it.
+    Menu {
+        /// What lies under the point, nearest first.
+        hits: Vec<Hit>,
+        /// How the user asked.
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// A row of a draggable mark follows the pointer: the drag starts once the pointer moves a few
+    /// pixels from where it pressed the row.
+    Drag {
+        /// Whether the drag starts, moves, or ends.
+        phase: Phase,
+        /// The row dragged, as it was hit.
+        hit: Hit,
+        /// Where the row goes, in the space's coordinates: where it was hit, moved as the pointer moved
+        /// since the press, at the depth the drag started; a vertex keeps where it was grabbed. On a
+        /// diagram's dots when its grid snaps.
+        position: [f64; 3],
+        /// The pointer.
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// A connection was drawn with [`Controls::connect`](crate::Controls): from a port, a vertex
+    /// with Alt held, or an edge whose end was dragged off it.
+    Connect {
+        /// The end it was drawn from: for an edge, the end that stayed.
+        from: End,
+        /// The vertex it was released over, if any.
+        to: Option<End>,
+        /// The edge whose other end was dragged, which `to` replaces.
+        edge: Option<Row>,
+        /// Where it was released.
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// Delete or Backspace with rows selected and [`Controls::delete`](crate::Controls) on.
+    Delete {
+        /// The rows selected.
+        rows: Vec<Rows>,
+        /// The key.
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// What the user points at changed: [`View::hovered`](crate::View::hovered).
+    Hover {
+        /// The row now pointed at; `None` once it left every row.
+        hit: Option<Hit>,
+        /// The pointer, or the keys.
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// The selection changed: [`View::selection`](crate::View::selection).
+    Select {
+        /// The rows selected now.
+        rows: Vec<Rows>,
+        /// How the user changed it; `None` when the data dropped rows from it.
+        trigger: Option<Trigger>,
+    },
+    /// The camera moved by a gesture, a fit, a flight, coasting, or an orbit:
+    /// [`View::camera`](crate::View::camera).
+    Camera(Camera),
+    /// What the last frame stood in for changed; nothing once it is complete:
+    /// [`View::complete`](crate::View::complete).
+    Waiting(Waiting),
+    /// Something failed, told once. A mark its data no longer fits also lists in
+    /// [`View::failures`](crate::View::failures).
+    Error(Error),
+}
+
+/// Where, with what keys, and with what the user acted. For keys, the point is the row they point
+/// at, else the pointer, else the view's middle.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Default, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct Trigger {
+    /// CSS pixels from the top left.
+    pub point: [f32; 2],
+    /// The keys held.
+    pub modifiers: Modifiers,
+    /// What acted.
+    pub device: Device,
+}
+
+impl Event {
+    /// Whether it asks something of the application, so keeps its place among intents.
+    fn intent(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            Event::Click { .. }
+                | Event::Open { .. }
+                | Event::Menu { .. }
+                | Event::Drag { .. }
+                | Event::Connect { .. }
+                | Event::Delete { .. }
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Whether it leaves `older`, still untold, nothing to say: a change replaces the change of the
+    /// same state, a drag's move the move before it, an error the same error.
+    fn replaces(&self, older: &Event) -> bool {
+        match (self, older) {
+            (Event::Drag { phase: Phase::Move, .. }, Event::Drag { phase: Phase::Move, .. }) => true,
+            (Event::Error(error), Event::Error(old)) => error == old,
+            (Event::Hover { .. } | Event::Select { .. } | Event::Camera(_) | Event::Waiting(_), _) => {
+                std::mem::discriminant(self) == std::mem::discriminant(older)
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a view has yet to tell, in the order it happened. An intent waiting on a pick holds its
+/// place, and the intents after it wait behind it; changes and errors never wait.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Events(VecDeque<Slot>);
+
+enum Slot {
+    Ready(Event),
+    Picking(Pending<Vec<Hit>>, Awaited),
+    /// A pick that made nothing, dropped once settled.
+    Gone,
+}
+
+/// What an intent waits on a pick for.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Awaited {
+    Menu(Trigger),
+    Connect {
+        from: End,
+        edge: Option<Row>,
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+    /// A click again where nothing moved: the selection moves to the row under the point after
+    /// `after`.
+    Cycle {
+        after: Option<Row>,
+        trigger: Trigger,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Events {
+    /// Queues `event`, dropping what it leaves nothing to say.
+    pub(crate) fn tell(&mut self, event: Event) {
+        self.0.retain(|slot| !matches!(slot, Slot::Ready(older) if event.replaces(older)));
+        self.0.push_back(Slot::Ready(event));
+    }
+
+    /// Queues the intent `awaited` makes once `hits` answers.
+    pub(crate) fn tell_after(&mut self, hits: Pending<Vec<Hit>>, awaited: Awaited) {
+        self.0.push_back(Slot::Picking(hits, awaited));
+    }
+
+    /// Makes, in place, each event whose pick answered; one that makes nothing leaves no place.
+    pub(crate) fn settle(&mut self, mut make: impl FnMut(Vec<Hit>, Awaited) -> Option<Event>) {
+        let mut made = false;
+        for slot in &mut self.0 {
+            if let Slot::Picking(hits, awaited) = slot
+                && let Some(hits) = hits.take()
+            {
+                *slot = match make(hits.unwrap_or_default(), awaited.clone()) {
+                    Some(event) => Slot::Ready(event),
+                    None => Slot::Gone,
+                };
+                made = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if made {
+            self.0.retain(|slot| !matches!(slot, Slot::Gone));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The first error untold: a shot fails on it, and it stays for the view's owner.
+    pub(crate) fn error(&self) -> Option<&Error> {
+        self.0.iter().find_map(|slot| match slot {
+            Slot::Ready(Event::Error(error)) => Some(error),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Takes what can be told: all but the intents behind one still waiting on its pick.
+    pub(crate) fn drain(&mut self) -> std::vec::IntoIter<Event> {
+        let (mut told, mut held) = (Vec::new(), VecDeque::new());
+        for slot in self.0.drain(..) {
+            match slot {
+                Slot::Ready(event) if held.is_empty() || !event.intent() => told.push(event),
+                slot => held.push_back(slot),
+            }
+        }
+        self.0 = held;
+        told.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Extend<Event> for Events {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = Event>>(&mut self, events: I) {
+        events.into_iter().for_each(|event| self.tell(event));
+    }
+}
+
+/// A vertex a connection ends at, and its port when it has the one the connection meets.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct End {
+    /// The vertex.
+    pub row: Row,
+    /// The port, by the reference field naming its net.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub port: Option<Name>,
+}
+
+/// A row under a point, as the frame drew it.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct Hit {
+    /// The row.
+    pub row: Row,
+    /// The name of the mark that drew it, when it has one: what tells two marks of one table apart.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub mark: Option<Name>,
+    /// The index of the mark in the scene the frame drew.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub(crate) index: usize,
+    /// The point of the row nearest the probe, CSS pixels from the top left: a vertex's or a port's
+    /// middle, the nearest point of a stroke or a triangle.
+    pub point: [f32; 2],
+    /// That point in the space's coordinates: x, y, and elevation.
+    pub position: [f64; 3],
+    /// CSS pixels from the probe to the row.
+    pub distance: f32,
+    /// The port hit, when a vertex's port was.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub port: Option<Name>,
+    /// The sample hit, when a line tracing a sampled field was.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub sample: Option<Sample>,
+}
+
+/// A sample of a traced field: its frame, the axis coordinate it was recorded at, and its value.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct Sample {
+    /// The frame, numbered from the first ever recorded. JSON uses a decimal string above 2^53 - 1.
+    #[serde(serialize_with = "sample_index")]
+    #[schemars(with = "crate::Id")]
+    pub frame: u64,
+    /// The axis coordinate.
+    pub at: f64,
+    /// The value.
+    pub value: f64,
+}
+
+/// The phase of a [`Drag`](Event::Drag).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Phase {
+    /// The pointer moved far enough to drag.
+    Start,
+    /// The pointer moved.
+    Move,
+    /// The pointer let go, or the drag was cancelled.
+    End,
+}
+
+/// What [`View::fit`](crate::View::fit) frames.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, serde::Deserialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[schemars(description = "What a view's fit frames.")]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Fit {
+    /// Everything drawn.
+    All,
+    /// These rows.
+    Rows(Vec<Rows>),
+    /// Brings this row into view, keeping the zoom.
+    Reveal(Row),
+    /// The box from `min` to `max`: x, y, and elevation.
+    Bounds {
+        /// The least corner.
+        min: [f64; 3],
+        /// The greatest corner.
+        max: [f64; 3],
+    },
+}
+
+/// The pointer a view asks for over what it shows.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default)]
+pub enum Cursor {
+    /// The platform's default.
+    #[default]
+    Default,
+    /// Over a row a click selects.
+    Pointer,
+    /// Over a row that drags.
+    Grab,
+    /// While dragging a row or the camera.
+    Grabbing,
+    /// While selecting a box.
+    Crosshair,
+}
+
+/// What a view does each frame.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Default, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct Stats {
+    /// Frames rendered.
+    pub frames: u64,
+    /// Rows of every mark's table.
+    pub rows: u64,
+    /// Rows every mark draws: every row of a table drawn whole, the rows of the tiles in view of one
+    /// drawn through tiles.
+    pub drawn: u64,
+    /// Draw calls the last frame recorded, shadows and labels with the marks.
+    pub draws: u64,
+    /// Instances the last frame's draws drew: points, segments, triangles, glyphs; at most, for
+    /// segments the GPU culls.
+    pub instances: u64,
+    /// Fetched tiles the view draws, of every tile source.
+    pub tiles: u64,
+    /// Tiles being fetched or decoded, of every tile source.
+    pub tiles_loading: u64,
+    /// Bytes of data waiting to upload.
+    pub uploading: u64,
+    /// Bytes of data pages on the GPU, for every view of its `Gpu`.
+    pub resident: u64,
+    /// Bytes the GPU's [`Budget`](crate::Budget) lets data take.
+    pub budget: u64,
+    /// The work under way the last frame stood in for; nothing when it drew everything as the data,
+    /// scene, and camera say: see [`View::complete`](crate::View::complete).
+    pub waiting: Waiting,
+    /// Milliseconds the last frame took to record on the CPU.
+    pub cpu_ms: f32,
+    /// Milliseconds the GPU takes on a frame: the median of the last frames it measured; 0 where the
+    /// device cannot measure.
+    pub gpu_ms: f32,
+}
+
+/// The work under way a frame stood in for, by kind; nothing when the frame was complete.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct Waiting {
+    /// Pipelines the scene draws with still compiling: until they land the view draws nothing new.
+    pub compiling: bool,
+    /// Pages its marks draw still uploading, or tables not yet built from them.
+    pub data: bool,
+    /// Layouts, routes, lanes, shapes, tiles, or pyramids under way.
+    pub derived: bool,
+    /// A label placement being read back, or texts asked for and not yet set.
+    pub labels: bool,
+    /// A fit due or being measured.
+    pub fit: bool,
+    /// Row regions laid out again, segment counts being read back, or a transition beginning.
+    pub marks: bool,
+}
+
+impl Waiting {
+    /// Whether it waits on nothing: the frame was complete.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        *self == Waiting::default()
+    }
+
+    /// The names of what it waits on, as its fields are named.
+    pub fn names(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'static str> {
+        let Waiting { compiling, data, derived, labels, fit, marks } = *self;
+        [
+            ("compiling", compiling),
+            ("data", data),
+            ("derived", derived),
+            ("labels", labels),
+            ("fit", fit),
+            ("marks", marks),
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|(name, waiting)| waiting.then_some(name))
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Waiting {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(&self.names().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "))
+    }
+}
+
+/// The names of what it waits on, as [`Waiting::names`] gives them.
+impl serde::Serialize for Waiting {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        serializer.collect_seq(self.names())
+    }
+}
+
+impl schemars::JsonSchema for Waiting {
+    fn schema_name() -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
+        "Waiting".into()
+    }
+
+    fn json_schema(_: &mut schemars::SchemaGenerator) -> schemars::Schema {
+        schemars::json_schema!({
+            "description": "Work under way a frame stands in for: pipelines the scene draws with compiling, until which the view draws nothing new (`compiling`); pages uploading or tables not yet built from them (`data`); layouts, routes, lanes, shapes, tiles, or pyramids (`derived`); a label placement or texts not yet set (`labels`); a fit due or being measured (`fit`); row regions laid out again, segment counts, or a transition beginning (`marks`). Empty once a frame is complete.",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": { "enum": ["compiling", "data", "derived", "labels", "fit", "marks"] },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref, reason = "serde serialize_with takes a reference")]
+fn sample_index<S: serde::Serializer>(index: &u64, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+    serde::Serialize::serialize(&crate::Id::Number(*index), serializer)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn click(id: u64) -> Event {
+        let hit = Hit {
+            row: Row::new("d", "t", id),
+            mark: None,
+            index: 0,
+            point: [0.0; 2],
+            position: [0.0; 3],
+            distance: 0.0,
+            port: None,
+            sample: None,
+        };
+        Event::Click { hit, trigger: Trigger::default() }
+    }
+
+    fn told(events: &mut Events) -> Vec<Event> {
+        events.drain().collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn intents_wait_behind_a_pick_while_changes_pass() {
+        let mut events = Events::default();
+        let (hits, reply) = Pending::new();
+        events.tell_after(hits, Awaited::Menu(Trigger::default()));
+        events.tell(click(1));
+        events.tell(Event::Waiting(Waiting::default()));
+        assert_eq!(told(&mut events), vec![Event::Waiting(Waiting::default())], "the click waits for the menu");
+        reply.resolve(Ok(Vec::new()));
+        events.settle(|hits, awaited| match awaited {
+            Awaited::Menu(trigger) => Some(Event::Menu { hits, trigger }),
+            Awaited::Connect { .. } | Awaited::Cycle { .. } => unreachable!("only a menu waits"),
+        });
+        let after = told(&mut events);
+        assert!(matches!(after.as_slice(), [Event::Menu { .. }, Event::Click { .. }]), "in the order asked: {after:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_change_replaces_the_one_still_untold() {
+        let mut events = Events::default();
+        let mut waiting = Waiting { data: true, ..Waiting::default() };
+        events.tell(Event::Waiting(waiting));
+        events.tell(click(1));
+        waiting.data = false;
+        events.tell(Event::Waiting(waiting));
+        events.tell(Event::Error(Error::Timeout));
+        events.tell(Event::Error(Error::Timeout));
+        assert_eq!(told(&mut events), vec![click(1), Event::Waiting(waiting), Event::Error(Error::Timeout)]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/fit.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/fit.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12ebfe54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/fit.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+//! Framing what is drawn. A box frames at once, and so does what the CPU already knows: a diagram's
+//! sheet holds every box and wire, and tiles hold the bounds of every row they draw. Anything else is
+//! measured on the GPU, read back, and framed a frame or two later. A plot without a value range
+//! measures its traces whenever they or the camera change, and grows its range with headroom so the
+//! axes stay still.
+
+use super::View;
+use super::camera::Bounds;
+use super::event::Fit;
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+use crate::{Camera, Space};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Fitting {
+    /// A fit waiting for its frame.
+    pub(crate) wanted: Option<Fit>,
+    /// Extents in flight, and the fit they were measured for.
+    reading: Option<(Readback, Option<Fit>)>,
+    /// Whether a plot's traces changed since they were last measured.
+    pub(crate) plot_due: bool,
+}
+
+impl Fitting {
+    /// Whether extents are being read back.
+    pub(crate) fn reading(&self) -> bool {
+        self.reading.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a fit waits for a frame to measure it: none while extents are being read back.
+    pub(crate) fn due(&self) -> bool {
+        self.wanted.is_some() && self.reading.is_none()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a fit is about to move the camera: one waiting, or its extents being read back.
+    pub(crate) fn framing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.wanted.is_some() || self.reading.as_ref().is_some_and(|(_, fit)| fit.is_some())
+    }
+}
+
+/// What this frame measures: whether only rows marked for a fit count, and the fit it serves.
+pub(crate) struct Measure {
+    pub(crate) rows: bool,
+    pub(crate) fit: Option<Fit>,
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Applies a box fit, a plot's fit, or measured extents that landed.
+    pub(super) fn settle_fit(&mut self) {
+        if self.size[0] <= 0.0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        match &self.fitting.wanted {
+            &Some(Fit::Bounds { min, max }) => {
+                self.fitting.wanted = None;
+                self.frame_box(min, max, false);
+            }
+            Some(Fit::All) if matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Plot(_)) => {
+                if let Some(span) = self.traced_span() {
+                    self.fitting.wanted = None;
+                    self.plot_y = None;
+                    self.move_camera(Camera::Plot { x: span, y: None });
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        let Some((readback, _)) = &self.fitting.reading else { return };
+        let Some(bytes) = readback.take() else { return };
+        let fit = self.fitting.reading.take().and_then(|(_, fit)| fit);
+        if let Ok(bytes) = bytes {
+            self.measured(bytemuck::cast_slice(&bytes), fit.as_ref());
+        }
+        self.fitted();
+    }
+
+    /// Lets go of the rows marked for a fit, once it framed them.
+    fn fitted(&mut self) {
+        if !self.focus.fitting.is_empty() {
+            self.focus.fitting.clear();
+            self.focus.dirty = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What this frame measures, if anything: a fit whose marks are drawn, or a plot's traces.
+    pub(super) fn measuring(&mut self) -> Option<Measure> {
+        if self.fitting.reading.is_some() || self.size[0] <= 0.0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // A plot that traces frames everything by its traces' whole span, which settles once their
+        // data is drawn; measuring them first would frame only what shows up to the coordinate shown.
+        let plot = matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Plot(_));
+        if plot && matches!(self.fitting.wanted, Some(Fit::All)) && self.traces() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // A fit frames what shows once data has streamed, its shapes are triangulated and bent, and any
+        // layout has placed it; in a diagram, once vertices stand where their sheet puts them.
+        let easing = matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_))
+            && self
+                .marks
+                .iter()
+                .any(|m| m.kind() == MarkKind::Vertices && (m.transition.is_some() || m.begin.is_some()));
+        let all = matches!(self.fitting.wanted, Some(Fit::All));
+        // Everything a table drawn through tiles holds frames by its rows' bounds, whatever is drawn. A
+        // mark with no rows has nothing to frame: it holds a fit only while no mark has rows.
+        let compiled = || self.marks.iter().filter(|m| m.compiled.is_some());
+        let drawn = |m: &Shown| (m.drawable() && !m.tables.waiting()) || (all && self.tiled_bounds(m).is_some());
+        let empty = |m: &Shown| m.tables.synced() && m.rows + m.exits == 0;
+        let ready = compiled().any(&drawn)
+            && compiled().all(|m| drawn(m) || empty(m))
+            && !self.derived.sheet.placing()
+            && !self.derived.shaping()
+            && !easing;
+        if let Some(fit) = self.fitting.wanted.clone().filter(|f| matches!(f, Fit::All | Fit::Rows(_) | Fit::Reveal(_)))
+        {
+            let measurable = self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.compiled.is_some() && m.measured());
+            if !measurable {
+                self.fitting.wanted = None;
+                return None;
+            }
+            if let Some(b) = self.known(&fit, ready) {
+                self.fitting.wanted = None;
+                self.frame_fit([b[0], b[1], 0.0], [b[2], b[3], 0.0], Some(&fit));
+                self.fitted();
+                return None;
+            }
+            if !ready {
+                return None;
+            }
+            self.fitting.wanted = None;
+            return Some(Measure { rows: !matches!(fit, Fit::All), fit: Some(fit) });
+        }
+        let auto = matches!(self.camera, Camera::Plot { y: None, .. });
+        if auto && self.fitting.plot_due && ready && self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.kind() == MarkKind::Lines) {
+            self.fitting.plot_due = false;
+            return Some(Measure { rows: false, fit: None });
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn measuring_started(&mut self, readback: Readback, fit: Option<Fit>) {
+        self.fitting.reading = Some((readback, fit));
+    }
+
+    /// Frames the extents measured for `fit`, or fits a plot's value range to its traces.
+    fn measured(&mut self, words: &[u32], fit: Option<&Fit>) {
+        let stride = wgsl::EXTENT_WORDS as usize;
+        let mut lo = [f64::INFINITY; 3];
+        let mut hi = [f64::NEG_INFINITY; 3];
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !shown.measured() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Some([w, s, e, n]) = self.tiled_bounds(shown).filter(|_| matches!(fit, Some(Fit::All))) {
+                lo = [lo[0].min(w), lo[1].min(s), lo[2].min(0.0)];
+                hi = [hi[0].max(e), hi[1].max(n), hi[2].max(0.0)];
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(e) = words.get(stride * i..stride * (i + 1)) else { break };
+            if e[3] == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for k in 0..3 {
+                lo[k] = lo[k].min(f64::from(unordered(!e[k])));
+                hi[k] = hi[k].max(f64::from(unordered(e[3 + k])));
+            }
+        }
+        self.frame_fit(lo, hi, fit);
+    }
+
+    /// The box `fit` frames when it is known without measuring, least x and y then greatest: in a
+    /// diagram once its sheet stands, its vertices and wires, or the boxes of the rows fitted; else,
+    /// with every mark `ready`, where only tables drawn through tiles are measured, their bounds.
+    fn known(&self, fit: &Fit, ready: bool) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
+        let union = |a: [f64; 4], b: [f64; 4]| [a[0].min(b[0]), a[1].min(b[1]), a[2].max(b[2]), a[3].max(b[3])];
+        let sheet = &self.derived.sheet;
+        if matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_)) && !sheet.placing() {
+            return match fit {
+                Fit::All => sheet.extent(),
+                _ => self.focus.fitting.iter().map(|row| sheet.bounds(row)).reduce(|a, b| Some(union(a?, b?)))?,
+            };
+        }
+        let measured = || self.marks.iter().filter(|m| m.measured());
+        let gpu = measured().any(|m| m.drawable() && self.tiled_bounds(m).is_none());
+        if !ready || gpu || !matches!(fit, Fit::All) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        measured().filter_map(|m| self.tiled_bounds(m)).reduce(union)
+    }
+
+    /// Frames `lo..hi` as `fit` asks: without one, a plot's value range; to reveal a row, the camera
+    /// brought to it where it lies out of view; else the box.
+    fn frame_fit(&mut self, lo: [f64; 3], hi: [f64; 3], fit: Option<&Fit>) {
+        if lo[0] > hi[0] {
+            return;
+        }
+        match fit {
+            None => self.fit_values(lo[1], hi[1]),
+            Some(Fit::Reveal(_)) => {
+                let middle = [lo[0].midpoint(hi[0]), lo[1].midpoint(hi[1]), lo[2].midpoint(hi[2])];
+                let view = self.projected();
+                let area = self.area();
+                let inside = view
+                    .screen(view.world(middle))
+                    .is_some_and(|s| s[0] >= area[0] && s[0] <= area[2] && s[1] >= area[1] && s[1] <= area[3]);
+                if !inside {
+                    let camera = self.camera.centered(middle);
+                    self.fly(camera);
+                }
+            }
+            Some(fit) => {
+                if let Camera::Plot { y: None, .. } = self.camera {
+                    self.plot_y = None;
+                }
+                self.frame_box(lo, hi, matches!(fit, Fit::All));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The bounds of every row `shown` draws through tiles, whatever tiles are drawn.
+    fn tiled_bounds(&self, shown: &Shown) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
+        let style = shown.mark.style();
+        self.derived.tiled.bounds(&style.data, &style.table)
+    }
+
+    /// Frames the box `min..max` at once. Framing everything sets how far the camera can go from it;
+    /// framing part of it widens that reach, never narrows it.
+    fn frame_box(&mut self, min: [f64; 3], max: [f64; 3], everything: bool) {
+        let camera = self.camera.framing(&self.scene.space, min, max, self.size, self.area());
+        self.rig.hold();
+        let framed = match camera {
+            Camera::Map { zoom, .. } => Some(Bounds { min, max, zoom: [zoom; 2] }),
+            Camera::Plot { .. } => None,
+        };
+        self.rig.bounds = match (self.rig.bounds, framed) {
+            _ if everything => framed,
+            (Some(reach), Some(framed)) => Some(reach.with(framed)),
+            (reach, _) => reach,
+        };
+        self.move_camera(camera);
+    }
+
+    /// Grows the value range a plot shows to hold `lo..hi` with headroom, and shrinks it once the
+    /// values fill less than a third of it.
+    fn fit_values(&mut self, lo: f64, hi: f64) {
+        let holds = self.plot_y.is_some_and(|[a, b]| lo >= a && hi <= b && (hi - lo) * 3.0 >= b - a);
+        if !holds {
+            let pad = if hi > lo { (hi - lo) * 0.12 } else { lo.abs().max(1.0) * 0.1 };
+            self.plot_y = Some([lo - pad, hi + pad]);
+            self.wake();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The coordinates a plot's traces span.
+    /// Whether a mark traces a sampled field.
+    fn traces(&self) -> bool {
+        self.marks.iter().any(|shown| matches!(&shown.mark, crate::Mark::Lines(lines) if lines.trace.is_some()))
+    }
+
+    fn traced_span(&self) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+        let spans = self.marks.iter().filter_map(|shown| {
+            let crate::Mark::Lines(lines) = &shown.mark else { return None };
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            let table = self.drawn(&style.data)?.table(&style.table)?;
+            match table.field_named(&lines.traced())? {
+                crate::data::Field::Sampled(samples, _) => samples.span(),
+                _ => None,
+            }
+        });
+        spans
+            .reduce(|a, b| [a[0].min(b[0]), a[1].max(b[1])])
+            .map(|[a, b]| if b > a { [a, b] } else { [a - 0.5, a + 0.5] })
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::marks::Shown {
+    /// Whether this mark's extents frame a fit: vertices, lines, and areas.
+    pub(crate) fn measured(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.kind(), MarkKind::Vertices | MarkKind::Lines | MarkKind::Areas)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The `f32` an ordered word stands for (see `lib/reduce.wesl`).
+fn unordered(u: u32) -> f32 {
+    f32::from_bits(if u & 0x8000_0000 != 0 { u & 0x7fff_ffff } else { !u })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::unordered;
+
+    /// The inverse of `lib/reduce.wesl`'s `ordered`.
+    fn ordered(x: f32) -> u32 {
+        let b = x.to_bits();
+        if b & 0x8000_0000 != 0 { !b } else { b | 0x8000_0000 }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ordered_words_sort_like_their_values() {
+        let values = [-1e9_f32, -2.5, -0.0, 0.0, 1e-9, 3.0, 1e9];
+        for pair in values.windows(2) {
+            assert!(ordered(pair[0]) <= ordered(pair[1]), "{pair:?}");
+        }
+        for v in values {
+            assert_eq!(unordered(ordered(v)), v);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/focus.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/focus.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..425c02a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/focus.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+//! Selection, hover, and the rows a fit measures, as focus words: one per row of every mark, written
+//! only where they change. The selection keeps only rows a pickable mark shows. The ends of a selected
+//! or hovered edge are lit too. Each mark's lit rows are listed for its focus draw, which draws them
+//! again over everything, glowing. Hover is state either way, which expressions read; whether it
+//! glows is the controls' to say.
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
+
+use super::View;
+use super::event::{Event, Hit};
+use super::sync::{Source, table_of};
+use crate::data::{Field, PAGE_ROWS, Reference};
+use crate::expr::compile::Deps;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::gpu::work::Queue;
+use crate::scene::mark::Primitive;
+use crate::{Row, Rows};
+
+/// Changed words past which the whole buffer is written at once.
+const WHOLE: usize = 512;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Focus {
+    pub(crate) selection: Vec<Row>,
+    /// What the user points at, as it was hit.
+    pub(crate) hovered: Option<Hit>,
+    /// Rows a fit measures.
+    pub(crate) fitting: Vec<Row>,
+    /// Words written, by index into the focus buffer.
+    written: FxHashMap<u32, u32>,
+    pub(crate) dirty: bool,
+    /// Every mark's lit rows, laid out since they were last written.
+    lit: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+}
+
+impl Focus {
+    /// The lit rows laid out since they were last taken, to write.
+    pub(crate) fn take_lit(&mut self) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        self.lit.take()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a mark's lit rows lie in the lit buffer, how many, and the instances each draws.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Lit {
+    pub(crate) at: u32,
+    pub(crate) rows: u32,
+    pub(crate) pieces: u32,
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Writes the focus words that changed; after `fresh`, a new buffer, every word. Channels reading
+    /// selection or hover evaluate again, and every mark's lit rows are laid out again.
+    pub(super) fn write_focus(&mut self, queue: &Queue, buffer: &wgpu::Buffer, capacity: u64, fresh: bool) {
+        if fresh {
+            self.focus.written.clear();
+            self.focus.dirty = true;
+        }
+        if !std::mem::take(&mut self.focus.dirty) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut words: FxHashMap<u32, u32> = FxHashMap::default();
+        let glows = self.scene.controls.hover;
+        let hovered = self.focus.hovered.as_ref().map(|hit| hit.row.clone());
+        let selection = self.focus_rows(&self.focus.selection, wgsl::SELECTED, true, true, &mut words);
+        self.focus_rows(hovered.as_slice(), wgsl::HOVERED, true, glows, &mut words);
+        self.focus_rows(&self.focus.fitting, wgsl::FIT, false, false, &mut words);
+        // Rows the data no longer holds, or no mark shows, leave the selection.
+        if selection.len() < self.focus.selection.len() {
+            self.focus.selection.clone_from(&selection);
+            self.events.tell(Event::Select { rows: Rows::group(selection), trigger: None });
+        }
+        let cleared = self.focus.written.keys().filter(|w| !words.contains_key(w)).map(|&w| (w, 0));
+        let set = words.iter().filter(|(w, b)| self.focus.written.get(w) != Some(b)).map(|(&w, &b)| (w, b));
+        let changes: Vec<(u32, u32)> = cleared.chain(set).filter(|&(w, _)| u64::from(w) < capacity).collect();
+        if changes.len() > WHOLE {
+            let mut all = vec![0_u32; capacity as usize];
+            for (&w, &b) in &words {
+                if let Some(word) = all.get_mut(w as usize) {
+                    *word = b;
+                }
+            }
+            queue.write_buffer(buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&all));
+        } else {
+            for &(w, b) in &changes {
+                queue.write_buffer(buffer, u64::from(w) * 4, &b.to_le_bytes());
+            }
+        }
+        if !changes.is_empty() {
+            // Channels reading focus evaluate the blocks of the rows whose words changed; every row
+            // after the words were laid out again.
+            for shown in &mut self.marks {
+                let (focus, rows) = (shown.region.focus, shown.rows + shown.exits);
+                let blocks: Vec<u32> = changes
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&&(w, _)| w >= focus && w - focus < rows)
+                    .map(|&(w, _)| (w - focus) / wgsl::BLOCK_ROWS)
+                    .collect();
+                shown.dirty_rows(shown.channels_reading(Deps::FOCUS), (!fresh).then_some(&blocks[..]));
+            }
+        }
+        // Rows lit only by hover draw no glow when it does not glow.
+        self.lay_out_lit(&words, if glows { wgsl::LIT } else { wgsl::LIT & !wgsl::HOVERED });
+        self.focus.written = words;
+    }
+
+    /// Sets `bit` in the focus words of `rows` in every mark showing them (with `picked`, every
+    /// pickable one), and with `ends` lights the ends of each edge among them; returns the rows some
+    /// mark shows. A row its data holds stays shown while a table drawn in part does not draw it.
+    fn focus_rows(
+        &self,
+        rows: &[Row],
+        bit: u32,
+        picked: bool,
+        ends: bool,
+        words: &mut FxHashMap<u32, u32>,
+    ) -> Vec<Row> {
+        let mut kept = Vec::new();
+        for row in rows {
+            let held = self.data(&row.data).and_then(|d| d.table(&row.table)).and_then(|t| t.row(row.id.as_ref()));
+            if held.is_none() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let table = self.drawn(&row.data).and_then(|d| d.table(&row.table));
+            let index = table.and_then(|t| t.row(row.id.as_ref()));
+            let mut shows = false;
+            for shown in &self.marks {
+                let style = shown.mark.style();
+                if (picked && !shown.mark.picks()) || style.data != row.data || style.table != row.table {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                shows = true;
+                let (Some(table), Some(index)) = (table, index) else { continue };
+                if (index as u32) < shown.rows {
+                    *words.entry(shown.region.focus + index as u32).or_default() |= bit;
+                }
+                let crate::Mark::Edges(edges) = &shown.mark else { continue };
+                let Some((from, to)) = edges.ends.as_ref().filter(|_| ends) else { continue };
+                for end in [from, to] {
+                    let Some(Field::Reference(reference)) = table.field_named(end) else { continue };
+                    self.light_end(&row.data, reference, index, words);
+                }
+            }
+            if shows {
+                kept.push(row.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        kept
+    }
+
+    /// Lights the row `reference` names for row `index` in every vertex mark drawing its table.
+    fn light_end(&self, data: &crate::Name, reference: &Reference, index: usize, words: &mut FxHashMap<u32, u32>) {
+        let Some(target) = reference.target(index) else { return };
+        for shown in &self.marks {
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            if shown.kind() == crate::scene::mark::MarkKind::Vertices
+                && style.data == *data
+                && style.table == reference.to
+                && target < shown.rows
+            {
+                *words.entry(shown.region.focus + target).or_default() |= wgsl::END;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lists every mark's rows with a bit of `glowing` set for its focus draw, with the instances
+    /// each takes.
+    fn lay_out_lit(&mut self, words: &FxHashMap<u32, u32>, glowing: u32) {
+        let mut all = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..self.marks.len() {
+            let (focus, rows) = (self.marks[i].region.focus, self.marks[i].rows);
+            let mut lit: Vec<u32> = words
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|&(&w, &bits)| w >= focus && w - focus < rows && bits & glowing != 0)
+                .map(|(&w, _)| w - focus)
+                .collect();
+            lit.sort_unstable();
+            let pieces = if lit.is_empty() { 0 } else { self.pieces(i, &lit) };
+            let rows = if pieces == 0 { 0 } else { lit.len() as u32 };
+            self.marks[i].lit = Lit { at: all.len() as u32, rows, pieces };
+            if rows > 0 {
+                all.extend(lit);
+            }
+        }
+        self.focus.lit = Some(all);
+    }
+
+    /// Instances mark `i`'s focus draw takes for each of its `lit` rows: a point one; a path as many
+    /// as the longest of theirs has pieces, past which a row's own draw nothing; none for faces.
+    fn pieces(&self, i: usize, lit: &[u32]) -> u32 {
+        let shown = &self.marks[i];
+        let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { return 0 };
+        match compiled.drawing.primitive {
+            Primitive::Points => 1,
+            Primitive::Strokes if !shown.listed() => shown.segments_per_row().max(1),
+            Primitive::Strokes if shown.path() == wgsl::PATH_ENDS => (self.longest(i, lit) + 1).max(wgsl::MAX_PIECES),
+            Primitive::Strokes => self.longest(i, lit).saturating_sub(1),
+            Primitive::Triangles if shown.path() == wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY => self.longest(i, lit).saturating_sub(1) / 3,
+            Primitive::Triangles => 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The most points any of mark `i`'s `lit` rows has in its geometry column: its path, its bends,
+    /// or its triangles.
+    fn longest(&self, i: usize, lit: &[u32]) -> u32 {
+        let shown = &self.marks[i];
+        let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { return 0 };
+        let Some(column) = compiled.program.columns.get(compiled.drawing.geometry as usize) else { return 0 };
+        let style = shown.mark.style();
+        let Some(data) = self.drawn(&style.data) else { return 0 };
+        let Some(table) = data.table(&style.table) else { return 0 };
+        let source = Source { data, table, derived: self.derived.beside(&style.data, &style.table) };
+        let Some((_, table)) = table_of(column, &source, &self.data) else { return 0 };
+        let Some(Field::Values(values, _)) = table.field_named(&column.name) else { return 0 };
+        let pages = values.pages();
+        lit.iter()
+            .filter_map(|&row| {
+                let page = pages.get(row as usize / PAGE_ROWS)?;
+                Some(page.values.geometry()?.row_coords(row as usize % PAGE_ROWS).len() as u32)
+            })
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/frame.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/frame.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..173b1279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/frame.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+//! One frame, in order: tick the clock, settle readbacks, advance the camera, derive what marks read
+//! beside their data, sync columns, stream uploads, fit rows into their regions, freeze transitions,
+//! pack the program buffer, write focus and uniforms, then record the compute, shadow, label, render,
+//! and probe passes into the caller's encoder. Nothing here submits.
+
+use web_time::Instant;
+
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use super::passes::Drawn;
+use super::resources::{EyeSlot, MARK_STRIDE, Resources};
+use super::sync::{Source, Synced, Window, table_of};
+use super::transition::{remap, replaced, rewritten};
+use super::{Camera, Event, Frame, View, timer, uniforms};
+use crate::expr::compile::Deps;
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+use crate::{Error, derive};
+
+/// The most seconds comets travel in one frame: after a pause they carry on, not leap.
+const TRAVEL: f64 = 0.1;
+
+impl View {
+    /// Records `frame` of the scene into `encoder`; the caller submits it. Until the view is
+    /// [ready](View::ready) for the frame's target it records nothing, and the target keeps what it
+    /// holds.
+    ///
+    /// Uploads stream within the GPU's budget per frame. A mark shows a new data version once all of
+    /// its changed pages are on the GPU, and keeps drawing the previous one until then.
+    pub fn render(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, frame: &Frame<'_>) {
+        self.record(encoder, frame, true);
+    }
+
+    /// Records `frame` for a picture, which takes no input: it asks for what it draws and changes
+    /// with alone.
+    pub(crate) fn render_picture(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, frame: &Frame<'_>) {
+        self.record(encoder, frame, false);
+    }
+
+    fn record(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, frame: &Frame<'_>, input: bool) {
+        if self.gpu.lost() {
+            if !self.told_lost {
+                self.told_lost = true;
+                self.events.tell(Event::Error(Error::DeviceLost));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if !self.ready_for(frame.format, frame.pixel_ratio, input) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let started = Instant::now();
+        self.signal.clear();
+        let dt = self.clock.tick(frame.time);
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let (device, queue) = (&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue);
+        if let Some(timer) = &mut self.timer {
+            timer.begin(encoder);
+        }
+        // Runs the callbacks of finished readbacks; a no-op in browsers, which run them themselves.
+        let _ = device.poll(wgpu::PollType::Poll);
+        self.tell_gpu_errors();
+        self.pixel_ratio = frame.pixel_ratio.max(0.01);
+        let ratio = f64::from(self.pixel_ratio);
+        self.size = [f64::from(frame.size[0]) / ratio, f64::from(frame.size[1]) / ratio];
+        self.settle();
+        self.advance(dt);
+        let mut inner = gpu.0.lock();
+        inner.atlas.tick();
+        self.settle_labels(&mut inner);
+        self.derive(&mut inner);
+        self.answer_arranging();
+        self.stream(&mut inner);
+        let moved = self.lay_out(encoder, &mut inner);
+        let (elapsed, travel) = self.effect_clock();
+        let resources = self.resources.as_ref().expect("created");
+        let (buffer, capacity) = (resources.focus().clone(), resources.focus_words());
+        self.focus.dirty |= moved;
+        self.write_focus(queue, &buffer, capacity, moved);
+        if let Some(rows) = self.focus.take_lit() {
+            self.resources.as_mut().expect("created").write_lit(device, queue, &rows);
+        }
+        let measure = self.measuring();
+        // A picture takes no input; frames that do probe and answer queries once what those use
+        // compiled.
+        let answers = input && self.answers();
+        let probe = self.probe_point(answers);
+        let query = self.lay_out_lists(answers);
+        let projected = self.projected();
+        let srgb = frame.format.is_srgb();
+        let mut uniform = uniforms::frame(&self.scene, &projected, self.size, srgb, elapsed, self.at);
+        uniform.flow_step = travel as f32;
+        if self.signal.transparent() {
+            uniform.background[3] = 0.0;
+        }
+        uniform.pointer = self.pointer.map_or([-1e9, -1e9], |p| p.point);
+        uniform.selecting = u32::from(!self.focus.selection.is_empty());
+        uniform.fitting = u32::from(measure.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.rows));
+        if let Some(point) = probe {
+            uniform.probe = point;
+            uniform.probe_radius = self.probe_radius();
+        }
+        if let Some((words, _)) = query {
+            uniform.query = words;
+        }
+        self.label_words(&mut uniform, dt);
+        let main = uniforms::eye(&projected, self.size, self.pixel_ratio);
+        let light = self.shade(&mut uniform, &main);
+        let sprites = self.overlay(&mut inner);
+        self.lay_out_blocks();
+        self.write_uniforms(&uniform, &main, light.as_ref(), &sprites);
+        if let Some(readback) = self.compute(encoder, &mut inner, measure.is_some(), travel > 0.0) {
+            self.measuring_started(readback, measure.and_then(|m| m.fit));
+        }
+        self.count_found(encoder, &inner);
+        let mut drawn = Drawn::default();
+        if let Some(light) = &light {
+            self.cast(encoder, &mut inner, &mut drawn, light);
+        } else {
+            self.shadow_map.mark(0);
+        }
+        self.place_labels(encoder, &mut inner, &main);
+        let depth = probe.is_some() || query.is_some_and(|(_, depth)| depth);
+        self.draw(encoder, &mut inner, &mut drawn, frame, sprites.len() as u32, depth);
+        self.stats.draws = drawn.draws;
+        self.stats.instances = drawn.instances;
+        if let Some(point) = probe {
+            let readback = self.probe(encoder, &mut inner);
+            self.probing(point, readback);
+        }
+        self.run_query(encoder, &mut inner);
+        if let Some(timer) = &mut self.timer {
+            timer.end(encoder, device);
+        }
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            shown.held = shown.rows + shown.exits;
+            shown.moved = None;
+            shown.carry = false;
+        }
+        self.events.extend(inner.atlas.errors.drain(..).map(Event::Error));
+        self.events.extend(self.derived.take_errors().into_iter().map(Event::Error));
+        drop(inner);
+        self.end(started, input);
+    }
+
+    /// The time effects show this frame, and the seconds comets travel to it. What reads the clock
+    /// shows anything new only when it moved; a frame drawn again at the same instant, as a shot
+    /// draws while it waits, evaluates none of it. Under reduced motion the effect clock holds where
+    /// it first stood; a picture's still sets it.
+    fn effect_clock(&mut self) -> (f64, f64) {
+        let held = !self.moves() && !self.effect_time.is_nan();
+        let elapsed = self.signal.elapsed().unwrap_or_else(|| if held { self.effect_time } else { self.clock.now() });
+        // Comets travel the clock's step since the last frame: none at first or back in time, and
+        // never more than a pause's worth.
+        let travel = if self.effect_time.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { (elapsed - self.effect_time).clamp(0.0, TRAVEL) };
+        if self.effect_time != elapsed {
+            self.effect_time = elapsed;
+            for shown in &mut self.marks {
+                shown.dirty_rows(shown.channels_reading(Deps::TIME), None);
+            }
+        }
+        (elapsed, travel)
+    }
+
+    /// Ends a frame begun at `started`: what it stood in for, what it took, and the next frame its
+    /// work asks for, as work landing between frames does. A frame taking no `input`, a picture's,
+    /// asks none for probes and queries, which only frames that take input run.
+    fn end(&mut self, started: Instant, input: bool) {
+        let waiting = self.under_way();
+        if waiting != self.waiting {
+            self.waiting = waiting;
+            self.events.tell(Event::Waiting(waiting));
+        }
+        self.changed = false;
+        self.stats.frames += 1;
+        self.stats.cpu_ms = started.elapsed().as_secs_f32() * 1000.0;
+        if self.due(input) {
+            self.signal.ask();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lays the frame out: where every mark's rows sit, the transitions starting, the ends edges
+    /// attach to, fitted domains, the buffers they fit, the program, and the labels; whether rows
+    /// moved.
+    fn lay_out(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, inner: &mut Inner) -> bool {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let device = &gpu.0.device;
+        for i in 0..self.marks.len() {
+            let geodesic = self.geodesic(&self.marks[i]);
+            self.marks[i].geodesic = geodesic;
+        }
+        let resources = self.resources.get_or_insert_with(|| Resources::new(device));
+        resources.forget_retired();
+        let moved = self.fit_rows(encoder);
+        self.transitions(encoder, inner);
+        self.attach_ends();
+        let domains = self.place_domains();
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created");
+        let vertices: u64 = self
+            .marks
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|m| m.kind() == MarkKind::Vertices)
+            .map(|m| u64::from(m.region.state / wgsl::VERTEX_WORDS + m.region.capacity))
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        resources.fit(device, self.marks.len() as u64, domains, vertices);
+        self.pack(inner);
+        self.lay_out_labels(inner);
+        moved
+    }
+
+    /// Takes what landed since the last frame: probes, fits, queries, the intents and keys waiting on
+    /// picks; and tells, once, why marks the data given since no longer fits failed.
+    fn settle(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(ms) = self.timer.as_mut().and_then(timer::Timer::landed) {
+            self.stats.gpu_ms = ms;
+        }
+        self.settle_fit();
+        self.settle_probe();
+        self.settle_query();
+        self.settle_gestures();
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            if let Some((error, told)) = &mut shown.failure
+                && !*told
+            {
+                *told = true;
+                self.events.tell(Event::Error(shown.mark.within(i, error.clone())));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Derives what marks read beside their data, from the data and the scene alone, handing the
+    /// host what the frame cannot afford. First the tiles the camera and the plot window ask for:
+    /// the datasets tiles make, then what each dataset drawn in part draws, which the rest derive
+    /// from.
+    fn derive(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) {
+        let host = inner.host.clone();
+        let projected = self.projected();
+        let earth = matches!(self.scene.space, crate::Space::Earth(_));
+        let placing = earth || matches!(self.scene.space, crate::Space::Plane(_));
+        let sight = derive::sight::Sight { projected: &projected, size: self.size, earth };
+        // One budget for the frame: the tiles, what is drawn in part, then every other derivation.
+        let (waker, counters) = (self.waker.clone(), self.gpu.0.counters.clone());
+        let errors = self.gpu.0.errors.clone();
+        let mut jobs = derive::Jobs::new(host.as_deref(), &waker, &counters, &errors);
+        let mut tiles = std::mem::take(&mut self.derived.tiles);
+        let reading = self.reading();
+        let asked = derive::tiles::Asked { sight: earth.then_some(&sight), reading: &reading };
+        tiles.update(&self.derive_input(host.as_deref()), &asked, &jobs);
+        for data in tiles.take_changed() {
+            self.take_data(data, inner);
+        }
+        self.derived.tiles = tiles;
+        let budget = inner.budget.bytes;
+        self.update_plan(&mut inner.ledger, budget);
+        self.trace_columns = self.planning.trace_columns();
+        let pinned: Vec<crate::Row> = self.focus.selection.iter().chain(&self.focus.fitting).cloned().collect();
+        let ask = derive::tiled::Ask {
+            sources: &self.sources,
+            plans: self.planning.plans(),
+            sight: placing.then_some(&sight),
+            earth,
+            pinned: &pinned,
+            at: self.at,
+        };
+        let mut tiled = std::mem::take(&mut self.derived.tiled);
+        let (changed, _) = tiled.update(&ask, &mut jobs);
+        self.derived.tiled = tiled;
+        self.follow_sources(&changed);
+        let mut derived = std::mem::take(&mut self.derived);
+        if derived.update(&self.derive_input(host.as_deref()), &mut jobs) {
+            self.changed = true;
+        }
+        self.derived = derived;
+    }
+
+    /// Makes what marks draw follow the sources: each dataset as it is, or as drawn in part, which
+    /// `changed` holds the new versions of.
+    fn follow_sources(&mut self, changed: &[crate::Data]) {
+        let mut next = Vec::with_capacity(self.sources.len());
+        for source in &self.sources {
+            let name = source.name();
+            let drawn = match changed.iter().find(|d| d.name() == name).cloned() {
+                Some(drawn) => drawn,
+                None if self.derived.tiled.draws(name) => match self.drawn(name) {
+                    Some(drawn) => drawn.clone(),
+                    None => continue,
+                },
+                None => source.clone(),
+            };
+            next.push(drawn);
+        }
+        if next != self.data {
+            self.data = next;
+            // Rows may have moved under the focus.
+            self.focus.dirty = true;
+            self.fitting.plot_due = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What derivations read this frame.
+    fn derive_input<'a>(&'a self, host: Option<&'a dyn crate::host::Host>) -> derive::Input<'a> {
+        derive::Input {
+            scene: &self.scene,
+            scene_version: self.scene_version,
+            data: &self.data,
+            host,
+            dragging: self.dragging(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lays out the lists buffer, the marks' segment lists, and takes this frame's query when it
+    /// `answers` them, returning its words and whether it reads depth. A buffer replaced empty counts
+    /// every segment again.
+    fn lay_out_lists(&mut self, answers: bool) -> Option<([f32; 4], bool)> {
+        self.lay_out_segments();
+        let device = &self.gpu.0.device;
+        self.resources.as_mut().expect("created").fit_lists(device, u64::from(self.segment_words));
+        if answers { self.next_query() } else { None }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the frame's uniform, its eyes, every mark's uniform, and the overlay's sprites.
+    fn write_uniforms(
+        &mut self,
+        frame: &wgsl::Frame,
+        main: &wgsl::Eye,
+        light: Option<&wgsl::Eye>,
+        sprites: &[wgsl::Sprite],
+    ) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let (device, queue) = (&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue);
+        let marks = self.mark_uniforms();
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created");
+        queue.write_buffer(&resources.frame, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(frame));
+        let mut eyes = vec![0_u8; 2 * MARK_STRIDE as usize];
+        let light_at = EyeSlot::Light.offset() as usize;
+        eyes[..size_of::<wgsl::Eye>()].copy_from_slice(bytemuck::bytes_of(main));
+        if let Some(light) = light {
+            eyes[light_at..light_at + size_of::<wgsl::Eye>()].copy_from_slice(bytemuck::bytes_of(light));
+        }
+        queue.write_buffer(resources.eyes(), 0, &eyes);
+        if !marks.is_empty() {
+            queue.write_buffer(resources.marks(), 0, &marks);
+        }
+        resources.fit_sprites(device, sprites.len());
+        if !sprites.is_empty() {
+            queue.write_buffer(resources.sprites(), 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(sprites));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Syncs every mark's columns and streams the pages they need within the frame's budget.
+    fn stream(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let waiting = self.sync(inner);
+        let budget = inner.budget;
+        inner.arena.pump(&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue, budget.upload_per_frame);
+        if waiting {
+            // Pages that just uploaded can show this frame.
+            self.sync(inner);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Every mark's uniform, at its dynamic offset.
+    pub(super) fn mark_uniforms(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut marks = vec![0_u8; self.marks.len() * MARK_STRIDE as usize];
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let uniform = uniforms::mark(i, shown, self.labels.slots(i), &self.clock);
+            let at = i * MARK_STRIDE as usize;
+            marks[at..at + size_of::<wgsl::Mark>()].copy_from_slice(bytemuck::bytes_of(&uniform));
+        }
+        marks
+    }
+
+    /// Tells errors the device reported outside any scope, once each.
+    pub(super) fn tell_gpu_errors(&mut self) {
+        let errors: Vec<Error> =
+            std::mem::take(&mut *self.gpu.0.errors.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner));
+        self.events.extend(errors.into_iter().map(Event::Error));
+        let custom = self.gpu.0.lock().pipelines.custom_errors();
+        self.events.extend(custom.into_iter().map(Event::Error));
+    }
+
+    /// The plot window lines trace across, and the pixel columns it spans within what the plan
+    /// affords.
+    fn trace_window(&self) -> (Option<[f64; 2]>, u32) {
+        let across = match self.camera {
+            Camera::Plot { x, .. } => Some(x),
+            Camera::Map { .. } => None,
+        };
+        let area = self.area();
+        (across, (((area[2] - area[0]) * f64::from(self.pixel_ratio)).max(1.0) as u32).min(self.trace_columns))
+    }
+
+    /// What marks read of sampled fields, for time tiles to fetch: the plot window, the coordinate
+    /// shown, and each field a mark's program reads, with whether a line traces it.
+    fn reading(&self) -> derive::tiles::Reading {
+        let (across, columns) = self.trace_window();
+        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+        for shown in &self.marks {
+            let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { continue };
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            for column in compiled.program.columns.iter().filter(|c| !c.derived) {
+                let (data, table) = column.of.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| (style.data.clone(), style.table.clone()));
+                fields.push((data, table, column.name.clone(), column.trace));
+            }
+        }
+        derive::tiles::Reading { across, columns, at: self.at, fields }
+    }
+
+    /// Syncs every mark's columns; changed columns dirty the channels reading them, and changed
+    /// static values or rows start a transition. True when a mark waits for uploads.
+    fn sync(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) -> bool {
+        let at = self.at;
+        let (across, columns) = self.trace_window();
+        let window = Window { across, columns, steps: 0 };
+        // A drag moves rows at once.
+        let easing = !self.ease().is_zero() && !self.dragging();
+        let mut waiting = false;
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { continue };
+            let program = compiled.program.clone();
+            let geometry = compiled.drawing.geometry;
+            let window = Window { steps: compiled.drawing.flags & (wgsl::STEP_BEFORE | wgsl::STEP_AFTER), ..window };
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            let Some(data) = self.data.iter().find(|d| *d.name() == style.data) else { continue };
+            let Some(table) = data.table(&style.table) else { continue };
+            let derived = self.derived.beside(&style.data, &style.table);
+            let source = Source { data, table, derived };
+            let synced = shown.tables.sync(&program, &source, &self.data, at, window, geometry, inner);
+            waiting |= matches!(synced, Synced::Waiting);
+            let Synced::Changed { columns, blocks } = synced else { continue };
+            let moved = shown.drawn.as_ref().and_then(|(origin, old)| {
+                if *origin == data.origin() { remap(old, table) } else { Some(replaced(old, table)) }
+            });
+            // A path morphs from the one its row ran through only while every row keeps its place;
+            // rows that moved, as tiles' do when finer ones replace them, fade instead.
+            let kept = moved.as_ref().is_none_or(|(sources, exits)| {
+                exits.is_empty() && sources.iter().enumerate().all(|(r, &s)| s == r as u32 || s == wgsl::NONE)
+            });
+            // Rows that came, went, or moved evaluate every channel, constants included: where every row
+            // kept its place, as a table drawn through tiles keeps those of the tiles still drawn, over
+            // the row blocks rewritten; else over every row.
+            let in_place = moved
+                .as_ref()
+                .is_some_and(|(sources, _)| sources.iter().enumerate().all(|(r, &s)| s == r as u32 || s == wgsl::NONE));
+            if moved.is_some() || shown.rows != table.len() as u32 {
+                match shown.drawn.as_ref().filter(|_| in_place).and_then(|(_, old)| rewritten(old, table)) {
+                    Some(blocks) => shown.rows_rewritten(&blocks),
+                    None => shown.all_dirty(),
+                }
+            }
+            // Without an ease, a flowing mark whose rows moved still begins, a transition of no length,
+            // so its comets follow the rows.
+            let carries = shown.mark.flows() && moved.is_some();
+            if (easing || carries) && shown.held > 0 && (moved.is_some() || shown.static_columns(columns)) {
+                shown.begin(moved);
+            } else if moved.is_some() {
+                shown.exits = 0;
+            }
+            if !kept || (shown.begin.is_none() && shown.transition.is_none()) {
+                shown.tables.thaw(inner);
+            }
+            shown.rows = table.len() as u32;
+            shown.drawn = Some((data.origin(), table.clone()));
+            shown.columns_changed(columns, blocks.as_deref());
+            if shown.kind() == MarkKind::Lines {
+                self.fitting.plot_due = true;
+            }
+            for text in &program.texts {
+                let column = &program.columns[text.column as usize];
+                let code = table_of(column, &source, &self.data).map_or(wgsl::NONE, |(d, t)| {
+                    inner.dictionaries.field(d, &t.name, &column.name).code_of(&text.text)
+                });
+                shown.constants[text.constant as usize] = code;
+            }
+        }
+        waiting
+    }
+
+    /// Where each mark's fitted domains start; returns how many there are.
+    fn place_domains(&mut self) -> u64 {
+        let mut domains = 0;
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            if shown.domains != domains {
+                shown.domains = domains;
+                shown.all_dirty();
+            }
+            domains += shown.reductions();
+        }
+        u64::from(domains)
+    }
+
+    /// Points every edge and face mark's ends at the vertex marks drawing their tables.
+    fn attach_ends(&mut self) {
+        for i in 0..self.marks.len() {
+            let ends = ends(&self.marks, i);
+            if ends != self.marks[i].ends {
+                self.marks[i].ends = ends;
+                self.marks[i].packed = false;
+                self.marks[i].all_dirty();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The graph slot of vertex 0 of the vertex mark each of mark `i`'s ends attaches to, or `NONE`. An
+/// end attaches to the unnamed vertex mark drawing its table, else to the first one.
+fn ends(marks: &[Shown], i: usize) -> Vec<u32> {
+    let Some(compiled) = &marks[i].compiled else { return Vec::new() };
+    let data = &marks[i].mark.style().data;
+    compiled
+        .program
+        .ends
+        .iter()
+        .map(|table| {
+            super::graph::end_mark(marks, data, table)
+                .map_or(wgsl::NONE, |m| marks[m].region.state / wgsl::VERTEX_WORDS)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/gestures.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/gestures.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75f2c560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/gestures.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,857 @@
+//! Gestures: what the pointer and keys mean. A press decides once the pointer moves a few pixels: with
+//! Shift it selects in a box when boxes select, else turns a map or plane; on a port, an Alt-held
+//! vertex, or an edge it draws a connection when connecting is on; on a row of a draggable mark it
+//! drags the row; elsewhere it pans. A press that does not move clicks, Shift, Control, or Meta
+//! toggling its row in the selection; with cycling on, a click again where nothing moved selects the
+//! next row under the point. A secondary press turns once it moves and asks for a menu when it does
+//! not, as a touch or a pen held still does. The wheel and pinches zoom, as the controls allow, and
+//! keys step. A diagram never turns, and its drags snap
+//! to its grid when it says so. Every camera move is about the point under the pointer and goes
+//! through the rig, which carries a released drag on and keeps the camera within reach.
+//!
+//! The point under a press comes from the latest probe when it was taken where the press is,
+//! otherwise from a probe of its own a frame or two later; the press waits for it and catches up.
+//! Menus and connections tell what lies under their point once a pick answers, in their place among
+//! the intents.
+//!
+//! The keys point too. Tab steps through the rows nearest the view's middle, and past the last one
+//! lets focus move on; an arrow steps to the nearest row its way; Enter opens the row and Space
+//! selects it. The row the keys point at is hovered until the pointer acts.
+
+use super::View;
+use super::event::{Awaited, Cursor, End, Event, Fit, Hit, Phase, Trigger};
+use super::input::{Button, Device, Input, Key, Modifiers};
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use super::probe::{Answer, Probed, near};
+use crate::expr::compile::Deps;
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+use crate::{Camera, Grid, Pending, Row, Rows, Scene, Space, Zoom};
+
+/// CSS pixels a press moves before it drags or pans.
+const SLOP: f32 = 4.0;
+/// Clicks this close in seconds, and in CSS pixels, make a double click.
+const DOUBLE: f64 = 0.4;
+const DOUBLE_REACH: f32 = 6.0;
+/// A drag released this many seconds after its last move does not coast.
+const HELD: f64 = 0.06;
+/// Degrees a pixel of turning drag turns.
+const TURN: f64 = 0.3;
+/// What a step of the keys moves: CSS pixels, degrees, levels.
+const STEP: f64 = 100.0;
+const STEP_TURN: f64 = 15.0;
+const STEP_ZOOM: f64 = 0.5;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) enum Gesture {
+    #[default]
+    Idle,
+    /// A pointer pressed at `from`, now at `trigger`; `answer` is `None` while its probe is in
+    /// flight. `earlier` is a press released here before its own answer came, which clicks first on
+    /// this one's.
+    Press {
+        pointer: u32,
+        button: Button,
+        from: [f32; 2],
+        trigger: Trigger,
+        answer: Option<Answer>,
+        released: bool,
+        earlier: Option<(Button, Trigger)>,
+        /// When it began, on the view's clock.
+        since: f64,
+    },
+    /// A touch or pen held still until it asked for a menu: its release does nothing more.
+    Held {
+        pointer: u32,
+    },
+    /// A connection drawn from `from` toward the pointer at `to`; `anchor` is where it starts on
+    /// screen, once known.
+    Connect {
+        pointer: u32,
+        from: End,
+        edge: Option<Row>,
+        anchor: Option<[f32; 2]>,
+        locating: Option<Pending<Option<[f32; 2]>>>,
+        to: [f32; 2],
+    },
+    /// A row dragged by `pointer`: `grab` is where the row was hit less where the press was, CSS
+    /// pixels, so the row keeps where it was grabbed.
+    Drag {
+        pointer: u32,
+        probed: Probed,
+        grab: [f32; 2],
+    },
+    Pan {
+        pointer: u32,
+        anchor: [f64; 3],
+        last: [f32; 2],
+    },
+    Turn {
+        pointer: u32,
+        anchor: [f64; 3],
+        last: [f32; 2],
+    },
+    Pinch {
+        pointers: [(u32, [f32; 2]); 2],
+    },
+    /// A Shift drag where boxes select: the rows in the box between the press and the pointer.
+    Box {
+        pointer: u32,
+        from: [f32; 2],
+        to: [f32; 2],
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Gestures {
+    pub(crate) now: Gesture,
+    /// The rows the keys step through.
+    pub(crate) keys: Stepping,
+    /// The time of the input being taken, on the clock of whatever feeds the view its input.
+    time: f64,
+    /// The last click: when, where, on which row, and where the camera was.
+    clicked: Option<(f64, [f32; 2], Option<Row>, Camera)>,
+    /// How fast the pan or turn under way moves, per second, and when it last moved.
+    velocity: [f64; 2],
+    moved: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+/// The rows the keys step through: what a pick around the view's middle found, nearest first, as
+/// the frame it was taken in drew them; the row stepped to, which holds the hover until the pointer
+/// acts; and keys pressed while the rows were being picked.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Stepping {
+    /// The rows last picked; `None` until the keys first step.
+    rows: Option<Vec<Hit>>,
+    picking: Option<Pending<Vec<Hit>>>,
+    /// Whether the rows are where the frame now draws them.
+    fresh: bool,
+    pub(crate) at: Option<usize>,
+    queued: Vec<(Key, Modifiers)>,
+}
+
+impl Stepping {
+    /// The frame changed: the rows are picked again before an arrow steps.
+    pub(crate) fn stale(&mut self) {
+        self.fresh = false;
+    }
+
+    /// The row the keys point at.
+    fn row(&self) -> Option<&Hit> {
+        self.rows.as_ref().zip(self.at).and_then(|(rows, i)| rows.get(i))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Gestures {
+    pub(crate) fn cursor(&self, hovered: Option<&Probed>, scene: &Scene) -> Cursor {
+        match &self.now {
+            Gesture::Drag { .. } | Gesture::Pan { .. } | Gesture::Turn { .. } | Gesture::Pinch { .. } => {
+                Cursor::Grabbing
+            }
+            Gesture::Box { .. } | Gesture::Connect { .. } => Cursor::Crosshair,
+            _ => match hovered.and_then(|p| scene.marks.get(p.hit.index)) {
+                Some(mark) if mark.style().interaction.drag => Cursor::Grab,
+                Some(mark) if mark.style().interaction.select => Cursor::Pointer,
+                _ => Cursor::Default,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Follows the velocity of a move of `delta` per second-scaled step.
+    fn track(&mut self, delta: [f64; 2]) {
+        let dt = self.moved.map_or(0.0, |at| self.time - at);
+        self.moved = Some(self.time);
+        if dt > 0.0 {
+            let k = (dt / 0.05).min(1.0);
+            self.velocity = [0, 1].map(|i| self.velocity[i] + (delta[i] / dt - self.velocity[i]) * k);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The velocity a release coasts with: none when the pointer stopped before letting go.
+    fn release(&mut self) -> [f64; 2] {
+        let held = self.moved.is_none_or(|at| self.time - at > HELD);
+        let velocity = std::mem::take(&mut self.velocity);
+        self.moved = None;
+        if held { [0.0; 2] } else { velocity }
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Takes one pointer, wheel, or key input at `time`, seconds on the clock its frames give;
+    /// events it causes queue for [`events`](View::events). Double clicks and flings measure the
+    /// times between inputs. Returns whether the view used it, so a platform stops its default
+    /// handling: scrolling the page, its context menu, focus moving on.
+    pub fn input(&mut self, input: &Input, time: f64) -> bool {
+        if self.size[0] <= 0.0 {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if time.is_finite() {
+            self.gestures.time = time;
+        }
+        let device = self.pointing().device;
+        let used = match *input {
+            Input::Down { pointer, point, button, modifiers, device } => {
+                self.follow_pointer(Trigger { point, modifiers, device });
+                self.down(pointer, button)
+            }
+            Input::Move { pointer, point, modifiers, device } => {
+                self.follow_pointer(Trigger { point, modifiers, device });
+                self.moved(pointer, point);
+                true
+            }
+            Input::Up { pointer, point, modifiers } => {
+                self.follow_pointer(Trigger { point, modifiers, device });
+                self.up(pointer, Some(point))
+            }
+            Input::Cancel { pointer } => self.up(pointer, None),
+            Input::Wheel { point, delta, modifiers } => self.wheel(point, delta, modifiers),
+            Input::Key { key, down: true, modifiers } => self.key(key, modifiers),
+            Input::Key { .. } => false,
+            Input::Leave => {
+                self.left();
+                false
+            }
+        };
+        self.wake();
+        used
+    }
+
+    /// The pointer acts at `trigger`: what reads it evaluates again, and it takes the hover back from
+    /// the keys.
+    fn follow_pointer(&mut self, trigger: Trigger) {
+        self.pointer = Some(trigger);
+        self.gestures.keys.at = None;
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            shown.dirty_rows(shown.channels_reading(Deps::POINTER), None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Where the pointer last acted, the keys it held, and what it is.
+    fn pointing(&self) -> Trigger {
+        self.pointer.unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// The pointer left: nothing it hovered stays hovered.
+    fn left(&mut self) {
+        let trigger = self.pointing();
+        self.pointer = None;
+        if matches!(self.gestures.now, Gesture::Idle) {
+            self.probing.wanted = None;
+            self.probing.latest = None;
+            if self.gestures.keys.at.is_none() {
+                self.hover(None, trigger);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn down(&mut self, pointer: u32, button: Button) -> bool {
+        let trigger = self.pointing();
+        let point = trigger.point;
+        let controls = self.scene.controls;
+        let earlier = match self.gestures.now {
+            Gesture::Press { pointer: first, trigger: Trigger { point: at, .. }, .. }
+            | Gesture::Pan { pointer: first, last: at, .. }
+                if first != pointer && controls.zoom != Zoom::Off =>
+            {
+                self.rig.hold();
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Pinch { pointers: [(first, at), (pointer, point)] };
+                return true;
+            }
+            Gesture::Press { button, trigger: before, answer: None, released: true, .. } => {
+                near(before.point, point, DOUBLE_REACH).then_some((button, before))
+            }
+            Gesture::Idle => None,
+            _ => return true,
+        };
+        self.rig.hold();
+        self.gestures.now = if button == Button::Middle && controls.pan {
+            let anchor = self.anchor(point, self.probing.at(point).as_ref());
+            Gesture::Pan { pointer, anchor, last: point }
+        } else if matches!(button, Button::Primary | Button::Secondary) {
+            let answer = self.probing.at(point);
+            if answer.is_none() {
+                self.probing.wanted = Some(point);
+            }
+            let since = self.clock.now();
+            Gesture::Press { pointer, button, from: point, trigger, answer, released: false, earlier, since }
+        } else {
+            Gesture::Idle
+        };
+        !matches!(self.gestures.now, Gesture::Idle)
+    }
+
+    fn moved(&mut self, pointer: u32, point: [f32; 2]) {
+        let pointing = self.pointing();
+        match &mut self.gestures.now {
+            Gesture::Idle => self.probing.wanted = Some(point),
+            Gesture::Press { pointer: p, trigger, .. } if *p == pointer => {
+                *trigger = pointing;
+                self.pressed();
+            }
+            Gesture::Drag { pointer: p, .. } if *p == pointer => self.drag(Phase::Move, pointing),
+            Gesture::Box { pointer: p, to, .. } if *p == pointer => *to = point,
+            Gesture::Connect { pointer: p, to, .. } if *p == pointer => {
+                *to = point;
+                self.probing.wanted = Some(point);
+            }
+            Gesture::Pan { pointer: p, anchor, last } if *p == pointer => {
+                let (anchor, from) = (*anchor, std::mem::replace(last, point));
+                let delta = [f64::from(point[0] - from[0]), f64::from(point[1] - from[1])];
+                self.gestures.track(delta);
+                let camera = self.camera.panned(&self.projected(), anchor, delta);
+                self.steer(camera);
+            }
+            Gesture::Turn { pointer: p, anchor, last } if *p == pointer => {
+                let (anchor, from) = (*anchor, std::mem::replace(last, point));
+                let degrees = [f64::from(point[0] - from[0]) * TURN, -f64::from(point[1] - from[1]) * TURN];
+                self.gestures.track(degrees);
+                let camera = self.camera.turned(&self.projected(), anchor, degrees);
+                self.steer(camera);
+            }
+            Gesture::Pinch { pointers } => {
+                let Some(i) = pointers.iter().position(|(p, _)| *p == pointer) else { return };
+                let before = *pointers;
+                pointers[i].1 = point;
+                let after = *pointers;
+                let middle = |p: [(u32, [f32; 2]); 2]| {
+                    [f32::midpoint(p[0].1[0], p[1].1[0]), f32::midpoint(p[0].1[1], p[1].1[1])]
+                };
+                let spread = |p: [(u32, [f32; 2]); 2]| (p[0].1[0] - p[1].1[0]).hypot(p[0].1[1] - p[1].1[1]).max(1.0);
+                let (from, to) = (middle(before), middle(after));
+                let anchor = self.anchor(from, None);
+                let delta = [f64::from(to[0] - from[0]), f64::from(to[1] - from[1])];
+                let camera = self.camera.panned(&self.projected(), anchor, delta);
+                let view = self.projected_with(&camera);
+                let camera = camera.zoomed(&view, anchor, f64::from(spread(after) / spread(before)).log2());
+                self.steer(camera);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn up(&mut self, pointer: u32, point: Option<[f32; 2]>) -> bool {
+        let pointing = self.pointing();
+        match &mut self.gestures.now {
+            Gesture::Press { pointer: p, released, trigger, .. } if *p == pointer => {
+                if point.is_none() {
+                    self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                *trigger = pointing;
+                *released = true;
+                self.pressed();
+            }
+            Gesture::Drag { pointer: p, .. } if *p == pointer => {
+                self.drag(Phase::End, pointing);
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+            }
+            Gesture::Pan { pointer: p, anchor, .. } if *p == pointer => {
+                let anchor = *anchor;
+                let velocity = self.gestures.release();
+                if self.moves() {
+                    self.rig.fling(anchor, velocity, [0.0; 2]);
+                }
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+            }
+            Gesture::Turn { pointer: p, anchor, .. } if *p == pointer => {
+                let anchor = *anchor;
+                let velocity = self.gestures.release();
+                if self.moves() {
+                    self.rig.fling(anchor, [0.0; 2], velocity);
+                }
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+            }
+            Gesture::Held { pointer: p } if *p == pointer => self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle,
+            Gesture::Pinch { pointers } if pointers.iter().any(|(p, _)| *p == pointer) => {
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+            }
+            Gesture::Box { pointer: p, from, to } if *p == pointer => {
+                let corners = [*from, point.unwrap_or(*to)];
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+                if point.is_some() {
+                    self.select_box(corners, pointing);
+                }
+            }
+            Gesture::Connect { pointer: p, .. } if *p == pointer => {
+                let Gesture::Connect { from, edge, .. } = std::mem::take(&mut self.gestures.now) else { return true };
+                if let Some(point) = point {
+                    let hits = self.pick(point, self.scene.controls.pick_radius);
+                    self.events.tell_after(hits, Awaited::Connect { from, edge, trigger: pointing });
+                }
+            }
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// A probe landed: a press waiting for it decides; otherwise it is what the pointer hovers,
+    /// unless the keys point at a row.
+    pub(super) fn landed(&mut self, point: [f32; 2], answer: Answer) {
+        if let Gesture::Press { from, answer: waiting @ None, .. } = &mut self.gestures.now
+            && near(*from, point, 0.5)
+        {
+            *waiting = Some(answer.clone());
+            self.probing.latest = Some((point, answer));
+            self.pressed();
+            return;
+        }
+        let hit = answer.hit.as_ref().map(|probed| probed.hit.clone());
+        self.probing.latest = Some((point, answer));
+        if self.gestures.keys.at.is_none() {
+            self.hover(hit, Trigger { point, ..self.pointing() });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Points at `hit`, telling the application when the row changed.
+    fn hover(&mut self, hit: Option<Hit>, trigger: Trigger) {
+        if hit.as_ref().map(|h| &h.row) != self.focus.hovered.as_ref().map(|h| &h.row) {
+            self.focus.dirty = true;
+            self.events.tell(Event::Hover { hit: hit.clone(), trigger });
+            self.wake();
+        }
+        self.focus.hovered = hit;
+    }
+
+    /// Decides a press: once it moves with Shift and boxes select, a box, whatever lies under it;
+    /// otherwise once what lies under it is known, a release clicks or asks for a menu, and a move
+    /// connects, drags, pans, or turns.
+    fn pressed(&mut self) {
+        let Gesture::Press { pointer, button, from, trigger, answer, released, earlier, .. } = &mut self.gestures.now
+        else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let boxing = *button == Button::Primary
+            && trigger.modifiers.shift
+            && self.scene.controls.select_box
+            && !near(*from, trigger.point, SLOP);
+        if boxing {
+            let (pointer, corners, trigger, released) = (*pointer, [*from, trigger.point], *trigger, *released);
+            if released {
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+                self.select_box(corners, trigger);
+            } else {
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Box { pointer, from: corners[0], to: corners[1] };
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some(answer) = answer.clone() else { return };
+        let (pointer, button, from, trigger, released, earlier) =
+            (*pointer, *button, *from, *trigger, *released, earlier.take());
+        if let Some((button, trigger)) = earlier {
+            self.tap(button, answer.hit.clone(), trigger);
+        }
+        if released {
+            self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+            self.tap(button, answer.hit, trigger);
+            return;
+        }
+        let to = trigger.point;
+        if near(from, to, SLOP) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // The secondary button turns a map or plane once it moves, and so does Shift.
+        let turns = self.turns() && matches!(self.camera, Camera::Map { .. });
+        if button == Button::Secondary || (trigger.modifiers.shift && turns) {
+            self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle;
+            if turns {
+                let anchor = self.anchor(from, Some(&answer));
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Turn { pointer, anchor, last: from };
+                self.moved(pointer, to);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if self.scene.controls.connect
+            && let Some((from, edge, anchor)) =
+                answer.hit.as_ref().and_then(|probed| self.connect_from(probed, trigger.modifiers))
+        {
+            let locating = anchor.is_none().then(|| self.locate(&from.row));
+            self.gestures.now = Gesture::Connect { pointer, from, edge, anchor, locating, to };
+            return;
+        }
+        let drags =
+            |probed: &Probed| self.scene.marks.get(probed.hit.index).is_some_and(|m| m.style().interaction.drag);
+        match answer.hit {
+            Some(probed) if drags(&probed) => {
+                let grab = [probed.hit.point[0] - from[0], probed.hit.point[1] - from[1]];
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Drag { pointer, probed, grab };
+                self.drag(Phase::Start, trigger);
+            }
+            _ if self.scene.controls.pan => {
+                let anchor = self.anchor(from, Some(&answer));
+                let delta = [f64::from(to[0] - from[0]), f64::from(to[1] - from[1])];
+                self.gestures.now = Gesture::Pan { pointer, anchor, last: to };
+                let camera = self.camera.panned(&self.projected(), anchor, delta);
+                self.steer(camera);
+            }
+            _ => self.gestures.now = Gesture::Idle,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A press let go where it began: a click, or a menu for the secondary button.
+    fn tap(&mut self, button: Button, hit: Option<Probed>, trigger: Trigger) {
+        if button == Button::Secondary {
+            self.menu(trigger);
+        } else {
+            self.click(hit, trigger);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn click(&mut self, hit: Option<Probed>, trigger: Trigger) {
+        let now = self.gestures.time;
+        let row = hit.as_ref().map(|p| p.hit.row.clone());
+        let last = self.gestures.clicked.take();
+        let again = last
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|(_, p, _, camera)| near(*p, trigger.point, DOUBLE_REACH) && *camera == self.camera);
+        let double = again && last.as_ref().is_some_and(|(at, _, r, _)| now - at < DOUBLE && *r == row);
+        if !double {
+            self.gestures.clicked = Some((now, trigger.point, row, self.camera));
+        }
+        let toggle = trigger.modifiers.toggles();
+        match hit {
+            Some(Probed { hit, .. }) => {
+                self.events.tell(Event::Click { hit: hit.clone(), trigger });
+                if double {
+                    self.events.tell(Event::Open { hit: hit.clone(), trigger });
+                }
+                if again && !double && !toggle && self.scene.controls.cycle {
+                    // The next row under the point, once a pick lists them nearest first.
+                    let hits = self.pick(trigger.point, self.scene.controls.pick_radius);
+                    let after = self.focus.selection.last().cloned();
+                    self.events.tell_after(hits, Awaited::Cycle { after, trigger });
+                } else if self.selects(hit.index) {
+                    self.select_row(hit.row, toggle, trigger);
+                }
+            }
+            None if double => self.fit(Fit::All),
+            None if !toggle => self.reselect(Vec::new(), Some(trigger)),
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Selects `row` alone, or with `toggle` adds it to the selection or takes it out.
+    fn select_row(&mut self, row: Row, toggle: bool, trigger: Trigger) {
+        let mut selection = if toggle { self.focus.selection.clone() } else { Vec::new() };
+        match selection.iter().position(|r| *r == row) {
+            Some(i) if toggle => {
+                selection.remove(i);
+            }
+            Some(_) => {}
+            None => selection.push(row),
+        }
+        self.reselect(selection, Some(trigger));
+    }
+
+    /// Selects `selection` for the user, or without a trigger for the data, telling the application
+    /// when it changed.
+    pub(super) fn reselect(&mut self, selection: Vec<Row>, trigger: Option<Trigger>) {
+        if selection != self.focus.selection {
+            self.focus.selection.clone_from(&selection);
+            self.focus.dirty = true;
+            self.events.tell(Event::Select { rows: Rows::group(selection), trigger });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Tells where the row dragged goes with the pointer at `trigger`: where it was hit, moved as the
+    /// pointer moved since the press, at the depth the drag started; on a diagram's dots when it snaps.
+    fn drag(&mut self, phase: Phase, trigger: Trigger) {
+        let Gesture::Drag { probed, grab, .. } = &self.gestures.now else { return };
+        let view = self.projected();
+        let at = [trigger.point[0] + grab[0], trigger.point[1] + grab[1]];
+        let mut position = view.position(view.unproject(at.map(f64::from), f64::from(probed.depth)));
+        if let Space::Diagram(diagram) = &self.scene.space
+            && let Grid::Dots { pitch, snap: true } = diagram.grid
+            && pitch > 0.0
+        {
+            for v in &mut position[..2] {
+                *v = (*v / pitch).round() * pitch;
+            }
+        }
+        self.events.tell(Event::Drag { phase, hit: probed.hit.clone(), position, trigger });
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a row is being dragged: what it moves follows at once.
+    pub(super) fn dragging(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.gestures.now, Gesture::Drag { .. })
+    }
+
+    /// Whether gestures and keys turn the camera: never in a diagram.
+    fn turns(&self) -> bool {
+        self.scene.controls.turn && !matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the rows of mark `mark` select.
+    fn selects(&self, mark: usize) -> bool {
+        self.scene.marks.get(mark).is_some_and(|m| m.style().interaction.select)
+    }
+
+    /// Where a connection starts from what a press hit: a port, or a vertex with Alt, starts one
+    /// there; an edge with ends lets go of the end it was pressed nearer, from the one that stays.
+    fn connect_from(&self, probed: &Probed, modifiers: Modifiers) -> Option<(End, Option<Row>, Option<[f32; 2]>)> {
+        let hit = &probed.hit;
+        let shown = self.marks.get(hit.index)?;
+        match shown.kind() {
+            MarkKind::Vertices if hit.port.is_some() || modifiers.alt => {
+                Some((End { row: hit.row.clone(), port: hit.port.clone() }, None, Some(hit.point)))
+            }
+            MarkKind::Edges => {
+                let crate::Mark::Edges(edges) = &shown.mark else { return None };
+                let (first, second) = edges.ends.as_ref()?;
+                let stays = if probed.end == 0 { second } else { first };
+                let row = self.referenced(&hit.row, stays)?;
+                Some((End { row, port: None }, Some(hit.row.clone()), None))
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Asks what lies under the trigger's point, for a menu told in its place once the pick answers.
+    fn menu(&mut self, trigger: Trigger) {
+        let hits = self.pick(trigger.point, self.scene.controls.pick_radius);
+        self.events.tell_after(hits, Awaited::Menu(trigger));
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the intents whose picks answered, in their places among the intents; takes the keys'
+    /// rows once picked; and starts a connection being drawn where the row it stays at lies.
+    pub(super) fn settle_gestures(&mut self) {
+        if let Gesture::Connect { anchor, locating: Some(locating), .. } = &mut self.gestures.now
+            && let Some(found) = locating.take()
+        {
+            *anchor = found.ok().flatten();
+            if let Gesture::Connect { locating, .. } = &mut self.gestures.now {
+                *locating = None;
+            }
+        }
+        let mut events = std::mem::take(&mut self.events);
+        events.settle(|hits, awaited| self.finish(hits, awaited));
+        self.events = events;
+        self.settle_keys();
+        self.held_long();
+    }
+
+    /// The event `awaited` makes of the hits its pick found, if any: an intent, or the selection a
+    /// cycling click moves to.
+    fn finish(&mut self, hits: Vec<Hit>, awaited: Awaited) -> Option<Event> {
+        Some(match awaited {
+            Awaited::Menu(trigger) => Event::Menu { hits, trigger },
+            Awaited::Connect { from, edge, trigger } => {
+                let vertex = |hit: &&Hit| {
+                    self.marks.get(hit.index).is_some_and(|m| m.kind() == MarkKind::Vertices) && hit.row != from.row
+                };
+                let to = hits.iter().find(vertex).map(|hit| End { row: hit.row.clone(), port: hit.port.clone() });
+                Event::Connect { from, to, edge, trigger }
+            }
+            Awaited::Cycle { after, trigger } => {
+                let mut rows: Vec<Row> = Vec::new();
+                for hit in hits.into_iter().filter(|hit| self.selects(hit.index)) {
+                    if !rows.contains(&hit.row) {
+                        rows.push(hit.row);
+                    }
+                }
+                let next = after.and_then(|row| rows.iter().position(|r| *r == row)).map_or(0, |i| i + 1);
+                let selection = vec![rows.get(next % rows.len().max(1))?.clone()];
+                if selection == self.focus.selection {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                self.focus.selection.clone_from(&selection);
+                self.focus.dirty = true;
+                Event::Select { rows: Rows::group(selection), trigger: Some(trigger) }
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A touch or a pen held still for the controls' press asks for a menu where it is.
+    fn held_long(&mut self) {
+        let press = self.scene.controls.press.as_secs_f64();
+        let Gesture::Press { pointer, from, trigger, released: false, since, .. } = self.gestures.now else { return };
+        let still = near(from, trigger.point, SLOP) && matches!(trigger.device, Device::Touch | Device::Pen);
+        if still && press > 0.0 && self.clock.now() - since >= press {
+            self.gestures.now = Gesture::Held { pointer };
+            self.menu(trigger);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a touch or a pen is held still, toward a menu: frames go on to notice it.
+    pub(super) fn holding(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.gestures.now, Gesture::Press { released: false, trigger, .. }
+            if matches!(trigger.device, Device::Touch | Device::Pen))
+            && !self.scene.controls.press.is_zero()
+    }
+
+    /// The wheel zooms about the point under it, as the controls allow; otherwise the page has it.
+    fn wheel(&mut self, point: [f32; 2], delta: [f32; 2], modifiers: Modifiers) -> bool {
+        let zooms = match self.scene.controls.zoom {
+            Zoom::Wheel => true,
+            Zoom::Modifier => modifiers.control || modifiers.meta,
+            Zoom::Off => false,
+        };
+        if !zooms {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let anchor = self.anchor(point, self.probing.at(point).as_ref());
+        let levels = f64::from(-delta[1] / 400.0).clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
+        self.rig.owe(anchor, [0.0; 2], [0.0; 2], levels);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn key(&mut self, key: Key, modifiers: Modifiers) -> bool {
+        let controls = self.scene.controls;
+        let stepped = self.gestures.keys.row().cloned();
+        let point =
+            stepped.as_ref().map(|hit| hit.point).or(self.pointer.map(|p| p.point)).unwrap_or_else(|| self.middle());
+        let trigger = Trigger { point, modifiers, device: Device::Keyboard };
+        if controls.keyboard {
+            match (key, &stepped) {
+                (Key::Tab, _) => return self.step(key, modifiers),
+                (Key::Left | Key::Right | Key::Up | Key::Down, Some(_)) => {
+                    if self.step(key, modifiers) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+                (Key::Enter, Some(hit)) => {
+                    self.events.tell(Event::Open { hit: hit.clone(), trigger });
+                    return true;
+                }
+                (Key::Space, Some(hit)) if self.selects(hit.index) => {
+                    self.select_row(hit.row.clone(), true, trigger);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                (Key::Escape, Some(_)) => {
+                    self.gestures.keys.at = None;
+                    self.hover(None, trigger);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        match key {
+            Key::Delete | Key::Backspace if controls.delete && !self.focus.selection.is_empty() => {
+                self.events.tell(Event::Delete { rows: Rows::group(self.focus.selection.iter().cloned()), trigger });
+                return true;
+            }
+            Key::Menu => {
+                self.menu(trigger);
+                return true;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        if !controls.keyboard {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let anchor = match self.camera {
+            Camera::Map { center, .. } => center,
+            Camera::Plot { .. } => {
+                let area = self.area();
+                self.anchor([area[0].midpoint(area[2]) as f32, area[1].midpoint(area[3]) as f32], None)
+            }
+        };
+        let arrow = match key {
+            Key::Left => Some([1.0, 0.0]),
+            Key::Right => Some([-1.0, 0.0]),
+            Key::Up => Some([0.0, 1.0]),
+            Key::Down => Some([0.0, -1.0]),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        match (key, arrow) {
+            (_, Some([dx, dy])) if modifiers.shift && self.turns() => {
+                self.rig.owe(anchor, [0.0; 2], [-dx * STEP_TURN, dy * STEP_TURN], 0.0);
+            }
+            (_, Some([dx, dy])) if controls.pan => self.rig.owe(anchor, [dx * STEP, dy * STEP], [0.0; 2], 0.0),
+            (Key::Plus, _) if controls.zoom != Zoom::Off => self.rig.owe(anchor, [0.0; 2], [0.0; 2], STEP_ZOOM),
+            (Key::Minus, _) if controls.zoom != Zoom::Off => self.rig.owe(anchor, [0.0; 2], [0.0; 2], -STEP_ZOOM),
+            (Key::Home, _) => self.fit(Fit::All),
+            (Key::Escape, _) => self.reselect(Vec::new(), Some(trigger)),
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Steps the row the keys point at: Tab to the next row nearest the view's middle, Shift+Tab
+    /// back, an arrow to the nearest row its way. Tab steps through the rows as last picked and waits
+    /// only for the first pick; an arrow waits for rows picked where the frame now draws them. Past
+    /// either end Tab is not used, so focus moves on. Whether the key was used.
+    fn step(&mut self, key: Key, modifiers: Modifiers) -> bool {
+        let tab = key == Key::Tab;
+        if !self.gestures.keys.fresh && self.gestures.keys.picking.is_none() {
+            if !self.marks.iter().any(Shown::probed) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            let [w, h] = self.size.map(|v| v as f32);
+            let picking = self.pick(self.middle(), w.hypot(h) / 2.0);
+            self.gestures.keys.picking = Some(picking);
+        }
+        let keys = &self.gestures.keys;
+        if keys.rows.is_none() || (!tab && !keys.fresh) {
+            self.gestures.keys.queued.push((key, modifiers));
+            return true;
+        }
+        let rows = keys.rows.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let next = match (key, keys.at) {
+            (Key::Tab, None) => (!rows.is_empty()).then_some(0),
+            (Key::Tab, Some(i)) if modifiers.shift => i.checked_sub(1),
+            (Key::Tab, Some(i)) => Some(i + 1).filter(|&j| j < rows.len()),
+            (arrow, Some(i)) => toward(rows, i, arrow),
+            (_, None) => None,
+        };
+        let Some(next) = next else {
+            if tab && self.gestures.keys.at.take().is_some() {
+                self.hover(None, Trigger { point: self.middle(), modifiers, device: Device::Keyboard });
+            }
+            return false;
+        };
+        let hit = rows[next].clone();
+        self.gestures.keys.at = Some(next);
+        self.hover(Some(hit.clone()), Trigger { point: hit.point, modifiers, device: Device::Keyboard });
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the keys' rows once their pick answers, and steps the keys that waited for them.
+    fn settle_keys(&mut self) {
+        let keys = &mut self.gestures.keys;
+        let Some(rows) = keys.picking.as_ref().and_then(Pending::take) else { return };
+        let held = keys.row().map(|hit| hit.row.clone());
+        let rows = rows.unwrap_or_default();
+        // The row stepped to keeps its place among the rows as now drawn.
+        keys.at = held.as_ref().and_then(|row| rows.iter().position(|hit| hit.row == *row));
+        keys.rows = Some(rows);
+        keys.picking = None;
+        keys.fresh = true;
+        let queued = std::mem::take(&mut keys.queued);
+        if held.is_some() && self.gestures.keys.at.is_none() {
+            self.hover(None, Trigger { point: self.middle(), device: Device::Keyboard, ..Trigger::default() });
+        }
+        for (key, modifiers) in queued {
+            self.step(key, modifiers);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The middle of the view, CSS pixels from the top left.
+    fn middle(&self) -> [f32; 2] {
+        let [w, h] = self.size.map(|v| v as f32);
+        [w / 2.0, h / 2.0]
+    }
+}
+
+/// The row of `rows` nearest row `i` within 45° of the arrow's way from it.
+fn toward(rows: &[Hit], i: usize, arrow: Key) -> Option<usize> {
+    let way = match arrow {
+        Key::Left => [-1.0, 0.0],
+        Key::Right => [1.0, 0.0],
+        Key::Up => [0.0, -1.0],
+        Key::Down => [0.0, 1.0],
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let from = rows.get(i)?.point;
+    let offset = |hit: &Hit| [hit.point[0] - from[0], hit.point[1] - from[1]];
+    let distance = |hit: &Hit| {
+        let [dx, dy] = offset(hit);
+        dx.hypot(dy)
+    };
+    rows.iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|&(j, hit)| {
+            let [dx, dy] = offset(hit);
+            j != i && dx * way[0] + dy * way[1] > distance(hit) * std::f32::consts::FRAC_1_SQRT_2
+        })
+        .min_by(|(_, a), (_, b)| distance(a).total_cmp(&distance(b)))
+        .map(|(j, _)| j)
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/graph.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/graph.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb95f1cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/graph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+//! The graph a view's data holds: the rows joined to a row across edges and nets, the row a reference
+//! names, and which vertex mark an end attaches to.
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
+
+use super::View;
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use crate::data::{Field, Reference, Table};
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+use crate::{Name, Route, Row, Rows, Space};
+
+/// The reference field `name` of `table`.
+fn reference<'t>(table: &'t Table, name: &str) -> Option<&'t Reference> {
+    match table.field_named(name)? {
+        Field::Reference(reference) => Some(reference),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// The rows joined to `row`: a vertex's neighbors across edges and nets, or an edge's or a net's
+    /// vertices, a set per table. It reads the references' inverses, so it costs what the row's degree
+    /// does.
+    pub fn neighbors(&self, row: &Row) -> Vec<Rows> {
+        let mut found: Vec<Row> = Vec::new();
+        let Some(data) = self.data(&row.data) else { return Vec::new() };
+        let Some(index) = data.table(&row.table).and_then(|t| t.row(row.id.as_ref())) else { return Vec::new() };
+        let at = |table: &Name, r: u32| {
+            let id = data.table(table)?.ids.id(r as usize)?;
+            Some(Row { data: row.data.clone(), table: table.clone(), id })
+        };
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            let crate::Mark::Edges(edges) = &shown.mark else { continue };
+            let Some(table) = data.table(&style.table).filter(|_| style.data == row.data) else { continue };
+            if let Some((from, to)) = &edges.ends {
+                let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (reference(table, from), reference(table, to)) else { continue };
+                if style.table == row.table {
+                    found.extend([a, b].into_iter().filter_map(|r| at(&r.to, r.target(index)?)));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (near, far) in [(a, b), (b, a)] {
+                    if near.to == row.table {
+                        let rows = near.inverse().of(index);
+                        found.extend(rows.iter().filter_map(|&e| at(&far.to, far.target(e as usize)?)));
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            // A net: its terminals are the vertices whose port references name it.
+            let ports = self.ports_naming(i);
+            let net = if style.table == row.table {
+                Some(index)
+            } else {
+                ports.iter().find_map(|(m, name)| {
+                    let vertices = &self.marks[*m].mark.style().table;
+                    if *vertices != row.table {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    reference(data.table(vertices)?, name)?.target(index).map(|n| n as usize)
+                })
+            };
+            let Some(net) = net else { continue };
+            for (m, name) in &ports {
+                let vertices = &self.marks[*m].mark.style().table;
+                let Some(r) = data.table(vertices).and_then(|t| reference(t, name)) else { continue };
+                found.extend(r.inverse().of(net).iter().filter_map(|&v| at(vertices, v)).filter(|r| r != row));
+            }
+        }
+        let mut seen = FxHashSet::default();
+        found.retain(|r| seen.insert(r.clone()));
+        Rows::group(found)
+    }
+
+    /// Every vertex mark's port reference field that names rows of net mark `i`'s table.
+    fn ports_naming(&self, i: usize) -> Vec<(usize, Name)> {
+        let style = self.marks[i].mark.style();
+        let Some(data) = self.data(&style.data) else { return Vec::new() };
+        let mut found = Vec::new();
+        for (m, shown) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let s = shown.mark.style();
+            let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { continue };
+            if shown.kind() != MarkKind::Vertices || s.data != style.data {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(table) = data.table(&s.table) else { continue };
+            for (name, ..) in &compiled.drawing.ports {
+                if reference(table, name).is_some_and(|r| r.to == style.table) {
+                    found.push((m, name.clone()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        found
+    }
+
+    /// The row `row`'s reference field `field` names.
+    pub(super) fn referenced(&self, row: &Row, field: &str) -> Option<Row> {
+        let data = self.data(&row.data)?;
+        let table = data.table(&row.table)?;
+        let r = reference(table, field)?;
+        let id = data.table(&r.to)?.ids.id(r.target(table.row(row.id.as_ref())?)? as usize)?;
+        Some(Row { data: row.data.clone(), table: r.to.clone(), id })
+    }
+
+    /// Marks each edge mark on the earth whose route is not straight as following great circles.
+    pub(super) fn geodesic(&self, shown: &Shown) -> bool {
+        let Space::Earth(_) = self.scene.space else { return false };
+        match &shown.mark {
+            crate::Mark::Edges(edges) => edges.ends.is_some() && matches!(edges.route, None | Some(Route::Geodesic)),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The vertex mark drawing `table` that ends attach to: the unnamed one, else the first.
+pub(super) fn end_mark(marks: &[Shown], data: &Name, table: &Name) -> Option<usize> {
+    let drawing = |i: &usize| {
+        let m = &marks[*i];
+        m.kind() == MarkKind::Vertices
+            && m.compiled.is_some()
+            && m.mark.style().data == *data
+            && m.mark.style().table == *table
+    };
+    let mut candidates = (0..marks.len()).filter(drawing);
+    (0..marks.len()).filter(drawing).find(|&i| marks[i].mark.style().name.is_none()).or_else(|| candidates.next())
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/input.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/input.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a39688b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/input.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+//! Input as a view reads it, from any platform: a browser canvas translates its events into these.
+
+/// A pointer, wheel, or key event, with points in CSS pixels from the view's top left.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum Input {
+    /// A pointer pressed.
+    Down {
+        /// Tells pointers apart while several are down.
+        pointer: u32,
+        /// Where.
+        point: [f32; 2],
+        /// Which button.
+        button: Button,
+        /// Keys held.
+        modifiers: Modifiers,
+        /// What pressed: a finger's picks reach farther.
+        device: Device,
+    },
+    /// A pointer moved.
+    Move {
+        /// Which pointer.
+        pointer: u32,
+        /// Where to.
+        point: [f32; 2],
+        /// Keys held.
+        modifiers: Modifiers,
+        /// What moved.
+        device: Device,
+    },
+    /// A pointer let go.
+    Up {
+        /// Which pointer.
+        pointer: u32,
+        /// Where.
+        point: [f32; 2],
+        /// Keys held.
+        modifiers: Modifiers,
+    },
+    /// The platform took a pointer away.
+    Cancel {
+        /// Which pointer.
+        pointer: u32,
+    },
+    /// The wheel turned: CSS pixels, positive down and right.
+    Wheel {
+        /// Where the pointer is.
+        point: [f32; 2],
+        /// How far.
+        delta: [f32; 2],
+        /// Keys held.
+        modifiers: Modifiers,
+    },
+    /// A key went down or up while the view had focus.
+    Key {
+        /// Which key.
+        key: Key,
+        /// Whether it went down.
+        down: bool,
+        /// Keys held.
+        modifiers: Modifiers,
+    },
+    /// The pointer left the view.
+    Leave,
+}
+
+/// A pointer button.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Button {
+    /// The main button: left, or a touch.
+    Primary,
+    /// The context button: right.
+    Secondary,
+    /// The middle button or wheel press.
+    Middle,
+}
+
+/// What the user acts with.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Device {
+    /// A mouse or a trackpad.
+    #[default]
+    Mouse,
+    /// A pen.
+    Pen,
+    /// A finger: picks reach 8 CSS pixels farther.
+    Touch,
+    /// The keys.
+    Keyboard,
+}
+
+/// Keys held during an input.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default, serde::Serialize, schemars::JsonSchema)]
+pub struct Modifiers {
+    /// Shift.
+    pub shift: bool,
+    /// Control.
+    pub control: bool,
+    /// Alt or Option.
+    pub alt: bool,
+    /// Meta: Command or Windows.
+    pub meta: bool,
+}
+
+impl Modifiers {
+    /// Whether a click adds its row to the selection or takes it out: Shift, Control, or Meta held.
+    pub fn toggles(self) -> bool {
+        self.shift || self.control || self.meta
+    }
+}
+
+/// The keys a view answers.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Key {
+    /// Escape.
+    Escape,
+    /// Enter or Return.
+    Enter,
+    /// Delete.
+    Delete,
+    /// Backspace.
+    Backspace,
+    /// Home.
+    Home,
+    /// Tab.
+    Tab,
+    /// Space.
+    Space,
+    /// Plus or equals.
+    Plus,
+    /// Minus.
+    Minus,
+    /// Left arrow.
+    Left,
+    /// Right arrow.
+    Right,
+    /// Up arrow.
+    Up,
+    /// Down arrow.
+    Down,
+    /// The context menu key.
+    Menu,
+    /// Any other key.
+    Other,
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/labels.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/labels.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a2d8d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/labels.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+//! Labels: each labeled mark keeps, in the labels buffer, a candidate per row and a run table from
+//! its text codes to where the atlas holds each text, or, until the text is set, an estimate of its
+//! size. Draws place every label from its anchor each frame. Placement decides which show: it runs
+//! on the GPU when the camera, a labeled mark's state, or a run table changed, as candidates, then
+//! rounds of claim and decide on a grid of cells, and labels fade in and out after it. Only placed
+//! labels ask for their texts, so the host sets no more texts than fit on screen however many rows
+//! are labeled. A diagram's labels scale with the sheet and show wherever they fit, so there
+//! placement only gathers the texts the atlas lacks. Those are read back, with the texts of labels
+//! shown, which the atlas keeps; the host sets a few each frame, and they show the frame after.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use web_time::Instant;
+
+use super::View;
+use super::passes::{dispatch, offset};
+use super::resources::EyeSlot;
+use super::sync::{Source, table_of};
+use crate::Space;
+use crate::derive::{Derived, stamp_of};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::atlas::{self, Glyphs};
+use crate::gpu::pipelines::Variant;
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{self as wgsl, Shader};
+use crate::host::TextRun;
+
+/// Rounds of claim and decide each placement runs.
+const ROUNDS: u32 = 6;
+/// Words of the select capping a mark's labels: a digit's buckets, then its state.
+const SELECT_WORDS: u32 = 2048 + 3;
+/// Digits of a key the select finds, one pass each.
+const DIGITS: u32 = 3;
+/// Seconds labels fade in or out over.
+const FADE: f64 = 0.2;
+/// Texts the host sets per frame at most, and the time setting them and making their distance
+/// fields may take.
+const BUDGET: usize = 48;
+const BUDGET_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_millis(4);
+
+/// Where one labeled mark's words lie in the labels buffer.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Slots {
+    pub(crate) candidates: u32,
+    pub(crate) runs: u32,
+    pub(crate) wanted: u32,
+    pub(crate) seen: u32,
+    pub(crate) id: u32,
+    /// The select capping the mark's labels, or `NONE` without a cap.
+    pub(crate) select: u32,
+    /// Rows and codes the slots hold.
+    rows: u32,
+    codes: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Labels {
+    /// Each labeled mark's slots, by mark.
+    slots: Vec<Option<Slots>>,
+    /// The cell grid: where it starts, its columns, and its rows.
+    pub(crate) cells: [u32; 3],
+    words: u32,
+    /// What placement last ran from, and the readback of the texts it asked for.
+    placed: Derived<()>,
+    /// The labeled marks' slots when placement asked.
+    asked: Vec<(usize, Slots)>,
+    /// Labels fade until then, on the view's clock.
+    fading: Option<f64>,
+    /// Whether the last placement that landed asked for texts, which the next one shows.
+    wanting: bool,
+    /// Each labeled mark's written codes, with the run and where it lay.
+    written: HashMap<usize, HashMap<u32, (TextRun, Glyphs)>>,
+    /// Each labeled mark's codes whose run table entries hold a run or an estimate.
+    estimated: HashMap<usize, u32>,
+    evictions: u64,
+    /// Bumps whenever a run table changes.
+    changes: u64,
+}
+
+impl Labels {
+    /// Whether every label placed shows its text: no placement is read back, and the last asked
+    /// for no text it lacked.
+    pub(crate) fn complete(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.placed.busy() && !self.wanting
+    }
+
+    /// Whether labels are fading in or out at `now` on the view's clock.
+    pub(crate) fn fading(&self, now: f64) -> bool {
+        self.fading.is_some_and(|until| now < until)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn slots(&self, mark: usize) -> Option<Slots> {
+        self.slots.get(mark).copied().flatten()
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// The run each code of mark `i`'s label text is set as: at the base size, whatever size it shows
+    /// at, as a diagram's sheet measures it.
+    fn run_of(&self, i: usize, code: u32, inner: &mut Inner) -> Option<TextRun> {
+        let shown = &self.marks[i];
+        let compiled = shown.compiled.as_ref()?;
+        let labeling = compiled.drawing.label.as_ref()?;
+        let column = &compiled.program.columns[labeling.column as usize];
+        let style = shown.mark.style();
+        let data = self.drawn(&style.data)?;
+        let source = Source { data, table: data.table(&style.table)?, derived: [None; 2] };
+        let (d, t) = table_of(column, &source, &self.data)?;
+        let text = inner.dictionaries.field(d, &t.name, &column.name).text(code)?.clone();
+        Some(atlas::run(text, labeling.font.clone(), labeling.size, labeling.max_width))
+    }
+
+    /// Codes mark `i`'s label text has so far.
+    fn codes_of(&self, i: usize, inner: &mut Inner) -> u32 {
+        let shown = &self.marks[i];
+        let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { return 0 };
+        let Some(labeling) = &compiled.drawing.label else { return 0 };
+        let column = &compiled.program.columns[labeling.column as usize];
+        let style = shown.mark.style();
+        let Some(data) = self.drawn(&style.data) else { return 0 };
+        let Some(table) = data.table(&style.table) else { return 0 };
+        let source = Source { data, table, derived: [None; 2] };
+        let Some((d, t)) = table_of(column, &source, &self.data) else { return 0 };
+        inner.dictionaries.field(d, &t.name, &column.name).len() as u32
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the texts a placement asked for, within the frame's budget; placement asks again for
+    /// those left.
+    pub(super) fn settle_labels(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) {
+        let Some((_, bytes)) = self.labels.placed.landed() else { return };
+        let asked = std::mem::take(&mut self.labels.asked);
+        let words: &[u32] = bytemuck::cast_slice(&bytes);
+        let started = Instant::now();
+        let (mut set, mut left) = (0, false);
+        'marks: for (i, slots) in asked {
+            if self.labels.slots(i) != Some(slots) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let first = self.labels.slots.iter().flatten().map(|s| s.wanted).min().unwrap_or(0);
+            // Texts labels show stay in the atlas.
+            let seen = (slots.seen - first) as usize;
+            if let (Some(bits), Some(written)) =
+                (words.get(seen..seen + (slots.codes / 32) as usize), self.labels.written.get(&i))
+            {
+                for (k, &word) in bits.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let mut word = word;
+                    while word != 0 {
+                        let code = k as u32 * 32 + word.trailing_zeros();
+                        word &= word - 1;
+                        if let Some((run, _)) = written.get(&code) {
+                            inner.atlas.touch(run);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            let at = (slots.wanted - first) as usize;
+            let count = words.get(at).copied().unwrap_or(0).min(wgsl::WANTED) as usize;
+            let mut codes: Vec<u32> = words.get(at + 1..at + 1 + count).unwrap_or(&[]).to_vec();
+            codes.sort_unstable();
+            codes.dedup();
+            for code in codes.into_iter().take_while(|&code| code < slots.codes) {
+                if set == BUDGET || started.elapsed() > BUDGET_TIME {
+                    left = true;
+                    break 'marks;
+                }
+                let Some(run) = self.run_of(i, code, inner) else { continue };
+                let host = inner.host.clone();
+                let Some(glyphs) = inner.atlas.text(host.as_deref(), &run) else { continue };
+                set += 1;
+                self.write_run(i, slots, code, run, glyphs);
+            }
+        }
+        self.labels.wanting = set > 0 || left;
+        if self.labels.wanting {
+            self.labels.changes += 1;
+            self.wake();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_run(&mut self, i: usize, slots: Slots, code: u32, run: TextRun, glyphs: Glyphs) {
+        let words = glyphs.corners();
+        if let Some(resources) = &self.resources {
+            let at = u64::from(slots.runs + 2 * code) * 4;
+            self.gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(resources.labels(), at, bytemuck::cast_slice(&words));
+        }
+        self.labels.written.entry(i).or_default().insert(code, (run, glyphs));
+    }
+
+    /// Lays each labeled mark's slots out in the labels buffer, starting it over when they moved;
+    /// drops run table entries the atlas evicted.
+    pub(super) fn lay_out_labels(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) {
+        let mut slots: Vec<Option<Slots>> = vec![None; self.marks.len()];
+        let labeled: Vec<usize> = (0..self.marks.len())
+            .filter(|&i| {
+                self.marks[i].drawable() && self.marks[i].compiled.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.drawing.label.is_some())
+            })
+            .collect();
+        // Wanted codes, then seen codes, so one copy reads them all; then the cells; then each mark's
+        // candidates and run table.
+        let mut at = 0;
+        let codes: Vec<u32> = labeled.iter().map(|&i| self.codes_of(i, inner).next_power_of_two().max(64)).collect();
+        for &i in &labeled {
+            slots[i] = Some(Slots {
+                candidates: 0,
+                runs: 0,
+                wanted: at,
+                seen: 0,
+                id: 0,
+                select: wgsl::NONE,
+                rows: 0,
+                codes: 0,
+            });
+            at += 1 + wgsl::WANTED;
+        }
+        for (&i, &codes) in labeled.iter().zip(&codes) {
+            let s = slots[i].as_mut().expect("labeled");
+            s.seen = at;
+            s.codes = codes;
+            at += codes / 32;
+        }
+        let columns = (self.size[0] / f64::from(wgsl::CELL)).ceil().max(1.0) as u32;
+        let rows = (self.size[1] / f64::from(wgsl::CELL)).ceil().max(1.0) as u32;
+        let cells = [at, columns, rows];
+        at += columns * rows;
+        let mut id = 0;
+        for &i in &labeled {
+            let mark_rows = self.marks[i].region.capacity;
+            let s = slots[i].as_mut().expect("labeled");
+            s.candidates = at;
+            s.rows = mark_rows;
+            at += mark_rows * wgsl::CANDIDATE_WORDS;
+            s.runs = at;
+            at += 2 * s.codes;
+            s.id = id;
+            id += mark_rows;
+            if self.marks[i].compiled.as_ref().and_then(|c| c.drawing.label.as_ref()).is_some_and(|l| l.max.is_some()) {
+                s.select = at;
+                at += SELECT_WORDS;
+            }
+        }
+        if slots != self.labels.slots || cells != self.labels.cells {
+            let device = self.gpu.0.device.clone();
+            if let Some(resources) = &mut self.resources {
+                resources.replace_labels(&device, u64::from(at));
+            }
+            self.labels.slots = slots;
+            self.labels.cells = cells;
+            self.labels.words = at;
+            self.labels.written.clear();
+            self.labels.estimated.clear();
+            self.labels.placed = Derived::default();
+            self.labels.asked.clear();
+            self.labels.changes += 1;
+        }
+        if inner.atlas.evictions != self.labels.evictions {
+            self.labels.evictions = inner.atlas.evictions;
+            self.drop_evicted(inner);
+            // Port labels look for their texts again where the atlas holds them now.
+            for shown in self.marks.iter_mut().filter(|m| m.port_count() > 0) {
+                shown.packed = false;
+            }
+        }
+        self.estimate_runs(inner);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the run table entries of each labeled mark's codes new since the last frame: where the
+    /// atlas holds a text, else an estimate of its size, so its label is placed before it is set.
+    fn estimate_runs(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) {
+        for i in 0..self.labels.slots.len() {
+            let Some(slots) = self.labels.slots[i] else { continue };
+            let from = self.labels.estimated.get(&i).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+            let codes = self.codes_of(i, inner).min(slots.codes);
+            if codes <= from {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let words = self.run_words(i, from..codes, inner);
+            if let Some(resources) = &self.resources {
+                let at = u64::from(slots.runs + 2 * from) * 4;
+                self.gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(resources.labels(), at, bytemuck::cast_slice(&words));
+            }
+            self.labels.estimated.insert(i, codes);
+            self.labels.changes += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The run table words of mark `i`'s codes `codes`: where the atlas holds each text set, and an
+    /// estimate of the rest.
+    fn run_words(&self, i: usize, codes: Range<u32>, inner: &mut Inner) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let shown = &self.marks[i];
+        let written = self.labels.written.get(&i);
+        let texts = 'texts: {
+            let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { break 'texts None };
+            let Some(labeling) = &compiled.drawing.label else { break 'texts None };
+            let column = &compiled.program.columns[labeling.column as usize];
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            let Some(data) = self.drawn(&style.data) else { break 'texts None };
+            let Some(table) = data.table(&style.table) else { break 'texts None };
+            let source = Source { data, table, derived: [None; 2] };
+            let Some((d, t)) = table_of(column, &source, &self.data) else { break 'texts None };
+            Some((inner.dictionaries.field(d, &t.name, &column.name), labeling))
+        };
+        let mut words = Vec::with_capacity(2 * codes.len());
+        for code in codes {
+            let entry = match (written.and_then(|w| w.get(&code)), &texts) {
+                (Some((_, glyphs)), _) => glyphs.corners(),
+                (None, Some((dictionary, labeling))) => dictionary.text(code).map_or([0, 0], |text| {
+                    atlas::estimate(&atlas::run(text.clone(), labeling.font.clone(), labeling.size, labeling.max_width))
+                }),
+                (None, None) => [0, 0],
+            };
+            words.extend(entry);
+        }
+        words
+    }
+
+    /// Puts estimates back in run table entries whose runs the atlas no longer holds where they were.
+    fn drop_evicted(&mut self, inner: &Inner) {
+        let mut cleared = Vec::new();
+        for (&i, written) in &mut self.labels.written {
+            let Some(slots) = self.labels.slots.get(i).copied().flatten() else { continue };
+            written.retain(|&code, (run, glyphs)| {
+                let held = inner.atlas.holds(run, *glyphs);
+                if !held {
+                    cleared.push((slots.runs + 2 * code, atlas::estimate(run)));
+                }
+                held
+            });
+        }
+        if cleared.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(resources) = &self.resources {
+            for (at, words) in &cleared {
+                self.gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(resources.labels(), u64::from(*at) * 4, bytemuck::cast_slice(words));
+            }
+        }
+        self.labels.changes += 1;
+    }
+
+    /// The labels' words of the frame uniform, the clock having moved `dt` seconds.
+    pub(super) fn label_words(&mut self, frame: &mut wgsl::Frame, dt: f64) {
+        let [cells, columns, rows] = self.labels.cells;
+        frame.cells = cells;
+        frame.cell_columns = columns;
+        frame.cell_rows = rows;
+        frame.label_fade = if self.moves() { (dt / FADE).min(1.0) as f32 } else { 1.0 };
+    }
+
+    /// Places labels when what they would show changed, and fades them; reads back the texts
+    /// placement asked for.
+    pub(super) fn place_labels(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, inner: &mut Inner, eye: &wgsl::Eye) {
+        let labeled: Vec<(usize, Slots)> =
+            self.labels.slots.iter().enumerate().filter_map(|(i, s)| s.map(|s| (i, s))).collect();
+        if labeled.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        // A diagram's labels follow the camera without placement; the camera only says which texts
+        // they ask for.
+        let diagram = matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_));
+        // What places labels: a color changing every frame moves none, and a fit about to move the
+        // camera places them once it did.
+        let versions: Vec<u64> = labeled.iter().map(|&(i, _)| self.marks[i].place_version).collect();
+        let stamp = stamp_of((bytemuck::bytes_of(eye), self.labels.changes, versions));
+        let due = self.labels.placed.due(stamp) && !self.labels.placed.busy() && !self.fitting.framing();
+        let now = self.clock.now();
+        let fading = !diagram && self.labels.fading(now);
+        if !due && !fading {
+            return;
+        }
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let device = &gpu.0.device;
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before labels");
+        if due {
+            self.labels.placed.mark(stamp);
+            if !diagram {
+                self.labels.fading = Some(now + FADE + 0.05);
+            }
+            for &(_, slots) in &labeled {
+                encoder.clear_buffer(resources.labels(), u64::from(slots.wanted) * 4, Some(4));
+                encoder.clear_buffer(
+                    resources.labels(),
+                    u64::from(slots.seen) * 4,
+                    Some(u64::from(slots.codes / 32) * 4),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        let groups = resources.groups(&gpu.0, inner);
+        let group = resources.pass(device, inner, Shader::Labels);
+        let [_, columns, rows] = self.labels.cells;
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit labels"),
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[EyeSlot::Main.offset()]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, &group, &[]);
+            let marks: Vec<(usize, u32, u32)> =
+                labeled.iter().map(|&(i, _)| (i, self.marks[i].rows, self.marks[i].path())).collect();
+            // A diagram's labels claim no cells.
+            let cleared = (!diagram).then(|| {
+                ["clear_cells", "reset_cells"].map(|entry| inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Labels, entry))
+            });
+            let capped: Vec<(usize, u32)> =
+                labeled.iter().filter(|(_, s)| s.select != wgsl::NONE).map(|&(i, _)| (i, self.marks[i].rows)).collect();
+            let selecting = (!capped.is_empty() && !diagram).then(|| {
+                ["select_start", "select_count", "select_find", "select_cut"]
+                    .map(|entry| inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Labels, entry))
+            });
+            let mut each = |pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>, entry: &'static str| {
+                for &(i, rows, path) in &marks {
+                    let variant = Variant::compute(Shader::Labels, entry).path(path);
+                    pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute_pipeline(device, variant));
+                    pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[offset(i)]);
+                    dispatch(pass, rows);
+                }
+            };
+            let cells = |pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>, pipeline: &wgpu::ComputePipeline| {
+                pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[offset(labeled[0].0)]);
+                pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
+                dispatch(pass, columns * rows);
+            };
+            if due {
+                each(&mut pass, "candidates");
+            }
+            if due && let Some([clear, reset]) = &cleared {
+                // A capped mark's labels past its cap give up their room before any claims.
+                if let Some(pipelines) = &selecting {
+                    select(&mut pass, pipelines, &groups.mark, &capped);
+                }
+                cells(&mut pass, clear);
+                for _ in 0..ROUNDS {
+                    each(&mut pass, "claim");
+                    each(&mut pass, "decide");
+                    each(&mut pass, "occupy");
+                    cells(&mut pass, reset);
+                }
+                each(&mut pass, "ask");
+            }
+            if !diagram {
+                each(&mut pass, "fade");
+            }
+        }
+        if due {
+            self.read_placed(encoder, inner, labeled, stamp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads back the texts the placement of `labeled`, from `stamp`, asked for.
+    fn read_placed(
+        &mut self,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        inner: &Inner,
+        labeled: Vec<(usize, Slots)>,
+        stamp: u64,
+    ) {
+        let labels = self.resources.as_ref().expect("created before labels").labels();
+        let first = labeled.iter().map(|(_, s)| s.wanted).min().unwrap_or(0);
+        let seen: u64 = labeled.iter().map(|(_, s)| u64::from(s.codes / 32)).sum();
+        let words = labeled.len() as u64 * u64::from(1 + wgsl::WANTED) + seen;
+        let (device, offset) = (&self.gpu.0.device, u64::from(first) * 4);
+        let readback = Readback::new(&inner.readbacks, device, encoder, labels, offset, words * 4, &self.waker);
+        self.labels.placed.start(stamp, readback);
+        self.labels.asked = labeled;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Keeps each `capped` mark's labels to its cap, those of the highest keys: a radix select over the
+/// candidates' keys, a digit at a time, then a cut of those below.
+fn select(
+    pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>,
+    [start, count, find, cut]: &[wgpu::ComputePipeline; 4],
+    marks: &wgpu::BindGroup,
+    capped: &[(usize, u32)],
+) {
+    let mut each = |pipeline: &wgpu::ComputePipeline, threads: Option<u32>| {
+        pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
+        for &(i, rows) in capped {
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, marks, &[offset(i)]);
+            match threads {
+                Some(n) => dispatch(pass, n.max(rows)),
+                None => pass.dispatch_workgroups(1, 1, 1),
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    each(start, Some(SELECT_WORDS));
+    for _ in 0..DIGITS {
+        each(count, Some(0));
+        each(find, None);
+    }
+    each(cut, Some(0));
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Draws every labeled mark's labels, then every vertex mark's port labels: `glyphs` are the
+    /// pass groups of the labels' and the port labels' shaders.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, reason = "the main pass's state, as it draws")]
+    pub(super) fn draw_labels(
+        &self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'_>,
+        drawn: &mut super::passes::Drawn,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+        samples: u32,
+        groups: &super::resources::Groups,
+        glyphs: [(Shader, &wgpu::BindGroup); 2],
+    ) {
+        let device = &self.gpu.0.device;
+        let [(labels, labels_group), (ports, ports_group)] = glyphs;
+        for (i, slots) in self.labels.slots.iter().enumerate() {
+            let shown = &self.marks[i];
+            if slots.is_none() || shown.rows == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let variant = Variant::draw(labels, format, samples).path(shown.path());
+            pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.render_pipeline(device, variant));
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, labels_group, &[]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[offset(i)]);
+            drawn.draw(pass, 4, shown.rows);
+        }
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let labeled =
+                shown.compiled.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.drawing.ports.iter().any(|(_, p, _)| p.label.is_some()));
+            if !labeled || !shown.drawable() || shown.rows == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.render(device, ports, format, samples));
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, ports_group, &[]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[offset(i)]);
+            drawn.draw(pass, 4, shown.rows * shown.port_count());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/legends.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/legends.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b054e5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/legends.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+//! A scene's title and its marks' legends, written over the marks: the title and subtitle at the top
+//! left, and the legends stacked up from the bottom right, each under its title: a bar of its mark's
+//! colormap across the domain, ticked; a cell of color for each category; or, where categories are
+//! named, a swatch beside each name. Rebuilt each frame as overlay sprites, O(legends).
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::View;
+use super::axes::{Align, Writer, label, line, step, ticks};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Axis, Color, Colormap, ColormapKind, Theme};
+
+/// CSS pixels between the view's edge and what is written there.
+const MARGIN: f64 = 16.0;
+/// A legend's bar: width and height, CSS pixels.
+const BAR: [f64; 2] = [220.0, 8.0];
+/// Cells a continuous bar is drawn in.
+const CELLS: usize = 64;
+/// The most categories a legend shows.
+const CATEGORIES: usize = 24;
+/// The most names a column of a legend lists.
+const ROWS: usize = 8;
+/// The size of what a legend writes beside its colors, ticks and names, for the theme's text size.
+const SMALL: f64 = 0.9;
+
+impl View {
+    /// The sprites of the scene's title and subtitle, and of its marks' legends.
+    pub(super) fn annotations(&self, inner: &mut Inner) -> Vec<wgsl::Sprite> {
+        let scene = &self.scene;
+        let legends =
+            || scene.marks.iter().filter_map(|m| Some((m.style().legend.as_ref()?, m.style().color.as_ref()?)));
+        if scene.title.is_none() && scene.subtitle.is_none() && legends().next().is_none() {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        let theme = &scene.theme;
+        let [w, h] = self.size;
+        let [top, right, bottom, left] = self.insets.map(f64::from);
+        let area = [left + MARGIN, top + MARGIN, w - right - MARGIN, h - bottom - MARGIN];
+        let ratio = f64::from(self.pixel_ratio);
+        let font = f64::from(theme.font_size);
+        let writer = |inner: &mut Inner, scale: f64, color: Color, f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Writer<'_>)| {
+            let size_px = (font * scale * ratio).round().max(1.0) as u32;
+            f(&mut Writer { inner, font: theme.font.clone(), size_px, ratio, color });
+        };
+        let mut sprites = Vec::new();
+        let mut y = area[1];
+        for (text, scale, color) in [(&scene.title, 1.75, theme.text), (&scene.subtitle, 1.1, theme.text.alpha(0.7))] {
+            let Some(text) = text else { continue };
+            writer(inner, scale, color, &mut |w| sprites.extend(w.text(text, [area[0], y], Align::BelowRight)));
+            y += font * scale * 1.35;
+        }
+        let mut base = area[3];
+        for (title, color) in legends() {
+            let Some((colormap, domain)) = color.colormap_of() else { continue };
+            let write = |s, color, f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Writer<'_>)| writer(inner, s, color, f);
+            let height = if !colormap.named_categories().is_empty() {
+                categories(&mut sprites, theme, [area[2], base], colormap, ratio, write, title)
+            } else if let Some(domain) = domain {
+                legend(&mut sprites, theme, [area[2], base], colormap, domain, write, title)
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            base -= height + MARGIN * 0.75;
+        }
+        sprites
+    }
+}
+
+/// Draws a legend of `colormap`'s named categories ending at `corner`, its right edge at its x and its
+/// bottom at its y: a swatch of each category's color beside its name, in columns of up to
+/// `ROWS`, under `title`, placed whole on pixels of `ratio`. How tall it is.
+fn categories(
+    sprites: &mut Vec<wgsl::Sprite>,
+    theme: &Theme,
+    corner: [f64; 2],
+    colormap: &Colormap,
+    ratio: f64,
+    mut write: impl FnMut(f64, Color, &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Writer<'_>)),
+    title: &Arc<str>,
+) -> f64 {
+    let font = f64::from(theme.font_size);
+    let names = colormap.named_categories();
+    let names = &names[..names.len().min(CATEGORIES)];
+    let [row, swatch] = [font * 1.5, font * 0.8];
+    let rows = names.len().min(ROWS);
+    let top = corner[1] - rows as f64 * row;
+    let start = sprites.len();
+    // Laid out from x = 0, each column clear of the names before it, then moved into place.
+    let mut x = 0.0;
+    for (column, names) in names.chunks(ROWS).enumerate() {
+        let mut right = x;
+        for (r, name) in names.iter().enumerate() {
+            let middle = top + (r as f64 + 0.5) * row;
+            let category = column * ROWS + r;
+            let color = Color::from_bytes(colormap.texels()[category]);
+            sprites.push(fill([x, middle - swatch / 2.0], [x + swatch, middle + swatch / 2.0], color));
+            write(SMALL, theme.text.alpha(0.85), &mut |w| {
+                if let Some(text) = w.text(name, [x + swatch + font * 0.5, middle], Align::Right) {
+                    right = f64::max(right, f64::from(text.b[0]));
+                    sprites.push(text);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        x = right + font * 1.5;
+    }
+    let mut height = corner[1] - top;
+    if !title.is_empty() {
+        write(1.0, theme.text, &mut |w| sprites.extend(w.text(title, [0.0, top - 5.0], Align::Above)));
+        height += font * 1.4 + 5.0;
+    }
+    let right = sprites[start..].iter().fold(0.0_f32, |right, s| right.max(s.a[0]).max(s.b[0]));
+    let shift = ((corner[0] - f64::from(right)) * ratio).round() / ratio;
+    for sprite in &mut sprites[start..] {
+        sprite.a[0] += shift as f32;
+        sprite.b[0] += shift as f32;
+    }
+    height
+}
+
+/// Draws a legend whose bar ends at `corner`'s x, its tick labels' bottom at its y: `colormap` across
+/// `domain` under `title`. How tall it is.
+fn legend(
+    sprites: &mut Vec<wgsl::Sprite>,
+    theme: &Theme,
+    corner: [f64; 2],
+    colormap: &Colormap,
+    domain: [f64; 2],
+    mut write: impl FnMut(f64, Color, &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Writer<'_>)),
+    title: &Arc<str>,
+) -> f64 {
+    let font = f64::from(theme.font_size);
+    let bar_bottom = corner[1] - font * SMALL * 1.4 - 4.0;
+    let [left, top] = [corner[0] - BAR[0], bar_bottom - BAR[1]];
+    let color = |t: usize| Color::from_bytes(colormap.texels()[t.min(255)]);
+    let text = theme.text.alpha(0.85);
+    let across = |v: f64| left + (v - domain[0]) / (domain[1] - domain[0]).max(f64::MIN_POSITIVE) * BAR[0];
+    let mut labels: Vec<(String, f64)> = Vec::new();
+    if colormap.kind() == ColormapKind::Categorical {
+        let first = domain[0].min(domain[1]).ceil() as i64;
+        let last = domain[0].max(domain[1]).floor() as i64;
+        let count = (last - first + 1).clamp(1, CATEGORIES as i64) as usize;
+        let cell = BAR[0] / count as f64;
+        for i in 0..count {
+            let category = first + i as i64;
+            let x = left + cell * i as f64;
+            sprites.push(fill(
+                [x + 1.0, top],
+                [x + cell - 1.0, bar_bottom],
+                color(category.unsigned_abs() as usize % 256),
+            ));
+            labels.push((category.to_string(), x + cell / 2.0));
+        }
+    } else {
+        for i in 0..CELLS {
+            let x = |i: usize| left + BAR[0] * i as f64 / CELLS as f64;
+            let t = ((i as f64 + 0.5) / CELLS as f64 * 255.0).round() as usize;
+            sprites.push(fill([x(i), top], [x(i + 1), bar_bottom], color(t)));
+        }
+        let [lo, hi] = [domain[0].min(domain[1]), domain[0].max(domain[1])];
+        let step = step(hi - lo, (BAR[0] / (font * 6.0)).max(1.0));
+        let axis = Axis::default();
+        for v in ticks([lo, hi], step) {
+            let at = across(v);
+            sprites.push(line([at, bar_bottom], [at, bar_bottom + 3.0], 1.0, text.alpha(0.5)));
+            labels.push((label(v, step, &axis), at));
+        }
+    }
+    write(SMALL, text, &mut |w| {
+        for (label, at) in &labels {
+            sprites.extend(w.text(label, [*at, bar_bottom + 4.0], Align::Below));
+        }
+    });
+    let mut height = corner[1] - top;
+    if !title.is_empty() {
+        write(1.0, theme.text, &mut |w| sprites.extend(w.text(title, [left, top - 5.0], Align::Above)));
+        height += font * 1.4 + 5.0;
+    }
+    height
+}
+
+/// A rectangle filled with `color`, corner `a` to corner `b`, CSS pixels.
+fn fill(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], color: Color) -> wgsl::Sprite {
+    let mut sprite = line(a, b, 0.0, color);
+    sprite.kind = wgsl::SPRITE_FILL;
+    sprite
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/lists.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/lists.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15c5612a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/lists.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//! Lists on the GPU: each item counts its entries, a scan turns the counts into where each item's
+//! entries start, and each item writes its entries there. The total lands in the list's header as
+//! indirect draw and dispatch arguments, so nothing waits on a readback to know it.
+
+use super::View;
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use super::passes::dispatch;
+use crate::derive::{Derived, stamp_of};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{self as wgsl, Shader};
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+
+/// A stroke mark's segment list, when its rows' paths have different numbers of segments: where it
+/// lies, a stamp of what it was last built from (the list, the paths, and for great circles where
+/// the vertices are drawn), and its count. Each entry is a segment's row and how far along its path it
+/// starts. A curved mark's count is read back, one at a time, and its list makes room for what it
+/// found.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Segments {
+    pub(crate) list: Option<List>,
+    pub(crate) built: u64,
+    pub(crate) found: Derived<u32>,
+}
+
+/// Words a segment list keeps per segment: its row, and its distance along.
+const SEGMENT_WORDS: u32 = 2;
+
+/// Where a list lies in the lists buffer, in words.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct List {
+    pub(crate) header: u32,
+    pub(crate) items: u32,
+    pub(crate) entries: u32,
+    /// Entries kept, and words per entry.
+    pub(crate) kept: u32,
+    pub(crate) stride: u32,
+    sums: u32,
+    counts: u32,
+}
+
+impl List {
+    /// A list of `items` items keeping `kept` entries of `stride` words: its header and entries at
+    /// `front`, its block sums and counts at `back`.
+    pub(crate) fn at(front: u32, back: u32, items: u32, kept: u32, stride: u32) -> List {
+        let sums = back;
+        let counts = sums + items.div_ceil(wgsl::SCAN_WORKGROUP).max(1);
+        List { header: front, items, entries: front + wgsl::LIST_HEADER, kept, stride, sums, counts }
+    }
+
+    /// Words its header and entries take.
+    pub(crate) fn front_words(kept: u32, stride: u32) -> u32 {
+        wgsl::LIST_HEADER + kept * stride
+    }
+
+    /// Words its sums and counts take.
+    pub(crate) fn back_words(items: u32) -> u32 {
+        items.div_ceil(wgsl::SCAN_WORKGROUP).max(1) + items + 1
+    }
+
+    /// Where the scan leaves the list's total, before it is held to what the list keeps.
+    pub(crate) fn total(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.counts + self.items
+    }
+
+    /// The header's words, with draw arguments for `corners` vertices per instance.
+    pub(crate) fn header_words(&self, corners: u32) -> [u32; wgsl::LIST_HEADER as usize] {
+        let mut h = [0; wgsl::LIST_HEADER as usize];
+        h[wgsl::LIST_ITEMS as usize] = self.items;
+        h[wgsl::LIST_COUNTS as usize] = self.counts;
+        h[wgsl::LIST_SUMS as usize] = self.sums;
+        h[wgsl::LIST_ENTRIES as usize] = self.entries;
+        h[wgsl::LIST_DRAW as usize] = corners;
+        h[wgsl::LIST_DISPATCH as usize + 1] = 1;
+        h[wgsl::LIST_DISPATCH as usize + 2] = 1;
+        h[wgsl::LIST_KEPT as usize] = self.kept;
+        h
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Lays out every listed stroke mark's segment list at the front of the lists buffer, taking
+    /// counts read back: a list too small for what its rows were found to have grows.
+    pub(super) fn lay_out_segments(&mut self) {
+        let mut at = 0;
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            if let Some((stamp, bytes)) = shown.segments.found.landed() {
+                let found = bytes.get(..4).map_or(0, |w| u32::from_le_bytes([w[0], w[1], w[2], w[3]]));
+                let kept = shown.segments.list.map_or(0, |l| l.kept);
+                let room = if found > kept { found + found / 4 } else { shown.segments.found.value };
+                shown.segments.found.make(stamp, room);
+            }
+            if !shown.listed() {
+                shown.segments.list = None;
+                continue;
+            }
+            let items = shown.rows + shown.exits;
+            let kept = shown.segment_capacity();
+            let list = match shown.segments.list {
+                Some(list) if list.header == at && list.items == items && list.kept >= kept => list,
+                _ => {
+                    let kept = kept + kept / 4;
+                    List::at(at, at + List::front_words(kept, SEGMENT_WORDS), items, kept, SEGMENT_WORDS)
+                }
+            };
+            at += List::front_words(list.kept, SEGMENT_WORDS) + List::back_words(items);
+            shown.segments.list = Some(list);
+        }
+        self.segment_words = at;
+    }
+
+    /// The marks whose segment lists build again this frame: their list, the lists buffer, or their
+    /// paths changed, or, on great circles, where the vertices their rows join are drawn. A color
+    /// changing every frame builds none.
+    pub(super) fn segments_due(&mut self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        let vertices: Vec<(bool, u64)> =
+            self.marks.iter().filter(|m| m.kind() == MarkKind::Vertices).map(Shown::places_drawn).collect();
+        let generation = self.resources.as_ref().map_or(0, super::resources::Resources::lists_generation);
+        let mut due = Vec::new();
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let Some(list) = shown.segments.list.filter(|_| shown.drawable()) else { continue };
+            let arcs = shown.geodesic.then(|| (&vertices, shown.places_drawn()));
+            let tables = shown.tables.generation();
+            let stamp = stamp_of((list.header, list.items, list.kept, tables, generation, arcs));
+            if stamp != shown.segments.built {
+                shown.segments.built = stamp;
+                due.push(i);
+            }
+        }
+        due
+    }
+
+    /// Reads back how many segments each curved mark's list holds, so a list too small grows: one
+    /// count at a time, never dropped for a newer list, which is counted once it lands.
+    pub(super) fn count_found(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, inner: &Inner) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let Some(resources) = &self.resources else { return };
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            let Some(list) = shown.segments.list.filter(|_| shown.curved() && shown.drawable()) else { continue };
+            let built = shown.segments.built;
+            if shown.segments.found.busy() || !shown.segments.found.due(built) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let at = u64::from(list.total()) * 4;
+            let readback =
+                Readback::new(&inner.readbacks, &gpu.0.device, encoder, resources.lists(), at, 4, &self.waker);
+            shown.segments.found.start(built, readback);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Shown {
+    /// Whether how many segments its list holds is being read back, or is due to be.
+    pub(crate) fn counting(&self) -> bool {
+        let found = &self.segments.found;
+        found.busy() || (self.curved() && self.drawable() && found.due(self.segments.built))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Records the scan of the list the bound mark's uniform names.
+pub(super) fn scan(
+    pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>,
+    pipelines: &mut crate::gpu::pipelines::Pipelines,
+    device: &wgpu::Device,
+    items: u32,
+) {
+    pass.set_pipeline(&pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Lists, "scan_blocks"));
+    dispatch(pass, items.max(1));
+    pass.set_pipeline(&pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Lists, "scan_sums"));
+    pass.dispatch_workgroups(1, 1, 1);
+    pass.set_pipeline(&pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Lists, "add_sums"));
+    dispatch(pass, items);
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/marks.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/marks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a6f2d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/marks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+//! Committed marks: a scene's mark, its program compiled against its data, and its GPU state.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use super::rows::Region;
+use super::sync::Tables;
+use super::transition::{Begin, Transition};
+use crate::data::Table;
+use crate::expr::compile::{Deps, Reads};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::gpu::{Inner, atlas};
+use crate::scene::compile::{self, Compiled};
+use crate::scene::mark::{Context, Key, MarkKind, Primitive};
+use crate::{Data, Error, Mark, Port, Result, Shape};
+
+/// Where a mark's parts sit in the program buffer, as absolute word offsets.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Offsets {
+    pub(crate) columns: u32,
+    pub(crate) ranges: u32,
+    pub(crate) code: u32,
+    pub(crate) constants: u32,
+    pub(crate) ends: u32,
+    pub(crate) palette: u32,
+    pub(crate) port_info: u32,
+    pub(crate) blends: u32,
+}
+
+impl Default for Offsets {
+    fn default() -> Offsets {
+        Offsets { columns: 0, ranges: 0, code: 0, constants: 0, ends: 0, palette: 0, port_info: wgsl::NONE, blends: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Shown {
+    pub(crate) mark: Mark,
+    pub(crate) key: Key,
+    pub(crate) compiled: Option<Compiled>,
+    pub(crate) tables: Tables,
+    /// Rows of the mark's table when last synced, and rows past them that left and fade out.
+    pub(crate) rows: u32,
+    pub(crate) exits: u32,
+    /// Rows the region held when the frame began: what moves and freezes.
+    pub(crate) held: u32,
+    /// The table whose rows the mark's state holds, for following rows by id when they move, and the
+    /// origin of its dataset: rows of another dataset are not followed but replaced.
+    pub(crate) drawn: Option<(crate::data::Version, Table)>,
+    /// Where its rows sit in every per-row buffer, and where they sat before this frame moved them.
+    pub(crate) region: Region,
+    pub(crate) moved: Option<Region>,
+    /// First fitted domain.
+    pub(crate) domains: u32,
+    /// Channels to evaluate, the row blocks they evaluate over, and whether fitted domains reduce,
+    /// next frame. Set through `dirty_rows` and `all_dirty`, so every channel made dirty names its rows.
+    pub(crate) dirty: u32,
+    pub(crate) blocks: Blocks,
+    pub(crate) reduce: bool,
+    /// Where this frame's evaluation lists the row blocks it covers, and how many.
+    pub(crate) block: u32,
+    pub(crate) block_count: u32,
+    /// Whether this frame's ease pass writes what the mark shows from its frozen and settled state.
+    pub(crate) easing: bool,
+    /// The program's code and constants with colormap layers and text codes written in.
+    pub(crate) code: Vec<[u32; 4]>,
+    pub(crate) constants: Vec<u32>,
+    /// Graph slot of vertex 0 of each table the program's ends name.
+    pub(crate) ends: Vec<u32>,
+    /// A vertex mark's ports, `PORT_WORDS` each, their labels' places in the atlas written in.
+    pub(crate) ports: Vec<u32>,
+    /// The mark's region of the program buffer, `[start, capacity]` in words, and where its parts
+    /// are; `packed` is false until the region holds the current words.
+    pub(crate) words: Option<[u32; 2]>,
+    pub(crate) offsets: Offsets,
+    pub(crate) packed: bool,
+    /// A transition waiting to freeze, the one running, and where its remap words start; and whether
+    /// this frame's froze rows where they moved, so their comets' travel follows them.
+    pub(crate) begin: Option<Begin>,
+    pub(crate) transition: Option<Transition>,
+    pub(crate) remap: u32,
+    pub(crate) carry: bool,
+    /// Where the header of the list this frame's query builds over its instances starts.
+    pub(crate) query: u32,
+    /// The list numbering a stroke mark's segments when rows have different numbers of them.
+    pub(crate) segments: super::lists::Segments,
+    /// Whether an edge mark follows great circles.
+    pub(crate) geodesic: bool,
+    /// Bumps whenever the mark's state is written, so what derives from it knows to follow; and
+    /// whenever what places its labels is: where its rows stand, how large and whether they show,
+    /// and their labels' texts and priorities. A color that changes every frame moves no label.
+    pub(crate) version: u64,
+    pub(crate) place_version: u64,
+    /// The rows its focus draw lights.
+    pub(crate) lit: super::focus::Lit,
+    /// Why it no longer compiles against the data, kept until data fits it again, and whether a frame
+    /// told it: the next frame does, unless a scene shown before then replaced the mark.
+    pub(crate) failure: Option<(Error, bool)>,
+}
+
+impl Shown {
+    pub(crate) fn new(mark: Mark) -> Shown {
+        Shown {
+            key: mark.key(),
+            mark,
+            compiled: None,
+            tables: Tables::default(),
+            rows: 0,
+            exits: 0,
+            held: 0,
+            drawn: None,
+            region: Region::EMPTY,
+            moved: None,
+            domains: 0,
+            dirty: 0,
+            blocks: Blocks::default(),
+            reduce: false,
+            block: 0,
+            block_count: 0,
+            easing: false,
+            code: Vec::new(),
+            constants: Vec::new(),
+            ends: Vec::new(),
+            ports: Vec::new(),
+            words: None,
+            offsets: Offsets::default(),
+            packed: false,
+            begin: None,
+            transition: None,
+            remap: 0,
+            carry: false,
+            query: wgsl::NONE,
+            segments: super::lists::Segments::default(),
+            geodesic: false,
+            version: 0,
+            place_version: 0,
+            lit: super::focus::Lit::default(),
+            failure: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn kind(&self) -> MarkKind {
+        self.key.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the mark has a program, rows, and columns synced at least once.
+    pub(crate) fn drawable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.compiled.is_some() && self.rows + self.exits > 0 && self.tables.synced()
+    }
+
+    /// Kind words per row.
+    pub(crate) fn stride(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.compiled.as_ref().map_or_else(|| kind_stride(self.kind()), |c| c.drawing.stride)
+    }
+
+    /// Extra words per row.
+    pub(crate) fn extras(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.compiled.as_ref().map_or(0, |c| c.drawing.extras)
+    }
+
+    /// The path its strokes read, or where its triangles' corners come from: one of the `PATH_` codes,
+    /// which its pipelines are made for.
+    pub(crate) fn path(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.compiled {
+            Some(c) if c.drawing.primitive != Primitive::Points => c.drawing.path,
+            _ => wgsl::PATH_ENDS,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether it numbers its instances with a list: strokes whose rows' paths have different numbers
+    /// of segments, running through a geometry column, along great circles, or bowed into lanes; and
+    /// areas, whose rows have different numbers of triangles.
+    pub(crate) fn listed(&self) -> bool {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return false };
+        match compiled.drawing.primitive {
+            Primitive::Strokes => compiled.drawing.geometry != wgsl::NONE || self.curved(),
+            Primitive::Triangles => self.path() == wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY,
+            Primitive::Points => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether its edges curve between their ends, along great circles or bowed into lanes: how many
+    /// pieces each takes is found on the GPU and read back.
+    pub(crate) fn curved(&self) -> bool {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return false };
+        let laned = compiled.drawing.lane != wgsl::NONE && self.tables.holds(compiled.drawing.lane);
+        self.path() == wgsl::PATH_ENDS && (self.geodesic || laned)
+    }
+
+    /// Instances its list must have room for: every path's segments, each curve's pieces as last
+    /// found; or every area's triangles.
+    pub(crate) fn segment_capacity(&self) -> u32 {
+        let rows = (self.rows + self.exits) as usize;
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return 1 };
+        let points = self.tables.points(compiled.drawing.geometry) as usize;
+        if compiled.drawing.primitive == Primitive::Triangles {
+            return (points / 3 + rows).max(1) as u32;
+        }
+        let pieces = if self.curved() { (self.segments.found.value as usize).max(rows * 4) } else { 0 };
+        (points + rows + pieces).max(1) as u32
+    }
+
+    /// Vertices each of its instances draws: a quad per point or segment, three corners per triangle.
+    pub(crate) fn corners(&self) -> u32 {
+        match self.compiled.as_ref().map(|c| c.drawing.primitive) {
+            Some(Primitive::Triangles) => 3,
+            _ => 4,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Its channels that say where its rows' labels go and whether they show: where rows stand, how
+    /// large they are and whether they show, and their labels' texts and priorities.
+    pub(crate) fn placing_channels(&self) -> u32 {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return 0 };
+        let shaping = ["position", "radius", "width", "height", "elevation", "visible", "text", "priority"];
+        compiled
+            .program
+            .channels
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .fold(0, |mask, (k, c)| if shaping.contains(&&*c.name) { mask | 1 << k } else { mask })
+    }
+
+    /// A version of where its rows are drawn: their places, and while a transition runs, every frame
+    /// that eases them.
+    pub(crate) fn places_drawn(&self) -> (bool, u64) {
+        if self.transition.is_some() { (true, self.version) } else { (false, self.place_version) }
+    }
+
+    /// Ports each row has.
+    pub(crate) fn port_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.compiled.as_ref().map_or(0, |c| c.drawing.ports.len() as u32)
+    }
+
+    /// Fitted domains the program reduces.
+    pub(crate) fn reductions(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.compiled.as_ref().map_or(0, |c| c.program.domains.len() as u32)
+    }
+
+    /// Channels whose inputs include any of `deps`.
+    pub(crate) fn channels_reading(&self, deps: Deps) -> u32 {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return 0 };
+        compiled
+            .program
+            .channels
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .fold(0, |mask, (k, c)| if c.reads.deps.intersects(deps) { mask | 1 << k } else { mask })
+    }
+
+    /// Channels and domains reading any column of `columns` become dirty: over the row blocks
+    /// `blocks` names, the pages that changed, while the channels read only their own rows; else over
+    /// every row.
+    pub(crate) fn columns_changed(&mut self, columns: u64, blocks: Option<&[u32]>) {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return };
+        let program = &compiled.program;
+        let reduce = program.domains.iter().any(|d| d.columns & columns != 0);
+        let mut channels = 0;
+        for (k, channel) in program.channels.iter().enumerate() {
+            if channel.reads.columns & columns != 0 || (reduce && channel.reads.deps.intersects(Deps::DOMAIN)) {
+                channels |= 1 << k;
+            }
+        }
+        // A fitted domain, or a table read through a join, reaches past a row's own block.
+        let joined = program.columns.iter().enumerate().any(|(i, c)| c.of.is_some() && columns & Reads::column(i) != 0);
+        self.dirty_rows(channels, blocks.filter(|_| !reduce && !joined));
+        self.reduce |= reduce;
+        self.packed = false;
+    }
+
+    /// Channels `channels` evaluate again on the next frame, over the row blocks `blocks` names, or
+    /// over every row for `None`.
+    pub(crate) fn dirty_rows(&mut self, channels: u32, blocks: Option<&[u32]>) {
+        if channels != 0 {
+            self.dirty |= channels;
+            self.blocks.add(blocks);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether any column of `columns` holds static values that show eased: values a channel reads,
+    /// or the path a stroke runs along. Changing one eases; a column only shaders read, such as a
+    /// lane, shows at once.
+    pub(crate) fn static_columns(&self, columns: u64) -> bool {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return false };
+        let program = &compiled.program;
+        let geometry = compiled.drawing.geometry;
+        let eased = program.channels.iter().fold(0, |mask, c| mask | c.reads.columns)
+            | if geometry == wgsl::NONE { 0 } else { 1 << geometry.min(63) };
+        program.columns.iter().enumerate().any(|(i, c)| !c.sampled && columns & eased & (1 << i.min(63)) != 0)
+    }
+
+    /// Rows rewritten in place in row blocks `blocks`, every other row where it was: those blocks
+    /// evaluate every channel, constants included. A fitted domain reads every row, so with one every
+    /// row does.
+    pub(crate) fn rows_rewritten(&mut self, blocks: &[u32]) {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return };
+        if !compiled.program.domains.is_empty() {
+            return self.all_dirty();
+        }
+        let n = compiled.program.channels.len();
+        self.dirty_rows(if n >= 32 { u32::MAX } else { (1 << n) - 1 }, Some(blocks));
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn all_dirty(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled {
+            let n = compiled.program.channels.len();
+            self.dirty = if n >= 32 { u32::MAX } else { (1 << n) - 1 };
+            self.blocks = Blocks::All;
+            self.reduce = !compiled.program.domains.is_empty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles the mark against `all` in `context`; it stays uncompiled while its data or table is
+    /// not set.
+    pub(crate) fn compile(&mut self, all: &[Data], context: Context<'_>, gpu: &mut Inner) -> Result<()> {
+        self.tables.release(gpu);
+        self.compiled = None;
+        self.packed = false;
+        let Some(compiled) = compile::compile(&self.mark, all, context)? else { return Ok(()) };
+        self.code.clone_from(&compiled.program.code);
+        self.constants.clone_from(&compiled.program.constants);
+        self.compiled = Some(compiled);
+        self.all_dirty();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `data` changed a schema the mark compiled against, or brought data it waited for.
+    pub(crate) fn stale(&self, data: &Data) -> bool {
+        match &self.compiled {
+            None => *data.name() == self.mark.style().data,
+            Some(compiled) => {
+                compiled.schemas.iter().any(|(name, schema)| name == data.name() && *schema != data.schema())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes its ports' words: each one's code, shape, and reference column, and where the atlas
+    /// holds its label, set in `font` by the host the first time.
+    pub(crate) fn write_ports(&mut self, font: &Arc<str>, gpu: &mut Inner) {
+        self.ports.clear();
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return };
+        let ports = &compiled.drawing.ports;
+        let codes = Port::codes(&ports.iter().map(|(_, port, _)| port).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        let host = gpu.host.clone();
+        for ((_, port, column), code) in ports.iter().zip(codes) {
+            let corners = port.label.as_deref().and_then(|label| {
+                let run = atlas::run(label.into(), font.clone(), compiled.drawing.port_label_size, None);
+                gpu.atlas.text(host.as_deref(), &run)
+            });
+            let [uv0, uv1] = corners.map_or([0, 0], |glyphs| glyphs.corners());
+            self.ports.extend([code, shape_code(port.shape), *column, uv0, uv1]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Words the mark's program region needs: descriptors and tables, ranges, code, constants, ends,
+    /// its markers' palette, its ports, and how each word of its rows eases.
+    pub(crate) fn packed_len(&self) -> u32 {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return 0 };
+        (self.tables.len()
+            + 2 * compiled.program.ranges.len()
+            + 4 * self.code.len()
+            + self.constants.len()
+            + self.ends.len()
+            + compiled.drawing.markers.palette.len()
+            + self.ports.len()) as u32
+            + self.stride()
+            + self.extras()
+    }
+
+    /// How each word of a row eases while the mark eases toward what its channels evaluate: a number
+    /// or a color its channels store mixes, a position's high words move by their offset, and what
+    /// else they store shows as evaluated; a word no channel stores keeps what it holds.
+    fn blends(&self) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let mut blends = vec![wgsl::BLEND_KEEP; (self.stride() + self.extras()) as usize];
+        let mut set = |word: u32, blend: u32| {
+            if let Some(b) = blends.get_mut(word as usize) {
+                *b = blend;
+            }
+        };
+        for &[op, word, ..] in &self.code {
+            match op {
+                wgsl::OP_STORE => set(word, wgsl::BLEND_NUMBER),
+                wgsl::OP_STORE_COLOR => set(word, wgsl::BLEND_COLOR),
+                wgsl::OP_STORE_POSITION | wgsl::OP_POSITION => {
+                    set(word, wgsl::BLEND_POSITION);
+                    set(word + 1, wgsl::BLEND_POSITION);
+                    set(word + 2, wgsl::BLEND_SNAP);
+                    set(word + 3, wgsl::BLEND_SNAP);
+                    set(word + wgsl::VERTEX_FLAGS - wgsl::VERTEX_POSITION, wgsl::BLEND_SNAP);
+                }
+                wgsl::OP_STORE_FLAG | wgsl::OP_STORE_CODE | wgsl::OP_STORE_END => set(word, wgsl::BLEND_SNAP),
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        // What evaluation writes of every vertex row: its flags' units, and its size's range.
+        if self.kind() == MarkKind::Vertices {
+            set(wgsl::VERTEX_FLAGS, wgsl::BLEND_SNAP);
+            set(wgsl::VERTEX_RANGE, wgsl::BLEND_SNAP);
+        }
+        blends
+    }
+
+    /// Appends the mark's words, which start at word `base` of the program buffer, and records where
+    /// each part lands.
+    pub(crate) fn pack(&mut self, base: u32, out: &mut Vec<u32>) {
+        let Some(compiled) = &self.compiled else { return };
+        let start = out.len();
+        let at = |out: &Vec<u32>| base + (out.len() - start) as u32;
+        let columns = at(out);
+        self.tables.pack(columns, out);
+        let ranges = at(out);
+        out.extend(compiled.program.ranges.iter().flatten());
+        let code = at(out);
+        out.extend(self.code.iter().flatten());
+        let constants = at(out);
+        out.extend(&self.constants);
+        let ends = at(out);
+        out.extend(&self.ends);
+        let palette = at(out);
+        out.extend(&compiled.drawing.markers.palette);
+        let port_info = if self.ports.is_empty() { wgsl::NONE } else { at(out) };
+        out.extend(&self.ports);
+        let blends = at(out);
+        out.extend(self.blends());
+        self.offsets = Offsets { columns, ranges, code, constants, ends, palette, port_info, blends };
+    }
+}
+
+/// The row blocks of a mark whose rows evaluate next: every block, or those listed, the blocks of the
+/// pages that changed. A block is the `BLOCK_ROWS` rows a page of every column holds.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum Blocks {
+    All,
+    Listed(Vec<u32>),
+}
+
+impl Default for Blocks {
+    fn default() -> Blocks {
+        Blocks::Listed(Vec::new())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Blocks {
+    /// Adds the blocks `blocks` names, or every block for `None`.
+    fn add(&mut self, blocks: Option<&[u32]>) {
+        match (&mut *self, blocks) {
+            (Blocks::All, _) => {}
+            (Blocks::Listed(listed), Some(more)) => listed.extend_from_slice(more),
+            (Blocks::Listed(_), None) => *self = Blocks::All,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The blocks of a mark of `rows` rows to evaluate, in order, each once.
+    pub(crate) fn of(&self, rows: u32) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let count = rows.div_ceil(wgsl::BLOCK_ROWS);
+        match self {
+            Blocks::All => (0..count).collect(),
+            Blocks::Listed(listed) => {
+                let mut blocks: Vec<u32> = listed.iter().copied().filter(|&b| b < count).collect();
+                blocks.sort_unstable();
+                blocks.dedup();
+                blocks
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Kind words per row of a mark of `kind`.
+pub(crate) fn kind_stride(kind: MarkKind) -> u32 {
+    match kind {
+        MarkKind::Vertices => wgsl::VERTEX_WORDS,
+        MarkKind::Edges => wgsl::EDGE_WORDS,
+        MarkKind::Faces => wgsl::FACE_WORDS,
+        MarkKind::Lines => wgsl::LINE_WORDS,
+        MarkKind::Areas => wgsl::AREA_WORDS,
+    }
+}
+
+fn shape_code(shape: Shape) -> u32 {
+    match shape {
+        Shape::Ellipse => wgsl::SHAPE_ELLIPSE,
+        Shape::Rectangle => wgsl::SHAPE_RECTANGLE,
+        Shape::Rounded => wgsl::SHAPE_ROUNDED,
+        Shape::Diamond => wgsl::SHAPE_DIAMOND,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..059abe18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,889 @@
+//! Views: a scene drawn from named data into any wgpu frame, answering input.
+
+mod axes;
+mod camera;
+mod clock;
+mod event;
+mod fit;
+mod focus;
+mod frame;
+mod gestures;
+mod graph;
+mod input;
+mod labels;
+mod legends;
+mod lists;
+mod marks;
+mod passes;
+mod plan;
+mod probe;
+mod program;
+mod query;
+mod resources;
+mod rig;
+mod rows;
+mod shadows;
+mod sync;
+mod timer;
+mod transition;
+mod uniforms;
+mod variants;
+mod wake;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::Waker;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+pub use camera::Camera;
+pub(crate) use camera::Projected;
+pub use event::{Cursor, End, Event, Fit, Hit, Phase, Sample, Stats, Trigger, Waiting};
+pub use input::{Button, Device, Input, Key, Modifiers};
+pub(crate) use resources::{DEPTH, SHADE};
+pub(crate) use wake::Signal;
+
+use camera::Area;
+use clock::Clock;
+use event::Events;
+use fit::Fitting;
+use focus::Focus;
+use gestures::Gestures;
+use marks::Shown;
+use probe::Probing;
+use program::Regions;
+use resources::Resources;
+use rig::Rig;
+
+use crate::derive::{Derivations, Derived};
+use crate::expr::compile::Deps;
+use crate::scene::mark::Context;
+use crate::{Data, Gpu, Name, Patch, Pending, Result, Row, Rows, Scene, Space};
+
+/// A frame to draw: where, a texture view of a format and size in physical pixels at a ratio of
+/// physical pixels to CSS pixels, and when.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct Frame<'a> {
+    /// The texture view to draw into.
+    pub target: &'a wgpu::TextureView,
+    /// Its format; sRGB formats are handled.
+    pub format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+    /// Its width and height in physical pixels.
+    pub size: [u32; 2],
+    /// Physical pixels per CSS pixel.
+    pub pixel_ratio: f32,
+    /// Seconds on the clock of whatever draws the frames: an animation frame's timestamp, a video
+    /// frame's time, a test's step. The view's motion moves by the steps between them, a quarter of
+    /// a second at most, and never back.
+    pub time: f64,
+}
+
+/// A scene drawn from named data: the application owns data and scene; the view owns camera,
+/// coordinate, selection, and what the frame needs. It has no loop: [`render`](View::render) records
+/// a frame into an encoder the application submits, and [`input`](View::input) takes the platform's
+/// pointer and keys.
+///
+/// ```no_run
+/// # async fn example() -> latkit::Result<()> {
+/// use latkit::{Data, Gpu, Ids, Plane, Scene, Table, Vertices, View};
+/// let gpu = Gpu::new().await?;
+/// let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+/// data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(3)).field("x", vec![0.0, 1.0, 2.0]).field("y", vec![0.0, 1.0, 0.0]))?;
+/// let mut view = View::new(&gpu, Scene::new(Plane::default()).draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y")))?;
+/// view.set_data(data);
+/// view.fit(latkit::Fit::All);
+/// # Ok(()) }
+/// ```
+pub struct View {
+    gpu: Gpu,
+    /// Which of its GPU's views it is: what the GPU's ledger grants its share to.
+    id: u64,
+    scene: Scene,
+    /// Bumps whenever the scene changes.
+    scene_version: u64,
+    /// The datasets given, and those the view fetches as the camera asks, by name.
+    sources: Vec<Data>,
+    /// What marks draw of each: the dataset as it is, or as drawn in part.
+    data: Vec<Data>,
+    /// What the view derives from the data and the scene: tables beside the tables it draws, row for
+    /// row, which marks read like data.
+    derived: Derivations,
+    marks: Vec<Shown>,
+    camera: Camera,
+    rig: Rig,
+    /// CSS pixels kept clear at the top, right, bottom, and left.
+    insets: [f32; 4],
+    fitting: Fitting,
+    /// The value range a plot without one shows, fitted to its traces.
+    plot_y: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    at: f64,
+    clock: Clock,
+    effect_time: f64,
+    events: Events,
+    /// What landing work wakes, and the waker it is: readbacks, jobs, and fetches hold it.
+    signal: Arc<wake::Signal>,
+    waker: Waker,
+    resources: Option<Resources>,
+    /// Marks' regions of the program buffer.
+    regions: Regions,
+    /// Marks came or went: row regions are laid out again.
+    regions_dirty: bool,
+    /// Something visible changed since the last frame.
+    changed: bool,
+    /// Whether the application was told the device was lost.
+    told_lost: bool,
+    /// The work under way the last frame stood in for.
+    waiting: Waiting,
+    /// What the scene asked the GPU to compile, by the targets its frames draw into.
+    asked: Vec<variants::Asking>,
+    /// While what its frames draw with compiles, how many compiles had landed when it last looked:
+    /// it draws nothing new until they all have, and sleeps until the next lands.
+    compiling: Option<u64>,
+    /// Likewise while what lights rows, probes, and answers queries compiles: its frames draw without
+    /// lit rows, and probes and queries wait.
+    answering: Option<u64>,
+    /// Who asked for the arranging under way.
+    arranging: Vec<crate::Resolver<Vec<Patch>>>,
+    /// Whether the platform asks for reduced motion, which `Motion::System` follows.
+    reduced_motion: bool,
+    /// The shadow map and the face normals, made from what they read.
+    shadow_map: Derived<()>,
+    normals: Derived<()>,
+    /// Measures what frames cost the GPU, where it can.
+    timer: Option<timer::Timer>,
+    focus: Focus,
+    probing: Probing,
+    queries: query::Queries,
+    /// Words the marks' segment lists take at the front of the lists buffer.
+    segment_words: u32,
+    labels: labels::Labels,
+    gestures: Gestures,
+    /// The pointer over the view: where, with what keys, and with what; `None` once it left.
+    pointer: Option<Trigger>,
+    /// The size of the last frame, CSS pixels, and its pixel ratio.
+    size: [f64; 2],
+    pixel_ratio: f32,
+    /// How each table draws within the view's share of the budget, and what that weighs.
+    planning: plan::Planning,
+    /// Pixel columns a trace spans at most: as many as the plan holds.
+    trace_columns: u32,
+    stats: Stats,
+}
+
+/// Views made so far, which numbers each.
+static VIEWS: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+impl View {
+    /// A view drawing `scene` with `gpu`. Its marks draw once [`set_data`](View::set_data) gives them
+    /// their data.
+    pub fn new(gpu: &Gpu, scene: Scene) -> Result<View> {
+        scene.check()?;
+        let camera = Camera::default_for(&scene.space);
+        let signal = Arc::new(wake::Signal::default());
+        let mut view = View {
+            gpu: gpu.clone(),
+            id: VIEWS.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed),
+            scene: Scene::new(scene.space.clone()),
+            scene_version: 0,
+            sources: Vec::new(),
+            data: Vec::new(),
+            derived: Derivations::default(),
+            marks: Vec::new(),
+            camera,
+            rig: Rig::default(),
+            insets: [0.0; 4],
+            fitting: Fitting::default(),
+            plot_y: None,
+            at: f64::INFINITY,
+            clock: Clock::default(),
+            effect_time: f64::NAN,
+            events: Events::default(),
+            waker: Waker::from(signal.clone()),
+            signal,
+            resources: None,
+            regions: Regions::default(),
+            regions_dirty: true,
+            changed: true,
+            told_lost: false,
+            waiting: Waiting::default(),
+            asked: Vec::new(),
+            compiling: None,
+            answering: None,
+            arranging: Vec::new(),
+            reduced_motion: false,
+            shadow_map: Derived::default(),
+            normals: Derived::default(),
+            timer: timer::Timer::new(&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue),
+            focus: Focus::default(),
+            probing: Probing::default(),
+            queries: query::Queries::default(),
+            segment_words: 0,
+            labels: labels::Labels::default(),
+            gestures: Gestures::default(),
+            pointer: None,
+            size: [0.0; 2],
+            pixel_ratio: 1.0,
+            planning: plan::Planning::default(),
+            trace_columns: u32::MAX,
+            stats: Stats::default(),
+        };
+        view.show(scene)?;
+        // Until it draws, a view waits on everything its first frame would.
+        view.waiting = view.under_way();
+        Ok(view)
+    }
+
+    /// The scene drawn.
+    pub fn scene(&self) -> &Scene {
+        &self.scene
+    }
+
+    /// Draws `scene` instead. Marks that match one of the current scene by kind, data, table, and name
+    /// keep their state, and ease to a changed description; an invalid scene changes nothing.
+    pub fn show(&mut self, scene: Scene) -> Result<()> {
+        scene.check()?;
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let mut inner = gpu.0.lock();
+        // A mark compiles again when its theme or space changed.
+        let context_changed = scene.theme != self.scene.theme
+            || std::mem::discriminant(&scene.space) != std::mem::discriminant(&self.scene.space)
+            || matches!(scene.layout, crate::Layout::None) != matches!(self.scene.layout, crate::Layout::None);
+        let context = Context { theme: &scene.theme, space: &scene.space, layout: &scene.layout };
+        // Compile every new or changed mark before changing anything.
+        let mut fresh = Vec::with_capacity(scene.marks.len());
+        for (i, mark) in scene.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let kept = !context_changed && self.marks.iter().any(|s| s.mark.draws_like(mark));
+            if kept {
+                fresh.push(None);
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut shown = Shown::new(mark.clone());
+            shown.compile(&self.sources, context, &mut inner).map_err(|e| mark.within(i, e))?;
+            fresh.push(Some(shown));
+        }
+        let mut old: Vec<Option<Shown>> = std::mem::take(&mut self.marks).into_iter().map(Some).collect();
+        let easing = !scene.ease.is_zero() && self.moves_with(&scene.controls);
+        self.marks = scene
+            .marks
+            .iter()
+            .zip(fresh)
+            .map(|(mark, fresh)| {
+                let Some(mut shown) = fresh else {
+                    let mut kept = old
+                        .iter_mut()
+                        .find(|s| s.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| s.mark.draws_like(mark)))
+                        .and_then(Option::take)
+                        .expect("kept");
+                    kept.mark = mark.clone();
+                    return kept;
+                };
+                // A changed mark takes over its predecessor's rows, and eases from them.
+                let before = old.iter_mut().find(|s| s.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| s.key == shown.key));
+                if let Some(mut before) = before.and_then(Option::take) {
+                    before.tables.release(&mut inner);
+                    shown.inherit(&before);
+                    if easing && shown.compiled.as_ref().map(|c| c.drawing.stride) == Some(before.stride()) {
+                        shown.begin(None);
+                    }
+                }
+                shown
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for mut dropped in old.into_iter().flatten() {
+            dropped.tables.release(&mut inner);
+        }
+        for shown in self.marks.iter_mut().filter(|s| s.failure.is_none()) {
+            shown.failure = absent(shown, &self.sources, &self.derived.tiles).map(|error| (error, false));
+        }
+        self.regions_dirty = true;
+        drop(inner);
+        if !self.camera.fits(&scene.space) {
+            self.camera = Camera::default_for(&scene.space);
+            self.plot_y = None;
+        }
+        if matches!(scene.space, Space::Diagram(_)) {
+            self.rig.orbit = 0.0;
+        }
+        self.scene = scene;
+        self.scene_version += 1;
+        // What the new scene uses is asked for as it next draws; what it shares landed already.
+        self.asked.clear();
+        self.compiling = None;
+        self.answering = None;
+        self.focus.dirty = true;
+        self.gestures.keys.stale();
+        self.invalidate();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Gives the view the dataset `data`, replacing the one of the same name. Cheap: unchanged pages
+    /// are shared and only changed fields are evaluated again. A mark it no longer fits draws nothing,
+    /// and the next frame reports why, unless a scene shown before then replaces the mark: new data
+    /// and the scene reading it can be given in either order.
+    pub fn set_data(&mut self, data: Data) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let mut inner = gpu.0.lock();
+        self.take_data(data, &mut inner);
+    }
+
+    /// Takes `data` with the GPU's state locked: marks whose schema it changed compile again; one that
+    /// fails keeps why until data fits it again, and the frame tells it. The frame draws the data, as
+    /// it is or in part.
+    fn take_data(&mut self, data: Data, inner: &mut crate::gpu::Inner) {
+        let at = match self.sources.binary_search_by(|d| d.name().cmp(data.name())) {
+            Ok(i) => {
+                self.sources[i] = data;
+                i
+            }
+            Err(i) => {
+                self.sources.insert(i, data);
+                i
+            }
+        };
+        let context = Context { theme: &self.scene.theme, space: &self.scene.space, layout: &self.scene.layout };
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            if shown.stale(&self.sources[at]) {
+                let failed = shown.compile(&self.sources, context, inner).err();
+                let failed = failed.or_else(|| absent(shown, &self.sources, &self.derived.tiles));
+                shown.failure = failed.map(|error| (error, false));
+            }
+        }
+        // Rows may have moved under the focus and the keys.
+        self.focus.dirty = true;
+        self.gestures.keys.stale();
+        self.fitting.plot_due = true;
+        self.wake();
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset named `name`, as given, or as the view fetches it.
+    pub fn data(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Data> {
+        self.source(name)
+    }
+
+    /// The dataset named `name`, whole.
+    fn source(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Data> {
+        self.sources.iter().find(|d| d.name() == name)
+    }
+
+    /// What marks draw of the dataset named `name`: it as it is, or as drawn in part.
+    fn drawn(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Data> {
+        self.data.iter().find(|d| d.name() == name)
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches `tiles` as the camera asks for them, kept as the dataset they name, which the view
+    /// owns: marks draw it like any other, [`data`](View::data) reads it, and
+    /// [`remove_data`](View::remove_data) stops it. Tiles of the same name replace these.
+    pub fn set_tiles(&mut self, tiles: crate::Tiles) {
+        self.derived.tiles.set(tiles);
+        self.wake();
+    }
+
+    /// Stops drawing the dataset named `name`, given or fetched as tiles.
+    pub fn remove_data(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        self.derived.tiles.remove(name);
+        self.sources.retain(|d| d.name() != name);
+        self.data.retain(|d| d.name() != name);
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let mut inner = gpu.0.lock();
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            if shown.mark.style().data == *name {
+                shown.failure = None;
+            }
+            if shown.compiled.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.schemas.iter().any(|(n, _)| n == name)) {
+                shown.tables.release(&mut inner);
+                shown.compiled = None;
+                shown.rows = 0;
+                shown.exits = 0;
+                shown.drawn = None;
+            }
+        }
+        drop(inner);
+        self.invalidate();
+    }
+
+    /// The axis coordinate shown: every sampled field reads its last frame at or before it.
+    pub fn at(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.at
+    }
+
+    /// Shows axis coordinate `at`; only options that read sampled fields evaluate again.
+    pub fn set_at(&mut self, at: f64) {
+        if at.to_bits() != self.at.to_bits() {
+            self.at = at;
+            self.wake();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Where the view looks.
+    pub fn camera(&self) -> &Camera {
+        &self.camera
+    }
+
+    /// Looks through `camera` at once. Like every setter, it tells nothing: the application knows.
+    pub fn set_camera(&mut self, camera: Camera) {
+        if camera.fits(&self.scene.space) {
+            self.rig.hold();
+            self.place_camera(camera);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Tells the view whether the platform asks for reduced motion, as a browser's
+    /// `prefers-reduced-motion` does: `Motion::System` follows it. A canvas tells it itself.
+    pub fn set_reduced_motion(&mut self, reduced: bool) {
+        if reduced != self.reduced_motion {
+            self.reduced_motion = reduced;
+            self.wake();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the view moves on its own: eases, flights, coasting, orbits, label fades, comets, and
+    /// what reads `elapsed()`.
+    pub(super) fn moves(&self) -> bool {
+        self.moves_with(&self.scene.controls)
+    }
+
+    fn moves_with(&self, controls: &crate::Controls) -> bool {
+        match controls.motion {
+            crate::Motion::Full => true,
+            crate::Motion::Reduced => false,
+            crate::Motion::System => !self.reduced_motion,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What changes ease over: the scene's ease, or nothing where the view does not move on its own.
+    pub(super) fn ease(&self) -> Duration {
+        if self.moves() { self.scene.ease } else { Duration::ZERO }
+    }
+
+    /// Eases to `camera` over twice the scene's ease, on the view's clock.
+    pub fn fly(&mut self, camera: Camera) {
+        if camera.fits(&self.scene.space) {
+            let seconds = (self.ease().max(Duration::from_millis(1)) * 2).as_secs_f64();
+            self.rig.fly(self.camera, camera, self.clock.now(), seconds);
+            self.wake();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Where `position` (x, y, and elevation) lands on screen, CSS pixels from the top left; `None`
+    /// behind the camera. Overlays anchor to what the view draws with it.
+    pub fn point(&self, position: [f64; 3]) -> Option<[f32; 2]> {
+        let view = self.projected();
+        view.screen(view.world(position)).map(|s| [s[0] as f32, s[1] as f32])
+    }
+
+    /// The position on the ground under `point`: on a plane at elevation 0, on the earth its surface,
+    /// on a plot the values there; `None` where the pointer looks past it.
+    pub fn ground(&self, point: [f32; 2]) -> Option<[f64; 3]> {
+        let view = self.projected();
+        view.surface(point.map(f64::from)).map(|w| view.position(w))
+    }
+
+    /// Lays every vertex row without a position out again by the scene's layout: a diagram's blocks,
+    /// or the points of a plane or the earth. Places a layout gave otherwise hold, so rows added later
+    /// are placed around the rest. Once the layout lands, the answer is a patch to each dataset
+    /// writing each row laid out into its mark's position fields (or its point `geometry`); applied,
+    /// the places are the data's own. A mark whose position is not fields is left out.
+    pub fn arrange(&mut self) -> Pending<Vec<Patch>> {
+        let (pending, resolver) = Pending::new();
+        self.arranging.push(resolver);
+        self.derived.arrange(matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_)));
+        self.wake();
+        pending
+    }
+
+    /// Answers the arranging asked for, once its layout landed.
+    fn answer_arranging(&mut self) {
+        let Some(placed) = self.derived.take_arranged() else { return };
+        let patches = arranged(&self.scene, placed);
+        for resolver in self.arranging.drain(..) {
+            resolver.resolve(Ok(patches.clone()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Frames what `fit` names on the next frame, keeping pitch and bearing.
+    pub fn fit(&mut self, fit: Fit) {
+        self.focus.fitting = match &fit {
+            Fit::Rows(rows) => Rows::flatten(rows.iter().cloned()),
+            Fit::Reveal(row) => vec![row.clone()],
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        };
+        self.focus.dirty = true;
+        self.fitting.wanted = Some(fit);
+        self.wake();
+    }
+
+    /// CSS pixels kept clear at the top, right, bottom, and left: the camera centers and fits in what
+    /// remains, as when panels cover part of the view.
+    pub fn insets(&self) -> [f32; 4] {
+        self.insets
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps `insets` clear.
+    pub fn set_insets(&mut self, insets: [f32; 4]) {
+        if insets != self.insets {
+            self.insets = insets;
+            self.wake();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Degrees of bearing a map or plane turns each second about its center.
+    pub fn orbit(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.rig.orbit
+    }
+
+    /// Turns the camera `degrees_per_second` about its center; zero stops it. A diagram never turns.
+    pub fn set_orbit(&mut self, degrees_per_second: f64) {
+        let turns = degrees_per_second.is_finite() && !matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Diagram(_));
+        self.rig.orbit = if turns { degrees_per_second } else { 0.0 };
+        self.wake();
+    }
+
+    /// The rows selected, a set per table in the order each was first selected.
+    pub fn selection(&self) -> Vec<Rows> {
+        Rows::group(self.focus.selection.iter().cloned())
+    }
+
+    /// Selects `rows`, and no others, telling nothing. Rows the data drops, or no pickable mark shows,
+    /// leave the selection with a [`Select`](Event::Select) event without a trigger.
+    pub fn select(&mut self, rows: impl IntoIterator<Item = Rows>) {
+        let rows = Rows::flatten(rows);
+        if rows != self.focus.selection {
+            self.focus.selection = rows;
+            self.focus.dirty = true;
+            self.wake();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What the user points at: the row under the pointer, or the row the keys stepped to.
+    pub fn hovered(&self) -> Option<&Hit> {
+        self.focus.hovered.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Every mark that draws nothing because its data no longer fits it, and why.
+    pub fn failures(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = crate::Error> + '_ {
+        self.marks
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(i, shown)| Some(shown.mark.within(i, shown.failure.as_ref()?.0.clone())))
+    }
+
+    /// The pointer the view asks for over what it shows.
+    pub fn cursor(&self) -> Cursor {
+        self.gestures.cursor(self.probing.hovered(), &self.scene)
+    }
+
+    /// What the view did.
+    pub fn stats(&self) -> Stats {
+        let inner = self.gpu.0.lock();
+        let rows = |m: &Shown| {
+            let style = m.mark.style();
+            self.source(&style.data).and_then(|d| d.table(&style.table)).map_or(0, |t| t.len() as u64)
+        };
+        let [tiles, tiles_loading] = self.derived.tiles.counts();
+        // A table drawn through tiles leaves holes where tiles drawn before were: they draw nothing.
+        let drawn = |m: &Shown| match &m.drawn {
+            Some((_, table)) => (table.len() - table.ids.holes()) as u64,
+            None => u64::from(m.rows),
+        };
+        Stats {
+            rows: self.marks.iter().map(rows).sum(),
+            drawn: self.marks.iter().map(drawn).sum(),
+            tiles,
+            tiles_loading,
+            uploading: inner.arena.pending(),
+            resident: inner.arena.resident(),
+            budget: inner.budget.bytes.min(inner.arena.capacity()),
+            waiting: self.waiting,
+            ..self.stats
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the last frame drew everything as the data, scene, and camera say, with nothing
+    /// standing in for work under way: no pipeline it draws with was compiling, no changed page
+    /// waited to upload, no tile drew its ancestor,
+    /// no table its first sample, no row stood where it was until a layout landed, no wire drew its
+    /// elbows, no area its earlier triangles, no label its estimate, and no fit was due. A shot or a
+    /// video waits for it; [`Stats::waiting`] says what it waits on.
+    pub fn complete(&self) -> bool {
+        self.waiting.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// What happened since the last call, in order: see [`Event`]. An intent whose detail a pick has
+    /// yet to bring waits for it, and the intents after it wait too.
+    pub fn events(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Event> + use<> {
+        self.events.drain()
+    }
+
+    /// Woken when the view needs a frame without being asked: work it waited on lands, data or the
+    /// camera changes.
+    pub fn set_waker(&mut self, waker: Waker) {
+        self.signal.set_waker(waker);
+    }
+
+    /// What wakes the view: a shot drawing it waits on it.
+    pub(crate) fn signal(&self) -> &Arc<wake::Signal> {
+        &self.signal
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a [`Shot`](crate::Shot) or a [`Video`](crate::Video) draws the view: nothing else
+    /// should draw it meanwhile, as a canvas or a window holds its last frame, since a view draws at
+    /// one size at a time.
+    pub fn lent(&self) -> bool {
+        self.signal.lent()
+    }
+
+    /// The GPU the view draws with.
+    pub(crate) fn gpu(&self) -> &Gpu {
+        &self.gpu
+    }
+
+    /// The error a shot or a video fails on: the first one still untold, which stays for the view's
+    /// owner.
+    pub(crate) fn shot_error(&mut self) -> Option<crate::Error> {
+        self.tell_gpu_errors();
+        self.events.error().cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the view can draw frames into `format` at `pixel_ratio` now: every pipeline its scene
+    /// draws with compiled. The first call for a target asks for every pipeline the scene uses, all at
+    /// once, what it draws with first; in a browser they compile side by side off the GPU's thread,
+    /// and each that lands wakes the view. Until what it draws with has, it draws nothing new, so
+    /// whatever shows its frames keeps the last, as a canvas does; until the rest has, it draws
+    /// without lit rows, and probes and queries wait. Natively it can always draw.
+    /// [`render`](View::render) asks for itself, drawing nothing until then.
+    pub fn ready(&mut self, format: wgpu::TextureFormat, pixel_ratio: f32) -> bool {
+        self.ready_for(format, pixel_ratio, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether frames into `format` at `pixel_ratio`, taking `input` or not, can draw now: see
+    /// [`ready`](View::ready).
+    pub(crate) fn ready_for(&mut self, format: wgpu::TextureFormat, pixel_ratio: f32, input: bool) -> bool {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let mut inner = gpu.0.lock();
+        let draws = self.pipelines_ready(&mut inner, format, resources::samples(pixel_ratio), input);
+        let answers = self.answers_ready(&mut inner);
+        let landed = inner.pipelines.landed();
+        drop(inner);
+        self.compiling = (!draws).then_some(landed);
+        self.answering = (!answers).then_some(landed);
+        let compiling = self.compiling.is_some() || self.answering.is_some();
+        if self.waiting.compiling != compiling {
+            self.waiting.compiling = compiling;
+            self.events.tell(Event::Waiting(self.waiting));
+        }
+        draws
+    }
+
+    /// Whether probes and queries can run: what they and the lit rows' draws use compiled.
+    fn answers(&self) -> bool {
+        self.answering.is_none()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether what its frames draw with is still compiling: it draws nothing new until all of it
+    /// landed.
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "web", target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub(crate) fn compiling(&self) -> bool {
+        self.compiling.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a frame would differ from the last one: something changed, moves, or streams in, or
+    /// work the view waited on landed. While it only waits, it needs none: what it waits on wakes it.
+    pub fn needs_render(&self) -> bool {
+        let landed = || self.gpu.0.lock().pipelines.landed();
+        // While what it draws with compiles, it draws nothing new: each compile landing wakes it.
+        if let Some(seen) = self.compiling {
+            return landed() != seen;
+        }
+        // What moves on its own, only while the view moves on its own: under reduced motion an orbit,
+        // comets, and what reads `elapsed()` hold still.
+        let moves = self.moves();
+        self.changed
+            || self.signal.landed()
+            || self.rig.easing()
+            || (self.rig.orbit != 0.0 && moves)
+            || self.fitting.due()
+            // Probes and queries wait for what answers them to compile, which wakes the view as it lands.
+            || (self.answers() && (self.probing.due() || self.queries.due()))
+            || self.answering.is_some_and(|seen| landed() != seen)
+            || self.derived.tiled.due()
+            || self.labels.fading(self.clock.now())
+            // A mark evaluates once its columns synced: until then, the pages they wait for wake it.
+            || self.marks.iter().any(|m| (m.drawable() && (m.dirty != 0 || m.reduce)) || m.begin.is_some() || m.transition.is_some())
+            || (moves && self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.compiled.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.program.reads().intersects(Deps::TIME))))
+            || (moves && self.flowing())
+            || self.gpu.0.lock().arena.uploading()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the view wants a frame: one that would differ ([`needs_render`](View::needs_render)),
+    /// or one noticing a touch held long enough for a menu. A loop drawing on demand draws while this
+    /// holds, as a canvas does; a video holds the frames that only notice.
+    pub fn wants_frame(&self) -> bool {
+        self.needs_render() || (self.compiling.is_none() && self.holding())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether comets travel along a mark's rows: one that flows draws, and the theme shows them.
+    fn flowing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.scene.theme.flow.color.a > 0.0 && self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.drawable() && m.mark.flows())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the next frame, taking `input` or not, does work this one left: pages to upload past
+    /// the frame's budget, rows to lay out, a fit, probe, or query due, the tiles the camera wants, or
+    /// a transition to begin. Nothing else would wake the view for it: jobs, texts, fetches, and
+    /// readbacks do as they land.
+    fn due(&self, input: bool) -> bool {
+        self.gpu.0.lock().arena.uploading()
+            || self.regions_dirty
+            || self.fitting.due()
+            || (input && self.answers() && (self.probing.due() || self.queries.due()))
+            || self.derived.tiled.due()
+            || self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.begin.is_some())
+    }
+
+    fn wake(&mut self) {
+        self.changed = true;
+        self.signal.ask();
+    }
+
+    /// The work under way a frame drawn now stands in for: see [`complete`](View::complete). A mark
+    /// waits for a dataset it names until it is given; one that failed, or that draws tiles the view
+    /// fetches, which may never hold its table, stands in for nothing.
+    fn under_way(&self) -> Waiting {
+        let marks = || self.marks.iter().filter(|m| m.compiled.is_some());
+        let given = |m: &Shown| {
+            let data = &m.mark.style().data;
+            m.compiled.is_some() || m.failure.is_some() || self.source(data).is_some() || self.derived.tiles.owns(data)
+        };
+        Waiting {
+            compiling: self.asked.is_empty() || self.compiling.is_some() || self.answering.is_some(),
+            data: !self.marks.iter().all(given) || marks().any(|m| !m.tables.synced() || m.tables.waiting()),
+            derived: !self.derived.complete(),
+            labels: !self.labels.complete(),
+            fit: self.fitting.due() || self.fitting.reading(),
+            marks: self.regions_dirty || marks().any(|m| m.counting() || m.begin.is_some()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether something eases toward where it goes: a transition, a flight, coasting, or a label
+    /// fade. An orbit, a comet, and anything else that moves for as long as it is shown never settles,
+    /// and is not counted.
+    pub(crate) fn easing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.rig.easing()
+            || self.labels.fading(self.clock.now())
+            || self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.begin.is_some() || m.transition.is_some())
+    }
+
+    fn invalidate(&mut self) {
+        self.regions_dirty = true;
+        self.regions.relayout = true;
+        self.fitting.plot_due = true;
+        self.wake();
+    }
+
+    /// The part of the view the camera frames: inside the insets, and on a plot inside its axes.
+    fn area(&self) -> Area {
+        let [w, h] = self.size;
+        let [top, right, bottom, left] = self.insets.map(f64::from);
+        let mut area = [left, top, w - right, h - bottom];
+        if let Space::Plot(plot) = &self.scene.space {
+            let gutters = axes::gutters(plot, &self.scene.theme);
+            area = [area[0] + gutters[3], area[1] + gutters[0], area[2] - gutters[1], area[3] - gutters[2]];
+        }
+        if area[2] - area[0] < 1.0 {
+            area[2] = area[0] + 1.0;
+        }
+        if area[3] - area[1] < 1.0 {
+            area[3] = area[1] + 1.0;
+        }
+        area
+    }
+
+    /// The camera the frame draws through: a plot without a value range shows the fitted one.
+    fn drawn_camera(&self) -> Camera {
+        match self.camera {
+            Camera::Plot { x, y: None } => Camera::Plot { x, y: Some(self.plot_y.unwrap_or([0.0, 1.0])) },
+            camera => camera,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn projected(&self) -> Projected {
+        self.projected_with(&self.drawn_camera())
+    }
+
+    /// What `camera` would show, a plot's missing value range filled as the frame fills it.
+    fn projected_with(&self, camera: &Camera) -> Projected {
+        let camera = match *camera {
+            Camera::Plot { x, y: None } => Camera::Plot { x, y: Some(self.plot_y.unwrap_or([0.0, 1.0])) },
+            camera => camera,
+        };
+        let space = &self.scene.space;
+        Projected::new(space, &camera, self.size, self.area(), Projected::globe_of(space))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for View {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let mut inner = gpu.0.lock();
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            shown.tables.release(&mut inner);
+        }
+        inner.ledger.leave(self.id);
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for View {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("View")
+            .field("scene", &self.scene)
+            .field("camera", &self.camera)
+            .field("at", &self.at)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The patches writing rows laid out into the data, by dataset: each row's place into the position
+/// fields of the vertex mark drawing its table, or its point geometry.
+fn arranged(scene: &Scene, placed: Vec<(Row, [f64; 2])>) -> Vec<Patch> {
+    /// A table's rows laid out: its dataset and name, their ids, and their places.
+    type Laid = ((Name, Name), Vec<crate::Id>, Vec<[f64; 2]>);
+    let mut tables: Vec<Laid> = Vec::new();
+    for (row, place) in placed {
+        let key = (row.data, row.table);
+        match tables.iter_mut().find(|(k, ..)| *k == key) {
+            Some((_, ids, places)) => {
+                ids.push(row.id);
+                places.push(place);
+            }
+            None => tables.push((key, vec![row.id], vec![place])),
+        }
+    }
+    let mut patches: Vec<Patch> = Vec::new();
+    for ((data, table), ids, places) in tables {
+        let mark = scene.marks.iter().find_map(|m| match m {
+            crate::Mark::Vertices(v) if v.style.data == data && v.style.table == table => Some(v),
+            _ => None,
+        });
+        let Some(mark) = mark else { continue };
+        let written = crate::Table::new(table, ids);
+        let written = match &mark.position {
+            None => written.field(mark.point_field(), places),
+            Some([x, y]) => match (x.field_name(), y.field_name()) {
+                (Some(x), Some(y)) => written
+                    .field(x, places.iter().map(|p| p[0]).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+                    .field(y, places.iter().map(|p| p[1]).collect::<Vec<_>>()),
+                _ => continue,
+            },
+        };
+        match patches.iter_mut().find(|patch| patch.data() == Some(&data)) {
+            Some(patch) => *patch = std::mem::take(patch).set(written),
+            None => patches.push(Patch::to(data).set(written)),
+        }
+    }
+    patches
+}
+
+/// Why `shown`, whose dataset is given, draws nothing: the table it names is absent. A dataset the
+/// view fetches as tiles fills its tables as they land, so a table it lacks is not missing.
+fn absent(shown: &Shown, sources: &[Data], tiles: &crate::derive::tiles::TileSets) -> Option<crate::Error> {
+    let style = shown.mark.style();
+    let data = sources.iter().find(|d| *d.name() == style.data)?;
+    (shown.compiled.is_none() && !tiles.owns(&style.data)).then(|| shown.mark.absent_from(data)).flatten()
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/passes.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/passes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ce4004e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/passes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+//! A frame's passes: compute evaluates dirty channels over the row blocks that changed, eases what
+//! marks show toward what changed, reduces fitted domains, numbers segments, sums
+//! face normals when their corners moved, and measures extents when asked; render draws the
+//! backdrop, every mark's primitive and ports in scene order with depth, the labels, and the
+//! overlay; a probe, when one waits, reads what the frame drew through the same geometry.
+
+use super::resources::{EyeSlot, MARK_STRIDE};
+use super::{Frame, View};
+use crate::Space;
+use crate::derive::stamp_of;
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::pipelines::Variant;
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{self as wgsl, Shader};
+use crate::gpu::work::Count;
+use crate::scene::mark::{MarkKind, Primitive};
+
+const WORKGROUP: u32 = 256;
+/// Workgroups one dimension of a dispatch holds on every device.
+const MAX_GROUPS: u32 = 65_535;
+
+/// The target pixels of `area`: a plot's lines draw only inside its axes.
+fn scissor(area: super::camera::Area, frame: &Frame<'_>) -> [u32; 4] {
+    let [w, h] = frame.size.map(f64::from);
+    let r = f64::from(frame.pixel_ratio);
+    let x0 = (area[0] * r).floor().clamp(0.0, w);
+    let y0 = (area[1] * r).floor().clamp(0.0, h);
+    let x1 = (area[2] * r).ceil().clamp(x0, w);
+    let y1 = (area[3] * r).ceil().clamp(y0, h);
+    [x0 as u32, y0 as u32, (x1 - x0) as u32, (y1 - y0) as u32]
+}
+
+/// The main render pass: cleared to `background`, multisampled into `view` and resolved into
+/// `resolve` when there is one, its depth kept when `probing` reads it.
+fn main_pass<'e>(
+    encoder: &'e mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+    view: &wgpu::TextureView,
+    resolve: Option<&wgpu::TextureView>,
+    depth: &wgpu::TextureView,
+    background: [f64; 4],
+    probing: bool,
+) -> wgpu::RenderPass<'e> {
+    let [r, g, b, a] = background;
+    encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit"),
+        color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+            view,
+            depth_slice: None,
+            resolve_target: resolve,
+            ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color { r, g, b, a }),
+                store: if resolve.is_some() { wgpu::StoreOp::Discard } else { wgpu::StoreOp::Store },
+            },
+        })],
+        depth_stencil_attachment: Some(wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachment {
+            view: depth,
+            depth_ops: Some(wgpu::Operations {
+                load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(0.0),
+                store: if probing { wgpu::StoreOp::Store } else { wgpu::StoreOp::Discard },
+            }),
+            stencil_ops: None,
+        }),
+        timestamp_writes: None,
+        occlusion_query_set: None,
+        multiview_mask: None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// The draws a frame recorded, and the instances they draw: at most, for a draw its segment list
+/// counts on the GPU.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, Debug)]
+pub(super) struct Drawn {
+    pub(super) draws: u64,
+    pub(super) instances: u64,
+}
+
+impl Drawn {
+    /// Draws `instances` of `corners` corners each, counted.
+    pub(super) fn draw(&mut self, pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'_>, corners: u32, instances: u32) {
+        pass.draw(0..corners, 0..instances);
+        self.count(instances);
+    }
+
+    fn count(&mut self, instances: u32) {
+        self.draws += 1;
+        self.instances += u64::from(instances);
+    }
+}
+
+/// What every mark's draw in the main pass shares: the device and target, the bind groups, the
+/// lists buffer, and a plot's axes, which its lines clip to.
+struct Marks<'a> {
+    device: &'a wgpu::Device,
+    format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+    samples: u32,
+    groups: &'a super::resources::Groups,
+    passes: &'a [(Shader, wgpu::BindGroup)],
+    lists: &'a wgpu::Buffer,
+    clip: Option<[u32; 4]>,
+    size: [u32; 2],
+}
+
+impl Marks<'_> {
+    /// Draws mark `i`, `shown`: every instance, or with `lit` the rows its focus lights, glowing.
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'_>,
+        drawn: &mut Drawn,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        i: usize,
+        shown: &super::marks::Shown,
+        lit: bool,
+    ) {
+        let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { return };
+        let custom = compiled.drawing.markers.custom.is_some();
+        let areas = shown.path() == wgsl::PATH_GEOMETRY;
+        let (shader, corners) = match (compiled.drawing.primitive, lit) {
+            (Primitive::Points, false) if custom => (Shader::PointsCustom, 4),
+            (Primitive::Points, false) => (Shader::Points, 4),
+            (Primitive::Points, true) if custom => (Shader::PointsCustomFocus, 4),
+            (Primitive::Points, true) => (Shader::PointsFocus, 4),
+            (Primitive::Strokes, false) => (Shader::Strokes, 4),
+            (Primitive::Strokes, true) => (Shader::StrokesFocus, 4),
+            (Primitive::Triangles, false) if areas => (Shader::Areas, 3),
+            (Primitive::Triangles, false) => (Shader::Triangles, 3),
+            (Primitive::Triangles, true) if areas => (Shader::AreasFocus, 3),
+            // A face lights by its color alone.
+            (Primitive::Triangles, true) => return,
+        };
+        let pipeline = if let Some(source) = &compiled.drawing.markers.custom {
+            inner.pipelines.custom(self.device, source, shader, self.format, self.samples)
+        } else {
+            let variant = Variant::draw(shader, self.format, self.samples).path(shown.path());
+            Some(inner.pipelines.render_pipeline(self.device, variant))
+        };
+        let Some(pipeline) = pipeline else { return };
+        let group = &self.passes.iter().find(|(s, _)| *s == shader).expect("listed").1;
+        pass.set_bind_group(1, &self.groups.mark, &[offset(i)]);
+        let clip = self.clip.filter(|_| shown.kind() == MarkKind::Lines);
+        if let Some([x, y, w, h]) = clip {
+            pass.set_scissor_rect(x, y, w, h);
+        }
+        pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
+        pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
+        if lit {
+            drawn.draw(pass, corners, shown.lit.rows * shown.lit.pieces);
+        } else {
+            shown.record(pass, drawn, corners, self.lists);
+        }
+        if clip.is_some() {
+            pass.set_scissor_rect(0, 0, self.size[0], self.size[1]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Draws the ports of every row of mark `i`, `shown`, where its rows have them: after its rows, and
+    /// again after the rows its focus lights, which they sit on.
+    fn ports(
+        &self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'_>,
+        drawn: &mut Drawn,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        i: usize,
+        shown: &super::marks::Shown,
+    ) {
+        let ports = shown.port_count();
+        if ports == 0 || !shown.compiled.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.drawing.primitive == Primitive::Points) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let group = &self.passes.iter().find(|(s, _)| *s == Shader::PointsPorts).expect("listed").1;
+        pass.set_bind_group(1, &self.groups.mark, &[offset(i)]);
+        pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.render(self.device, Shader::PointsPorts, self.format, self.samples));
+        pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
+        drawn.draw(pass, 4, (shown.rows + shown.exits) * ports);
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a frame's compute pass does.
+struct Work {
+    evaluated: Vec<usize>,
+    /// Marks whose ease pass writes what they show from their frozen and settled state.
+    eased: Vec<usize>,
+    segments: Vec<usize>,
+    faces: Vec<usize>,
+    measured: Vec<usize>,
+    /// Marks whose comets carry their travel over to rows a transition moved, and that travel.
+    carried: Vec<usize>,
+    travelled: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+/// Dispatches a workgroup for every `WORKGROUP` of `items`, if there are any; past one dimension's
+/// workgroups, blocks of `BLOCK_ROWS` items along the second, as `item` in `lib/types.wesl` reads them.
+pub(super) fn dispatch(pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>, items: u32) {
+    let groups = items.div_ceil(WORKGROUP);
+    if groups > MAX_GROUPS {
+        pass.dispatch_workgroups(wgsl::BLOCK_ROWS / WORKGROUP, items.div_ceil(wgsl::BLOCK_ROWS), 1);
+    } else if groups > 0 {
+        pass.dispatch_workgroups(groups, 1, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dispatches over `blocks` listed row blocks of a mark of `rows` rows: a block's rows wide.
+fn dispatch_blocks(pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>, rows: u32, blocks: u32) {
+    let wide = rows.min(wgsl::BLOCK_ROWS).div_ceil(WORKGROUP);
+    if wide > 0 && blocks > 0 {
+        pass.dispatch_workgroups(wide, blocks, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Mark `index`'s dynamic offset in the marks' uniforms.
+pub(super) fn offset(index: usize) -> u32 {
+    (index as u64 * MARK_STRIDE) as u32
+}
+
+impl super::marks::Shown {
+    /// Segments of each row's path, for strokes whose rows all have as many.
+    pub(crate) fn segments_per_row(&self) -> u32 {
+        if self.compiled.is_none() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        match self.kind() {
+            // A trace's points count the corners steps make.
+            MarkKind::Lines => self.tables.traced().saturating_sub(1),
+            _ => 1,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Instances its primitive draws: rows and exits, or every segment of their paths; at most what
+    /// its segment list keeps.
+    pub(crate) fn instances(&self) -> u32 {
+        if let Some(list) = &self.segments.list {
+            return list.kept;
+        }
+        let rows = self.rows + self.exits;
+        match self.compiled.as_ref().map(|c| c.drawing.primitive) {
+            Some(Primitive::Strokes) => rows * self.segments_per_row(),
+            Some(_) => rows,
+            None => 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Instances a probe or a measure reaches: live rows and their ports only.
+    pub(crate) fn live_instances(&self) -> u32 {
+        if let Some(list) = &self.segments.list {
+            return list.kept;
+        }
+        match self.compiled.as_ref().map(|c| c.drawing.primitive) {
+            Some(Primitive::Strokes) => self.rows * self.segments_per_row(),
+            Some(Primitive::Points) => self.rows * (1 + self.port_count()),
+            Some(_) => self.rows,
+            None => 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The code of the primitive it draws.
+    pub(crate) fn primitive(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.compiled.as_ref().map_or(0, |c| c.drawing.primitive.code())
+    }
+
+    /// Records the draw of its instances: as many as its segment list holds, when it has one.
+    pub(super) fn record(
+        &self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'_>,
+        drawn: &mut Drawn,
+        corners: u32,
+        lists: &wgpu::Buffer,
+    ) {
+        match &self.segments.list {
+            Some(list) => {
+                pass.draw_indirect(lists, u64::from(list.header + wgsl::LIST_DRAW) * 4);
+                drawn.count(list.kept);
+            }
+            None => drawn.draw(pass, corners, self.instances()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Evaluates the dirty channels of marks `work`, each over its dirty row blocks, its fitted
+    /// domains reduced first where they changed.
+    fn evaluate(
+        &mut self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        group: &wgpu::BindGroup,
+        work: &[usize],
+    ) {
+        if work.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let device = &self.gpu.0.device;
+        let evaluate = inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Evaluate, "evaluate");
+        // Only marks fitting domains reduce.
+        let reducing = work.iter().any(|&i| self.marks[i].reduce && self.marks[i].rows > 0);
+        let reduce = reducing.then(|| inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Evaluate, "reduce"));
+        for &i in work {
+            let shown = &mut self.marks[i];
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, group, &[offset(i)]);
+            if let Some(reduce) = reduce.as_ref().filter(|_| shown.reduce && shown.rows > 0) {
+                pass.set_pipeline(reduce);
+                dispatch(pass, shown.rows);
+            }
+            pass.set_pipeline(&evaluate);
+            let rows = shown.rows + shown.exits;
+            dispatch_blocks(pass, rows, shown.block_count);
+            let blocks = shown.blocks.of(rows);
+            let evaluated = blocks.iter().map(|&b| u64::from((rows - b * wgsl::BLOCK_ROWS).min(wgsl::BLOCK_ROWS)));
+            self.gpu.0.counters.add(Count::Evaluated, evaluated.sum());
+            shown.dirty = 0;
+            shown.blocks = super::marks::Blocks::default();
+            shown.reduce = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluates dirty channels, and sums face normals when what they rest on changed; with
+    /// `measure`, also measures every measured mark's extents and reads them back. With `travel`,
+    /// comets travel on by the frame's step.
+    pub(super) fn compute(
+        &mut self,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        measure: bool,
+        travel: bool,
+    ) -> Option<Readback> {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let device = &gpu.0.device;
+        let Work { evaluated: work, eased, segments, faces, measured, carried, travelled } = self.work(measure, travel);
+        if [&work, &eased, &segments, &faces, &measured, &carried, &travelled].iter().all(|marks| marks.is_empty()) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before passes");
+        for &i in &work {
+            let shown = &self.marks[i];
+            if shown.reduce {
+                let bytes = u64::from(shown.reductions()) * 8;
+                encoder.clear_buffer(resources.domains(), u64::from(shown.domains) * 8, Some(bytes));
+            }
+        }
+        let extent_bytes = self.marks.len() as u64 * u64::from(wgsl::EXTENT_WORDS) * 4;
+        if !measured.is_empty() {
+            encoder.clear_buffer(resources.extents(), 0, Some(extent_bytes));
+        }
+        if !faces.is_empty() {
+            encoder.clear_buffer(resources.normals(), 0, None);
+        }
+        let groups = resources.groups(&gpu.0, inner);
+        let evaluate_group = resources.pass(device, inner, Shader::Evaluate);
+        let normals_group = (!faces.is_empty()).then(|| resources.pass(device, inner, Shader::Normals));
+        let bounds_group = (!measured.is_empty()).then(|| resources.pass(device, inner, Shader::Bounds));
+        let lists_group = (!segments.is_empty()).then(|| resources.pass(device, inner, Shader::Lists));
+        for &i in &segments {
+            let list = self.marks[i].segments.list.expect("listed");
+            gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(
+                resources.lists(),
+                u64::from(list.header) * 4,
+                bytemuck::cast_slice(&list.header_words(self.marks[i].corners())),
+            );
+        }
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit compute"),
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[EyeSlot::Main.offset()]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, &evaluate_group, &[]);
+            self.every_row(&mut pass, inner, &groups.mark, "carry", &carried);
+            self.evaluate(&mut pass, inner, &groups.mark, &work);
+            // After evaluating, so what a mark shows eases toward what it evaluated this frame.
+            self.every_row(&mut pass, inner, &groups.mark, "ease", &eased);
+            // After evaluating, so comets travel at the flow this frame shows.
+            self.every_row(&mut pass, inner, &groups.mark, "travel", &travelled);
+            if let Some(group) = &lists_group {
+                pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
+                self.count_segments(&mut pass, inner, &groups.mark, &segments);
+            }
+            if let Some(group) = &normals_group {
+                pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Normals, "accumulate"));
+                pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
+                for &i in &faces {
+                    pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[offset(i)]);
+                    dispatch(&mut pass, self.marks[i].rows);
+                }
+            }
+            if let Some(group) = &bounds_group {
+                pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
+                for &i in &measured {
+                    let entry = match self.marks[i].kind() {
+                        MarkKind::Vertices => "points",
+                        MarkKind::Areas => "areas",
+                        _ => "strokes",
+                    };
+                    let variant = Variant::compute(Shader::Bounds, entry).path(self.marks[i].path());
+                    pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute_pipeline(device, variant));
+                    pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[offset(i)]);
+                    dispatch(&mut pass, self.marks[i].live_instances());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let resources = self.resources.as_ref().expect("created before passes");
+        (!measured.is_empty()).then(|| {
+            Readback::new(&inner.readbacks, device, encoder, resources.extents(), 0, extent_bytes, &self.waker)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// What this frame's compute pass does: the marks it evaluates, the segment lists it counts, the
+    /// faces whose normals it sums, the marks it measures, and with `travel` the marks whose comets
+    /// travel.
+    fn work(&mut self, measure: bool, travel: bool) -> Work {
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            // A mark without rows has nothing to evaluate.
+            if shown.rows + shown.exits == 0 && shown.tables.synced() {
+                shown.dirty = 0;
+                shown.reduce = false;
+            }
+        }
+        let work: Vec<usize> = (0..self.marks.len())
+            .filter(|&i| self.marks[i].drawable() && (self.marks[i].dirty != 0 || self.marks[i].reduce))
+            .collect();
+        for &i in &work {
+            let shown = &mut self.marks[i];
+            shown.version += 1;
+            if shown.dirty & shown.placing_channels() != 0 {
+                shown.place_version += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        // A mark easing toward a change writes what it shows as the clock moves, and as it evaluates.
+        let eased: Vec<usize> = (0..self.marks.len())
+            .filter(|&i| {
+                let shown = &self.marks[i];
+                let settles = shown.transition.as_ref().is_some_and(super::transition::Transition::settles);
+                shown.drawable() && settles && (shown.easing || work.contains(&i))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            if shown.easing {
+                shown.version += 1;
+                shown.easing = false;
+            }
+        }
+        let segments = self.segments_due();
+        let faces = if self.normals_due() {
+            (0..self.marks.len()).filter(|&i| self.marks[i].drawable() && self.marks[i].faces()).collect()
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+        let measured = (0..self.marks.len())
+            .filter(|&i| measure && self.marks[i].drawable() && self.marks[i].measured())
+            .collect();
+        let flowing = |i: &usize| self.marks[*i].drawable() && self.marks[*i].mark.flows();
+        let carried = (0..self.marks.len()).filter(|i| self.marks[*i].carry && flowing(i)).collect();
+        let travelled = (0..self.marks.len()).filter(|i| travel && flowing(i)).collect();
+        Work { evaluated: work, eased, segments, faces, measured, carried, travelled }
+    }
+
+    /// Lists the row blocks each mark evaluates this frame where its uniform finds them: every block of
+    /// a mark some channel of which changed for every row, else the blocks of the pages that changed.
+    pub(super) fn lay_out_blocks(&mut self) {
+        let mut words = Vec::new();
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            let evaluates = shown.drawable() && (shown.dirty != 0 || shown.reduce);
+            let blocks = if evaluates { shown.blocks.of(shown.rows + shown.exits) } else { Vec::new() };
+            shown.block = words.len() as u32;
+            shown.block_count = blocks.len() as u32;
+            words.extend(blocks);
+        }
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before passes");
+        resources.write_blocks(&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue, &words);
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the expression machine's entry point `entry` over every row and exit of each of `marks`.
+    fn every_row(
+        &self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        mark: &wgpu::BindGroup,
+        entry: &'static str,
+        marks: &[usize],
+    ) {
+        if marks.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute(&self.gpu.0.device, Shader::Evaluate, entry));
+        for &i in marks {
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, mark, &[offset(i)]);
+            dispatch(pass, self.marks[i].rows + self.marks[i].exits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Records the count → scan → write of each of `marks`' segment lists.
+    fn count_segments(
+        &self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        mark: &wgpu::BindGroup,
+        marks: &[usize],
+    ) {
+        let device = &self.gpu.0.device;
+        for &i in marks {
+            let items = self.marks[i].rows + self.marks[i].exits;
+            let path = self.marks[i].path();
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, mark, &[offset(i)]);
+            let count = Variant::compute(Shader::Lists, "count_segments").path(path);
+            pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute_pipeline(device, count));
+            dispatch(pass, items);
+            super::lists::scan(pass, &mut inner.pipelines, device, items);
+            let write = Variant::compute(Shader::Lists, "write_segments").path(path);
+            pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute_pipeline(device, write));
+            dispatch(pass, items);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether face normals must be summed again: a face mark or a vertex mark wrote its state since
+    /// they were, or the globe turned under them.
+    fn normals_due(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let faces = self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.drawable() && m.faces());
+        if !faces {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let versions: Vec<u64> = self
+            .marks
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|m| matches!(m.kind(), MarkKind::Vertices | MarkKind::Faces))
+            .map(|m| m.version + u64::from(m.dirty != 0))
+            .collect();
+        let turned = match (&self.scene.space, self.camera) {
+            (Space::Earth(_), crate::Camera::Map { center, .. }) => Some([center[0].to_bits(), center[1].to_bits()]),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let stamp = stamp_of((versions, turned, self.marks.len()));
+        if !self.normals.due(stamp) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.normals.mark(stamp);
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Draws the backdrop, every drawable mark in scene order, then `sprites` overlay sprites, counted
+    /// in `drawn`, once the text set this frame has its fields. Depth is kept when `probing` reads it.
+    pub(super) fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        drawn: &mut Drawn,
+        frame: &Frame<'_>,
+        sprites: u32,
+        probing: bool,
+    ) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let device = &gpu.0.device;
+        let Inner { atlas, pipelines, .. } = &mut *inner;
+        atlas.lay(device, &gpu.0.queue, encoder, pipelines);
+        let background =
+            if self.signal.transparent() { [0.0; 4] } else { self.scene.theme.background.to_array().map(f64::from) };
+        let plot = matches!(self.scene.space, Space::Plot(_));
+        let scissor = scissor(self.area(), frame);
+        let samples = super::resources::samples(frame.pixel_ratio);
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before passes");
+        let (color, depth) = resources.targets(device, frame.size, frame.format, samples);
+        let groups = resources.groups(&gpu.0, inner);
+        let lists = resources.lists().clone();
+        let mut passes: Vec<(Shader, wgpu::BindGroup)> = Vec::new();
+        for shader in [
+            Shader::Backdrop,
+            Shader::Points,
+            Shader::PointsCustom,
+            Shader::PointsPorts,
+            Shader::Strokes,
+            Shader::Triangles,
+            Shader::Areas,
+            Shader::PointsFocus,
+            Shader::PointsCustomFocus,
+            Shader::StrokesFocus,
+            Shader::AreasFocus,
+            Shader::Glyphs,
+            Shader::GlyphsPorts,
+            Shader::Overlay,
+        ] {
+            passes.push((shader, resources.pass(device, inner, shader)));
+        }
+        let group = |shader: Shader| &passes.iter().find(|(s, _)| *s == shader).expect("listed").1;
+        let (view, resolve) = match &color {
+            Some(color) => (color, Some(frame.target)),
+            None => (frame.target, None),
+        };
+        let mut pass = main_pass(encoder, view, resolve, &depth, background, probing);
+        pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[EyeSlot::Main.offset()]);
+        pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[0]);
+        pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.render(device, Shader::Backdrop, frame.format, samples));
+        pass.set_bind_group(2, group(Shader::Backdrop), &[]);
+        drawn.draw(&mut pass, 3, 1);
+        let marks = Marks {
+            device,
+            format: frame.format,
+            samples,
+            groups: &groups,
+            passes: &passes,
+            lists: &lists,
+            clip: (plot && scissor[2] > 0 && scissor[3] > 0).then_some(scissor),
+            size: frame.size,
+        };
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !shown.drawable() || shown.instances() == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            marks.draw(&mut pass, drawn, inner, i, shown, false);
+            marks.ports(&mut pass, drawn, inner, i, shown);
+        }
+        // The rows focus lights draw again over every mark but labels, glowing: nothing covers them but
+        // the ports they carry. They draw once what draws them compiled.
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter().enumerate() {
+            if self.answers() && shown.drawable() && shown.lit.rows > 0 {
+                marks.draw(&mut pass, drawn, inner, i, shown, true);
+                marks.ports(&mut pass, drawn, inner, i, shown);
+            }
+        }
+        let glyphs = [Shader::Glyphs, Shader::GlyphsPorts].map(|shader| (shader, group(shader)));
+        self.draw_labels(&mut pass, drawn, inner, frame.format, samples, &groups, glyphs);
+        if sprites > 0 {
+            pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.render(device, Shader::Overlay, frame.format, samples));
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, group(Shader::Overlay), &[]);
+            drawn.draw(&mut pass, 4, sprites);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Finds the row nearest the probe among what the frame drew, and the nearest depth drawn there,
+    /// and reads them back.
+    pub(super) fn probe(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, inner: &mut Inner) -> Readback {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let device = &gpu.0.device;
+        let probed: Vec<usize> = (0..self.marks.len()).filter(|&i| self.marks[i].probed()).collect();
+        // Every mark drawn has its probe program, which reads the depth under the probe as well as any.
+        let under = self.marks.iter().position(super::marks::Shown::drawable);
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before passes");
+        let shader = crate::gpu::pipelines::probe(resources.samples());
+        let mut reset = [0_u32; wgsl::PROBE_WORDS as usize];
+        reset[wgsl::PROBE_KEY as usize] = wgsl::NONE;
+        gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(resources.probe(), 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&reset));
+        let groups = resources.groups(&gpu.0, inner);
+        let group = resources.pass(device, inner, shader);
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit probe"),
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[EyeSlot::Main.offset()]);
+            // Each step over every mark before the next: the nearest key, then its topmost instance,
+            // then where that lies.
+            for step in [wgsl::STEP_NEAREST, wgsl::STEP_TOPMOST, wgsl::STEP_DESCRIBE] {
+                pass.set_bind_group(2, &group, &[super::resources::step(step)]);
+                for &i in &probed {
+                    self.probe_step(&mut pass, inner, shader, &groups.mark, i, step);
+                }
+            }
+            if let Some(i) = under {
+                pass.set_bind_group(2, &group, &[super::resources::step(wgsl::STEP_UNDER)]);
+                self.probe_step(&mut pass, inner, shader, &groups.mark, i, wgsl::STEP_UNDER);
+            }
+        }
+        let resources = self.resources.as_ref().expect("created before passes");
+        Readback::new(
+            &inner.readbacks,
+            device,
+            encoder,
+            resources.probe(),
+            0,
+            u64::from(wgsl::PROBE_WORDS) * 4,
+            &self.waker,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Records step `step` of mark `i`'s probe program, `shader`, the step's pass group bound: over
+    /// every instance it reaches, or once for a step that reads one thing.
+    pub(super) fn probe_step(
+        &self,
+        pass: &mut wgpu::ComputePass<'_>,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        shader: Shader,
+        mark: &wgpu::BindGroup,
+        i: usize,
+        step: u32,
+    ) {
+        let shown = &self.marks[i];
+        let variant = Variant::probe(shader, shown.primitive()).path(shown.path());
+        pass.set_pipeline(&inner.pipelines.compute_pipeline(&self.gpu.0.device, variant));
+        pass.set_bind_group(1, mark, &[offset(i)]);
+        if matches!(step, wgsl::STEP_DESCRIBE | wgsl::STEP_LOCATE | wgsl::STEP_UNDER) {
+            pass.dispatch_workgroups(1, 1, 1);
+        } else {
+            dispatch(pass, shown.live_instances());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/plan.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/plan.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18370fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/plan.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+//! The plan: how each table drawn fits the budget. A table draws whole, in priority order when a mark
+//! drawing it gives one, unless it is too large to: denser than a screen shows, or more than the
+//! view's share of the budget holds with the rest. The GPU's ledger grants each view its share, by
+//! what it would draw whole. What the tables cost is worked out again only when the scene or a drawn
+//! table's rows or geometry change, and the plan only when those costs or the share do. Then a table a mark places on a map or a plane
+//! draws through tiles, the rows of the tiles the camera asks for, as many as its share holds, and
+//! edges ending at it draw through tiles too, so they show with their ends; a table a mark traces
+//! draws whole, its traces spanning as few pixel columns as fit; any other table draws the rows that
+//! matter most, as many as fit. What a view draws always fits.
+
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+
+use rustc_hash::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet, FxHasher};
+
+use super::View;
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use crate::data::{Field, Geometry, Name, Table};
+use crate::derive::tiled::{Draw, Place, Planned, Plans};
+use crate::derive::{Derived, stamp_of};
+use crate::expr::compile::Words;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::gpu::{Ask, Ledger};
+use crate::{Expr, Kind, Mark, Space};
+
+/// Rows past which a table a mark places draws through tiles: more than a screen shows one to a cell.
+pub(crate) const DENSE: usize = 1 << 18;
+/// Pixel columns a view asks its traces' room for: a wide screen's.
+const ASKED_COLUMNS: f64 = 4096.0;
+/// Rows a table drawn through tiles draws at least: a tile's.
+const LEAST: u32 = 1 << 14;
+/// Bytes a row's trace takes for each pixel column it spans: the least and greatest values of two
+/// buckets.
+const TRACE_COLUMN_BYTES: f64 = 16.0;
+/// Pixel columns a trace spans at least, however little room is left.
+const TRACE_COLUMNS: u32 = 32;
+
+/// What a table costs: its rows, bytes each row takes on the GPU, bytes its geometry takes, and bytes
+/// its traces take for each pixel column they span.
+struct Cost {
+    rows: usize,
+    per_row: f64,
+    geometry: f64,
+    traced: f64,
+}
+
+impl Cost {
+    fn bytes(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.rows as f64 * self.per_row + self.geometry
+    }
+}
+
+/// Each table the scene draws, drawn whole, and what it costs.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Costs {
+    whole: Plans,
+    tables: FxHashMap<(Name, Name), Cost>,
+    /// The pages the costs count that any view drawing the same data shares: each field's by its
+    /// version and how it is read, the bytes the costs count of it, and its bytes once.
+    shared: FxHashMap<u64, (f64, f64)>,
+}
+
+/// The plan, and the costs it weighs, each worked out again only when what it reads changes.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Planning {
+    costs: Derived<Costs>,
+    /// How each table draws, and the pixel columns a trace spans at most.
+    plan: Derived<(Plans, u32)>,
+}
+
+impl Planning {
+    /// How each table draws.
+    pub(crate) fn plans(&self) -> &Plans {
+        &self.plan.value.0
+    }
+
+    /// The pixel columns a trace spans at most.
+    pub(crate) fn trace_columns(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.plan.value.1
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Brings the plan up to the scene, the data, and the share of `budget` the GPU's `ledger`
+    /// grants the view by what it would draw whole.
+    pub(super) fn update_plan(&mut self, ledger: &mut Ledger, budget: u64) {
+        let stamp = self.costs_stamp();
+        if self.planning.costs.due(stamp) {
+            let costs = self.costs();
+            self.planning.costs.make(stamp, costs);
+        }
+        let costs = &self.planning.costs.value;
+        let traced: f64 = costs.tables.values().map(|c| c.traced).sum();
+        let whole = costs.tables.values().map(Cost::bytes).sum::<f64>() + traced * ASKED_COLUMNS;
+        let counted: f64 = costs.shared.values().map(|(counted, _)| counted).sum();
+        let ask = Ask {
+            own: (whole - counted).max(0.0),
+            shared: costs.shared.iter().map(|(piece, (_, bytes))| (*piece, *bytes)).collect(),
+        };
+        let share = ledger.grant(self.id, whole, ask, budget);
+        let stamp = stamp_of((self.planning.costs.stamp(), share.to_bits()));
+        if self.planning.plan.due(stamp) {
+            let planned = self.plan(costs, share);
+            self.planning.plan.make(stamp, planned);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What the costs read, stamped: the scene, and of each table a mark draws, its dataset's
+    /// schema, its rows, its geometry, and whether the view fetches it as tiles.
+    fn costs_stamp(&self) -> u64 {
+        let mut hasher = FxHasher::default();
+        self.scene_version.hash(&mut hasher);
+        for shown in &self.marks {
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            let data = self.source(&style.data);
+            let table = data.and_then(|d| d.table(&style.table));
+            let geometry = geometry_of(&shown.mark).and_then(|f| table?.field_named(&f)).map(Field::version);
+            let owned = self.derived.tiles.owns(&style.data);
+            (data.map(crate::Data::schema), table.map(|t| t.structure), geometry, owned).hash(&mut hasher);
+        }
+        hasher.finish().max(1)
+    }
+
+    /// How each table the scene draws draws, within `share` bytes, from what `costs` says each
+    /// costs, and the pixel columns a trace spans at most.
+    fn plan(&self, costs: &Costs, share: f64) -> (Plans, u32) {
+        let (mut plans, costs) = (costs.whole.clone(), &costs.tables);
+        let tileable =
+            |key: &(Name, Name), planned: &Planned| planned.place != Place::Nowhere && !self.derived.tiles.owns(&key.0);
+        let mut whole: f64 = costs.values().map(Cost::bytes).sum();
+        let mut tiled: Vec<(Name, Name)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut tile = |key: &(Name, Name), plans: &mut Plans, whole: &mut f64| {
+            if let Some(planned) = plans.get_mut(key).filter(|p| p.draw == Draw::Whole) {
+                planned.draw = Draw::Tiles { rows: LEAST };
+                *whole -= costs[key].bytes();
+                tiled.push(key.clone());
+            }
+        };
+        // Dense tables draw through tiles, then the largest until what draws whole fits.
+        let keys: Vec<(Name, Name)> = plans.keys().cloned().collect();
+        for key in &keys {
+            if tileable(key, &plans[key]) && costs[key].rows > DENSE {
+                tile(key, &mut plans, &mut whole);
+            }
+        }
+        while whole > share {
+            let largest = keys
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|k| plans[*k].draw == Draw::Whole && tileable(k, &plans[*k]))
+                .max_by(|a, b| costs[*a].bytes().total_cmp(&costs[*b].bytes()));
+            let Some(key) = largest.cloned() else { break };
+            tile(&key, &mut plans, &mut whole);
+        }
+        // Edges ending at a table drawn through tiles draw through tiles, so they show with their ends.
+        for key in &keys {
+            if self.ends_tiled(key, &plans) {
+                tile(key, &mut plans, &mut whole);
+            }
+        }
+        // What still does not fit draws the rows that matter most, as many as fit; a table a mark
+        // traces draws whole, its traces thinning in time instead.
+        if whole > share {
+            let kept: f64 = keys
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|k| plans[*k].draw == Draw::Whole && costs[*k].traced > 0.0)
+                .map(|k| costs[k].bytes())
+                .sum();
+            let ratio = if whole > kept { ((share - kept) / (whole - kept)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 1.0 };
+            for key in &keys {
+                let planned = plans.get_mut(key).expect("listed");
+                if planned.draw == Draw::Whole && costs[key].traced == 0.0 {
+                    let rows = (costs[key].rows as f64 * ratio) as u32;
+                    planned.draw = Draw::First { rows: rows.max(1) };
+                }
+            }
+            whole = share.max(kept);
+        }
+        // Tables drawn through tiles, and traces, share what is left.
+        let traced: f64 = costs.values().map(|c| c.traced).sum();
+        let left = (share - whole).max(share / 4.0);
+        let each = left / (tiled.len() + usize::from(traced > 0.0)).max(1) as f64;
+        for key in &tiled {
+            let per_row = costs[key].per_row.max(1.0) + costs[key].geometry / costs[key].rows.max(1) as f64;
+            let rows = (each / per_row).min(f64::from(u32::MAX)) as u32;
+            plans.get_mut(key).expect("listed").draw = Draw::Tiles { rows: rows.max(LEAST) };
+        }
+        let columns = if traced > 0.0 { ((each / traced) as u32).max(TRACE_COLUMNS) } else { u32::MAX };
+        (plans, columns)
+    }
+
+    /// Each table the scene draws, drawn whole, placed and ordered by the first mark drawing it to
+    /// give a place or a priority, with the fields its marks read; and what it costs.
+    fn costs(&self) -> Costs {
+        let space = &self.scene.space;
+        let placing = matches!(space, Space::Earth(_) | Space::Plane(_));
+        let mut plans: Plans = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut costs: FxHashMap<(Name, Name), Cost> = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut shared: FxHashMap<u64, (f64, f64)> = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut joined: Vec<((Name, Name), Name)> = Vec::new();
+        for shown in &self.marks {
+            let style = shown.mark.style();
+            let Some(table) = self.source(&style.data).and_then(|d| d.table(&style.table)) else { continue };
+            let key = (style.data.clone(), style.table.clone());
+            let planned = plans.entry(key.clone()).or_insert_with(|| Planned {
+                draw: Draw::Whole,
+                priority: None,
+                place: Place::Nowhere,
+                reads: (!matches!(space, Space::Diagram(_))).then(FxHashSet::default),
+            });
+            if planned.priority.is_none() {
+                planned.priority.clone_from(&style.priority);
+            }
+            if placing && planned.place == Place::Nowhere {
+                planned.place = place_of(&shown.mark, table);
+            }
+            if let (Some(reads), Some(compiled)) = (&mut planned.reads, &shown.compiled) {
+                for column in &compiled.program.columns {
+                    match &column.of {
+                        None if !column.derived => {
+                            reads.insert(column.name.clone());
+                        }
+                        Some(of) => joined.push((of.clone(), column.name.clone())),
+                        None => {}
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(field) = geometry_of(&shown.mark) {
+                    reads.insert(field);
+                }
+            }
+            let cost = costs.entry(key).or_insert(Cost { rows: table.len(), per_row: 0.0, geometry: 0.0, traced: 0.0 });
+            cost.per_row += row_bytes(shown);
+            cost.geometry += geometry_bytes(shown, table);
+            cost.traced += traced_bytes(shown, table);
+            for (piece, bytes) in self.shared_pages(shown, table) {
+                let (counted, once) = shared.entry(piece).or_insert((0.0, 0.0));
+                *counted += bytes;
+                *once = bytes;
+            }
+        }
+        for (key, field) in joined {
+            if let Some(reads) = plans.get_mut(&key).and_then(|p| p.reads.as_mut()) {
+                reads.insert(field);
+            }
+        }
+        Costs { whole: plans, tables: costs, shared }
+    }
+
+    /// The pages `shown` reads of `table`, and of the tables it joins, that every view drawing the
+    /// same data shares, as `row_bytes` and `geometry_bytes` count them: each field's, by its version
+    /// and how it is read.
+    fn shared_pages(&self, shown: &Shown, table: &Table) -> Vec<(u64, f64)> {
+        let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { return Vec::new() };
+        let mut pieces: Vec<(u64, f64)> = compiled
+            .program
+            .columns
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|c| c.words != Words::Path && !c.derived)
+            .filter_map(|c| {
+                let read = match &c.of {
+                    None => table.field_named(&c.name),
+                    Some((data, joined)) => self.source(data)?.table(joined)?.field_named(&c.name),
+                };
+                let width = if c.low { 8.0 } else { 4.0 };
+                Some((stamp_of((read?.version(), c.low)), table.len() as f64 * width))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        if let Some(field) = geometry_of(&shown.mark).and_then(|f| table.field_named(&f)) {
+            let areas = matches!(shown.mark, Mark::Areas(_));
+            pieces.push((stamp_of((field.version(), areas)), geometry_bytes(shown, table)));
+        }
+        pieces
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the table `key` names is edges or faces whose ends lie in a table drawn through tiles.
+    fn ends_tiled(&self, key: &(Name, Name), plans: &Plans) -> bool {
+        let Place::Ends(fields) = &plans[key].place else { return false };
+        let Some(table) = self.source(&key.0).and_then(|d| d.table(&key.1)) else { return false };
+        let target = fields.first().and_then(|f| match table.field_named(f) {
+            Some(Field::Reference(reference)) => Some(reference.to.clone()),
+            _ => None,
+        });
+        target.is_some_and(|t| matches!(plans.get(&(key.0.clone(), t)).map(|p| p.draw), Some(Draw::Tiles { .. })))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where `mark` places the rows of `table`.
+fn place_of(mark: &Mark, table: &Table) -> Place {
+    match mark {
+        Mark::Vertices(v) => match &v.position {
+            Some([x, y]) => Place::Points([x.clone(), y.clone()]),
+            None if table.kind(v.point_field()) == Some(Kind::Point) => {
+                Place::Points([Expr::component(v.point_field(), 0), Expr::component(v.point_field(), 1)])
+            }
+            None => Place::Nowhere,
+        },
+        Mark::Edges(e) => e.ends.as_ref().map_or(Place::Nowhere, |(a, b)| Place::Ends(vec![a.clone(), b.clone()])),
+        Mark::Faces(f) => f.corners.as_ref().map_or(Place::Nowhere, |c| Place::Ends(c.to_vec())),
+        Mark::Lines(_) | Mark::Areas(_) => match geometry_of(mark) {
+            Some(field) if table.kind(&field).and_then(Kind::depth).is_some() => Place::Geometry(field),
+            _ => Place::Nowhere,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// The geometry field a line or an area draws.
+fn geometry_of(mark: &Mark) -> Option<Name> {
+    match mark {
+        Mark::Lines(lines) => Some(lines.traced()),
+        Mark::Areas(areas) => Some(areas.field()),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bytes a row of `shown` takes on the GPU: its state and the frozen mirror a transition keeps, its
+/// focus word, a word for each column it reads and two for a position's, and its label's candidate.
+fn row_bytes(shown: &Shown) -> f64 {
+    let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { return 0.0 };
+    let state = f64::from(compiled.drawing.stride + compiled.drawing.extras) * 8.0;
+    let columns: f64 =
+        compiled.program.columns.iter().filter(|c| c.words != Words::Path).map(|c| if c.low { 8.0 } else { 4.0 }).sum();
+    let label = if compiled.drawing.label.is_some() { f64::from(wgsl::CANDIDATE_WORDS) * 4.0 } else { 0.0 };
+    state + 4.0 + columns + label
+}
+
+/// Bytes the traces `shown` draws of `table` take for each pixel column they span: a row's for each
+/// field it traces.
+fn traced_bytes(shown: &Shown, table: &Table) -> f64 {
+    let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { return 0.0 };
+    let traced = compiled.program.columns.iter().filter(|c| {
+        c.trace && c.of.is_none() && !c.derived && matches!(table.field_named(&c.name), Some(Field::Sampled(..)))
+    });
+    traced.count() as f64 * table.len() as f64 * TRACE_COLUMN_BYTES
+}
+
+/// Bytes the geometry `shown` draws of `table` takes: its points, and an area's triangles about
+/// three times as many.
+fn geometry_bytes(shown: &Shown, table: &Table) -> f64 {
+    let Some(field) = geometry_of(&shown.mark) else { return 0.0 };
+    let Some(Field::Values(column, _)) = table.field_named(&field) else { return 0.0 };
+    let points: usize = column.pages().iter().filter_map(|p| p.values.geometry()).map(Geometry::coords_spanned).sum();
+    let scale = if matches!(shown.mark, Mark::Areas(_)) { 3.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    points as f64 * 8.0 * scale
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/probe.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/probe.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0daf779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/probe.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+//! Probes: what lies under a point, answered by a compute pass over what the frame drew and read back
+//! a frame or two later: the nearest row, and the nearest depth drawn. One probe is in flight at a
+//! time; a newer point waits for it.
+
+use super::event::{Hit, Sample};
+use super::gestures::Gesture;
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use super::{Device, View};
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Camera, Row};
+
+/// A hit, with the depth it lies at for dragging, and for an edge which end it is nearer: 0 its
+/// first, 1 its second.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Probed {
+    pub(crate) hit: Hit,
+    pub(crate) depth: f32,
+    pub(crate) end: u32,
+}
+
+/// What a probe found under its point.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Answer {
+    pub(crate) hit: Option<Probed>,
+    /// The nearest depth drawn around the point; 0 where nothing was drawn.
+    pub(crate) under: f32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Probing {
+    /// The next point to probe.
+    pub(crate) wanted: Option<[f32; 2]>,
+    reading: Option<([f32; 2], Readback)>,
+    /// The latest answer and the point it was asked for.
+    pub(crate) latest: Option<([f32; 2], Answer)>,
+}
+
+impl Probing {
+    /// Whether a point waits for a frame to probe it: none while a probe is being read back.
+    pub(crate) fn due(&self) -> bool {
+        self.wanted.is_some() && self.reading.is_none()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn hovered(&self) -> Option<&Probed> {
+        self.latest.as_ref().and_then(|(_, answer)| answer.hit.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    /// The latest answer when it was asked within a pixel or two of `point` and nothing newer waits.
+    pub(crate) fn at(&self, point: [f32; 2]) -> Option<Answer> {
+        let (asked, answer) = self.latest.as_ref()?;
+        (self.wanted.is_none() && self.reading.is_none() && near(*asked, point, 2.0)).then(|| answer.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn near(a: [f32; 2], b: [f32; 2], within: f32) -> bool {
+    (a[0] - b[0]).hypot(a[1] - b[1]) <= within
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// The point this frame probes, when it `answers` probes: one waits and none is in flight. What
+    /// the pointer rests on is probed again whenever the frame changed under it, so a moving frame
+    /// costs a probe per readback and a still one nothing.
+    pub(super) fn probe_point(&mut self, answers: bool) -> Option<[f32; 2]> {
+        if (self.changed || self.easing())
+            && matches!(self.gestures.now, Gesture::Idle)
+            && self.gestures.keys.at.is_none()
+            && let Some(pointer) = self.pointer
+        {
+            self.probing.wanted.get_or_insert(pointer.point);
+        }
+        if self.probing.reading.is_some() || !answers {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // Where nothing is drawn, there is nothing to probe.
+        let point = self.probing.wanted.take();
+        point.filter(|_| self.marks.iter().any(Shown::drawable))
+    }
+
+    /// CSS pixels a probe reaches around its point: a finger reaches farther.
+    pub(super) fn probe_radius(&self) -> f32 {
+        let touch = self.pointer.is_some_and(|pointer| pointer.device == Device::Touch);
+        self.scene.controls.pick_radius + if touch { 8.0 } else { 0.0 }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn probing(&mut self, point: [f32; 2], readback: Readback) {
+        self.probing.reading = Some((point, readback));
+    }
+
+    /// Hands a landed probe's answer to hover and gestures.
+    pub(super) fn settle_probe(&mut self) {
+        let Some((point, readback)) = &self.probing.reading else { return };
+        let Some(bytes) = readback.take() else { return };
+        let point = *point;
+        self.probing.reading = None;
+        let answer = bytes.map_or_else(|_| Answer::default(), |bytes| self.answer(bytemuck::cast_slice(&bytes)));
+        self.landed(point, answer);
+    }
+
+    /// What the probe's words say.
+    fn answer(&self, words: &[u32]) -> Answer {
+        let word = |i: u32| words.get(i as usize).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        Answer { hit: self.hit(&word), under: f32::from_bits(word(wgsl::PROBE_UNDER)) }
+    }
+
+    fn hit(&self, word: &impl Fn(u32) -> u32) -> Option<Probed> {
+        let key = word(wgsl::PROBE_KEY);
+        if key == wgsl::NONE || word(wgsl::PROBE_INSTANCE) == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let row = word(wgsl::PROBE_ROW);
+        let mark = 255 - (key & 255) as usize;
+        let shown = self.marks.get(mark)?;
+        let style = shown.mark.style();
+        let id = self.drawn(&style.data)?.table(&style.table)?.ids.id(row as usize)?;
+        let depth = f32::from_bits(word(wgsl::PROBE_DEPTH));
+        let point = [f32::from_bits(word(wgsl::PROBE_X)), f32::from_bits(word(wgsl::PROBE_Y))];
+        let view = self.projected();
+        let position = view.position(view.unproject(point.map(f64::from), f64::from(depth)));
+        let hit = Hit {
+            row: Row { data: style.data.clone(), table: style.table.clone(), id },
+            mark: style.name.clone(),
+            index: mark,
+            point,
+            position,
+            distance: (key >> 8) as f32 / 64.0,
+            port: self.port(mark, word(wgsl::PROBE_SEGMENT)),
+            sample: self.sample(mark, row, word(wgsl::PROBE_SEGMENT)),
+        };
+        Some(Probed { hit, depth, end: word(wgsl::PROBE_SEGMENT) })
+    }
+
+    /// The port a vertex mark's probe reached: its number from 1, or 0 for the marker.
+    pub(super) fn port(&self, mark: usize, number: u32) -> Option<crate::Name> {
+        let shown = self.marks.get(mark)?;
+        if shown.kind() != crate::scene::mark::MarkKind::Vertices || number == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let compiled = shown.compiled.as_ref()?;
+        compiled.drawing.ports.get(number as usize - 1).map(|(name, ..)| name.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// The sample point `point` of a traced row's path stands for, on a mark tracing a field.
+    pub(super) fn sample(&self, mark: usize, row: u32, point: u32) -> Option<Sample> {
+        let shown = self.marks.get(mark)?;
+        let crate::Mark::Lines(lines) = &shown.mark else { return None };
+        let (level, index, side) = shown.tables.plan()?.entry(point)?;
+        let style = shown.mark.style();
+        let table = self.drawn(&style.data)?.table(&style.table)?;
+        let crate::data::Field::Sampled(samples, _) = table.field_named(&lines.traced())? else { return None };
+        // A bucket's points stand for its middle frame, its least or greatest value.
+        let span = crate::data::bucket_frames(level);
+        let frame = index * span + span / 2;
+        let value = samples.entry(row as usize, level, side, index)?;
+        Some(Sample { frame, at: samples.drawn_at(level, index)?, value })
+    }
+
+    /// The point gestures move about under `point`: what the frame drew there, else the level the
+    /// camera looks at, else a point as far away as the camera's center.
+    pub(super) fn anchor(&self, point: [f32; 2], answer: Option<&Answer>) -> [f64; 3] {
+        let view = self.projected();
+        let p = point.map(f64::from);
+        let drawn = answer.and_then(|a| if a.under > 0.0 { Some(a.under) } else { a.hit.as_ref().map(|h| h.depth) });
+        if let Some(depth) = drawn {
+            return view.position(view.unproject(p, f64::from(depth)));
+        }
+        let Camera::Map { center, .. } = self.camera else {
+            return view.on_plane(p, 0.0).map_or([0.0; 3], |w| view.position(w));
+        };
+        let reach = 50.0 * (view.eye - view.world(center)).length();
+        let level = if view.globe >= 0.5 { view.surface(p) } else { view.on_plane(p, center[2]) };
+        if let Some(w) = level.filter(|w| view.grazing(p) > 0.1 && (*w - view.eye).length() < reach) {
+            view.position(w)
+        } else {
+            let depth = view.screen(view.world(center)).map_or(0.5, |s| s[2]);
+            view.position(view.unproject(p, depth))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::marks::Shown {
+    /// Whether probes reach this mark's rows.
+    pub(crate) fn probed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.drawable() && self.mark.picks() && self.rows > 0
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/program.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/program.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..982c1e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/program.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//! The program buffer: each mark's descriptors, tables, ranges, code, constants, ends, and ports in a
+//! region of its own, rewritten alone when only that mark changed. A region that outgrows its room
+//! moves to the end of the buffer; when the end passes the buffer, every region is laid out again.
+
+use super::{Event, View};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+
+/// Where the next region starts, and whether every region must be laid out again.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Regions {
+    pub(crate) end: u32,
+    pub(crate) relayout: bool,
+}
+
+/// The room a region of `len` words gets, so it can grow a little in place.
+fn room(len: u32) -> u32 {
+    len + len / 4 + 16
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Writes every mark whose words changed into its region of the program buffer.
+    pub(super) fn pack(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let font = self.scene.theme.font.clone();
+        for shown in self.marks.iter_mut().filter(|m| !m.packed) {
+            shown.write_ports(&font, inner);
+            let Some(compiled) = &mut shown.compiled else { continue };
+            let markers = &mut compiled.drawing.markers;
+            if !markers.icons.is_empty() {
+                let layers = inner.icons.layers(&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue, &markers.icons);
+                markers.palette = std::iter::once(layers.len() as u32).chain(layers).collect();
+            }
+            for (at, colormap) in &compiled.program.colormaps {
+                match inner.colormaps.layer(&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue, colormap) {
+                    Ok(layer) => shown.code[*at as usize][1] = layer | colormap.kind().code() << 16,
+                    Err(error) => self.events.tell(Event::Error(error)),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before packing");
+        let capacity = resources.program_words() as u32;
+        if !self.regions.relayout {
+            for shown in self.marks.iter_mut().filter(|m| !m.packed && m.compiled.is_some()) {
+                let len = shown.packed_len();
+                let start = match shown.words {
+                    Some([start, room]) if len <= room => start,
+                    _ if self.regions.end + room(len) <= capacity => {
+                        let start = self.regions.end;
+                        shown.words = Some([start, room(len)]);
+                        self.regions.end += room(len);
+                        start
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        self.regions.relayout = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                };
+                let mut words = Vec::with_capacity(len as usize);
+                shown.pack(start, &mut words);
+                gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(resources.program(), u64::from(start) * 4, bytemuck::cast_slice(&words));
+                shown.packed = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if std::mem::take(&mut self.regions.relayout) {
+            let total: u64 = self.marks.iter().map(|m| u64::from(room(m.packed_len()))).sum();
+            resources.fit_program(&gpu.0.device, total);
+            let mut words = Vec::with_capacity(total as usize);
+            for shown in self.marks.iter_mut().filter(|m| m.compiled.is_some()) {
+                let start = words.len() as u32;
+                let len = shown.packed_len();
+                shown.pack(start, &mut words);
+                words.resize((start + room(len)) as usize, 0);
+                shown.words = Some([start, room(len)]);
+                shown.packed = true;
+            }
+            self.regions.end = words.len() as u32;
+            gpu.0.queue.write_buffer(resources.program(), 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&words));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/query.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/query.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e07fa652
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/query.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+//! Queries: every row within reach of a point, every row in a box, and where a row lies on screen,
+//! answered on the GPU by each mark's probe program through the geometry the frame drew, and read back
+//! a frame or two later. What a query finds of each mark follows the probe's words: the hits it keeps,
+//! after how many it found and how many it keeps, or a bit per row. Hits land in any order; they are
+//! told in one, and a mark that found more than it kept asks again with room for them all. One query
+//! runs at a time; the rest wait their turn.
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
+
+use super::View;
+use super::event::{Hit, Trigger};
+use super::resources::{EyeSlot, step};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::readback::Readback;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Pending, Resolver, Row};
+
+/// Hits a mark keeps at first: past them, a query counts hits but keeps none, and asks again.
+const HITS: u32 = 1024;
+
+/// A question for the GPU.
+pub(crate) enum Ask {
+    /// Every row within `radius` CSS pixels of `point`, keeping up to `room` hits of each mark.
+    Hits { point: [f32; 2], radius: f32, room: u32, reply: Resolver<Vec<Hit>> },
+    /// Every row in the box between two corners; they become the selection, as `trigger` chose.
+    Boxed { corners: [[f32; 2]; 2], trigger: Trigger },
+    /// Where a row lies.
+    Locate { row: Row, reply: Resolver<Option<[f32; 2]>> },
+}
+
+impl Ask {
+    /// The frame's query words for it.
+    fn words(&self, marks: &[usize], view: &View) -> [f32; 4] {
+        match self {
+            Ask::Hits { point, radius, .. } => [point[0], point[1], *radius, 0.0],
+            Ask::Boxed { corners: [a, b], .. } => [a[0].min(b[0]), a[1].min(b[1]), a[0].max(b[0]), a[1].max(b[1])],
+            Ask::Locate { row, .. } => {
+                let index = marks.first().and_then(|&i| view.row_index(i, row)).unwrap_or(u32::MAX);
+                [f32::from_bits(index), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The probe program's step answering it.
+    fn step(&self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            Ask::Hits { .. } => wgsl::STEP_HITS,
+            Ask::Boxed { .. } => wgsl::STEP_BOXED,
+            Ask::Locate { .. } => wgsl::STEP_LOCATE,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What it keeps of a mark of `instances` instances and `rows` rows, hits or rows, and the words
+    /// that takes.
+    fn room(&self, instances: u32, rows: u32) -> (u32, u32) {
+        match self {
+            Ask::Hits { room, .. } => {
+                let kept = instances.min(*room);
+                (kept, 2 + kept * wgsl::HIT_WORDS)
+            }
+            Ask::Boxed { .. } => (rows, rows.div_ceil(32)),
+            Ask::Locate { .. } => (0, 0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a query finds of mark `mark`: from word `at` of the probe's, `room` hits or rows.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Found {
+    mark: usize,
+    at: u32,
+    room: u32,
+}
+
+/// A query this frame runs: what it asks, what it finds of each mark it asks, and the words that
+/// takes past the probe's.
+struct Running {
+    ask: Ask,
+    found: Vec<Found>,
+    words: u32,
+}
+
+/// A query whose answer the GPU is copying back.
+struct Reading {
+    ask: Ask,
+    found: Vec<Found>,
+    readback: Readback,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Queries {
+    waiting: VecDeque<Ask>,
+    running: Option<Running>,
+    reading: Option<Reading>,
+}
+
+impl Queries {
+    /// Whether a query waits to run.
+    pub(crate) fn due(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.waiting.is_empty() || self.running.is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Every row of a mark that picks within `radius` CSS pixels of `point`, nearest first, as the
+    /// next frames draw them.
+    pub fn pick(&mut self, point: [f32; 2], radius: f32) -> Pending<Vec<Hit>> {
+        let (answer, reply) = Pending::new();
+        self.queries.waiting.push_back(Ask::Hits { point, radius: radius.max(0.0), room: HITS, reply });
+        self.wake();
+        answer
+    }
+
+    /// Where `row` lies on screen, CSS pixels from the top left, as the next frames draw it; `None`
+    /// when no mark draws it in view. A diagram's vertices answer at once from its sheet.
+    pub fn locate(&mut self, row: &Row) -> Pending<Option<[f32; 2]>> {
+        let diagram = matches!(self.scene.space, crate::Space::Diagram(_));
+        if let Some(b) = self.derived.sheet.bounds(row).filter(|_| diagram) {
+            let view = self.projected();
+            let center = [b[0].midpoint(b[2]), b[1].midpoint(b[3]), 0.0];
+            return Pending::ready(Ok(view.screen(view.world(center)).map(|s| [s[0] as f32, s[1] as f32])));
+        }
+        let (answer, reply) = Pending::new();
+        self.queries.waiting.push_back(Ask::Locate { row: row.clone(), reply });
+        self.wake();
+        answer
+    }
+
+    /// Selects every row in the box between two screen points, as `trigger` chose.
+    pub(super) fn select_box(&mut self, corners: [[f32; 2]; 2], trigger: Trigger) {
+        self.queries.waiting.push_back(Ask::Boxed { corners, trigger });
+        self.wake();
+    }
+
+    /// The index of `row` in mark `i`'s table.
+    pub(super) fn row_index(&self, i: usize, row: &Row) -> Option<u32> {
+        let style = self.marks.get(i)?.mark.style();
+        if style.data != row.data || style.table != row.table {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let index = self.drawn(&style.data)?.table(&style.table)?.row(row.id.as_ref())?;
+        (index < self.marks[i].rows as usize).then_some(index as u32)
+    }
+
+    /// The row at `index` of mark `i`'s table.
+    pub(super) fn row_at(&self, i: usize, index: u32) -> Option<Row> {
+        let style = self.marks.get(i)?.mark.style();
+        let id = self.drawn(&style.data)?.table(&style.table)?.ids.id(index as usize)?;
+        Some(Row { data: style.data.clone(), table: style.table.clone(), id })
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the next query for this frame when none runs, makes room for what it finds past the
+    /// probe's words, and returns its query words and whether it reads depth.
+    pub(super) fn next_query(&mut self) -> Option<([f32; 4], bool)> {
+        if self.queries.running.is_some() || self.queries.reading.is_some() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let ask = self.queries.waiting.pop_front()?;
+        let marks: Vec<usize> = match &ask {
+            Ask::Locate { row, .. } => (0..self.marks.len())
+                .filter(|&i| self.marks[i].drawable() && self.row_index(i, row).is_some())
+                .take(1)
+                .collect(),
+            _ => (0..self.marks.len()).filter(|&i| self.marks[i].probed()).collect(),
+        };
+        if marks.is_empty()
+            && let Ask::Locate { reply, .. } = ask
+        {
+            // No mark draws the row: nothing to ask the GPU.
+            reply.resolve(Ok(None));
+            return self.next_query();
+        }
+        let words = ask.words(&marks, self);
+        let mut at = wgsl::PROBE_WORDS;
+        let mut found = Vec::with_capacity(marks.len());
+        for i in marks {
+            let (room, taken) = ask.room(self.marks[i].live_instances(), self.marks[i].rows);
+            self.marks[i].query = at;
+            found.push(Found { mark: i, at, room });
+            at += taken;
+        }
+        let device = &self.gpu.0.device;
+        self.resources.as_mut().expect("created").fit_probe(device, at);
+        let depth = matches!(ask, Ask::Hits { .. });
+        self.queries.running = Some(Running { ask, found, words: at - wgsl::PROBE_WORDS });
+        Some((words, depth))
+    }
+
+    /// Records the running query's step over every mark it asks, and the copy of what it found.
+    pub(super) fn run_query(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, inner: &mut Inner) {
+        let Some(Running { ask, found, words }) = self.queries.running.take() else { return };
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let (device, queue) = (&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue);
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before queries");
+        let probe = resources.probe().clone();
+        let start = u64::from(wgsl::PROBE_WORDS) * 4;
+        // What it finds starts out empty: no hits, with room for those each mark keeps; no rows.
+        match &ask {
+            Ask::Hits { .. } => {
+                for f in &found {
+                    queue.write_buffer(&probe, u64::from(f.at) * 4, bytemuck::cast_slice(&[0, f.room]));
+                }
+            }
+            Ask::Boxed { .. } if words > 0 => encoder.clear_buffer(&probe, start, Some(u64::from(words) * 4)),
+            Ask::Boxed { .. } | Ask::Locate { .. } => {}
+        }
+        let shader = crate::gpu::pipelines::probe(resources.samples());
+        let groups = resources.groups(&gpu.0, inner);
+        let group = resources.pass(device, inner, shader);
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit query"),
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[EyeSlot::Main.offset()]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, &group, &[step(ask.step())]);
+            for f in &found {
+                self.probe_step(&mut pass, inner, shader, &groups.mark, f.mark, ask.step());
+            }
+        }
+        let (at, bytes) = match &ask {
+            Ask::Locate { .. } => (u64::from(wgsl::PROBE_LOCATE_X) * 4, 16),
+            _ => (start, u64::from(words.max(1)) * 4),
+        };
+        let readback = Readback::new(&inner.readbacks, device, encoder, &probe, at, bytes, &self.waker);
+        self.queries.reading = Some(Reading { ask, found, readback });
+    }
+
+    /// Answers a query whose readback landed.
+    pub(super) fn settle_query(&mut self) {
+        let Some(reading) = &self.queries.reading else { return };
+        let Some(bytes) = reading.readback.take() else { return };
+        let Reading { ask, found, .. } = self.queries.reading.take().expect("reading");
+        let words: Vec<u32> = match bytes {
+            Ok(bytes) => bytemuck::cast_slice(&bytes).to_vec(),
+            Err(error) => {
+                match ask {
+                    Ask::Hits { reply, .. } => reply.resolve(Err(error)),
+                    Ask::Locate { reply, .. } => reply.resolve(Err(error)),
+                    Ask::Boxed { .. } => {}
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+        match ask {
+            Ask::Hits { point, radius, room, reply } => {
+                // A mark that found more than it kept asks again, with room for every hit it found.
+                let most = found.iter().map(|f| words_at(&words, f.at, 1).first().copied().unwrap_or(0)).max();
+                match most.filter(|&most| most > room) {
+                    Some(room) => self.queries.waiting.push_front(Ask::Hits { point, radius, room, reply }),
+                    None => reply.resolve(Ok(self.hits(&found, &words))),
+                }
+            }
+            Ask::Boxed { trigger, .. } => {
+                let mut rows = Vec::new();
+                let mut seen = FxHashSet::default();
+                for f in found.iter().filter(|f| self.marks[f.mark].mark.style().interaction.select) {
+                    for (k, &bits) in words_at(&words, f.at, f.room.div_ceil(32)).iter().enumerate() {
+                        let mut bits = bits;
+                        while bits != 0 {
+                            let index = k as u32 * 32 + bits.trailing_zeros();
+                            bits &= bits - 1;
+                            if let Some(row) = self.row_at(f.mark, index)
+                                && seen.insert(row.clone())
+                            {
+                                rows.push(row);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                self.reselect(rows, Some(trigger));
+            }
+            Ask::Locate { reply, .. } => {
+                let shown = words.get(2).is_some_and(|&w| w != 0);
+                let point = shown.then(|| [f32::from_bits(words[0]), f32::from_bits(words[1])]);
+                reply.resolve(Ok(point));
+            }
+        }
+        self.wake();
+    }
+
+    fn hits(&self, found: &[Found], words: &[u32]) -> Vec<Hit> {
+        let view = self.projected();
+        // Nearest first, the mark drawn last first among equals, and a port before its marker; then
+        // by row and where it lies, so the order never depends on which hit landed first. Each row
+        // answers once, where it is nearest.
+        let mut kept: Vec<(usize, &[u32; wgsl::HIT_WORDS as usize])> = found
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|f| {
+                let count = words_at(words, f.at, 1).first().map_or(0, |&n| n.min(f.room));
+                let entries = words_at(words, f.at + 2, count * wgsl::HIT_WORDS);
+                entries.as_chunks().0.iter().map(move |entry| (f.mark, entry))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        kept.sort_unstable_by_key(|&(i, entry)| {
+            (entry[1], std::cmp::Reverse(i), std::cmp::Reverse(entry[2]), entry[0], entry[3], entry[4], entry[5])
+        });
+        let mut seen = FxHashSet::default();
+        let mut hits = Vec::new();
+        for (i, entry) in kept {
+            if !seen.insert((i, entry[0])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(row) = self.row_at(i, entry[0]) else { continue };
+            let point = [f32::from_bits(entry[3]), f32::from_bits(entry[4])];
+            let depth = f64::from(f32::from_bits(entry[5]));
+            hits.push(Hit {
+                row,
+                mark: self.marks[i].mark.style().name.clone(),
+                index: i,
+                point,
+                position: view.position(view.unproject(point.map(f64::from), depth)),
+                distance: entry[1] as f32 / 64.0,
+                port: self.port(i, entry[2]),
+                sample: self.sample(i, entry[0], entry[2]),
+            });
+        }
+        hits
+    }
+}
+
+/// `len` words from word `at` of the probe's, in a query's answer read from past the probe's words.
+fn words_at(words: &[u32], at: u32, len: u32) -> &[u32] {
+    let start = (at - wgsl::PROBE_WORDS) as usize;
+    words.get(start..start + len as usize).unwrap_or(&[])
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/resources.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/resources.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bd2604d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/resources.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+//! A view's buffers, textures, and bind groups. Grown buffers grow by half again; replacing one bumps
+//! the generation, and bind groups are rebuilt when a generation they were built from changes.
+//!
+//! Every shader's pass group (group 2) binds by one convention: 0 state, 1 frozen state, 2 extents,
+//! 3 normals, 4 domains, 5 probe words and what queries find, 6 depth, 7 sprites, 8 the text atlas,
+//! 9 lists, 10 the shadow map, 11 a level of it, 12 remap words, 13 labels, 14 the settled state,
+//! 15 icons, 16 row blocks, 17 the probe's step.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::num::NonZeroU64;
+
+use super::rows::Sizes;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{self as wgsl, Shader};
+use crate::gpu::work::Queue;
+use crate::gpu::{Inner, Shared};
+
+/// Bytes between marks' uniforms and between eyes: the dynamic offset alignment every device supports.
+pub(crate) const MARK_STRIDE: u64 = 256;
+const _: () = assert!(size_of::<wgsl::Mark>() as u64 <= MARK_STRIDE, "a mark's uniform fits its stride");
+/// The depth format; depth is reversed, nearer is greater.
+pub(crate) const DEPTH: wgpu::TextureFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth32Float;
+/// The shadow map's format.
+pub(crate) const SHADE: wgpu::TextureFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float;
+/// Texels across the shadow map.
+pub(crate) const SHADE_SIZE: u32 = 1024;
+
+/// The eyes a frame draws through, by index.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum EyeSlot {
+    Main = 0,
+    Light = 1,
+}
+
+impl EyeSlot {
+    pub(crate) fn offset(self) -> u32 {
+        (self as u64 * MARK_STRIDE) as u32
+    }
+}
+
+/// The dynamic offset of the probe's step `step`, one of the `STEP_` codes.
+pub(crate) fn step(step: u32) -> u32 {
+    (u64::from(step) * MARK_STRIDE) as u32
+}
+
+/// The probe's steps, each at its own dynamic offset: a dispatch binds the one it takes.
+fn steps(device: &wgpu::Device) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+    use wgpu::util::DeviceExt as _;
+    let mut contents = vec![0_u8; step(wgsl::STEPS) as usize];
+    for code in 0..wgsl::STEPS {
+        let at = step(code) as usize;
+        contents[at..at + 4].copy_from_slice(&code.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit steps"),
+        contents: &contents,
+        usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Samples per pixel: shader-drawn marks antialias themselves, so dense screens skip multisampling.
+pub(crate) fn samples(pixel_ratio: f32) -> u32 {
+    if pixel_ratio >= 1.75 { 1 } else { 4 }
+}
+
+/// A storage buffer that grows by half again when it runs out of room.
+struct Grown {
+    buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    label: &'static str,
+    usage: wgpu::BufferUsages,
+}
+
+impl Grown {
+    fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, label: &'static str, usage: wgpu::BufferUsages) -> Grown {
+        Grown { buffer: create(device, label, usage, 256), label, usage }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes room for `bytes`; true when the buffer was replaced and its contents lost.
+    fn ensure(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, bytes: u64) -> bool {
+        if bytes <= self.buffer.size() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.buffer = create(device, self.label, self.usage, (bytes + bytes / 2).next_multiple_of(256));
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+fn create(device: &wgpu::Device, label: &str, usage: wgpu::BufferUsages, bytes: u64) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+    device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+        label: Some(label),
+        size: bytes.max(256).next_multiple_of(4),
+        usage: usage | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+        mapped_at_creation: false,
+    })
+}
+
+const ROWS: wgpu::BufferUsages = wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE.union(wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC);
+
+/// The bind groups every pipeline shares.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Groups {
+    pub(crate) view: wgpu::BindGroup,
+    pub(crate) mark: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
+/// What a frame draws into: multisampled color resolved into the target when it multisamples, and
+/// depth.
+struct Targets {
+    color: Option<wgpu::TextureView>,
+    depth: wgpu::TextureView,
+    size: [u32; 2],
+    format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+    samples: u32,
+}
+
+/// The ground's shadow map, its levels, and a view of each level.
+pub(crate) struct ShadowMap {
+    pub(crate) view: wgpu::TextureView,
+    pub(crate) levels: Vec<wgpu::TextureView>,
+}
+
+impl ShadowMap {
+    fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, size: u32) -> ShadowMap {
+        let count = size.max(1).ilog2() + 1;
+        let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit shadows"),
+            size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: size, height: size, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+            mip_level_count: count,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: SHADE,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+        let levels = (0..count)
+            .map(|level| {
+                texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
+                    base_mip_level: level,
+                    mip_level_count: Some(1),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        ShadowMap { view: texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default()), levels }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Buffers a layout of rows replaced, kept until their rows are copied out.
+pub(crate) struct OldRows {
+    pub(crate) state: wgpu::Buffer,
+    pub(crate) frozen: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+    pub(crate) settled: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Resources {
+    pub(crate) frame: wgpu::Buffer,
+    eyes: wgpu::Buffer,
+    marks: Grown,
+    program: Grown,
+    focus: wgpu::Buffer,
+    /// The rows each mark's focus draw lights.
+    lit: Grown,
+    state: wgpu::Buffer,
+    frozen: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+    /// The state's mirror that channels of marks easing toward a change store into, while one does:
+    /// where their rows settle.
+    settled: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+    retired: Option<OldRows>,
+    /// The row blocks each mark's evaluation covers this frame.
+    blocks: Grown,
+    remap: Grown,
+    domains: Grown,
+    extents: Grown,
+    normals: Grown,
+    /// The probe's words, then what the running query finds.
+    probe: Grown,
+    steps: wgpu::Buffer,
+    sprites: Grown,
+    lists: Grown,
+    labels: wgpu::Buffer,
+    empty: wgpu::Buffer,
+    /// What the settled state binds without one: writable, so it never shares a buffer bound
+    /// read-only.
+    scratch: wgpu::Buffer,
+    pub(crate) shadows: ShadowMap,
+    /// Changes whenever one of the buffers or textures above is replaced; and whenever the lists
+    /// buffer is, emptied.
+    generation: u64,
+    lists_generation: u64,
+    /// Built from (arena, colormaps, icons, own) generations.
+    groups: Option<((u64, u64, u64, u64), Groups)>,
+    /// Pass groups, built at `passes_generation`.
+    passes: HashMap<Shader, wgpu::BindGroup>,
+    passes_generation: (u64, u64),
+    targets: Option<Targets>,
+}
+
+impl Resources {
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Resources {
+        let storage = wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE;
+        let uniform = wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM;
+        Resources {
+            frame: create(device, "latkit frame", uniform, size_of::<wgsl::Frame>() as u64),
+            eyes: create(device, "latkit eyes", uniform, 2 * MARK_STRIDE),
+            marks: Grown::new(device, "latkit marks", uniform),
+            program: Grown::new(device, "latkit program", storage),
+            focus: create(device, "latkit focus", storage, 256),
+            lit: Grown::new(device, "latkit lit", storage),
+            state: create(device, "latkit state", ROWS, 256),
+            frozen: None,
+            settled: None,
+            retired: None,
+            blocks: Grown::new(device, "latkit blocks", storage),
+            remap: Grown::new(device, "latkit remap", storage),
+            domains: Grown::new(device, "latkit domains", storage),
+            extents: Grown::new(device, "latkit extents", storage | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC),
+            normals: Grown::new(device, "latkit normals", storage),
+            probe: Grown::new(device, "latkit probe", storage | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC),
+            steps: steps(device),
+            sprites: Grown::new(device, "latkit sprites", storage),
+            lists: Grown::new(
+                device,
+                "latkit lists",
+                storage | wgpu::BufferUsages::INDIRECT | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC,
+            ),
+            labels: create(device, "latkit labels", ROWS, 256),
+            empty: create(device, "latkit empty", ROWS, 256),
+            scratch: create(device, "latkit scratch", ROWS, 256),
+            shadows: ShadowMap::new(device, 1),
+            generation: 0,
+            lists_generation: 0,
+            groups: None,
+            passes: HashMap::new(),
+            passes_generation: (u64::MAX, 0),
+            targets: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lays rows out into new buffers of `sizes`, returning the buffers they replaced so their rows
+    /// can be copied over; the frozen mirror, while one exists, is replaced alike.
+    pub(crate) fn replace_rows(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, sizes: Sizes) -> OldRows {
+        let words = |n: u64| (n + 1) * 4;
+        let state = create(device, "latkit state", ROWS, words(sizes.state));
+        self.focus = create(device, "latkit focus", wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE, words(sizes.focus));
+        let frozen = self.frozen.as_ref().map(|_| create(device, "latkit frozen", ROWS, words(sizes.state)));
+        let settled = self.settled.as_ref().map(|_| create(device, "latkit settled", ROWS, words(sizes.state)));
+        let old = OldRows {
+            state: std::mem::replace(&mut self.state, state),
+            frozen: std::mem::replace(&mut self.frozen, frozen),
+            settled: std::mem::replace(&mut self.settled, settled),
+        };
+        self.generation += 1;
+        old
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps the buffers rows moved out of until the frame that reads them is submitted.
+    pub(crate) fn retire(&mut self, old: OldRows) {
+        self.retired = Some(old);
+    }
+
+    /// Drops buffers a previous frame retired.
+    pub(crate) fn forget_retired(&mut self) {
+        self.retired = None;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn retired_state(&self) -> Option<&wgpu::Buffer> {
+        self.retired.as_ref().map(|old| &old.state)
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the frozen mirror of the state buffer exist.
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_frozen(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device) {
+        if self.frozen.is_none() {
+            self.frozen = Some(create(device, "latkit frozen", ROWS, self.state.size()));
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn drop_frozen(&mut self) {
+        if self.frozen.take().is_some() {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn frozen(&self) -> Option<&wgpu::Buffer> {
+        self.frozen.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the settled mirror of the state buffer exist.
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_settled(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device) {
+        if self.settled.is_none() {
+            self.settled = Some(create(device, "latkit settled", ROWS, self.state.size()));
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn drop_settled(&mut self) {
+        if self.settled.take().is_some() {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn settled(&self) -> Option<&wgpu::Buffer> {
+        self.settled.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the row blocks every mark's evaluation covers this frame.
+    pub(crate) fn write_blocks(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, blocks: &[u32]) {
+        if self.blocks.ensure(device, (blocks.len() as u64 + 1) * 4) {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+        if !blocks.is_empty() {
+            queue.write_buffer(&self.blocks.buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(blocks));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Copies `rows` rows of a region's kind and extra words from `source` (the state buffer when
+    /// `None`) at `from` into the frozen mirror at `to`.
+    pub(crate) fn copy_frozen(
+        &self,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        source: Option<&wgpu::Buffer>,
+        from: super::rows::Region,
+        to: super::rows::Region,
+        rows: u32,
+    ) {
+        let Some(frozen) = &self.frozen else { return };
+        let source = source.unwrap_or(&self.state);
+        let mut copy = |a: u32, b: u32, words: u32| {
+            if words > 0 {
+                encoder.copy_buffer_to_buffer(source, u64::from(a) * 4, frozen, u64::from(b) * 4, u64::from(words) * 4);
+            }
+        };
+        if from.stride == to.stride {
+            copy(from.state, to.state, rows * to.stride);
+        }
+        if from.extras == to.extras {
+            copy(from.extra, to.extra, rows * to.extras);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the rows every mark's focus draw lights.
+    pub(crate) fn write_lit(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, rows: &[u32]) {
+        if self.lit.ensure(device, (rows.len() as u64 + 1) * 4) {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+        if !rows.is_empty() {
+            queue.write_buffer(&self.lit.buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(rows));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn write_remap(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &Queue, words: &[u32]) {
+        if self.remap.ensure(device, (words.len() as u64 + 1) * 4) {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+        queue.write_buffer(&self.remap.buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(words));
+    }
+
+    /// Makes room for every mark's uniforms, domains, extents, and normals for `vertices` slots.
+    pub(crate) fn fit(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, marks: u64, domains: u64, vertices: u64) {
+        let words = |n: u64| (n + 1) * 4;
+        let count = marks + 1;
+        let mut replaced = self.domains.ensure(device, words(domains));
+        replaced |= self.extents.ensure(device, words(u64::from(wgsl::EXTENT_WORDS) * count));
+        replaced |= self.marks.ensure(device, MARK_STRIDE * count);
+        replaced |= self.normals.ensure(device, words(3 * vertices));
+        if replaced {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes room for `words` of program; true when the buffer was replaced and must be rewritten.
+    pub(crate) fn fit_program(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, words: u64) -> bool {
+        let replaced = self.program.ensure(device, (words + 1) * 4);
+        if replaced {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+        replaced
+    }
+
+    /// Makes room for `words` probe words, what the running query finds included.
+    pub(crate) fn fit_probe(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, words: u32) {
+        if self.probe.ensure(device, u64::from(words.max(wgsl::PROBE_WORDS)) * 4) {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes room for `count` sprites.
+    pub(crate) fn fit_sprites(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, count: usize) {
+        if self.sprites.ensure(device, (count as u64 + 1) * size_of::<wgsl::Sprite>() as u64) {
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the lists buffer hold `words`; replacing it, emptied, changes the lists generation, so
+    /// every list counts again.
+    pub(crate) fn fit_lists(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, words: u64) {
+        if self.lists.ensure(device, (words + 1) * 4) {
+            self.generation += 1;
+            self.lists_generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Replaces the labels buffer with `words` of zeros.
+    pub(crate) fn replace_labels(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, words: u64) {
+        self.labels = create(device, "latkit labels", ROWS, (words + 1) * 4);
+        self.generation += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn labels(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.labels
+    }
+
+    /// Makes the shadow map exist at full size.
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_shadows(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device) {
+        if self.shadows.levels.len() == 1 {
+            self.shadows = ShadowMap::new(device, SHADE_SIZE);
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn eyes(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.eyes
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn program(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.program.buffer
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn program_words(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.program.buffer.size() / 4
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn marks(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.marks.buffer
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn focus(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.focus
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn focus_words(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.focus.size() / 4
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn state(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.state
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn domains(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.domains.buffer
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn extents(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.extents.buffer
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn normals(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.normals.buffer
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn probe(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.probe.buffer
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn sprites(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.sprites.buffer
+    }
+
+    /// Changes whenever the lists buffer is replaced, emptied, so every list counts again.
+    pub(crate) fn lists_generation(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.lists_generation
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn lists(&self) -> &wgpu::Buffer {
+        &self.lists.buffer
+    }
+
+    /// The view and mark bind groups, rebuilt when a buffer or texture they bind was replaced.
+    pub(crate) fn groups(&mut self, gpu: &Shared, inner: &mut Inner) -> Groups {
+        let key = (inner.arena.generation, inner.colormaps.generation, inner.icons.generation, self.generation);
+        if let Some((built, groups)) = &self.groups
+            && *built == key
+        {
+            return groups.clone();
+        }
+        let device = &gpu.device;
+        let entry = |binding: u32, resource| wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding, resource };
+        let eye =
+            wgpu::BufferBinding { buffer: &self.eyes, offset: 0, size: NonZeroU64::new(size_of::<wgsl::Eye>() as u64) };
+        let view = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit view"),
+            layout: &inner.pipelines.view_layout,
+            entries: &[
+                entry(0, self.frame.as_entire_binding()),
+                entry(1, inner.arena.buffer().as_entire_binding()),
+                entry(2, self.program.buffer.as_entire_binding()),
+                entry(3, self.focus.as_entire_binding()),
+                entry(4, wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&inner.colormaps.view)),
+                entry(5, wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&gpu.sampler)),
+                entry(6, wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(eye)),
+                entry(7, self.lit.buffer.as_entire_binding()),
+            ],
+        });
+        let binding = wgpu::BufferBinding {
+            buffer: &self.marks.buffer,
+            offset: 0,
+            size: NonZeroU64::new(size_of::<wgsl::Mark>() as u64),
+        };
+        let mark = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit marks"),
+            layout: &inner.pipelines.mark_layout,
+            entries: &[entry(0, wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(binding))],
+        });
+        let groups = Groups { view, mark };
+        self.groups = Some((key, groups.clone()));
+        groups
+    }
+
+    /// `shader`'s pass group, binding what its WGSL declares.
+    pub(crate) fn pass(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, inner: &mut Inner, shader: Shader) -> wgpu::BindGroup {
+        let generation = (self.generation, inner.icons.generation);
+        if self.passes_generation != generation {
+            self.passes.clear();
+            self.passes_generation = generation;
+        }
+        if let Some(group) = self.passes.get(&shader) {
+            return group.clone();
+        }
+        let group = self.bind(device, inner, shader, &self.state);
+        self.passes.insert(shader, group.clone());
+        group
+    }
+
+    /// The freeze pass's group: state read from the buffer rows moved out of when they moved.
+    pub(crate) fn freeze_group(&mut self, device: &wgpu::Device, inner: &mut Inner, moved: bool) -> wgpu::BindGroup {
+        match self.retired.as_ref().filter(|_| moved) {
+            Some(old) => self.bind(device, inner, Shader::Freeze, &old.state),
+            None => self.pass(device, inner, Shader::Freeze),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A shadow map level's group, reading the level below it.
+    pub(crate) fn level_group(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, inner: &mut Inner, below: usize) -> wgpu::BindGroup {
+        let layout = inner.pipelines.pass_layout(device, Shader::Shade);
+        device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("latkit shadow level"),
+            layout: &layout,
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                binding: 11,
+                resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&self.shadows.levels[below]),
+            }],
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn bind(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, inner: &mut Inner, shader: Shader, state: &wgpu::Buffer) -> wgpu::BindGroup {
+        let layout = inner.pipelines.pass_layout(device, shader);
+        let entries: Vec<wgpu::BindGroupEntry<'_>> = shader
+            .source()
+            .pass
+            .iter()
+            .map(|binding| {
+                let resource = match binding.slot {
+                    0 => state.as_entire_binding(),
+                    1 => self.frozen.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.empty).as_entire_binding(),
+                    2 => self.extents.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    3 => self.normals.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    4 => self.domains.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    5 => self.probe.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    6 => wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(
+                        &self.targets.as_ref().expect("a frame drew before probing").depth,
+                    ),
+                    7 => self.sprites.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    8 => wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&inner.atlas.view),
+                    9 => self.lists.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    10 => wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&self.shadows.view),
+                    12 => self.remap.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    13 => self.labels.as_entire_binding(),
+                    14 => self.settled.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.scratch).as_entire_binding(),
+                    15 => wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&inner.icons.view),
+                    16 => self.blocks.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    17 => wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(wgpu::BufferBinding {
+                        buffer: &self.steps,
+                        offset: 0,
+                        size: NonZeroU64::new(4),
+                    }),
+                    other => unreachable!("no resource for pass binding {other}"),
+                };
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: binding.slot, resource }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some(shader.source().label),
+            layout: &layout,
+            entries: &entries,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The color and depth a frame of `size` and `format` draws into with `samples` per pixel: color
+    /// is `None` without multisampling, when marks draw straight into the target.
+    pub(crate) fn targets(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        size: [u32; 2],
+        format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+        samples: u32,
+    ) -> (Option<wgpu::TextureView>, wgpu::TextureView) {
+        if self.targets.as_ref().is_none_or(|t| t.size != size || t.format != format || t.samples != samples) {
+            let texture = |label, format, usage| {
+                device
+                    .create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+                        label: Some(label),
+                        size: wgpu::Extent3d {
+                            width: size[0].max(1),
+                            height: size[1].max(1),
+                            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                        },
+                        mip_level_count: 1,
+                        sample_count: samples,
+                        dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+                        format,
+                        usage,
+                        view_formats: &[],
+                    })
+                    .create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default())
+            };
+            let color =
+                (samples > 1).then(|| texture("latkit samples", format, wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT));
+            let depth = texture(
+                "latkit depth",
+                DEPTH,
+                wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+            );
+            self.targets = Some(Targets { color, depth, size, format, samples });
+            self.generation += 1;
+        }
+        let targets = self.targets.as_ref().expect("created");
+        (targets.color.clone(), targets.depth.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Samples per pixel of the frame's targets.
+    pub(crate) fn samples(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.targets.as_ref().map_or(1, |t| t.samples)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/rig.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/rig.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..199965bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/rig.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+//! How the camera moves. A gesture moves it at once, about the point under the pointer. The wheel,
+//! the keys, and a released drag leave motion owed about such a point, which the next frames pay out
+//! exponentially, so a fling coasts and a wheel notch glides by the same rule. A flight eases over a
+//! set time, an orbit turns steadily, and what a fit framed bounds how far the rest can take it. All
+//! of it moves by the view's clock.
+
+use super::camera::{Bounds, Camera};
+use super::{Event, View};
+
+/// Seconds over which owed motion pays out: a fling's pan and turn coast longer than a zoom glides.
+const COAST: f64 = 0.3;
+const GLIDE: f64 = 0.1;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Rig {
+    /// The point owed motion moves about.
+    anchor: [f64; 3],
+    /// Motion owed: CSS pixels of pan, degrees of bearing and pitch, levels of zoom.
+    pan: [f64; 2],
+    turn: [f64; 2],
+    zoom: f64,
+    flight: Option<Flight>,
+    /// Degrees of bearing per second.
+    pub(crate) orbit: f64,
+    /// What the last fit framed.
+    pub(crate) bounds: Option<Bounds>,
+}
+
+/// A flight from one camera to another, begun at a time on the view's clock.
+struct Flight {
+    from: Camera,
+    to: Camera,
+    start: f64,
+    seconds: f64,
+}
+
+impl Rig {
+    /// Whether the camera eases toward where it goes: a flight, or motion owed. An orbit never settles.
+    pub(crate) fn easing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.flight.is_some() || self.owed()
+    }
+
+    fn owed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.pan != [0.0; 2] || self.turn != [0.0; 2] || self.zoom != 0.0
+    }
+
+    /// Drops motion owed and any flight: a gesture takes the camera.
+    pub(crate) fn hold(&mut self) {
+        self.pan = [0.0; 2];
+        self.turn = [0.0; 2];
+        self.zoom = 0.0;
+        self.flight = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Owes `pan`, `turn`, and `zoom` more about `anchor`.
+    pub(crate) fn owe(&mut self, anchor: [f64; 3], pan: [f64; 2], turn: [f64; 2], zoom: f64) {
+        self.flight = None;
+        self.anchor = anchor;
+        self.pan = [self.pan[0] + pan[0], self.pan[1] + pan[1]];
+        self.turn = [self.turn[0] + turn[0], self.turn[1] + turn[1]];
+        self.zoom += zoom;
+    }
+
+    /// Owes what a drag released at `velocity` coasts: its velocity over the coasting time.
+    pub(crate) fn fling(&mut self, anchor: [f64; 3], pan: [f64; 2], turn: [f64; 2]) {
+        self.owe(anchor, pan.map(|v| v * COAST), turn.map(|v| v * COAST), 0.0);
+    }
+
+    /// Flies from `from` to `to` over `seconds`, beginning at `start` on the view's clock.
+    pub(crate) fn fly(&mut self, from: Camera, to: Camera, start: f64, seconds: f64) {
+        self.hold();
+        self.flight = Some(Flight { from, to, start, seconds });
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Moves the camera by a gesture or the rig, kept within reach of what was fitted.
+    pub(super) fn steer(&mut self, camera: Camera) {
+        let camera = match &self.rig.bounds {
+            Some(bounds) => camera.within(bounds),
+            None => camera,
+        };
+        self.move_camera(camera);
+    }
+
+    /// Pays out the share of motion owed for the `dt` seconds the clock moved, advances a flight,
+    /// and orbits.
+    pub(super) fn advance(&mut self, dt: f64) {
+        if let Some(flight) = &self.rig.flight {
+            let eased = self.clock.eased(flight.start, flight.seconds);
+            let camera = flight.from.ease(&flight.to, eased, &self.scene.space);
+            if self.clock.done(flight.start, flight.seconds) {
+                self.rig.flight = None;
+            }
+            self.move_camera(camera);
+        }
+        if dt <= 0.0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        if self.rig.owed() {
+            // Without motion of its own, what is owed is paid at once.
+            let moves = self.moves();
+            let coast = if moves { 1.0 - (-dt / COAST).exp() } else { 1.0 };
+            let glide = if moves { 1.0 - (-dt / GLIDE).exp() } else { 1.0 };
+            let (pan, turn, zoom) =
+                (self.rig.pan.map(|v| v * coast), self.rig.turn.map(|v| v * coast), self.rig.zoom * glide);
+            let anchor = self.rig.anchor;
+            let view = self.projected();
+            let mut camera = self.camera.panned(&view, anchor, pan);
+            camera = camera.turned(&self.projected_with(&camera), anchor, turn);
+            camera = camera.zoomed(&self.projected_with(&camera), anchor, zoom);
+            let settle = |v: f64, least: f64| if v.abs() < least { 0.0 } else { v };
+            self.rig.pan = [settle(self.rig.pan[0] - pan[0], 0.05), settle(self.rig.pan[1] - pan[1], 0.05)];
+            self.rig.turn = [settle(self.rig.turn[0] - turn[0], 0.01), settle(self.rig.turn[1] - turn[1], 0.01)];
+            self.rig.zoom = settle(self.rig.zoom - zoom, 1e-4);
+            self.steer(camera);
+        }
+        if self.rig.orbit != 0.0 && matches!(self.camera, Camera::Map { .. }) && self.moves() {
+            let Camera::Map { center, .. } = self.camera else { return };
+            let view = self.projected();
+            let camera = self.camera.turned(&view, center, [self.rig.orbit * dt, 0.0]);
+            self.move_camera(camera);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Moves the camera by a gesture, a fit, or a motion over frames, telling the application.
+    pub(super) fn move_camera(&mut self, camera: Camera) {
+        if self.place_camera(camera) {
+            self.events.tell(Event::Camera(camera));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Moves the camera, evaluating again what reads it; whether it moved.
+    pub(super) fn place_camera(&mut self, camera: Camera) -> bool {
+        if camera == self.camera {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.camera = camera;
+        self.fitting.plot_due = true;
+        self.gestures.keys.stale();
+        for shown in &mut self.marks {
+            let channels =
+                shown.channels_reading(crate::expr::compile::Deps::CAMERA | crate::expr::compile::Deps::POINTER);
+            shown.dirty_rows(channels, None);
+        }
+        self.wake();
+        true
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/rows.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/rows.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a66ac260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/rows.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//! Row regions: each mark's rows in every per-row buffer (kind words, extra words, and focus words),
+//! laid out from one capacity per mark with room to grow. When a mark outgrows its room, every region
+//! is laid out again into new buffers and each mark's rows move by copy, so what they hold survives:
+//! eased state, a transition's frozen rows.
+//!
+//! Vertex marks come first, so a vertex's slot (its kind words' offset over `VERTEX_WORDS`) counts
+//! every vertex mark's rows.
+
+use super::View;
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+
+/// Where a mark's rows sit in each per-row buffer, in words.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Region {
+    /// Rows the region holds.
+    pub(crate) capacity: u32,
+    pub(crate) stride: u32,
+    pub(crate) extras: u32,
+    pub(crate) state: u32,
+    pub(crate) extra: u32,
+    pub(crate) focus: u32,
+}
+
+impl Region {
+    pub(crate) const EMPTY: Region = Region { capacity: 0, stride: 0, extras: 0, state: 0, extra: 0, focus: 0 };
+}
+
+/// Room for `rows` rows and some to spare, so streaming rows in rarely lays regions out again.
+fn room(rows: u32) -> u32 {
+    rows + rows / 4 + 64
+}
+
+/// Totals of a layout: words in each buffer.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Sizes {
+    pub(crate) state: u64,
+    pub(crate) focus: u64,
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Fits every mark's rows and exits into its region. When one outgrows its room, or a mark's row
+    /// shape changed, lays every region out again into new buffers, copying each mark's rows over in
+    /// `encoder`. True when regions moved: vertex slots changed and focus words are written again.
+    pub(super) fn fit_rows(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder) -> bool {
+        let shape = |m: &super::marks::Shown| (m.stride(), m.extras());
+        let fits = self.marks.iter().all(|m| {
+            let r = &m.region;
+            m.rows + m.exits <= r.capacity && (r.stride, r.extras) == shape(m)
+        });
+        if fits && !self.regions_dirty {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.regions_dirty = false;
+        let order: Vec<usize> = (0..self.marks.len())
+            .filter(|&i| self.marks[i].kind() == MarkKind::Vertices)
+            .chain((0..self.marks.len()).filter(|&i| self.marks[i].kind() != MarkKind::Vertices))
+            .collect();
+        let mut sizes = Sizes::default();
+        let mut regions = vec![Region::EMPTY; self.marks.len()];
+        for &i in &order {
+            let m = &self.marks[i];
+            let (stride, extras) = shape(m);
+            let need = m.rows + m.exits;
+            let capacity = if need <= m.region.capacity && (m.region.stride, m.region.extras) == (stride, extras) {
+                m.region.capacity
+            } else {
+                room(need)
+            };
+            regions[i] =
+                Region { capacity, stride, extras, state: sizes.state as u32, extra: 0, focus: sizes.focus as u32 };
+            sizes.state += u64::from(capacity) * u64::from(stride);
+            sizes.focus += u64::from(capacity);
+        }
+        // Extra words follow every mark's kind words.
+        for &i in &order {
+            regions[i].extra = sizes.state as u32;
+            sizes.state += u64::from(regions[i].capacity) * u64::from(regions[i].extras);
+        }
+        let device = self.gpu.0.device.clone();
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before rows");
+        let old = resources.replace_rows(&device, sizes);
+        for (shown, new) in self.marks.iter_mut().zip(regions) {
+            let was = shown.region;
+            let kept = was.capacity.min(new.capacity).min(shown.held);
+            let copy = |encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+                        from: &wgpu::Buffer,
+                        to: &wgpu::Buffer,
+                        a: u32,
+                        b: u32,
+                        words: u32| {
+                if words > 0 {
+                    encoder.copy_buffer_to_buffer(from, u64::from(a) * 4, to, u64::from(b) * 4, u64::from(words) * 4);
+                }
+            };
+            if was.stride == new.stride {
+                copy(encoder, &old.state, resources.state(), was.state, new.state, kept * new.stride);
+            }
+            if was.extras == new.extras {
+                copy(encoder, &old.state, resources.state(), was.extra, new.extra, kept * new.extras);
+            }
+            // A running transition's frozen and settled rows move with its rows.
+            if shown.transition.is_some() && (was.stride, was.extras) == (new.stride, new.extras) {
+                let rows = was.capacity.min(new.capacity).min(shown.rows + shown.exits);
+                for (from, to) in [(&old.frozen, resources.frozen()), (&old.settled, resources.settled())] {
+                    if let (Some(from), Some(to)) = (from, to) {
+                        copy(encoder, from, to, was.state, new.state, rows * new.stride);
+                        copy(encoder, from, to, was.extra, new.extra, rows * new.extras);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            shown.moved = Some(was);
+            shown.region = new;
+        }
+        resources.retire(old);
+        true
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/shadows.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/shadows.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4a778c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/shadows.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+//! Shadows: marks that cast draw into one map of the ground through the light's eye, blended by MIN,
+//! then each level of the map is made from the one below. The map covers the ground the plane's grid
+//! fades over, around what the camera looks at, and is drawn again only when a caster or the camera
+//! moved.
+
+use glam::DVec3;
+
+use super::View;
+use super::resources::{EyeSlot, SHADE, SHADE_SIZE};
+use super::uniforms;
+use crate::Space;
+use crate::derive::stamp_of;
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::pipelines::Variant;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{self as wgsl, Shader};
+use crate::scene::mark::{MarkKind, Primitive};
+
+impl View {
+    /// Indices of marks that cast shadows and draw.
+    fn casters(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        let ground = match &self.scene.space {
+            Space::Plane(_) => true,
+            Space::Earth(_) => self.projected().globe < 0.5,
+            Space::Plot(_) | Space::Diagram(_) => false,
+        };
+        if !ground {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        (0..self.marks.len())
+            .filter(|&i| {
+                let m = &self.marks[i];
+                m.drawable() && m.compiled.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.drawing.flags & wgsl::CASTS != 0)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The light's eye and the frame's shade words for this frame, or `None` when nothing casts.
+    pub(super) fn shade(&self, frame: &mut wgsl::Frame, main: &wgsl::Eye) -> Option<wgsl::Eye> {
+        let casters = self.casters();
+        if casters.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let projected = self.projected();
+        let shadow = self.scene.theme.shadow;
+        let light = DVec3::from(shadow.light.map(f64::from)).normalize_or(DVec3::Z);
+        let light = DVec3::new(light.x, light.y, light.z.max(0.1)).normalize();
+        let radius = uniforms::grid_fade(&self.scene, &projected, self.size).max(1e-9);
+        // Snapped to whole texels so the map does not shimmer as the camera pans.
+        let texel = 2.0 * radius / f64::from(SHADE_SIZE);
+        let snap = |v: f64| (v / texel).round() * texel;
+        let rect = [snap(-radius), snap(-radius), snap(-radius) + 2.0 * radius, snap(-radius) + 2.0 * radius];
+        let lift = f64::from(shadow.lift) / projected.px_per_unit[0].max(1e-30);
+        frame.shade.light = [light.x as f32, light.y as f32, light.z as f32, shadow.softness];
+        frame.shade.rect = rect.map(|v| v as f32);
+        frame.shade.lift = lift as f32;
+        frame.shade.texel = texel as f32;
+        frame.shade.levels = (SHADE_SIZE.ilog2() + 1) as f32;
+        frame.shade.on = 1;
+        Some(uniforms::light_eye(main, light, rect, lift, SHADE_SIZE))
+    }
+
+    /// Draws every caster into the map through `light`, then the map's levels, when what the map
+    /// would show changed; counted in `drawn`.
+    pub(super) fn cast(
+        &mut self,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        drawn: &mut super::passes::Drawn,
+        light: &wgsl::Eye,
+    ) {
+        let casters = self.casters();
+        // What the map is drawn from: the light's eye and each caster's state.
+        let versions: Vec<(usize, u64)> = casters.iter().map(|&i| (i, self.marks[i].version)).collect();
+        let stamp = stamp_of((bytemuck::bytes_of(light), versions));
+        if !self.shadow_map.due(stamp) {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.shadow_map.mark(stamp);
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let device = &gpu.0.device;
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before shadows");
+        resources.ensure_shadows(device);
+        let groups = resources.groups(&gpu.0, inner);
+        let lists = resources.lists().clone();
+        let mut draws = Vec::new();
+        for &i in &casters {
+            let shown = &self.marks[i];
+            let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled else { continue };
+            let custom = compiled.drawing.markers.custom.as_deref();
+            let (shader, corners) = match compiled.drawing.primitive {
+                Primitive::Points if custom.is_some() => (Shader::PointsCustomCast, 4),
+                Primitive::Points => (Shader::PointsCast, 4),
+                Primitive::Strokes => (Shader::StrokesCast, 4),
+                Primitive::Triangles => (Shader::TrianglesCast, 3),
+            };
+            let pipeline = match custom {
+                Some(source) => inner.pipelines.custom(device, source, shader, SHADE, 1),
+                None => {
+                    Some(inner.pipelines.render_pipeline(device, Variant::draw(shader, SHADE, 1).path(shown.path())))
+                }
+            };
+            let Some(pipeline) = pipeline else { continue };
+            draws.push((i, pipeline, corners, resources.pass(device, inner, shader)));
+        }
+        let base = resources.shadows.levels[0].clone();
+        let open = wgpu::Color { r: 1.0, g: 65504.0, b: 65504.0, a: 0.0 };
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit cast"),
+                color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                    view: &base,
+                    depth_slice: None,
+                    resolve_target: None,
+                    ops: wgpu::Operations { load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(open), store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store },
+                })],
+                depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+                occlusion_query_set: None,
+                multiview_mask: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[EyeSlot::Light.offset()]);
+            for (i, pipeline, corners, group) in &draws {
+                pass.set_pipeline(pipeline);
+                pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[super::passes::offset(*i)]);
+                pass.set_bind_group(2, group, &[]);
+                self.marks[*i].record(&mut pass, drawn, *corners, &lists);
+            }
+        }
+        let resources = self.resources.as_ref().expect("created");
+        let pipeline = inner.pipelines.render(device, Shader::Shade, SHADE, 1);
+        for level in 1..resources.shadows.levels.len() {
+            let group = resources.level_group(device, inner, level - 1);
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit shadow level"),
+                color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                    view: &resources.shadows.levels[level],
+                    depth_slice: None,
+                    resolve_target: None,
+                    ops: wgpu::Operations { load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(open), store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store },
+                })],
+                depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+                occlusion_query_set: None,
+                multiview_mask: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[EyeSlot::Light.offset()]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[0]);
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, &group, &[]);
+            drawn.draw(&mut pass, 3, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::marks::Shown {
+    /// Whether the mark draws faces, which receive shadows and need normals.
+    pub(crate) fn faces(&self) -> bool {
+        self.kind() == MarkKind::Faces
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/sync.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/sync.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc86ddf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/sync.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@
+//! A mark's columns on the GPU: for every column its program reads, a descriptor and a page table of
+//! arena offsets, or for sampled columns a cursor per row block at the shown coordinate.
+//!
+//! A column a line traces holds what is in view instead: runs of entries, frames while there are at
+//! most two per pixel column, else the buckets of the level of detail that fit, and where those are
+//! not held, the coarser ones standing in or the finer ones there are. Each level it draws lists its
+//! axis pages and, per row block, its pages of values.
+//!
+//! Only columns whose inputs changed are rebuilt: moving the shown coordinate rebuilds sampled
+//! columns' cursors and nothing else. A rebuilt column that lists pages says which row blocks hold
+//! pages that changed, so only their rows evaluate again. A mark keeps drawing its current tables until every page of
+//! its rebuilt ones is resident, then swaps them in together, so a data version appears whole.
+//! Tables pin the pages they reference. While a mark eases, the table its geometry column had when
+//! the transition began stays, packed after the rest, so paths morph from it.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::data::{Column, Field, FramePage, PAGE_ROWS, PageId, Run, Samples, Version, detail};
+use crate::derive::Beside;
+use crate::expr::compile::{ColumnUse, Program, Reads, Words};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::arena::{Content, PIECE_POINTS, PageKey, path_pieces, path_points};
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::{Data, Name, Table};
+
+const WORDS: usize = wgsl::COLUMN_WORDS as usize;
+
+/// What one column's table was built from; a change in it means rebuilding the table.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Stamp {
+    Missing,
+    Field(Version),
+    Sampled(Version, Option<u64>, u32),
+    Trace(Version, Plan),
+    Join(Version, Version),
+}
+
+/// What a trace shows: the window across, the pixel columns it spans, and the steps a line draws
+/// between frames (`STEP_BEFORE` or `STEP_AFTER`, or 0).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Window {
+    pub(crate) across: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    pub(crate) columns: u32,
+    pub(crate) steps: u32,
+}
+
+/// What a traced column draws: runs of entries left to right, each with the point it starts at; the
+/// level the window asks for; and the points the trace runs through in all.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Plan {
+    pub(crate) level: u32,
+    pub(crate) runs: Vec<(Run, u32)>,
+    pub(crate) points: u32,
+    steps: u32,
+}
+
+impl Plan {
+    /// The entry point `point` draws: its level, its index, and its side, a bucket's least (0) or
+    /// greatest (1); `None` for a point that breaks the line.
+    pub(crate) fn entry(&self, point: u32) -> Option<(u32, u64, usize)> {
+        let i = self.runs.partition_point(|(_, first)| *first <= point).checked_sub(1)?;
+        let (run, first) = &self.runs[i];
+        let (k, n) = (point - first, run.len() as u32);
+        if run.level > 0 {
+            return (k < 2 * n).then(|| (run.level, run.entries.start + u64::from(k / 2), (k % 2) as usize));
+        }
+        let (up, count) = match self.steps {
+            wgsl::STEP_AFTER => (k / 2, 2 * n - 1),
+            wgsl::STEP_BEFORE => (k.div_ceil(2), 2 * n - 1),
+            _ => (k, n),
+        };
+        (k < count).then(|| (0, run.entries.start + u64::from(up), 0))
+    }
+}
+
+/// One column on the GPU: its descriptor, whose table offsets are relative to `words`, its page table
+/// or cursors, and the pages it pins.
+struct ColumnTable {
+    stamp: Stamp,
+    descriptor: [u32; WORDS],
+    words: Vec<u32>,
+    pins: Vec<PageKey>,
+    /// What a traced column draws.
+    plan: Option<Plan>,
+    /// At most how many points a geometry column's paths take.
+    points: u32,
+    /// The page of each row block the table lists, for a column whose rows read their own block's
+    /// page; `None` for one whose every row changes when it does (cursors, traces, joins).
+    pages: Option<Vec<PageId>>,
+}
+
+/// Rows of the mark's table joined by id to rows of another table.
+struct Join {
+    of: (Name, Name),
+    structure: (Version, Version),
+    pages: Vec<(PageId, Arc<[u32]>)>,
+}
+
+/// What a mark's program reads, column by column: the program's columns, then one per join.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Tables {
+    current: Vec<ColumnTable>,
+    /// Rebuilt tables waiting for their pages, by index into `current`.
+    pending: Vec<(usize, ColumnTable)>,
+    /// The geometry column's table before it was last rebuilt, kept while the mark eases from it.
+    frozen: Option<ColumnTable>,
+    joins: Vec<Join>,
+    synced: bool,
+    /// The rows of the table last synced, which a program reading no columns follows alone.
+    structure: Option<crate::data::Version>,
+    /// Bumps whenever a table is swapped in.
+    generation: u64,
+}
+
+/// What a sync did.
+pub(crate) enum Synced {
+    /// Nothing changed.
+    Same,
+    /// Pages are uploading; the current tables still draw.
+    Waiting,
+    /// New tables: bit `i` of `columns` for each program column that changed, and the row blocks
+    /// whose pages changed; `None` when every row did.
+    Changed { columns: u64, blocks: Option<Vec<u32>> },
+}
+
+/// Where a mark's own rows come from, and the tables the view derives beside them.
+pub(crate) struct Source<'a> {
+    pub(crate) data: &'a Data,
+    pub(crate) table: &'a Table,
+    pub(crate) derived: Beside<'a>,
+}
+
+/// One column a program reads: a field, or the rows a join maps to.
+enum Use<'a> {
+    Field { column: &'a ColumnUse, join: u32 },
+    Join(&'a (Name, Name)),
+}
+
+impl Tables {
+    /// Brings the tables up to date with `source` and every dataset in `all` at coordinate `at`;
+    /// traced columns hold the frames across `window`, or every frame without one. When column
+    /// `geometry` is rebuilt, its table before stays frozen until [`thaw`](Tables::thaw).
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, reason = "one sync of a mark's tables")]
+    pub(crate) fn sync(
+        &mut self,
+        program: &Program,
+        source: &Source<'_>,
+        all: &[Data],
+        at: f64,
+        window: Window,
+        geometry: u32,
+        gpu: &mut Inner,
+    ) -> Synced {
+        let joins = joins(program);
+        let fields = program.columns.iter().map(|column| {
+            let join = column.of.as_ref().map_or(wgsl::NONE, |of| {
+                (program.columns.len() + joins.iter().position(|j| *j == of).expect("listed")) as u32
+            });
+            Use::Field { column, join }
+        });
+        let uses: Vec<Use<'_>> = fields.chain(joins.iter().map(|of| Use::Join(of))).collect();
+        let reshape = !self.synced
+            || self.current.len() != uses.len()
+            || (uses.is_empty() && self.structure != Some(source.table.structure));
+        self.structure = Some(source.table.structure);
+        let mut rebuilt = Vec::new();
+        let mut ready = true;
+        for (i, use_) in uses.iter().enumerate() {
+            let stamp = match use_ {
+                Use::Field { column, .. } => stamp(column, source, all, at, window),
+                Use::Join(of) => match joined(of, all) {
+                    Some(other) => Stamp::Join(source.table.structure, other.structure),
+                    None => Stamp::Missing,
+                },
+            };
+            if !reshape && self.current[i].stamp == stamp {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut builder = Builder {
+                words: Vec::new(),
+                pins: Vec::new(),
+                ready: true,
+                plan: None,
+                points: 0,
+                pages: Some(Vec::new()),
+                gpu: &mut *gpu,
+            };
+            let descriptor = match use_ {
+                Use::Field { column, join } => {
+                    let mut descriptor = builder.column(column, source, all, at, window);
+                    descriptor[wgsl::COLUMN_JOIN as usize] = *join;
+                    descriptor
+                }
+                Use::Join(of) => {
+                    let join = self.join(of, source, all);
+                    let descriptor = builder.join(&join, source.table.len());
+                    self.remember(join);
+                    descriptor
+                }
+            };
+            let Builder { words, pins, ready: column_ready, plan, points, pages, gpu: _ } = builder;
+            for &key in &pins {
+                gpu.arena.pin(key);
+            }
+            ready &= column_ready;
+            rebuilt.push((i, ColumnTable { stamp, descriptor, words, pins, plan, points, pages }));
+        }
+        for (_, table) in std::mem::take(&mut self.pending) {
+            unpin(&table.pins, gpu);
+        }
+        if rebuilt.is_empty() && !reshape {
+            return Synced::Same;
+        }
+        if !ready {
+            self.pending = rebuilt;
+            return Synced::Waiting;
+        }
+        self.generation += 1;
+        let mut blocks = Some(Vec::new());
+        let changed = if reshape {
+            self.thaw(gpu);
+            for table in std::mem::take(&mut self.current) {
+                unpin(&table.pins, gpu);
+            }
+            self.current = rebuilt.into_iter().map(|(_, table)| table).collect();
+            blocks = None;
+            u64::MAX
+        } else {
+            let mut changed = 0;
+            for (i, table) in rebuilt {
+                match (blocks.as_mut(), changed_blocks(&self.current[i], &table)) {
+                    (Some(blocks), Some(more)) => blocks.extend(more),
+                    _ => blocks = None,
+                }
+                let old = std::mem::replace(&mut self.current[i], table);
+                if i as u32 == geometry {
+                    self.thaw(gpu);
+                    self.frozen = Some(old);
+                } else {
+                    unpin(&old.pins, gpu);
+                }
+                changed |= match &uses[i] {
+                    Use::Field { .. } => Reads::column(i),
+                    Use::Join(of) => columns_of(program, of),
+                };
+            }
+            changed
+        };
+        self.synced = true;
+        Synced::Changed { columns: changed, blocks }
+    }
+
+    /// Drops the frozen geometry table: the mark no longer eases from it.
+    pub(crate) fn thaw(&mut self, gpu: &mut Inner) {
+        if let Some(table) = self.frozen.take() {
+            unpin(&table.pins, gpu);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The program column the frozen geometry table packs as, once there is one.
+    pub(crate) fn frozen(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.frozen.as_ref().map(|_| self.current.len() as u32)
+    }
+
+    /// Bumps whenever a table is swapped in.
+    pub(crate) fn generation(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.generation
+    }
+
+    /// At most how many points the paths of geometry column `column` take; 0 for other columns.
+    pub(crate) fn points(&self, column: u32) -> u32 {
+        self.current.get(column as usize).map_or(0, |t| t.points)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether program column `column` reads a field its table has.
+    pub(crate) fn holds(&self, column: u32) -> bool {
+        self.current.get(column as usize).is_some_and(|t| t.stamp != Stamp::Missing)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the tables were built at least once.
+    pub(crate) fn synced(&self) -> bool {
+        self.synced
+    }
+
+    /// What the traced column draws.
+    pub(crate) fn plan(&self) -> Option<&Plan> {
+        self.current.iter().find_map(|t| t.plan.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    /// Points the traced column draws.
+    pub(crate) fn traced(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.plan().map_or(0, |plan| plan.points)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether rebuilt tables wait for pages to upload.
+    pub(crate) fn waiting(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.pending.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Words the descriptors and tables take in the program buffer.
+    pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.packed().map(|t| WORDS + t.words.len()).sum()
+    }
+
+    /// The tables packed: the current ones, then the frozen geometry table.
+    fn packed(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ColumnTable> + Clone {
+        self.current.iter().chain(&self.frozen)
+    }
+
+    /// Appends every descriptor, then every table; `base` is the word of the program buffer the
+    /// first descriptor lands at, so table offsets are absolute.
+    pub(crate) fn pack(&self, base: u32, out: &mut Vec<u32>) {
+        let mut at = base + (self.packed().count() * WORDS) as u32;
+        for table in self.packed() {
+            let mut d = table.descriptor;
+            d[wgsl::COLUMN_TABLE as usize] += at;
+            if d[wgsl::COLUMN_LOW as usize] != wgsl::NONE {
+                d[wgsl::COLUMN_LOW as usize] += at;
+            }
+            out.extend(d);
+            at += table.words.len() as u32;
+        }
+        for table in self.packed() {
+            out.extend(&table.words);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Releases every pin.
+    pub(crate) fn release(&mut self, gpu: &mut Inner) {
+        self.thaw(gpu);
+        for table in self.current.drain(..).chain(self.pending.drain(..).map(|(_, t)| t)) {
+            unpin(&table.pins, gpu);
+        }
+        self.synced = false;
+    }
+
+    /// The join rows for `of`, reused while neither table's rows change.
+    fn join(&self, of: &(Name, Name), source: &Source<'_>, all: &[Data]) -> Join {
+        let Some(other) = joined(of, all) else {
+            return Join {
+                of: of.clone(),
+                structure: (source.table.structure, source.table.structure),
+                pages: Vec::new(),
+            };
+        };
+        let structure = (source.table.structure, other.structure);
+        if let Some(join) = self.joins.iter().find(|j| &j.of == of && j.structure == structure) {
+            return Join { of: of.clone(), structure, pages: join.pages.clone() };
+        }
+        let rows: Vec<u32> = (0..source.table.len())
+            .map(|r| source.table.ids.key(r).and_then(|key| other.row(key)).map_or(wgsl::NONE, |row| row as u32))
+            .collect();
+        let pages = rows.chunks(PAGE_ROWS).map(|chunk| (PageId::next(), Arc::from(chunk))).collect();
+        Join { of: of.clone(), structure, pages }
+    }
+
+    fn remember(&mut self, join: Join) {
+        self.joins.retain(|j| j.of != join.of);
+        self.joins.push(join);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The row blocks whose pages differ between table `before` and table `now`; `None` when either reads
+/// no block's page alone, so every row changed.
+fn changed_blocks(before: &ColumnTable, now: &ColumnTable) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+    let (Some(old), Some(new)) = (&before.pages, &now.pages) else { return None };
+    Some((0..old.len().max(new.len())).filter(|&p| old.get(p) != new.get(p)).map(|p| p as u32).collect())
+}
+
+fn unpin(pins: &[PageKey], gpu: &mut Inner) {
+    for &key in pins {
+        gpu.arena.unpin(key);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The distinct tables the program's joins read, in first-read order.
+fn joins(program: &Program) -> Vec<&(Name, Name)> {
+    let mut joins: Vec<&(Name, Name)> = Vec::new();
+    for of in program.columns.iter().filter_map(|c| c.of.as_ref()) {
+        if !joins.contains(&of) {
+            joins.push(of);
+        }
+    }
+    joins
+}
+
+/// Bits of the program's columns that read through the join to `of`.
+fn columns_of(program: &Program, of: &(Name, Name)) -> u64 {
+    program
+        .columns
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, c)| c.of.as_ref() == Some(of))
+        .fold(0, |bits, (i, _)| bits | Reads::column(i))
+}
+
+/// The dataset and table a column reads: the mark's own, another one joined by id, or the derived
+/// table beside the mark's own that holds the field.
+pub(crate) fn table_of<'a>(column: &ColumnUse, source: &Source<'a>, all: &'a [Data]) -> Option<(&'a Name, &'a Table)> {
+    if column.derived {
+        let mut beside = source.derived.iter().flatten();
+        let table = beside.find(|t| t.field_named(&column.name).is_some()).copied().or(source.derived[0])?;
+        return Some((source.data.name(), table));
+    }
+    match &column.of {
+        None => Some((source.data.name(), source.table)),
+        Some((data, table)) => {
+            let data = all.iter().find(|d| d.name() == data)?;
+            Some((data.name(), data.table(table)?))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The table a join reads.
+fn joined<'a>((data, table): &(Name, Name), all: &'a [Data]) -> Option<&'a Table> {
+    all.iter().find(|d| d.name() == data)?.table(table)
+}
+
+/// What a trace across `window` draws: the runs covering its frames at the level they ask for, a
+/// point left out between runs that do not meet.
+fn plan(samples: &Samples, window: Window) -> Plan {
+    let frames = window.across.map_or(samples.start()..samples.end(), |across| samples.across(across));
+    let level = detail(frames.end - frames.start, window.columns);
+    let (mut runs, mut point, mut last) = (Vec::new(), 0, None);
+    for run in samples.cover(frames, level) {
+        let spanned = run.frames();
+        if last.is_some_and(|end| end != spanned.start) {
+            point += 1;
+        }
+        let n = run.len() as u32;
+        let points = match (run.level, window.steps) {
+            (0, 0) => n,
+            (0, _) => 2 * n - 1,
+            _ => 2 * n,
+        };
+        last = Some(spanned.end);
+        runs.push((run, point));
+        point += points;
+    }
+    Plan { level, runs, points: point, steps: window.steps }
+}
+
+fn stamp(column: &ColumnUse, source: &Source<'_>, all: &[Data], at: f64, window: Window) -> Stamp {
+    let Some((_, table)) = table_of(column, source, all) else { return Stamp::Missing };
+    match table.field_named(&column.name) {
+        None => Stamp::Missing,
+        Some(Field::Sampled(samples, version)) if column.trace => Stamp::Trace(*version, plan(samples, window)),
+        Some(Field::Sampled(samples, version)) => {
+            let frame = samples.frame_at(at);
+            let t = if column.step { 0.0 } else { frame.map_or(0.0, |f| samples.t(f, at)) };
+            Stamp::Sampled(*version, frame, t.to_bits())
+        }
+        Some(field) => Stamp::Field(field.version()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds one column's table, asking the arena for each page.
+struct Builder<'g> {
+    words: Vec<u32>,
+    pins: Vec<PageKey>,
+    ready: bool,
+    plan: Option<Plan>,
+    points: u32,
+    /// The page of each row block, while every row reads its own block's.
+    pages: Option<Vec<PageId>>,
+    gpu: &'g mut Inner,
+}
+
+impl Builder<'_> {
+    fn column(
+        &mut self,
+        column: &ColumnUse,
+        source: &Source<'_>,
+        all: &[Data],
+        at: f64,
+        window: Window,
+    ) -> [u32; WORDS] {
+        let mut d = [0; WORDS];
+        d[wgsl::COLUMN_LOW as usize] = wgsl::NONE;
+        if column.words == Words::Bits {
+            d[wgsl::COLUMN_FLAGS as usize] = wgsl::BITS;
+        }
+        let Some((data, table)) = table_of(column, source, all) else {
+            self.pages = None;
+            return d;
+        };
+        d[wgsl::COLUMN_ROWS as usize] = table.len() as u32;
+        match table.field_named(&column.name) {
+            Some(Field::Values(values, _)) if column.words == Words::Codes => {
+                let field = (data, &table.name, &column.name);
+                self.listed(values);
+                for page in values.pages() {
+                    let key = PageKey::of(page.id, Words::Codes, false);
+                    // Coded once, whether or not the page is on the GPU, so the dictionary holds its texts.
+                    let codes = self.gpu.dictionaries.field(field.0, field.1, field.2).codes(page);
+                    let offset =
+                        self.gpu.arena.get(key, page.values.len() as u32, || Content::Computed(codes.to_vec()));
+                    self.push(key, offset);
+                }
+            }
+            Some(Field::Values(values, _)) if column.words == Words::Path => self.path(values),
+            Some(Field::Values(values, _)) => {
+                self.listed(values);
+                self.pages(values, column.words, false);
+                if column.low {
+                    d[wgsl::COLUMN_LOW as usize] = self.words.len() as u32;
+                    self.pages(values, column.words, true);
+                }
+            }
+            Some(Field::Reference(reference)) => {
+                self.listed(&reference.rows);
+                self.pages(&reference.rows, Words::Bits, false);
+            }
+            Some(Field::Sampled(samples, _)) if column.trace => {
+                self.pages = None;
+                d[wgsl::COLUMN_FLAGS as usize] |= wgsl::SAMPLED;
+                self.trace(samples, plan(samples, window), table.len());
+            }
+            Some(Field::Sampled(samples, _)) => {
+                self.pages = None;
+                d[wgsl::COLUMN_FLAGS as usize] |= wgsl::SAMPLED | if column.step { wgsl::STEP } else { 0 };
+                let frame = samples.frame_at(at);
+                let t = if column.step { 0.0 } else { frame.map_or(0.0, |f| samples.t(f, at)) };
+                d[wgsl::COLUMN_T as usize] = t.to_bits();
+                self.cursors(samples, frame, table.len());
+            }
+            None => self.pages = None,
+        }
+        d
+    }
+
+    /// A join's table: a bits column of the mark's rows.
+    fn join(&mut self, join: &Join, rows: usize) -> [u32; WORDS] {
+        self.pages = None;
+        let mut d = [0; WORDS];
+        d[wgsl::COLUMN_FLAGS as usize] = wgsl::BITS;
+        d[wgsl::COLUMN_ROWS as usize] = rows as u32;
+        d[wgsl::COLUMN_LOW as usize] = wgsl::NONE;
+        d[wgsl::COLUMN_JOIN as usize] = wgsl::NONE;
+        for (id, words) in &join.pages {
+            let key = PageKey::of(*id, Words::Bits, false);
+            let offset = self.gpu.arena.get(key, words.len() as u32, || Content::Computed(words.to_vec()));
+            self.push(key, offset);
+        }
+        d
+    }
+
+    /// Lists 's pages as the row blocks the table reads.
+    fn listed(&mut self, column: &Column) {
+        if let Some(pages) = &mut self.pages {
+            pages.extend(column.pages().iter().map(|page| page.id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn pages(&mut self, column: &Column, words: Words, low: bool) {
+        for page in column.pages() {
+            let key = PageKey::of(page.id, words, low);
+            let values = page.values.clone();
+            let offset = self.gpu.arena.get(key, values.len() as u32, || Content::Values { values, words, low });
+            self.push(key, offset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A geometry column's table, as `lib/read.wesl` reads it: per page, the block of each row's
+    /// first point, where the page's blocks of points are listed in the table, and how many points
+    /// it has; then those lists. A page's points take as many blocks of a chunk as they need.
+    fn path(&mut self, column: &Column) {
+        self.listed(column);
+        let pages = column.pages();
+        self.words.resize(3 * pages.len(), 0);
+        for (p, page) in pages.iter().enumerate() {
+            let points = path_points(&page.values);
+            self.points += points as u32;
+            let mut made: Option<Vec<Vec<u32>>> = None;
+            let mut blocks = Vec::with_capacity(1 + points.div_ceil(PIECE_POINTS));
+            for piece in 0..=points.div_ceil(PIECE_POINTS) {
+                let key = PageKey { page: page.id, words: Words::Path, low: false, piece: piece as u32 };
+                let offset = self.gpu.arena.get(key, 1, || {
+                    let pieces = made.get_or_insert_with(|| path_pieces(&page.values));
+                    Content::Computed(std::mem::take(&mut pieces[piece]))
+                });
+                self.pins.push(key);
+                self.ready &= offset.is_some();
+                blocks.push(offset.unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE));
+            }
+            let listed = self.words.len() as u32;
+            self.words[3 * p..3 * p + 3].copy_from_slice(&[blocks[0], listed, points as u32]);
+            self.words.extend(&blocks[1..]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// What a line draws, laid out as `lib/trace.wesl` reads it: a header (how many runs, row blocks,
+    /// and levels, and the points in all); per run its level's place, first entry, entries, and first
+    /// point; per level the level, how many axis pages and where they are listed, and where its row
+    /// blocks' lists start; per level and row block how many pages of frames or least values and where
+    /// they are listed, then of greatest values; then those lists, axis pages as (offset, first entry)
+    /// and pages of values as (offset, first entry, words per entry). Offsets within the table are
+    /// relative to it.
+    fn trace(&mut self, samples: &Samples, plan: Plan, rows: usize) {
+        let blocks = rows.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS);
+        // Each run has its own local origin. Even sparse runs billions of frames apart use
+        // compact GPU offsets, while CPU plans retain their absolute 64-bit indexes.
+        self.words.extend([plan.runs.len() as u32, blocks as u32, plan.runs.len() as u32, plan.points]);
+        let origins: Vec<u64> = plan
+            .runs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(r, _)| r.entries.start.saturating_sub(crate::data::FRAME_PAGE_WORDS as u64))
+            .collect();
+        for (i, (run, point)) in plan.runs.iter().enumerate() {
+            self.words.extend([i as u32, (run.entries.start - origins[i]) as u32, run.len() as u32, *point]);
+        }
+        let at = self.words.len();
+        self.words.resize(at + 4 * plan.runs.len(), 0);
+        for (i, (run, _)) in plan.runs.iter().enumerate() {
+            let origin = origins[i];
+            let axis = samples.axis_pages(run.level, run.entries.clone());
+            let listed_at = self.words.len() as u32;
+            self.words[at + 4 * i..at + 4 * i + 3].copy_from_slice(&[run.level, axis.len() as u32, listed_at]);
+            for (page, held) in &axis {
+                let key = PageKey::of(page.id, Words::Values, false);
+                let offset =
+                    self.gpu.arena.get(key, ((held.end - page.first) * 2) as u32, || Content::Axis(page.clone()));
+                self.pins.push(key);
+                self.ready &= offset.is_some();
+                self.words.extend([offset.unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE), (page.first - origin) as u32]);
+            }
+            let lists = self.words.len();
+            self.words[at + 4 * i + 3] = lists as u32;
+            self.words.resize(lists + 4 * blocks, 0);
+            for block in 0..blocks {
+                for side in 0..crate::data::sides(run.level) {
+                    let pages = samples.pages(block, run.level, side, run.entries.clone());
+                    self.words[lists + 4 * block + 2 * side] = pages.len() as u32;
+                    self.words[lists + 4 * block + 2 * side + 1] = self.words.len() as u32;
+                    self.sample_pages(&pages, origin);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.plan = Some(plan);
+    }
+
+    /// Appends `pages` as (offset, first entry, words per entry), each with the entries it holds.
+    fn sample_pages(&mut self, pages: &[(FramePage, Range<u64>)], origin: u64) {
+        for (page, held) in pages {
+            let key = PageKey::of(page.id, Words::Values, false);
+            let need = ((held.end - page.first) * u64::from(page.per)) as u32;
+            let offset = self.gpu.arena.get(key, need, || Content::Frames(page.clone()));
+            self.pins.push(key);
+            self.ready &= offset.is_some();
+            self.words.extend([offset.unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE), (page.first - origin) as u32, page.per]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Six words per row block: this frame's block and word, the next frame's, and their row counts.
+    fn cursors(&mut self, samples: &Samples, frame: Option<u64>, rows: usize) {
+        for block in 0..rows.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS) {
+            let mut cursor = [wgsl::NONE, 0, wgsl::NONE, 0, 0, 0];
+            for (i, f) in [frame, frame.map(|f| f + 1)].into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let Some((page, base)) = f.and_then(|f| samples.cursor(block, f)) else { continue };
+                let key = PageKey::of(page.id, Words::Values, false);
+                let rows_in_page = page.per;
+                let offset = self.gpu.arena.get(key, base + rows_in_page, || Content::Frames(page.clone()));
+                self.pins.push(key);
+                self.ready &= offset.is_some();
+                cursor[2 * i] = offset.unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE);
+                cursor[2 * i + 1] = base;
+                cursor[4 + i] = rows_in_page;
+            }
+            self.words.extend(cursor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, key: PageKey, offset: Option<u32>) {
+        self.pins.push(key);
+        self.ready &= offset.is_some();
+        self.words.push(offset.unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/timer.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/timer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfd37a7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/timer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+//! The GPU's time on frames, where the device writes timestamps: an empty pass begins a frame and
+//! another ends it, and what lies between is the frame's. Each measure is resolved and read back
+//! without stalling, a few at a time, and the time told is the median of the last frames measured, so
+//! it holds steady while a frame now and then does more.
+
+use crate::gpu::readback::{Readback, Readbacks};
+
+/// Measures under way at most, and frames the time told is the median of.
+const SLOTS: usize = 4;
+const KEPT: usize = 15;
+
+/// A query set measuring one frame, and its readback while under way.
+struct Slot {
+    set: wgpu::QuerySet,
+    resolved: wgpu::Buffer,
+    pending: Option<Readback>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Timer {
+    slots: Vec<Slot>,
+    /// The slot measuring this frame.
+    current: Option<usize>,
+    /// Nanoseconds a timestamp tick lasts.
+    period: f64,
+    /// Milliseconds of the last frames measured, oldest first.
+    measured: Vec<f32>,
+    /// Its own map buffers, whose readbacks count as no work: only some devices have a timer.
+    pool: Readbacks,
+}
+
+impl Timer {
+    /// A timer, where the device writes timestamps.
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &wgpu::Queue) -> Option<Timer> {
+        if !device.features().contains(wgpu::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let slot = |_| Slot {
+            set: device.create_query_set(&wgpu::QuerySetDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit timer"),
+                ty: wgpu::QueryType::Timestamp,
+                count: 2,
+            }),
+            resolved: device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+                label: Some("latkit timer"),
+                size: 16,
+                usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::QUERY_RESOLVE | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_SRC,
+                mapped_at_creation: false,
+            }),
+            pending: None,
+        };
+        Some(Timer {
+            slots: (0..SLOTS).map(slot).collect(),
+            current: None,
+            period: f64::from(queue.get_timestamp_period()),
+            measured: Vec::with_capacity(KEPT),
+            pool: Readbacks::uncounted(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Begins measuring the frame `encoder` records, while a slot is free.
+    pub(crate) fn begin(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder) {
+        self.current = self.slots.iter().position(|s| s.pending.is_none());
+        if let Some(i) = self.current {
+            mark(&self.slots[i].set, encoder, Some(0), None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ends the measure this frame began, reading it back once submitted.
+    pub(crate) fn end(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, device: &wgpu::Device) {
+        let Some(i) = self.current.take() else { return };
+        let slot = &mut self.slots[i];
+        mark(&slot.set, encoder, None, Some(1));
+        encoder.resolve_query_set(&slot.set, 0..2, &slot.resolved, 0);
+        let waker = std::task::Waker::noop();
+        slot.pending = Some(Readback::new(&self.pool, device, encoder, &slot.resolved, 0, 16, waker));
+    }
+
+    /// The median milliseconds of the last frames measured, once a measure landed since last asked.
+    pub(crate) fn landed(&mut self) -> Option<f32> {
+        let mut landed = false;
+        for slot in &mut self.slots {
+            let Some(bytes) = slot.pending.as_ref().and_then(Readback::take) else { continue };
+            slot.pending = None;
+            let Some(ms) = bytes.ok().and_then(|bytes| elapsed_ms(&bytes, self.period)) else { continue };
+            if self.measured.len() == KEPT {
+                self.measured.remove(0);
+            }
+            self.measured.push(ms);
+            landed = true;
+        }
+        landed.then(|| {
+            let mut sorted = self.measured.clone();
+            sorted.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+            sorted[sorted.len() / 2]
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Milliseconds between the two timestamps of `bytes`, ticks `period` nanoseconds long.
+fn elapsed_ms(bytes: &[u8], period: f64) -> Option<f32> {
+    let tick = |i: usize| Some(u64::from_le_bytes(bytes.get(i * 8..i * 8 + 8)?.try_into().ok()?));
+    let ticks = tick(1)?.checked_sub(tick(0)?)?;
+    Some((ticks as f64 * period / 1e6) as f32)
+}
+
+/// An empty pass writing timestamp `beginning` as it begins or `end` as it ends.
+fn mark(set: &wgpu::QuerySet, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, beginning: Option<u32>, end: Option<u32>) {
+    encoder.begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit timer"),
+        timestamp_writes: Some(wgpu::ComputePassTimestampWrites {
+            query_set: set,
+            beginning_of_pass_write_index: beginning,
+            end_of_pass_write_index: end,
+        }),
+    });
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/transition.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/transition.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a778126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/transition.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+//! Transitions: a mark whose description, static data, or rows change eases from what it showed.
+//!
+//! When one starts, what each row shows is frozen into the frozen buffer at the row's new place:
+//! copied when the rows are the same, gathered by id when rows were added, removed, or reordered.
+//! Rows that left are frozen past the new rows and fade out there. While the mark eases, its channels
+//! store into the settled state, a second mirror of the state, once per change; each frame the clock
+//! moves, the ease pass writes what every row shows from its frozen and settled state by the mark's
+//! progress,
+//! so draws, probes, bounds, and shadows read eased state without knowing a transition runs, and no
+//! channel runs to ease. Where no row is the same as one shown before, as when another dataset
+//! replaces the one drawn, every row only fades: evaluated once into the state as the transition
+//! starts, the mark eases by its progress alone. The frozen and settled buffers mirror the state
+//! buffer's layout and exist only while a transition does. A stroke's geometry column keeps the
+//! table it had as the transition began, and its paths morph from it point by point.
+//!
+//! Without an ease, a flowing mark whose rows moved still begins a transition, of no length: it
+//! shows the new state at once, and its comets carry their travel over to the rows' new places.
+
+use super::View;
+use super::clock::Clock;
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use crate::data::{PAGE_ROWS, RowIds, Table};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{self as wgsl, Shader};
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+
+/// A mark easing from what it showed, begun at a time on the view's clock, and whether its rows
+/// only fade.
+pub(crate) struct Transition {
+    start: f64,
+    seconds: f64,
+    fades: bool,
+}
+
+/// A transition waiting for the frame that freezes it.
+pub(crate) struct Begin {
+    /// Each new row's old row, then each exit's, when rows moved; `None` when they kept their places.
+    sources: Option<Vec<u32>>,
+    /// Whether no row was shown before, so rows only fade in and out.
+    fades: bool,
+}
+
+impl Transition {
+    /// Eased progress on `clock`, `0..=1`; a transition of no length is done as it begins.
+    pub(crate) fn motion(&self, clock: &Clock) -> f32 {
+        if self.seconds <= 0.0 { 1.0 } else { clock.eased(self.start, self.seconds) as f32 }
+    }
+
+    fn done(&self, clock: &Clock) -> bool {
+        clock.done(self.start, self.seconds)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the mark's channels evaluate into its settled state, toward which the ease pass eases
+    /// what it shows; one whose rows only fade evaluates into the state.
+    pub(crate) fn settles(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.fades
+    }
+}
+
+/// How rows moved from `old` to `new`: each new row's old row (`NONE` if it entered), and the old
+/// rows that left. `None` when every row kept its place.
+pub(crate) fn remap(old: &Table, new: &Table) -> Option<(Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>)> {
+    if old.structure == new.structure && old.order == new.order {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if old.order == new.order && new.len() >= old.len() {
+        // Rows kept in place, those of pages rewritten aside: there a row whose id changed enters, as
+        // one a table drawn through tiles writes where a tile drawn before was, and the row it
+        // replaces leaves.
+        let mut sources: Vec<u32> = (0..new.len()).map(|r| if r < old.len() { r as u32 } else { wgsl::NONE }).collect();
+        let mut exits = Vec::new();
+        for block in rewritten(old, new).unwrap_or_default() {
+            let rows = block as usize * PAGE_ROWS..((block as usize + 1) * PAGE_ROWS).min(old.len());
+            for r in rows.filter(|&r| old.ids.key(r) != new.ids.key(r)) {
+                sources[r] = wgsl::NONE;
+                if old.ids.key(r).is_some() {
+                    exits.push(r as u32);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return Some((sources, exits));
+    }
+    // Each row is looked up by id in the other table, from the smaller side.
+    let mut sources = vec![wgsl::NONE; new.len()];
+    let mut exits = Vec::new();
+    if old.len() <= new.len() {
+        for o in 0..old.len() {
+            match old.ids.key(o).and_then(|key| new.row(key)) {
+                Some(r) => sources[r] = o as u32,
+                None => exits.push(o as u32),
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        let mut kept = vec![false; old.len()];
+        for (r, source) in sources.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            if let Some(o) = new.ids.key(r).and_then(|key| old.row(key)) {
+                kept[o] = true;
+                *source = o as u32;
+            }
+        }
+        exits.extend((0..old.len()).filter(|&o| !kept[o]).map(|o| o as u32));
+    }
+    Some((sources, exits))
+}
+
+/// The row blocks of `new` whose rows `old` did not hold where `new` does, every other row kept in
+/// place: those whose ids' pages changed, and those past `old`'s rows. `None` where that does not
+/// tell, as between ids counted and ids listed.
+pub(crate) fn rewritten(old: &Table, new: &Table) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+    let blocks = |len: usize| len.div_ceil(PAGE_ROWS) as u32;
+    match (&old.ids, &new.ids) {
+        (RowIds::Count(a), RowIds::Count(b)) if b >= a => {
+            Some(((*a as usize / PAGE_ROWS) as u32..blocks(*b as usize)).collect())
+        }
+        (RowIds::Listed(a), RowIds::Listed(b)) if b.len() >= a.len() => {
+            let (a, b) = (a.pages(), b.pages());
+            Some((0..b.len()).filter(|&p| a.get(p).is_none_or(|page| page.id != b[p].id)).map(|p| p as u32).collect())
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The rows of `new` replacing every row of `old`, as when another dataset of the same name replaces
+/// the one drawn: each enters, and each old row leaves, whatever its id.
+pub(crate) fn replaced(old: &Table, new: &Table) -> (Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>) {
+    (vec![wgsl::NONE; new.len()], (0..old.len() as u32).collect())
+}
+
+impl Shown {
+    /// Takes over the rows `before` holds, as a changed description of the same mark.
+    pub(crate) fn inherit(&mut self, before: &Shown) {
+        self.region = before.region;
+        self.held = before.held;
+        self.rows = before.rows;
+        self.drawn.clone_from(&before.drawn);
+        self.version = before.version + 1;
+        self.place_version = before.place_version + 1;
+    }
+
+    /// Starts easing from what the mark shows: its rows moved as `moved` says, if they did.
+    pub(crate) fn begin(&mut self, moved: Option<(Vec<u32>, Vec<u32>)>) {
+        if self.held == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        let fades = moved.as_ref().is_some_and(|(sources, _)| sources.iter().all(|&s| s == wgsl::NONE));
+        let sources = moved.map(|(mut sources, exits)| {
+            self.exits = exits.len() as u32;
+            sources.extend(exits);
+            sources
+        });
+        if sources.is_none() {
+            self.exits = 0;
+        }
+        self.begin = Some(Begin { sources, fades });
+        self.all_dirty();
+    }
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Freezes every transition starting this frame and advances the running ones; true while any
+    /// runs.
+    pub(super) fn transitions(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, inner: &mut Inner) -> bool {
+        // A drag moves rows at once.
+        let seconds = if self.dragging() { 0.0 } else { self.ease().as_secs_f64() };
+        let mut starting: Vec<usize> = (0..self.marks.len()).filter(|&i| self.marks[i].begin.is_some()).collect();
+        if seconds == 0.0 {
+            // Without an ease only a flowing mark whose rows moved begins one, for its comets.
+            starting.retain(|&i| {
+                let shown = &mut self.marks[i];
+                let carries =
+                    shown.mark.flows() && shown.begin.as_ref().is_some_and(|b| b.sources.is_some() && !b.fades);
+                if !carries {
+                    shown.begin = None;
+                    shown.exits = 0;
+                }
+                carries
+            });
+        }
+        if !starting.is_empty() {
+            let fades: Vec<bool> =
+                starting.iter().map(|&i| self.marks[i].begin.as_ref().is_some_and(|b| b.fades)).collect();
+            self.freeze(encoder, inner, &starting);
+            let start = self.clock.now();
+            for (&i, fades) in starting.iter().zip(fades) {
+                self.marks[i].transition = Some(Transition { start, seconds, fades });
+            }
+        }
+        let mut running = false;
+        for (i, shown) in self.marks.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let Some(transition) = &shown.transition else { continue };
+            // One that begins this frame runs through it, as one of no length must for its comets.
+            if transition.done(&self.clock) && !starting.contains(&i) {
+                // One more evaluation writes every row's settled state.
+                shown.transition = None;
+                shown.exits = 0;
+                shown.all_dirty();
+                if shown.tables.frozen().is_some() {
+                    shown.tables.thaw(inner);
+                    shown.packed = false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                running = true;
+                // Rows that only fade were written once; their fade follows the mark's progress. The
+                // rest ease as the clock moves, and only then: their channels evaluated once.
+                shown.easing = transition.settles() && self.clock.moved();
+            }
+        }
+        if !running && self.marks.iter().all(|m| m.transition.is_none()) {
+            let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created");
+            resources.drop_frozen();
+            resources.drop_settled();
+        }
+        running
+    }
+
+    /// Records what each starting mark shows into the frozen buffer.
+    fn freeze(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, inner: &mut Inner, starting: &[usize]) {
+        let gpu = self.gpu.clone();
+        let (device, queue) = (&gpu.0.device, &gpu.0.queue);
+        let slots = self.slot_table(starting);
+        let resources = self.resources.as_mut().expect("created before transitions");
+        resources.ensure_frozen(device);
+        if self.marks.iter().any(|m| m.begin.as_ref().is_some_and(|b| !b.fades)) {
+            resources.ensure_settled(device);
+        }
+        let mut words: Vec<u32> = Vec::new();
+        let table = slots.map(|table| {
+            words.extend(table);
+            0
+        });
+        let mut gathers = Vec::new();
+        for &i in starting {
+            let shown = &mut self.marks[i];
+            let begin = shown.begin.take().expect("starting");
+            let was = shown.moved.unwrap_or(shown.region);
+            let now = shown.region;
+            match begin.sources {
+                None => {
+                    let source = if shown.moved.is_some() { resources.retired_state() } else { None };
+                    let rows = shown.held.min(shown.rows);
+                    resources.copy_frozen(encoder, source, was, now, rows);
+                }
+                Some(sources) => {
+                    let at = words.len() as u32;
+                    let slot_words = match shown.kind() {
+                        MarkKind::Edges => (1 << wgsl::EDGE_FROM) | (1 << wgsl::EDGE_TO),
+                        MarkKind::Faces => (1 << wgsl::FACE_A) | (1 << wgsl::FACE_B) | (1 << wgsl::FACE_C),
+                        _ => 0,
+                    };
+                    words.extend([was.state, was.extra, slot_words, table.unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE)]);
+                    words.extend(sources);
+                    shown.remap = at;
+                    shown.carry = true;
+                    gathers.push(i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if gathers.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        resources.write_remap(device, queue, &words);
+        let moved = gathers.iter().any(|&i| self.marks[i].moved.is_some());
+        let groups = resources.groups(&gpu.0, inner);
+        let group = resources.freeze_group(device, inner, moved);
+        let pipeline = inner.pipelines.compute(device, Shader::Freeze, "gather");
+        // The marks' uniforms this frame writes before it submits hold each mark's remap offset.
+        let mut pass = encoder
+            .begin_compute_pass(&wgpu::ComputePassDescriptor { label: Some("latkit freeze"), timestamp_writes: None });
+        pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
+        pass.set_bind_group(0, &groups.view, &[0]);
+        pass.set_bind_group(2, &group, &[]);
+        for &i in &gathers {
+            let shown = &self.marks[i];
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, &groups.mark, &[super::passes::offset(i)]);
+            super::passes::dispatch(&mut pass, shown.rows + shown.exits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Where each old vertex slot moved, for the ends of rows easing out; `None` when no mark with
+    /// ends gathers.
+    fn slot_table(&self, starting: &[usize]) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        let needed = starting.iter().any(|&i| {
+            let m = &self.marks[i];
+            m.kind() != MarkKind::Vertices && m.begin.as_ref().is_some_and(|b| b.sources.is_some())
+        });
+        if !needed {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let vertices = self.marks.iter().filter(|m| m.kind() == MarkKind::Vertices);
+        let old_slot = |m: &Shown| m.moved.unwrap_or(m.region).state / wgsl::VERTEX_WORDS;
+        let size = vertices.clone().map(|m| old_slot(m) + m.held).max().unwrap_or(0);
+        let mut table = vec![wgsl::NONE; size as usize];
+        for m in vertices {
+            let (from, to) = (old_slot(m), m.region.state / wgsl::VERTEX_WORDS);
+            match m.begin.as_ref().and_then(|b| b.sources.as_ref()) {
+                Some(sources) => {
+                    for (new_row, &old_row) in sources.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if old_row != wgsl::NONE && old_row < m.held {
+                            table[(from + old_row) as usize] = to + new_row as u32;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                None => {
+                    for row in 0..m.held.min(m.rows) {
+                        table[(from + row) as usize] = to + row;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Some(table)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/uniforms.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/uniforms.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ff76d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/uniforms.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+//! What a frame tells its shaders: the frame uniform, the eyes its passes draw through, and each
+//! mark's uniform.
+
+use glam::{DMat4, DVec3, DVec4};
+
+use super::camera::{Projected, split};
+use super::marks::Shown;
+use crate::gpu::shaders as wgsl;
+use crate::scene::mark::MarkKind;
+use crate::{Color, Grid, Scene, Space, Theme};
+
+fn matrix(m: DMat4) -> [[f32; 4]; 4] {
+    m.to_cols_array_2d().map(|c| c.map(|v| v as f32))
+}
+
+fn vector(v: DVec3) -> [f32; 4] {
+    [v.x as f32, v.y as f32, v.z as f32, 0.0]
+}
+
+/// The frame uniform for `scene` seen through `projected` in a target of `size` CSS pixels, showing
+/// axis coordinate `at`, `elapsed` seconds of motion into the view's clock. Pointer, probe, focus,
+/// and shade words start empty. In a diagram every length but glow and halo is a unit, so the
+/// theme's lengths scale with the zoom.
+pub(crate) fn frame(
+    scene: &Scene,
+    projected: &Projected,
+    size: [f64; 2],
+    linear: bool,
+    elapsed: f64,
+    at: f64,
+) -> wgsl::Frame {
+    let theme = &scene.theme;
+    let (cx, cy) = (split(projected.center[0]), split(projected.center[1]));
+    let grid = match &scene.space {
+        Space::Plane(plane) => plane.grid,
+        Space::Diagram(diagram) => diagram.grid,
+        Space::Earth(_) | Space::Plot(_) => Grid::Off,
+    };
+    let (grid_kind, grid_pitch) = match grid {
+        Grid::Off => (wgsl::GRID_OFF, 1.0),
+        Grid::Lines { pitch } => (wgsl::GRID_LINES, pitch),
+        Grid::Dots { pitch, .. } => (wgsl::GRID_DOTS, pitch),
+    };
+    let unit = if projected.space == wgsl::SPACE_DIAGRAM { projected.px_per_unit[0] as f32 } else { 1.0 };
+    let (surface, graticule) = match &scene.space {
+        Space::Earth(earth) => (earth.surface.unwrap_or(theme.surface), earth.graticule),
+        _ => (theme.surface, false),
+    };
+    // The sun stands where it does at the earth's daylight instant, on by the axis coordinate shown.
+    let (sun, atmosphere) = match &scene.space {
+        Space::Earth(earth) => (
+            earth.daylight.map(|t| crate::scene::sun(t + if at.is_finite() { at } else { 0.0 })),
+            earth.atmosphere.then(|| theme.atmosphere.to_array()),
+        ),
+        _ => (None, None),
+    };
+    // A selected color with a negative red asks for each row's own color.
+    let selected = theme.selected.map_or([-1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.9], Color::to_array);
+    let mut frame: wgsl::Frame = bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed();
+    frame.light = vector(projected.light);
+    frame.center_hi = [cx.0, cy.0];
+    frame.center_lo = [cx.1, cy.1];
+    frame.pointer = [-1e9, -1e9];
+    frame.probe = [-1e9, -1e9];
+    frame.space = projected.space;
+    frame.globe = projected.globe as f32;
+    frame.mercator_y = projected.mercator_y as f32;
+    frame.elapsed = elapsed as f32;
+    frame.glow = theme.glow;
+    frame.dim = theme.dim;
+    frame.dash = theme.dash * unit;
+    // Comets travel in their own lengths, which a stroke turns into pixels where it draws them.
+    frame.flow_spacing = theme.flow.spacing;
+    frame.flow_length = theme.flow.length;
+    frame.flow_width = theme.flow.width * unit;
+    frame.flow_units = u32::from(theme.flow.units);
+    frame.lane_bow = theme.lane_bow;
+    // Hover is state either way; the controls say only whether it glows.
+    let glows = scene.controls.hover;
+    frame.hover_scale = if glows { theme.hover_scale } else { 1.0 };
+    frame.shading = theme.shading;
+    frame.arrow = theme.arrow * unit;
+    frame.halo = theme.halo;
+    frame.group_padding = theme.group_padding * unit;
+    frame.unit = unit;
+    frame.zoom = projected.zoom as f32;
+    frame.linear = u32::from(linear);
+    frame.hover = if glows { theme.hover.to_array() } else { [0.0; 4] };
+    frame.selected = selected;
+    frame.flow = theme.flow.color.to_array();
+    frame.background = theme.background.to_array();
+    frame.surface = surface.to_array();
+    frame.grid_color = theme.grid.to_array();
+    frame.grid_kind = grid_kind;
+    frame.grid_pitch = grid_pitch as f32;
+    frame.grid_fade = grid_fade(scene, projected, size) as f32;
+    frame.graticule = u32::from(graticule);
+    frame.sun = sun.map_or([0.0; 4], |s| [s[0] as f32, s[1] as f32, s[2] as f32, theme.night.clamp(0.0, 1.0)]);
+    frame.atmosphere = atmosphere.unwrap_or([0.0; 4]);
+    frame.theme = theme_slots(theme);
+    frame.shade.color = theme.shadow.color.to_array();
+    frame
+}
+
+/// The world distance from the center a plane's grid fades out by: what the view shows looking
+/// straight down, and a little more. Shadows cover the same ground.
+pub(crate) fn grid_fade(scene: &Scene, projected: &Projected, size: [f64; 2]) -> f64 {
+    match &scene.space {
+        Space::Plot(_) => 0.0,
+        Space::Earth(_) if projected.globe >= 0.5 => 0.0,
+        _ => 1.2 * size[0].hypot(size[1]) / projected.px_per_unit[0],
+    }
+}
+
+/// The eye of the view: `projected` into a target of `size` CSS pixels at `pixel_ratio`.
+pub(crate) fn eye(projected: &Projected, size: [f64; 2], pixel_ratio: f32) -> wgsl::Eye {
+    let mut eye: wgsl::Eye = bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed();
+    eye.clip_from_world = matrix(projected.clip_from_world);
+    eye.world_from_clip = matrix(projected.world_from_clip);
+    eye.position = vector(projected.eye);
+    eye.size = [size[0] as f32, size[1] as f32];
+    eye.px_per_unit = projected.px_per_unit.map(|v| v as f32);
+    eye.pixel_ratio = pixel_ratio;
+    eye
+}
+
+/// The light's eye, looking down along `light` onto the square of ground `rect` (least x, y, greatest
+/// x, y, world units), and the casters' lift in world units. Its CSS pixels are the view's: a
+/// marker's quad keeps its size across the map.
+pub(crate) fn light_eye(view: &wgsl::Eye, light: DVec3, rect: [f64; 4], lift: f64, texels: u32) -> wgsl::Eye {
+    let [x0, y0, x1, y1] = rect;
+    let (sx, sy) = (2.0 / (x1 - x0), 2.0 / (y1 - y0));
+    let tilt = -light.truncate() / light.z.max(1e-3);
+    // Ground point along the light, mapped to clip space; z lifted first.
+    let cast = DMat4::from_cols(
+        DVec4::new(sx, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+        DVec4::new(0.0, sy, 0.0, 0.0),
+        DVec4::new(tilt.x * sx, tilt.y * sy, 0.0, 0.0),
+        DVec4::new(-1.0 - x0 * sx, -1.0 - y0 * sy, 0.5, 1.0),
+    ) * DMat4::from_translation(DVec3::new(0.0, 0.0, lift));
+    let texels_per_unit = f64::from(texels) / (x1 - x0);
+    let px = texels_per_unit / f64::from(view.px_per_unit[0]).max(1e-30);
+    let mut eye = *view;
+    eye.clip_from_world = matrix(cast);
+    eye.world_from_clip = matrix(DMat4::IDENTITY);
+    eye.size = [(f64::from(texels) / px) as f32; 2];
+    eye.pixel_ratio = px as f32;
+    eye.lift = lift as f32;
+    eye
+}
+
+/// The theme's values in slot order: colors packed, sizes as `f32` bits.
+fn theme_slots(theme: &Theme) -> [[u32; 4]; 4] {
+    let mut slots = [0_u32; wgsl::THEME_SLOTS as usize];
+    let edge = theme.edge.unwrap_or(theme.vertex);
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_VERTEX as usize] = theme.vertex.packed();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_VERTEX_RADIUS as usize] = theme.vertex_radius.to_bits();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_EDGE as usize] = edge.packed();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_EDGE_WIDTH as usize] = theme.edge_width.to_bits();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_LINE as usize] = theme.line.packed();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_LINE_WIDTH as usize] = theme.line_width.to_bits();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_AREA as usize] = theme.area.packed();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_TEXT as usize] = theme.text.packed();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_MISSING as usize] = theme.missing.packed();
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_CLEAR as usize] = 0;
+    slots[wgsl::THEME_SURFACE as usize] = theme.surface.packed();
+    std::array::from_fn(|i| std::array::from_fn(|j| slots[i * 4 + j]))
+}
+
+/// What `mark` evaluates and how it eases by `clock`: the row blocks this frame's evaluation covers,
+/// and while it eases, where its frozen and settled rows start, its progress, and how each word eases.
+fn ease(mark: &mut wgsl::Mark, shown: &Shown, clock: &super::clock::Clock) {
+    let region = &shown.region;
+    mark.block = shown.block;
+    mark.blocks = shown.block_count;
+    mark.blends = shown.offsets.blends;
+    mark.frozen = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.frozen_extra = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.settled = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.settled_extra = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.motion = 1.0;
+    if let Some(transition) = &shown.transition {
+        mark.frozen = region.state;
+        mark.frozen_extra = region.extra;
+        mark.motion = transition.motion(clock);
+        if transition.settles() {
+            mark.settled = region.state;
+            mark.settled_extra = region.extra;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The uniform of mark `index`, easing by `clock`.
+pub(crate) fn mark(
+    index: usize,
+    shown: &Shown,
+    labels: Option<super::labels::Slots>,
+    clock: &super::clock::Clock,
+) -> wgsl::Mark {
+    let mut mark: wgsl::Mark = bytemuck::Zeroable::zeroed();
+    let region = &shown.region;
+    mark.index = index as u32;
+    mark.kind = match shown.kind() {
+        MarkKind::Vertices => wgsl::MARK_VERTICES,
+        MarkKind::Edges => wgsl::MARK_EDGES,
+        MarkKind::Faces => wgsl::MARK_FACES,
+        MarkKind::Lines => wgsl::MARK_LINES,
+        MarkKind::Areas => wgsl::MARK_AREAS,
+    };
+    mark.rows = shown.rows;
+    mark.exits = shown.exits;
+    mark.state = region.state;
+    mark.stride = shown.stride();
+    mark.extra = region.extra;
+    mark.extras = shown.extras();
+    ease(&mut mark, shown, clock);
+    mark.focus = region.focus;
+    mark.domains = shown.domains;
+    mark.columns = shown.offsets.columns;
+    mark.ranges = shown.offsets.ranges;
+    mark.code = shown.offsets.code;
+    mark.constants = shown.offsets.constants;
+    mark.ends = shown.offsets.ends;
+    mark.palette = shown.offsets.palette;
+    mark.port_info = shown.offsets.port_info;
+    mark.ports = shown.port_count();
+    mark.mask = shown.dirty;
+    mark.remap = shown.remap;
+    mark.focused = shown.lit.at;
+    mark.focused_rows = shown.lit.rows;
+    mark.pieces = shown.lit.pieces;
+    mark.trace = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.per_row = 1;
+    mark.list = shown.segments.list.map_or(wgsl::NONE, |list| list.header);
+    mark.query = shown.query;
+    mark.geometry = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.frozen_geometry = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.lane = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.label = wgsl::NONE;
+    [mark.size_min, mark.size_max] = crate::Size::ANY;
+    mark.label_max = wgsl::NONE;
+    mark.label_select = wgsl::NONE;
+    if let Some(slots) = labels {
+        mark.label_select = slots.select;
+        mark.candidates = slots.candidates;
+        mark.runs = slots.runs;
+        mark.wanted = slots.wanted;
+        mark.seen = slots.seen;
+        mark.label_id = slots.id;
+    }
+    if let Some(compiled) = &shown.compiled {
+        let program = &compiled.program;
+        let drawing = &compiled.drawing;
+        mark.primitive = drawing.primitive.code();
+        mark.channels = program.channels.len() as u32;
+        mark.reductions = program.domains.len() as u32;
+        mark.units = program.units;
+        mark.flags = drawing.flags;
+        mark.trace = drawing.trace;
+        let markers = &drawing.markers;
+        mark.marker = markers.marker;
+        mark.shape = markers.shape;
+        mark.corner = markers.corner;
+        mark.hole = markers.hole;
+        mark.inputs = markers.inputs;
+        mark.input = markers.input;
+        mark.geometry = drawing.geometry;
+        mark.lane = drawing.lane;
+        if shown.transition.is_some() {
+            mark.frozen_geometry = shown.tables.frozen().unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE);
+        }
+        mark.port_label_size = drawing.port_label_size;
+        [mark.size_min, mark.size_max] = drawing.size_px;
+        if let Some(labeling) = &drawing.label {
+            mark.label = labeling.extra;
+            mark.label_size = labeling.size;
+            mark.label_max = labeling.max.unwrap_or(wgsl::NONE);
+        }
+        if shown.kind() == MarkKind::Lines {
+            mark.per_row = shown.segments_per_row();
+        }
+        if shown.segments.list.is_some() {
+            mark.per_row = wgsl::NONE;
+        }
+        if shown.geodesic {
+            mark.flags |= wgsl::GEODESIC;
+        }
+    }
+    mark
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/variants.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/variants.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e287dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/variants.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+//! The pipelines a scene uses, asked for the first time it draws into a target, all of a wave at
+//! once: first what its frames draw with (for each kind of mark, its draw and the compute passes it
+//! needs, a stroke mark's for the path it runs along, shadows when something casts, labels, the
+//! overlay where it writes) and what changes need (the passes transitions ease with, the reduction of
+//! fitted domains, comets carried on); once those landed, what lights rows (the lit rows' draws) and,
+//! for frames that take input, what the hover and the intents need (each kind of mark's probe
+//! program, which answers the hover, picks, boxes, and where a row lies). In a browser they compile
+//! off the GPU's thread, the first wave side by side with the browser's compilers to itself, the
+//! second a few at a time while frames draw, each the largest first, and the WGSL of both is read with
+//! the first, since a browser reads it on its GPU thread: the view draws once the first landed, and
+//! lights rows, probes, and answers queries once the second did, so no frame waits on a compile and
+//! nothing compiles where it is first used; what the scene never uses is never asked for. A picture
+//! takes no input: it asks for what it draws, changes, and lights rows with at once, and draws once
+//! all of it landed.
+
+use super::{SHADE, View};
+use crate::gpu::Inner;
+use crate::gpu::pipelines::{self, Asked, Variant};
+use crate::gpu::shaders::{PATH_ENDS, PATH_GEOMETRY, Shader};
+use crate::{Mark, Marker, Scene, Space};
+
+/// The passes of the select capping a mark's labels.
+const SELECT: [&str; 4] = ["select_start", "select_count", "select_find", "select_cut"];
+
+/// The label passes run for each labeled mark; in a diagram, only the first.
+const LABELS: [&str; 6] = ["candidates", "claim", "decide", "occupy", "ask", "fade"];
+
+/// Pipelines of the second wave compiling at once: few enough that frames drawing meanwhile keep the
+/// CPU, the next asked for as each lands.
+const AT_ONCE: usize = 4;
+
+/// What a view asked the GPU to compile for frames into one target, taking input or not: what they
+/// draw with, which they wait for, and what lights rows, probes, and answers queries, which those
+/// wait for, asked up to `next`; and whether each landed.
+pub(super) struct Asking {
+    target: (wgpu::TextureFormat, u32),
+    input: bool,
+    drawing: Vec<Asked>,
+    answering: Vec<Asked>,
+    next: usize,
+    drawn: bool,
+    answered: bool,
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Whether frames into `format` with `samples` per pixel, taking `input` or not, can draw now:
+    /// whether what they draw with compiled. The first time, it asks for that, all at once, and reads
+    /// the WGSL of the rest; each wakes the view as it lands.
+    pub(super) fn pipelines_ready(
+        &mut self,
+        inner: &mut Inner,
+        format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
+        samples: u32,
+        input: bool,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let target = (format, samples);
+        let at = if let Some(at) = self.asked.iter().position(|a| a.target == target && a.input == input) {
+            at
+        } else {
+            let Stages { mut draw, changes, lit, input: inputs } = stages(&self.scene, format, samples);
+            draw.extend(changes);
+            let (mut drawing, mut answering) =
+                if input { (draw, [lit, inputs].concat()) } else { ([draw, lit].concat(), Vec::new()) };
+            // Marks alike share pipelines, each asked for once. A browser compiles a few at once, in
+            // the order asked: the largest first, so the last lands soonest.
+            for asked in [&mut drawing, &mut answering] {
+                let mut seen = rustc_hash::FxHashSet::default();
+                asked.retain(|need| seen.insert(need.clone()));
+                asked.sort_by_key(|need| std::cmp::Reverse(need.size()));
+            }
+            inner.pipelines.ask(&self.gpu.0.device, &drawing, &self.waker);
+            inner.pipelines.read(&self.gpu.0.device, &answering);
+            let asking = Asking { target, input, drawing, answering, next: 0, drawn: false, answered: false };
+            self.asked.push(asking);
+            self.asked.len() - 1
+        };
+        let asking = &mut self.asked[at];
+        asking.drawn = asking.drawn || inner.pipelines.ready(&asking.drawing);
+        asking.drawn
+    }
+
+    /// Whether every target the view's frames taking input draw into can light rows, probe, and
+    /// answer queries: whether what those use compiled. Once frames draw, it asks for that a few at a
+    /// time, the next as each lands, whichever frame looks, a picture's too.
+    pub(super) fn answers_ready(&mut self, inner: &mut Inner) -> bool {
+        let mut all = true;
+        for asking in self.asked.iter_mut().filter(|a| a.input) {
+            if asking.drawn && !asking.answered {
+                // Natively what is asked for lands at once, so all of it is asked for now.
+                let landing = |next: usize, inner: &Inner| {
+                    asking.answering[..next]
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|need| !inner.pipelines.ready(std::slice::from_ref(need)))
+                        .count()
+                };
+                while asking.next < asking.answering.len() && landing(asking.next, inner) < AT_ONCE {
+                    let next = &asking.answering[asking.next..=asking.next];
+                    inner.pipelines.ask(&self.gpu.0.device, next, &self.waker);
+                    asking.next += 1;
+                }
+                asking.answered = asking.next == asking.answering.len() && inner.pipelines.ready(&asking.answering);
+            }
+            all &= asking.answered;
+        }
+        all
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a scene's frames use: what they draw with, what changes need, what lights rows, and what
+/// input needs.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Stages {
+    draw: Vec<Asked>,
+    changes: Vec<Asked>,
+    lit: Vec<Asked>,
+    input: Vec<Asked>,
+}
+
+/// What frames of `scene` into `format` with `samples` per pixel use.
+fn stages(scene: &Scene, format: wgpu::TextureFormat, samples: u32) -> Stages {
+    let any = |test: fn(&Mark) -> bool| scene.marks.iter().any(test);
+    let draw = |shader| Asked::Shader(Variant::draw(shader, format, samples));
+    let compute = |shader, entry| Asked::Shader(Variant::compute(shader, entry));
+    let mut stages = Stages {
+        draw: vec![draw(Shader::Backdrop), compute(Shader::Evaluate, "evaluate")],
+        changes: vec![
+            compute(Shader::Evaluate, "ease"),
+            compute(Shader::Evaluate, "reduce"),
+            compute(Shader::Freeze, "gather"),
+        ],
+        ..Stages::default()
+    };
+    let controls = scene.controls;
+    let diagram = matches!(scene.space, Space::Diagram(_));
+    // The overlay writes a plot's axes, the title, and the legends, and the box and the connection a
+    // gesture draws.
+    let legends = any(|m| m.style().legend.is_some() && m.style().color.is_some());
+    let written = matches!(scene.space, Space::Plot(_)) || scene.title.is_some() || scene.subtitle.is_some() || legends;
+    if written || controls.select_box || controls.connect {
+        stages.draw.push(draw(Shader::Overlay));
+    }
+    // The distance fields of the text frames set are made before they draw.
+    let labeled = any(|m| {
+        m.style().label.is_some()
+            || matches!(m, Mark::Vertices(v) if v.ports.iter().any(|(_, port)| port.label.is_some()))
+    });
+    if written || labeled {
+        stages.draw.extend(["columns", "rows"].map(|e| compute(Shader::Fields, e)));
+    }
+    if any(|m| m.style().label.is_some()) && !diagram {
+        stages.draw.extend([compute(Shader::Labels, "clear_cells"), compute(Shader::Labels, "reset_cells")]);
+    }
+    if any(|m| m.style().shadow) {
+        stages.draw.push(Asked::Shader(Variant::draw(Shader::Shade, SHADE, 1)));
+    }
+    if any(Mark::flows) {
+        stages.draw.push(compute(Shader::Evaluate, "travel"));
+        stages.changes.push(compute(Shader::Evaluate, "carry"));
+    }
+    if any(|m| matches!(m, Mark::Edges(_) | Mark::Lines(_) | Mark::Areas(_))) {
+        stages.draw.extend(["scan_blocks", "scan_sums", "add_sums"].map(|e| compute(Shader::Lists, e)));
+    }
+    for mark in &scene.marks {
+        mark_stages(mark, scene, format, samples, &mut stages);
+    }
+    stages
+}
+
+/// What `mark` adds to the stages: its draw and compute passes, for the path a stroke mark runs
+/// along or an area's triangles' geometry; its lit rows, which hover, selection, and the ends of
+/// edges light; its probes; its labels.
+fn mark_stages(mark: &Mark, scene: &Scene, format: wgpu::TextureFormat, samples: u32, stages: &mut Stages) {
+    let draw = |shader| Variant::draw(shader, format, samples);
+    let compute = |shader, entry| Asked::Shader(Variant::compute(shader, entry));
+    let style = mark.style();
+    let primitive = mark.kind().primitive().code();
+    let path = mark.path(&scene.space).unwrap_or(PATH_ENDS);
+    let (shader, cast, lit) = match mark {
+        Mark::Vertices(v) => {
+            if let Marker::Wgsl { source, .. } = &v.marker {
+                // A custom marker's WGSL follows its shader's.
+                let custom =
+                    |shader, format, samples| Asked::Custom(source.clone(), Variant::draw(shader, format, samples));
+                stages.draw.push(custom(Shader::PointsCustom, format, samples));
+                stages.lit.push(custom(Shader::PointsCustomFocus, format, samples));
+                if style.shadow {
+                    stages.draw.push(custom(Shader::PointsCustomCast, SHADE, 1));
+                }
+                (None, None, None)
+            } else {
+                (Some(Shader::Points), Some(Shader::PointsCast), Some(Shader::PointsFocus))
+            }
+        }
+        Mark::Faces(_) => (Some(Shader::Triangles), Some(Shader::TrianglesCast), None),
+        Mark::Areas(_) => (Some(Shader::Areas), None, Some(Shader::AreasFocus)),
+        Mark::Edges(_) | Mark::Lines(_) => {
+            (Some(Shader::Strokes), Some(Shader::StrokesCast), Some(Shader::StrokesFocus))
+        }
+    };
+    stages.draw.extend(shader.map(|s| Asked::Shader(draw(s).path(path))));
+    stages.lit.extend(lit.map(|s| Asked::Shader(draw(s).path(path))));
+    if style.shadow {
+        stages.draw.extend(cast.map(|s| Asked::Shader(Variant::draw(s, SHADE, 1).path(path))));
+    }
+    let bounds = match mark {
+        Mark::Vertices(_) => "points",
+        Mark::Areas(_) => "areas",
+        _ => "strokes",
+    };
+    stages.draw.push(Asked::Shader(Variant::compute(Shader::Bounds, bounds).path(path)));
+    // Rows running through different numbers of segments, or areas of different numbers of
+    // triangles, are numbered by a list.
+    if matches!(mark, Mark::Edges(_)) || path == PATH_GEOMETRY {
+        stages.draw.extend(
+            ["count_segments", "write_segments"].map(|e| Asked::Shader(Variant::compute(Shader::Lists, e).path(path))),
+        );
+    }
+    // One program answers the hover, the queries, and the depth under the pointer for the mark's
+    // geometry: any row drawn can be located, whether or not it picks.
+    stages.input.push(Asked::Shader(Variant::probe(pipelines::probe(samples), primitive).path(path)));
+    if style.label.is_some() {
+        // In a diagram, only the first label pass runs.
+        let labels = if matches!(scene.space, Space::Diagram(_)) { &LABELS[..1] } else { &LABELS[..] };
+        stages.draw.push(Asked::Shader(draw(Shader::Glyphs).path(path)));
+        stages.draw.extend(labels.iter().map(|e| Asked::Shader(Variant::compute(Shader::Labels, e).path(path))));
+        if style.label.as_ref().is_some_and(|l| l.max.is_some()) && !matches!(scene.space, Space::Diagram(_)) {
+            stages.draw.extend(SELECT.map(|e| compute(Shader::Labels, e)));
+        }
+    }
+    match mark {
+        Mark::Faces(_) => stages.draw.push(compute(Shader::Normals, "accumulate")),
+        Mark::Vertices(vertices) => {
+            if !vertices.ports.is_empty() {
+                stages.draw.push(Asked::Shader(draw(Shader::PointsPorts)));
+            }
+            if vertices.ports.iter().any(|(_, port)| port.label.is_some()) {
+                stages.draw.push(Asked::Shader(draw(Shader::GlyphsPorts)));
+            }
+        }
+        Mark::Edges(_) | Mark::Lines(_) | Mark::Areas(_) => {}
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/view/wake.rs b/crates/latkit/src/view/wake.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20536a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/view/wake.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//! Sleeping while waiting: work a view waits on (a readback the GPU copies, a job a host does, bytes
+//! a host fetches) lands between frames and wakes the view's signal, which marks a frame due and
+//! wakes whatever draws its frames. Until something lands or changes, the view draws nothing.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+use std::task::{Wake, Waker};
+
+/// What wakes a view: work landing, or the view itself changing.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Signal {
+    landed: AtomicBool,
+    elapsed: Mutex<Option<f64>>,
+    transparent: AtomicBool,
+    /// Whether a shot draws the view, so nothing else does.
+    lent: AtomicBool,
+    /// Whatever draws the view's frames, as `View::set_waker` gave it.
+    waker: Mutex<Option<Waker>>,
+}
+
+impl Signal {
+    /// Whether work landed since the frame began.
+    pub(crate) fn landed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.landed.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    /// Takes what landed: the frame beginning settles it.
+    pub(crate) fn clear(&self) {
+        self.landed.store(false, Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_waker(&self, waker: Waker) {
+        *self.waker.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) = Some(waker);
+    }
+
+    /// Lends the view to a shot: `waker` wakes the shot in place of whatever drew the view, which
+    /// draws it no more until it is given back; returns the waker it had.
+    pub(crate) fn lend(&self, waker: Waker, elapsed: Option<f64>, transparent: bool) -> Option<Waker> {
+        *self.elapsed.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) = elapsed;
+        self.transparent.store(transparent, Ordering::Release);
+        self.lent.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        self.waker.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).replace(waker)
+    }
+
+    /// Gives the view back to whatever drew it, `waker` waking it again, and asks it for a frame.
+    pub(crate) fn give_back(&self, waker: Option<Waker>) {
+        *self.waker.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) = waker;
+        *self.elapsed.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) = None;
+        self.transparent.store(false, Ordering::Release);
+        self.lent.store(false, Ordering::Release);
+        self.landed.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        self.ask();
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn elapsed(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        *self.elapsed.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn transparent(&self) -> bool {
+        self.transparent.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a shot draws the view.
+    pub(crate) fn lent(&self) -> bool {
+        self.lent.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    /// Asks whatever draws the view for a frame.
+    pub(crate) fn ask(&self) {
+        if let Some(waker) = self.waker.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).as_ref() {
+            waker.wake_by_ref();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wake for Signal {
+    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+        self.wake_by_ref();
+    }
+
+    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
+        self.landed.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        self.ask();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/src/web.rs b/crates/latkit/src/web.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a5eac15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/src/web.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1025 @@
+//! Views in a browser. A [`PageView`] is a view the page holds: the page reads and changes it, hears
+//! what it tells, and lends it to shots, with or without a canvas showing it. A [`Canvas`] shows views
+//! in the panels of a `<canvas>` element, or of an `OffscreenCanvas` in a worker, and feeds each view
+//! the pointer, wheel, and keys that land on its panel. Every canvas of one [`Gpu`] draws in one
+//! animation frame, into one command buffer, after the frame listeners of [`on_frame`] run: linked
+//! views always show the same moment, and an application's per-frame work lands in the frame it was
+//! done for.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use wasm_bindgen::closure::Closure;
+use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast, JsValue};
+use web_sys::{
+    AddEventListenerOptions, HtmlCanvasElement, KeyboardEvent, OffscreenCanvas, PointerEvent, ResizeObserver,
+    WheelEvent,
+};
+
+use crate::gpu::FORMAT;
+use crate::panels::Rect;
+use crate::shot::Views;
+use crate::{Button, Cursor, Device, Error, Event, Frame, Gpu, Input, Key, Modifiers, Panels, Result, View};
+use crate::{Image, Shot, Video};
+
+/// Stops a listener when dropped.
+#[must_use = "the listener stops when this is dropped"]
+pub struct Listener(Option<Box<dyn FnOnce()>>);
+
+impl Listener {
+    /// Keeps listening for as long as what it listens to lives.
+    pub fn forget(mut self) {
+        self.0 = None;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Listener {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(stop) = self.0.take() {
+            stop();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type FrameListener = Rc<RefCell<dyn FnMut(f64)>>;
+type EventListener = Rc<RefCell<dyn FnMut(&[Event])>>;
+
+/// The animation frames of one `Gpu`: its listeners, then every canvas that needs a frame, then what
+/// each of its views told.
+struct Frames {
+    gpu: Gpu,
+    canvases: Vec<Weak<RefCell<Painted>>>,
+    views: Vec<Weak<RefCell<Held>>>,
+    listeners: Vec<(u64, FrameListener)>,
+    next: u64,
+    scheduled: Option<i32>,
+    /// Whether a harness steps the frames itself ([`step`]): no animation frame is asked for.
+    stepped: bool,
+    /// What waits for work a view waits on to land ([`landed`]), woken as it asks for a frame, and
+    /// how many times that was.
+    landing: Vec<std::task::Waker>,
+    wakes: u64,
+    tick: Option<Closure<dyn FnMut(f64)>>,
+    /// The page's `prefers-reduced-motion`, which each view is told, and what draws again when it
+    /// changes; none in a worker.
+    reduced: Option<(web_sys::MediaQueryList, Closure<dyn FnMut()>)>,
+}
+
+thread_local! {
+    static FRAMES: RefCell<Vec<Rc<RefCell<Frames>>>> = const { RefCell::new(Vec::new()) };
+}
+
+fn frames_of(gpu: &Gpu) -> Rc<RefCell<Frames>> {
+    FRAMES.with(|all| {
+        let mut all = all.borrow_mut();
+        if let Some(frames) = all.iter().find(|f| Arc::ptr_eq(&f.borrow().gpu.0, &gpu.0)) {
+            return frames.clone();
+        }
+        let frames = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Frames {
+            gpu: gpu.clone(),
+            canvases: Vec::new(),
+            views: Vec::new(),
+            listeners: Vec::new(),
+            next: 0,
+            scheduled: None,
+            stepped: false,
+            landing: Vec::new(),
+            wakes: 0,
+            tick: None,
+            reduced: None,
+        }));
+        let weak = Rc::downgrade(&frames);
+        frames.borrow_mut().tick = Some(Closure::new(move |now: f64| {
+            if let Some(frames) = weak.upgrade() {
+                tick(&frames, now);
+            }
+        }));
+        if let Some(Scope::Window(window)) = scope()
+            && let Ok(Some(query)) = window.match_media("(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)")
+        {
+            let weak = Rc::downgrade(&frames);
+            let changed: Closure<dyn FnMut()> = Closure::new(move || {
+                if let Some(frames) = weak.upgrade() {
+                    schedule(&frames);
+                }
+            });
+            query.set_onchange(Some(changed.as_ref().unchecked_ref()));
+            frames.borrow_mut().reduced = Some((query, changed));
+        }
+        all.push(frames.clone());
+        frames
+    })
+}
+
+/// The page's or the worker's global scope, which hands out animation frames.
+enum Scope {
+    Window(web_sys::Window),
+    Worker(web_sys::DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope),
+}
+
+fn scope() -> Option<Scope> {
+    let global = js_sys::global();
+    if let Some(window) = global.dyn_ref::<web_sys::Window>() {
+        return Some(Scope::Window(window.clone()));
+    }
+    global.dyn_ref::<web_sys::DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope>().map(|worker| Scope::Worker(worker.clone()))
+}
+
+/// Asks for an animation frame, unless one is asked for or a harness steps the frames, and wakes what
+/// waits for work to land.
+fn schedule(frames: &Rc<RefCell<Frames>>) {
+    let landing = {
+        let mut f = frames.borrow_mut();
+        if !f.stepped
+            && f.scheduled.is_none()
+            && let (Some(scope), Some(tick)) = (scope(), f.tick.as_ref())
+        {
+            let tick = tick.as_ref().unchecked_ref();
+            f.scheduled = match scope {
+                Scope::Window(window) => window.request_animation_frame(tick).ok(),
+                Scope::Worker(worker) => worker.request_animation_frame(tick).ok(),
+            };
+        }
+        f.wakes += 1;
+        std::mem::take(&mut f.landing)
+    };
+    landing.into_iter().for_each(std::task::Waker::wake);
+}
+
+fn tick(frames: &Rc<RefCell<Frames>>, now: f64) {
+    frames.borrow_mut().scheduled = None;
+    let listeners = frames.borrow().listeners.clone();
+    for (id, listener) in &listeners {
+        if frames.borrow().listeners.iter().any(|(i, _)| i == id) {
+            (listener.borrow_mut())(now);
+        }
+    }
+    let (gpu, canvases, views) = {
+        let mut f = frames.borrow_mut();
+        f.canvases.retain(|c| c.strong_count() > 0);
+        f.views.retain(|v| v.strong_count() > 0);
+        let canvases = f.canvases.iter().filter_map(Weak::upgrade).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let views = f.views.iter().filter_map(|v| v.upgrade().map(PageView)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        (f.gpu.clone(), canvases, views)
+    };
+    let reduced = frames.borrow().reduced.as_ref().is_some_and(|(query, _)| query.matches());
+    for view in &views {
+        view.0.borrow_mut().view.set_reduced_motion(reduced);
+    }
+    let mut encoder = gpu.device().create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: Some("latkit") });
+    let shown: Vec<wgpu::SurfaceTexture> =
+        canvases.iter().filter_map(|c| c.borrow_mut().record(&mut encoder, now / 1000.0)).collect();
+    // A frame no canvas drew submits nothing: listeners alone keep frames coming.
+    if !shown.is_empty() {
+        gpu.queue().submit([encoder.finish()]);
+    }
+    for texture in shown {
+        gpu.queue().present(texture);
+    }
+    for view in &views {
+        view.dispatch();
+    }
+    for canvas in &canvases {
+        canvas.borrow_mut().show_cursor();
+    }
+    let again = !frames.borrow().listeners.is_empty() || canvases.iter().any(|c| c.borrow().wants_frame());
+    if again {
+        schedule(frames);
+    } else if canvases.is_empty() && views.is_empty() {
+        FRAMES.with(|all| all.borrow_mut().retain(|f| !Rc::ptr_eq(f, frames)));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Releases the registry's GPU and cancels its frame as soon as its final owner disappears.
+fn release_idle(frames: &Rc<RefCell<Frames>>) {
+    let mut f = frames.borrow_mut();
+    f.canvases.retain(|c| c.strong_count() > 0);
+    f.views.retain(|v| v.strong_count() > 0);
+    if !f.canvases.is_empty() || !f.views.is_empty() || !f.listeners.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Some(id) = f.scheduled.take() {
+        match scope() {
+            Some(Scope::Window(window)) => drop(window.cancel_animation_frame(id)),
+            Some(Scope::Worker(worker)) => drop(worker.cancel_animation_frame(id)),
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+    drop(f);
+    FRAMES.with(|all| all.borrow_mut().retain(|f| !Rc::ptr_eq(f, frames)));
+}
+
+/// Asks for an animation frame of the `Gpu` whose shared state lies at `gpu`: what a view's waker does
+/// when work it waited on lands, always on the page's one thread.
+struct Wakes {
+    gpu: usize,
+}
+
+impl std::task::Wake for Wakes {
+    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+        self.wake_by_ref();
+    }
+
+    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
+        let frames = FRAMES
+            .with(|all| all.borrow().iter().find(|f| Arc::as_ptr(&f.borrow().gpu.0) as usize == self.gpu).cloned());
+        if let Some(frames) = frames {
+            schedule(&frames);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Calls `listener` with the frame's timestamp, milliseconds as `requestAnimationFrame` gives it,
+/// every animation frame before `gpu`'s canvases draw, until the returned listener is dropped.
+pub fn on_frame(gpu: &Gpu, listener: impl FnMut(f64) + 'static) -> Listener {
+    let frames = frames_of(gpu);
+    let id = {
+        let mut f = frames.borrow_mut();
+        f.next += 1;
+        let id = f.next;
+        f.listeners.push((id, Rc::new(RefCell::new(listener))));
+        id
+    };
+    schedule(&frames);
+    let weak = Rc::downgrade(&frames);
+    Listener(Some(Box::new(move || {
+        if let Some(frames) = weak.upgrade() {
+            frames.borrow_mut().listeners.retain(|(i, _)| *i != id);
+            release_idle(&frames);
+        }
+    })))
+}
+
+/// Draws one frame of `gpu` now, at `now`, milliseconds as an animation frame's timestamp: its
+/// listeners, then every canvas that needs a frame, then what its views told. From the first step
+/// `gpu` asks for no animation frames: a harness steps every frame itself, so a run draws the same
+/// frames however fast the device is, and work landing wakes [`landed`] alone.
+pub fn step(gpu: &Gpu, now: f64) {
+    let frames = frames_of(gpu);
+    let scheduled = {
+        let mut f = frames.borrow_mut();
+        f.stepped = true;
+        f.scheduled.take()
+    };
+    if let Some(id) = scheduled {
+        match scope() {
+            Some(Scope::Window(window)) => drop(window.cancel_animation_frame(id)),
+            Some(Scope::Worker(worker)) => drop(worker.cancel_animation_frame(id)),
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+    tick(&frames, now);
+}
+
+/// Waits until work a view of `gpu` waits on lands after this call: a readback, a compile, a job, a
+/// text, a fetch; or until a view asks for a frame. What lands between the call and the first wait
+/// counts, as a view a harness changes right after asking does.
+pub fn landed(gpu: &Gpu) -> impl Future<Output = ()> + 'static {
+    let frames = frames_of(gpu);
+    let seen = frames.borrow().wakes;
+    std::future::poll_fn(move |context| {
+        let mut f = frames.borrow_mut();
+        if f.wakes != seen {
+            return std::task::Poll::Ready(());
+        }
+        f.landing.push(context.waker().clone());
+        std::task::Poll::Pending
+    })
+}
+
+/// Waits until `gpu` finished the work submitted to it, every readback of it mapped, and every
+/// pipeline asked of it compiled: a frame stepped then draws all that landed.
+pub async fn done(gpu: &Gpu) {
+    let (submitted, finished) = crate::Pending::new();
+    gpu.queue().on_submitted_work_done(move || finished.resolve(Ok(())));
+    let _ = submitted.await;
+    loop {
+        let under_way = {
+            let inner = gpu.0.lock();
+            inner.readbacks.mapping() + inner.pipelines.compiling()
+        };
+        if under_way == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        landed(gpu).await;
+    }
+}
+
+/// A view the page holds: it reads and changes the view, hears what it tells, shows it in a canvas,
+/// and lends it to shots. Changing it asks its canvas for a frame.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PageView(Rc<RefCell<Held>>);
+
+struct Held {
+    view: View,
+    frames: Rc<RefCell<Frames>>,
+    /// Whether it was changed since it last drew.
+    due: bool,
+    listeners: Vec<(u64, EventListener)>,
+    next: u64,
+}
+
+impl PageView {
+    /// Holds `view` for the page. Its `Gpu` must come from [`Gpu::new`]; it sets text with the
+    /// browser's fonts unless it was given a host.
+    pub fn new(mut view: View) -> PageView {
+        let gpu = view.gpu().clone();
+        // The view sleeps while it waits; what it waits on asks for the next frame as it lands.
+        view.set_waker(std::task::Waker::from(Arc::new(Wakes { gpu: Arc::as_ptr(&gpu.0) as usize })));
+        if gpu.0.lock().host.is_none() {
+            gpu.set_host(crate::host::Browser);
+        }
+        let frames = frames_of(&gpu);
+        let held =
+            Rc::new(RefCell::new(Held { view, frames: frames.clone(), due: true, listeners: Vec::new(), next: 0 }));
+        frames.borrow_mut().views.push(Rc::downgrade(&held));
+        PageView(held)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls `f` with the view, then draws a frame when it needs one.
+    pub fn with<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut View) -> R) -> R {
+        let result = f(&mut self.0.borrow_mut().view);
+        self.0.borrow_mut().due = true;
+        let frames = self.0.borrow().frames.clone();
+        schedule(&frames);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Calls `f` with the view, to read it without asking for a frame.
+    pub fn read<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&View) -> R) -> R {
+        f(&self.0.borrow().view)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls `listener` with what the view tells, a batch at a time and in order, until the returned
+    /// listener is dropped. A listener hears what is told while it listens; what lasts is state the
+    /// view reads out.
+    pub fn on(&self, listener: impl FnMut(&[Event]) + 'static) -> Listener {
+        let id = {
+            let mut held = self.0.borrow_mut();
+            held.next += 1;
+            let id = held.next;
+            held.listeners.push((id, Rc::new(RefCell::new(listener))));
+            id
+        };
+        let weak = Rc::downgrade(&self.0);
+        Listener(Some(Box::new(move || {
+            if let Some(held) = weak.upgrade() {
+                held.borrow_mut().listeners.retain(|(i, _)| *i != id);
+            }
+        })))
+    }
+
+    /// Hands what the view told to its listeners, one batch.
+    fn dispatch(&self) {
+        let (events, listeners) = {
+            let mut held = self.0.borrow_mut();
+            let events: Vec<Event> = held.view.events().collect();
+            if events.is_empty() {
+                return;
+            }
+            (events, held.listeners.clone())
+        };
+        for (id, listener) in &listeners {
+            if self.0.borrow().listeners.iter().any(|(i, _)| i == id) {
+                (listener.borrow_mut())(&events);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether it wants a frame and no shot holds it: it changed, or its view wants one. While what
+    /// it draws with compiles, only a compile landing does.
+    pub fn wants_frame(&self) -> bool {
+        let held = self.0.borrow();
+        !held.view.lent() && (held.view.wants_frame() || (held.due && !held.view.compiling()))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether it can draw into `format` at `pixel_ratio`: see [`View::ready`].
+    fn ready(&self, format: wgpu::TextureFormat, pixel_ratio: f32) -> bool {
+        self.0.borrow_mut().view.ready(format, pixel_ratio)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a shot holds it.
+    fn lent(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.borrow().view.lent()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Views shown in a `<canvas>` element or an `OffscreenCanvas`, one per panel. An element sizes
+/// itself to its CSS box at the device's pixel ratio and passes each view the pointer, wheel, and
+/// keys that land on its panel; an offscreen canvas keeps the size it is given and takes no input. A
+/// frame draws only the views that need one, or all of them when the canvas changes size.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Canvas(Rc<RefCell<Painted>>);
+
+/// What a canvas draws into.
+enum Target {
+    Element(HtmlCanvasElement),
+    Offscreen { canvas: OffscreenCanvas, pixel_ratio: f32 },
+}
+
+struct Painted {
+    target: Target,
+    surface: Surface,
+    frames: Rc<RefCell<Frames>>,
+    panels: Panels,
+    views: Vec<PageView>,
+    /// Each panel's texture while the canvas composes several views, and its size.
+    textures: Vec<Option<(wgpu::Texture, [u32; 2])>>,
+    /// Each panel in CSS pixels, as last drawn: what input lands on.
+    rects: Vec<[f32; 4]>,
+    /// Whether every view draws in the next frame: the canvas changed size or what it shows.
+    due: bool,
+    /// The panel each pointer down went to, the panel under the pointer, and the panel keys go to.
+    captured: Vec<(u32, usize)>,
+    hovered: Option<usize>,
+    focus: usize,
+    cursor: Cursor,
+    handlers: Vec<Handler>,
+    resize: Option<Resizing>,
+}
+
+/// A listener of one kind of the element's events.
+type Handler = (&'static str, Closure<dyn FnMut(web_sys::Event)>);
+/// What follows the element's size.
+type Resizing = (ResizeObserver, Closure<dyn FnMut(JsValue)>);
+
+impl Canvas {
+    /// A canvas showing views in `panels` of `element`. The `Gpu` must come from [`Gpu::new`].
+    pub fn new(gpu: &Gpu, element: &HtmlCanvasElement, panels: impl Into<Panels>) -> Result<Canvas> {
+        let size = [element.width(), element.height()];
+        let surface = Surface::new(gpu, wgpu::SurfaceTarget::Canvas(element.clone()), size)?;
+        let _ = element.style().set_property("touch-action", "none");
+        // Keys reach the views without the page's help.
+        if !element.has_attribute("tabindex") {
+            element.set_tab_index(0);
+        }
+        let canvas = Canvas::with_target(gpu, Target::Element(element.clone()), surface, panels.into());
+        let weak = Rc::downgrade(&canvas.0);
+        let resized = Closure::<dyn FnMut(JsValue)>::new(move |_: JsValue| {
+            if let Some(state) = weak.upgrade() {
+                state.borrow_mut().due = true;
+                schedule(&state.borrow().frames);
+            }
+        });
+        let observer = ResizeObserver::new(resized.as_ref().unchecked_ref())
+            .map_err(|_| Error::Unsupported("no ResizeObserver".into()))?;
+        observer.observe(element);
+        canvas.0.borrow_mut().resize = Some((observer, resized));
+        listen(&canvas.0, element)?;
+        Ok(canvas)
+    }
+
+    /// A canvas showing views in `panels` of `canvas`, `pixel_ratio` of its pixels a CSS pixel: in a
+    /// worker, or wherever no page feeds it input. It keeps the size the canvas is given.
+    pub fn offscreen(
+        gpu: &Gpu,
+        canvas: &OffscreenCanvas,
+        panels: impl Into<Panels>,
+        pixel_ratio: f32,
+    ) -> Result<Canvas> {
+        if !(pixel_ratio.is_finite() && pixel_ratio > 0.0) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a canvas's pixel ratio is positive").at("pixelRatio"));
+        }
+        let size = [canvas.width(), canvas.height()];
+        let surface = Surface::new(gpu, wgpu::SurfaceTarget::OffscreenCanvas(canvas.clone()), size)?;
+        let target = Target::Offscreen { canvas: canvas.clone(), pixel_ratio };
+        Ok(Canvas::with_target(gpu, target, surface, panels.into()))
+    }
+
+    fn with_target(gpu: &Gpu, target: Target, surface: Surface, panels: Panels) -> Canvas {
+        let frames = frames_of(gpu);
+        let state = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Painted {
+            target,
+            surface,
+            frames: frames.clone(),
+            panels,
+            views: Vec::new(),
+            textures: Vec::new(),
+            rects: Vec::new(),
+            due: true,
+            captured: Vec::new(),
+            hovered: None,
+            focus: 0,
+            cursor: Cursor::Default,
+            handlers: Vec::new(),
+            resize: None,
+        }));
+        frames.borrow_mut().canvases.push(Rc::downgrade(&state));
+        schedule(&frames);
+        Canvas(state)
+    }
+
+    /// Shows `views`, one per panel, in place of those it showed. A view shows in one canvas at a time.
+    pub fn show(&self, views: &[PageView]) -> Result<()> {
+        let expected = self.0.borrow().panels.len();
+        if views.len() != expected {
+            return Err(Error::invalid(format!("a canvas of {expected} panels shows {} views", views.len())));
+        }
+        let twice = views.iter().enumerate().any(|(i, a)| views[i + 1..].iter().any(|b| Rc::ptr_eq(&a.0, &b.0)));
+        let frames = self.0.borrow().frames.clone();
+        let elsewhere = frames.borrow().canvases.iter().filter_map(Weak::upgrade).any(|other| {
+            !Rc::ptr_eq(&other, &self.0)
+                && other.borrow().views.iter().any(|shown| views.iter().any(|v| Rc::ptr_eq(&v.0, &shown.0)))
+        });
+        if twice || elsewhere {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a view shows in one panel of one canvas"));
+        }
+        let mut state = self.0.borrow_mut();
+        state.views = views.to_vec();
+        state.textures.clear();
+        state.captured.clear();
+        state.hovered = None;
+        state.focus = 0;
+        state.due = true;
+        drop(state);
+        schedule(&frames);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The canvas element, unless the canvas is offscreen.
+    pub fn element(&self) -> Option<HtmlCanvasElement> {
+        match &self.0.borrow().target {
+            Target::Element(element) => Some(element.clone()),
+            Target::Offscreen { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Painted {
+    /// The canvas's size in pixels and pixels a CSS pixel.
+    fn measure(&self) -> ([u32; 2], f32) {
+        match &self.target {
+            Target::Element(element) => {
+                let ratio = web_sys::window().map_or(1.0, |w| w.device_pixel_ratio());
+                let side = |css: i32| (f64::from(css) * ratio).round().max(1.0) as u32;
+                ([side(element.client_width()), side(element.client_height())], ratio as f32)
+            }
+            Target::Offscreen { canvas, pixel_ratio } => {
+                ([canvas.width().max(1), canvas.height().max(1)], *pixel_ratio)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a frame is due: the canvas changed, or a view it shows wants to draw; never while shots
+    /// hold every view it shows, whose last frames it keeps.
+    fn wants_frame(&self) -> bool {
+        self.views.iter().any(|v| !v.lent()) && (self.due || self.views.iter().any(PageView::wants_frame))
+    }
+
+    /// Records a frame when one is needed, sizing the canvas to its box first: each view that needs
+    /// to draws into its panel, straight into the canvas when one view fills it. A view a shot holds,
+    /// or whose scene's pipelines still compile, draws nothing new and keeps its panel; while no view
+    /// it shows can draw, the canvas keeps the frame it shows.
+    fn record(&mut self, encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, time: f64) -> Option<wgpu::SurfaceTexture> {
+        let (size, ratio) = self.measure();
+        let resized = size != self.surface.size();
+        if self.views.is_empty() || !(resized || self.wants_frame()) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let format = self.surface.config.format;
+        let ready: Vec<bool> = self.views.iter().map(|v| !v.lent() && v.ready(format, ratio)).collect();
+        if !ready.contains(&true) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let rects = self.panels.rects(size, [1, 1]).ok()?;
+        let direct = rects.len() == 1 && rects[0].size == size;
+        if resized {
+            self.due = true;
+            if let Target::Element(element) = &self.target {
+                element.set_width(size[0]);
+                element.set_height(size[1]);
+            }
+        }
+        self.rects = rects.iter().map(|r| css(*r, ratio)).collect();
+        let texture = self.surface.texture(size)?;
+        let target = texture.texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        if direct {
+            let mut held = self.views[0].0.borrow_mut();
+            held.view.render(encoder, &Frame { target: &target, format, size, pixel_ratio: ratio, time });
+            held.due = false;
+        } else {
+            self.textures.resize_with(rects.len(), || None);
+            for (i, rect) in rects.iter().enumerate() {
+                let fresh = self.textures[i].as_ref().is_none_or(|(_, made)| *made != rect.size);
+                if fresh {
+                    self.textures[i] = Some((panel_texture(self.surface.gpu.device(), format, rect.size), rect.size));
+                }
+                let (panel, _) = self.textures[i].as_ref().expect("made");
+                let mut held = self.views[i].0.borrow_mut();
+                if ready[i] && (fresh || self.due || held.due || held.view.needs_render()) {
+                    let target = panel.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+                    let frame = Frame { target: &target, format, size: rect.size, pixel_ratio: ratio, time };
+                    held.view.render(encoder, &frame);
+                    held.due = false;
+                }
+                encoder.copy_texture_to_texture(
+                    panel.as_image_copy(),
+                    wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                        texture: &texture.texture,
+                        mip_level: 0,
+                        origin: wgpu::Origin3d { x: rect.origin[0], y: rect.origin[1], z: 0 },
+                        aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+                    },
+                    wgpu::Extent3d { width: rect.size[0], height: rect.size[1], depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        self.due = false;
+        Some(texture)
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the element's cursor to the one the view under the pointer asks for.
+    fn show_cursor(&mut self) {
+        let Target::Element(element) = &self.target else { return };
+        let cursor = self.hovered.and_then(|i| self.views.get(i)).map_or(Cursor::Default, |v| v.read(View::cursor));
+        if cursor != self.cursor {
+            self.cursor = cursor;
+            let css = match cursor {
+                Cursor::Default => "",
+                Cursor::Pointer => "pointer",
+                Cursor::Grab => "grab",
+                Cursor::Grabbing => "grabbing",
+                Cursor::Crosshair => "crosshair",
+            };
+            let _ = element.style().set_property("cursor", css);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The panels `input` goes to, each with the input in its own CSS pixels: a pointer goes to the
+    /// panel it pressed until it lets go, else to the panel under it, which hears when it leaves; keys
+    /// go to the panel pressed last.
+    fn route(&mut self, input: Input) -> Vec<(usize, Input)> {
+        let rects = if self.rects.is_empty() { self.css_rects() } else { self.rects.clone() };
+        let under = |point: [f32; 2]| {
+            rects
+                .iter()
+                .rposition(|r| point[0] >= r[0] && point[0] < r[0] + r[2] && point[1] >= r[1] && point[1] < r[1] + r[3])
+        };
+        let local = |i: usize, input: Input| within(input, [rects[i][0], rects[i][1]]);
+        let captured =
+            |pointer: u32, captured: &[(u32, usize)]| captured.iter().find(|(p, _)| *p == pointer).map(|c| c.1);
+        let mut routed = Vec::new();
+        match input {
+            Input::Down { pointer, point, .. } => {
+                if let Some(i) = under(point) {
+                    self.captured.retain(|(p, _)| *p != pointer);
+                    self.captured.push((pointer, i));
+                    self.focus = i;
+                    routed.push((i, local(i, input)));
+                }
+            }
+            Input::Move { pointer, point, .. } => {
+                let held = captured(pointer, &self.captured);
+                let i = held.or_else(|| under(point));
+                if held.is_none() && self.hovered != i {
+                    routed.extend(self.hovered.map(|old| (old, Input::Leave)));
+                    self.hovered = i;
+                }
+                routed.extend(i.map(|i| (i, local(i, input))));
+            }
+            Input::Up { pointer, point, .. } => {
+                let i = captured(pointer, &self.captured).or_else(|| under(point));
+                self.captured.retain(|(p, _)| *p != pointer);
+                routed.extend(i.map(|i| (i, local(i, input))));
+            }
+            Input::Cancel { pointer } => {
+                routed.extend(captured(pointer, &self.captured).map(|i| (i, input)));
+                self.captured.retain(|(p, _)| *p != pointer);
+            }
+            Input::Wheel { point, .. } => routed.extend(under(point).map(|i| (i, local(i, input)))),
+            Input::Key { .. } => routed.push((self.focus.min(self.views.len().saturating_sub(1)), input)),
+            Input::Leave => routed.extend(self.hovered.take().map(|i| (i, Input::Leave))),
+        }
+        routed.retain(|(i, _)| *i < self.views.len());
+        routed
+    }
+
+    /// Each panel in CSS pixels, from the canvas's size now: before its first frame records them.
+    fn css_rects(&self) -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
+        let (size, ratio) = self.measure();
+        self.panels.rects(size, [1, 1]).map(|rects| rects.iter().map(|r| css(*r, ratio)).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+}
+
+/// `rect` in CSS pixels: x, y, width, height.
+fn css(rect: Rect, ratio: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let [x, y] = rect.origin.map(|v| v as f32 / ratio);
+    let [w, h] = rect.size.map(|v| v as f32 / ratio);
+    [x, y, w, h]
+}
+
+/// `input` with its point taken from `origin`, so it reads from its panel's top left.
+fn within(input: Input, origin: [f32; 2]) -> Input {
+    let at = |point: [f32; 2]| [point[0] - origin[0], point[1] - origin[1]];
+    match input {
+        Input::Down { pointer, point, button, modifiers, device } => {
+            Input::Down { pointer, point: at(point), button, modifiers, device }
+        }
+        Input::Move { pointer, point, modifiers, device } => {
+            Input::Move { pointer, point: at(point), modifiers, device }
+        }
+        Input::Up { pointer, point, modifiers } => Input::Up { pointer, point: at(point), modifiers },
+        Input::Wheel { point, delta, modifiers } => Input::Wheel { point: at(point), delta, modifiers },
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+/// A panel's texture: views draw into it, and the canvas copies it into place.
+fn panel_texture(device: &wgpu::Device, format: wgpu::TextureFormat, size: [u32; 2]) -> wgpu::Texture {
+    device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+        label: Some("latkit panel"),
+        size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: size[0], height: size[1], depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        mip_level_count: 1,
+        sample_count: 1,
+        dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+        format,
+        usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+        view_formats: &[],
+    })
+}
+
+/// A canvas's surface: in the one format views draw in wherever the browser offers it, so canvases and
+/// shots share their pipelines; alpha premultiplied; panels copied into it; configured again whenever
+/// its size changes.
+struct Surface {
+    gpu: Gpu,
+    raw: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
+    config: wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration,
+}
+
+impl Surface {
+    /// The surface of `target`, `size` pixels, drawn with `gpu`, which must come from [`Gpu::new`].
+    fn new(gpu: &Gpu, target: wgpu::SurfaceTarget<'static>, size: [u32; 2]) -> Result<Surface> {
+        let (Some(instance), Some(adapter)) = (gpu.instance(), gpu.adapter()) else {
+            return Err(Error::Unsupported("a canvas draws with a Gpu made by Gpu::new".into()));
+        };
+        let raw =
+            instance.create_surface(target).map_err(|e| Error::Unsupported(format!("no WebGPU canvas: {e}").into()))?;
+        let capabilities = raw.get_capabilities(adapter);
+        let format = if capabilities.formats.contains(&FORMAT) {
+            FORMAT
+        } else {
+            capabilities
+                .formats
+                .first()
+                .copied()
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::Unsupported("the canvas offers no format".into()))?
+        };
+        let alpha_mode = if capabilities.alpha_modes.contains(&wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode::PreMultiplied) {
+            wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode::PreMultiplied
+        } else {
+            wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode::Auto
+        };
+        // Panels are drawn apart and copied in: a WebGPU canvas takes copies, whatever wgpu reports.
+        let config = wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+            format,
+            width: size[0].max(1),
+            height: size[1].max(1),
+            present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::Fifo,
+            desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
+            alpha_mode,
+            view_formats: Vec::new(),
+            color_space: wgpu::SurfaceColorSpace::Auto,
+        };
+        raw.configure(gpu.device(), &config);
+        Ok(Surface { gpu: gpu.clone(), raw, config })
+    }
+
+    /// Its width and height in pixels, as last configured.
+    fn size(&self) -> [u32; 2] {
+        [self.config.width, self.config.height]
+    }
+
+    /// The texture to draw a frame of `size` pixels into, configuring the surface again first when
+    /// its size changed; `None` when the surface had none to give, which a later frame tries again.
+    fn texture(&mut self, size: [u32; 2]) -> Option<wgpu::SurfaceTexture> {
+        let size = size.map(|v| v.max(1));
+        if size != self.size() {
+            [self.config.width, self.config.height] = size;
+            self.raw.configure(self.gpu.device(), &self.config);
+        }
+        match self.raw.get_current_texture() {
+            wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Success(texture) | wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Suboptimal(texture) => {
+                Some(texture)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.raw.configure(self.gpu.device(), &self.config);
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Views the page holds, lent to a shot a step at a time, so the page reads them between steps and
+/// hears what each step told.
+struct Lending<'a>(&'a [PageView]);
+
+impl Lending<'_> {
+    /// The views, each once.
+    fn of(views: &[PageView]) -> Result<Lending<'_>> {
+        let twice = views.iter().enumerate().any(|(i, a)| views[i + 1..].iter().any(|b| Rc::ptr_eq(&a.0, &b.0)));
+        if twice {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("a shot draws each view in one panel"));
+        }
+        Ok(Lending(views))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Views for Lending<'_> {
+    fn lend<R>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut [&mut View]) -> R) -> R {
+        let result = {
+            let mut held: Vec<std::cell::RefMut<'_, Held>> = self.0.iter().map(|v| v.0.borrow_mut()).collect();
+            let mut views: Vec<&mut View> = held.iter_mut().map(|h| &mut h.view).collect();
+            f(&mut views)
+        };
+        for view in self.0 {
+            view.dispatch();
+        }
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+/// The picture `shot` takes of `views`, one per panel, once they are complete and still. Canvases
+/// showing them hold their last frames meanwhile.
+pub async fn image(shot: &Shot, views: &[PageView]) -> Result<Image> {
+    shot.image_of(&mut Lending::of(views)?).await
+}
+
+/// Draws `video`'s next frame of `views`, one per panel. Canvases showing them hold their last frames
+/// until the video is finished or dropped.
+pub async fn frame<S: crate::Sink>(video: &mut Video<S>, views: &[PageView]) -> Result<()> {
+    video.frame_of(&mut Lending::of(views)?).await
+}
+
+impl Drop for Painted {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Target::Element(element) = &self.target {
+            for (kind, handler) in &self.handlers {
+                let _ = element.remove_event_listener_with_callback(kind, handler.as_ref().unchecked_ref());
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some((observer, _)) = &self.resize {
+            observer.disconnect();
+        }
+        release_idle(&self.frames);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Feeds the element's pointer, wheel, and keys to the views of the panels they land on.
+fn listen(state: &Rc<RefCell<Painted>>, element: &HtmlCanvasElement) -> Result<()> {
+    let add = |kind: &'static str, handle: fn(&HtmlCanvasElement, &web_sys::Event) -> Option<Input>| {
+        let weak = Rc::downgrade(state);
+        let target = element.clone();
+        let handler = Closure::<dyn FnMut(web_sys::Event)>::new(move |event: web_sys::Event| {
+            let Some(state) = weak.upgrade() else { return };
+            let Some(input) = handle(&target, &event) else { return };
+            let routed = state.borrow_mut().route(input);
+            let time = event.time_stamp() / 1000.0;
+            let mut used = false;
+            for (panel, input) in routed {
+                let view = state.borrow().views.get(panel).cloned();
+                if let Some(view) = view {
+                    used |= view.with(|v| v.input(&input, time));
+                    view.dispatch();
+                }
+            }
+            // A wheel a view zooms with does not scroll the page; a key it uses does not either.
+            if used && matches!(kind, "wheel" | "keydown") {
+                event.prevent_default();
+            }
+            state.borrow_mut().show_cursor();
+        });
+        let options = AddEventListenerOptions::new();
+        options.set_passive(false);
+        element
+            .add_event_listener_with_callback_and_add_event_listener_options(
+                kind,
+                handler.as_ref().unchecked_ref(),
+                &options,
+            )
+            .map_err(|_| Error::Unsupported("the canvas takes no input".into()))?;
+        state.borrow_mut().handlers.push((kind, handler));
+        Ok::<(), Error>(())
+    };
+    add("pointerdown", pressed)?;
+    add("pointermove", |element, event| {
+        let event = event.dyn_ref::<PointerEvent>()?;
+        Some(Input::Move {
+            pointer: event.pointer_id() as u32,
+            point: point(element, event),
+            modifiers: modifiers!(event),
+            device: device(event),
+        })
+    })?;
+    add("pointerup", |element, event| {
+        let event = event.dyn_ref::<PointerEvent>()?;
+        let _ = element.release_pointer_capture(event.pointer_id());
+        Some(Input::Up {
+            pointer: event.pointer_id() as u32,
+            point: point(element, event),
+            modifiers: modifiers!(event),
+        })
+    })?;
+    add("pointercancel", |_, event| {
+        let event = event.dyn_ref::<PointerEvent>()?;
+        Some(Input::Cancel { pointer: event.pointer_id() as u32 })
+    })?;
+    add("pointerleave", |_, _| Some(Input::Leave))?;
+    add("wheel", |element, event| {
+        let event = event.dyn_ref::<WheelEvent>()?;
+        let scale = match event.delta_mode() {
+            1 => 16.0,
+            2 => 400.0,
+            _ => 1.0,
+        };
+        Some(Input::Wheel {
+            point: point(element, event),
+            delta: [(event.delta_x() * scale) as f32, (event.delta_y() * scale) as f32],
+            modifiers: modifiers!(event),
+        })
+    })?;
+    add("contextmenu", |_, event| {
+        event.prevent_default();
+        None
+    })?;
+    for kind in ["keydown", "keyup"] {
+        add(kind, |_, event| keyed(event))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A mouse event's point in CSS pixels from the element's top left.
+fn point(element: &HtmlCanvasElement, event: &web_sys::MouseEvent) -> [f32; 2] {
+    let rect = element.get_bounding_client_rect();
+    [
+        (f64::from(event.client_x()) - rect.left() - f64::from(element.client_left())) as f32,
+        (f64::from(event.client_y()) - rect.top() - f64::from(element.client_top())) as f32,
+    ]
+}
+
+/// The keys a key or mouse event says are held.
+macro_rules! modifiers {
+    ($event:expr) => {
+        Modifiers {
+            shift: $event.shift_key(),
+            control: $event.ctrl_key(),
+            alt: $event.alt_key(),
+            meta: $event.meta_key(),
+        }
+    };
+}
+use modifiers;
+
+/// A pointer press, focusing the element and capturing the pointer.
+fn pressed(element: &HtmlCanvasElement, event: &web_sys::Event) -> Option<Input> {
+    let event = event.dyn_ref::<PointerEvent>()?;
+    let button = match event.button() {
+        0 => Button::Primary,
+        1 => Button::Middle,
+        2 => Button::Secondary,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let _ = element.focus();
+    let _ = element.set_pointer_capture(event.pointer_id());
+    Some(Input::Down {
+        pointer: event.pointer_id() as u32,
+        point: point(element, event),
+        button,
+        modifiers: modifiers!(event),
+        device: device(event),
+    })
+}
+
+/// What a pointer event's pointer is.
+fn device(event: &PointerEvent) -> Device {
+    match event.pointer_type().as_str() {
+        "touch" => Device::Touch,
+        "pen" => Device::Pen,
+        _ => Device::Mouse,
+    }
+}
+
+/// A key going down or up.
+fn keyed(event: &web_sys::Event) -> Option<Input> {
+    let event = event.dyn_ref::<KeyboardEvent>()?;
+    let key = match event.key().as_str() {
+        "Escape" => Key::Escape,
+        "Enter" => Key::Enter,
+        "Delete" => Key::Delete,
+        "Backspace" => Key::Backspace,
+        "Home" => Key::Home,
+        "Tab" => Key::Tab,
+        " " => Key::Space,
+        "+" | "=" => Key::Plus,
+        "-" | "_" => Key::Minus,
+        "ArrowLeft" => Key::Left,
+        "ArrowRight" => Key::Right,
+        "ArrowUp" => Key::Up,
+        "ArrowDown" => Key::Down,
+        "ContextMenu" => Key::Menu,
+        _ => Key::Other,
+    };
+    Some(Input::Key { key, down: event.type_() == "keydown", modifiers: modifiers!(event) })
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/areas.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/areas.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d8194f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/areas.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+//! Areas: polygons filled through the triangles the view derives for them, holes left open, picked
+//! where they cover, framed by a fit, outlined by lines along their rings; on the earth whole across
+//! the antimeridian, and shaped in a job when too large for the frame.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane, step};
+use latkit::{Areas, Camera, Color, Data, Earth, Fit, Ids, Lines, Patch, Scene, Table, View};
+
+const C: u32 = SIZE / 2;
+
+type Ring = Vec<[f64; 2]>;
+
+fn square(x: f64, y: f64, side: f64) -> Ring {
+    vec![[x, y], [x + side, y], [x + side, y + side], [x, y + side], [x, y]]
+}
+
+fn red(pixel: [u8; 4]) -> bool {
+    pixel[0] > 150 && pixel[1] < 80 && pixel[2] < 80
+}
+
+fn dark(pixel: [u8; 4]) -> bool {
+    pixel[0].max(pixel[1]).max(pixel[2]) < 30
+}
+
+/// A dataset of one table of polygons, each row its rings.
+fn polygons(rows: Vec<Vec<Ring>>) -> Data {
+    let ids: Vec<u64> = (1..=rows.len() as u64).collect();
+    let mut data = Data::new("map");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("Zone", ids).field("geometry", rows))).expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+fn show(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, scene: Scene, data: Data) -> View {
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene.theme(plain_theme())).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view
+}
+
+/// Renders frames until `pending` resolves, within the settle deadline.
+fn answer<T>(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, view: &mut View, pending: impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<T>>) -> T {
+    let mut pending = pin!(pending);
+    let mut context = Context::from_waker(Waker::noop());
+    for _ in 0..common::SETTLE {
+        if let Poll::Ready(value) = pending.as_mut().poll(&mut context) {
+            return value.expect("an answer");
+        }
+        step(gpu, view);
+    }
+    panic!("the query answers within {} frames", common::SETTLE);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn areas_fill_their_polygons_and_leave_their_holes() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let data = polygons(vec![vec![square(-40.0, -40.0, 80.0), square(-10.0, -10.0, 20.0)]]);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).draw(Areas::of("map", "Zone").color(Color::hex("#ff0000").expect("hex")));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(red(at(&pixels, C - 25, C)), "filled: {:?}", at(&pixels, C - 25, C));
+    assert!(dark(at(&pixels, C, C)), "the hole is open: {:?}", at(&pixels, C, C));
+    assert!(dark(at(&pixels, 4, 4)), "outside is open");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn areas_asked_to_pick_pick_their_rows_and_frame_a_fit() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let data = polygons(vec![vec![square(100.0, 100.0, 40.0)], vec![square(300.0, 100.0, 40.0)]]);
+    // Areas are geometry: they answer the pointer only when asked to.
+    let areas = Areas::of("map", "Zone").color(Color::hex("#ff0000").expect("hex")).pick(true);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).draw(areas);
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    view.fit(Fit::All);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let Camera::Map { center, .. } = *view.camera() else { panic!("a map camera") };
+    assert!((center[0] - 220.0).abs() < 1.0 && (center[1] - 120.0).abs() < 1.0, "framed: {center:?}");
+    let left = view.point([120.0, 120.0, 0.0]).expect("in view");
+    let pending = view.pick(left, 2.0);
+    let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    assert_eq!(hits.first().map(|h| h.row.id.clone()), Some(1_u64.into()), "{hits:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lines_trace_the_rings_of_polygons() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let data = polygons(vec![vec![square(-40.0, -40.0, 80.0)]]);
+    let scene =
+        Scene::new(plane()).draw(Lines::of("map", "Zone").width(3.0).color(Color::hex("#ff0000").expect("hex")));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(red(at(&pixels, C - 40, C)), "the ring: {:?}", at(&pixels, C - 40, C));
+    assert!(dark(at(&pixels, C, C)), "inside stays open");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn earth_areas_stay_whole_across_the_antimeridian() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let ring = vec![[170.0, -10.0], [-170.0, -10.0], [-170.0, 10.0], [170.0, 10.0], [170.0, -10.0]];
+    let data = polygons(vec![vec![ring]]);
+    let earth = Earth { graticule: false, ..Earth::mercator() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(earth).draw(Areas::of("map", "Zone").color(Color::hex("#ff0000").expect("hex")));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [180.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 2.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(red(at(&pixels, C, C)), "across the antimeridian: {:?}", at(&pixels, C, C));
+    assert!(red(at(&pixels, C - 10, C)) && red(at(&pixels, C + 10, C)), "on both sides");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn large_areas_triangulate_in_a_job_and_then_draw() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // A ring of 40,000 points: past what a frame triangulates.
+    let ring: Ring = (0..=40_000)
+        .map(|k| {
+            let a = f64::from(k) / 40_000.0 * std::f64::consts::TAU;
+            [40.0 * a.cos(), 40.0 * a.sin()]
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let data = polygons(vec![vec![ring]]);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).draw(Areas::of("map", "Zone").color(Color::hex("#ff0000").expect("hex")));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(red(at(&pixels, C, C)), "drawn once the job lands: {:?}", at(&pixels, C, C));
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_polygon_field_is_what_areas_fill() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("map");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new().set(Table::new("Zone", Ids::count(1)).field("geometry", vec![vec![[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0]]])),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, Scene::new(plane()), data);
+    let refused = view.show(Scene::new(plane()).draw(Areas::of("map", "Zone")));
+    assert!(refused.is_err(), "a path field is no polygon field");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/common/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55cda128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+//! What every GPU test shares: a device, frames rendered headless on a clock the test steps and
+//! read back, and plain scenes.
+
+#![allow(dead_code, unreachable_pub, reason = "each test file uses some")]
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
+
+use latkit::{Camera, Color, Diagram, Frame, Gpu, Grid, Plane, Theme, View};
+
+/// Seconds a frame steps the test's clock: frames run as a display's would, however fast they draw.
+pub const TICK: f64 = 1.0 / 60.0;
+
+thread_local! {
+    /// The test's clock: every frame steps it, and inputs read it.
+    static NOW: Cell<f64> = const { Cell::new(0.0) };
+}
+
+/// The test's clock, for inputs.
+pub fn now() -> f64 {
+    NOW.with(Cell::get)
+}
+
+/// Steps the test's clock `seconds` without drawing.
+pub fn wait(seconds: f64) {
+    NOW.with(|now| now.set(now.get() + seconds));
+}
+
+pub const SIZE: u32 = 128;
+pub const FORMAT: wgpu::TextureFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm;
+
+/// A device, or `None` where the machine has no adapter at all, which only `LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU`
+/// makes a failure.
+pub fn gpu() -> Option<Gpu> {
+    match pollster::block_on(Gpu::new()) {
+        Ok(gpu) => Some(gpu),
+        Err(error) if std::env::var_os("LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU").is_some() => panic!("GPU required: {error}"),
+        Err(error) => {
+            eprintln!("skipping GPU test: {error}");
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The longest the GPU may take to finish a frame in these tests.
+pub const DEADLINE: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(10);
+/// The most frames a view may take to settle: uploads, probes, and a transition of two seconds.
+pub const SETTLE: u32 = 600;
+
+pub fn finish(gpu: &Gpu) {
+    let wait = wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: None, timeout: Some(DEADLINE) };
+    gpu.device().poll(wait).expect("the GPU finishes within the deadline");
+}
+
+/// Renders frames until the view is settled, transitions included, then reads the target's pixels.
+pub fn frame(gpu: &Gpu, view: &mut View) -> Vec<[u8; 4]> {
+    let mut pixels = step(gpu, view);
+    for _ in 0..SETTLE {
+        if !view.needs_render() {
+            return pixels;
+        }
+        pixels = step(gpu, view);
+    }
+    panic!("the view settles within {SETTLE} frames");
+}
+
+/// Steps the test's clock a frame, renders one frame, and reads the target's pixels.
+pub fn step(gpu: &Gpu, view: &mut View) -> Vec<[u8; 4]> {
+    wait(TICK);
+    let device = gpu.device();
+    let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+        label: Some("target"),
+        size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: SIZE, height: SIZE, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        mip_level_count: 1,
+        sample_count: 1,
+        dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+        format: FORMAT,
+        usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+        view_formats: &[],
+    });
+    let target_view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+    let frame = Frame { target: &target_view, format: FORMAT, size: [SIZE, SIZE], pixel_ratio: 1.0, time: now() };
+    let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor::default());
+    view.render(&mut encoder, &frame);
+    let readback = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+        label: Some("readback"),
+        size: u64::from(SIZE * SIZE * 4),
+        usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ,
+        mapped_at_creation: false,
+    });
+    encoder.copy_texture_to_buffer(
+        texture.as_image_copy(),
+        wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo {
+            buffer: &readback,
+            layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: Some(SIZE * 4),
+                rows_per_image: Some(SIZE),
+            },
+        },
+        wgpu::Extent3d { width: SIZE, height: SIZE, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+    );
+    gpu.queue().submit([encoder.finish()]);
+    let slice = readback.slice(..);
+    slice.map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, |result| result.expect("mapped"));
+    finish(gpu);
+    bytemuck::cast_slice::<u8, [u8; 4]>(&slice.get_mapped_range().expect("mapped")).to_vec()
+}
+
+/// The errors a view reported since its events were last drained, other events dropped.
+pub fn errors(view: &mut View) -> Vec<latkit::Error> {
+    view.events().filter_map(|e| if let latkit::Event::Error(e) = e { Some(e) } else { None }).collect()
+}
+
+pub fn at(pixels: &[[u8; 4]], x: u32, y: u32) -> [u8; 4] {
+    pixels[(y * SIZE + x) as usize]
+}
+
+pub fn close(a: [u8; 4], b: [u8; 4]) -> bool {
+    a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| x.abs_diff(y) <= 3)
+}
+
+pub fn plain_theme() -> Theme {
+    Theme { background: Color::BLACK, ..Theme::dark() }
+}
+
+pub fn plane() -> Plane {
+    Plane { grid: Grid::Off }
+}
+
+/// A diagram without a grid: y runs down, and at zoom 0 a unit is a pixel.
+pub fn diagram() -> Diagram {
+    Diagram { grid: Grid::Off }
+}
+
+pub fn camera() -> Camera {
+    Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/fixtures/latk-v1.hex b/crates/latkit/tests/fixtures/latk-v1.hex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0217b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/fixtures/latk-v1.hex
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+4c41544b010000004c000000000000000000000001000000060100000054010000007601000000000300000001000000020000000000000000000000000000000000f03f0000803f00000040
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/gestures.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/gestures.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0d9423d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/gestures.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+//! Interaction events: a secondary click asks for a menu of what lies under it, as a touch held still
+//! does; dragging from a port draws a connection to the vertex it is released over, an edge's end can
+//! be dragged off it, a dragged row keeps where it was grabbed, a double click opens what it hits, a
+//! click again can cycle through the rows under it, and Delete tells the selection. The keys point at
+//! rows too; hover is state whether or not it glows and follows the frame, and a lit row keeps its
+//! ports on top; setters tell nothing. A scene's first frame asks for every pipeline its input uses.
+//! The wheel zooms as the controls say, and reduced motion pays every move at once.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use common::{SIZE, camera, diagram, frame, gpu, plain_theme, step};
+use latkit::{
+    Button, Camera, Controls, Data, Device, Edges, End, Event, Ids, Input, Key, Modifiers, Motion, Patch, Phase, Row,
+    Rows, Scene, Side, Table, Vertices, View, Zoom,
+};
+
+const C: f32 = SIZE as f32 / 2.0;
+
+/// Three nodes, a link from node 1 to node 3, and a port on each node's right.
+fn graph() -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64, 2, 3])
+                    .field("x", vec![-40.0, 40.0, 0.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0, -40.0])
+                    .reference("net", "Net", vec![None::<u64>, None, None]),
+            )
+            .set(Table::new("Net", Ids::count(0)))
+            .set(Table::new("Link", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![3_u64],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+/// The graph in a diagram, its nodes 16 units across.
+fn scene(controls: Controls) -> Scene {
+    Scene::new(diagram())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .controls(controls)
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(3.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(8.0).port("net", Side::Right))
+}
+
+fn view(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, controls: Controls) -> View {
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene(controls)).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(graph());
+    frame(gpu, &mut view);
+    view
+}
+
+fn editing() -> Controls {
+    Controls { connect: true, delete: true, ..Controls::default() }
+}
+
+/// Feeds `inputs`, rendering a frame after each, then renders until `wanted` finds its event.
+fn after<T>(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, view: &mut View, inputs: &[Input], wanted: impl Fn(&Event) -> Option<T>) -> T {
+    for input in inputs {
+        view.input(input, common::now());
+        step(gpu, view);
+        step(gpu, view);
+    }
+    for _ in 0..common::SETTLE {
+        if let Some(found) = view.events().find_map(|e| wanted(&e)) {
+            return found;
+        }
+        step(gpu, view);
+    }
+    panic!("the event arrives within {} frames", common::SETTLE);
+}
+
+fn down(point: [f32; 2], button: Button) -> Input {
+    Input::Down { pointer: 1, point, button, modifiers: Modifiers::default(), device: Device::Mouse }
+}
+
+fn moved(point: [f32; 2]) -> Input {
+    Input::Move { pointer: 1, point, modifiers: Modifiers::default(), device: Device::Mouse }
+}
+
+fn up(point: [f32; 2]) -> Input {
+    Input::Up { pointer: 1, point, modifiers: Modifiers::default() }
+}
+
+fn key(key: Key) -> Input {
+    Input::Key { key, down: true, modifiers: Modifiers::default() }
+}
+
+fn connected(e: &Event) -> Option<(End, Option<End>, Option<Row>)> {
+    if let Event::Connect { from, to, edge, .. } = e { Some((from.clone(), to.clone(), edge.clone())) } else { None }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn secondary_clicks_ask_for_a_menu() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    let at = [C - 40.0, C];
+    let inputs = [moved(at), down(at, Button::Secondary), up(at)];
+    let menu = |e: &Event| {
+        if let Event::Menu { hits, trigger } = e { Some((hits.clone(), trigger.device)) } else { None }
+    };
+    let (hits, device) = after(&gpu, &mut view, &inputs, menu);
+    assert_eq!(device, Device::Mouse);
+    assert_eq!(hits.first().map(|h| h.row.clone()), Some(Row::new("graph", "Node", 1_u64)));
+    let (_, device) = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[key(Key::Menu)], menu);
+    assert_eq!(device, Device::Keyboard);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dragging_from_a_port_connects() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    // Node 1's port sits on its right side, 8 units from its middle.
+    let port = [C - 32.0, C];
+    let target = [C + 40.0, C];
+    let inputs = [
+        moved(port),
+        down(port, Button::Primary),
+        moved([C - 20.0, C]),
+        moved([C + 20.0, C]),
+        moved(target),
+        up(target),
+    ];
+    let (from, to, edge) = after(&gpu, &mut view, &inputs, connected);
+    assert_eq!(from, End { row: Row::new("graph", "Node", 1_u64), port: Some("net".into()) });
+    assert_eq!(to.map(|t| t.row), Some(Row::new("graph", "Node", 2_u64)));
+    assert_eq!(edge, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_dragged_row_keeps_where_it_was_grabbed() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64]).field("x", vec![-40.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(8.0).drag(true));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // Grabbed five units right of its middle, then moved 30 right and 20 down: y runs down.
+    let grab = [C - 35.0, C];
+    let inputs = [moved(grab), down(grab, Button::Primary), moved([C - 25.0, C + 10.0]), moved([C - 5.0, C + 20.0])];
+    let dragged =
+        |e: &Event| if let Event::Drag { phase: Phase::Move, position, .. } = e { Some(*position) } else { None };
+    let position = after(&gpu, &mut view, &inputs, dragged);
+    let off = (position[0] + 10.0).hypot(position[1] - 20.0);
+    assert!(off < 0.5, "the row goes where the pointer took the point it was grabbed by: {position:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_lit_block_keeps_its_ports_on_top() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls::default());
+    // Node 1's port is hollow, on its right side 8 units from its middle; a unit inside the block, the
+    // ground shows through it, lit or not.
+    let port = |pixels: &[[u8; 4]]| common::at(pixels, C as u32 - 33, C as u32);
+    let before = port(&step(&gpu, &mut view));
+    view.input(&moved([C - 40.0, C]), common::now());
+    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..30 {
+        pixels = step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(view.hovered().map(|hit| hit.row.clone()), Some(Row::new("graph", "Node", 1_u64)), "lit");
+    assert!(common::close(port(&pixels), before), "{:?}, where unlit it was {before:?}", port(&pixels));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_scene_asks_for_all_it_uses_at_its_first_frame() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // Its first frame asks for every pipeline the scene can use: a menu, a connection, a selection,
+    // the keys, and a transition after them make none where it is first used.
+    let scene = scene(editing()).ease(std::time::Duration::from_millis(200));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(graph());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let at = [C - 40.0, C];
+    let menu = |e: &Event| matches!(e, Event::Menu { .. }).then_some(());
+    after(&gpu, &mut view, &[moved(at), down(at, Button::Secondary), up(at)], menu);
+    let (port, target) = ([C - 32.0, C], [C + 40.0, C]);
+    after(
+        &gpu,
+        &mut view,
+        &[moved(port), down(port, Button::Primary), moved([C, C]), moved(target), up(target)],
+        connected,
+    );
+    let selected = |e: &Event| matches!(e, Event::Select { .. }).then_some(());
+    after(&gpu, &mut view, &[moved(at), down(at, Button::Primary), up(at)], selected);
+    after(&gpu, &mut view, &[key(Key::Menu)], menu);
+    let mut moved_graph = graph();
+    moved_graph
+        .apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64, 2, 3]).field("x", vec![-20.0, 20.0, 0.0])))
+        .expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(moved_graph);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(gpu.work().late, 0, "every pipeline was asked for at the first frame");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dragging_an_edge_lets_go_of_its_nearer_end() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    // The link runs from node 1 up to node 3; pressed nearer node 3, it lets go of that end.
+    let near_three = [C - 10.0, C - 30.0];
+    let target = [C + 40.0, C];
+    let inputs = [
+        moved(near_three),
+        down(near_three, Button::Primary),
+        moved([C, C - 20.0]),
+        moved([C + 30.0, C - 5.0]),
+        moved(target),
+        up(target),
+    ];
+    let (from, to, edge) = after(&gpu, &mut view, &inputs, connected);
+    assert_eq!(from.row, Row::new("graph", "Node", 1_u64), "the end that stays");
+    assert_eq!(to.map(|t| t.row), Some(Row::new("graph", "Node", 2_u64)));
+    assert_eq!(edge, Some(Row::new("graph", "Link", 0_u64)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_double_click_faster_than_its_probe_opens() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    // Both clicks land before any frame answers what lies under them.
+    let at = [C + 40.0, C];
+    for input in [down(at, Button::Primary), up(at), down(at, Button::Primary), up(at)] {
+        view.input(&input, common::now());
+    }
+    let opened =
+        after(&gpu, &mut view, &[], |e| if let Event::Open { hit, .. } = e { Some(hit.row.clone()) } else { None });
+    assert_eq!(opened, Row::new("graph", "Node", 2_u64));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_selection_lets_go_of_rows_the_data_drops() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    view.select([Rows::new("graph", "Node", [2_u64, 3])]);
+    let mut data = view.data("graph").expect("shown").clone();
+    data.apply(Patch::new().remove("Node", vec![2_u64])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let selected = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[], |e| match e {
+        Event::Select { rows, trigger } => Some((rows.clone(), *trigger)),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    let kept = vec![Rows::new("graph", "Node", [3_u64])];
+    assert_eq!(selected, (kept.clone(), None), "the data's doing, no trigger");
+    assert_eq!(view.selection(), kept);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn delete_tells_the_selection() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    let at = [C + 40.0, C];
+    let inputs = [moved(at), down(at, Button::Primary), up(at), key(Key::Delete)];
+    let (rows, device) = after(&gpu, &mut view, &inputs, |e| {
+        if let Event::Delete { rows, trigger } = e { Some((rows.clone(), trigger.device)) } else { None }
+    });
+    assert_eq!(rows, vec![Rows::new("graph", "Node", [2_u64])]);
+    assert_eq!(device, Device::Keyboard);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_shift_click_toggles_where_boxes_select() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls { select_box: true, ..Controls::default() });
+    let (at, shift) = ([C + 40.0, C], Modifiers { shift: true, ..Modifiers::default() });
+    let press = Input::Down { pointer: 1, point: at, button: Button::Primary, modifiers: shift, device: Device::Mouse };
+    let release = Input::Up { pointer: 1, point: at, modifiers: shift };
+    let toggled = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[moved(at), press, release], |e| match e {
+        Event::Select { rows, trigger: Some(trigger) } => Some((rows.clone(), trigger.modifiers.shift)),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(toggled, (vec![Rows::new("graph", "Node", [2_u64])], true), "a click, not an empty box");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_keys_step_open_and_select() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    let link = Row::new("graph", "Link", 0_u64);
+    // Tab waits for the rows nearest the middle, then points at the nearest: the link.
+    let hovered = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[key(Key::Tab)], |e| match e {
+        Event::Hover { hit: Some(hit), trigger } => Some((hit.row.clone(), trigger.device)),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(hovered, (link.clone(), Device::Keyboard));
+    assert_eq!(view.hovered().map(|hit| &hit.row), Some(&link));
+    let opened = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[key(Key::Enter)], |e| match e {
+        Event::Open { hit, trigger } => Some((hit.row.clone(), trigger.device)),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(opened, (link.clone(), Device::Keyboard));
+    let selected = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[key(Key::Space)], |e| match e {
+        Event::Select { rows, .. } => Some(rows.clone()),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(selected, vec![Rows::from(link)]);
+    // Before the first row, Shift+Tab is not used, so focus moves on, and nothing stays pointed at.
+    let back = Input::Key { key: Key::Tab, down: true, modifiers: Modifiers { shift: true, ..Modifiers::default() } };
+    assert!(!view.input(&back, common::now()), "focus moves on");
+    let left = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[], |e| if let Event::Hover { hit, .. } = e { Some(hit.clone()) } else { None });
+    assert_eq!(left, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hover_is_told_without_its_glow_and_follows_the_frame() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls { hover: false, ..Controls::default() });
+    let at = [C + 40.0, C];
+    let hovered = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[moved(at)], |e| match e {
+        Event::Hover { hit: Some(hit), trigger } => Some((hit.row.clone(), trigger.device)),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(hovered, (Row::new("graph", "Node", 2_u64), Device::Mouse));
+    // The node moves out from under the still pointer: the hover follows.
+    let mut data = view.data("graph").expect("shown").clone();
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("Node", vec![2_u64]).field("x", vec![200.0]))).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let left = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[], |e| if let Event::Hover { hit, .. } = e { Some(hit.clone()) } else { None });
+    assert_eq!(left, None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn setters_tell_nothing_while_motion_tells_the_camera() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    let set = Camera::Map { center: [10.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 };
+    view.set_camera(set);
+    view.select([Rows::new("graph", "Node", [1_u64])]);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let told: Vec<Event> = view.events().filter(|e| matches!(e, Event::Camera(_) | Event::Select { .. })).collect();
+    assert_eq!(told, Vec::new(), "setters tell nothing");
+    view.fly(Camera::Map { center: [-10.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    let flown = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[], |e| if let Event::Camera(camera) = e { Some(*camera) } else { None });
+    assert_ne!(flown, set, "a flight tells where it moved");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn waiting_tells_when_the_frame_is_complete() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, editing());
+    let waiting = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[], |e| if let Event::Waiting(waiting) = e { Some(*waiting) } else { None });
+    assert!(waiting.is_empty() && view.complete(), "the last change told is the complete frame: {waiting}");
+}
+
+fn selected(e: &Event) -> Option<Vec<Rows>> {
+    if let Event::Select { rows, .. } = e { Some(rows.clone()) } else { None }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clicking_again_cycles_through_the_rows_under_the_point() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls { cycle: true, ..Controls::default() });
+    // Inside node 1, 6 units toward node 3, where the link leaves node 1's outline 2 units away.
+    let s = 6.0 / std::f32::consts::SQRT_2;
+    let at = [C - 40.0 + s, C - s];
+    let (node, link) = (Row::new("graph", "Node", 1_u64), Row::new("graph", "Link", 0_u64));
+    let click = [down(at, Button::Primary), up(at)];
+    assert_eq!(after(&gpu, &mut view, &[&[moved(at)][..], &click].concat(), selected), vec![Rows::from(node.clone())]);
+    // Slower than a double click, where nothing moved: the next row under the point, then back.
+    common::wait(1.0);
+    assert_eq!(after(&gpu, &mut view, &click, selected), vec![Rows::from(link)]);
+    common::wait(1.0);
+    assert_eq!(after(&gpu, &mut view, &click, selected), vec![Rows::from(node)]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_touch_held_still_asks_for_a_menu_and_does_not_click() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls::default());
+    let at = [C - 40.0, C];
+    let touch = Input::Down {
+        pointer: 1,
+        point: at,
+        button: Button::Primary,
+        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
+        device: Device::Touch,
+    };
+    let (hits, device) = after(&gpu, &mut view, &[touch], |e| {
+        if let Event::Menu { hits, trigger } = e { Some((hits.clone(), trigger.device)) } else { None }
+    });
+    assert_eq!(device, Device::Touch);
+    assert_eq!(hits.first().map(|h| h.row.clone()), Some(Row::new("graph", "Node", 1_u64)));
+    view.input(&up(at), common::now());
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    assert!(
+        !view.events().any(|e| matches!(e, Event::Click { .. } | Event::Select { .. })),
+        "the release only lets go"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_wheel_zooms_as_the_controls_say() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let wheel = |control| Input::Wheel {
+        point: [C, C],
+        delta: [0.0, -120.0],
+        modifiers: Modifiers { control, ..Modifiers::default() },
+    };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls { zoom: Zoom::Modifier, ..Controls::default() });
+    assert!(!view.input(&wheel(false), common::now()), "the plain wheel is the page's to scroll");
+    assert!(view.input(&wheel(true), common::now()), "a trackpad's pinch, the wheel with Control, zooms");
+    let mut view = view_off(&gpu);
+    assert!(!view.input(&wheel(true), common::now()), "nothing zooms");
+}
+
+fn view_off(gpu: &latkit::Gpu) -> View {
+    view(gpu, Controls { zoom: Zoom::Off, ..Controls::default() })
+}
+
+fn zoom(view: &View) -> f64 {
+    let Camera::Map { zoom, .. } = *view.camera() else { panic!("a diagram's camera") };
+    zoom
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn reduced_motion_pays_every_move_at_once() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let wheel = Input::Wheel { point: [C, C], delta: [0.0, -120.0], modifiers: Modifiers::default() };
+    // With motion, a wheel notch glides over frames; without, it lands in one.
+    let mut moving = view(&gpu, Controls { motion: Motion::Full, ..Controls::default() });
+    let before = zoom(&moving);
+    moving.input(&wheel, common::now());
+    step(&gpu, &mut moving);
+    let glided = zoom(&moving) - before;
+    assert!(glided > 0.0 && glided < 0.29, "glides: {glided}");
+    let mut still = view(&gpu, Controls { motion: Motion::Reduced, ..Controls::default() });
+    still.input(&wheel, common::now());
+    step(&gpu, &mut still);
+    assert!((zoom(&still) - before - 0.3).abs() < 1e-6, "lands at once: {}", zoom(&still) - before);
+    // The system's preference reduces it too, and a flight jumps.
+    let mut system = view(&gpu, Controls::default());
+    system.set_reduced_motion(true);
+    let to = Camera::Map { center: [-10.0, 5.0, 0.0], zoom: 1.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 };
+    system.fly(to);
+    step(&gpu, &mut system);
+    step(&gpu, &mut system);
+    assert_eq!(*system.camera(), to);
+    assert!(!system.needs_render(), "nothing moves on its own");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/graph.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/graph.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a57a7c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/graph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+//! The graph: edges joining the same two vertices bow into lanes, edges bend through the points of
+//! a path field, edges end in arrowheads, and great circles settle while their vertices animate; in a
+//! diagram, nets join the ports of the vertices naming them, a block makes room for its ports, and
+//! orthogonal wires route around blocks.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, diagram, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane, step};
+use latkit::{Data, Edges, Ids, Patch, Port, Scene, Side, Table, Vertices, View};
+
+const C: u32 = SIZE / 2;
+
+fn lit(pixel: [u8; 4]) -> bool {
+    pixel[0].max(pixel[1]).max(pixel[2]) > 60
+}
+
+fn show(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, scene: Scene, data: Data) -> View {
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene.theme(plain_theme())).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view
+}
+
+fn nodes(x: Vec<f64>, y: Vec<f64>) -> Table {
+    let ids: Vec<u64> = (1..=x.len() as u64).collect();
+    Table::new("Node", ids).field("x", x).field("y", y)
+}
+
+/// Renders frames until `pending` resolves, within the settle deadline.
+fn answer<T>(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, view: &mut View, pending: impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<T>>) -> T {
+    let mut pending = pin!(pending);
+    let mut context = Context::from_waker(Waker::noop());
+    for _ in 0..common::SETTLE {
+        if let Poll::Ready(value) = pending.as_mut().poll(&mut context) {
+            return value.expect("an answer");
+        }
+        step(gpu, view);
+    }
+    panic!("the query answers within {} frames", common::SETTLE);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn edges_joining_the_same_vertices_bow_into_lanes_in_world_units() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(nodes(vec![-40.0, 40.0], vec![0.0, 0.0])).set(
+        Table::new("Link", Ids::count(2)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64, 2]).reference(
+            "to",
+            "Node",
+            vec![2_u64, 1],
+        ),
+    ))
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(2.0).color(latkit::Color::WHITE))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(2.0));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    // Half a lane each way, bowing 0.12 of the edges' 80 units a lane: 4.8 units off at the middle,
+    // which zooming in scales as it does the rest of the drawing.
+    for (zoom, off) in [(0.0, 5), (1.0, 10)] {
+        view.set_camera(latkit::Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+        let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+        assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C, C - off)) && lit(at(&pixels, C, C + off)), "two lanes at zoom {zoom}");
+        assert!(!lit(at(&pixels, C, C)), "apart at zoom {zoom}: {:?}", at(&pixels, C, C));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn edges_bend_through_their_points_and_pick_there() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    let bends: Vec<Vec<[f64; 2]>> = vec![vec![[0.0, 30.0]], vec![]];
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new().set(nodes(vec![-40.0, 40.0, 40.0], vec![0.0, 0.0, -40.0])).set(
+            Table::new("Link", Ids::count(2))
+                .reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64, 2])
+                .reference("to", "Node", vec![2_u64, 3])
+                .field("bends", bends),
+        ),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").bends("bends").width(3.0).color(latkit::Color::WHITE))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(2.0));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C, C - 30)), "through its bend");
+    assert!(!lit(at(&pixels, C, C)), "not straight across");
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C + 40, C + 20)), "a row without bends runs straight");
+    let pending = view.pick([C as f32, C as f32 - 30.0], 4.0);
+    let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    assert_eq!(
+        hits.first().map(|h| (h.row.table.to_string(), h.row.id.to_string())),
+        Some(("Link".into(), "0".into()))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn nets_join_the_ports_naming_them() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(nodes(vec![-40.0, 40.0, 0.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 0.0, -40.0, 50.0]).reference(
+                "net",
+                "Net",
+                vec![1_u64, 1, 2, 2],
+            ))
+            .set(Table::new("Net", vec![1_u64, 2])),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Net").width(3.0).color(latkit::Color::WHITE))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(5.0).port("net", Port::new(Side::Top)));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // Net 1 joins the tops of nodes 1 and 2, five units above their centers.
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C, C - 5)), "between the ports");
+    assert!(!lit(at(&pixels, C - 20, C)), "not between the centers");
+    // Net 2 joins node 3, above, to node 4, below, from top to top.
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C, C + 20)), "a net of two runs straight");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn nets_of_more_than_two_meet_at_a_junction() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(nodes(vec![-40.0, 40.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 0.0, 45.0]).reference("net", "Net", vec![1_u64, 1, 1]))
+            .set(Table::new("Net", vec![1_u64])),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Net").width(3.0).color(latkit::Color::WHITE))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(2.0).port("net", Side::Left));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // The junction sits at the middle of the three ports, 15 units down and 2 left.
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C - 2, C + 15)), "at the junction");
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C - 2, C + 30)), "to the third terminal");
+    assert!(!lit(at(&pixels, C, C - 20)), "nothing above");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_unlabeled_block_makes_room_for_its_ports() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    let mut node = nodes(vec![0.0], vec![0.0]);
+    for port in ["a", "b", "c", "d"] {
+        node = node.reference(port, "Net", vec![None::<u64>]);
+    }
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(node).set(Table::new("Net", Ids::count(0)))).expect("valid");
+    let block = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+        .into_iter()
+        .fold(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y"), |v, port| v.port(port, Side::Left));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, Scene::new(diagram()).draw(block), data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // Four ports a pitch apart down its left side, a pitch to spare: about 77 units tall.
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C, C + 30)) && lit(at(&pixels, C, C - 30)), "tall enough for its ports");
+    assert!(!lit(at(&pixels, C, C + 45)), "and no taller");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn edges_along_great_circles_settle_while_their_vertices_pulse() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Node", Ids::count(3))
+                    .field("lon", vec![-60.0, 60.0, 0.0])
+                    .field("lat", vec![0.0, 0.0, 50.0]),
+            )
+            .set(Table::new("Link", Ids::count(2)).reference("from", "Node", vec![0_u64, 1]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![1_u64, 2],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    // The vertices' color reads the clock, so they evaluate every frame; nothing their arcs bend by moves.
+    let pulse = latkit::elapsed().sin().colormap(latkit::Colormap::VIRIDIS).domain(-1.0..=1.0);
+    let scene = Scene::new(latkit::Earth { graticule: false, ..latkit::Earth::globe() })
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(2.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("lon", "lat").color(pulse));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene.theme(plain_theme())).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view.fit(latkit::Fit::All);
+    for _ in 0..60 {
+        step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    assert!(view.complete(), "waiting on {}", view.stats().waiting);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arrows_draw_heads_at_second_ends() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let count = |arrows: bool| {
+        let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().set(nodes(vec![-40.0, 40.0], vec![0.0, 0.0])).set(
+            Table::new("Link", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![2_u64],
+            ),
+        ))
+        .expect("valid");
+        let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+            .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(2.0).arrows(arrows).color(latkit::Color::WHITE))
+            .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(1.0));
+        let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+        let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+        assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+        pixels.iter().filter(|&&p| lit(p)).count()
+    };
+    let (plain, headed) = (count(false), count(true));
+    assert!(headed > plain + 20, "{plain} → {headed}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ports_draw_on_their_sides_and_pick_by_name() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(nodes(vec![-40.0, 40.0], vec![0.0, 0.0]).reference("in", "Net", vec![1_u64, 1]).reference(
+                "out",
+                "Net",
+                vec![2_u64, 2],
+            ))
+            .set(Table::new("Net", vec![1_u64, 2])),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram()).draw(
+        Vertices::of("graph", "Node")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(8.0)
+            .color(latkit::Color::WHITE)
+            .port("in", Side::Left)
+            .port("out", Port::output(Side::Right)),
+    );
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(lit(at(&pixels, C - 50, C)) && lit(at(&pixels, C - 30, C)), "a port on each side");
+    assert!(!lit(at(&pixels, C - 40, C - 11)), "none on top");
+    let pending = view.pick([C as f32 - 50.0, C as f32], 2.0);
+    let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    assert_eq!(hits.first().and_then(|h| h.port.as_ref()).map(ToString::to_string).as_deref(), Some("in"));
+    let pending = view.pick([C as f32 + 50.0, C as f32], 2.0);
+    let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    assert_eq!(hits.first().and_then(|h| h.port.as_ref()).map(ToString::to_string).as_deref(), Some("out"));
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn orthogonal_routes_run_around_vertices() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(nodes(vec![-50.0, 50.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0])).set(
+        Table::new("Link", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64]).reference("to", "Node", vec![2_u64]),
+    ))
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram())
+        .draw(
+            Edges::of("graph", "Link")
+                .ends("from", "to")
+                .route(latkit::Route::Orthogonal)
+                .width(2.0)
+                .color(latkit::Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)),
+        )
+        .draw(
+            Vertices::of("graph", "Node")
+                .position("x", "y")
+                .size(20.0, 20.0)
+                .marker(latkit::Shape::Rectangle)
+                .color(latkit::Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
+        );
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let green = |y: u32| at(&pixels, C, y)[1] > 120 && at(&pixels, C, y)[0] < 60;
+    // A straight edge would run under node 3, hidden; the route goes over or under it.
+    let around = (C - 45..C - 11).chain(C + 11..C + 45).any(green);
+    assert!(around, "around the vertex between");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn many_routes_route_in_a_job_and_land() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let links = |n: usize| {
+        let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+        data.apply(Patch::new().set(nodes(vec![-50.0, 50.0, 0.0], vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0])).set(
+            Table::new("Link", Ids::count(n as u32)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64; n]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![2_u64; n],
+            ),
+        ))
+        .expect("valid");
+        data
+    };
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").route(latkit::Route::Orthogonal).width(2.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").size(20.0, 20.0).marker(latkit::Shape::Rectangle));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, links(1));
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // More wires than route on the frame: they draw as elbows until the job's routes land.
+    view.set_data(links(64));
+    for _ in 0..4 {
+        step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn neighbors_follow_edges_and_nets() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(nodes(vec![-40.0, 0.0, 40.0], vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0]).reference("net", "Net", vec![1_u64, 1, 2]))
+            .set(Table::new("Net", vec![1_u64, 2]))
+            .set(Table::new("Link", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Node", vec![2_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![3_u64],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to"))
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Net"))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").port("net", Side::Top));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let nodes = |ids: &[u64]| vec![latkit::Rows::new("graph", "Node", ids.iter().copied())];
+    let node = |id: u64| latkit::Row::new("graph", "Node", id);
+    assert_eq!(view.neighbors(&node(2)), nodes(&[3, 1]));
+    assert_eq!(view.neighbors(&node(1)), nodes(&[2]));
+    assert_eq!(view.neighbors(&latkit::Row::new("graph", "Link", 0_u64)), nodes(&[2, 3]));
+    assert_eq!(view.neighbors(&latkit::Row::new("graph", "Net", 1_u64)), nodes(&[1, 2]));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/groups.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/groups.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fc0f4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/groups.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//! Groups: a diagram's vertex mark whose rows contain rows draws each as a container around its
+//! members, padded and with its title's header on top, the same at every zoom; lit, it glows about
+//! its border and hides nothing it holds.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme};
+use latkit::{Camera, Color, Data, Edges, Ids, Patch, Scene, Table, Theme, Vertices, View};
+
+const C: u32 = SIZE / 2;
+
+/// Two nodes in area 1 and one outside it, linked in a chain; y runs down.
+fn graph() -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(Table::new("Area", vec![1_u64]))
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64, 2, 3])
+                    .field("x", vec![-15.0, 15.0, 40.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0, 40.0])
+                    .reference("area", "Area", vec![Some(1_u64), Some(1), None]),
+            )
+            .set(Table::new("Link", Ids::count(2)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64, 2]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![2_u64, 3],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+fn view(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, zoom: f64) -> View {
+    let theme = Theme { surface: Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), group_padding: 10.0, ..plain_theme() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(common::diagram())
+        .theme(theme)
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Area").contains("Node", "area"))
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(2.0).color(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(4.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)));
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(graph());
+    view
+}
+
+fn blue(pixels: &[[u8; 4]], x: u32, y: u32) -> bool {
+    let p = at(pixels, x, y);
+    p[2] > 90 && p[0] < 60 && p[1] < 60
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn groups_stand_around_their_members() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, 0.0);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // Members span −19…19 across and −4…4 down; the group pads them by 10 units.
+    assert!(blue(&pixels, C - 27, C) && blue(&pixels, C + 27, C) && blue(&pixels, C, C - 12), "around the members");
+    assert!(!blue(&pixels, C - 31, C) && !blue(&pixels, C + 31, C) && !blue(&pixels, C, C + 16), "and no further");
+    assert!(at(&pixels, C - 15, C)[0] > 120, "members draw over it");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_lit_group_glows_about_its_border_and_hides_nothing() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, 0.0);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // The pointer over the group's padding, away from its members: the group lights.
+    let point = [C as f32 - 26.0, C as f32 + 12.0];
+    let device = latkit::Device::Mouse;
+    view.input(&latkit::Input::Move { pointer: 1, point, modifiers: latkit::Modifiers::default(), device }, 0.0);
+    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..30 {
+        pixels = common::step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(view.hovered().map(|hit| hit.row.table.to_string()), Some("Area".into()), "the group is lit");
+    assert!(at(&pixels, C - 15, C)[0] > 120, "its members still draw over it");
+    assert!(blue(&pixels, C, C + 7), "its body shows away from its border");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn groups_scale_with_the_zoom_and_nothing_else() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // At twice the zoom the container is twice as wide: the sheet is one fixed picture.
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, 1.0);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(blue(&pixels, C - 56, C) && blue(&pixels, C + 56, C), "twice as far out");
+    assert!(!blue(&pixels, C - 60, C) && !blue(&pixels, C + 60, C), "and no further");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/labels.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/labels.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03030859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/labels.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+//! Labels show beside their rows once the host sets their texts, or inside a block while they fit;
+//! where two would overlap, the one of higher priority shows, and only labels that show have their
+//! texts set. A diagram's labels scale with the sheet and fade out once too small to read.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, diagram, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane};
+use latkit::Ids;
+use latkit::host::{Host, Raster, TextRun};
+use latkit::{Camera, Color, Data, Label, Marker, Scene, Table, Vertices, View, field};
+
+/// Sets a text as a solid box six tenths of its size wide per character, as tall as its size.
+struct Boxes;
+
+impl Host for Boxes {
+    fn rasterize(&self, run: &TextRun) -> latkit::Result<Raster> {
+        let size = [(0.6 * (run.text.chars().count() as u32 * run.size_px) as f32) as u32, run.size_px];
+        Ok(Raster { size, coverage: vec![255; (size[0] * size[1]) as usize], baseline: size[1] as f32 * 0.8 })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Boxes, counting the texts it sets.
+struct Counted(Arc<AtomicUsize>);
+
+impl Host for Counted {
+    fn rasterize(&self, run: &TextRun) -> latkit::Result<Raster> {
+        self.0.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        Boxes.rasterize(run)
+    }
+}
+
+fn view(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, x: Vec<f64>, priority: Vec<f64>) -> View {
+    shown(gpu, x, priority, |v| v.radius(2.0))
+}
+
+fn shown(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, x: Vec<f64>, priority: Vec<f64>, shape: impl Fn(Vertices) -> Vertices) -> View {
+    gpu.set_host(Boxes);
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    let n = x.len();
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("V", Ids::count(n as u32))
+            .field("x", x)
+            .field("y", vec![0.0; n])
+            .field("name", vec!["abcdef"; n])
+            .field("p", priority)
+            .field("hue", (0..n).map(|i| i as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>()),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let red = Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let blue = Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    let label = Label::new("name")
+        .size(10.0)
+        .priority(field("p"))
+        .color(latkit::when(field("hue").lt(0.5)).then(red).otherwise(blue));
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(latkit::Theme { halo: 0.0, ..plain_theme() })
+        .draw(shape(Vertices::of("d", "V").position("x", "y")).pick(false).label(label));
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn labels_show_beside_their_rows() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, vec![-50.0, 10.0], vec![0.0, 0.0]);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    // A label starts four pixels past its marker's right edge, centered on it.
+    let first = at(&pixels, c - 50 + 12, c);
+    let second = at(&pixels, c + 10 + 12, c);
+    assert!(first[0] > 200 && first[2] < 60, "the first row's label: {first:?}");
+    assert!(second[2] > 200 && second[0] < 60, "the second row's label: {second:?}");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_color_changing_every_frame_leaves_labels_placed() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // A pulse reads the clock, so the mark evaluates every frame; nothing that places its labels moved.
+    let pulse = latkit::elapsed().sin().colormap(latkit::Colormap::VIRIDIS).domain(-1.0..=1.0);
+    let mut view = shown(&gpu, vec![-50.0, 10.0], vec![0.0, 0.0], |v| v.radius(2.0).color(pulse.clone()));
+    for _ in 0..30 {
+        common::step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    assert!(view.complete(), "waiting on {}", view.stats().waiting);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_block_holds_its_label_while_it_fits() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let green = Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
+    // The label is 36 by 10 pixels: a 60 by 20 block holds it, a 20 by 20 one does not.
+    let mut wide = shown(&gpu, vec![0.0], vec![0.0], |v| v.size(60.0, 20.0).color(green));
+    let middle = at(&frame(&gpu, &mut wide), c, c);
+    assert!(middle[0] > 200 && middle[1] < 60, "the label inside: {middle:?}");
+    let mut narrow = shown(&gpu, vec![0.0], vec![0.0], |v| v.size(20.0, 20.0).color(green));
+    let middle = at(&frame(&gpu, &mut narrow), c, c);
+    assert!(middle[1] > 200 && middle[0] < 60, "only the block: {middle:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overlapping_labels_give_way_by_priority() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, vec![0.0, 4.0], vec![1.0, 5.0]);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let shared = at(&pixels, c + 20, c);
+    assert!(shared[2] > 200 && shared[0] < 60, "the higher priority label shows: {shared:?}");
+    let only_first = at(&pixels, c + 7, c);
+    assert!(only_first[0] < 60, "the lower one gave way: {only_first:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn only_labels_that_show_have_their_texts_set() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let set = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    gpu.set_host(Counted(set.clone()));
+    // Two thousand rows in view, each named apart: far more labels than fit.
+    let n = 2000;
+    let x: Vec<f64> = (0..n).map(|i| f64::from((i * 37) % 120) - 60.0).collect();
+    let y: Vec<f64> = (0..n).map(|i| f64::from((i * 53) % 120) - 60.0).collect();
+    let names: Vec<String> = (0..n).map(|i| format!("row {i}")).collect();
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("V", Ids::count(n as u32)).field("x", x).field("y", y).field("name", names)).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(
+        Vertices::of("d", "V")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(1.0)
+            .color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
+            .pick(false)
+            .label(Label::new("name").size(10.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0))),
+    );
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let count = set.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+    assert!(count > 0 && count < 200, "texts set: {count}");
+    let red = pixels.iter().filter(|p| p[0] > 200 && p[1] < 60).count();
+    assert!(red > 200, "labels show: {red} pixels");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+/// A block in a diagram, 60 by 20 units, labeled in red at size 10, seen at `zoom`.
+fn diagram_block(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, zoom: f64) -> Vec<[u8; 4]> {
+    gpu.set_host(Boxes);
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("V", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0]).field("name", vec!["abcdef"]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let label = Label::new("name").size(10.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram()).theme(latkit::Theme { halo: 0.0, ..plain_theme() }).draw(
+        Vertices::of("d", "V")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .size(60.0, 20.0)
+            .marker(Marker::block())
+            .color(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
+            .pick(false)
+            .label(label),
+    );
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+    pixels
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diagram_labels_scale_with_the_sheet() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let red = |p: [u8; 4]| p[0] > 200 && p[1] < 60;
+    // At zoom 0 the label is 36 by 10 pixels; at zoom 1 twice that, still inside its block.
+    let near = diagram_block(&gpu, 0.0);
+    assert!(red(at(&near, c + 15, c)) && !red(at(&near, c + 21, c)), "36 wide at zoom 0");
+    let closer = diagram_block(&gpu, 1.0);
+    assert!(red(at(&closer, c + 33, c)) && !red(at(&closer, c + 39, c)), "72 wide at zoom 1");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diagram_labels_fade_once_too_small_to_read() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    // At zoom −2 the text is 2.5 pixels tall: past reading, it is gone, and the block shows.
+    let far = diagram_block(&gpu, -2.0);
+    let middle = at(&far, c, c);
+    assert!(middle[1] > 120 && middle[0] < 60, "only the block: {middle:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_cap_shows_only_the_labels_of_highest_priority() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let set = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    gpu.set_host(Counted(set.clone()));
+    // Four rows one above another, apart enough that none would give way, priorities rising upward.
+    let ys = [-45.0, -15.0, 15.0, 45.0];
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("V", Ids::count(4))
+            .field("x", vec![-30.0; 4])
+            .field("y", ys.to_vec())
+            .field("name", vec!["abc", "bcd", "cde", "def"])
+            .field("p", vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let label = Label::new("name").size(10.0).priority(field("p")).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)).max(2);
+    let marks = Vertices::of("d", "V").position("x", "y").radius(1.0).color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)).pick(false);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(latkit::Theme { halo: 0.0, ..plain_theme() }).draw(marks.label(label));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    // The plane runs y up; each label starts beside its marker.
+    let labeled = |y: f64| {
+        let row = (f64::from(c) - y) as u32;
+        (c - 30 + 4..c - 30 + 20).any(|x| at(&pixels, x, row)[0] > 200)
+    };
+    assert!(labeled(45.0) && labeled(15.0), "the two of highest priority show");
+    assert!(!labeled(-15.0) && !labeled(-45.0), "the rest give way to the cap");
+    assert_eq!(set.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2, "only the labels shown have their texts set");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/layouts.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/layouts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08e71ede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/layouts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+//! Layouts place a diagram's vertices its data gives no position: layered in ranks along the flow,
+//! nets running from their outputs, stress at graph distances with boxes parted; on a plane, points
+//! among their neighbors. Vertices with positions stay where they are, places hold once given, and
+//! rows added later are placed around the rest until the view arranges every row again, answering
+//! with a patch that writes the places into the data.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+use common::{diagram, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, step};
+use latkit::{Camera, Data, Edges, Ids, Layered, Layout, Patch, Port, Row, Scene, Side, Stress, Table, Vertices, View};
+
+/// Renders frames until `pending` resolves, within the settle deadline.
+fn answer<T>(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, view: &mut View, pending: impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<T>>) -> T {
+    let mut pending = pin!(pending);
+    let mut context = Context::from_waker(Waker::noop());
+    for _ in 0..common::SETTLE {
+        if let Poll::Ready(value) = pending.as_mut().poll(&mut context) {
+            return value.expect("an answer");
+        }
+        step(gpu, view);
+    }
+    panic!("the query answers within {} frames", common::SETTLE);
+}
+
+/// A chain 1 → 2 → 3 and a branch 2 → 4; node 1 at `pin` when given.
+fn graph(pin: Option<[f64; 2]>) -> Data {
+    let (x, y) = match pin {
+        Some([x, y]) => (vec![Some(x), None, None, None], vec![Some(y), None, None, None]),
+        None => (vec![None; 4], vec![None; 4]),
+    };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64, 2, 3, 4]).field("x", x).field("y", y)).set(
+        Table::new("Link", Ids::count(3)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64, 2, 2]).reference(
+            "to",
+            "Node",
+            vec![2_u64, 3, 4],
+        ),
+    ))
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+fn scene(layout: impl Into<Layout>) -> Scene {
+    Scene::new(diagram())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .layout(layout)
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to"))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(4.0))
+}
+
+fn show(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, scene: Scene, data: Data) -> View {
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: -2.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(gpu, &mut view);
+    view
+}
+
+/// Where each of nodes 1 to `count` stands, units with y down, as the view locates it on screen.
+fn located(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, view: &mut View, count: u64) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let projected = |p: [f32; 2]| {
+        // A quarter pixel per unit, about the middle of the view.
+        let c = f64::from(common::SIZE) / 2.0;
+        [(f64::from(p[0]) - c) * 4.0, (f64::from(p[1]) - c) * 4.0]
+    };
+    (1..=count)
+        .map(|id| {
+            let pending = view.locate(&Row::new("graph", "Node", id));
+            answer(gpu, view, pending).map_or([f64::NAN; 2], projected)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Where each node settled under `layout`, units.
+fn placed(layout: impl Into<Layout>, pin: Option<[f64; 2]>) -> Vec<[f64; 2]> {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return Vec::new() };
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene(layout), graph(pin));
+    let p = located(&gpu, &mut view, 4);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+    p
+}
+
+fn apart(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]) -> f64 {
+    (a[0] - b[0]).hypot(a[1] - b[1])
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layered_ranks_follow_the_flow() {
+    let p = placed(Layered::default(), None);
+    if p.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    assert!(p.iter().all(|v| v[0].is_finite()), "every node placed and drawn: {p:?}");
+    // Markers of radius 4 are 8 units across; ranks and rows of a rank stand their gaps apart edge to
+    // edge.
+    let size = 8.0;
+    let rank_gap = Layered::default().rank_gap;
+    assert!((p[1][0] - p[0][0] - rank_gap - size).abs() < 1.0, "a rank apart: {p:?}");
+    assert!((p[2][0] - p[1][0] - rank_gap - size).abs() < 1.0, "a rank apart: {p:?}");
+    assert!((p[2][0] - p[3][0]).abs() < 1.0, "3 and 4 share a rank: {p:?}");
+    assert!(((p[2][1] - p[3][1]).abs() - Layered::default().gap - size).abs() < 1.0, "a gap apart: {p:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn nets_run_from_their_outputs() {
+    // Nodes 1 and 2 drive the net from their outputs, 3 reads it, and 4 drives 1.
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64, 2, 3, 4])
+                    .field("x", vec![None::<f64>; 4])
+                    .field("y", vec![None::<f64>; 4])
+                    .reference("out", "Net", vec![Some(1_u64), Some(1), None, Some(2)])
+                    .reference("in", "Net", vec![Some(2_u64), None, Some(1), None]),
+            )
+            .set(Table::new("Net", vec![1_u64, 2])),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram()).layout(Layered::default()).draw(Edges::of("graph", "Net")).draw(
+        Vertices::of("graph", "Node")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(4.0)
+            .port("in", Side::Left)
+            .port("out", Port::output(Side::Right)),
+    );
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let p = located(&gpu, &mut view, 4);
+    let gap = Layered::default().rank_gap;
+    assert!(p[0][0] - p[3][0] > gap, "1 a rank after 4, which drives it: {p:?}");
+    assert!((p[1][0] - p[3][0]).abs() < 1.0, "2 drives the net 3 reads, so it shares 4's rank: {p:?}");
+    assert!(p[2][0] - p[0][0] > gap, "3 reads after both drivers: {p:?}");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stress_puts_neighbors_a_gap_apart() {
+    let p = placed(Stress::default(), None);
+    if p.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let gap = Stress::default().gap;
+    assert!(p.iter().all(|v| v[0].is_finite()), "every node placed and drawn: {p:?}");
+    for (a, b) in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3)] {
+        let d = apart(p[a], p[b]);
+        assert!((d - gap).abs() < 0.35 * gap, "{a}–{b} {d} apart: {p:?}");
+    }
+    assert!(apart(p[2], p[3]) > 1.4 * gap, "leaves spread: {p:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stress_parts_the_boxes_it_crowds() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let scene = Scene::new(diagram())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .layout(Stress::default())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to"))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").size(60.0, 20.0));
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene, graph(None));
+    let p = located(&gpu, &mut view, 4);
+    // Stress puts neighbors 40 units apart; their 60 by 20 boxes part, a quarter of the gap clear.
+    for i in 0..4 {
+        for j in i + 1..4 {
+            let (dx, dy) = ((p[i][0] - p[j][0]).abs(), (p[i][1] - p[j][1]).abs());
+            assert!(dx >= 64.0 || dy >= 24.0, "{i} and {j} overlap: {p:?}");
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pinned_vertices_stay_put() {
+    for layout in [Layout::from(Stress::default()), Layout::from(Layered::default())] {
+        let p = placed(layout, Some([-100.0, 60.0]));
+        if p.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        assert!(apart(p[0], [-100.0, 60.0]) < 4.0, "{layout:?}: {p:?}");
+        assert!(p.iter().all(|v| v[0].is_finite()), "{layout:?}: every node placed: {p:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rows_added_later_move_nothing_else() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene(Layered::default()), graph(None));
+    let before = located(&gpu, &mut view, 4);
+    // A fifth node joins the end of the chain: the four placed hold, and it is placed after them.
+    let mut data = view.data("graph").expect("shown").clone();
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(Table::new("Node", vec![5_u64]).field("x", vec![None::<f64>]).field("y", vec![None::<f64>]))
+            .set(Table::new("Link", vec![3_u64]).reference("from", "Node", vec![3_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![5_u64],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let after = located(&gpu, &mut view, 5);
+    for k in 0..4 {
+        assert!(apart(before[k], after[k]) < 1e-3, "node {} held: {before:?} → {after:?}", k + 1);
+    }
+    assert!(after[4][0] > after[2][0], "the new node after the one it follows: {after:?}");
+    // Arranged, every row is laid out again, and the answer writes the places into the data.
+    let pending = view.arrange();
+    let patches = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let arranged = located(&gpu, &mut view, 5);
+    assert!(arranged.iter().all(|p| p[0].is_finite()), "every node placed again: {arranged:?}");
+    let [patch] = &patches[..] else { panic!("one dataset's patch: {patches:?}") };
+    assert_eq!(patch.data().map(latkit::Name::as_str), Some("graph"));
+    let mut data = view.data("graph").expect("shown").clone();
+    data.apply(patch.clone()).expect("valid");
+    let node = data.table("Node").expect("nodes");
+    assert!(node.ids().all(|id| node.get(id, "x").is_some()), "every node has its place as data");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let pinned = located(&gpu, &mut view, 5);
+    for k in 0..5 {
+        assert!(apart(arranged[k], pinned[k]) < 0.5, "node {} holds its place: {arranged:?} → {pinned:?}", k + 1);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_plane_places_points_without_positions_by_its_layout() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let scene = |layout: Layout| {
+        Scene::new(latkit::Plane::default())
+            .theme(plain_theme())
+            .layout(layout)
+            .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to"))
+            .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(4.0))
+    };
+    let mut view = show(&gpu, scene(Stress { gap: 40.0 }.into()), graph(Some([-100.0, 60.0])));
+    let p = located(&gpu, &mut view, 4);
+    // The plane runs y up: on screen node 1 stands 60 units above the middle.
+    assert!(apart(p[0], [-100.0, -60.0]) < 1.0, "node 1 where its data says: {p:?}");
+    assert!(p.iter().all(|v| v[0].is_finite()), "every node placed: {p:?}");
+    assert!((apart(p[0], p[1]) - 40.0).abs() < 15.0, "node 2 a gap from node 1: {p:?}");
+    // Without a layout, rows without positions are not drawn.
+    view.show(scene(Layout::None)).expect("valid scene");
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(located(&gpu, &mut view, 2)[1][0].is_nan(), "unplaced");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layouts_answer_the_same_for_the_same_graph() {
+    for layout in [Layout::from(Stress::default()), Layout::from(Layered::default())] {
+        let (a, b) = (placed(layout, None), placed(layout, None));
+        assert_eq!(a, b, "{layout:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/markers.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/markers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b19248c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/markers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+//! Markers draw what their inputs say: a gauge filled so far, a pie's slices, an icon, a custom WGSL
+//! marker, and a status ring; a custom marker that does not compile is told, not drawn.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, close, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane};
+use latkit::{Color, Data, Event, Expr, Ids, Image, Marker, Scene, Shape, Table, Vertices, View, field, when};
+
+fn one(marker: Marker) -> (View, latkit::Gpu) {
+    let gpu = gpu().expect("a GPU");
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("V", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0]).field("v", vec![0.5]))
+        .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("d", "V").position("x", "y").radius(20.0).color(Color::WHITE).marker(marker));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    (view, gpu)
+}
+
+const WHITE: [u8; 4] = [255, 255, 255, 255];
+const BLACK: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 0, 255];
+
+#[test]
+fn a_gauge_fills_up_to_its_value() {
+    if common::gpu().is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let (mut view, gpu) = one(Marker::Gauge { fill: field("v"), shape: Shape::Rectangle });
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c, c + 10), WHITE), "filled below half: {:?}", at(&pixels, c, c + 10));
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c, c - 10), BLACK), "empty above: {:?}", at(&pixels, c, c - 10));
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_pie_cuts_slices_in_their_colors() {
+    if common::gpu().is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let red = Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let blue = Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    let (mut view, gpu) = one(Marker::Pie { slices: vec![1.0.into(), 1.0.into()], colors: vec![red, blue], hole: 0.0 });
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    // Slices run clockwise from the top: the first fills the right half.
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c + 10, c), [255, 0, 0, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, c + 10, c));
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 10, c), [0, 0, 255, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, c - 10, c));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn icons_show_the_image_their_index_picks() {
+    if common::gpu().is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let solid = |rgba: [u8; 4]| Image { size: [2, 2], rgba: Arc::from(rgba.repeat(4)) };
+    let images = vec![solid([255, 0, 0, 255]), solid([0, 255, 0, 255])];
+    let (mut view, gpu) = one(Marker::Icon { images, index: 1.0.into() });
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c + 5, c + 5), [0, 255, 0, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, c + 5, c + 5));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_markers_draw_their_wgsl_and_bad_ones_are_told() {
+    if common::gpu().is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let source = "fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
+        let d = max(abs(f.p.x), abs(f.p.y)) - f.half.x;
+        return filled(vec4f(f.input[0], 1.0, 0.0, 1.0), d);
+    }";
+    let (mut view, gpu) = one(Marker::Wgsl { source: source.into(), inputs: vec![field("v")] });
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let pixel = at(&pixels, c + 15, c + 15);
+    assert!(pixel[0].abs_diff(128) <= 4 && pixel[1] == 255, "a square in the input's color: {pixel:?}");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+
+    let (mut view, gpu) =
+        one(Marker::Wgsl { source: "fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor { oops }".into(), inputs: vec![] });
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let told = view.events().any(|e| matches!(e, Event::Error(error) if error.to_string().contains("custom marker")));
+    assert!(told, "the broken marker is told");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn status_rings_surround_their_markers() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("V", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(
+        Vertices::of("d", "V").position("x", "y").radius(10.0).color(Color::WHITE).ring(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
+    );
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let ring = at(&pixels, c + 11, c);
+    assert!(ring[0] > 200 && ring[1] < 80, "a red ring just outside: {ring:?}");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c, c), WHITE));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_missing_status_draws_no_ring_whichever_branch_it_is() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let red = Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    // Only the alarmed row on the left rings.
+    let forms: [Expr; 2] = [
+        when(field("alarm").gt(0.5)).then(red).otherwise(Expr::missing()),
+        when(field("alarm").lt(0.5)).then(Expr::missing()).otherwise(red),
+    ];
+    for status in forms {
+        let mut data = Data::new("d");
+        let table = Table::new("V", Ids::count(2)).field("x", vec![-30.0, 30.0]).field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0]);
+        data.apply(table.field("alarm", vec![1.0, 0.0])).expect("valid");
+        let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+            .theme(plain_theme())
+            .draw(Vertices::of("d", "V").position("x", "y").radius(10.0).color(Color::WHITE).ring(status));
+        let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+        view.set_camera(camera());
+        view.set_data(data);
+        let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+        let c = SIZE / 2;
+        let alarmed = at(&pixels, c - 30 + 11, c);
+        assert!(alarmed[0] > 200 && alarmed[1] < 80, "the alarmed row rings: {alarmed:?}");
+        let quiet = at(&pixels, c + 30 + 11, c);
+        assert!(quiet[0] < 80, "the quiet row does not: {quiet:?}");
+        assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/picks.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/picks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7215c5e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/picks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+//! Queries answer through what the frame drew: every row within reach of a point, nearest first; the
+//! rows in a box a Shift drag draws; where a row lies; and the sample a traced line passes through.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+use common::{SIZE, camera, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane, step};
+use latkit::{
+    Axis, Button, Camera, Controls, Data, Device, Edges, Event, Ids, Input, Lines, Modifiers, Patch, Plot, Scene,
+    Table, Vertices, View,
+};
+
+/// Renders frames until `pending` resolves, within the settle deadline.
+fn answer<T>(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, view: &mut View, pending: impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<T>>) -> T {
+    let mut pending = pin!(pending);
+    let mut context = Context::from_waker(Waker::noop());
+    for _ in 0..common::SETTLE {
+        if let Poll::Ready(value) = pending.as_mut().poll(&mut context) {
+            return value.expect("an answer");
+        }
+        step(gpu, view);
+    }
+    panic!("the query answers within {} frames", common::SETTLE);
+}
+
+fn graph() -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64, 2, 3])
+                    .field("x", vec![0.0, 10.0, -40.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0, 30.0]),
+            )
+            .set(Table::new("Link", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![3_u64],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+fn view(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, controls: Controls) -> View {
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .controls(controls)
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(3.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(4.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(graph());
+    frame(gpu, &mut view);
+    view
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn picks_list_every_row_in_reach_nearest_first() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls::default());
+    let c = SIZE as f32 / 2.0;
+    let pending = view.pick([c + 3.0, c], 12.0);
+    let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    let ids: Vec<String> = hits.iter().map(|h| format!("{}{}", h.row.table, h.row.id)).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids.first().map(String::as_str), Some("Node1"), "{ids:?}");
+    assert!(ids.contains(&"Node2".to_owned()) && ids.contains(&"Link0".to_owned()), "{ids:?}");
+    assert!(!ids.contains(&"Node3".to_owned()), "out of reach: {ids:?}");
+    assert!(hits.windows(2).all(|w| w[0].distance <= w[1].distance), "nearest first");
+    assert!((hits[0].position[0]).abs() < 1.0, "where it lies: {:?}", hits[0].position);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_hit_of_geodesic_edges_lies_in_reach() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // A lattice on the globe: geodesic edges drawn through a segment list, which draws fewer segments
+    // than the query's list is sized for.
+    let side = 24_usize;
+    let (mut lon, mut lat, mut from, mut to) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for i in 0..side * side {
+        lon.push(-170.0 + 340.0 * (i % side) as f64 / (side - 1) as f64);
+        lat.push(-75.0 + 150.0 * (i / side) as f64 / (side - 1) as f64);
+        if i % side < side - 1 {
+            from.push(i as u64);
+            to.push(i as u64 + 1);
+        }
+        if i + side < side * side {
+            from.push(i as u64);
+            to.push((i + side) as u64);
+        }
+    }
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    let lines = from.len();
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new().set(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count((side * side) as u32)).field("lon", lon).field("lat", lat)).set(
+            Table::new("Line", Ids::count(lines as u32)).reference("from", "Bus", from).reference("to", "Bus", to),
+        ),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let earth = latkit::Earth { graticule: false, ..latkit::Earth::globe() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(earth)
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Line").ends("from", "to"))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("lon", "lat"));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view.fit(latkit::Fit::All);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE as f32 / 2.0;
+    // A wide pick first leaves its counts in the lists buffer; a narrow one after must not sum them.
+    for radius in [40.0, 4.0] {
+        let pending = view.pick([c, c], radius);
+        let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+        assert!(!hits.is_empty(), "the middle of the lattice is in reach");
+        for hit in &hits {
+            // A vertex is reached at its outline and lies at its center, a marker's radius further.
+            let reach = (hit.point[0] - c).hypot(hit.point[1] - c);
+            let what = format!("{} {} at {:?}, {reach} away", hit.row.table, hit.row.id, hit.point);
+            assert!(hit.distance <= radius && reach <= radius + 8.0, "{what}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn locate_finds_a_row_on_screen() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls::default());
+    let pending = view.locate(&latkit::Row::new("graph", "Node", 3_u64));
+    let point = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending).expect("in view");
+    let c = SIZE as f32 / 2.0;
+    assert!((point[0] - (c - 40.0)).abs() < 0.5 && (point[1] - (c - 30.0)).abs() < 0.5, "{point:?}");
+    let pending = view.locate(&latkit::Row::new("graph", "Node", 99_u64));
+    assert_eq!(answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending), None, "no such row");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_shift_drag_selects_the_rows_in_its_box() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, Controls { select_box: true, ..Controls::default() });
+    let c = SIZE as f32 / 2.0;
+    let (shift, device) = (Modifiers { shift: true, ..Modifiers::default() }, Device::Mouse);
+    let down = Input::Down { pointer: 1, point: [c - 5.0, c - 5.0], button: Button::Primary, modifiers: shift, device };
+    view.input(&down, common::now());
+    view.input(&Input::Move { pointer: 1, point: [c + 15.0, c + 5.0], modifiers: shift, device }, common::now());
+    view.input(&Input::Up { pointer: 1, point: [c + 15.0, c + 5.0], modifiers: shift }, common::now());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let selected: Vec<Vec<latkit::Rows>> = view
+        .events()
+        .filter_map(|e| if let Event::Select { rows, trigger: Some(_) } = e { Some(rows) } else { None })
+        .collect();
+    let rows = selected.last().expect("a selection");
+    let mut ids: Vec<String> =
+        rows.iter().flat_map(latkit::Rows::rows).map(|r| format!("{}{}", r.table, r.id)).collect();
+    ids.sort();
+    assert_eq!(ids, ["Link0", "Node1", "Node2"]);
+    assert_eq!(view.camera(), &camera(), "the box does not turn or pan");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hovering_a_trace_names_its_sample() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(1))).expect("valid");
+    for t in 0..=10 {
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append([f64::from(t)], "Signal", [("v", vec![f64::from(t) / 10.0])])).expect("frame");
+    }
+    let axis = Axis { hidden: true, grid: false, ..Axis::default() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot { x: axis.clone(), y: axis })
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v").width(3.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Plot { x: [0.0, 10.0], y: Some([0.0, 1.0]) });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let at = view.point([7.0, 0.7, 0.0]).expect("on the plot");
+    let pending = view.pick(at, 6.0);
+    let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    let sample = hits.first().and_then(|h| h.sample).expect("a sample");
+    assert_eq!(sample.frame, 7);
+    assert!((sample.at - 7.0).abs() < 1e-9 && (sample.value - 0.7).abs() < 1e-6, "{sample:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_trace_keeps_large_absolute_indexes_on_the_gpu() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(1))).expect("valid");
+    let first = (1_u64 << 32) + 123;
+    data.apply(Patch::new().frames(
+        "Signal",
+        "v",
+        0,
+        first,
+        (0..=10).map(f64::from).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        (0..=10).map(|t| t as f32 / 10.0).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ))
+    .unwrap();
+    let axis = Axis { hidden: true, grid: false, ..Axis::default() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot { x: axis.clone(), y: axis })
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v").width(3.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Plot { x: [0.0, 10.0], y: Some([0.0, 1.0]) });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let at = view.point([7.0, 0.7, 0.0]).expect("on the plot");
+    let pending = view.pick(at, 6.0);
+    let hits = answer(&gpu, &mut view, pending);
+    let sample = hits.first().and_then(|h| h.sample).expect("a sample");
+    assert_eq!(sample.frame, first + 7);
+    assert!((sample.at - 7.0).abs() < 1e-9 && (sample.value - 0.7).abs() < 1e-6, "{sample:?}");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/render.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a50a435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,849 @@
+//! Frames rendered headless and read back: what each mark draws lands where and how it should.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, close, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane, step};
+use latkit::{
+    Axis, Button, Camera, Color, Colormap, Data, Device, Earth, Edges, Event, Faces, Ids, Input, Lines, Modifiers,
+    Patch, Phase, Plot, Scene, Table, Theme, Vertices, View, field,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn vertices_draw_at_their_positions_in_their_colors() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Node", Ids::count(2))
+            .field("x", vec![0.0, 30.0])
+            .field("y", vec![0.0, 20.0])
+            .field("kind", vec!["a", "b"]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let red = Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let blue = Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(
+        Vertices::of("graph", "Node")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(6.0)
+            .color(latkit::when(field("kind").is("a")).then(red).otherwise(blue)),
+    );
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 0, 0, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, center, center));
+    assert!(
+        close(at(&pixels, center + 30, center - 20), [0, 0, 255, 255]),
+        "{:?}",
+        at(&pixels, center + 30, center - 20)
+    );
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center + 15, center), [0, 0, 0, 255]), "background between vertices");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn edges_join_their_ends_and_colormaps_fit_the_values() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64, 2, 3])
+                    .field("x", vec![-40.0, 0.0, 40.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+                    .field("v", vec![0.0, 0.5, 1.0]),
+            )
+            .set(Table::new("Line", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Bus", vec![1_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Bus",
+                vec![3_u64],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(Theme { edge: Some(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)), ..plain_theme() })
+        .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Line").ends("from", "to").width(4.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(5.0).color(field("v").colormap(Colormap::GRAYS)));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(
+        close(at(&pixels, center - 20, center), [0, 255, 0, 255]),
+        "edge between the ends: {:?}",
+        at(&pixels, center - 20, center)
+    );
+    assert!(
+        close(at(&pixels, center - 40, center), [0, 0, 0, 255]),
+        "fitted domain starts black: {:?}",
+        at(&pixels, center - 40, center)
+    );
+    assert!(
+        close(at(&pixels, center + 40, center), [255, 255, 255, 255]),
+        "and ends white: {:?}",
+        at(&pixels, center + 40, center)
+    );
+    let middle = at(&pixels, center, center);
+    // Grays run evenly in lightness: the middle is OKLab's half lightness, about 100.
+    assert!(middle[0] > 80 && middle[0] < 130, "the middle value is grey: {middle:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn edges_ending_far_ahead_and_behind_the_eye_draw_whole() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // A plane seen steeply from close by: from the middle one edge runs far ahead, its far end deep in
+    // the view, the other far back, under and past the eye. Each draws all the way across the view:
+    // the one ahead unbroken however differently deep its ends are, the one back cut where it leaves
+    // the view, not dropped.
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64, 2, 3]).field("x", vec![0.0; 3]).field("y", vec![0.0, 1000.0, -1000.0]))
+            .set(Table::new("Line", Ids::count(2)).reference("from", "Bus", vec![1_u64, 1]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Bus",
+                vec![2_u64, 3],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(Theme { edge: Some(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)), ..plain_theme() })
+        .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Line").ends("from", "to").width(4.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(1.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 60.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let middle = SIZE / 2;
+    let column: String = (0..SIZE).map(|y| if at(&pixels, middle, y)[1] > 128 { '#' } else { '.' }).collect();
+    assert!(!column.contains('.'), "the edges down the middle, top to bottom: {column}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn great_circles_longer_than_their_list_coarsen_instead_of_stopping_short() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // One edge a third of the way around the equator: sixty arcs, where its list first keeps six.
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(Table::new("Bus", vec![1_u64, 2]).field("lon", vec![-60.0, 60.0]).field("lat", vec![0.0, 0.0]))
+            .set(Table::new("Line", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Bus", vec![1_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Bus",
+                vec![2_u64],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(Earth { surface: Some(Color::BLACK), graticule: false, ..Earth::mercator() })
+        .theme(Theme { edge: Some(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)), ..plain_theme() })
+        .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Line").ends("from", "to").width(4.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("lon", "lat").radius(1.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: -1.5, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let green = |view: &View, pixels: &[[u8; 4]], lon: f64| {
+        let [x, y] = view.point([lon, 0.0, 0.0]).expect("in view").map(|v| v.round() as u32);
+        let [r, g, ..] = at(pixels, x.min(SIZE - 1), y.min(SIZE - 1));
+        g > 150 && r < 80
+    };
+    // Every frame that draws the edge draws it whole, coarsely while its list is too small.
+    let mut drawn = 0;
+    for frame in 0..12 {
+        let pixels = step(&gpu, &mut view);
+        if green(&view, &pixels, -50.0) {
+            assert!(green(&view, &pixels, 50.0), "frame {frame}: the edge stops short of its far end");
+            drawn += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(drawn > 2, "the edge drew in {drawn} frames");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn new_data_versions_show_and_fit_frames_them() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![1000.0]).field("y", vec![1000.0])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(8.0).color(Color::WHITE));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    view.fit(latkit::Fit::All);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 255, 255, 255]), "fit centers the only vertex");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![1010.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [0, 0, 0, 255]), "the vertex moved away");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_fit_frames_what_draws_while_another_mark_has_no_rows() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // The links table is empty: it has nothing to frame, and holds no fit back.
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new().set(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![1000.0]).field("y", vec![1000.0])).set(
+            Table::new("Link", Ids::count(0)).reference("from", "Node", Vec::<u64>::new()).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                Vec::<u64>::new(),
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(2.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(8.0).color(Color::WHITE));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view.fit(latkit::Fit::All);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 255, 255, 255]), "fit centers the only vertex");
+    assert!(view.complete(), "waiting on {}", view.stats().waiting);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_fit_frames_data_whatever_its_units_and_its_markers_pixels() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(2)).field("x", vec![0.0, 1.0]).field("y", vec![0.0, 1.0])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y"));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view.fit(latkit::Fit::All);
+    for _ in 0..4 {
+        frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    // Markers a few pixels across leave a unit square filling the view, not lost in its middle.
+    let [a, b] = [[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0, 0.0]].map(|p| view.point(p).expect("in view"));
+    let across = (b[0] - a[0]).abs().min((b[1] - a[1]).abs());
+    assert!(across > SIZE as f32 * 0.5, "the unit square spans {across} of {SIZE} pixels");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sampled_fields_read_at_the_shown_coordinate() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().append([0.0], "Bus", [("v", vec![0.0])]).append([10.0], "Bus", [("v", vec![1.0])]))
+        .expect("frames");
+    let gray = |v: latkit::Expr| v.colormap(Colormap::GRAYS).domain(0.0..=1.0);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(8.0).color(gray(field("v"))));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    // Halfway is OKLab's half lightness: about 100.
+    for (t, want) in [(0.0, 0), (10.0, 255), (5.0, 100), (20.0, 255), (-1.0, 0)] {
+        view.set_at(t);
+        let pixel = at(&frame(&gpu, &mut view), center, center);
+        if t < 0.0 {
+            // Before the first frame there is no value: the vertex takes the theme's color.
+            assert_ne!(pixel, [0, 0, 0, 255], "at {t}");
+        } else {
+            assert!(pixel[0].abs_diff(want) <= 3, "at {t}: {pixel:?}");
+        }
+    }
+    view.show(
+        Scene::new(plane())
+            .theme(plain_theme())
+            .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(8.0).color(gray(field("v").step()))),
+    )
+    .expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_at(5.0);
+    let pixel = at(&frame(&gpu, &mut view), center, center);
+    assert!(close(pixel, [0, 0, 0, 255]), "a step reads the last frame: {pixel:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn faces_blend_their_corners_and_hide_what_lies_behind() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("mesh");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Vertex", Ids::count(5))
+                    .field("x", vec![-40.0, 40.0, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![-30.0, -30.0, 40.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+                    .field("z", vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -20.0, 20.0])
+                    .field("hue", vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]),
+            )
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Face", Ids::count(1))
+                    .reference("a", "Vertex", vec![0_u64])
+                    .reference("b", "Vertex", vec![1_u64])
+                    .reference("c", "Vertex", vec![2_u64]),
+            ),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let red = Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let blue = Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(Faces::of("mesh", "Face").corners("a", "b", "c")).draw(
+        Vertices::of("mesh", "Vertex")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .elevation("z")
+            .radius(4.0)
+            .color(latkit::when(field("hue").gt(0.5)).then(blue).otherwise(red)),
+    );
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center - 10, center + 10), [255, 0, 0, 255]), "a face seen from above shows its color");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 0, 0, 255]), "the vertex below the face is hidden");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center + 20, center), [0, 0, 255, 255]), "the vertex above it shows");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn presses_click_and_drag_the_rows_they_hit() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", vec![7_u64, 8]).field("x", vec![0.0, 40.0]).field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0]))
+        .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(6.0).drag(true));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE as f32 / 2.0;
+    let modifiers = Modifiers::default();
+    let device = Device::Mouse;
+    let press = |view: &mut View, point: [f32; 2]| {
+        view.input(&Input::Down { pointer: 1, point, button: Button::Primary, modifiers, device }, common::now());
+    };
+    press(&mut view, [center + 40.0, center]);
+    view.input(&Input::Up { pointer: 1, point: [center + 40.0, center], modifiers }, common::now());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let events: Vec<Event> = view.events().collect();
+    let clicked = events.iter().find_map(|e| if let Event::Click { hit, .. } = e { Some(hit) } else { None });
+    assert_eq!(clicked.map(|hit| hit.row.id.clone()), Some(8_u64.into()), "{events:?}");
+    assert!(events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, Event::Select { rows, trigger: Some(_) } if rows.len() == 1)));
+
+    press(&mut view, [center, center]);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    view.input(&Input::Move { pointer: 1, point: [center + 10.0, center - 20.0], modifiers, device }, common::now());
+    view.input(&Input::Up { pointer: 1, point: [center + 10.0, center - 20.0], modifiers }, common::now());
+    let drags: Vec<(Phase, [f64; 3])> = view
+        .events()
+        .filter_map(|e| if let Event::Drag { phase, position, .. } = e { Some((phase, position)) } else { None })
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(drags.iter().map(|d| d.0).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [Phase::Start, Phase::End]);
+    let end = drags.last().expect("an end").1;
+    assert!((end[0] - 10.0).abs() < 0.5 && (end[1] - 20.0).abs() < 0.5, "the pointer's position: {end:?}");
+    assert_eq!(view.camera(), &camera(), "dragging a row does not pan");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lines_trace_their_samples_across_a_plot() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(1))).expect("valid");
+    for t in 0..=10 {
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append([f64::from(t)], "Signal", [("v", vec![0.5])])).expect("frame");
+    }
+    let axis = Axis { grid: false, hidden: true, ..Axis::default() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot { x: axis.clone(), y: axis })
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v").color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)).width(4.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Plot { x: [0.0, 10.0], y: Some([0.0, 1.0]) });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 0, 0, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, center, center));
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center - 20), [0, 0, 0, 255]), "only the line is drawn");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_plot_frames_its_traces_whole_span_wherever_it_shows() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(1))).expect("valid");
+    for t in 0..=10 {
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append([f64::from(t) * 6.0], "Signal", [("v", vec![f64::from(t)])])).expect("frame");
+    }
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot::default()).draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v"));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view.set_at(0.0);
+    view.fit(latkit::Fit::All);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let Camera::Plot { x, .. } = *view.camera() else { panic!("a plot camera") };
+    assert_eq!(x, [0.0, 60.0], "the whole span, though only its first sample shows");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lines_wait_for_the_first_frame_of_the_field_they_trace() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().axis("time", "s").set(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(1)))).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot::default())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v").color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)).width(4.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(common::errors(&mut view), Vec::new(), "a field not recorded yet is no error");
+    for t in 0..3 {
+        data.apply(Patch::new().append([f64::from(t)], "Signal", [("v", vec![f64::from(t)])])).expect("valid");
+    }
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Plot { x: [0.0, 2.0], y: Some([0.0, 2.0]) });
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(pixels.iter().any(|p| p[0] > 200 && p[1] < 60), "the trace draws once recorded");
+    assert_eq!(common::errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn new_data_and_the_scene_reading_it_change_together() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let dataset = |field_name: &str| {
+        let mut data = Data::new("d");
+        data.apply(
+            Table::new("T", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0]).field(field_name, vec![1.0]),
+        )
+        .expect("valid");
+        data
+    };
+    let reading = |field_name: &str| {
+        Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(
+            Vertices::of("d", "T")
+                .position("x", "y")
+                .radius(6.0)
+                .color(field(field_name).colormap(Colormap::GRAYS).domain(0.0..=1.0)),
+        )
+    };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, reading("a")).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(dataset("a"));
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // Data the mark no longer fits, then the scene that fits it, before the frame: nothing to report.
+    view.set_data(dataset("b"));
+    view.show(reading("b")).expect("valid scene");
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(common::errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(at(&pixels, center, center)[0] > 200, "the new mark draws: {:?}", at(&pixels, center, center));
+    // Data no mark fits by the frame is told then, once, and listed until data fits it again.
+    view.set_data(dataset("a"));
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let errors = common::errors(&mut view);
+    assert!(errors.len() == 1 && errors[0].to_string().contains("no field b"), "{errors:?}");
+    assert_eq!(view.failures().collect::<Vec<_>>(), errors, "listed as it was told");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [5.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(common::errors(&mut view), Vec::new(), "told once");
+    view.set_data(dataset("b"));
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(view.failures().count(), 0, "data that fits clears it");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_dataset_not_given_is_waited_on_and_a_table_it_lacks_fails() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(Vertices::of("d", "Bus").position("x", "y"));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(view.stats().waiting.data, "waits for the dataset it names");
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Buses", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let errors = common::errors(&mut view);
+    assert!(errors.len() == 1 && errors[0].to_string().contains("no table 'Bus'"), "{errors:?}");
+    assert!(view.complete(), "a mark that failed stands in for nothing");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hover_reaches_what_faces_leave_in_view() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("mesh");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Vertex", Ids::count(5))
+                    .field("x", vec![-40.0, 40.0, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![-30.0, -30.0, 40.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+                    .field("z", vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -20.0, 20.0]),
+            )
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Face", Ids::count(1))
+                    .reference("a", "Vertex", vec![0_u64])
+                    .reference("b", "Vertex", vec![1_u64])
+                    .reference("c", "Vertex", vec![2_u64]),
+            ),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Faces::of("mesh", "Face").corners("a", "b", "c").pick(false))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("mesh", "Vertex").position("x", "y").elevation("z").radius(3.0).drag(true));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE as f32 / 2.0;
+    let hover = |view: &mut View, point: [f32; 2]| {
+        let modifiers = Modifiers::default();
+        view.input(&Input::Move { pointer: 1, point, modifiers, device: Device::Mouse }, common::now());
+        frame(&gpu, view);
+        view.events().filter_map(|e| if let Event::Hover { hit, .. } = e { Some(hit) } else { None }).last()
+    };
+    let above = hover(&mut view, [center + 20.0, center]).expect("a hover event");
+    assert_eq!(above.map(|hit| hit.row.id), Some(4_u64.into()), "the vertex above the face");
+    let below = hover(&mut view, [center, center]).expect("a hover event");
+    assert_eq!(below, None, "the vertex below the face is hidden");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_streamed_tilted_mesh_answers_hover_and_drags() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // An octahedron standing on the ground, its corners streamed as sampled fields.
+    let corners: [[f64; 3]; 6] =
+        [[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 1.0, 1.0], [-1.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, -1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 2.0]];
+    let faces = [[0, 1, 2], [0, 2, 3], [0, 3, 4], [0, 4, 1], [5, 2, 1], [5, 3, 2], [5, 4, 3], [5, 1, 4]];
+    let column = |k: usize| corners.iter().map(|c| c[k]).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let corner = |k: usize| faces.iter().map(|f| f[k] as u64).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let mut data = Data::new("mesh");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(Table::new("Vertex", Ids::count(6)))
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Face", Ids::count(8))
+                    .reference("a", "Vertex", corner(0))
+                    .reference("b", "Vertex", corner(1))
+                    .reference("c", "Vertex", corner(2)),
+            )
+            .append([0.0], "Vertex", [("x", column(0)), ("y", column(1)), ("z", column(2))]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Faces::of("mesh", "Face").corners("a", "b", "c").pick(false).shadow(true))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("mesh", "Vertex").position("x", "y").elevation("z").radius(2.0).select(false).drag(true));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 58.0, bearing: 30.0 });
+    view.fit(latkit::Fit::Bounds { min: [-2.0, -2.0, 0.0], max: [2.0, 2.0, 2.0] });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let top = view.point([0.0, 0.0, 2.0]).expect("the top is in view");
+    let (modifiers, device) = (Modifiers::default(), Device::Mouse);
+    view.input(&Input::Move { pointer: 1, point: top, modifiers, device }, common::now());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let hovered = view.events().find_map(|e| if let Event::Hover { hit, .. } = e { hit } else { None });
+    assert_eq!(hovered.map(|hit| hit.row.id), Some(5_u64.into()), "the top vertex is hovered");
+    assert_eq!(view.hovered().map(|hit| hit.row.id.clone()), Some(5_u64.into()), "and reads as hovered");
+    assert_eq!(view.cursor(), latkit::Cursor::Grab);
+    view.input(&Input::Down { pointer: 1, point: top, button: Button::Primary, modifiers, device }, common::now());
+    view.input(&Input::Move { pointer: 1, point: [top[0], top[1] - 30.0], modifiers, device }, common::now());
+    let (phase, position) = view
+        .events()
+        .find_map(|e| if let Event::Drag { phase, position, .. } = e { Some((phase, position)) } else { None })
+        .expect("a drag");
+    assert_eq!(phase, Phase::Start);
+    assert!(position[2] > 2.0, "dragged up: {position:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_histories_draw_from_their_levels_of_detail() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(1))).expect("valid");
+    // Twenty thousand frames on a 128 pixel plot: buckets of 64 frames, with a spike in one.
+    let mut patch = Patch::new();
+    for t in 0..20_000 {
+        let v = if t == 10_000 { 0.9 } else { 0.1 };
+        patch = patch.append([f64::from(t)], "Signal", [("v", vec![v])]);
+    }
+    data.apply(patch).expect("frames");
+    let axis = Axis { grid: false, hidden: true, ..Axis::default() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot { x: axis.clone(), y: axis })
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v").color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)).width(2.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Plot { x: [0.0, 20_000.0], y: Some([0.0, 1.0]) });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let spike = view.point([10_000.0, 0.85, 0.0]).expect("on the plot");
+    let pixel = at(&pixels, spike[0].round() as u32, spike[1].round() as u32);
+    assert!(pixel[0] > 150, "the one-frame spike survives in its bucket: {pixel:?}");
+    let base = view.point([5_000.0, 0.1, 0.0]).expect("on the plot");
+    assert!(at(&pixels, base[0].round() as u32, base[1].round() as u32)[0] > 150, "and the level line draws");
+    let stats = view.stats();
+    assert_eq!(stats.rows, 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn frames_tell_what_they_cost_the_gpu_where_it_measures() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    if !gpu.device().features().contains(wgpu::Features::TIMESTAMP_QUERY) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y"));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    for _ in 0..common::SETTLE {
+        if view.stats().gpu_ms > 0.0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        common::finish(&gpu);
+        step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    // Milliseconds, measured: no frame passes the deadline `finish` holds it to, even on a CPU
+    // renderer under load, while a count of nanoseconds would.
+    let ms = view.stats().gpu_ms;
+    assert!(ms > 0.0 && ms < common::DEADLINE.as_secs_f32() * 1000.0, "{ms} ms");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn frames_count_their_draws_and_instances() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(3)).field("x", vec![-1.0, 0.0, 1.0]).field("y", vec![0.0; 3]))
+        .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y"));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let stats = view.stats();
+    // The backdrop's one triangle, then the mark's three points.
+    assert_eq!((stats.draws, stats.instances), (2, 4), "{stats:?}");
+    assert_eq!(stats.tiles, 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dashes_run_on_across_a_paths_segments() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // A path of a hundred segments a pixel long, dashed. Were each segment to start its dashes
+    // afresh, each would show only the blank first half of a dash, and the path nothing.
+    let points: Vec<[f64; 2]> = (0..=100).map(|i| [f64::from(i) - 50.0, 0.0]).collect();
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Path", Ids::count(1)).field("geometry", vec![points])).expect("valid");
+    let scene =
+        Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(Lines::of("d", "Path").width(3.0).dash(true).color(Color::WHITE));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let on = (c - 40..c + 40).filter(|&x| at(&pixels, x, c)[0] > 128).count();
+    assert!(on > 20 && on < 60, "about half of the path dashes: {on} of 80 pixels");
+}
+
+/// A view of a gray line a pixel wide from x -50 to 50, its comets red and 8 pixels wide, 30 apart
+/// with tails of 8, in position units when `units`; flowing at `speed`, or not at all.
+fn comets(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, units: bool, speed: Option<f64>) -> View {
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Path", Ids::count(1)).field("geometry", vec![vec![[-50.0, 0.0], [50.0, 0.0]]]))
+        .expect("valid");
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, comets_scene(units, speed)).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view
+}
+
+fn comets_scene(units: bool, speed: Option<f64>) -> Scene {
+    let flow = latkit::Flow { color: Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), spacing: 30.0, length: 8.0, width: 8.0, units };
+    let line = Lines::of("d", "Path").width(1.0).color(Color::rgb(0.25, 0.25, 0.25));
+    let line = match speed {
+        Some(speed) => line.flow(speed),
+        None => line,
+    };
+    Scene::new(plane()).theme(Theme { flow, ..plain_theme() }).ease(std::time::Duration::ZERO).draw(line)
+}
+
+/// Where comets' heads are along row `y`, CSS pixels: the reddest pixel of each run of red.
+fn heads(pixels: &[[u8; 4]], y: u32) -> Vec<u32> {
+    let red = |x: u32| at(pixels, x, y)[0];
+    let mut heads = Vec::new();
+    let mut x = 0;
+    while x < SIZE {
+        if red(x) <= 60 {
+            x += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let start = x;
+        while x < SIZE && red(x) > 60 {
+            x += 1;
+        }
+        heads.extend((start..x).max_by_key(|&x| red(x)));
+    }
+    heads
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn comets_run_wider_than_their_line() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = comets(&gpu, false, Some(40.0));
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let red = |pixels: &[[u8; 4]], y: u32| (c - 45..c + 45).filter(|&x| at(pixels, x, y)[0] > 100).count();
+    // Comets never settle: a few frames draw them.
+    let pixels = (0..3).map(|_| step(&gpu, &mut view)).last().expect("frames");
+    assert!(view.needs_render(), "comets travel every frame");
+    let beside = red(&pixels, c + 2);
+    assert!(beside > 0 && beside < 60, "comets reach past the line, spaced apart: {beside} of 90 pixels");
+    assert_eq!(red(&pixels, c + 6), 0, "and no further than their width");
+    view.show(comets_scene(false, None)).expect("valid scene");
+    assert_eq!(red(&frame(&gpu, &mut view), c + 2), 0, "a line without flow has no comets");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn comets_carry_on_from_where_they_are_when_their_flow_changes() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = comets(&gpu, false, Some(40.0));
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    // Long after the view began, as a page left running is, a pause moves them a tenth of a second.
+    common::wait(100_000.0);
+    let paused = heads(&step(&gpu, &mut view), SIZE / 2 + 2);
+    let before = heads(&step(&gpu, &mut view), SIZE / 2 + 2);
+    let moved = |a: &[u32], b: &[u32]| a.iter().zip(b).map(|(a, b)| a.abs_diff(*b)).max().unwrap_or(99);
+    assert!(!before.is_empty() && moved(&paused, &before) <= 2, "{paused:?} then {before:?}");
+    view.show(comets_scene(false, Some(41.0))).expect("valid scene");
+    let after = heads(&step(&gpu, &mut view), SIZE / 2 + 2);
+    assert_eq!(before.len(), after.len(), "{before:?} then {after:?}");
+    assert!(moved(&before, &after) <= 2, "a new speed moves comets a frame's way: {before:?} then {after:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn comets_follow_their_rows_when_rows_move_without_easing() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // Two lines whose comets travel at different speeds, so each row's travel is its own.
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    let paths = vec![vec![[-50.0, 30.0], [50.0, 30.0]], vec![[-50.0, 0.0], [50.0, 0.0]]];
+    data.apply(Table::new("Path", vec!["a", "b"]).field("geometry", paths).field("speed", vec![17.0, 40.0]))
+        .expect("valid");
+    let flow = latkit::Flow { color: Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), spacing: 30.0, length: 8.0, width: 8.0, units: false };
+    let line = Lines::of("d", "Path").width(1.0).color(Color::rgb(0.25, 0.25, 0.25)).flow(field("speed"));
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(Theme { flow, ..plain_theme() }).ease(std::time::Duration::ZERO).draw(line);
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    for _ in 0..40 {
+        step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    let before = heads(&step(&gpu, &mut view), SIZE / 2 + 2);
+    // Row b moves up to row 0 at once: its comets carry on from where they were, not from a's.
+    data.apply(Patch::new().remove("Path", vec!["a"])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let after = heads(&step(&gpu, &mut view), SIZE / 2 + 2);
+    let moved = before.iter().zip(&after).map(|(a, b)| a.abs_diff(*b)).max().unwrap_or(99);
+    assert!(!before.is_empty() && before.len() == after.len() && moved <= 2, "{before:?} then {after:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn comets_in_units_stay_on_their_lines_as_the_view_zooms() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let c = f64::from(SIZE / 2);
+    // Where comets' heads stand in position units at zoom 0 and zoom 1, so slow they stand still.
+    let heads_at = |units: bool| {
+        let mut view = comets(&gpu, units, Some(1e-4));
+        [0.0, 1.0].map(|zoom: f64| {
+            view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0; 3], zoom, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+            step(&gpu, &mut view);
+            let heads = heads(&step(&gpu, &mut view), SIZE / 2 + 2);
+            heads.into_iter().map(|x| (f64::from(x) - c) / 2f64.powf(zoom)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        })
+    };
+    let stayed = |[near, zoomed]: &[Vec<f64>; 2]| zoomed.iter().all(|z| near.iter().any(|n| (n - z).abs() <= 1.5));
+    let drawn = heads_at(true);
+    assert!(drawn[1].len() >= 2, "comets 30 units apart across 64: {drawn:?}");
+    assert!(stayed(&drawn), "comets in units stay where they were: {drawn:?}");
+    let on_screen = heads_at(false);
+    assert!(!stayed(&on_screen), "comets in pixels keep their spacing on screen instead: {on_screen:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sizes_in_units_keep_within_their_pixels() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    // Pixels across a red marker through the middle, at zoom 0: a unit a pixel.
+    let across = |radius: latkit::Size| {
+        let marker = Vertices::of("d", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(radius).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        let mut view = View::new(&gpu, Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(marker)).expect("valid scene");
+        view.set_camera(camera());
+        view.set_data(data.clone());
+        let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+        (0..SIZE).filter(|&x| at(&pixels, x, SIZE / 2)[0] > 128).count()
+    };
+    assert!(across(latkit::units(0.01)) <= 1, "a hundredth of a unit is no pixel at all");
+    let held = across(latkit::units(0.01).at_least(5.0));
+    assert!((9..=11).contains(&held), "a radius of at least 5 pixels: {held} across");
+    let capped = across(latkit::units(1000.0).at_most(6.0));
+    assert!((11..=13).contains(&capped), "a radius of at most 6 pixels: {capped} across");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn poles_stand_from_each_vertex_down_to_the_ground() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0]).field("z", vec![40.0]))
+        .expect("valid");
+    let scene = |poles: bool| {
+        let vertices = Vertices::of("d", "Node")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .elevation(field("z"))
+            .radius(3.0)
+            .color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+        let pole = Edges::of("d", "Node").poles().width(3.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(vertices);
+        if poles { scene.draw(pole) } else { scene }
+    };
+    let red = |poles: bool| {
+        let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene(poles)).expect("valid scene");
+        // Tilted, so a pole stands up the screen.
+        view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0, 0.0, 20.0], zoom: 0.0, pitch: 60.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+        view.set_data(data.clone());
+        let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+        (0..SIZE).filter(|&y| (SIZE / 2 - 2..SIZE / 2 + 3).any(|x| at(&pixels, x, y)[0] > 128)).count()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(red(false), 0, "no pole, no red");
+    let tall = red(true);
+    assert!(tall >= 15, "the pole runs up the screen from the ground to its vertex: {tall} rows");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn nets_off_a_diagram_join_their_members_as_stars() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("d");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new().set(Table::new("Net", Ids::count(1))).set(
+            Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(3))
+                .field("x", vec![-30.0, 30.0, 0.0])
+                .field("y", vec![-15.0, -15.0, 30.0])
+                .reference("net", "Net", vec![0_u64, 0, 0]),
+        ),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let buses = Vertices::of("d", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(2.0).color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+    let net = Edges::of("d", "Net").joins("Bus", "net").width(2.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let mut view =
+        View::new(&gpu, Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(net).draw(buses)).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let red = |x: u32, y: u32| at(&pixels, x, y)[0] > 128;
+    // The members' middle is the origin: the spokes meet there, and run out to each member.
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(red(c, c), "the star's middle");
+    assert!(red(c, c - 15), "the spoke up to the member at the top (y up)");
+    assert!(!red(c + 20, c - 20), "nothing where no spoke runs");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/scale.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/scale.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3085fa33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/scale.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+//! Scale: what a view draws always fits. Tables too large to draw whole draw the tiles in view,
+//! traces too large thin in time, what matters more draws on top, a page never outgrows a chunk, and
+//! a view sleeps while it waits.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, close, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane};
+use latkit::{
+    Axis, Budget, Camera, Color, Data, Edges, Fit, Frame, Ids, Lines, Patch, Plot, Row, Scene, Table, Vertices, View,
+    field, when,
+};
+
+/// A grid of `columns` by `rows` vertices a unit apart, from the origin, and an edge from each to
+/// the next in its row.
+fn lattice(columns: usize, rows: usize) -> Data {
+    let n = columns * rows;
+    let x: Vec<f64> = (0..n).map(|i| (i % columns) as f64).collect();
+    let y: Vec<f64> = (0..n).map(|i| (i / columns) as f64).collect();
+    let links: Vec<usize> = (0..n).filter(|i| i % columns + 1 < columns).collect();
+    let from: Vec<u64> = links.iter().map(|&i| i as u64).collect();
+    let to: Vec<u64> = links.iter().map(|&i| i as u64 + 1).collect();
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().set(Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(n as u32)).field("x", x).field("y", y)).set(
+        Table::new("Line", Ids::count(links.len() as u32)).reference("from", "Bus", from).reference("to", "Bus", to),
+    ))
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn what_matters_more_draws_on_top() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Node", Ids::count(2))
+            .field("x", vec![0.0, 0.0])
+            .field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0])
+            .field("p", vec![2.0, 1.0])
+            .field("kind", vec!["a", "b"]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let red = Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let blue = Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    let mark = Vertices::of("graph", "Node")
+        .position("x", "y")
+        .radius(8.0)
+        .color(when(field("kind").is("a")).then(red).otherwise(blue));
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    for (priority, want) in [(false, [0, 0, 255, 255]), (true, [255, 0, 0, 255])] {
+        let mark = if priority { mark.clone().priority(field("p")) } else { mark.clone() };
+        let mut view = View::new(&gpu, Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(mark)).expect("valid scene");
+        view.set_camera(camera());
+        view.set_data(data.clone());
+        let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+        assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), want), "priority {priority}: {:?}", at(&pixels, center, center));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_table_that_starts_empty_draws_its_rows() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(0)).field("x", Vec::<f64>::new()).field("y", Vec::<f64>::new()))
+        .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(4.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 255, 255, 255]), "its constant color and visibility evaluate");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_dense_table_draws_the_tiles_in_view_and_keeps_what_is_selected() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (columns, rows) = (600, 500);
+    let data = lattice(columns, rows);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(2.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [300.0, 250.0, 0.0], zoom: 3.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), []);
+    let stats = view.stats();
+    assert_eq!(stats.rows, (columns * rows) as u64);
+    assert!(stats.drawn > 0 && stats.drawn < stats.rows / 4, "the tiles in view: {} of {}", stats.drawn, stats.rows);
+    // Zoomed in, every row in view draws: rows a unit apart are eight pixels apart.
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 255, 255, 255]), "a row at the middle");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center + 4, center + 4), [0, 0, 0, 255]), "and none between rows");
+    // A row far from the tiles in view stays selected, and draws.
+    let far = Row::new("grid", "Bus", 7_u64);
+    view.select([far.clone().into()]);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(view.selection(), [latkit::Rows::from(far)]);
+    assert_eq!(view.stats().drawn, stats.drawn + 1, "the selected row draws whatever its tile");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn panning_a_dense_table_draws_every_row_in_view_as_tiles_come_and_go() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (columns, rows) = (600, 500);
+    // Without an ease, rows arriving draw at once.
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .ease(std::time::Duration::ZERO)
+        .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Line").ends("from", "to").width(2.0).color(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(2.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(lattice(columns, rows));
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    let camera = |x: f64| Camera::Map { center: [x, 250.0, 0.0], zoom: 3.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 };
+    let mut in_place = 0;
+    for step in 0..6 {
+        view.set_camera(camera(100.0 + 60.0 * f64::from(step)));
+        // While the rows still drawn stay where they were, those arriving in holes and past the last
+        // row, every row in view draws.
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            let pixels = common::step(&gpu, &mut view);
+            let waiting = view.stats().waiting;
+            if step > 0 && !waiting.data && !waiting.marks && !view.complete() {
+                let pixel = |dx: u32, dy: u32| at(&pixels, center + dx, center + dy);
+                assert!(close(pixel(0, 0), [255, 255, 255, 255]), "step {step}, in place: {:?}", pixel(0, 0));
+                assert!(close(pixel(4, 0), [0, 255, 0, 255]), "step {step}, in place: {:?}", pixel(4, 0));
+                in_place += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+        assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), []);
+        assert!(view.complete(), "every row laid out in drawing order once the camera rests");
+        let stats = view.stats();
+        assert!(stats.drawn > 0 && stats.drawn < stats.rows / 4, "step {step}: {} of {}", stats.drawn, stats.rows);
+        let pixel = |dx: u32, dy: u32| at(&pixels, center + dx, center + dy);
+        assert!(close(pixel(0, 0), [255, 255, 255, 255]), "step {step}: a row at the middle: {:?}", pixel(0, 0));
+        assert!(close(pixel(4, 4), [0, 0, 0, 255]), "step {step}: none between rows: {:?}", pixel(4, 4));
+        assert!(close(pixel(4, 0), [0, 255, 0, 255]), "step {step}: an edge between two: {:?}", pixel(4, 0));
+    }
+    assert!(in_place > 0, "rows were written in place");
+    // A row picked by id is found among the rows drawn, holes and all.
+    let selected = Row::new("grid", "Bus", (250 * columns + 400) as u64);
+    view.select([selected.clone().into()]);
+    view.set_camera(camera(380.0));
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(view.selection(), [latkit::Rows::from(selected)], "what is selected stays so");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), []);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_change_to_one_row_drawn_in_part_writes_that_row_alone() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // Four pages of rows drawn whole in priority order, so each is drawn far from its place in the
+    // table; every row lies off view but one, at the middle.
+    let (rows, middle) = (200_000_u32, 12_345_u32);
+    let n = rows as usize;
+    let off = |r: usize| if r == middle as usize { 0.0 } else { 1000.0 };
+    let mut data = Data::new("points");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("P", Ids::count(rows))
+            .field("x", (0..n).map(off).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("y", vec![0.0; n])
+            .field("p", (0..n).map(|r| ((r * 7919) % n) as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("v", vec![0.0; n]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).ease(std::time::Duration::ZERO).draw(
+        Vertices::of("points", "P")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(4.0)
+            .priority(field("p"))
+            .color(field("v").colormap(latkit::Colormap::GRAYS).domain(0.0..=1.0)),
+    );
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), []);
+    assert_eq!(view.stats().drawn, u64::from(rows), "every row draws, in priority order");
+    let before = gpu.work();
+    data.apply(Table::new("P", vec![u64::from(middle)]).field("v", vec![1.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let work = gpu.work() - before;
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center, center), [255, 255, 255, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, center, center));
+    assert!(work.evaluated <= 1 << 16, "one page of the rows drawn evaluates: {}", work.evaluated);
+    assert!(work.uploaded <= 8 << 16, "one page of the field drawn uploads: {} bytes", work.uploaded);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_field_drawn_in_part_that_changes_kind_gathers_afresh() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    // Two marks of one table drawn in part: one reads `v` as a number, the other as a text, so `v` is
+    // read before and after it changes kind.
+    let n = 1000_usize;
+    let table = |v: latkit::Values| {
+        Table::new("P", Ids::count(n as u32))
+            .field("x", vec![0.0; n])
+            .field("y", vec![0.0; n])
+            .field("p", (0..n).map(|r| r as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("v", v)
+    };
+    let mut data = Data::new("points");
+    data.apply(table(vec![0.5; n].into())).expect("valid");
+    let number = Vertices::of("points", "P")
+        .position("x", "y")
+        .priority(field("p"))
+        .color(field("v").colormap(latkit::Colormap::GRAYS));
+    let text = Vertices::of("points", "P")
+        .named("text")
+        .position("x", "y")
+        .color(when(field("v").is("a")).then(Color::WHITE).otherwise(Color::BLACK));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(number).draw(text)).expect("valid");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(view.failures().count(), 1, "the text mark fails while `v` holds numbers");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().replace(table(vec!["a"; n].into()))).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        common::step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let failed: Vec<String> = view.failures().map(|e| e.to_string()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(failed.len(), 1, "now the number mark fails: {failed:?}");
+    assert!(failed[0].starts_with("marks[0]"), "{failed:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn edges_drawn_through_tiles_show_with_their_ends() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let data = lattice(600, 500);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Edges::of("grid", "Line").ends("from", "to").width(2.0).color(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y").radius(1.0).color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [300.0, 250.5, 0.0], zoom: 3.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), []);
+    assert!(view.stats().drawn < view.stats().rows / 4, "edges and vertices both draw the tiles in view");
+    // Half a unit up from the middle, between rows of edges; at the middle's row, an edge between
+    // two vertices.
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center + 4, center + 4), [0, 255, 0, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, center + 4, center + 4));
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, center + 4, center), [0, 0, 0, 255]), "{:?}", at(&pixels, center + 4, center));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_tiny_budget_never_fails() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    gpu.set_budget(Budget { bytes: 8 << 20, upload_per_frame: 32 << 20 });
+    let n = 200_000_u32;
+    let mut data = Data::new("points");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Point", Ids::count(n))
+            .field("x", (0..n).map(|i| f64::from(i % 500)).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("y", (0..n).map(|i| f64::from(i / 500)).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+            .field("v", (0..n).map(f64::from).collect::<Vec<_>>()),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(
+        Vertices::of("points", "Point")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(field("v") / 1e5 + 1.0)
+            .color(Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)),
+    );
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view.fit(Fit::All);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(errors(&mut view).is_empty(), "nothing fails");
+    let stats = view.stats();
+    assert!(stats.resident <= 8 << 20, "{} bytes resident", stats.resident);
+    assert!(stats.drawn > 0 && stats.drawn < u64::from(n), "{} of {n} rows draw", stats.drawn);
+    let Camera::Map { center, .. } = *view.camera() else { panic!("a map camera") };
+    assert!((center[0] - 249.5).abs() < 5.0 && (center[1] - 199.5).abs() < 5.0, "a fit frames every row: {center:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn traces_too_large_for_the_budget_thin_in_time() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    gpu.set_budget(Budget { bytes: 8 << 20, upload_per_frame: 32 << 20 });
+    // Every frame of every row would take 12 MB: past the budget, so the traces draw coarser.
+    let (rows, frames) = (20_000_usize, 150_u32);
+    let mut patch = Patch::new().set(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(rows as u32)));
+    for t in 0..frames {
+        patch = patch.append([f64::from(t)], "Signal", [("v", vec![0.5; rows])]);
+    }
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(patch).expect("valid");
+    let axis = Axis { grid: false, hidden: true, ..Axis::default() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot { x: axis.clone(), y: axis })
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v").color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)).width(4.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Plot { x: [0.0, f64::from(frames - 1)], y: Some([0.0, 1.0]) });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), []);
+    let stats = view.stats();
+    assert_eq!(stats.drawn, rows as u64, "every row traces");
+    assert_eq!(stats.uploading, 0, "nothing waits for room");
+    assert!(stats.resident <= 8 << 20, "{} bytes resident", stats.resident);
+    for x in [SIZE / 4, SIZE / 2, SIZE * 3 / 4] {
+        assert!(close(at(&pixels, x, SIZE / 2), [255, 0, 0, 255]), "at {x}: {:?}", at(&pixels, x, SIZE / 2));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_path_longer_than_a_chunk_draws_whole() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let points = 100_000_u32;
+    let path: Vec<[f64; 2]> =
+        (0..points).map(|i| [-60.0 + 120.0 * f64::from(i) / f64::from(points - 1), 0.0]).collect();
+    let mut data = Data::new("roads");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Road", Ids::count(1)).field("geometry", vec![path])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("roads", "Road").width(3.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 0.0)));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let center = SIZE / 2;
+    for x in [center - 50, center, center + 50] {
+        assert!(
+            close(at(&pixels, x, center), [255, 255, 0, 255]),
+            "along the path at {x}: {:?}",
+            at(&pixels, x, center)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_view_sleeps_while_it_waits() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y"));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(!view.needs_render(), "settled");
+    let _hits = view.pick([64.0, 64.0], 4.0);
+    assert!(view.needs_render(), "a query waits for a frame");
+    let texture = gpu.device().create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+        label: None,
+        size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: SIZE, height: SIZE, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        mip_level_count: 1,
+        sample_count: 1,
+        dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+        format: common::FORMAT,
+        usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+        view_formats: &[],
+    });
+    let target_view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+    let target = Frame {
+        target: &target_view,
+        format: common::FORMAT,
+        size: [SIZE, SIZE],
+        pixel_ratio: 1.0,
+        time: common::now(),
+    };
+    let mut encoder = gpu.device().create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor::default());
+    view.render(&mut encoder, &target);
+    gpu.queue().submit([encoder.finish()]);
+    assert!(!view.needs_render(), "while the answer is read back, the view sleeps");
+    common::finish(&gpu);
+    assert!(view.needs_render(), "the answer landing wakes it");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/scenes.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/scenes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7393036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/scenes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//! The scenes of `npm/test/scenes.js` decode: the JSON form TypeScript checks is the form latkit reads.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+use latkit::Scene;
+
+#[test]
+fn the_npm_fixture_decodes() {
+    let path = concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/../../npm/test/scenes.js");
+    let Ok(source) = std::fs::read_to_string(path) else {
+        eprintln!("skipping: no {path} outside the repository");
+        return;
+    };
+    let start = source.find("export default").and_then(|at| source[at..].find('[').map(|i| at + i));
+    let end = source.rfind(']');
+    let (Some(start), Some(end)) = (start, end) else { panic!("the fixture exports an array") };
+    let scenes: Vec<serde_json::Value> = serde_json::from_str(&source[start..=end]).expect("the array is JSON");
+    assert!(scenes.len() >= 9, "the fixture covers every form");
+    for (i, scene) in scenes.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Err(error) = serde_json::from_value::<Scene>(scene) {
+            panic!("scene {i} does not decode: {error}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/schema.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/schema.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05b801a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/schema.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! npm's input types are written from `npm/schema.json`, so it must be what the forms say:
+//! `LATKIT_BLESS=1 cargo test -p latkit --test schema` writes it, and `node npm/build.mjs schema`
+//! writes the types from it.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+#[test]
+fn npm_schema_is_the_forms() {
+    let path = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("../../npm/schema.json");
+    let schemas = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&latkit::schemas()).expect("schemas serialize") + "\n";
+    if std::env::var_os("LATKIT_BLESS").is_some() {
+        std::fs::write(&path, &schemas).expect("npm/schema.json written");
+        return;
+    }
+    let committed = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap_or_default().replace("\r\n", "\n");
+    assert!(
+        committed == schemas,
+        "npm/schema.json is not what the forms say: run LATKIT_BLESS=1 cargo test -p latkit --test schema, \
+         then node npm/build.mjs schema"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_input_has_a_schema_and_reads_what_it_describes() {
+    let schemas = latkit::schemas();
+    for name in ["Scene", "Data", "Patch", "Query", "Camera", "Fit", "Budget", "Shot", "Expr", "Theme", "Mark"] {
+        assert!(schemas["$defs"][name].is_object(), "{name} has a schema");
+    }
+    let theme = &schemas["$defs"]["Theme"]["anyOf"];
+    assert!(theme.to_string().contains("vertexRadius"), "options are in camelCase");
+    let names = &schemas["$defs"]["ColormapName"]["enum"];
+    assert!(names.as_array().is_some_and(|n| n.iter().any(|n| n == "viridis")), "the catalog names its maps");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/shadows.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/shadows.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b915cfb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/shadows.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//! Shadows fall onto the ground away from the light: under raised faces and vertices, sharp near
+//! what casts them, and only from marks that cast.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, errors, frame, gpu, plane};
+use latkit::{Color, Data, Faces, Ids, Patch, Scene, Shadow, Table, Theme, Vertices, View};
+
+const GROUND: f32 = 0.5;
+
+fn theme() -> Theme {
+    Theme {
+        background: Color::rgb(GROUND, GROUND, GROUND),
+        shadow: Shadow { color: Color::BLACK.alpha(0.5), light: [-1.0, 0.0, 1.0], softness: 0.0, lift: 0.0 },
+        ..Theme::dark()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A square face 20 units across, raised 20 units, and a vertex raised as high.
+fn data() -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("mesh");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Corner", Ids::count(4))
+                    .field("x", vec![-10.0, 10.0, 10.0, -10.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![-10.0, -10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
+                    .field("z", vec![20.0; 4]),
+            )
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Face", Ids::count(2))
+                    .reference("a", "Corner", vec![0_u64, 0])
+                    .reference("b", "Corner", vec![1_u64, 2])
+                    .reference("c", "Corner", vec![2_u64, 3]),
+            )
+            .set(
+                Table::new("Ball", Ids::count(1))
+                    .field("x", vec![-30.0])
+                    .field("y", vec![-40.0])
+                    .field("z", vec![20.0]),
+            ),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+fn scene(cast: bool) -> Scene {
+    Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(theme())
+        .draw(Faces::of("mesh", "Face").corners("a", "b", "c").color(Color::WHITE).shadow(cast))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("mesh", "Corner").position("x", "y").elevation("z").radius(0.0).pick(false))
+        .draw(
+            Vertices::of("mesh", "Ball").position("x", "y").elevation("z").radius(8.0).color(Color::WHITE).shadow(cast),
+        )
+}
+
+fn ground() -> u8 {
+    (GROUND * 255.0).round() as u8
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn raised_marks_shadow_the_ground_away_from_the_light() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene(true)).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data());
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    // The light leans toward -x, so a caster 20 units up shadows the ground 20 units toward +x.
+    let under_face = at(&pixels, c + 20, c);
+    assert!(under_face[0] < ground() - 40, "the face's shadow darkens the ground: {under_face:?}");
+    let beside = at(&pixels, c - 20, c);
+    assert!(beside[0].abs_diff(ground()) <= 3, "the lit side stays: {beside:?}");
+    let under_ball = at(&pixels, c - 10, c + 40);
+    assert!(under_ball[0] < ground() - 30, "the vertex's shadow: {under_ball:?}");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn marks_that_do_not_cast_leave_the_ground_lit() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene(false)).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data());
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    assert!(at(&pixels, c + 20, c)[0].abs_diff(ground()) <= 3, "{:?}", at(&pixels, c + 20, c));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/shots.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/shots.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70b22d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/shots.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+//! Shots: a picture draws what a view shows at a size of its own once it is complete and still,
+//! panels compose side by side, a transparent picture keeps its alpha, and a frame tells whether
+//! anything stood in for work under way.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, close, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane, step};
+use latkit::{Color, Data, Ids, Image, Scene, Shot, Table, Theme, Vertices, View};
+
+const RED: [u8; 4] = [255, 0, 0, 255];
+const BLACK: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 0, 255];
+
+fn dot(x: f64, color: Color) -> (Scene, Data) {
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![x]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(6.0).color(color));
+    (scene, data)
+}
+
+fn view(gpu: &latkit::Gpu, scene: Scene, data: Data) -> View {
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(data);
+    view
+}
+
+fn pixel(image: &Image, x: u32, y: u32) -> [u8; 4] {
+    let i = ((y * image.size[0] + x) * 4) as usize;
+    image.rgba[i..i + 4].try_into().expect("four bytes")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_picture_draws_what_the_view_shows() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (scene, data) = dot(20.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let shown = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let image = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    assert_eq!(image.size, [SIZE, SIZE]);
+    for (x, y) in [(SIZE / 2 + 20, SIZE / 2), (SIZE / 2, SIZE / 2), (3, 3)] {
+        assert!(close(pixel(&image, x, y), at(&shown, x, y)), "{:?} at {x}, {y}", pixel(&image, x, y));
+    }
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE / 2 + 20, SIZE / 2), RED));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pictures_make_only_what_they_draw_with() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (scene, data) = dot(20.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let shot = Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]);
+    pollster::block_on(shot.image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    let made = gpu.work().pipelines;
+    pollster::block_on(shot.image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    // A picture takes no input, so it never makes the probes a pointer would need, and what it makes
+    // it asked for first.
+    assert_eq!(gpu.work().pipelines, made, "another picture makes nothing");
+    assert_eq!(gpu.work().late, 0, "nothing made where it was first used");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_scaled_picture_draws_the_same_view_sharper() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (scene, data) = dot(20.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let image =
+        pollster::block_on(Shot::new([2 * SIZE, 2 * SIZE]).scale(2.0).image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    assert_eq!(image.size, [2 * SIZE, 2 * SIZE]);
+    // The same CSS layout at twice the pixels: the dot sits twice as far out, in twice the pixels.
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE + 40, SIZE), RED), "{:?}", pixel(&image, SIZE + 40, SIZE));
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE + 40 + 10, SIZE), RED), "a radius of 6 CSS pixels is 12 pixels");
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE, SIZE), BLACK));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn panels_compose_side_by_side() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (red_scene, red) = dot(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let (blue_scene, blue) = dot(0.0, Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+    let mut left = view(&gpu, red_scene, red);
+    let mut right = view(&gpu, blue_scene, blue);
+    let shot = Shot::new([2 * SIZE, SIZE]).panels([[0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0], [0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0]]);
+    let image = pollster::block_on(shot.image(&mut [&mut left, &mut right])).expect("a picture");
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE / 2, SIZE / 2), RED), "{:?}", pixel(&image, SIZE / 2, SIZE / 2));
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE + SIZE / 2, SIZE / 2), [0, 0, 255, 255]));
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE, SIZE / 2), BLACK), "each panel's own background between");
+    assert_eq!(gpu.work().late, 0, "what composes the panels was asked for first");
+    let wrong = pollster::block_on(shot.image(&mut [&mut left]));
+    assert!(wrong.is_err(), "a view per panel");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_transparent_picture_keeps_its_alpha() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (scene, data) = dot(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let scene = scene.theme(Theme { background: Color::TRANSPARENT, ..plain_theme() });
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let image = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).transparent().image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&image, 3, 3)[3], 0, "nothing drawn is clear");
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE / 2, SIZE / 2), RED), "{:?}", pixel(&image, SIZE / 2, SIZE / 2));
+    let png = Image::from_png(&image.encode(latkit::ImageFormat::Png).expect("written")).expect("a PNG");
+    assert_eq!(png, image);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_picture_waits_for_what_eases_to_land() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (scene, data) = dot(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene.ease(Duration::from_secs(2)), data.clone());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let mut moved = data;
+    moved.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![40.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(moved);
+    step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(view.needs_render(), "the dot eases over two seconds");
+    let image = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE / 2 + 40, SIZE / 2), RED), "the picture shows where it lands");
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, SIZE / 2, SIZE / 2), BLACK));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_frame_tells_whether_anything_stood_in() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (scene, data) = dot(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    assert!(!view.complete(), "nothing drawn yet");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(view.complete());
+    let waiting = view.stats().waiting;
+    assert!(waiting.is_empty(), "waiting on {waiting}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn timeouts_and_font_errors_return_the_view_without_a_partial_image() {
+    use latkit::host::{Host, Raster, TextRun};
+    struct BrokenText;
+    impl Host for BrokenText {
+        fn rasterize(&self, _: &TextRun) -> latkit::Result<Raster> {
+            Err(latkit::Error::Unsupported("test font failure".into()))
+        }
+    }
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (scene, data) = dot(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let result = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([33, 35]).deadline(Duration::ZERO).image(&mut [&mut view]));
+    assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err(), latkit::Error::Timeout);
+    assert!(!view.lent());
+    gpu.set_host(BrokenText);
+    let mut data = Data::new("labels");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("name", vec!["Hello"])).unwrap();
+    let scene =
+        Scene::new(latkit::Diagram::default()).draw(Vertices::of("labels", "Node").label(latkit::Label::new("name")));
+    view.show(scene).unwrap();
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let error = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([128, 128]).image(&mut [&mut view])).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(error.to_string().contains("test font failure"));
+    assert!(!view.lent());
+    assert!(view.events().any(|event| matches!(event, latkit::Event::Error(_))));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixed_effect_time_is_repeatable_and_independent_of_capture_steps() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let (_, data) = dot(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).ease(Duration::ZERO).draw(
+        Vertices::of("graph", "Node")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(latkit::elapsed() + 4.0)
+            .color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)),
+    );
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let shot = Shot::new([127, 129]).elapsed(Duration::ZERO);
+    let first = pollster::block_on(shot.image(&mut [&mut view])).unwrap();
+    let later = pollster::block_on(shot.clone().elapsed(Duration::from_secs(12)).image(&mut [&mut view])).unwrap();
+    let again = pollster::block_on(shot.image(&mut [&mut view])).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(first, later);
+    assert_eq!(first, again);
+    assert_eq!(Image::from_png(&first.encode(latkit::ImageFormat::Png).unwrap()).unwrap(), first);
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "native", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+#[test]
+fn native_fonts_draw_visible_glyphs_into_the_export() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    gpu.set_host(latkit::host::Native::new());
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![0.0]).field("name", vec!["Hello"]),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme()).ease(Duration::ZERO).draw(
+        Vertices::of("graph", "Node")
+            .position("x", "y")
+            .radius(4.0)
+            .color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0))
+            .label(latkit::Label::new("name").color(Color::WHITE).size(18.0)),
+    );
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let image = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([127, 129]).image(&mut [&mut view])).unwrap();
+    let white =
+        image.rgba.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().filter(|pixel| pixel[0] > 180 && pixel[1] > 180 && pixel[2] > 180).count();
+    assert!(white > 15, "the image contains real white glyphs, not just the red vertex: {white}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_legend_draws_its_marks_colormap_across_the_domain() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Node", Ids::count(2))
+            .field("x", vec![-1.0, 1.0])
+            .field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0])
+            .field("v", vec![0.0, 1.0]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let colors = latkit::field("v").colormap(latkit::Colormap::VIRIDIS).domain(0.0..=1.0);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(4.0).color(colors).legend(""));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene, data);
+    let image = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([400, 200]).image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    // The bar ends 16 px from the right; its middle row sits above the ticks' labels.
+    let y = 200 - 16 - 16 - 4 - 4;
+    let near = |a: [u8; 4], b: [u8; 3]| a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| x.abs_diff(y) <= 24);
+    let low = pixel(&image, 400 - 16 - 218, y);
+    let high = pixel(&image, 400 - 16 - 2, y);
+    assert!(near(low, [68, 1, 84]), "viridis's low end: {low:?}");
+    assert!(near(high, [253, 231, 37]), "viridis's high end: {high:?}");
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").legend(""));
+    assert!(View::new(&gpu, scene).is_err(), "a legend needs a colormap with a domain");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_legend_lists_named_categories_by_their_colors() {
+    use latkit::{Colormap, ColormapKind, field};
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Node", Ids::count(2))
+            .field("x", vec![-1.0, 1.0])
+            .field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0])
+            .field("k", vec![0.0, 1.0]),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    let map = Colormap::new(ColormapKind::Categorical, [Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)])
+        .expect("two categories");
+    let node = Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(4.0);
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane()).theme(plain_theme());
+    let unnamed = scene.clone().draw(node.clone().color(field("k").colormap(map.clone())).legend(""));
+    assert!(View::new(&gpu, unnamed).is_err(), "categories without names need a domain");
+    let named = field("k").colormap(map.categories(["red", "blue"]));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu, scene.draw(node.color(named).legend("")), data);
+    let image = pollster::block_on(Shot::new([400, 200]).image(&mut [&mut view])).expect("a picture");
+    // Without a host no names are set, so the swatches end at the right margin, a row each above the
+    // bottom one: rows of 16.5 px up from 16 px above the bottom.
+    let x = 400 - 16 - 4;
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, x, 200 - 16 - 25), RED), "the first category: {:?}", pixel(&image, x, 159));
+    assert!(close(pixel(&image, x, 200 - 16 - 8), [0, 0, 255, 255]), "the second: {:?}", pixel(&image, x, 176));
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/tiles.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/tiles.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26943be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/tiles.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+//! Tiles: the vector tiles the camera asks for and the time tiles a plot window asks for, fetched from
+//! the host, decoded, and drawn as a dataset the view owns; GeoJSON read as data.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme};
+use latkit::Tiles;
+use latkit::host::{Host, Raster, Request, TextRun};
+use latkit::{Areas, Axis, Camera, Color, Data, Earth, Ids, Lines, Patch, Pending, Plot, Scene, Table, Vertices, View};
+
+const C: u32 = SIZE / 2;
+
+/// Protocol buffer fields, written.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Writer(Vec<u8>);
+
+impl Writer {
+    fn varint(&mut self, mut v: u64) {
+        while v >= 0x80 {
+            self.0.push((v as u8) | 0x80);
+            v >>= 7;
+        }
+        self.0.push(v as u8);
+    }
+
+    fn bytes(&mut self, field: u64, bytes: &[u8]) {
+        self.varint(field << 3 | 2);
+        self.varint(bytes.len() as u64);
+        self.0.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+    }
+
+    fn packed(&mut self, field: u64, values: &[u32]) {
+        let mut inner = Writer::default();
+        for &v in values {
+            inner.varint(u64::from(v));
+        }
+        self.bytes(field, &inner.0);
+    }
+}
+
+fn zig(v: i64) -> u32 {
+    ((v << 1) ^ (v >> 63)) as u32
+}
+
+/// A tile whose layer `water` holds a square covering it and reaching into its buffer, named `bay`:
+/// clipped, it covers the tile exactly.
+fn tile() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let (x, side) = (-64_i64, 4224_i64);
+    let geometry = [9, zig(x), zig(x), 26, zig(side), 0, 0, zig(side), zig(-side), 0, 15];
+    let mut feature = Writer::default();
+    feature.packed(2, &[0, 0]);
+    feature.varint(3 << 3);
+    feature.varint(3);
+    feature.packed(4, &geometry);
+    let mut value = Writer::default();
+    value.bytes(1, b"bay");
+    let mut layer = Writer::default();
+    layer.bytes(1, b"water");
+    layer.bytes(2, &feature.0);
+    layer.bytes(3, b"name");
+    layer.bytes(4, &value.0);
+    let mut tile = Writer::default();
+    tile.bytes(3, &layer.0);
+    tile.0
+}
+
+/// A host serving every tile of `tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}` as [`tile`], counting the fetches.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Served {
+    fetched: Mutex<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+/// What the GPU is given as its host: the served tiles, shared with the test.
+struct Serving(Arc<Served>);
+
+impl Host for Serving {
+    fn rasterize(&self, _: &TextRun) -> latkit::Result<Raster> {
+        Err(latkit::Error::Unsupported("no text in this test host".into()))
+    }
+
+    fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.0.fetched.lock().expect("unpoisoned").push(request.url.to_string());
+        Pending::ready(Ok(if request.url.starts_with("tiles/") { tile() } else { Vec::new() }))
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tiles_the_camera_asks_for_draw_as_a_dataset() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let served = Arc::new(Served::default());
+    gpu.set_host(Serving(served.clone()));
+    let earth = Earth { graticule: false, ..Earth::mercator() };
+    let scene = Scene::new(earth)
+        .draw(Areas::of("base", "water").color(Color::hex("#ff0000").expect("hex")))
+        .theme(plain_theme());
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 2.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_tiles(Tiles::new("base", "tiles/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf"));
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let fetched = served.fetched.lock().expect("unpoisoned").clone();
+    assert!(!fetched.is_empty() && fetched.iter().all(|url| url.starts_with("tiles/")), "{fetched:?}");
+    let before: Vec<latkit::Id> =
+        view.data("base").and_then(|d| d.table("water")).expect("the tiles' dataset").ids().collect();
+    assert!(before.len() >= 4, "a row per tile drawn: {}", before.len());
+    let stats = view.stats();
+    assert_eq!((stats.tiles, stats.tiles_loading), (before.len() as u64, 0), "stats count the tiles drawn");
+    assert!(at(&pixels, C + 8, C + 8)[0] > 150, "filled: {:?}", at(&pixels, C + 8, C + 8));
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+    // Zooming in asks for finer tiles, which replace their ancestors.
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [10.0, 10.0, 0.0], zoom: 6.0, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let after: Vec<latkit::Id> = view.data("base").and_then(|d| d.table("water")).expect("rows").ids().collect();
+    assert!(after.iter().all(|id| !before.contains(id)), "finer tiles' rows");
+    view.remove_data("base");
+    assert!(view.data("base").is_none());
+}
+
+/// A host serving files by path, keeping the paths asked for.
+struct Files {
+    files: BTreeMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
+    asked: Mutex<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+/// What the GPU is given as its host: the files, shared with the test.
+struct ServingFiles(Arc<Files>);
+
+impl Host for ServingFiles {
+    fn rasterize(&self, _: &TextRun) -> latkit::Result<Raster> {
+        Err(latkit::Error::Unsupported("no text in this test host".into()))
+    }
+
+    fn fetch(&self, request: &Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.0.asked.lock().expect("unpoisoned").push(request.url.to_string());
+        Pending::ready(self.0.files.get(&*request.url).cloned().ok_or_else(|| latkit::Error::Io("no such file".into())))
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn time_tiles_draw_the_spans_a_plot_window_asks_for() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut data = Data::new("signals");
+    data.apply(Patch::new().axis("time", "s").set(Table::new("Signal", Ids::count(1)))).expect("valid");
+    let times: Vec<f64> = (0..20_000).map(f64::from).collect();
+    let values: Vec<f64> = times.iter().map(|t| 0.5 + 0.4 * (t / 50.0).sin()).collect();
+    data.apply(Patch::new().append(&times, "Signal", [("v", values)])).expect("frames");
+    let mut files = BTreeMap::new();
+    data.to_tiles(256, |path, bytes| {
+        files.insert(format!("history/{path}"), bytes.to_vec());
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .expect("tiles");
+    let written = files.len();
+    let served = Arc::new(Files { files, asked: Mutex::default() });
+    gpu.set_host(ServingFiles(served.clone()));
+    let axis = Axis { grid: false, hidden: true, ..Axis::default() };
+    let red = Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plot { x: axis.clone(), y: axis })
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .draw(Lines::of("signals", "Signal").trace("v").color(red).width(2.0));
+    let camera = Camera::Plot { x: [1000.0, 1400.0], y: Some([0.0, 1.0]) };
+    let mut whole = View::new(&gpu, scene.clone()).expect("valid scene");
+    whole.set_data(data);
+    whole.set_camera(camera);
+    let expected = frame(&gpu, &mut whole);
+    let mut tiled = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    tiled.set_tiles(Tiles::new("signals", "history/frames.json"));
+    tiled.set_camera(camera);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut tiled);
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut tiled), Vec::new());
+    let stats = tiled.stats();
+    assert_eq!(stats.tiles_loading, 0, "every span asked for landed");
+    let differing = pixels.iter().zip(&expected).filter(|(a, b)| !common::close(**a, **b)).count();
+    if differing > SIZE as usize {
+        let ascii = |p: &[[u8; 4]]| {
+            (0..SIZE / 4)
+                .map(|y| {
+                    (0..SIZE / 2).map(|x| if at(p, x * 2, y * 4)[0] > 100 { '#' } else { '.' }).collect::<String>()
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join("\n")
+        };
+        eprintln!("whole:\n{}\ntiled:\n{}", ascii(&expected), ascii(&pixels));
+        eprintln!("asked: {:?}", served.asked.lock().expect("unpoisoned"));
+    }
+    assert!(differing <= SIZE as usize, "the window draws as the whole history does: {differing} pixels differ");
+    assert!(pixels.iter().any(|p| p[0] > 200), "the trace draws");
+    let asked = served.asked.lock().expect("unpoisoned").clone();
+    assert!(asked.len() * 8 < written, "only the spans the window draws: {asked:?} of {written}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn geojson_draws_as_lines_and_vertices_on_the_globe() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let bytes = br#"{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [
+        {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"name": "border"},
+         "geometry": {"type": "LineString", "coordinates": [[-60, 0], [60, 0]]}},
+        {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"name": "center"},
+         "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [0, 30]}}]}"#;
+    let data = Data::read(bytes, Some("map")).expect("GeoJSON");
+    let earth = Earth { graticule: false, ..Earth::globe() };
+    let red = Color::hex("#ff0000").expect("hex");
+    let scene = Scene::new(earth)
+        .draw(Lines::of("map", "lines").width(3.0).color(red))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("map", "points").radius(6.0).color(red))
+        .theme(plain_theme());
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(Camera::Map { center: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], zoom: 0.5, pitch: 0.0, bearing: 0.0 });
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(at(&pixels, C, C)[0] > 150, "the long line bends over the globe through its middle");
+    let dot = view.point([0.0, 30.0, 0.0]).expect("in view");
+    assert!(at(&pixels, dot[0] as u32, dot[1] as u32)[0] > 150, "the point");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/transitions.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/transitions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99b4a95b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/transitions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//! Changes ease: a moved vertex starts where it was, a removed one fades where it stood, and edges
+//! follow their vertices; another dataset of the same name replaces rows rather than moving them;
+//! sampled fields and new frames never ease.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use common::{SIZE, at, camera, close, errors, frame, gpu, plain_theme, plane, step};
+use latkit::{Color, Data, Edges, Ids, Patch, Scene, Table, Theme, Vertices, View};
+
+const WHITE: [u8; 4] = [255, 255, 255, 255];
+const BLACK: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 0, 255];
+
+fn scene() -> Scene {
+    Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(Theme { edge: Some(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)), ..plain_theme() })
+        .ease(Duration::from_secs(2))
+        .draw(Edges::of("graph", "Link").ends("from", "to").width(2.0))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(6.0).color(Color::WHITE))
+}
+
+fn graph() -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .set(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64, 2]).field("x", vec![-30.0, 30.0]).field("y", vec![0.0, 0.0]))
+            .set(Table::new("Link", Ids::count(1)).reference("from", "Node", vec![1_u64]).reference(
+                "to",
+                "Node",
+                vec![2_u64],
+            )),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn moved_vertices_start_where_they_were_and_their_edges_follow() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene()).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    let mut data = graph();
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c), WHITE), "{:?}", at(&pixels, c - 30, c));
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64]).field("y", vec![40.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c), WHITE), "the moved vertex starts where it was");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c - 40), BLACK), "and has not jumped");
+    assert!(view.needs_render(), "the transition runs");
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c - 40), WHITE), "it ends where its data says");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c), BLACK));
+    let middle = at(&pixels, c, c - 20);
+    assert!(middle[1] > 200 && middle[0] < 60, "the edge joins the moved vertex: {middle:?}");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn removed_rows_fade_where_they_stood_and_new_rows_grow() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene()).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    let mut data = graph();
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    data.apply(
+        Patch::new()
+            .remove("Link", vec![0_u64])
+            .remove("Node", vec![1_u64])
+            .set(Table::new("Node", vec![3_u64]).field("x", vec![0.0]).field("y", vec![-40.0])),
+    )
+    .expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c), WHITE), "the removed vertex still shows: {:?}", at(&pixels, c - 30, c));
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c + 30, c), WHITE), "the kept one stays");
+    assert!(at(&pixels, c, c + 40)[0] < 60, "the new vertex starts from nothing: {:?}", at(&pixels, c, c + 40));
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c), BLACK), "the removed vertex is gone");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c + 30, c), WHITE));
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c, c + 40), WHITE), "the new one has grown in");
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c, c), BLACK), "the removed edge is gone");
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn another_dataset_of_the_same_name_replaces_rows_rather_than_moving_them() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene()).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(graph());
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    // The same ids in a dataset of its own: its rows are not the drawn ones moved.
+    let mut other = graph();
+    other.apply(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64]).field("y", vec![40.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(other);
+    let pixels = step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c), WHITE), "the replaced vertex fades where it stood");
+    assert!(at(&pixels, c - 30, c - 40)[0] < 60, "its replacement grows from nothing");
+    let pixels = frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c - 40), WHITE), "{:?}", at(&pixels, c - 30, c - 40));
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c), BLACK));
+    assert_eq!(errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sampled_fields_and_zero_ease_change_at_once() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene().ease(Duration::ZERO)).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    let mut data = graph();
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64]).field("y", vec![40.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    let pixels = step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert!(close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c - 40), WHITE), "without ease the vertex moves at once");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_transition_evaluates_once_and_eases_without_evaluating() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene()).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    let mut data = graph();
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", vec![1_u64]).field("y", vec![40.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let evaluated = gpu.work().evaluated;
+    // A second into a transition of two.
+    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..60 {
+        pixels = step(&gpu, &mut view);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(gpu.work().evaluated, evaluated, "easing evaluates no channel");
+    assert!(view.needs_render(), "the transition still runs");
+    let halfway = (0..40).find(|&dy| close(at(&pixels, c - 30, c - dy), WHITE));
+    assert!(halfway.is_some_and(|dy| dy > 4 && dy < 36), "the vertex is on its way: {halfway:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_change_to_one_page_evaluates_its_rows_alone() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let rows = (1 << 16) + 16;
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .ease(Duration::ZERO)
+        .draw(Vertices::of("points", "P").position("x", "y").radius(1.0).color(Color::WHITE));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    let xs: Vec<f64> = (0..rows).map(|r| f64::from(r % 100) - 50.0).collect();
+    let mut data = Data::new("points");
+    data.apply(Table::new("P", Ids::count(rows)).field("x", xs).field("y", vec![0.0; rows as usize])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data.clone());
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    let before = gpu.work().evaluated;
+    data.apply(Table::new("P", vec![u64::from(rows - 1)]).field("y", vec![10.0])).expect("valid");
+    view.set_data(data);
+    frame(&gpu, &mut view);
+    assert_eq!(gpu.work().evaluated - before, 16, "only the last page's rows evaluate");
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/validation.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce47361d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//! Batch validation uses the rendering compiler without requesting an adapter.
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+use latkit::{Data, Diagram, Error, Ids, Label, Plane, Scene, Table, Vertices};
+
+fn data() -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+    data.apply(
+        Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(2))
+            .field("x", vec![0.0, 1.0])
+            .field("y", vec![1.0, 2.0])
+            .field("name", vec!["A", "B"]),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    data
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validation_requires_unique_datasets_and_drawn_tables() {
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plane::default()).draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("x", "y"));
+    assert!(scene.validate(&[data()], &[]).is_ok());
+    assert!(matches!(scene.validate(&[], &[]), Err(Error::Invalid { .. })));
+    assert!(scene.validate(&[data(), data()], &[]).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("duplicate"));
+    assert!(scene.validate(&[Data::new("grid")], &[]).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("Bus"));
+    let tiles = [latkit::Tiles::new("grid", "history/frames.json")];
+    assert!(scene.validate(&[], &tiles).is_ok(), "tiles' marks are checked once they land");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validation_checks_expression_types_and_gives_the_mark_path() {
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plane::default()).draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").position("name", "y"));
+    let Error::Invalid { path, .. } = scene.validate(&[data()], &[]).unwrap_err() else { panic!("invalid expression") };
+    assert!(path.to_string().starts_with("marks[0]."));
+    let scene = Scene::new(Plane::default()).draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus").label(Label::new("missing")));
+    assert!(scene.validate(&[data()], &[]).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diagrams_allow_positions_to_be_derived_by_layout() {
+    let scene = Scene::new(Diagram::default()).draw(Vertices::of("grid", "Bus")).layout(latkit::Layered::default());
+    assert!(scene.validate(&[data()], &[]).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn huge_durations_are_input_errors_instead_of_panics() {
+    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<Scene>(r#"{"space":"plane","ease":1e100}"#).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/crates/latkit/tests/videos.rs b/crates/latkit/tests/videos.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1fd7e42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/latkit/tests/videos.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+//! Videos: frames compose into NV12 on the GPU, a frame where nothing moved is held rather than drawn
+//! or encoded, keyframes fall at their times, and what the encoder gives is written as MP4.
+
+#![cfg(feature = "gpu")]
+
+mod common;
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use common::{SIZE, camera, gpu, plain_theme, plane};
+use latkit::Ids;
+use latkit::host::{Encoder, Host, Raster, TextRun, Unit};
+use latkit::{Color, Data, Encoding, Label, Mp4, Pending, Pixels, Scene, Shot, Sink, Table, Vertices, View};
+
+/// The pictures an encoder was given: time, whether a keyframe, and the NV12 bytes.
+type Pictures = Arc<Mutex<Vec<(u64, bool, Vec<u8>)>>>;
+
+/// A host whose encoder keeps the pictures it is given and answers each with a stand-in unit: a
+/// parameter set pair and a slice, which the muxer takes as H.264.
+struct Keeping(Pictures);
+
+impl Host for Keeping {
+    fn rasterize(&self, run: &TextRun) -> latkit::Result<Raster> {
+        let size = [(run.text.chars().count() as u32 * run.size_px / 2).max(1), run.size_px];
+        Ok(Raster { size, coverage: vec![255; (size[0] * size[1]) as usize], baseline: run.size_px as f32 * 0.8 })
+    }
+
+    fn encoder(&self, encoding: &Encoding) -> latkit::Result<Box<dyn Encoder>> {
+        assert_eq!(encoding.size, [SIZE, SIZE]);
+        Ok(Box::new(Kept(self.0.clone())))
+    }
+}
+
+struct Kept(Pictures);
+
+impl Encoder for Kept {
+    fn encode(&mut self, nv12: Vec<u8>, time: u64, key: bool) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>> {
+        self.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).push((time, key, nv12));
+        let slice: &[u8] = if key { &[0, 0, 0, 1, 0x65, 0x88] } else { &[0, 0, 0, 1, 0x41, 0x9a] };
+        let mut annex_b = vec![0, 0, 0, 1, 0x67, 0x64, 0, 0x1f, 0xac, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0x68, 0xee, 0x3c, 0x80];
+        annex_b.extend_from_slice(slice);
+        Pending::ready(Ok(vec![Unit { time, key, annex_b }]))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self) -> Pending<Vec<Unit>> {
+        Pending::ready(Ok(Vec::new()))
+    }
+}
+
+fn dot(x: f64) -> Data {
+    let mut data = Data::new("graph");
+    data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("x", vec![x]).field("y", vec![0.0])).expect("valid");
+    data
+}
+
+fn view(gpu: &latkit::Gpu) -> View {
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .ease(Duration::ZERO)
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(20.0).color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)));
+    let mut view = View::new(gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    view.set_data(dot(0.0));
+    view
+}
+
+/// Luma and chroma of NV12 `bytes` of a square picture of `SIZE` at pixel `x`, `y`.
+fn sample(bytes: &[u8], x: u32, y: u32) -> [u8; 3] {
+    let luma = bytes[(y * SIZE + x) as usize];
+    let chroma = (SIZE * SIZE + (y / 2) * SIZE + (x / 2) * 2) as usize;
+    [luma, bytes[chroma], bytes[chroma + 1]]
+}
+
+fn near(a: [u8; 3], b: [u8; 3]) -> bool {
+    a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| x.abs_diff(y) <= 2)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn frames_compose_into_nv12_and_hold_where_nothing_moved() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let pictures = Pictures::default();
+    gpu.set_host(Keeping(pictures.clone()));
+    let mut view = view(&gpu);
+    let mut video = Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).video(&gpu, 60.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).expect("a video");
+    pollster::block_on(async {
+        for _ in 0..6 {
+            video.frame(&mut [&mut view]).await.expect("a frame");
+        }
+        view.set_data(dot(30.0));
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            video.frame(&mut [&mut view]).await.expect("a frame");
+        }
+    });
+    assert_eq!(video.frames(), 9);
+    assert!(!view.lent() || video.frames() > 0, "the video holds the view while it lasts");
+    let file = pollster::block_on(video.finish()).expect("a file").into_inner();
+    assert!(!view.lent(), "a finished video gives the view back");
+    let pictures = pictures.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+    let times: Vec<(u64, bool)> = pictures.iter().map(|(t, k, _)| (*t, *k)).collect();
+    assert_eq!(times, vec![(0, true), (9000, false)], "frames where nothing moved are held");
+    let [first, moved] = [&pictures[0].2, &pictures[1].2];
+    assert_eq!(first.len(), (SIZE * SIZE * 3 / 2) as usize);
+    let c = SIZE / 2;
+    // BT.709 limited range: red is 63, 102, 240; black is 16, 128, 128.
+    assert!(near(sample(first, c, c), [63, 102, 240]), "{:?}", sample(first, c, c));
+    assert!(near(sample(first, 2, 2), [16, 128, 128]), "{:?}", sample(first, 2, 2));
+    assert!(near(sample(moved, c + 30, c), [63, 102, 240]), "the moved dot");
+    assert_eq!(&file[4..8], b"ftyp");
+    assert!(file.windows(4).any(|w| w == b"moof"), "fragments follow");
+    assert!(file.windows(4).any(|w| w == b"avcC"), "the track's parameter sets");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn labeled_marks_easing_between_frames_complete_every_frame() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    gpu.set_host(Keeping(Pictures::default()));
+    let scene = Scene::new(plane())
+        .theme(plain_theme())
+        .ease(Duration::from_millis(300))
+        .draw(Vertices::of("graph", "Node").position("x", "y").radius(6.0).label(Label::new("name")));
+    let mut view = View::new(&gpu, scene).expect("valid scene");
+    view.set_camera(camera());
+    let named = |x: f64| {
+        let mut data = dot(x);
+        data.apply(Table::new("Node", Ids::count(1)).field("name", vec!["a"])).expect("valid");
+        data
+    };
+    view.set_data(named(0.0));
+    let shot = Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).deadline(Duration::from_secs(5));
+    let mut video = shot.video(&gpu, 30.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).expect("a video");
+    let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+    pollster::block_on(async {
+        for i in 0..10 {
+            view.set_data(named(f64::from(i) * 3.0));
+            video.frame(&mut [&mut view]).await.expect("a frame");
+        }
+    });
+    assert!(started.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(5), "no frame waits out its deadline");
+    assert_eq!(common::errors(&mut view), Vec::new());
+    pollster::block_on(video.finish()).expect("a file");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_video_is_whole_blocks_and_needs_an_encoder() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    assert!(Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).video(&gpu, 30.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).is_err(), "a host without an encoder");
+    gpu.set_host(Keeping(Pictures::default()));
+    assert!(Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).video(&gpu, 0.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).is_err(), "a frame rate");
+    assert!(
+        Shot::new([SIZE + 2, SIZE]).video(&gpu, 30.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).is_err(),
+        "a width of whole 4-pixel blocks"
+    );
+    let mut view = view(&gpu);
+    let mut two = Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).panels([[0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0], [0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0]]);
+    let mut video = two.video(&gpu, 30.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).expect("made");
+    assert!(pollster::block_on(video.frame(&mut [&mut view])).is_err(), "a view for each panel");
+    two = two.scale(0.0);
+    assert!(two.video(&gpu, 30.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).is_err(), "the scale is checked before a frame draws");
+    let clear = Shot::new([SIZE, SIZE]).transparent();
+    assert!(clear.video(&gpu, 30.0, Mp4::new(Vec::new())).is_err(), "a video keeps no alpha");
+    assert!(clear.check(latkit::Pixels::Rgba).is_ok() && clear.check(latkit::Pixels::Nv12).is_err());
+}
+
+/// A sink keeping what it is given: each frame's index and whether it was drawn, and the RGBA bytes.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Frames {
+    taken: Vec<(u64, Option<Vec<u8>>)>,
+    end: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+impl Sink for Frames {
+    const PIXELS: Pixels = Pixels::Rgba;
+
+    fn frame(&mut self, index: u64, pixels: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<()>> {
+        self.taken.push((index, pixels));
+        std::future::ready(Ok(()))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self, end: u64) -> impl Future<Output = latkit::Result<()>> {
+        self.end = Some(end);
+        std::future::ready(Ok(()))
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn any_sink_takes_every_frame_in_order_and_held_ones_without_pixels() {
+    let Some(gpu) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut view = view(&gpu);
+    // RGBA takes any width: no encoder, no 4-pixel blocks.
+    let mut video = Shot::new([SIZE + 2, SIZE]).video(&gpu, 30.0, Frames::default()).expect("a video");
+    pollster::block_on(async {
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            video.frame(&mut [&mut view]).await.expect("a frame");
+        }
+        view.set_data(dot(30.0));
+        video.frame(&mut [&mut view]).await.expect("a frame");
+    });
+    let frames = pollster::block_on(video.finish()).expect("finished");
+    let drawn: Vec<(u64, bool)> = frames.taken.iter().map(|(i, p)| (*i, p.is_some())).collect();
+    assert_eq!(drawn, [(0, true), (1, false), (2, false), (3, false), (4, true)]);
+    assert_eq!(frames.end, Some(5));
+    let rgba = frames.taken[0].1.as_ref().expect("drawn");
+    assert_eq!(rgba.len(), ((SIZE + 2) * SIZE * 4) as usize);
+    let width = SIZE + 2;
+    let center = ((SIZE / 2 * width + width / 2) * 4) as usize;
+    assert_eq!(&rgba[center..center + 3], [255, 0, 0], "the dot, red");
+}
diff --git a/docs/_static/banner.png b/docs/_static/banner.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a3f45323..00000000
Binary files a/docs/_static/banner.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/docs/about-author.md b/docs/about-author.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ad75701c..00000000
--- a/docs/about-author.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Author
-
-Latkit was created by [Luke Lowery](https://lukelowry.github.io/) during his PhD
-studies at Texas A&M University.
-
-[Publications](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=CTynuRMAAAAJ&hl=en) ?
-[sgwt](https://pypi.org/project/sgwt/) ?
-[esapp](https://pypi.org/project/esapp/) ?
-[GridKit](https://github.com/ORNL/GridKit)
diff --git a/docs/api/index.md b/docs/api/index.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d948b907..00000000
--- a/docs/api/index.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# API reference
-
-Import from package roots.
-
-| Package                                   | API                                           |
-| ----------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
-| [model](reference/model/index.md)         | Data, reads, batches, commands, validation    |
-| [connect](reference/connect/index.md)     | connectModel, acceptModel, protocol           |
-| [gpu](reference/gpu/index.md)             | Rendering, fields, resources, colors, text    |
-| [network](reference/network/index.md)     | Topology views, cameras, picking              |
-| [geography](reference/geography/index.md) | Ground, areas, lines, GeoJSON, and tiles      |
-| [monitor](reference/monitor/index.md)     | Traces, windows, inspection                   |
-| [video](reference/video/index.md)         | MP4 and WebM export                           |
-| [diagram](reference/diagram/index.md)     | Native diagrams, layout, routing, and editing |
-
-```{toctree}
-:maxdepth: 1
-:hidden:
-:glob:
-
-reference/index
-reference/**/*
-```
diff --git a/docs/architecture.md b/docs/architecture.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f307d1f3..00000000
--- a/docs/architecture.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-# Package responsibilities
-
-| Package     | Owns                                                       |
-| ----------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `model`     | Data contracts, native columns, bounded reads, validation  |
-| `connect`   | Transport, remote acquisitions, cancellation               |
-| `gpu`       | Views, layout, projections, field uploads, text, colors    |
-| `network`   | Network geometry, routes, picking                          |
-| `geography` | Shape preparation, levels of detail, vector tiles, picking |
-| `monitor`   | Trace geometry, axes, progressive history                  |
-| `diagram`   | Diagram geometry, routing, ports, editing proposals        |
-| `video`     | Encoding and container output                              |
-
-Applications own data and its history, canvases, storage, and the GPU's lifetime. Views borrow
-sources and the GPU; several views share one GPU.
-
-Each package has one entry point, its root, and names its types under what they belong to:
-`Network.Config`, `Column.Numeric`. A view is its own API: one config, one `set`, and the methods
-every [view](views.md) shares. Renderer authors build on the `kit` namespace of `@latkit/gpu`,
-which keeps that plumbing out of application code.
-
-## Frames
-
-Rendering separates the latest requested state from captured and submitted frames:
-
-- Every renderer captures its inputs synchronously before any renderer prepares asynchronously.
-  A composition captures every child before preparing any.
-- A prepared frame commits what it shows only after the shared GPU submission succeeds. A discarded
-  frame changes nothing.
-- Invalidation schedules the latest state without cancelling a captured frame. Cancellation,
-  detach, pause, and device loss stop work.
-
-A frame is `presented` where the view shows itself: its canvas, a composition, or, for a view with
-neither, its images. Video, and images of a view that presents elsewhere, are exports. They draw
-the view's current state and advance none of it.
-
-`kit.BaseView` carries this lifecycle for every built-in view. `kit.BaseItemView` adds the camera,
-selection, picking, hover, and shades that network, geography, monitor, and diagram share, so each
-supplies only its geometry and gestures. `kit.ProjectedView` adds the projected camera network and
-geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting. A custom
-`kit.Renderer` keeps captured inputs stable until `release`, and settles each prepared frame once,
-with `submitted` or `discard`.
-
-## Work per frame
-
-Work that depends on the data happens once and is reused, so a frame's CPU work stays constant in
-the data's size.
-
-- Reads, uploads, and `frame.memo` work are keyed by the immutable values they read. Moving `at`
-  within one observation, or appending samples past it, reuses them.
-- Text lays out once per key. Later frames move or hide only its anchors.
-- Shades and eased motion advance through per-frame uniforms read in WGSL, not uploaded rows.
-
-## Shared building blocks
-
-Every per-row option is a [channel](topology-and-channels.md#channels). A type's channels bind to
-the columns of one read. The CPU reads a row's channel as WGSL does, so picking and layout see what
-the GPU draws.
-
-Network and diagram share one graph, `kit.Graph`, and one [layout](views.md#layout), `kit.place`.
-Network and geography share one projection, `kit.Projector`, in TypeScript and WGSL, so a geography
-draws beneath a network in its pass, and a gesture the graph leaves reaches it unless the
-geography takes no input. Both find the ground under a pixel with `projection_ground_point`, and
-draw their grids with `kit.gridLines`. Every view resolves its style through `kit.resolveStyle`,
-so options of one kind check alike everywhere.
diff --git a/docs/cli.md b/docs/cli.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57d84174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/cli.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# Command line
+
+The `latkit` executable draws scenes of datasets into images, image sequences, raw frames, and
+video on the machine's GPU, with the browser's renderer. Its inputs are latkit's JSON, so any
+language can write them.
+
+```sh
+cargo install latkit-cli   # or, from the repository: cargo build --locked -p latkit-cli --profile cli
+latkit validate scene.json -d grid.json
+latkit render scene.json -d grid.json -o grid.png --size 2400x1350 --scale 2
+latkit render map.json plot.json -d grid.json -d states=usa.geojson \
+  --panel 0,0,1,0.8 --panel 0,0.8,1,0.2 --frames frames.jsonl --fps 60 -o film.mp4
+latkit render scene.json -d grid.json --frames - --format y4m -o - | ffmpeg -i - film.webm
+latkit inspect grid.bin
+latkit query grid.bin '{"of":"Branch","filter":{"op":"gt","args":["loading",90]},"limit":20}'
+latkit tile history.bin -o history/
+latkit render plot.json --tiles grid=history/frames.json -o year.png
+latkit schema scene > scene.schema.json
+```
+
+| Command    | Does                                                                                                      |
+| ---------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `render`   | draws the scenes, one per `--panel`, and writes `--output`                                                |
+| `validate` | reads and checks everything `render` would, frames included, without a GPU                                |
+| `inspect`  | prints datasets as JSON: tables, rows, fields and their kinds, the axis and its span                      |
+| `query`    | prints the rows a query keeps, sorted and paged, as JSON Lines                                            |
+| `tile`     | writes a dataset as [time tiles](data.md#fetch-long-histories-in-spans) in `--output`                     |
+| `schema`   | prints the JSON Schema of every input, or of `scene`, `data`, `patch`, `query`, `camera`, `fit`, `frames` |
+
+## Inputs
+
+- **Scenes** are the [scene](scenes.md) JSON, with a `title` and `subtitle`, and on any mark a
+  `legend`. `--camera FILE` gives scenes cameras, in order; a view without one frames `--fit`
+  (`all`, or a fit as JSON). `--insets T,R,B,L` keeps room clear.
+- **Datasets** (`-d [NAME=]FILE`) are a [JSON document](formats.md#json), latkit's
+  [bytes](formats.md#bytes), or GeoJSON, which takes a `NAME`. A `NAME` renames any dataset.
+  Slices of binary files load relative to the document.
+- **Tiles** (`--tiles NAME=FILE`) are time tiles' `frames.json`, as `tile` writes it, or a PMTiles
+  file, TileJSON, or a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template on disk.
+- **Fonts** (`--font FILE`, repeated) replace system fonts; the first is the fallback.
+- One input at most reads stdin (`-`).
+
+## Frames
+
+`--frames` is JSON Lines, a line an output frame at `n / --fps` seconds. Every key is optional:
+
+```json
+{
+  "at": 1.3,
+  "patch": {
+    "grid": [
+      {
+        "append": {
+          "at": 1.3,
+          "table": "Bus",
+          "fields": {
+            "df": { "file": "df.f32", "dtype": "f32le", "offset": 280000, "count": 70000 }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      { "forget": { "before": 1.3 } }
+    ]
+  },
+  "fly": { "center": [-90, 35], "zoom": 4, "pitch": 40, "bearing": 0 }
+}
+```
+
+| Key      | Changes                                                                   |
+| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `at`     | the axis coordinate every view shows                                      |
+| `patch`  | datasets by name, in order, each a patch in latkit's JSON                 |
+| `camera` | where views look at once; `fly` eases there over twice the scene's `ease` |
+| `fit`    | what views frame                                                          |
+| `insets` | CSS pixels each view keeps clear                                          |
+| `orbit`  | degrees a second a map or plane turns                                     |
+
+`camera`, `fly`, and `fit` take one value for every view, or a list with one per view (`null`
+leaves one). Frames load a couple ahead of the one drawing. Scenes ease as they say; `"ease": 0`
+shows each frame's data as it is.
+
+## Outputs
+
+| Output                   | Writes                                                           |
+| ------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `.png`, `.jpg`, `.webp`  | one picture; JPEG at `--quality`                                 |
+| `frame-%04d.png`         | an image a frame (`--frames`)                                    |
+| `.rgba`, `--format rgba` | straight-alpha RGBA, frames back to back                         |
+| `.y4m`                   | YUV4MPEG2, 4:2:0 BT.709, for any encoder (`--frames`)            |
+| `.mp4`                   | H.264 in fragmented MP4 from the platform's encoder (`--frames`) |
+
+A still waits until every view is complete and settled; `--elapsed` fixes its effect time. A frame
+where nothing moved is held. A file is replaced only once it is whole. MP4 needs Windows (Media
+Foundation); elsewhere, pipe Y4M to an encoder. `--deadline` bounds each picture or frame.
+
+## Diagnostics
+
+Exit codes: 0 success, 1 failure, 2 usage. Errors print `latkit: SOURCE: message` with the part's
+path, such as `frames[3].patch.grid[0].Bus.x`. `--diagnostics json` writes one object a line to
+stderr, `{ type, detail }`: `progress` after each frame, `stats` when done, and `error` with its
+`code`, `message`, `path`, and `source`.
diff --git a/docs/colormaps.md b/docs/colormaps.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ac56c6f..00000000
--- a/docs/colormaps.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-# Colors and colormaps
-
-Name a catalog colormap wherever a scale takes one, or pass your own.
-
-```ts
-import { colormaps, colormapCss, reverseColormap } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-network.set({
-  vertices: { Bus: { color: { field: 'temperature', domain: [250, 350], colormap: 'thermal' } } },
-});
-legend.style.backgroundImage = colormapCss(colormaps.thermal, { direction: 'to right' });
-const reversed = reverseColormap(colormaps.thermal);
-```
-
-The catalog holds 46 maps, such as `viridis`, `cividis`, `thermal`, `balance`, `phase`, and
-`okabeito`. Use sequential maps for magnitude, diverging maps around a center, cyclic maps for
-phase, and categorical maps for labels. A `colormapCss` legend shows the same colors the GPU draws.
-The colors example previews the whole catalog.
-
-## Create a palette
-
-```ts
-import { createColormap, parseColor } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-const temperature = createColormap({
-  kind: 'diverging',
-  interpolation: 'oklab',
-  stops: [
-    { at: 0, color: parseColor('#2166ac')! },
-    { at: 0.5, color: parseColor('#f7f7f7')! },
-    { at: 1, color: parseColor('#b2182b')! },
-  ],
-});
-```
-
-Colors are RGBA in `[0, 1]`: sRGB with straight alpha. `parseColor` reads a CSS color literal
-without a DOM. Continuous maps clamp, cyclic maps wrap, and categorical maps use hard bins. Create a
-palette once and reuse it, since it is cached by identity.
-
-Palette licenses are in
-[THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES](https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/blob/main/packages/gpu/THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md).
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 2fba437a..5779d0cf 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -1,30 +1,15 @@
-project = "Latkit"
+project = "latkit"
 author = "Luke Lowery"
 copyright = "2026, Luke Lowery"
 
-extensions = [
-    "myst_parser",
-    "sphinx_copybutton",
-]
-
-source_suffix = {
-    ".md": "markdown",
-}
-
-exclude_patterns = [
-    "_build",
-    "Thumbs.db",
-    ".DS_Store",
-]
+extensions = ["myst_parser", "sphinx_copybutton"]
+source_suffix = {".md": "markdown"}
+exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
 
 html_theme = "furo"
-html_title = "Latkit"
+html_title = "latkit"
 
-myst_enable_extensions = [
-    "colon_fence",
-    "deflist",
-    "substitution",
-]
+myst_enable_extensions = ["colon_fence", "deflist"]
 myst_heading_anchors = 3
 
 copybutton_prompt_text = r"^\$ "
diff --git a/docs/data.md b/docs/data.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d10e40e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/data.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# Data
+
+A dataset is a name and its tables. A table is rows, each with an id, and fields, a value per row.
+Patches change datasets all at once: every change of a patch, or none.
+
+## Write a dataset
+
+```ts
+import { loadLatkit, Patch, reference, field } from 'latkit';
+
+const { Data } = await loadLatkit();
+const grid = new Data('grid').apply(
+  new Patch()
+    .replace('Bus', [101, 102, 103], {
+      lon: Float64Array.of(-97.7, -97.6, -97.5),
+      lat: Float64Array.of(30.2, 30.3, 30.4),
+      name: ['North', 'Mid', null],
+    })
+    .replace(
+      'Branch',
+      { count: 2 },
+      {
+        from: reference('Bus', [101, 102]),
+        to: reference('Bus', [102, 103]),
+        name: ['North-Mid', 'Mid-South'],
+        loading: [95, 70],
+      },
+    ),
+);
+```
+
+- **Ids** are nonnegative safe integers (`0..2^53 - 1`) or texts, listed, or `{ count: n }` for rows `0` to `n - 1`.
+- **Values** are a column per field: typed arrays of numbers (a `Uint8Array` holds booleans), or
+  arrays of numbers, booleans, texts, or geometries. `null` is missing.
+- **Geometries** are `[x, y]` points, paths of points, parts (a polygon's rings, or a path's
+  pieces), or polygons.
+- **References** name rows of another table by id: `reference(table, ids)`.
+
+| Change                                  | Does                                                                 |
+| --------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `replace(table, ids, fields)`           | replaces the table, or adds it                                       |
+| `set(table, ids, fields)`               | writes fields for those rows: known ids change, others are added     |
+| `remove(table, ids)`                    | removes the rows                                                     |
+| `axis(name, unit)`                      | names the axis sampled fields are recorded over                      |
+| `append(at, table, fields, ids?)`       | records a frame at each coordinate of `at`, of every row or of `ids` |
+| `forget(before)`                        | forgets the frames before a coordinate                               |
+| `frames(table, field, run, at, values)` | holds a run of a sampled field's entries, as a time tile does        |
+
+## Change it
+
+`apply` changes a dataset in place. A snapshot keeps a version in O(1), sharing its pages, so an
+undo history costs only what changed. A view draws the version it was given until it is given
+another:
+
+```ts
+const before = grid.snapshot();
+grid.apply(new Patch().set('Bus', [101], { name: ['Northgate'] }));
+view.setData(grid); // the view draws the change
+view.setData(before); // and the version before it
+```
+
+## Record over time
+
+Sampled values are stored as `f32`, including values supplied as `Float64Array`; coordinates
+remain `f64`. NaN means missing in sampled values and numeric query results. Static columns retain
+their original numeric storage. A field's first frame makes it sampled. A view shows the axis coordinate `view.at`: each sampled
+field reads its last frame at or before it.
+
+```ts
+grid.apply(new Patch().axis('time', 's'));
+grid.apply(new Patch().append(0.5, 'Bus', { vm: Float32Array.of(1.01, 0.99, 1.0) }));
+grid.apply(new Patch().append([1, 1.5], 'Bus', { vm: Float32Array.of(1, 1, 1, 0.98, 0.97, 0.99) }));
+grid.apply(new Patch().append(2, 'Bus', { vm: [1.02] }, [101])); // one row; the rest hold
+grid.apply(new Patch().forget(1)); // a rolling window
+view.at = 1.2;
+```
+
+Each sampled field keeps levels of detail as it records: at level `k`, each row's least and
+greatest value over buckets of `8^k` frames. A line tracing a field across a plot reads the level
+that gives each pixel column a bucket or two, so a long history draws as fast as a short one.
+
+## Fetch long histories in spans
+
+A history too large to load whole is written as time tiles, and a view fetches only what it draws:
+
+```sh
+latkit tile history.bin -o history/
+```
+
+```ts
+view.setTiles('grid', 'history/frames.json');
+```
+
+`tile` writes `frames.json`, `base.latk` (the dataset with every sampled field's frames left out),
+and each field's history in spans of `--chunk` entries, at every level of detail (`Data::to_tiles`
+in Rust). A line tracing a field fetches the spans its plot window draws, at the detail it draws
+them, and a mark showing a field fetches the frames about `view.at`. A span still loading draws the
+coarser span above it, as a map tile still loading draws the tile a zoom out.
+
+## Stream
+
+Patches are bytes: `patch.toBytes()` writes one frame, and frames back to back stream. Each frame
+says its length up front. The parser holds at most one frame of `limit` bytes (256 MiB by default),
+in addition to the input chunk and patches you retain. Breaking iteration cancels the reader. A
+server in any language writes the same frames ([format](formats.md#bytes)).
+
+```ts
+for await (const patch of Patch.stream((await fetch('/feed')).body!)) {
+  grid.apply(patch);
+  view.setData(grid);
+}
+```
+
+A patch made with `Patch.to('grid')` names its dataset, and `apply` refuses it for another.
+
+## Load files
+
+```ts
+const grid = await Data.load(json, 'data/grid.json'); // a JSON document, slices relative to it
+const saved = await Data.read(bytes); // latkit's bytes, as data.toBytes() wrote them
+const states = await Data.read(geojson, 'states'); // GeoJSON, gzip-compressed or not, in a worker
+```
+
+GeoJSON becomes tables `points`, `lines`, and `polygons`, each with its geometry as field
+`geometry` and its properties as fields. The JSON document's form is in [Formats](formats.md#json).
+
+## Read back
+
+Reading needs no GPU. Queries run the expressions marks draw with:
+
+```ts
+grid.get('Bus', 101, 'name'); // 'Northgate'
+const hot = grid.query({
+  of: 'Branch',
+  filter: field('loading').gt(90),
+  sort: [['loading', 'descending']],
+  select: { name: 'name', loading: 'loading' },
+  limit: 20,
+});
+// { table, ids, fields: { name: string[], loading: Float64Array }, total }
+```
+
+`total` counts the rows kept before `limit`. `field('name').contains('north')` matches texts in
+queries. `describe()` lists tables, rows, fields and their kinds, and the axis and its span.
+`envelope(table, field, range, spans)` gives each row's least and greatest value of a sampled field
+over equal spans of the axis, read from levels of detail, so a span costs a few reads however many
+frames it covers.
+
+`Patch.fromBytes(bytes)` copies one frame; `patch.extend(next)` appends its operations.
+`Uint8Array` means booleans in JavaScript patches; JSON binary slices with dtype `u8` mean numbers.
+Use `Uint32Array` for unsigned numeric bytes in a JavaScript patch. For all method signatures,
+see the [API reference](reference/api.md).
diff --git a/docs/deployment.md b/docs/deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee08c612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# Deployment and platforms
+
+Install `latkit` from npm for JavaScript and `latkit-cli` from Cargo for the `latkit` command.
+The Rust library is the `latkit` crate. The WASM binding crate is an implementation detail.
+
+| Capability                          | Browser                        | Node                             | Native CLI                   |
+| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------- | ---------------------------- |
+| Scenes, expressions, patch builders | `latkit/core` or `latkit`      | `latkit/core`, no DOM types      | JSON inputs                  |
+| Data and queries                    | WASM, no GPU required          | WASM with a compiled module      | Available without a GPU      |
+| Rendering                           | WebGPU in a secure context     | Use the CLI for native rendering | Vulkan, Metal, DX12          |
+| File/URL slices                     | Browser fetch and CORS         | Supply data directly             | Local paths and `file:` URLs |
+| H.264 MP4                           | WebCodecs Constrained Baseline | Use the CLI                      | Windows Media Foundation     |
+
+Serve WASM with `Content-Type: application/wasm`. WebGPU requires HTTPS or localhost and a
+supported device. Keep the JavaScript, WASM, and worker from the same package version together.
+Images and raw frame output are available where native MP4 encoding is unavailable.
+
+## Assets and workers
+
+Default loading resolves assets beside the installed modules. With Vite or another bundler
+supporting URL imports, explicit assets also work under nested deployment paths:
+
+```ts
+import { loadLatkit } from 'latkit';
+import wasmUrl from 'latkit/wasm?url';
+import workerUrl from 'latkit/worker?url';
+
+const kit = await loadLatkit({
+  wasm: wasmUrl,
+  createWorker: () => new Worker(workerUrl),
+});
+```
+
+`latkit/worker` is a standalone classic worker. A custom factory may use a Blob URL; retain the
+URL while the factory can be called and revoke it on application teardown. Workers are created
+on demand and retire when idle. Where workers are unavailable, jobs run on the calling thread.
+
+Your Content Security Policy must allow the WASM asset and data origins in `connect-src`,
+WebAssembly compilation (typically `'wasm-unsafe-eval'` in `script-src`), and the worker URL in
+`worker-src`. Add `blob:` only when using Blob workers. Cross-origin resources need appropriate
+CORS headers. These requirements are deployment choices; latkit does not change your policy.
+
+## Server-side builders and data
+
+```ts
+import { Patch, field } from 'latkit/core';
+
+const bytes = new Patch().replace('T', [1], { value: [42] }).toBytes();
+const expression = field('value').gt(0).toJSON();
+```
+
+For Node data/query operations, load the package's matching WASM bytes as a `WebAssembly.Module`
+and pass it to `loadLatkit({ wasm })`. This runtime entry point exposes browser rendering types;
+server projects that only write patches should use `latkit/core`. For worker rendering, provide
+an `OffscreenCanvas` and drive `gpu.step(now)` if the environment has no animation-frame loop.
+
+See [resource lifetimes](views.md#stats-and-memory) and [video cleanup](pictures.md#video).
diff --git a/docs/diagram-quickstart.md b/docs/diagram-quickstart.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ed1849b..00000000
--- a/docs/diagram-quickstart.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-# Diagram
-
-Draw a model as blocks and wires: vertices with ports, edges, and groups, laid out or placed.
-
-```ts
-import { createDiagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-
-const diagram = createDiagram(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  input: 'edit',
-  source: model,
-  vertices: { Task: { labels: 'name' } },
-  edges: { Dependency: { ends: ['from', 'to'], route: 'orthogonal', arrows: true } },
-});
-diagram.on('move', ({ positions }) => savePositions(positions));
-diagram.on('connect', (proposal) => wire(proposal));
-diagram.on('delete', (rows) => remove(rows));
-```
-
-The diagram proposes edits; your application changes the model, and the diagram redraws from it.
-Proposals name rows as items, and `itemId(row)` from `@latkit/model` gives a row's id. Sizes ending
-in `Px` are CSS pixels; the rest are diagram units, which zoom with the blocks. [Views](views.md)
-covers what every view shares.
-
-## Ports and wires
-
-Each reference field of a vertex that names a drawn net is a port, oriented by the field's
-`direction`. A net wires every port that names it; an edge with `ends` wires two vertices. A type's
-`ports` options style each port.
-
-## Layout
-
-A vertex with `x` and `y` stays at them; [layout](views.md#layout) places the rest, `'layered'` by
-default. A group is arranged inside first, then moves as one vertex of its parent.
-
-```ts
-diagram.set({ layout: { direction: 'down' } }, { animate: true });
-const positions = await arrange(gpu, config); // { x, y } by type, without drawing
-diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: positions.Task } }); // pinned where arranged
-```
-
-Writing a move's `positions` keeps every block where it is drawn, the ones the layout placed
-included. Collapsing a group routes its wires to its boundary.
-
-## Input
-
-`input: 'edit'` adds editing to navigation. Drag a block to move it, drag from a port or Alt-drag
-from a block to wire, drag the background to select, and press Delete to propose removal. Arrows
-nudge selected blocks by `gridPitch`, and otherwise pan. Space-drag pans, Shift-drag selects while
-navigating too, and Tab visits vertices.
-
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/diagram/index.html)
diff --git a/docs/document-sessions.md b/docs/document-sessions.md
deleted file mode 100644
index fc833497..00000000
--- a/docs/document-sessions.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-# Application-owned data
-
-A `Data` value holds a schema, row identities, and column pages. It never changes: a change is a
-new value, so every read and view of one value sees the same observations. Keeping a reference
-keeps the values; dropping it lets garbage collection release them. Values stay valid after the
-connection that delivered them closes. Which values to keep, persist, or share is the
-application's choice.
-
-## Build values
-
-`createData(schema, batches)` builds a complete value from row and sample batches. Each cell may be
-supplied once: a duplicate value or row identity rejects rather than overwrites. To change static
-data or topology, build a new value, passing unchanged column buffers again to share them.
-
-`appendData(previous, batches)` adds sampled observations and shares the earlier pages and
-buffers. It rejects row batches. A field's new frames must follow its existing ones, and
-coordinates must not move backwards; frame-number gaps and duplicate coordinates are allowed. A
-batch may arrive as row and column tiles within one append.
-
-Each batch names the `index` of its rows. `{ source, type, version }` identifies one numbering of a
-type's rows, which many values can share. A reference column carries its target type's index, and
-mismatched indices reject rather than join unrelated rows.
-
-Both helpers check row spaces, cells, and append boundaries, but not column layouts. Check
-untrusted batches with `validateBatch` first; `@latkit/connect` validates what it receives. Never
-mutate the arrays, schema, or pages of a value.
-
-## Read values
-
-```ts
-import { read } from '@latkit/model';
-
-for await (const block of read(data, {
-  kind: 'samples',
-  from: 'Bus',
-  select: ['voltage'],
-  window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, 10] },
-})) {
-  console.log(block.coordinates);
-}
-```
-
-Reads are local and yield bounded blocks. They never ask a model for missing values: a `frames`
-window outside the supplied observations rejects.
-
-A `Reader` memoizes reads in a memory pool and joins fields of several sources to one row order. A
-scope holds what it read until it closes. Results are keyed by the values they read, so appending
-samples or replacing one field leaves other reads cached. Every view on a GPU reads through that
-GPU's reader.
-
-```ts
-import { createMemory, createReader } from '@latkit/model';
-
-const reader = createReader({ memory: createMemory({ cpuBytes: 64 * 1024 ** 2 }) });
-const reads = reader.open({ signal, at: playhead });
-try {
-  for await (const block of reads.fields({ source: data, from: 'Bus', fields: { load: 'load' } }))
-    draw(block.rows, block.columns.load);
-  console.log(await reads.extent({ source: data, from: 'Bus', field: 'load' }));
-} finally {
-  reads.close();
-}
-```
-
-## Show values
-
-Pass a value to a view as `source`, and each change with `view.set({ source: nextData })`; see
-[views](views.md#update). Share unchanged pages: views keep the reads and GPU uploads made from
-them, and a monitor extends its image when the new value only appends.
diff --git a/docs/formats.md b/docs/formats.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fb7a1d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/formats.md
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# Formats
+
+## Schema
+
+Everything latkit reads and writes as JSON has a JSON Schema, derived from the same declarations
+that read and write it: `latkit schema` prints it, and the npm package's types are written from it.
+Its `$defs` are the inputs (`Scene`, `Data`, `Patch`, `Query`, `Camera`, `Fit`, `Budget`, `Shot`)
+and its `outputs` what latkit writes back (`ViewEvent`, `Stats`, `Work`, `Description`, `Rows`,
+`Camera`, `Budget`, `Value`, `Failure`).
+
+(json)=
+
+## JSON
+
+A dataset's document is its name and the patch that builds it. A patch is a list of changes, each
+named by its method with its parameters by name:
+
+```json
+{
+  "name": "grid",
+  "patch": [
+    {
+      "replace": {
+        "table": "Bus",
+        "ids": [101, 205],
+        "fields": { "x": [0, 10], "name": ["North", null] }
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "replace": {
+        "table": "Branch",
+        "ids": { "count": 1 },
+        "fields": {
+          "from": { "reference": "Bus", "ids": [101] },
+          "to": { "reference": "Bus", "ids": [205] }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    { "axis": { "name": "time", "unit": "s" } },
+    {
+      "append": {
+        "at": [0, 0.5],
+        "table": "Bus",
+        "fields": { "vm": { "file": "vm.f32", "dtype": "f32le", "count": 4 } }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+- `replace` and `set` take `{ table, ids, fields }`, `remove` `{ table, ids }`, `append`
+  `{ at, table, ids?, fields }`, `forget` `{ before }`, `axis` `{ name, unit }`, and `frames`
+  `{ table, field, level?, first, at, values }`, a run of a sampled field's entries as a
+  [time tile](data.md#fetch-long-histories-in-spans) holds them.
+- `ids` are numbers or texts, or `{ "count": n }`; `null` leaves a reference unwired.
+- A field is an array of one kind of value, a reference `{ reference, ids }`, or a slice of a binary
+  file beside the document, `{ file, dtype, offset, count }`: `count` values from byte `offset`, of
+  dtype `f32le`, `f64le`, `i32le`, `u32le`, `u64le`, `u8`, or `bool` (a byte each, nonzero true).
+
+(bytes)=
+
+## Bytes
+
+LATK v1 encodes a patch as one frame; a dataset's bytes are the patch that builds it. A frame says its
+length up front, so frames back to back split without decoding. Little endian throughout.
+
+| Part         | Layout                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| frame        | `LATK`, `u16` version (1), `u16` flags (0), `u64` length of the whole frame, dataset name (empty for none), `u32` op count, ops                                                                                           |
+| op           | `u8` tag: 0 axis, 1 replace, 2 set, 3 remove, 4 append, 5 forget, 6 frames; then its payload                                                                                                                              |
+| axis         | name, unit                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
+| replace, set | table name, ids, `u32` field count; per field: name, `u8` 0 values, 1 reference (target table name, ids as values), or 2 samples                                                                                          |
+| remove       | table name, ids                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
+| append       | table name, `u8` 1 and ids or `u8` 0 for every row, `u32` frames, `f64` coordinates, `u32` field count; per field: name, values frame-major                                                                               |
+| forget       | `f64` before                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+| frames       | table name, field name, `u32` rows, run                                                                                                                                                                                   |
+| samples      | `u32` rows, `u64` first frame read, `u64` frames read, `u8` highest stored level, `u32` run count, runs                                                                                                                   |
+| run          | `u8` level, `u64` first entry, `u32` entries, `f64` coordinates (a frame's; a bucket's first and last frame's), `f32` values: a frame's per row, or each bucket's least per row, then each bucket's greatest; NaN missing |
+| ids          | `u8` 0 and `u32` count, or `u8` 1 and values: `u64`, `u32`, or texts                                                                                                                                                      |
+| values       | `u8` storage, `u32` length, data, `u8` 1 and validity bits, or `u8` 0                                                                                                                                                     |
+| storage      | 0 `f64`, 1 `f32`, 2 `i32`, 3 `u32`, 4 `u64`, 5 bits, 6 texts (`u32` offsets, then `u32` byte length and UTF-8), 7 geometry (`u8` depth, each level's `u32` count and offsets, `u32` point count, `f64` x y pairs)         |
+| text         | `u32` byte length, UTF-8                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+
+Bits are `u64` words, low bit first. A sampled field's entries are frames at level 0, and at level
+`k` buckets of `8^k` frames; a bucket whose eight entries a level below are held is left out, as it
+follows from them. A writer outside latkit writes frames as `append` changes.
+
+The header is 16 bytes. The version is independent of the crate/npm version. Readers reject
+unknown versions, nonzero flags, unknown operation/storage tags, truncated frames, and trailing
+bytes. Pre-release unversioned frames must be regenerated from source data; they are not v1.
+The checked-in `latk-v1.hex` fixture is tested by Rust and JavaScript.
+
+Absolute frame indexes are `u64`; counts within an encoded run remain `u32`. A run's end and its
+span in frames must fit in `u64`. JavaScript builders accept only safe integers, including the
+run's end (`2^53 - 1` at most). Levels 0 through 21 are legal; the writer records the highest
+stored level so changing the renderer's detail policy does not change the file's interpretation.
+Normal appends currently derive up to six levels. Tile manifests record each field's `levels`.
+Sample indexes in query/pick JSON outputs use decimal strings above JavaScript's safe-integer range.
+
+Sample values and extrema are `f32`, with NaN representing missing values. Axis coordinates and
+geometry coordinates are `f64`. An appended `Float64Array` is normalized to sampled `f32` storage;
+this is a visualization history, not a lossless float64 archive. Static float64 columns stay float64.
+
+`Patch.stream` limits one encoded frame (256 MiB by default), in addition to the supplied input
+chunk and patches retained by the caller. It validates the header before allocating the frame body
+and cancels its reader on failure or early termination. Rust decoding defaults to a 256 MiB frame
+limit and a 512 MiB conservative decoded-storage budget; `Patch::decode_with_limits` accepts
+`DecodeLimits` for applications with different needs. Applying patches and retaining snapshots
+have their own memory costs, separate from decoding.
diff --git a/docs/geography-quickstart.md b/docs/geography-quickstart.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a18023b6..00000000
--- a/docs/geography-quickstart.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-# Geography
-
-Draw the earth and what lies on it: ground, areas, lines, and their labels, flat or on a globe.
-
-```ts
-import { createGeography, geojson } from '@latkit/geography';
-
-const states = await geojson(file, { type: 'State', id: 'adm1_code' });
-const geography = createGeography(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source: states,
-  areas: {
-    State: { color: { field: 'load', domain: [0, 1], colormap: 'viridis' }, labels: 'name' },
-  },
-  lines: { State: { points: 'rings', widthPx: 0.8 } },
-  camera: { projection: 'globe' },
-});
-```
-
-An area fills its row's `rings` of longitude and latitude; a hole winds opposite its outline. A
-line strokes its `points`, or an area type's `rings` as its outline. Areas draw in order over the
-ground, and lines over areas. Channels and labels work as in every view; see
-[data bindings](topology-and-channels.md#channels).
-
-## Beneath a network
-
-```ts
-const ground = createGeography(gpu, { source: borders, lines: { Border: { widthPx: 0.8 } } });
-const network = createNetwork(gpu, { canvas, source, vertices, edges, ground });
-```
-
-A geography without a canvas draws beneath the network in its pass, with its camera, `at`, and
-depth. Its sun lights the graph, and a gesture on no vertex or edge reaches it, unless its `input`
-is `'none'`; a menu over neither reaches the network. The network never destroys it.
-
-## Sources
-
-- **Data**: rows whose `rings` or `points` are lists of `[longitude, latitude]` vectors.
-- **`geojson(from)`**: Data from GeoJSON: a URL, as a string or a `URL`; a Blob such as a local
-  file; or bytes, gzipped or not; decoded and parsed in a worker. Polygons give `rings`, lines give
-  `points`, and properties become fields. JSON text in hand reads as `new Blob([text])`.
-- **`tiles(from)`**: vector tiles, from a PMTiles archive by URL, as a local file, or as bytes; a
-  `{z}/{x}/{y}` template; or TileJSON. Each layer is a type, and a feature with an id is one item in
-  every tile and zoom that holds it. `persist: true` keeps fetched tiles for offline use.
-  `(await tiles.info).schema` holds each layer's fields, as the tiles' metadata declares them.
-  Tiles decode only the layers and properties records read, and every tile carries each field
-  read, so a name no feature of a tile holds reads as empty there.
-
-Data prepares in workers: cut at the antimeridian, simplified alike along shared borders, and filed
-by place, so a frame draws only what is in view at the detail it shows. A million points take about
-a second, once. Larger maps belong in vector tiles, which tools such as tippecanoe, planetiler, or
-GDAL's `ogr2ogr -f PMTiles` write.
-
-`values` colors the shapes by the rows of another Data with the same ids, such as a run's results
-over a static map.
-
-## Lines
-
-```ts
-lines: {
-  waterway: { widthPx: 1.2, flowPx: 10 },
-  road: { labels: { field: 'name', fontSizePx: 10, repeatSpacingPx: 240 } },
-}
-```
-
-A line follows its coordinates in longitude and latitude: a border along a parallel stays on it.
-`route: 'geodesic'` follows the great circle between its points instead. `dash` and `flowPx` draw
-as a network's edges do. A text is named once in view unless `repeatSpacingPx` says how far apart
-it may repeat.
-
-## Camera
-
-```ts
-geography.set({ camera: { projection: 'globe', orbit: true } });
-```
-
-Drag pans, and right- or Shift-drag turns, as a network's camera does. A geography starts on the
-mercator plane and fits looking straight down.
-
-## Style
-
-```ts
-geography.set({ daylight: 'now', grid: true, earthAxis: true });
-```
-
-`surfaceColor`, `gridColor`, `atmosphereColor`, and `earthAxisColor` color the ground and what
-draws on it; the grid is lines of longitude and latitude. `areaColor`, `lineColor`, and
-`lineWidthPx` stand in for rows without their own. `visible: false` hides a record's shapes but
-not its labels, and nothing of it hovers or picks. `daylight` lights the scene by the sun at a
-time; `nightFloor` and `terminatorWidth` shape the night. The grid, dashes, comets, fitting,
-orbiting, and label halos take the options every [view](views.md#style) shares.
-
-## Limits
-
-Each tile source holds at most `limits.tileBytes` on the GPU, 64 MiB by default, and keeps
-`limits.tileRequests` in flight, 8 by default. The least recently drawn tiles go first.
-
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/geography/index.html)
diff --git a/docs/getting-started.md b/docs/getting-started.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c8717a57..00000000
--- a/docs/getting-started.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# Getting started
-
-Use a WebGPU-capable browser and an ESM bundler such as Vite.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/model @latkit/gpu @latkit/network
-```
-
-Add `@latkit/geography`, `@latkit/monitor`, `@latkit/diagram`, `@latkit/video`, or
-`@latkit/connect` as needed.
-
-```ts
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source,
-  vertices: { Bus: { color: 'load', labels: 'name' } },
-  edges: { Line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-});
-```
-
-`canvas` needs a CSS size. `source` is a [`Data`](document-sessions.md) value, built with
-`createData` or delivered over [`@latkit/connect`](ports-and-protocols.md). [Views](views.md)
-covers what every view shares.
-
-## Run an example
-
-Clone the repository, then use Node.js 24 and pnpm 10.30:
-
-```sh
-pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/network-example dev
-```
-
-Each dev command builds its dependencies first.
-
-| Example      | Filter                    | URL                   |
-| ------------ | ------------------------- | --------------------- |
-| Network      | `@latkit/network-example` | http://127.0.0.1:5188 |
-| Monitor      | `@latkit/monitor-example` | http://127.0.0.1:5190 |
-| Diagram      | `@latkit/diagram-example` | http://127.0.0.1:5192 |
-| Video        | `@latkit/video-example`   | http://127.0.0.1:5194 |
-| Colors       | `@latkit/colors-example`  | http://127.0.0.1:5196 |
-| Linked views | `@latkit/linked-example`  | http://127.0.0.1:5198 |
diff --git a/docs/index.md b/docs/index.md
index ab3c2372..4916d9c3 100644
--- a/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/index.md
@@ -1,39 +1,38 @@
-# Latkit
+# latkit
 
-```{image} _static/banner.png
-:alt: Latkit visualization banner
-:width: 100%
-```
-
-Build WebGPU network views, maps, time-series plots, block diagrams, and video exports with
-TypeScript.
+Columnar data drawn as vertices, edges, lines, and areas on the GPU: networks of millions of rows,
+maps, live time series, and block diagrams, in the browser with the npm package, or as pictures and
+video with the command line.
 
-Start with [installation](getting-started.md), then read what every [view](views.md) shares. The
-[API reference](api/index.md) lists every type and option.
+```sh
+npm install latkit
+```
 
-```{toctree}
-:maxdepth: 1
-:caption: Usage
+Call `quickstart(canvas)` with your canvas element. Destroy the returned `gpu` and `data` when
+unmounting the application. This example is type-checked and rendered in the package consumer test.
 
-getting-started
-views
-network-quickstart
-geography-quickstart
-monitor-quickstart
-diagram-quickstart
-topology-and-channels
-colormaps
-video
-ports-and-protocols
-document-sessions
+```{literalinclude} ../npm/test/consumer/quickstart.ts
+:language: typescript
 ```
 
+A **dataset** is named tables of columns, changed by **patches**. A **scene** says what to draw:
+marks naming tables, in a space, with a theme and controls. A **view** draws a scene from the
+datasets it is given, on a canvas or into pictures. Scenes, expressions, and patches are plain data
+that need no WebAssembly; `loadLatkit()` loads it for data and drawing.
+
 ```{toctree}
 :maxdepth: 1
-:caption: Reference
 
-api/index
-architecture
-release-process
-about-author
+data
+scenes
+views
+pictures
+cli
+formats
+deployment
+rust
+reference/api
+reference/types
+reference/cli
+releasing
 ```
diff --git a/docs/monitor-quickstart.md b/docs/monitor-quickstart.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a5b7bc68..00000000
--- a/docs/monitor-quickstart.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-# Monitor
-
-Plot sampled fields over a coordinate such as time. Live sources draw frames as they append.
-
-```ts
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-
-const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source: observations,
-  traces: { temperature: { from: 'sensor', y: 'temperature', widthPx: 1.5 } },
-  camera: { x: [0, 30], y: [0, 100] },
-  xAxis: 'Time (s)',
-  yAxis: 'Temperature',
-  at: 12,
-});
-```
-
-A trace draws one line per row of its sampled `y` field; `rows` narrows them. `at` places the
-playhead, and moving it never draws history again. [Views](views.md) covers what every view shares.
-
-## Camera
-
-The camera is `{ x, y, fit }`: the coordinates shown, the values shown, and whether the values fit
-the data in `x`. Setting `y` turns `fit` off.
-
-```ts
-monitor.set({ camera: { x: [0, run.duration] } }); // a fixed window; frames draw as they arrive
-monitor.set({ camera: { fit: true } }); // y fits the data in x
-monitor.fit(); // every recorded frame, with fitted values
-```
-
-Each frame draws only what arrived since the last, so a fixed window streams at the cost of the new
-frames. A new window or value range draws history again behind the shown image, at most
-`limits.segmentsPerFrame` lines a frame, while the shown image stretches to the new axes. Advance a
-moving window, such as the last minute, in steps rather than every frame.
-
-A trace colored by a field recolors without drawing history again: a new `domain`, colormap, or
-animated shade changes only how history composes. Gaps stay gaps, and a lone sample between them
-draws as a dot.
-
-## Axes
-
-`xAxis` and `yAxis` each take a label, axis options, or `false`. The plot leaves room only for what
-its axes write, so it keeps its size, and its history, as the window moves. Ticks far from zero
-share a rounded offset, written where their labels end, which stands as the window moves.
-
-```ts
-// One of several plots stacked over a shared time axis: its grid lines up with the last's labels.
-monitor.set({ outline: true, xAxis: { tickLabels: false } });
-```
-
-`tickLabels: false` keeps an axis's line and grid without labels or their room; `outline` closes the
-plot on the sides its axes leave open.
-
-## Inspect
-
-Hover, click, and `pick` report exact observations as `Reading`s, one for each row whose line draws
-near the pointer. A line is hit anywhere it draws, steps and width included, and the reading is the
-recorded sample that part shows. Hover arrives a frame after the pointer moves, and draws nothing.
-
-A reading selects its row, so clicking elsewhere on a selected line keeps it. A row is selected in
-every trace of its type, or in one when the item names a `trace`. Selected lines draw over the rest
-with a glow `selectedWidthPx` wide, and the rest fade to `unselectedAlpha`, 0.25 here. While
-`selectedColor` is `'none'`, its default here, selected lines and their glow keep their own colors.
-
-`fit(readings)` frames their coordinates and values. The monitor has no pointer navigation, so the
-page keeps wheel and touch scrolling.
-
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/monitor/index.html)
diff --git a/docs/network-quickstart.md b/docs/network-quickstart.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 433759b9..00000000
--- a/docs/network-quickstart.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-# Network
-
-Draw a model's vertices and edges: flat, tilted, or on a globe, over a map.
-
-```ts
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-
-const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source,
-  vertices: {
-    Bus: {
-      x: 'longitude',
-      y: 'latitude',
-      color: { field: 'load', domain: [0, 1], colormap: 'viridis' },
-      labels: 'name',
-    },
-  },
-  edges: { Line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-});
-```
-
-Each `Bus` draws at its `longitude` and `latitude`, which the schema marks `geographic`. Each
-`Line` joins the two buses its `from` and `to` fields reference. Nets and channels are under
-[data bindings](topology-and-channels.md), and what every view shares is under [views](views.md).
-
-## Camera
-
-```ts
-network.set({ camera: { projection: 'globe', orbit: true } });
-```
-
-Geographic positions start on the mercator plane, as a [geography](geography-quickstart.md) does,
-and others on the flat plane. The globe needs geographic positions; `network.projections` says
-which projections the data supports.
-
-Drag pans, and right- or Shift-drag turns, tilting a flat camera. Arrows pan and Shift-arrows turn.
-Under `input: 'inspect'`, arrows step the selection to its neighbor in that direction.
-
-An edge between geographic points takes the shortest way over the earth: along the great circle on
-the globe, and straight in longitude and latitude on a flat map. `route: 'straight'` or
-`'geodesic'` holds one on every projection.
-
-## Map beneath
-
-```ts
-const ground = createGeography(gpu, { source: borders, lines: { Border: {} } });
-network.set({ ground });
-```
-
-A [geography](geography-quickstart.md) draws the earth beneath the graph, in the same pass, and its
-sun lights the graph too. Without a ground, `grid: true` draws lines of the data's x and y beneath
-the graph; over one, the ground's own `grid` draws instead.
-
-## Layout
-
-A vertex without a position is placed by `'stress'`, each edge as long as the median of the
-positioned ones. See [layout](views.md#layout).
-
-```ts
-network.set({ layout: { vertexGap: 0.5 } }); // places them anew
-```
-
-## Markers
-
-A vertex type's `marker` decides what draws in each row's radius: a disc by default.
-
-```ts
-import { gauge, icon, pie, shape, type Marker } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-vertices: {
-  Plant: { marker: gauge({ fill: 'output' }) }, // a ring, and a wedge of output inside
-  Load: { marker: gauge({ fill: 'served', shape: 'rounded' }) }, // a bar from the bottom
-  Mix: { marker: pie({ slices: ['coal', 'gas', 'wind'], colors: [brown, gray, teal], hole: 0.5 }) },
-  Site: { marker: icon({ images: [plant, substation], image: 'kind' }) },
-  Tap: { marker: shape('diamond') },
-}
-```
-
-A marker of your own is WGSL defining `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor`. `f.p` is the
-pixel's offset from the vertex in CSS pixels, y up. `f.radiusPx` and `f.color` are the row's, and
-each of up to eight `inputs` is a channel read as `f.<name>`. The function returns a color whose
-alpha is its coverage, as `filled(color, distance)` gives, and the signed distance to its outline,
-which glows and shadows follow. Holes go in the alpha alone. The shared `shapeDistance`, `filled`,
-`over`, `gaugeMarker`, `pieMarker`, and `markerImage` compose:
-
-```ts
-const station: Marker = {
-  inputs: { fill: 'output', load: 'isLoad' },
-  steps: ['load'], // changes at once; other inputs ease
-  wgsl: `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
-    return gaugeMarker(f, select(SHAPE_ELLIPSE, SHAPE_ROUNDED, f.load > 0.5), f.fill, 2.0, 1.5);
-  }`,
-};
-```
-
-## Motion
-
-```ts
-setInterval(() => network.set({ source: next() }, { animate: true }), 500);
-```
-
-An animated patch eases on the GPU, so a wedge sweeps and a color crosses over. New rows ease in
-from nothing, and a transition the GPU budget cannot hold steps instead. `flowPx` moves comets
-along an edge, and a new speed carries on from where they are. Hover grows a vertex by
-`hoverScale`. Reduced motion also holds comets still and stops orbiting.
-
-## Style
-
-```ts
-network.set({ edgeWidthPx: 2, shadows: true });
-```
-
-Style options sit on the config beside the data; [views](views.md#style) lists the shared ones. By
-default an edge takes the colors of the vertices it joins (`edgeColor: 'ends'`).
-
-Selected and hovered rows draw again over everything but labels, lit by their glow, so a crowded
-region never covers them. `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds` also draw the vertices a focused edge joins
-over the rest.
-
-## Limits
-
-`pick` and hover query hit-test indexes on every projection, built in the background once the
-positions and the camera hold still. They take about 21 bytes per vertex or edge, so the default
-64 MiB `limits.pickingBytes` fits a million vertices and two million edges. Past that, or while `z`
-raises rows, they scan every item.
-
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/network/index.html)
diff --git a/docs/pictures.md b/docs/pictures.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d27b3d37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/pictures.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Pictures and video
+
+A `Shot` is plain data: a size in pixels, and how views are drawn into it. It draws views whether or
+not a canvas shows them; a canvas showing one holds its last frame meanwhile.
+
+```ts
+const shot = new Shot([3840, 2160]).scale(2); // 2 pixels a CSS pixel: 1920 by 1080 CSS pixels
+const image = await shot.image([view]); // once the view is complete and still
+const png = await image.encode('png'); // or 'jpeg' with { quality }, or 'webp'
+image.destroy();
+```
+
+| Option          | Does                                                             |
+| --------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `scale(n)`      | draws `n` pixels per CSS pixel                                   |
+| `panels([...])` | where each view draws, `[x, y, width, height]` fractions         |
+| `transparent()` | keeps alpha where the themes' backgrounds are                    |
+| `deadline(s)`   | rejects with `timeout` after `s` seconds, readback included (30) |
+| `elapsed(s)`    | fixes time-reading expressions and effects at `s` seconds        |
+
+Files are encoded in a worker when workers are available; otherwise encoding runs on the calling thread.
+
+## Video
+
+`shot.video(gpu, fps, output)` encodes H.264 in MP4 with WebCodecs as frames are drawn, and writes
+it to a `WritableStream`: a file handle's, or a buffer's. `record` steps the views to each frame's
+time; returning `false` finishes the video.
+
+```ts
+const file = await (await showSaveFilePicker()).createWritable();
+const video = new Shot([1920, 1080]).video(gpu, 60, file, { bitrate: 12e6 });
+await video.record([view], (time) => {
+  view.at = time;
+  return time < 10;
+});
+```
+
+Width and height are multiples of 4 and 2. A frame where nothing moved is held rather than drawn.
+`{ signal }` aborts a video: its output is aborted and its views are given back.
+
+For manual control, call `await video.frame([view])` one frame at a time, then
+`await video.finish()`. Finish and abort are idempotent; both release the output's writer lock,
+encoder, and abort listener. Frame/time counters remain readable after completion. A failed
+step, frame, write, or progress callback aborts `record`. Cancellation interrupts pending rendering
+and encoding; an arbitrary writable sink must still settle its own in-flight write before its
+lock can be released. Browser output uses Constrained Baseline H.264, with output timestamps
+checked against input order.
diff --git a/docs/ports-and-protocols.md b/docs/ports-and-protocols.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 04e9016b..00000000
--- a/docs/ports-and-protocols.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-# Connecting models
-
-A model is a `Model` from `@latkit/model`: a `name`, a `schema`, an optional `monitor` that reads
-fields, and `commands`. `@latkit/connect` carries one across a WebSocket.
-`connectModel(model, { url } | { socket })` offers it, and `acceptModel({ url } | { socket })`
-accepts it as a `ConnectedModel`. Either side may dial: `url` is dialed exactly as given, and
-`socket` is one a server already accepted.
-
-## Offer a model
-
-```ts
-import { connectModel } from '@latkit/connect';
-import { selectBatches } from '@latkit/model';
-
-let data = initialData;
-
-const connection = await connectModel(
-  {
-    name: 'grid',
-    schema: data.schema,
-    monitor: (fields, { signal, maxBlockBytes }) =>
-      selectBatches(data, fields, { signal, maxBlockBytes }),
-    commands: {
-      scale: {
-        parameters: { multiplier: { type: 'number', min: 0, default: 1 } },
-        async run({ multiplier }, { signal, outputs, publish, progress, log, maxBlockBytes }) {
-          const next = scaled(data, multiplier);
-          for await (const batch of selectBatches(next, outputs, { signal, maxBlockBytes }))
-            await publish(batch);
-          data = next;
-          progress({ completed: 1, total: 1 });
-          log({ severity: 'info', message: 'Scale applied.' });
-          return { multiplier };
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-  { url: 'ws://localhost:3000/grid' },
-);
-await connection.closed;
-```
-
-Registration sends only the schema and command descriptions; values move when the accepting side
-asks for them. A monitor yields `Data.Batch` values or bounded arrays of them, once or live; a model
-without one offers no reading. `selectBatches` reads one captured `Data` value and does not follow
-later changes, so a live monitor yields new batches itself.
-
-A handler's context comes from whoever runs the command, and its return value, finite JSON, is the
-result. Authentication, retries, addresses, naming, and scheduling belong to the application.
-
-## Accept a model
-
-Accept each socket in the WebSocket connection handler, so registration cannot be missed. For
-example, with `ws`:
-
-```ts
-import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';
-import { acceptModel } from '@latkit/connect';
-
-const server = new WebSocketServer({
-  port: 3000,
-  maxPayload: 1024 * 1024,
-  perMessageDeflate: false,
-});
-
-server.on('connection', (socket) => {
-  void use(socket).catch(console.error);
-});
-
-async function use(socket: import('ws').WebSocket) {
-  const model = await acceptModel({ socket });
-  try {
-    const fields = [{ from: 'Bus', select: ['load'] }];
-    for await (const publication of model.monitor?.(fields) ?? []) {
-      console.log(publication); // Model.Publication: readonly Data.Batch[]
-    }
-
-    const result = await model.commands.scale.run(
-      { multiplier: 2 },
-      {
-        outputs: fields,
-        async publish(publication) {
-          await storePublication(publication);
-        },
-        progress: (progress) => console.log(progress),
-        log: (diagnostic) => console.log(diagnostic),
-      },
-    );
-    console.log(result);
-  } finally {
-    await model.close();
-  }
-}
-```
-
-A `ConnectedModel` is a `Model` and a `Connection`. [Application-owned data](document-sessions.md)
-builds values from its publications. A run that asks for outputs must supply `publish`, and its
-result resolves after every preceding `publish` completes. `progress` and `log` are synchronous,
-so await work in `publish`.
-
-## Route by role
-
-The dialing side offers the subprotocol naming its role, `protocol.subprotocols.connect` or
-`protocol.subprotocols.accept`, and the answering side selects it. A server routes on it:
-
-```ts
-const { subprotocols } = protocol; // from '@latkit/connect'
-const server = new WebSocketServer({
-  noServer: true,
-  handleProtocols: (offered) =>
-    offered.has(subprotocols.connect)
-      ? subprotocols.connect
-      : offered.has(subprotocols.accept)
-        ? subprotocols.accept
-        : false,
-});
-```
-
-A socket that negotiated `connect` carries a model to accept; one that negotiated `accept` wants a
-model offered to it.
-
-## Serve a model onward
-
-A `ConnectedModel` can be offered again as it is. A server can keep the models that connect to it
-and give each browser that dials it the one it names:
-
-```ts
-const models = new Map<string, ConnectedModel>();
-
-// On a socket that negotiated `connect`:
-const model = await acceptModel({ socket });
-models.set(model.name, model);
-
-// On a socket that negotiated `accept`, for the model `name`:
-const wanted = models.get(name);
-if (wanted) await connectModel(wanted, { socket });
-else socket.close(4404, `No model named ${name}.`);
-```
-
-Each accepting side gets its own reads and runs over the one connection to the model, each with
-its own credit window, so a slow reader slows only its own stream. Received publications go on as
-the bytes that arrived, behind a new 16-byte header, without being validated or encoded again,
-whenever they fit the onward bounds. Commands still run one at a time on the model's connection.
-Serving ends when the served connection ends, and its reason closes the connections serving it. A
-peer that closes the socket before registering rejects with the close reason it sent, so a server
-can say why it turned a socket away.
-
-## Delivery and ownership
-
-A publication within the negotiated message bounds arrives as one atomic message. A larger one
-arrives as several, in order: batches share a message while they fit, and a sample batch is cut
-only between whole frames, so each message can be appended as it arrives. A row batch must fit one
-message; `selectBatches` bounds them. Atomicity covers one publication, not a whole model or run:
-to swap in a complete replacement, stage the stream and expose it when the monitor ends or the
-command succeeds. Earlier publications stay valid if a later one fails.
-
-Await `publish` before reusing its arrays or publishing again; an overlapping publish fails. It
-resolves without a round trip per batch, and a command's pending publish is awaited even if its
-handler forgets to. A monitor may reuse the arrays it yielded after its next pull.
-
-Received batches are immutable and belong to the application. They stay valid after their credit
-is returned and after the connection closes. Holding them uses application memory, outside the
-connection's budgets. On little-endian systems, decoded numeric columns view the received bytes.
-
-Both sides reject a publication carrying fields that were not requested. The model must honor row
-selections and their domain IDs; the connection keeps no ID-to-row cache. An empty selection reads
-nothing.
-
-## Flow control and limits
-
-The accepting side grants each stream a window of bytes and messages. A model waits while its
-window is full, and the accepting side returns credit when its iterator pulls the next publication
-or its `publish` resolves. Credit and socket-drain waits have no deadline: a healthy slow reader
-can pause indefinitely. Pass an `AbortSignal` when an operation needs a deadline.
-
-Both sides negotiate the minimum of their `ConnectLimits`, passed as `limits` to `connectModel` or
-`acceptModel`:
-
-| Limit                                                                     |                 Default |
-| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------: |
-| `messageBytes`: a complete message                                        |                   1 MiB |
-| `metadataBytes`: JSON metadata                                            |                  64 KiB |
-| `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`: all reserved receive windows         | 16 MiB / 1,024 messages |
-| `streamWindowBytes`, `streamWindowMessages`: each stream window           |    4 MiB / 256 messages |
-| `streams`: stream descriptors                                             |                      32 |
-| `publicationBatches`: batches per publication                             |                      64 |
-| `logs`: pending diagnostics per execution                                 |                      32 |
-| `timeoutMs`: registration, cancellation response, close, cleanup deadline |              30 seconds |
-
-The default budget holds four full windows, fewer than `streams`. A new stream fails at once when
-the budget is exhausted, and a finished stream keeps its window until its publications are read or
-cancelled. Connection queues are bounded by the admitted streams, not by rows, frames, or how long
-a stream runs. That is not a process memory cap: arrays the application holds, file copies, and
-native WebSocket buffers use memory too. Cap the server's inbound message size at `messageBytes`,
-as `maxPayload` does above; a browser or native WebSocket may allocate a peer's message before
-this package rejects it.
-
-## Cancellation and lifecycle
-
-Pass an `AbortSignal` as `signal` to a connection, a monitor, or a run. Returning or breaking out
-of a monitor loop cancels it, including a pending pull. One command runs at a time per connection,
-independently of monitors; another run fails with `busy`. Cancellation stops waits promptly, but
-model code must observe its signal and release its resources. A model that ignores cancellation
-loses its connection after `timeoutMs`, and its handler runs on until it returns: nothing forcibly
-stops application code.
-
-`closed` rejects on remote closure, protocol faults, and cleanup failures; a local `close()`
-resolves it. Reconnect explicitly: commands are never replayed or retried, and no run is claimed to
-execute exactly once across failures.
-
-## Wire format
-
-The `protocol` namespace holds the wire codec for storage and gateways: frames (`prepare`,
-`decode`, `forward`, `Op`), publications (`preparePublication`, `decodePublication`), and
-`subprotocols`. `forward(id, encoded.bytes)` frames an `EncodedPublication` for another stream
-without encoding it again. The
-[wire specification](https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/blob/main/packages/connect/PROTOCOL.md)
-defines the format, and the [API reference](api/reference/connect/index.md) lists every option.
diff --git a/docs/reference/api.md b/docs/reference/api.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51cb18fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/api.md
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+# JavaScript API
+
+Generated from the shipped declarations. Builders are available from `latkit/core`;
+`loadLatkit()` returns `Data`, `Gpu`, `Shot`, and `colormapCss`.
+See the guides for workflows and the [scene and result types](types.md) for option shapes.
+
+## LoadOptions
+
+```ts
+/** Options for the page's shared WASM runtime. Omitted options reuse its existing configuration. */
+interface LoadOptions {
+  /** The matching package's WASM asset, or an already compiled module. Defaults to the bundled asset. */
+  wasm?: string | URL | WebAssembly.Module;
+  /** Creates a worker running the standalone `latkit/worker` bundle. Defaults to the bundled worker. */
+  createWorker?: () => Worker;
+}
+```
+
+## Latkit
+
+```ts
+/** The initialized data and rendering API. GPU devices are requested separately by `Gpu.create()`. */
+interface Latkit {
+  Data: typeof import('./runtime.js').Data;
+  Gpu: typeof import('./runtime.js').Gpu;
+  Shot: typeof import('./runtime.js').Shot;
+  colormapCss: typeof import('./runtime.js').colormapCss;
+}
+```
+
+## loadLatkit
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Loads the runtime once per page. Concurrent calls share one promise; a failed load can be retried.
+ * Options explicitly supplied after the first call must match that call. Importing the package alone
+ * neither initializes WASM nor requests a GPU or worker.
+ */
+function loadLatkit(options?: LoadOptions): Promise<Latkit>;
+```
+
+## RowIds
+
+```ts
+/** Row ids as a patch takes them: listed, `{ count }` for rows `0..count`, or a typed array. */
+type RowIds = Ids | readonly (Id | null)[] | Uint32Array | Float64Array;
+```
+
+## Geometry
+
+```ts
+/** A point `[x, y]`, or a list of geometries one level shallower: a path, its parts, or polygons. */
+type Geometry = readonly number[] | readonly Geometry[];
+```
+
+## Values
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * One field's values, a value per row; `null` is missing. Typed arrays copy at once: numbers, or
+ * in a `Uint8Array` booleans, nonzero true. Booleans, texts, and geometries also as arrays.
+ */
+type Values =
+  | Float64Array
+  | Float32Array
+  | Int32Array
+  | Uint32Array
+  | Uint8Array
+  | readonly (number | null)[]
+  | readonly (boolean | null)[]
+  | readonly (string | null)[]
+  | readonly (Geometry | null)[];
+```
+
+## Reference
+
+```ts
+/** A field naming rows of another table by id: `null` leaves a row unwired. */
+interface Reference {
+  reference: string;
+  ids: RowIds;
+}
+```
+
+## reference
+
+```ts
+/** Values of a field naming rows of `table` by id. */
+function reference(table: string, ids: RowIds): Reference;
+```
+
+## Fields
+
+```ts
+/** A table's fields by name. */
+type Fields = Readonly<Record<string, Values | Reference>>;
+```
+
+## ReadableBytes
+
+```ts
+/** A byte stream, structurally compatible with the browser and Node ReadableStream. */
+interface ReadableBytes {
+  getReader(): {
+    read(): Promise<{
+      done: boolean;
+      value?: Uint8Array;
+    }>;
+    cancel(reason?: unknown): Promise<void>;
+    releaseLock(): void;
+  };
+}
+```
+
+## Patch
+
+````ts
+/**
+ * Changes to a dataset, applied in order and all at once by `Data.apply`: plain data, written as
+ * latkit's bytes as it is built.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const patch = Patch.to('grid')
+ *   .replace('Bus', [101, 102], { x: Float64Array.of(0, 10), name: ['North', 'South'] })
+ *   .append(0.5, 'Bus', { vm: Float32Array.of(1.01, 0.99) });
+ * ```
+ */
+class Patch {
+  /** The dataset the patch changes, when it names one; `Data.apply` refuses it for another. */
+  readonly data: string | undefined;
+  /** An empty patch, for whichever dataset it is applied to. */
+  constructor(data?: string);
+  /** An empty patch to dataset `data`. */
+  static to(data: string): Patch;
+  /** The patch `bytes` hold: one frame, as `toBytes` or a stream writes it. */
+  static fromBytes(bytes: Uint8Array): Patch;
+  /**
+   * The patches arriving back to back in `stream`, each as soon as its last byte does: a response
+   * body, a file, or a socket's messages. Each frame says its length up front, so a patch longer
+   * than `limit` bytes (256 MiB unless given) throws before allocating its body. The parser holds at most one frame, in addition to
+   * the input chunk and patches the caller retains. Breaking iteration cancels the reader.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * for await (const patch of Patch.stream((await fetch('/feed')).body!)) data.apply(patch);
+   * ```
+   */
+  static stream(
+    stream: ReadableBytes | AsyncIterable<Uint8Array>,
+    {
+      limit,
+    }?: {
+      limit?: number;
+    },
+  ): AsyncGenerator<Patch>;
+  /**
+   * The patch its JSON makes: a list of changes, each named by its method with its parameters by
+   * name, such as `{"set": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [1], "fields": {"kv": [345]}}}`. Slices of
+   * binary files, `{file, dtype, offset, count}`, are fetched at once relative to `base`, the
+   * document's own URL. Reading JSON takes latkit's WebAssembly, which this loads as
+   * `loadLatkit()` does.
+   */
+  static load(json: string, base?: string): Promise<Patch>;
+  /** Names the axis sampled fields are recorded over, such as `('time', 's')`. */
+  axis(name: string, unit: string): this;
+  /** Replaces table `table` with these rows and fields, or adds it. */
+  replace(table: string, ids: RowIds, fields?: Fields): this;
+  /**
+   * Writes `fields` for rows `ids` of `table`: rows with known ids change, others are added, and
+   * fields left out keep their values. Adds the table when there is none of its name.
+   */
+  set(table: string, ids: RowIds, fields?: Fields): this;
+  /** Removes the rows of `table` with `ids`. */
+  remove(table: string, ids: RowIds): this;
+  /**
+   * Records a frame at each axis coordinate of `at`: for each field, a value per row at every
+   * coordinate, frame-major; of every row of `table`, or of rows `ids`, the rest holding their last
+   * values. A field's first frame makes it sampled. Appends of float arrays to the same fields of
+   * every row, one after another, write as one change, so a frame a call costs no more than one call.
+   */
+  append(
+    at: number | readonly number[],
+    table: string,
+    fields: Readonly<Record<string, Values>>,
+    ids?: RowIds,
+  ): this;
+  /** Forgets every sampled field's frames before axis coordinate `before`. */
+  forget(before: number): this;
+  /**
+   * Holds a run of sampled field `field`'s entries of level `level`, numbered from `first`: what a
+   * time tile holds, as `latkit tile` writes them. At level 0 the entries are frames, each a
+   * coordinate in `at` and a value per row of `table` in `values`. At level `k` they are buckets of
+   * `8^k` frames, each its first and last frame's coordinates in `at`, and in `values` each row's
+   * least value over each bucket, then each row's greatest. NaN is missing. No entry may be held
+   * already; frames past the field's widen it.
+   */
+  frames(
+    table: string,
+    field: string,
+    {
+      level,
+      first,
+    }: {
+      level?: number;
+      first: number;
+    },
+    at: Float64Array | readonly number[],
+    values: Float32Array | readonly number[],
+  ): this;
+  /** Appends `next`'s changes, to this patch's dataset. */
+  extend(next: Patch): this;
+  /** The patch as bytes: one frame, naming its dataset when it has one. */
+  toBytes(): Uint8Array;
+}
+````
+
+## Color
+
+```ts
+/** A CSS color, such as `'#ffb000'` or `'rebeccapurple'`. Where an option takes an expression, a
+ * string starting with `#` is a hex color and any other string names a field. */
+type Color = string;
+```
+
+## ExprInput
+
+```ts
+/** What an expression is written as: an {@link Expr}, or its JSON form. */
+type ExprInput = Expr | ExprNode;
+```
+
+## Expr
+
+```ts
+/** A value for every row of a mark: a constant, a field, view state, or arithmetic of them. */
+class Expr {
+  readonly node: ExprNode;
+  /** An expression from its JSON form; use the builders for common operations. */
+  constructor(node: ExprNode);
+  toJSON(): ExprNode;
+  /** Reads this expression's fields from `table` of dataset `data`, joined by row id. */
+  of(data: string, table: string): Expr;
+  /** Reads sampled fields at their last frame without interpolating. */
+  step(): Expr;
+  add(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  sub(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  mul(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  div(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  rem(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  pow(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  min(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  max(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  clamp(low: ExprInput, high: ExprInput): Expr;
+  lt(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  le(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  gt(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  ge(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  eq(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  ne(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  and(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  or(other: ExprInput): Expr;
+  not(): Expr;
+  neg(): Expr;
+  abs(): Expr;
+  sqrt(): Expr;
+  sin(): Expr;
+  cos(): Expr;
+  floor(): Expr;
+  ln(): Expr;
+  exp(): Expr;
+  /** Whether a text field equals `text`. */
+  is(text: string): Expr;
+  /** Whether a text field holds `text`, ignoring case. Queries read it; marks do not. */
+  contains(text: string): Expr;
+  /** The value through `map`: a catalog name, or your own colors. */
+  colormap(map: Colormap): Mapped;
+  /** The value mapped linearly onto `[low, high]`, clamped. */
+  scale(low: number, high: number): Mapped;
+}
+```
+
+## Mapped
+
+```ts
+/** A value through a colormap or onto a range, whose domain can be set. */
+class Mapped extends Expr {
+  /** The input values that map to the ends; it fits the values shown unless set. */
+  domain(low: number, high: number): Mapped;
+}
+```
+
+## field
+
+```ts
+/** The field `name` of each row. */
+const field: (name: string) => Expr;
+```
+
+## color
+
+```ts
+/** A color constant. */
+const color: (css: Color) => Expr;
+```
+
+## selected
+
+```ts
+/** Whether the row is selected. */
+const selected: () => Expr;
+```
+
+## hovered
+
+```ts
+/** Whether the pointer is over the row. */
+const hovered: () => Expr;
+```
+
+## pointer
+
+```ts
+/** CSS pixels from a vertex to the pointer. */
+const pointer: () => Expr;
+```
+
+## elapsed
+
+```ts
+/** Seconds since the view was created. */
+const elapsed: () => Expr;
+```
+
+## zoom
+
+```ts
+/** The camera's zoom: the web mercator level on the earth, log₂ CSS pixels per unit elsewhere. */
+const zoom: () => Expr;
+```
+
+## missing
+
+```ts
+/** A missing value: options that read one take the theme's. */
+const missing: () => Expr;
+```
+
+## units
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * A size in position units, so it scales as the view zooms, kept within `atLeast` and `atMost` CSS
+ * pixels when given: `units('r', { atLeast: 2 })` grows with the map and never vanishes. A marker
+ * keeps its proportions, its larger side held.
+ */
+const units: (
+  size: ExprInput,
+  px?: {
+    atLeast?: number;
+    atMost?: number;
+  },
+) => Size;
+```
+
+## when
+
+```ts
+/** Starts a conditional: `when(c).then(a).when(d).then(b).otherwise(e)`. */
+function when(condition: ExprInput): When;
+```
+
+## When
+
+```ts
+declare class When {
+  constructor(cases: [ExprNode, ExprNode][], condition: ExprNode);
+  then(value: ExprInput): Then;
+}
+```
+
+## Then
+
+```ts
+declare class Then {
+  constructor(cases: [ExprNode, ExprNode][]);
+  when(condition: ExprInput): When;
+  otherwise(value: ExprInput): Expr;
+}
+```
+
+## RgbaImage
+
+```ts
+/** Straight-alpha RGBA pixels, compatible with browser ImageData and server-produced pixels. */
+interface RgbaImage {
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  data: Uint8ClampedArray;
+}
+```
+
+## icon
+
+```ts
+/** An icon marker showing one of `images` for each row, picked by `index`. */
+function icon(images: readonly RgbaImage[], index: ExprInput): Marker;
+```
+
+## LatkitError
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * What latkit throws: an `Error` with a `code`, and for invalid input the `path` to the part, such
+ * as `marks[2].vertices.color`.
+ */
+interface LatkitError extends Error {
+  code: Failure['code'];
+  path?: string;
+}
+```
+
+## ViewEvents
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * What a view tells its listeners, by type. Intents (`click`, `open`, `menu`, `drag`, `connect`,
+ * `delete`) are told once each, in the order the user acted. Changes (`hover`, `select`, `camera`,
+ * `waiting`) tell only their latest, and their state can always be read. A view tells only what the
+ * application did not do itself: its setters change state silently.
+ */
+type ViewEvents = {
+  [E in ViewEvent as E['type']]: E extends {
+    type: 'error';
+  }
+    ? LatkitError
+    : E['detail'];
+};
+```
+
+## Table
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * The rows a query keeps, in the forms a patch writes: numbers as a `Float64Array` (missing NaN),
+ * other values as arrays (missing `null`), a reference as its target ids.
+ */
+interface Table {
+  table: string;
+  ids: Id[];
+  fields: Record<
+    string,
+    | Float64Array
+    | Value[]
+    | {
+        reference: string;
+        ids: (Id | null)[];
+      }
+  >;
+  /** The rows the query kept before paging. */
+  total: number;
+}
+```
+
+## Envelope
+
+```ts
+/** Rows' least and greatest values over spans of the axis: `at` holds one more edge than spans. */
+interface Envelope {
+  at: Float64Array;
+  least: Float32Array;
+  greatest: Float32Array;
+}
+```
+
+## Data
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * A named collection of tables, changed in place by patches. A snapshot keeps a version, sharing
+ * every page with it, so keeping earlier versions, as an undo history does, costs only the pages
+ * they hold apart. A view draws the version it was given until it is given another.
+ */
+class Data {
+  constructor(name: string);
+  /** Releases this handle. Views and snapshots keep the versions they hold. */
+  destroy(): void;
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void;
+  /**
+   * The dataset `bytes` hold: latkit's bytes, renamed `name` when given, or GeoJSON, gzip-compressed
+   * or not, read in a worker as dataset `name`: points, line strings, and polygons as tables
+   * `points`, `lines`, and `polygons`, each with its geometry as field `geometry` and its properties
+   * as fields.
+   */
+  static read(bytes: Uint8Array, name?: string): Promise<Data>;
+  /**
+   * The dataset its JSON document builds, `{"name": ..., "patch": [...]}`, the patch loading as
+   * `Patch.load` loads one.
+   */
+  static load(json: string, base?: string): Promise<Data>;
+  get name(): string;
+  /** The names of the tables. */
+  get tables(): string[];
+  /** Every row's id of `table`, in row order. */
+  ids(table: string): Id[];
+  /** The names of `table`'s fields. */
+  fields(table: string): string[];
+  /** The first and last axis coordinates the sampled fields span. */
+  get span(): [number, number] | undefined;
+  /** Applies every change of `patch`, or none when one is invalid. */
+  apply(patch: Patch | Uint8Array): this;
+  /** This version, kept while `apply` changes this one: O(1). */
+  snapshot(): Data;
+  /** The value of `field` for the row with `id` in `table`, at axis coordinate `at` when given. */
+  get(table: string, id: Id, field: string, at?: number): Value;
+  /** What the dataset holds: tables, rows, fields and their kinds, the axis and its span. */
+  describe(): Description;
+  /**
+   * The rows of a table `query` keeps, filtered, sorted, and paged, sampled fields read at its
+   * coordinate, on the CPU through the expressions marks draw with.
+   */
+  query(query: Query): Table;
+  /**
+   * Each row's least and greatest value of sampled `field` of `table` over `spans` equal spans of
+   * `range`, of every row or of rows `ids`: row after row, NaN where a span holds no frame. Reads the
+   * coarsest levels of detail that fit, so a span costs a few reads however many frames it covers.
+   */
+  envelope(
+    table: string,
+    field: string,
+    range: [number, number],
+    spans: number,
+    ids?: readonly Id[],
+  ): Envelope;
+  /** The dataset as latkit's bytes: the patch that builds it. */
+  toBytes(): Uint8Array;
+}
+```
+
+## Gpu
+
+```ts
+/** The GPU device views draw with. Views of one GPU draw in one animation frame. */
+class Gpu {
+  /** Requests a WebGPU device. */
+  static create(): Promise<Gpu>;
+  /**
+   * A view of `scene`; its marks draw once {@link View.setData} gives their data. A {@link Canvas}
+   * shows it, and a {@link Shot} draws it with or without one.
+   */
+  view(scene: Scene): View;
+  /**
+   * A canvas showing views in `panels` of `target`: a `<canvas>` element, which sizes itself to its
+   * CSS box and passes each view the input landing on its panel, or an `OffscreenCanvas` in a
+   * worker, which keeps the size it is given at `pixelRatio` pixels a CSS pixel. Panels are
+   * `[x, y, width, height]` fractions, one per view; by default one view fills the canvas.
+   */
+  canvas(
+    target: HTMLCanvasElement | OffscreenCanvas,
+    options?: {
+      panels?: readonly Panel[];
+      pixelRatio?: number;
+    },
+  ): Canvas;
+  /**
+   * Calls `listener` with the frame's timestamp every animation frame, before the views draw, so
+   * what it changes shows in that frame. Returns a function that stops it.
+   */
+  on(type: 'frame', listener: (now: number) => void): () => void;
+  /** Whether the device was lost; a new `Gpu` is needed. */
+  get lost(): boolean;
+  /** How much GPU memory data takes. */
+  get budget(): Budget;
+  set budget(budget: Budget);
+  /** What this GPU did since it was created, counted exactly; see {@link Work}. */
+  get work(): Work;
+  /**
+   * Draws one frame now at `now`, milliseconds on the clock animation frames give: the frame
+   * listeners, then every canvas that needs a frame. From the first step no animation frames are
+   * asked for: a harness, as tests and benchmarks are, steps every frame itself, so a run draws the
+   * same frames however fast the device is.
+   */
+  step(now: number): void;
+  /**
+   * Resolves once the GPU finished the work submitted to it, every readback landed, and every
+   * pipeline a view or shot asked for compiled: a frame stepped then draws all of it. A `timeout`
+   * error after `deadline` seconds.
+   */
+  done({ deadline: seconds }?: { deadline?: number | undefined }): Promise<void>;
+  /**
+   * Resolves when work a view waits on lands after this call (a readback, a compile, a job, a text,
+   * a fetch), or a view asks for a frame. A `timeout` error after `deadline` seconds.
+   */
+  landed({ deadline: seconds }?: { deadline?: number | undefined }): Promise<void>;
+  /** Releases this GPU's canvases, views, and frame listeners. Other GPUs and data stay usable. */
+  destroy(): void;
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void;
+}
+```
+
+## Panel
+
+```ts
+/** A view's panel of a canvas or a picture: `[x, y, width, height]` as fractions of it. */
+type Panel = readonly [number, number, number, number];
+```
+
+## Canvas
+
+```ts
+/** Views shown in the panels of a `<canvas>` or an `OffscreenCanvas`. */
+class Canvas {
+  /** Shows `views`, one per panel, in place of those it showed. A view shows in one canvas at a time. */
+  show(views: readonly View[]): this;
+  /** Stops drawing; the views remain, and the element keeps its last frame. */
+  destroy(): void;
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void;
+}
+```
+
+## View
+
+````ts
+/** A scene drawn from data it is given by name: shown by a canvas, which passes it input, or drawn by shots. */
+class View {
+  /** Draws `scene` instead; an invalid scene throws and changes nothing. */
+  show(scene: Scene): void;
+  /**
+   * Gives the view `data` as it is now, replacing the dataset of its name: give it again after
+   * applying patches. A mark it no longer fits draws nothing, and the next frame reports why as an
+   * error, unless a scene shown before then replaces the mark.
+   */
+  setData(data: Data): void;
+  /**
+   * Fetches the data at `url` in pieces as the view asks for them, kept as dataset `name`, which the
+   * view owns; the source's first bytes say what it is.
+   *
+   * - Time tiles, a `frames.json` manifest as `latkit tile` writes it: a dataset whose sampled
+   *   fields' histories are fetched in spans. A line tracing a field fetches the detail its plot
+   *   window draws, a mark showing one the frames about the view's coordinate, and a span still
+   *   loading draws the coarser span above it.
+   * - Vector tiles: a PMTiles archive, a TileJSON document, or a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template, fetched as
+   *   the camera asks. Each layer is a table of its features of the kind marks draw it as (areas
+   *   polygons, lines lines, vertices points), or named `layer:polygons`, `layer:lines`, or
+   *   `layer:points`.
+   */
+  setTiles(name: string, url: string): void;
+  /** Stops drawing the dataset named `name`, given or fetched as tiles. */
+  removeData(name: string): void;
+  /** The dataset named `name`, as given or as the view fetched it, as a snapshot. */
+  data(name: string): Data | undefined;
+  /** The axis coordinate shown: sampled fields read their last frame at or before it. */
+  get at(): number;
+  set at(at: number);
+  get camera(): Camera;
+  set camera(camera: Camera);
+  /** Eases to `camera`. */
+  fly(camera: Camera): void;
+  /** Frames what `fit` names on the next frame, keeping pitch and bearing. */
+  fit(fit?: Fit): void;
+  /** Where `position` (x, y, elevation) lands on screen, CSS pixels from the top left. */
+  point(position: [number, number, number]): [number, number] | undefined;
+  /** The position on the ground under screen point `point`, if the view shows ground there. */
+  ground(point: [number, number]): [number, number, number] | undefined;
+  /** CSS pixels kept clear at the top, right, bottom, and left, as when panels cover the view. */
+  get insets(): [number, number, number, number];
+  set insets(insets: [number, number, number, number]);
+  /** Degrees per second a map or plane turns around its center; 0 stops it. A diagram never turns. */
+  get orbit(): number;
+  set orbit(degreesPerSecond: number);
+  /** The rows selected, a set per table. */
+  get selection(): Rows[];
+  /**
+   * Selects `rows`, and no others. Like every setter it tells nothing: `select` events tell what
+   * the user and the data changed.
+   */
+  select(rows: readonly Rows[]): void;
+  /** What the user points at: the row under the pointer, or the row the keys stepped to. */
+  get hovered(): Hit | null;
+  /** Every mark that draws nothing because its data no longer fits it, and why. */
+  get failures(): LatkitError[];
+  /**
+   * Every row of a mark that picks within `radius` CSS pixels of `point`, nearest first, once a frame
+   * draws the view: a `timeout` error after `deadline` seconds without one.
+   */
+  pick(
+    point: [number, number],
+    radius: number,
+    {
+      deadline: seconds,
+    }?: {
+      deadline?: number | undefined;
+    },
+  ): Promise<Hit[]>;
+  /**
+   * Where `row` lies on screen, CSS pixels from the top left, or `null` when no mark draws it in
+   * view, once a frame draws the view: a `timeout` error after `deadline` seconds without one.
+   */
+  locate(
+    row: Row,
+    {
+      deadline: seconds,
+    }?: {
+      deadline?: number | undefined;
+    },
+  ): Promise<[number, number] | null>;
+  /** The rows joined to `row`, a set per table: a vertex's neighbors across edges and nets, or an
+   * edge's or a net's vertices. */
+  neighbors(row: Row): Rows[];
+  /**
+   * Lays every vertex row without a position out again by the scene's layout: a diagram's blocks, or
+   * points on a plane or the earth. Places a layout gave otherwise hold, so rows added later are
+   * placed around the rest. Once the layout lands, answers a patch to each dataset writing each row
+   * laid out into its mark's position fields; applied, the places are the data's own. A `timeout`
+   * error after `deadline` seconds without it.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * for (const patch of await view.arrange()) if (patch.data === data.name) data.apply(patch);
+   * ```
+   */
+  arrange({ deadline: seconds }?: { deadline?: number | undefined }): Promise<Patch[]>;
+  get stats(): Stats;
+  /** Whether the view wants a frame: it changed, or work it waited on landed. */
+  get wantsFrame(): boolean;
+  /**
+   * Calls `listener` with each event of `type` told while it listens; returns a function that
+   * stops it. What lasts is state to read: `hovered`, `selection`, `camera`, `stats.waiting`, and
+   * `failures`.
+   */
+  on<T extends keyof ViewEvents>(type: T, listener: (event: ViewEvents[T]) => void): () => void;
+  /** Frees the view, and rejects what it was asked and has not answered; a canvas showing it keeps
+   * its last frame. */
+  destroy(): void;
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void;
+}
+````
+
+## Shot
+
+````ts
+/**
+ * A picture of views, each drawn into its panel of `size` pixels at `scale` pixels per CSS pixel:
+ * plain data, like a scene. A view a shot draws holds its canvas's last frame meanwhile.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const png = await (await new Shot([3840, 2160]).scale(2).image([view])).encode('png');
+ * ```
+ */
+class Shot {
+  readonly size: readonly [number, number];
+  /** A picture with width and height in pixels. */
+  constructor(size: readonly [number, number]);
+  /** Draws `scale` pixels per CSS pixel: a view lays out `size / scale` CSS pixels. */
+  scale(scale: number): Shot;
+  /** Where each view draws, `[x, y, width, height]` as fractions, one per view in order; by default one fills it. */
+  panels(panels: readonly Panel[]): Shot;
+  /** Keeps the picture's alpha: views clear to transparent where their themes' backgrounds are. */
+  transparent(): Shot;
+  /** The shot's deadline in seconds, including readback; rejects on timeout. Defaults to 30. */
+  deadline(seconds: number): Shot;
+  /** Fixes elapsed-time expressions and drawing effects at `seconds` while transitions settle. */
+  elapsed(seconds: number): Shot;
+  /** The picture of `views`, one per panel, once every one is complete and still. */
+  image(views: readonly View[]): Promise<Image>;
+  /**
+   * A video of these pictures at `fps` frames a second, H.264 in MP4, written to `output` as it is
+   * drawn, at `bitrate` bits a second or about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame. Width and height are
+   * multiples of 4 and 2. `signal` aborts it: the output is aborted and the views are given back.
+   */
+  video(
+    gpu: Gpu,
+    fps: number,
+    output: WritableStream<Uint8Array>,
+    options?: {
+      bitrate?: number;
+      signal?: AbortSignal;
+    },
+  ): Video;
+}
+````
+
+## Image
+
+```ts
+/** RGBA pixels, straight alpha, rows top to bottom. */
+class Image {
+  get width(): number;
+  get height(): number;
+  /** The pixels, copied. */
+  get rgba(): Uint8Array;
+  /**
+   * The image as a file, written in a worker: PNG, lossless with alpha; JPEG at `quality` from 1 to
+   * 100 (90 by default), small, its alpha dropped; or WebP, lossless with alpha, smaller than PNG.
+   */
+  encode(
+    format: ImageFormat,
+    options?: {
+      quality?: number;
+    },
+  ): Promise<Uint8Array>;
+  destroy(): void;
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void;
+}
+```
+
+## ImageFormat
+
+```ts
+/** How an image is written as a file. */
+type ImageFormat = 'png' | 'jpeg' | 'webp';
+```
+
+## Video
+
+```ts
+/** A video being drawn, encoded, and written. */
+class Video {
+  /** Seconds into the video the next frame shows at; retained after completion. */
+  get time(): number;
+  /** Frames drawn or held so far; retained after completion. */
+  get frames(): number;
+  /** Draws and writes one frame, waiting for output backpressure. Only one frame may run at a time. */
+  frame(views: readonly View[]): Promise<void>;
+  /** Records until `step(time)` returns false; any step, drawing, output, or progress error aborts it. */
+  record(
+    views: readonly View[],
+    step: (time: number) => boolean | Promise<boolean>,
+    onProgress?: (progress: { frames: number; time: number }) => void,
+  ): Promise<void>;
+  /** Finishes pending work, writes the end of the file, and closes and unlocks the output. Idempotent. */
+  finish(): Promise<void>;
+  /** Cancels drawing and encoding, aborts the output, and unlocks it after pending writes settle. Idempotent. */
+  abort(reason?: unknown): Promise<void>;
+}
+```
+
+## colormapCss
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * A CSS gradient through `map`, a catalog name or colors of your own, for legends: the colors the
+ * GPU draws, a band each for a categorical map's categories.
+ */
+function colormapCss(map: Colormap, direction?: string): string;
+```
diff --git a/docs/reference/cli.md b/docs/reference/cli.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee0ab95d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/cli.md
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# Command reference
+
+Generated from Clap. See the [CLI guide](../cli.md) for examples.
+
+## latkit
+
+```text
+Render scenes of JSON or binary data to images and videos
+
+Usage: latkit [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>
+
+Commands:
+  render    Draw scenes of datasets into an image, image sequence, raw frames, or a video
+  validate  Check everything render reads, frames included, without a GPU
+  inspect   Describe datasets as JSON: tables, rows, fields and their kinds, the axis and its span
+  schema    Print the JSON Schema of what latkit reads: every input, or one of them
+  query     Read rows back as JSON Lines, an object a row: those a query keeps, sorted and paged
+  tile      Write a dataset as time tiles: frames.json, which --tiles opens, the dataset without its sampled fields' histories, and their spans at every level of detail
+  help      Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Options:
+      --diagnostics <DIAGNOSTICS>
+          Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+
+          [default: human]
+          [possible values: human, json]
+
+  -h, --help
+          Print help
+
+  -V, --version
+          Print version
+```
+
+## render
+
+```text
+Draw scenes of datasets into an image, image sequence, raw frames, or a video
+
+Usage: latkit render [OPTIONS] <SCENE>...
+
+Arguments:
+  <SCENE>...
+          Scene JSON files, one per panel; - reads stdin
+
+Options:
+  -d, --data <[NAME=]FILE>
+          A dataset: JSON document, latkit bytes, or GeoJSON (which needs a NAME); NAME= renames it
+
+      --diagnostics <DIAGNOSTICS>
+          Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+
+          [default: human]
+          [possible values: human, json]
+
+      --tiles <NAME=FILE>
+          Tiles every view fetches as dataset NAME: time tiles' frames.json, or vector tiles' PMTiles file, TileJSON, or {z}/{x}/{y} template
+
+  -o, --output <FILE>
+          Image file, %d pattern for an image sequence, or - for stdout
+
+      --format <FORMAT>
+          What to write; otherwise the output's extension says, or PNG for stdout
+
+          Possible values:
+          - png:  PNG, lossless with alpha: one picture, or one a frame where the output has a %d pattern
+          - jpeg: JPEG at --quality, its alpha dropped: one picture, or one a frame
+          - webp: WebP, lossless with alpha: one picture, or one a frame
+          - rgba: Raw RGBA, straight alpha, frames back to back
+          - y4m:  YUV4MPEG2: 4:2:0 BT.709 limited range, for any encoder
+          - mp4:  H.264 in fragmented MP4, from the platform's encoder
+
+      --quality <QUALITY>
+          A JPEG's quality, from 1, smallest, to 100, sharpest
+
+          [default: 90]
+
+      --size <SIZE>
+          The picture's width and height in pixels, such as 1920x1080
+
+          [default: 1600x900]
+
+      --scale <SCALE>
+          Pixels per CSS pixel: views lay out size / scale CSS pixels, so 2 draws twice as sharp
+
+          [default: 1]
+
+      --panel <X,Y,W,H>
+          A scene's panel of the picture, X,Y,WIDTH,HEIGHT as fractions; one per scene, in order
+
+      --transparent
+          Keep alpha where the themes' backgrounds would be
+
+      --deadline <DEADLINE>
+          The longest a picture, or a video frame, may take, in seconds
+
+          [default: 30]
+
+      --font <FILE>
+          TTF/OTF/TTC file; repeat for fallbacks; replaces system fonts
+
+      --camera <FILE>
+          Camera JSON for a scene, in scene order; a view without one fits
+
+      --fit <FIT>
+          What a view without a camera frames: "all", or a fit as JSON
+
+          [default: all]
+
+      --insets <T,R,B,L>
+          CSS pixels kept clear at the top, right, bottom, and left, T,R,B,L
+
+      --at <AT>
+          The axis coordinate shown; sampled fields read their last frame at or before it
+
+      --elapsed <ELAPSED>
+          A still's effect time in seconds, where elapsed time and flowing comets read it
+
+      --frames <FILE>
+          Frames as JSON Lines, one per output frame, or - for stdin
+
+      --fps <FPS>
+          Output frames a second
+
+          [default: 60]
+
+      --bitrate <BITRATE>
+          MP4 bits a second; about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame otherwise
+
+  -h, --help
+          Print help (see a summary with '-h')
+```
+
+## validate
+
+```text
+Check everything render reads, frames included, without a GPU
+
+Usage: latkit validate [OPTIONS] <SCENE>...
+
+Arguments:
+  <SCENE>...
+          Scene JSON files, one per panel; - reads stdin
+
+Options:
+  -d, --data <[NAME=]FILE>
+          A dataset: JSON document, latkit bytes, or GeoJSON (which needs a NAME); NAME= renames it
+
+      --diagnostics <DIAGNOSTICS>
+          Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+
+          [default: human]
+          [possible values: human, json]
+
+      --tiles <NAME=FILE>
+          Tiles every view fetches as dataset NAME: time tiles' frames.json, or vector tiles' PMTiles file, TileJSON, or {z}/{x}/{y} template
+
+  -o, --output <FILE>
+          Image file, %d pattern for an image sequence, or - for stdout
+
+      --format <FORMAT>
+          What to write; otherwise the output's extension says, or PNG for stdout
+
+          Possible values:
+          - png:  PNG, lossless with alpha: one picture, or one a frame where the output has a %d pattern
+          - jpeg: JPEG at --quality, its alpha dropped: one picture, or one a frame
+          - webp: WebP, lossless with alpha: one picture, or one a frame
+          - rgba: Raw RGBA, straight alpha, frames back to back
+          - y4m:  YUV4MPEG2: 4:2:0 BT.709 limited range, for any encoder
+          - mp4:  H.264 in fragmented MP4, from the platform's encoder
+
+      --quality <QUALITY>
+          A JPEG's quality, from 1, smallest, to 100, sharpest
+
+          [default: 90]
+
+      --size <SIZE>
+          The picture's width and height in pixels, such as 1920x1080
+
+          [default: 1600x900]
+
+      --scale <SCALE>
+          Pixels per CSS pixel: views lay out size / scale CSS pixels, so 2 draws twice as sharp
+
+          [default: 1]
+
+      --panel <X,Y,W,H>
+          A scene's panel of the picture, X,Y,WIDTH,HEIGHT as fractions; one per scene, in order
+
+      --transparent
+          Keep alpha where the themes' backgrounds would be
+
+      --deadline <DEADLINE>
+          The longest a picture, or a video frame, may take, in seconds
+
+          [default: 30]
+
+      --font <FILE>
+          TTF/OTF/TTC file; repeat for fallbacks; replaces system fonts
+
+      --camera <FILE>
+          Camera JSON for a scene, in scene order; a view without one fits
+
+      --fit <FIT>
+          What a view without a camera frames: "all", or a fit as JSON
+
+          [default: all]
+
+      --insets <T,R,B,L>
+          CSS pixels kept clear at the top, right, bottom, and left, T,R,B,L
+
+      --at <AT>
+          The axis coordinate shown; sampled fields read their last frame at or before it
+
+      --elapsed <ELAPSED>
+          A still's effect time in seconds, where elapsed time and flowing comets read it
+
+      --frames <FILE>
+          Frames as JSON Lines, one per output frame, or - for stdin
+
+      --fps <FPS>
+          Output frames a second
+
+          [default: 60]
+
+      --bitrate <BITRATE>
+          MP4 bits a second; about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame otherwise
+
+  -h, --help
+          Print help (see a summary with '-h')
+```
+
+## inspect
+
+```text
+Describe datasets as JSON: tables, rows, fields and their kinds, the axis and its span
+
+Usage: latkit inspect [OPTIONS] <[NAME=]FILE>...
+
+Arguments:
+  <[NAME=]FILE>...
+          Dataset files, each [NAME=]FILE; - reads stdin
+
+Options:
+      --deadline <DEADLINE>
+          The longest a dataset may take to load, in seconds
+
+          [default: 30]
+
+      --diagnostics <DIAGNOSTICS>
+          Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+
+          [default: human]
+          [possible values: human, json]
+
+  -h, --help
+          Print help
+```
+
+## schema
+
+```text
+Print the JSON Schema of what latkit reads: every input, or one of them
+
+Usage: latkit schema [OPTIONS] [INPUT]
+
+Arguments:
+  [INPUT]
+          One input's schema
+
+          Possible values:
+          - scene:  A scene
+          - data:   A dataset's JSON document
+          - patch:  A patch's JSON
+          - query:  A query of `latkit query`
+          - camera: A camera of `--camera`
+          - fit:    A fit of `--fit`
+          - frames: A line of `--frames`
+
+Options:
+      --diagnostics <DIAGNOSTICS>
+          Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+
+          [default: human]
+          [possible values: human, json]
+
+  -h, --help
+          Print help (see a summary with '-h')
+```
+
+## query
+
+```text
+Read rows back as JSON Lines, an object a row: those a query keeps, sorted and paged
+
+Usage: latkit query [OPTIONS] <[NAME=]FILE> <QUERY>
+
+Arguments:
+  <[NAME=]FILE>
+          The dataset, [NAME=]FILE; - reads stdin
+
+  <QUERY>
+          The query: JSON such as {"of":"Branch","filter":{"op":"gt","args":["loading",90]}}, or a file of it
+
+Options:
+      --deadline <DEADLINE>
+          The longest the dataset may take to load, in seconds
+
+          [default: 30]
+
+      --diagnostics <DIAGNOSTICS>
+          Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+
+          [default: human]
+          [possible values: human, json]
+
+  -h, --help
+          Print help
+```
+
+## tile
+
+```text
+Write a dataset as time tiles: frames.json, which --tiles opens, the dataset without its sampled fields' histories, and their spans at every level of detail
+
+Usage: latkit tile [OPTIONS] --output <DIR> <[NAME=]FILE>
+
+Arguments:
+  <[NAME=]FILE>
+          The dataset, [NAME=]FILE; - reads stdin
+
+Options:
+      --diagnostics <DIAGNOSTICS>
+          Diagnostics on stderr: errors, and progress while rendering; JSON is one object a line
+
+          [default: human]
+          [possible values: human, json]
+
+  -o, --output <DIR>
+          The directory the tiles go in
+
+      --chunk <CHUNK>
+          Entries a span holds: frames, or buckets of a level of detail; a multiple of 8
+
+          [default: 256]
+
+      --deadline <DEADLINE>
+          The longest the dataset may take to load, in seconds
+
+          [default: 30]
+
+  -h, --help
+          Print help
+```
+
+## help
+
+```text
+Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
+
+Usage: latkit help [COMMAND]...
+
+Arguments:
+  [COMMAND]...
+          Print help for the subcommand(s)
+```
diff --git a/docs/reference/types.md b/docs/reference/types.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52752446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/types.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1771 @@
+# Scene and result types
+
+Generated from the same schema as the package types. Each field documents its meaning and defaults.
+
+## Areas
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as the areas a polygon field holds: parcels, states, lakes, the land and water of a
+ * map. The view cuts each row's polygons into triangles once, off the frame when they are large;
+ * on the earth they bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian. Outline areas with
+ * a `Lines` mark of the same table, which draws their rings.
+ */
+interface Areas {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /** The polygon field each row fills: one polygon's rings, or polygons. `geometry` unless set. */
+  geometry?: string | null;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+```
+
+## Axis
+
+```ts
+/** A plot axis. */
+interface Axis {
+  /** The axis title. */
+  label?: string | null;
+  /** Whether grid lines cross the plot at the ticks. */
+  grid?: boolean;
+  /** Whether the axis is hidden. */
+  hidden?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Ticks at these values, each a value or `[value, label]`, their values written unless labeled;
+   * round values unless set.
+   */
+  ticks?: Tick[] | null;
+  /** How tick values are written. */
+  format?: Format;
+  /**
+   * Decimals of fixed values, or of the significand of scientific and engineering ones; as many as
+   * the ticks' step needs unless set.
+   */
+  precision?: number | null;
+}
+```
+
+## Binary
+
+```ts
+/** An operation of two values. */
+type Binary =
+  | 'add'
+  | 'sub'
+  | 'mul'
+  | 'div'
+  | 'rem'
+  | 'pow'
+  | 'min'
+  | 'max'
+  | 'lt'
+  | 'le'
+  | 'gt'
+  | 'ge'
+  | 'eq'
+  | 'ne'
+  | 'and'
+  | 'or';
+```
+
+## BinaryNode
+
+```ts
+interface BinaryNode {
+  op: Binary;
+  args: [ExprInput, ExprInput];
+}
+```
+
+## Bitmap
+
+```ts
+/** RGBA texels, straight alpha, sRGB, rows top to bottom. */
+interface Bitmap {
+  /** Width and height in texels. */
+  size: [number, number];
+  /** `size[0] * size[1] * 4` bytes. */
+  rgba: number[];
+}
+```
+
+## Budget
+
+```ts
+/** How much GPU memory latkit uses. */
+interface Budget {
+  /**
+   * Bytes the data every view of the `Gpu` draws may take on the GPU: its pages, and each view's
+   * rows. A view draws a table too large for its share through the tiles the camera asks for, so
+   * what it draws always fits; pages no view draws stay cached in the room left, the least recently
+   * drawn going first. By default half the device's largest storage buffer. The pool of pages grows
+   * as data needs it, and never shrinks: set the budget before data draws.
+   */
+  bytes: number;
+  /** Bytes uploaded per frame at most; larger data streams in over frames. */
+  uploadPerFrame: number;
+}
+```
+
+## Camera
+
+```ts
+/** Where a view looks. */
+type Camera =
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Longitude, latitude, and elevation on the earth; x, y, and elevation on a plane or a diagram. In
+       * JSON, `[x, y]` looks at the ground.
+       */
+      center: [number, number] | [number, number, number];
+      /** On the earth the web mercator level; elsewhere, log₂ of pixels per unit. */
+      zoom: number;
+      /** Degrees from looking straight down, up to 75; 0 in a diagram. */
+      pitch: number;
+      /** Degrees clockwise from north, or from up on a plane; 0 in a diagram. */
+      bearing: number;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** The axis range shown. */
+      x: [number, number];
+      /** The value range shown, or none to fit what is in view. */
+      y?: [number, number] | null;
+    };
+```
+
+## ColorNode
+
+```ts
+interface ColorNode {
+  /** A CSS color, such as `#ffb000` or `rebeccapurple`. */
+  color: Color;
+}
+```
+
+## Colormap
+
+```ts
+/** Colors for a range of values: a catalog name, or your own colors. */
+type Colormap = ColormapName | CustomColormap;
+```
+
+## ColormapKind
+
+```ts
+/** How a colormap spans values. */
+type ColormapKind = 'sequential' | 'diverging' | 'cyclic' | 'categorical';
+```
+
+## ColormapName
+
+```ts
+/** A colormap of the catalog. */
+type ColormapName =
+  | 'amber'
+  | 'amp'
+  | 'batlow'
+  | 'cividis'
+  | 'crest'
+  | 'deep'
+  | 'devon'
+  | 'flare'
+  | 'grays'
+  | 'haline'
+  | 'inferno'
+  | 'lajolla'
+  | 'magma'
+  | 'mako'
+  | 'oslo'
+  | 'plasma'
+  | 'rocket'
+  | 'thermal'
+  | 'turku'
+  | 'viridis'
+  | 'balance'
+  | 'berlin'
+  | 'brbg'
+  | 'broc'
+  | 'coolwarm'
+  | 'cork'
+  | 'icefire'
+  | 'managua'
+  | 'piyg'
+  | 'puor'
+  | 'rdbu'
+  | 'spectral'
+  | 'vanimo'
+  | 'vik'
+  | 'vlag'
+  | 'phase'
+  | 'romao'
+  | 'twilight'
+  | 'dark2'
+  | 'okabeito'
+  | 'paired'
+  | 'set2'
+  | 'tab10'
+  | 'tab20'
+  | 'tableau10'
+  | 'turbo';
+```
+
+## ColormapNode
+
+```ts
+/** `value` through `colormap`: from its `domain`, else from the extent of the values shown. */
+interface ColormapNode {
+  colormap: Colormap;
+  value: ExprInput;
+  domain?: [low: number, high: number] | null;
+}
+```
+
+## ContainsNode
+
+```ts
+/** Whether a text field holds the text, ignoring case: read by queries, which hold texts. */
+interface ContainsNode {
+  contains: [field: ExprInput, text: string];
+}
+```
+
+## Controls
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * How a view answers the pointer and keyboard, and how much it moves on its own: a preset, or
+ * options over the defaults. Each mark says whether its rows pick, select, and drag; these say
+ * what the view itself does.
+ */
+type Controls =
+  | 'none'
+  | 'inspect'
+  | {
+      /** Dragging the background moves the camera. */
+      pan?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * What zooms: the wheel and pinching, or the wheel only with Control or Meta held (as a trackpad's
+       * pinch sends it), leaving the plain wheel to scroll the page; or nothing.
+       */
+      zoom?: Zoom;
+      /** Dragging with the secondary button, or with Shift, turns and tilts a map or plane. */
+      turn?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Tab steps through the rows nearest the view's middle and arrows to the nearest row their way;
+       * Enter opens the row stepped to and Space selects it. Otherwise arrows pan, `+` and `-` zoom,
+       * Home fits, and Escape clears the selection.
+       */
+      keyboard?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * The row the user points at glows. It is hovered either way: events tell it, and `hovered()`
+       * reads it.
+       */
+      hover?: boolean;
+      /** CSS pixels around the pointer that picks reach; touch reaches 8 more. */
+      pickRadius?: number;
+      /**
+       * Dragging with Shift selects the rows in a box, instead of turning; a Shift click still toggles
+       * its row.
+       */
+      selectBox?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Dragging from a port, from a vertex with Alt, or an edge off its end draws a connection, told as
+       * `Event::Connect`.
+       */
+      connect?: boolean;
+      /** Delete and Backspace tell `Event::Delete` with the selection. */
+      delete?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Clicking again where nothing moved selects the next row under the point, nearest first, so rows
+       * drawn over one another can each be selected.
+       */
+      cycle?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Seconds a touch or a pen held still asks for a menu, as the secondary button does; zero never
+       * does.
+       */
+      press?: number;
+      /**
+       * How much the view moves on its own: eases, flights, coasting, orbits, label fades, comets, and
+       * what reads `elapsed()`.
+       */
+      motion?: Motion;
+    };
+```
+
+## CustomColormap
+
+```ts
+/** Your own colormap: its kind, its colors, and for a categorical map its categories' names. */
+interface CustomColormap {
+  kind: ColormapKind;
+  /**
+   * Colors blended in OKLab, each at its `[place, color]` from 0 to 1 or evenly between its
+   * neighbors, as in a CSS gradient; a categorical map's, one per category.
+   */
+  colors: (Color | [number, Color])[];
+  /** The categories' names, in order, for a legend: a categorical map's alone. */
+  categories?: string[];
+}
+```
+
+## Diagram
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * A sheet for diagrams, flat and seen from straight above: the camera pans and zooms. Positions
+ * are units with y down, and every length is a unit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0 (sizes, padding, ports,
+ * strokes, text, and the theme's), except glow, halo, and pick radius. Zooming scales one fixed
+ * picture. Only a diagram has ports, groups, nets, and orthogonal routes; it lays out blocks.
+ */
+interface Diagram {
+  /** The grid under the marks. */
+  grid?: Grid;
+}
+```
+
+## Direction
+
+```ts
+/** A direction on screen. */
+type Direction = 'right' | 'left' | 'down' | 'up';
+```
+
+## Earth
+
+```ts
+/** The earth: positions are longitude and latitude in degrees. */
+interface Earth {
+  /** A flat map or a globe. */
+  projection?: Projection;
+  /** The ground's color; the theme's surface unless set. */
+  surface?: Color | null;
+  /** Whether lines of longitude and latitude cross the ground, in the theme's grid color. */
+  graticule?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Lit by the sun as it stands this many seconds after the Unix epoch, plus the view's axis
+   * coordinate when it shows one: night falls on the ground and what stands on it, down to the
+   * theme's night. Lit evenly unless set.
+   */
+  daylight?: number | null;
+  /** Whether air glows around the globe, in the theme's atmosphere color, brighter where it is day. */
+  atmosphere?: boolean;
+}
+```
+
+## Edges
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as strokes between the vertices two reference fields name: branches, links, wires. In
+ * a diagram, a row without ends is a net: it joins every vertex port whose reference field names
+ * it.
+ */
+interface Edges {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /** The reference fields naming each row's two vertices. */
+  ends?: [from: string, to: string] | null;
+  /** A path field of points each row runs through between its ends. */
+  bends?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * How each row runs between its ends; on the earth geodesic, elsewhere straight, unless set.
+   * Orthogonal routes run around blocks, bends rounded; diagrams only.
+   */
+  route?: Route | null;
+  /** Whether each row ends in an arrowhead at its second end; a net's at each input it reaches. */
+  arrows?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Draws each row as a pole from its own vertex down to the ground beneath it, on a plane or the
+   * earth; it has no ends.
+   */
+  poles?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Draws each row as a net on a plane or the earth: it joins the vertex rows of `table` whose
+   * reference field names it, as a star from their middle to each.
+   */
+  joins?: [table: string, reference: string] | null;
+  /** CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram. */
+  width?: Size | null;
+  /** Whether each row is dashed. */
+  dash?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram, or
+   * position units where the theme's flow is in units; negative flows backward. A speed that changes
+   * carries comets on from where they are.
+   */
+  flow?: ExprInput;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+```
+
+## ExprNode
+
+```ts
+/** A value for every row of a mark: a constant, a field, view state, or arithmetic of them. */
+type ExprNode =
+  | number
+  | boolean
+  | string
+  | FieldNode
+  | ColorNode
+  | StateNode
+  | MissingNode
+  | UnaryNode
+  | BinaryNode
+  | WhenNode
+  | IsNode
+  | ContainsNode
+  | ScaleNode
+  | ColormapNode;
+```
+
+## Faces
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as triangles between the vertices three reference fields name: meshes, surfaces, and
+ * fields interpolated across a network. Faces are lit from the camera, so a flat mesh seen from
+ * above shows its exact colors.
+ */
+interface Faces {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /**
+   * The reference fields naming each row's three vertices. Without a color, a face blends the colors
+   * of its corners.
+   */
+  corners?: [a: string, b: string, c: string] | null;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+```
+
+## FieldNode
+
+```ts
+/** A field of each row: of the mark's own table, or of another dataset's table joined by row id. */
+interface FieldNode {
+  field: string;
+  /** The dataset and table the field is read from, joined by row id. */
+  of?: [data: string, table: string] | null;
+  /** Reads a sampled field at its last frame without interpolating. */
+  step?: boolean;
+}
+```
+
+## Fit
+
+```ts
+/** What a view's fit frames. */
+type Fit =
+  | 'all'
+  | {
+      /** These rows. */
+      rows: Rows[];
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Brings this row into view, keeping the zoom. */
+      reveal: Row;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** The box from `min` to `max`: x, y, and elevation. */
+      bounds: {
+        /** The least corner. */
+        min: [number, number, number];
+        /** The greatest corner. */
+        max: [number, number, number];
+      };
+    };
+```
+
+## Flow
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * How comets flowing along edges and lines look: each a round head, brightest at its middle,
+ * trailing a tail that thins and fades.
+ */
+interface Flow {
+  /** A comet's color; its alpha is how strongly a comet covers its stroke. */
+  color?: Color;
+  /** Distance between comets. */
+  spacing?: number;
+  /** How far a comet's tail trails its head. */
+  length?: number;
+  /** How wide a comet's head is, CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; never narrower than its stroke. */
+  width?: number;
+  /**
+   * Whether comets are part of the drawing: their spacing, length, and each row's flow in position
+   * units, degrees on the earth, so they zoom with the view and stay where they are on their lines.
+   * Otherwise they keep their size and speed on screen, and slide along their lines as it zooms.
+   */
+  units?: boolean;
+}
+```
+
+## Format
+
+```ts
+/** How an axis writes its tick values. */
+type Format = 'auto' | 'fixed' | 'scientific' | 'engineering';
+```
+
+## Grid
+
+```ts
+/** A plane's or a diagram's grid: `"off"`, `{ lines: { pitch } }`, or `{ dots: { pitch, snap } }`. */
+type Grid =
+  | 'off'
+  | {
+      /** Lines `pitch` units apart, thinned by tens as the view zooms out. */
+      lines: {
+        /** Units between lines. */
+        pitch: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Dots `pitch` units apart; drags snap to them when `snap`. */
+      dots: {
+        /** Units between dots. */
+        pitch: number;
+        /** Whether moved vertices snap to the dots. */
+        snap?: boolean;
+      };
+    };
+```
+
+## Id
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * A row's id: a whole number from 0, or a text. A number above 2^53 - 1 is written as its decimal
+ * text, which names the same row.
+ */
+type Id = number | string;
+```
+
+## Ids
+
+```ts
+/** Row ids: numbers or texts (null leaves a reference unwired), or `{count}` naming rows 0..count. */
+type Ids =
+  | (Id | null)[]
+  | {
+      count: number;
+    };
+```
+
+## Interpolation
+
+```ts
+/** How a line runs between its samples. */
+type Interpolation = 'linear' | 'stepBefore' | 'stepAfter';
+```
+
+## IsNode
+
+```ts
+/** Whether a text field equals the text. */
+interface IsNode {
+  is: [field: ExprInput, text: string];
+}
+```
+
+## Label
+
+```ts
+type Label =
+  | ExprInput
+  | {
+      /** A text field. */
+      text: ExprInput;
+      /** CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; the theme's font size unless set. */
+      size?: number | null;
+      /** Each row's text color; the theme's text color unless set. */
+      color?: ExprInput | null;
+      /** Where labels would overlap, the higher shows; the mark's priority unless set. */
+      priority?: ExprInput | null;
+      /** How far a line runs before it wraps: CSS pixels, or units in a diagram. */
+      maxWidth?: number | null;
+      /** The CSS font family list its texts are set in; the theme's font unless set. */
+      font?: string | null;
+      /**
+       * The most labels shown at once, those of highest priority among the rows in view; where they
+       * would overlap, fewer.
+       */
+      max?: number | null;
+    };
+```
+
+## Layered
+
+```ts
+/** Layered drawing: vertices in ranks, edges pointing along `flow`, and nets from their outputs. */
+interface Layered {
+  /** Where edges point. */
+  flow?: Direction;
+  /** Units between vertices of a rank. */
+  gap?: number;
+  /** Units between ranks. */
+  rankGap?: number;
+}
+```
+
+## Layout
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, sized, or the points of a
+ * plane or the earth, among the rows linked to them, gaps in the space's units: a name, or
+ * `{ stress | layered: options }`. A place, once given, holds: rows added later are placed around
+ * the rest, and `View::arrange` lays every row out again.
+ */
+type Layout =
+  | 'none'
+  | 'stress'
+  | 'layered'
+  | {
+      /** Distances on the drawing follow distances in the graph. */
+      stress: Stress;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Ranks along a direction, for flows and hierarchies. */
+      layered: Layered;
+    };
+```
+
+## Lines
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as lines: along a path field (roads, rivers, borders) or a polygon field's rings,
+ * outlining its areas; on a plot, through a sampled field's history across the data's axis, what a
+ * monitor shows. On the earth paths bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian.
+ */
+interface Lines {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /** The path or polygon field each row runs along; `geometry` unless set. Not on a plot. */
+  geometry?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * The sampled field each row traces across the data's axis, on a plot alone. A field not recorded
+   * yet draws nothing until its first frame.
+   */
+  trace?: string | null;
+  /** How each row runs between its samples, on a plot. */
+  interpolation?: Interpolation;
+  /** CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram. */
+  width?: Size | null;
+  /** Whether each row is dashed. */
+  dash?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram, or
+   * position units where the theme's flow is in units; negative flows backward. A speed that changes
+   * carries comets on from where they are.
+   */
+  flow?: ExprInput;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+```
+
+## Mark
+
+```ts
+/** One drawn table of a scene: `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }` as JSON. */
+type Mark =
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as markers. */
+      vertices: Vertices;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as strokes between two vertices. */
+      edges: Edges;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as triangles between three vertices. */
+      faces: Faces;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as lines along their paths, or on a plot through their samples. */
+      lines: Lines;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as the areas their polygons cover. */
+      areas: Areas;
+    };
+```
+
+## Marker
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * How a vertex is drawn: a shape's name, `"block"`, or
+ * `{ shape | block | gauge | pie | icon | wgsl: options }`.
+ */
+type Marker =
+  | 'ellipse'
+  | 'rectangle'
+  | 'rounded'
+  | 'diamond'
+  | 'block'
+  | {
+      /** A filled shape. */
+      shape: Shape;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A block: a rectangle with rounded corners of `corner` CSS pixels, sized for diagrams. */
+      block: {
+        /** Corner radius, CSS pixels; 4 unless set. */
+        corner?: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A shape's outline, filled to `fill` from 0 to 1: around a circle, up other shapes. */
+      gauge: {
+        /** How full each row's gauge is. */
+        fill: ExprInput;
+        /** The outline. */
+        shape?: Shape;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A circle cut into slices, each as large as its value. */
+      pie: {
+        /** Each slice's value. */
+        slices: ExprInput[];
+        /** Each slice's color. */
+        colors: Color[];
+        /** The hole in the middle, as a fraction of the radius. */
+        hole?: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** One of `images`, fitted in the marker's box; `index` picks which for each row. */
+      icon: {
+        /** The images. */
+        images: Bitmap[];
+        /** Each row's image, from 0. */
+        index: ExprInput;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /**
+       * A marker in WGSL: `source` defines `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor`, reading up to
+       * eight `inputs` as `f.input[i]`. It compiles once, when the view first draws it.
+       */
+      wgsl: {
+        /** The function's source. */
+        source: string;
+        /** Each row's inputs. */
+        inputs?: ExprInput[];
+      };
+    };
+```
+
+## MissingNode
+
+```ts
+/** A missing value: options that read one take the theme's. */
+interface MissingNode {
+  missing: true;
+}
+```
+
+## Motion
+
+```ts
+/** How much a view moves on its own. */
+type Motion = 'system' | 'full' | 'reduced';
+```
+
+## Order
+
+```ts
+/** Which way a sort runs; rows a key reads nothing for come last either way. */
+type Order = 'ascending' | 'descending';
+```
+
+## Plane
+
+```ts
+/** A plane: positions are plane units. */
+interface Plane {
+  /** The grid under the marks. */
+  grid?: Grid;
+}
+```
+
+## Plot
+
+```ts
+/** A plot: x is the data's axis, y the values. */
+interface Plot {
+  /** The horizontal axis. */
+  x?: Axis;
+  /** The vertical axis. */
+  y?: Axis;
+}
+```
+
+## Port
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * A vertex's port: where a net its reference field names meets it, on one side of its marker: a
+ * side, or options. An output drives its net: layouts rank a net from its outputs, and its arrows
+ * point away from them.
+ */
+type Port =
+  | 'left'
+  | 'right'
+  | 'top'
+  | 'bottom'
+  | {
+      /** The side it sits on. */
+      side: Side;
+      /**
+       * Its place among the ports on that side, from the top or the left; in declaration order unless
+       * set.
+       */
+      order?: number | null;
+      /** Its name, drawn beside it inside the marker. */
+      label?: string | null;
+      /** Its marker. */
+      shape?: Shape;
+      /** Whether it drives the net its reference field names; an input unless set. */
+      output?: boolean;
+    };
+```
+
+## Projection
+
+```ts
+/** How the earth is drawn. */
+type Projection = 'mercator' | 'globe';
+```
+
+## Query
+
+```ts
+/** The rows of a table to read back, run through the expressions marks draw with. */
+interface Query {
+  /** The table read. */
+  of: string;
+  /**
+   * The rows read, in this order unless sorted; every row unless set. Ids that name no row are
+   * passed over.
+   */
+  ids?: Ids | null;
+  /** Keeps the rows it is true for. */
+  filter?: ExprInput | null;
+  /**
+   * Keys to sort by, each after those before it; rows a key reads nothing for come last, and rows
+   * all keys order alike keep their order.
+   */
+  sort?: [ExprInput, Order][];
+  /** The kept rows skipped first. */
+  offset?: number;
+  /** The most rows read; a limit picks them in linear time before sorting only those. */
+  limit?: number | null;
+  /** Fields to read by name: a field as it is, anything else as numbers. Every field unless set. */
+  select?: {
+    [name: string]: ExprInput;
+  };
+  /** The axis coordinate sampled fields are read at; their last frame unless set. */
+  at?: number | null;
+}
+```
+
+## Route
+
+```ts
+/** How an edge runs between its ends. */
+type Route = 'straight' | 'geodesic' | 'orthogonal';
+```
+
+## Row
+
+```ts
+/** A row of a table in a dataset. It survives any change that keeps the names and the id. */
+interface Row {
+  /** The dataset's name. */
+  data: string;
+  /** The table's name. */
+  table: string;
+  /** The row's id in the table. */
+  id: Id;
+}
+```
+
+## Rows
+
+```ts
+/** Rows of one table in a dataset, by id: what a view selects, fits, and tells as sets of rows. */
+interface Rows {
+  /** The dataset's name. */
+  data: string;
+  /** The table's name. */
+  table: string;
+  /** The rows' ids in the table. */
+  ids: Id[];
+}
+```
+
+## ScaleNode
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * `value` mapped linearly onto the range `scale`, clamped: from its `domain`, else from the extent
+ * of the values shown.
+ */
+interface ScaleNode {
+  scale: [low: number, high: number];
+  value: ExprInput;
+  domain?: [low: number, high: number] | null;
+}
+```
+
+## Scene
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * What a view draws and how it answers input: a space, marks in drawing order, a layout, a theme,
+ * controls, how long changes ease, and the title written over it. Plain data: as JSON, each field
+ * by its name in camelCase, each mark `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }`.
+ */
+interface Scene {
+  space: Space;
+  /** What the view draws, in drawing order. */
+  marks?: Mark[];
+  /**
+   * How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, or points on a plane or
+   * the earth, gaps in the space's units.
+   */
+  layout?: Layout;
+  theme?: Theme;
+  controls?: Controls;
+  /** Seconds that changes ease over; 0.3 unless set. */
+  ease?: number;
+  /** Written at the view's top left, larger than the theme's text. */
+  title?: string | null;
+  /** Written under the title. */
+  subtitle?: string | null;
+}
+```
+
+## Shadow
+
+```ts
+/** How marks that cast shadows cast them onto the ground and onto faces. */
+interface Shadow {
+  /** What a shadow darkens toward; its alpha is how dark a shadow at contact gets. */
+  color?: Color;
+  /** The direction toward the light, fixed in the world: shadows fall away from it. */
+  light?: [number, number, number];
+  /** How much a shadow spreads per unit of a caster's height: the light's size. */
+  softness?: number;
+  /** CSS pixels flat marks cast from, as if raised. */
+  lift?: number;
+}
+```
+
+## Shape
+
+```ts
+/** A marker's outline. */
+type Shape = 'ellipse' | 'rectangle' | 'rounded' | 'diamond';
+```
+
+## Side
+
+```ts
+/** A side of a marker. */
+type Side = 'left' | 'right' | 'top' | 'bottom';
+```
+
+## Size
+
+```ts
+/** A size: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`. */
+type Size = ExprInput | Units;
+```
+
+## Space
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * The coordinate space a scene's positions are in: a name, or
+ * `{ plane | diagram | earth | plot: options }`. A diagram is a flat sheet seen from straight
+ * above: y runs down, and every length is a unit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0, except glow, halo, and
+ * pick radius. Only a diagram has ports, groups, nets, orthogonal routes, and layouts.
+ */
+type Space =
+  | 'plane'
+  | 'diagram'
+  | 'mercator'
+  | 'globe'
+  | 'plot'
+  | {
+      /** Longitude and latitude in degrees, on a map or a globe. */
+      earth: Earth;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Plane units with elevation: graphs and scenes the camera turns and tilts around. */
+      plane: Plane;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** The data's axis across, values up. */
+      plot: Plot;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A sheet for diagrams: x right and y down in units, every length a unit. */
+      diagram: Diagram;
+    };
+```
+
+## State
+
+```ts
+/** What the view knows of each row. */
+type State = 'selected' | 'hovered' | 'pointer' | 'elapsed' | 'zoom';
+```
+
+## StateNode
+
+```ts
+/** What the view knows of each row. */
+interface StateNode {
+  state: State;
+}
+```
+
+## Stress
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Stress majorization: each pair of vertices pulls toward its graph distance; then their boxes
+ * part, keeping a quarter of the gap clear.
+ */
+interface Stress {
+  /** Units between adjacent vertices' centers. */
+  gap?: number;
+}
+```
+
+## Theme
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Colors and sizes marks take where their options read nothing, and the look of focus and motion:
+ * a base theme's name, or options over one (`base`, dark unless set). Lengths are CSS pixels; in a
+ * diagram they are units, except `glow` and `halo`.
+ */
+type Theme =
+  | 'dark'
+  | 'light'
+  | {
+      /** Behind everything. */
+      background?: Color;
+      /** The earth's ground, and a group's container. */
+      surface?: Color;
+      /** A plane's or a diagram's grid. */
+      grid?: Color;
+      /** Vertex color. */
+      vertex?: Color;
+      /** Vertex radius. */
+      vertexRadius?: number;
+      /**
+       * Edge color; `null` blends the colors of each edge's two vertices, and in a diagram takes the
+       * text color.
+       */
+      edge?: Color | null;
+      /** Edge width. */
+      edgeWidth?: number;
+      /** Line color. */
+      line?: Color;
+      /** Line width. */
+      lineWidth?: number;
+      /** Area color. */
+      area?: Color;
+      /** How much a face turned away from the camera darkens, 0 to 1. */
+      shading?: number;
+      /** Text: labels, axis ticks, and titles. */
+      text?: Color;
+      /** The CSS font family text is set in. */
+      font?: string;
+      /** Text size. */
+      fontSize?: number;
+      /** The line a plot draws at the shown coordinate. */
+      playhead?: Color;
+      /** What a missing color reads as. */
+      missing?: Color;
+      /** The glow around hovered rows. */
+      hover?: Color;
+      /** The glow around selected rows; `null` glows in each row's own color. */
+      selected?: Color | null;
+      /** How far focus glows reach, CSS pixels. */
+      glow?: number;
+      /** The opacity of rows outside a selection. */
+      dim?: number;
+      /** How much a hovered vertex sized in CSS pixels grows. */
+      hoverScale?: number;
+      /** Length of a dash. */
+      dash?: number;
+      /** How comets flowing along edges and lines look. */
+      flow?: Flow;
+      /**
+       * In a diagram, distance between the lanes of edges joining the same two vertices, and between
+       * parallel orthogonal wires, which keep twice it apart.
+       */
+      edgeSpacing?: number;
+      /**
+       * Elsewhere, how far edges joining the same two vertices bow apart: each lane by this fraction of
+       * the edge's length at its middle. A bow is part of the drawing, so zooming never moves it.
+       */
+      laneBow?: number;
+      /** How far an arrowhead reaches past its edge's width. */
+      arrow?: number;
+      /** CSS pixels of background around label text. */
+      halo?: number;
+      /** Distance between a group's members and its outline. */
+      groupPadding?: number;
+      /** How marks that cast shadows cast them. */
+      shadow?: Shadow;
+      /** The air glowing around the globe, where the earth has an atmosphere. */
+      atmosphere?: Color;
+      /** How bright the earth's night side stays where it is lit by daylight, 0 to 1. */
+      night?: number;
+      /** The theme these options change; dark unless set. */
+      base?: 'dark' | 'light';
+    };
+```
+
+## Tick
+
+```ts
+/** A tick as written: a value, or `[value, label]`. */
+type Tick = number | [number, string | null];
+```
+
+## Unary
+
+```ts
+/** An operation of one value. */
+type Unary = 'neg' | 'not' | 'abs' | 'sqrt' | 'sin' | 'cos' | 'floor' | 'ln' | 'exp';
+```
+
+## UnaryNode
+
+```ts
+interface UnaryNode {
+  op: Unary;
+  args: [ExprInput];
+}
+```
+
+## Units
+
+```ts
+/** A size in position units, so it scales as the view zooms, kept within CSS pixels when given. */
+interface Units {
+  units: ExprInput;
+  /** CSS pixels it keeps at least, however far the view zooms out. */
+  atLeast?: number | null;
+  /** CSS pixels it keeps at most, however far the view zooms in. */
+  atMost?: number | null;
+}
+```
+
+## Vertices
+
+```ts
+/** Rows drawn as markers: points of a map, nodes of a graph, blocks of a diagram. */
+interface Vertices {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /**
+   * Each row's x and y. Without them, the point field `geometry` names places rows; rows without
+   * either the scene's layout places.
+   */
+  position?: [ExprInput, ExprInput] | null;
+  /** The point field placing each row where `position` is not given; `geometry` unless set. */
+  geometry?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Height above the ground: on the earth, a fraction of its radius. Not in a diagram, which is
+   * flat.
+   */
+  elevation?: ExprInput;
+  /** CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram. */
+  radius?: Size | null;
+  /**
+   * Width and height, for markers that are not round: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`;
+   * units in a diagram, where a block without a size fits its label and ports.
+   */
+  size?: [Size, Size] | null;
+  /** How each row is drawn. */
+  marker?: Marker;
+  /** A ring around each row's marker in this color; a missing or transparent color draws none. */
+  ring?: ExprInput | null;
+  /**
+   * A port on each row for each reference field naming a net, which an `edges` mark of the net table
+   * without ends draws. Diagrams only.
+   */
+  ports?: [reference: string, port: Port][];
+  /**
+   * Makes each row a group: it holds the rows of `table` whose reference field names it, and is
+   * drawn as a container around them, its label a title in its header. Diagrams only.
+   */
+  contains?: [table: string, reference: string] | null;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+```
+
+## WhenNode
+
+```ts
+/** The value of the first case whose condition holds, else `otherwise`. */
+interface WhenNode {
+  when: [condition: ExprInput, value: ExprInput][];
+  otherwise: ExprInput;
+}
+```
+
+## Zoom
+
+```ts
+/** What zooms a view. */
+type Zoom = 'wheel' | 'modifier' | 'off';
+```
+
+## Description
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * What a dataset holds: its tables, their rows and fields, and the axis its sampled fields are
+ * recorded over and span.
+ */
+interface Description {
+  /** The dataset's name. */
+  name: string;
+  /** The axis's name and unit. */
+  axis: [string, string] | null;
+  /** The first and last coordinates its sampled fields hold. */
+  span: [number, number] | null;
+  /** Its tables, by name. */
+  tables: TableDescription[];
+}
+```
+
+## Device
+
+```ts
+/** What the user acts with. */
+type Device = 'mouse' | 'pen' | 'touch' | 'keyboard';
+```
+
+## End
+
+```ts
+/** A vertex a connection ends at, and its port when it has the one the connection meets. */
+interface End {
+  /** The vertex. */
+  row: Row;
+  /** The port, by the reference field naming its net. */
+  port?: string;
+}
+```
+
+## Failure
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * What failed: its `code`, the message, and for invalid input the `path` to the part, such as
+ * `marks[2].vertices.color`.
+ */
+interface Failure {
+  code: 'invalid' | 'unsupported' | 'limit' | 'io' | 'device-lost' | 'cancelled' | 'timeout';
+  message: string;
+  path?: string;
+}
+```
+
+## FieldDescription
+
+```ts
+/** A field described: what it holds, the table a reference names, the coordinates samples span. */
+interface FieldDescription {
+  /** The field's name. */
+  name: string;
+  /** What it holds. */
+  kind: Kind;
+  /** The table a reference names. */
+  to?: string;
+  /** The first and last coordinates a sampled field holds. */
+  span?: [number, number];
+}
+```
+
+## Hit
+
+```ts
+/** A row under a point, as the frame drew it. */
+interface Hit {
+  /** The row. */
+  row: Row;
+  /** The name of the mark that drew it, when it has one: what tells two marks of one table apart. */
+  mark?: string;
+  /**
+   * The point of the row nearest the probe, CSS pixels from the top left: a vertex's or a port's
+   * middle, the nearest point of a stroke or a triangle.
+   */
+  point: [number, number];
+  /** That point in the space's coordinates: x, y, and elevation. */
+  position: [number, number, number];
+  /** CSS pixels from the probe to the row. */
+  distance: number;
+  /** The port hit, when a vertex's port was. */
+  port?: string;
+  /** The sample hit, when a line tracing a sampled field was. */
+  sample?: Sample;
+}
+```
+
+## Kind
+
+```ts
+/** What a field holds. */
+type Kind =
+  'number' | 'bool' | 'text' | 'point' | 'path' | 'parts' | 'polygons' | 'reference' | 'sampled';
+```
+
+## Modifiers
+
+```ts
+/** Keys held during an input. */
+interface Modifiers {
+  /** Shift. */
+  shift: boolean;
+  /** Control. */
+  control: boolean;
+  /** Alt or Option. */
+  alt: boolean;
+  /** Meta: Command or Windows. */
+  meta: boolean;
+}
+```
+
+## Phase
+
+```ts
+/** The phase of a `Drag`. */
+type Phase = 'start' | 'move' | 'end';
+```
+
+## Sample
+
+```ts
+/** A sample of a traced field: its frame, the axis coordinate it was recorded at, and its value. */
+interface Sample {
+  /** The frame, numbered from the first ever recorded. JSON uses a decimal string above 2^53 - 1. */
+  frame: Id;
+  /** The axis coordinate. */
+  at: number;
+  /** The value. */
+  value: number;
+}
+```
+
+## Stats
+
+```ts
+/** What a view does each frame. */
+interface Stats {
+  /** Frames rendered. */
+  frames: number;
+  /** Rows of every mark's table. */
+  rows: number;
+  /**
+   * Rows every mark draws: every row of a table drawn whole, the rows of the tiles in view of one
+   * drawn through tiles.
+   */
+  drawn: number;
+  /** Draw calls the last frame recorded, shadows and labels with the marks. */
+  draws: number;
+  /**
+   * Instances the last frame's draws drew: points, segments, triangles, glyphs; at most, for
+   * segments the GPU culls.
+   */
+  instances: number;
+  /** Fetched tiles the view draws, of every tile source. */
+  tiles: number;
+  /** Tiles being fetched or decoded, of every tile source. */
+  tilesLoading: number;
+  /** Bytes of data waiting to upload. */
+  uploading: number;
+  /** Bytes of data pages on the GPU, for every view of its `Gpu`. */
+  resident: number;
+  /** Bytes the GPU's `Budget` lets data take. */
+  budget: number;
+  /**
+   * The work under way the last frame stood in for; nothing when it drew everything as the data,
+   * scene, and camera say: see `View::complete`.
+   */
+  waiting: Waiting;
+  /** Milliseconds the last frame took to record on the CPU. */
+  cpuMs: number;
+  /**
+   * Milliseconds the GPU takes on a frame: the median of the last frames it measured; 0 where the
+   * device cannot measure.
+   */
+  gpuMs: number;
+}
+```
+
+## TableDescription
+
+```ts
+/** A table described: its rows, and its fields by name. */
+interface TableDescription {
+  /** The table's name. */
+  name: string;
+  /** How many rows it has. */
+  rows: number;
+  /** Its fields, by name. */
+  fields: FieldDescription[];
+}
+```
+
+## Trigger
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Where, with what keys, and with what the user acted. For keys, the point is the row they point
+ * at, else the pointer, else the view's middle.
+ */
+interface Trigger {
+  /** CSS pixels from the top left. */
+  point: [number, number];
+  /** The keys held. */
+  modifiers: Modifiers;
+  /** What acted. */
+  device: Device;
+}
+```
+
+## Value
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * A value read from a dataset: a number (`null` when not finite), boolean, or text; a geometry as
+ * nested `[x, y]` points; a reference as the id of the row it names.
+ */
+type Value = number | boolean | string | null | [number, number] | unknown[][];
+```
+
+## ViewEvent
+
+```ts
+/** What happened in a view, for the application to act on. Drain them with `View::events`. */
+type ViewEvent =
+  | {
+      type: 'click';
+      detail: {
+        /** The row. */
+        hit: Hit;
+        /** How the user clicked it. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'open';
+      detail: {
+        /** The row. */
+        hit: Hit;
+        /** How the user opened it. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'menu';
+      detail: {
+        /** What lies under the point, nearest first. */
+        hits: Hit[];
+        /** How the user asked. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'drag';
+      detail: {
+        /** Whether the drag starts, moves, or ends. */
+        phase: Phase;
+        /** The row dragged, as it was hit. */
+        hit: Hit;
+        /**
+         * Where the row goes, in the space's coordinates: where it was hit, moved as the pointer moved
+         * since the press, at the depth the drag started; a vertex keeps where it was grabbed. On a
+         * diagram's dots when its grid snaps.
+         */
+        position: [number, number, number];
+        /** The pointer. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'connect';
+      detail: {
+        /** The end it was drawn from: for an edge, the end that stayed. */
+        from: End;
+        /** The vertex it was released over, if any. */
+        to: End | null;
+        /** The edge whose other end was dragged, which `to` replaces. */
+        edge: Row | null;
+        /** Where it was released. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'delete';
+      detail: {
+        /** The rows selected. */
+        rows: Rows[];
+        /** The key. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'hover';
+      detail: {
+        /** The row now pointed at; `null` once it left every row. */
+        hit: Hit | null;
+        /** The pointer, or the keys. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'select';
+      detail: {
+        /** The rows selected now. */
+        rows: Rows[];
+        /** How the user changed it; `null` when the data dropped rows from it. */
+        trigger: Trigger | null;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'camera';
+      detail: Camera;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'waiting';
+      detail: Waiting;
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'error';
+      detail: Failure;
+    };
+```
+
+## Waiting
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Work under way a frame stands in for: pipelines the scene draws with compiling, until which the
+ * view draws nothing new (`compiling`); pages uploading or tables not yet built from them
+ * (`data`); layouts, routes, lanes, shapes, tiles, or pyramids (`derived`); a label placement or
+ * texts not yet set (`labels`); a fit due or being measured (`fit`); row regions laid out again,
+ * segment counts, or a transition beginning (`marks`). Empty once a frame is complete.
+ */
+type Waiting = ('compiling' | 'data' | 'derived' | 'labels' | 'fit' | 'marks')[];
+```
+
+## Work
+
+```ts
+/** What a `Gpu` did since it was made; subtract two for what happened between. */
+interface Work {
+  /** Bytes of data pages uploaded. */
+  uploaded: number;
+  /** Bytes written besides pages: uniforms, programs, label runs, the selection, textures. */
+  written: number;
+  /** Rows whose channels the GPU evaluated. */
+  evaluated: number;
+  /**
+   * Reads back from the GPU: probes, queries, fits, label placements, segment counts, pictures; not
+   * the frame timer's, which only some devices have.
+   */
+  readbacks: number;
+  /**
+   * Jobs handed out: layouts, routes, lanes, triangulations, pyramids, tiles; to the host's workers,
+   * or done at once without a host.
+   */
+  jobs: number;
+  /** Label texts the host was asked to set. */
+  texts: number;
+  /**
+   * Pipelines compiled: in a browser, each as a view or a shot asks for it ahead, off the GPU's
+   * thread; natively, where it is first made.
+   */
+  pipelines: number;
+  /**
+   * Pipelines made without being asked for ahead, each compiled where it is first used: in a browser
+   * on the GPU's thread, holding frames back. None, unless a scene uses what it did not ask for.
+   */
+  late: number;
+}
+```
diff --git a/docs/release-process.md b/docs/release-process.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ac28a1b..00000000
--- a/docs/release-process.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# Release checks
-
-Use Node.js 24 and pnpm 10.30.
-
-```sh
-pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
-pnpm quality
-pnpm build:examples
-pnpm test:coverage
-pnpm --filter @latkit/gpu test:browser
-pnpm --filter @latkit/monitor test:browser
-pnpm --filter @latkit/network test:browser
-pnpm --filter @latkit/diagram test:browser
-python -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-pnpm docs:build
-pnpm -r --filter "./packages/**" exec npm pack --dry-run
-pnpm changeset status
-```
-
-Browser checks run headless Chromium with WebGPU and write reports to `output/`. Set
-`LATKIT_BROWSER` to a Chromium executable if they find none. Run the video example's `/check.html`
-for real codec checks. Run `pnpm bench:gate` to check recorded work; see
-[benchmarks](https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/blob/main/benchmark/README.md).
-
-## Publish
-
-1. Add a changeset with `pnpm changeset`.
-2. Merge only after CI passes. The release workflow then opens a `chore: version packages` PR.
-3. Review the version PR, including breaking changes and dependent package versions, then merge it.
-   The release workflow builds and publishes with npm Trusted Publishing.
-
-Configure each new package's trusted publisher before its first automated release.
diff --git a/docs/releasing.md b/docs/releasing.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d160e635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/releasing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Releasing
+
+One version is shared by npm `latkit`, Cargo `latkit`, and Cargo `latkit-cli` (binary `latkit`).
+Changesets describes changes and opens the version PR; `cargo xtask version` updates Cargo's
+workspace and dependency versions structurally.
+
+1. Merge the version PR and let CI pass on that commit.
+2. The release workflow builds `cargo xtask package` and runs `cargo xtask package-test` against
+   the exact npm tarball, including strict TypeScript consumers and browser rendering.
+3. `cargo xtask release` verifies the clean commit, tarball hash, and test receipt, and packages
+   both Cargo crates. It publishes or verifies npm, the core crate, and the CLI in order.
+4. Tags are created only after all registry artifacts match the build. A retry skips identical
+   artifacts and completes any missing publication. Different content at an existing version
+   stops the release; registry errors are never treated as absence. Once a version is tagged,
+   later commits at that version publish nothing.
+
+For recovery, rerun the failed workflow, or dispatch **Release** on `main`; manual recovery
+requires a successful CI run for the exact commit. Do not bump versions just to recover a partial
+release. Rebuild and retest after changing or committing source files.
+
+The workflow needs an npm trusted publisher for repository `lukelowry/latkit`, workflow
+`release.yml`, and a `CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN` allowed to publish both crates. These are registry/account
+settings, not files in this repository. First-publication ownership and authentication must be
+configured before invoking release. See [npm trusted publishers](https://docs.npmjs.com/trusted-publishers/).
+
+`cargo install latkit-cli` is the normal user command. `--locked` optionally reproduces the
+dependency versions tested for that release; CI and release builds use it for reproducibility.
+
+LATK's format version is separate from package versions. V1 fixtures must remain stable across
+compatible releases. A new layout requires a new format version and a migration policy.
diff --git a/docs/rust.md b/docs/rust.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4a0b494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/rust.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Rust embedding
+
+For CPU data processing, opt out of the default GPU feature:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+latkit = { version = "0.1", default-features = false }
+```
+
+```rust
+use latkit::{Data, Ids, Patch, Query, Table, field};
+
+let mut data = Data::new("grid");
+data.apply(Patch::new().replace(
+    Table::new("Bus", Ids::count(2)).field("kv", vec![115.0, 230.0]),
+))?;
+let (rows, total) = data.query(&Query::of("Bus").filter(field("kv").ge(200.0)))?;
+let saved = data.to_bytes();
+let restored = Data::from_bytes(&saved)?;
+```
+
+`Data::load` and `Patch::load` accept a `resource::Fetch` implementation for binary slices.
+Implement `fetch(&Request) -> Pending<Vec<u8>>`; `Pending::ready` wraps immediate results, and
+`Pending::new` returns a resolver for asynchronous work. A rendering `Host` automatically
+implements this smaller interface, so existing native and browser hosts work unchanged.
+
+Enable `gpu` for scenes, views, and wgpu rendering; `native` adds system fonts, jobs, files, and
+Windows H.264. `web` enables browser integration for the WASM target. Native file loading does
+not include an HTTP client; applications can provide one through `Fetch` or `Host`.
+
+## Share an existing device
+
+```rust
+let gpu = latkit::Gpu::from_wgpu(device.clone(), queue.clone())?;
+let events = gpu.device_events();
+let loss = events.clone();
+device.set_device_lost_callback(move |_, _| loss.lost());
+device.on_uncaptured_error(std::sync::Arc::new(move |error| events.error(&error)));
+```
+
+Forward these events from your application's existing callbacks. `from_wgpu` validates device
+limits and preserves callback ownership. Clone one `Gpu` for views that should share caches and
+budgets. `Gpu::new` owns its device and installs its own callbacks. Device loss requires a new
+device and views; datasets and scene descriptions can be retained.
+
+The [Rust API reference](https://docs.rs/latkit) documents each type, method, feature, and example.
+The [format specification](formats.md#bytes) describes cross-language LATK storage.
diff --git a/docs/scenes.md b/docs/scenes.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90de7be4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/scenes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# Scenes
+
+A scene is plain data: a `space`, `marks` drawn in order, and optionally a `layout`, `theme`,
+`controls`, `ease` (seconds changes ease over), and a `title` and `subtitle`. A view shows a scene;
+`view.show(next)` replaces it, keeping every row's place in the transition.
+
+```ts
+const scene: Scene = {
+  space: 'mercator',
+  marks: [
+    { edges: { of: ['grid', 'Branch'], ends: ['from', 'to'], width: 1.5 } },
+    {
+      vertices: {
+        of: ['grid', 'Bus'],
+        position: ['lon', 'lat'],
+        radius: units('kv', { atLeast: 2 }),
+        color: field('vm').colormap('balance').domain(0.95, 1.05),
+        label: { text: 'name', priority: 'kv' },
+        legend: 'Voltage (pu)',
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  theme: { base: 'light', vertexRadius: 4 },
+  controls: 'inspect',
+};
+```
+
+## Spaces
+
+| Space                   | Positions                                                         |
+| ----------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `'plane'`               | plane units with elevation; the camera turns and tilts            |
+| `'mercator'`, `'globe'` | longitude and latitude in degrees, on a map or a globe            |
+| `'plot'`                | the axis coordinate across, values up                             |
+| `'diagram'`             | a flat sheet, y down, every length a unit; ports, groups, layouts |
+
+Each takes options as `{ plane: { grid } }`, `{ diagram: { grid } }`, `{ earth: { projection,
+surface, graticule, daylight, atmosphere } }`, or `{ plot: { x, y } }`. A grid is `'off'`,
+`{ lines: { pitch } }`, or `{ dots: { pitch, snap } }`.
+
+## Marks
+
+Every mark names its table, `of: [dataset, table]`, and takes `color`, `visible`, `priority`,
+`label`, `legend`, `shadow`, `name`, and `pick`, `select`, and `drag`. Unless `pick` says, rows
+that are things are hovered, clicked, and probed (vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and
+geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts, borders, roads), so hovering probes none of
+it; `pick: true` makes a map's states or cells answer the pointer.
+
+| Mark       | Draws each row as                                                  | Its own options                                                      |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `vertices` | a marker at `position` (or the point field `geometry`)             | `elevation`, `radius`, `size`, `marker`, `ring`, `ports`, `contains` |
+| `edges`    | a stroke between the rows two reference fields name                | `ends`, `bends`, `route`, `arrows`, `width`, `dash`, `flow`          |
+| `lines`    | a path field's stroke; on a plot, a sampled field traced over time | `geometry`, `trace`, `interpolation`, `width`, `dash`, `flow`        |
+| `areas`    | the area a polygon field covers                                    | `geometry`                                                           |
+| `faces`    | a triangle between three vertices                                  | `corners`                                                            |
+
+A `flow` sends comets along a stroke. In a diagram, vertices are blocks with `ports`, a vertex mark
+with `contains` draws groups around the rows that name it, and edges of a table without `ends` are
+nets joining the ports that name them.
+
+## Expressions
+
+Options that vary by row take expressions: a number, a field name, a `#hex` color, or a builder.
+
+```ts
+import { field, when, selected, units } from 'latkit';
+
+field('load').div(field('capacity')).clamp(0, 1); // arithmetic and comparisons
+field('vm').colormap('balance').domain(0.95, 1.05); // through a colormap
+field('kv').scale(2, 8); // onto a range
+when(selected()).then('#ffb000').otherwise(field('kind').colormap('tableau10'));
+units('radius', { atLeast: 2 }); // a size in position units, kept within pixels
+field('vm').of('weather', 'Station'); // read from another dataset, joined by id
+```
+
+State expressions read the view: `selected()`, `hovered()`, `pointer()`, `elapsed()`, `zoom()`.
+Colormaps are a catalog name or your own colors, `{ kind, colors }`; a categorical map can name its
+`categories` for its legend. `colormapCss(map)` gives the same colors as a CSS gradient.
+
+## Themes, controls, and layouts
+
+- **Theme**: `'dark'`, `'light'`, or options over a base, `{ base: 'light', fontSize: 12 }`. `edge:
+null` blends each edge's ends' colors, and `selected: null` glows in each row's own color.
+- **Controls**: `'inspect'` (the default), `'none'`, or options: `pan`, `zoom`, `turn`,
+  `keyboard`, `hover`, `pickRadius`, `selectBox`, `connect`, `delete`, `cycle`, `press`, `motion`.
+- **Layout** places vertex rows without positions: `'stress'`, `'layered'`, or their options. A
+  place, once given, holds; `view.arrange()` lays every row out again.
diff --git a/docs/topology-and-channels.md b/docs/topology-and-channels.md
deleted file mode 100644
index eea6e412..00000000
--- a/docs/topology-and-channels.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-# Data bindings
-
-A view draws the rows of a `Data` value. Keys of `vertices` and `edges`, or `areas` and `lines`, name its types.
-
-## Positions and wiring
-
-A model's topology is its reference fields. Each reference names a row of another type.
-
-```ts
-const bus = { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } } as const;
-const schema = {
-  types: {
-    Bus: {
-      fields: {
-        longitude: { type: 'float64', geographic: true },
-        latitude: { type: 'float64', geographic: true },
-      },
-    },
-    Branch: { fields: { bus1: bus, bus2: bus } },
-    Load: { fields: { bus } },
-  },
-};
-const data = {
-  source,
-  vertices: { Bus: { x: 'longitude', y: 'latitude' } },
-  edges: { Branch: { ends: ['bus1', 'bus2'] } },
-};
-```
-
-Vertex and edge are what a view draws, not what a type is. An edge with `ends` joins the two
-vertices its reference fields name. Without `ends`, the type is a net: each row joins the vertices
-whose references name it. So `{ vertices: { Load: {} }, edges: { Bus: {} } }` draws every bus as a
-star of its loads. A [diagram](diagram-quickstart.md) draws those references as ports.
-
-`x` and `y` are channels like any other. A `geographic` field holds longitude or latitude in
-degrees, which the globe and geodesic routes need; other fields are plane units. A vector field
-binds one lane per axis: `x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 }`. An edge's `bends`
-and a geography's `points` and `rings` read lists of two-component vectors. [Layout](views.md#layout) places rows
-without a position.
-
-## Channels
-
-Every per-row option is a channel: one value for every row, a field, or a field through a scale.
-
-```ts
-network.set({
-  vertices: {
-    Bus: {
-      color: {
-        field: { source: observations, from: 'Bus', field: 'temperature' },
-        domain: [0, 100],
-        colormap: 'thermal',
-        missing: [0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1],
-      },
-      radiusPx: { field: 'capacity', domain: [0, 1000], range: [3, 12] },
-      z: 'load',
-      visible: true,
-      labels: { field: 'name', maxCount: 100 },
-    },
-  },
-  at: 12,
-});
-```
-
-A string names a field of the entry's own source and type. A `{ source, from, field }` binding
-reads another source by physical row, so its indices and sampled coordinates must align.
-
-A field reads through its channel's scale. Positions read as they are, and colors through a
-colormap. Sizes, widths, `z`, and `flowPx` map the field's extent onto the channel's range.
-`domain` and `range` replace those defaults. An omitted domain fits the displayed values; give one
-to keep colors stable during playback.
-
-Rows a field leaves empty take the scale's `missing` value, or else the view's default for the
-channel, such as `vertexColor` or `edgeWidthPx`. A boolean channel such as `visible` or `dash` is
-on where it reads true or positive.
diff --git a/docs/video.md b/docs/video.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a2cd5af2..00000000
--- a/docs/video.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-# Export video
-
-Record any view to MP4 (H.264) or WebM (VP9). It needs WebGPU and a browser WebCodecs encoder for
-the format.
-
-```ts
-import { exportVideo, type VideoWrite } from '@latkit/video';
-
-const file = await fileHandle.createWritable();
-const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-  write: ({ position, bytes }) => file.write({ type: 'write', position, data: bytes }),
-});
-try {
-  await exportVideo(network, {
-    output,
-    width: 1920,
-    height: 1080,
-    duration: 10,
-    at: (seconds) => 20 + seconds,
-    onProgress: ({ completedFrames, totalFrames }) => showProgress(completedFrames / totalFrames),
-    signal,
-  });
-  await file.close();
-} catch (error) {
-  await file.abort();
-  throw error;
-}
-```
-
-`duration` is in output seconds, and `at` maps them to model coordinates; without it, the view's
-`at` holds. `pixelRatio` scales lines and text as it does for images.
-
-`at` may return a promise, which its frame waits for: it can first give the views what that
-coordinate draws, such as samples loaded a part at a time. It is asked while the frame before
-encodes, so loading overlaps encoding.
-
-```ts
-at: async (seconds, signal) => {
-  const at = 20 + seconds;
-  network.set({ source: await samplesAround(at, signal) });
-  return at;
-},
-```
-
-The view's canvas pauses while it records; change its sources only from `at`. Writes are
-positional, and the export awaits each one, so storage sets the pace. The export borrows the
-stream's writer and never closes it.
-
-Record a [composition](views.md#compose) to combine views. The
-[worker example](https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/blob/main/examples/video/src/worker.ts) exports
-in the background.
-
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/video/index.html)
diff --git a/docs/views.md b/docs/views.md
index ea81d97b..8a435e25 100644
--- a/docs/views.md
+++ b/docs/views.md
@@ -1,212 +1,105 @@
 # Views
 
-A network, geography, monitor, diagram, or composition is a view. Create it from a GPU and a config,
-change it with `set`, and destroy it when done. All but a composition are item views: they also
-share a camera, selection, picking, hover, and style, the `ItemView` contract in `@latkit/gpu`.
+A `Gpu` makes views and canvases. A view draws one scene from the datasets it is given by name; a
+canvas shows views, one per panel, and passes each the input on its panel.
 
 ```ts
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const network = createNetwork(gpu, { canvas, source, vertices: { Bus: {} } });
+const gpu = await Gpu.create();
+const map = gpu.view(mapScene);
+const plot = gpu.view(plotScene);
+gpu
+  .canvas(element, {
+    panels: [
+      [0, 0, 1, 0.7],
+      [0, 0.7, 1, 0.3],
+    ],
+  })
+  .show([map, plot]);
+for (const view of [map, plot]) view.setData(grid);
 ```
 
-## Present
-
-With a `canvas`, a view sizes it to its CSS size and pixel ratio, handles its input, and redraws
-only after something changes. Without one, it renders only [images](#images) and [video](video.md).
-
-```ts
-network.set({ at: 12 }); // model coordinate shown, such as a time
-network.set({ paused: true }); // stop drawing; state is kept
-network.set({ input: 'inspect' }); // 'navigate', 'inspect', or 'none'; a diagram also has 'edit'
-network.on('frame', () => showStats(network.stats())); // after each drawn frame
-```
-
-Every item view handles the same input:
-
-- A click selects what it hits. Clicking again in place cycles through overlapping hits while they
-  stay the same. Shift, Ctrl, or ⌘ toggles the topmost hit.
-- A double click or Enter reports `open`. A double click on nothing fits the data while navigating.
-- A right click opens a menu where the button comes up, unless it dragged. A held touch opens one
-  too, and the menu key or Shift+F10 opens one at the selection.
-- Escape ends a gesture or clears the selection.
-- While navigating, Home fits the data. A network, geography, or diagram also pans on a drag or the
-  arrows and zooms on the wheel, a pinch, or + and −. `input: { wheel: 'modifier' }` zooms only
-  with Ctrl or ⌘. A network or geography turns on a right drag, a Shift drag, or Shift and the
-  arrows.
+## Data and tiles
 
-A click, double click, or menu answers with what the presented frame draws there. A later gesture
-supersedes one still finding its hits. Each view adds its own gestures, such as dragging a block.
-
-## Update
-
-`set` applies a patch to the config:
-
-- Keyed records (`vertices`, `edges`, `areas`, `lines`, `traces`, `groups`) merge per entry, then
-  per option.
-- `camera`, `input`, `limits`, and `layout` merge per option.
-- `null` removes an entry or resets an option to its default.
-- Any other value replaces. Plain objects and arrays compare by what they hold, and a patch that
-  changes nothing does nothing.
-- A channel such as `color` or `widthPx` takes one value, a field, or a scale; see
-  [data bindings](topology-and-channels.md#channels).
-
-```ts
-network.set({
-  vertices: { Bus: { radiusPx: { field: 'capacity', range: [3, 12] } } },
-  edges: { Line: null },
-  edgeWidthPx: 2,
-});
-```
-
-`{ animate: true }` eases the change over `animationMs`. `{ replace: true }` takes the patch as the
-whole config: what it leaves out resets, except the canvas, `at`, `paused`, and camera. An
-application can pass its whole config on every change; the view rebuilds only what differs. An
-invalid patch throws `invalid-input` and changes nothing.
-
-To show new data, pass a new [`Data`](document-sessions.md) value: `set({ source: next })`.
-
-## Layout
-
-A network or diagram places each vertex its data gives no position: every row of a type without `x`
-and `y`, and each row whose `x` or `y` reads no number. Vertices that edges join form a part, and
-`layout.algorithm` arranges each part alone: `'stress'` by default in a network, `'layered'` in a
-diagram, or a `Layout.Strategy` of your own. Parts with nothing positioned pack into rows below the
-rest. Placed vertices keep their place as the data changes; new `layout` options place them anew.
-
-`arrange(gpu, config)` in `@latkit/network` and `@latkit/diagram` places the vertices without
-drawing. It returns `Layout.Positions` by type: an `x` and a `y` field to spread into the type's
-options.
-
-## Style
-
-Every item view takes the same style options, with defaults in `kit.viewStyle`:
-
-| Option                            | Default                  | Per view                              |
-| --------------------------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------- |
-| `background`                      | dark blue-gray           |                                       |
-| `msaa`                            | `4`                      | monitor and diagram `1`               |
-| `hover`, `hoverBudgetMs`          | `'auto'`, `2`            |                                       |
-| `pickRadiusPx`                    | `8`                      |                                       |
-| `fitPaddingPx`, `revealPaddingPx` | `32`, `48`               |                                       |
-| `animationMs`, `motion`           | `300`, `'auto'`          | monitor `0`                           |
-| `hoverColor`                      | amber                    | network alpha `0.65`                  |
-| `selectedColor`                   | orange                   | network alpha `0.9`; monitor `'none'` |
-| `hoverWidthPx`, `selectedWidthPx` | `6`, `8`                 |                                       |
-| `unselectedAlpha`                 | `1`                      | monitor `0.25`                        |
-| `font`, `fontSizePx`, `textColor` | `system-ui`, `12`, light | monitor monospace                     |
-
-Hover and selection draw a glow. `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` color it, and their alpha sets
-its strength. `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx` set how far it reaches. `selectedColor: 'none'`
-glows in each item's own color. While something is selected, `unselectedAlpha` fades everything
-else.
-
-Views that draw lines share how they dash and carry comets, and network and geography, whose
-camera is projected, share how they fit, orbit, and halo labels on the ground:
-
-| Option                       | Default                      | Per view                    |
-| ---------------------------- | ---------------------------- | --------------------------- |
-| `dashPeriodPx`               | `12`                         | geography `8`, diagram `10` |
-| `flowColor`, `flowSpacingPx` | white, `32`                  |                             |
-| `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`     | `45`, `0`                    | geography pitch `0`         |
-| `orbitRate`                  | `1`, twelve degrees a second |                             |
-| `labelHaloPx`                | `2`                          |                             |
-
-Network, geography, and diagram draw a grid beneath everything else, spaced for the zoom: the
-nicest step at least `gridMinSpacingPx` apart. A network's grid is lines of its data's x and y, a
-geography's lines of longitude and latitude, and a diagram's dots at its `gridPitch`.
-
-| Option             | Default | Per view        |
-| ------------------ | ------- | --------------- |
-| `grid`             | `false` | diagram `true`  |
-| `gridColor`        | slate   | diagram fainter |
-| `gridMinSpacingPx` | `64`    | diagram `12`    |
-
-`shade` recolors every fragment with WGSL of your own, `spotlight()` around the pointer, or
-`pulse()` on rows whose `shade` channel is positive; the alpha of their `color` sets how far.
+`setData(data)` gives a view a dataset, replacing the one of its name; `removeData(name)` takes it
+away. `setTiles(name, url)` fetches a dataset in pieces as the view asks for them, kept as dataset
+`name`: [time tiles](data.md#fetch-long-histories-in-spans), a `frames.json` manifest, or vector
+tiles as the camera asks for them (a PMTiles archive, a TileJSON document, or a `{z}/{x}/{y}`
+template), each layer a table of the kind marks draw it as, or named `layer:polygons`,
+`layer:lines`, or `layer:points`.
 
 ## Camera
 
-`view.camera` is where the camera is going, and `set({ camera })` moves it. While `fit` is true, the
-view keeps the data in view; moving a framed part of the camera by hand turns it off.
-`set({ camera: null })` and `fit()` follow all the data again.
-
 ```ts
-network.set({ camera: { projection: 'globe' } }, { animate: true });
-network.fit(network.selection, { animate: true });
-network.on('camera', (camera) => showZoom(camera.scale));
+view.fit(); // everything drawn
+view.fit({ rows: [{ data: 'grid', table: 'Bus', ids: [101, 102] }] });
+view.fly({ center: [-97.7, 30.3], zoom: 8, pitch: 40, bearing: 0 }); // ease there
+view.camera = { x: [0, 60], y: null }; // a plot's camera: the axis range, values fitted
+view.insets = [48, 0, 0, 320]; // CSS pixels kept clear: top, right, bottom, left
+view.orbit = 6; // degrees a second
 ```
 
-## Select and pick
+## Events
+
+`view.on(type, listener)` returns a function that stops listening. Intents are told once each, in
+the order the user acted: `click`, `open`, `menu`, `drag`, `connect`, `delete`. Changes tell only
+their latest, and their state can always be read: `hover` (`view.hovered`), `select`
+(`view.selection`), `camera`, and `waiting` (`view.stats.waiting`). A view tells only what the
+application did not do: its setters change state silently.
 
 ```ts
-const [item] = await network.pick([x, y], { radiusPx: 12, limit: 4 });
-network.select(item ? [item] : []);
-network.on('select', (items) => inspect(items));
-network.on('hover', (item) => tooltip(item));
-network.on('contextmenu', ({ point, items }) => openMenu(point, items));
+view.on('click', ({ hit }) => console.log(hit.row, hit.point));
+view.on('drag', ({ hit, position }) => move(hit.row, position)); // where the row goes, as grabbed
+view.on('select', ({ rows }) => inspect(rows));
+view.on('error', (error) => console.error(error.code, error.path, error.message));
 ```
 
-`pick` finds what the presented frame draws near a point. `select` replaces the selection without
-reporting it; the `select` event reports what the user chose, and selected items a new source
-drops. `hover` also reports the same item found with other detail, such as a monitor reading
-another sample. `frame`, `camera`, and `hover` arrive in that order after a drawn frame.
+## Rows
 
-An item is a row: `{ source, index, row }`. Its `Index` names the row space, so an item outlives
-appends that replace its `Data`, but not a new index version. `itemKey` in `@latkit/model` names an
-item: two items with one key are the same row.
-
-## Types
-
-Each package names its types under the thing they belong to, so one import brings all of them:
-`Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Monitor.TraceOptions`,
-`Diagram.Camera`, `ItemView.Style`. `@latkit/model` does the same for its concepts:
-`Column.Numeric`, `Query.Samples`, `Block.Rows`, `Data.Batch`, `Index.Rows`.
+A row is `{ data, table, id }`; a set of rows of one table is `{ data, table, ids }`. The selection,
+`select` events, `delete` events, fits, and neighbors are sets:
 
 ```ts
-import { createNetwork, type Network } from '@latkit/network';
-
-const buses: Network.VertexOptions = { color: 'load', labels: 'name' };
+view.select([{ data: 'grid', table: 'Bus', ids: [101, 102] }]);
+const joined = view.neighbors({ data: 'grid', table: 'Bus', id: 101 }); // across edges and nets
+const hits = await view.pick([x, y], 8); // rows within 8 CSS pixels, nearest first
+const at = await view.locate({ data: 'grid', table: 'Bus', id: 101 }); // [x, y] on screen, or null
 ```
 
-## Images
+Picks and locations answer once a frame draws the view, and reject with `timeout` after a deadline
+(`{ deadline: 5 }` seconds unless given) and with `cancelled` when the view is destroyed.
 
-```ts
-const png = await network.image({ width: 2048, height: 1024, at: 12 });
-```
-
-A view on a canvas or in a composition keeps what it presents. A view with neither presents in its
-images, so `pick` and `locate` follow the latest one.
+## Layouts into data
 
-## Compose
+In a diagram, or on a plane with a layout, rows without positions are placed by it.
+`view.arrange()` lays every row out again and answers a patch to each dataset writing the places
+into its position fields:
 
 ```ts
-import { createComposition } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-const dashboard = createComposition(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  views: [
-    { view: network, region: [0, 0, 1, 0.6] },
-    { view: monitor, region: [0, 0.6, 1, 0.4] },
-  ],
-});
+for (const patch of await view.arrange()) if (patch.data === grid.name) grid.apply(patch);
+view.setData(grid);
 ```
 
-Regions are `[x, y, width, height]` fractions from the top left. A composition borrows views
-without a canvas of their own. Input reaches the view under the pointer, which hovers, picks, and
-navigates as it would on its own canvas.
+## Stats and memory
 
-## Clean up
+`view.stats` tells rows drawn, draw calls, tiles, bytes resident and uploading, and CPU and GPU
+milliseconds a frame. `gpu.work` counts exactly what the GPU did: bytes uploaded and written, rows
+evaluated, readbacks, jobs, texts, and pipelines. `gpu.budget = { bytes, uploadPerFrame }` sets how
+much memory data takes. The GPU's views share it: a view gets what it asks while an even split
+covers it, and the rest split what is left; pages several views draw count once. A table too large
+for its view's share draws through the tiles in view.
 
-```ts
-network.destroy();
-gpu.destroy();
-```
+A frame does the work of what changed: a patch evaluates only the pages it wrote, unless a fitted
+domain or a join reads them; a transition evaluates once and blends each frame; and rows drawn
+through tiles keep their places while the camera moves, so only arriving rows upload.
+
+`Data`, `Gpu`, `View`, `Canvas`, and `Image` have an idempotent `destroy()` and `Symbol.dispose`; destroying a `Gpu` destroys its
+canvases, views, and frame listeners.
 
-`destroy` never closes a view's source or GPU. Destroy the GPU after its views.
+Videos are asynchronous resources: finish them with `await video.finish()` or cancel with
+`await video.abort(reason)`. `record` cleans up on errors automatically.
 
-A failure inside a frame emits `error`, or reaches the console when nothing listens. Exceeded limits
-fail with `resource-limit`. When the device is lost, `gpu.signal` aborts with `device-lost`, and
-each view emits it once and stops drawing; recreate the GPU and its views.
+`gpu.lost` tells whether the device is gone. Create a new GPU, views, and canvases to recover,
+then supply retained scenes and datasets. `view.failures` contains input/loading failures;
+`view.wantsFrame` is useful for custom scheduling. For manual rendering use `gpu.step(now)`;
+`gpu.done()` waits for drawing to settle, and `gpu.landed()` waits for pending work to arrive.
+`view.ground([x, y])` converts a canvas point to the scene's ground plane when it intersects.
diff --git a/eslint.config.mjs b/eslint.config.mjs
index ce5083f6..57814075 100644
--- a/eslint.config.mjs
+++ b/eslint.config.mjs
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ export default defineConfig([
     ignores: [
       '**/coverage/**',
       '**/dist/**',
-      '**/docs/_build/**',
       '**/node_modules/**',
       '**/*.d.ts.map',
       'pnpm-lock.yaml',
-      'output/**',
-      'packages/monitor/tests/browser/generated/**',
       '.playwright-cli/**',
-      '.bench/**',
-      'benchmark/.results/**',
+      'crates/**',
+      'target/**',
+      '.impeccable/**',
+      'npm/pkg/**',
+      'npm/dist/**',
+      'npm/test/scenes.js',
     ],
   },
   {
@@ -53,12 +54,15 @@ export default defineConfig([
         },
       ],
       '@typescript-eslint/unbound-method': 'off',
-      // A class's types live under it in a type-only `declare namespace`: `Document.Operation`.
-      '@typescript-eslint/no-namespace': ['error', { allowDeclarations: true }],
     },
   },
   {
-    files: ['**/tests/**/*.ts', '**/*.unit.test.ts', '**/*.bench.ts', 'benchmark/**/*.ts'],
+    files: [
+      '**/*.test.ts',
+      'npm/examples/test/**/*.ts',
+      'npm/examples/gate/**/*.ts',
+      'benchmark/**/*.ts',
+    ],
     rules: {
       '@typescript-eslint/no-empty-function': 'off',
       '@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any': 'off',
diff --git a/examples/colors/README.md b/examples/colors/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a785153c..00000000
--- a/examples/colors/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Colors example
-
-The colormap catalog, each palette drawn three ways: a CPU image, a CSS legend, and a WebGPU
-shader sampling it as views do.
-
-```sh
-pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/colors-example dev
-```
-
-Open http://127.0.0.1:5196. The dev command builds the packages first.
diff --git a/examples/colors/index.html b/examples/colors/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 08bac8de..00000000
--- a/examples/colors/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-    <title>Latkit color catalog</title>
-    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-  </head>
-  <body class="color-gallery">
-    <main>
-      <header>
-        <h1>Color catalog</h1>
-        <p>Compare the same palette in a CPU image, a CSS legend, and a WebGPU shader.</p>
-      </header>
-      <div class="controls">
-        <label
-          >Show
-          <select id="kind">
-            <option value="all">All families</option>
-            <option>sequential</option>
-            <option>diverging</option>
-            <option>cyclic</option>
-            <option>categorical</option>
-            <option>multihue</option>
-          </select></label
-        ><button id="reverse" aria-pressed="false">Reverse palettes</button
-        ><button id="background" aria-pressed="false">Light background</button
-        ><span id="status" role="status">Preparing GPU previews...</span>
-      </div>
-      <div class="palette-head" aria-hidden="true">
-        <span>Palette</span><span>CPU</span><span>CSS</span><span>GPU</span>
-      </div>
-      <div id="catalog"></div>
-      <footer>
-        Continuous maps interpolate between samples. Cyclic maps wrap; categorical palettes retain
-        hard boundaries. The alpha diagnostic below the catalog checks transparent interpolation.
-      </footer>
-    </main>
-    <script type="module" src="/src/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/colors/package.json b/examples/colors/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 642cb6ec..00000000
--- a/examples/colors/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/colors-example",
-  "private": true,
-  "version": "0.0.0",
-  "type": "module",
-  "scripts": {
-    "predev": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build",
-    "dev": "vite --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5196 --strictPort",
-    "prebuild": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build",
-    "build": "pnpm run typecheck && vite build",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "preview": "vite preview --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5196"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:*"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
-    "vite": "^7.0.0"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/colors/src/main.ts b/examples/colors/src/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1283aecf..00000000
--- a/examples/colors/src/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  createGpu,
-  colormaps,
-  colormapCss,
-  createColormap,
-  reverseColormap,
-  kit,
-  type Colormap,
-  type Gpu,
-  type View,
-} from '@latkit/gpu';
-import './style.css';
-
-const catalog = document.getElementById('catalog')!;
-const status = document.getElementById('status')!;
-const maps = [
-  ...Object.entries(colormaps),
-  [
-    'alpha',
-    createColormap({
-      label: 'Alpha diagnostic',
-      colors: [
-        [1, 0, 0, 0],
-        [0, 0, 1, 1],
-      ],
-    }),
-  ] as const,
-];
-const rows = maps.map(([name, map]) => {
-  const row = document.createElement('div');
-  row.className = 'palette-row';
-  row.dataset.kind = map.kind;
-  const label = document.createElement('div');
-  label.className = 'palette-name';
-  label.append(document.createTextNode(map.label ?? name));
-  const kind = document.createElement('small');
-  kind.textContent = map.kind;
-  label.append(kind);
-  const cpu = document.createElement('canvas');
-  cpu.width = 512;
-  cpu.height = 1;
-  cpu.setAttribute('aria-label', `${map.label} CPU preview`);
-  const css = document.createElement('div');
-  css.className = 'palette-css';
-  css.setAttribute('aria-label', `${map.label} CSS preview`);
-  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
-  canvas.setAttribute('aria-label', `${map.label} GPU preview`);
-  row.append(label, cpu, css, canvas);
-  catalog.append(row);
-  return { row, map: map as Colormap, cpu, css, canvas, view: undefined as Preview | undefined };
-});
-let reversed = false;
-function selected(map: Colormap): Colormap {
-  return reversed ? reverseColormap(map) : map;
-}
-function update(): void {
-  for (const item of rows) {
-    const map = selected(item.map);
-    item.css.style.backgroundImage = colormapCss(map, { direction: 'to right' });
-    const context = item.cpu.getContext('2d')!;
-    const pixels = context.createImageData(512, 1);
-    for (let x = 0; x < 512; x++) {
-      const color = kit.sampleColormap(map, (x + 0.5) / 512);
-      for (let c = 0; c < 4; c++) pixels.data[x * 4 + c] = Math.round(color[c]! * 255);
-    }
-    context.putImageData(pixels, 0, 0);
-    item.view?.set({ colormap: map });
-  }
-}
-const reverse = document.getElementById('reverse')!;
-reverse.onclick = () => {
-  reversed = !reversed;
-  reverse.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(reversed));
-  update();
-};
-const background = document.getElementById('background')!;
-background.onclick = () =>
-  background.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(document.body.classList.toggle('light')));
-const kind = document.getElementById('kind') as HTMLSelectElement;
-kind.onchange = () => {
-  for (const item of rows) item.row.hidden = kind.value !== 'all' && item.map.kind !== kind.value;
-};
-update();
-
-interface PreviewConfig extends View.Config {
-  readonly colormap: Colormap;
-}
-/** What one prepared frame draws. */
-interface Drawn {
-  readonly binding: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly pipeline: GPURenderPipeline;
-}
-/** A colormap swept left to right by the shared WGSL sampler. */
-class Preview extends kit.BaseView<PreviewConfig, View.Events, PreviewConfig, Drawn> {
-  constructor(
-    gpu: Gpu,
-    config: PreviewConfig,
-    private readonly module: GPUShaderModule,
-    private readonly layout: GPUPipelineLayout,
-  ) {
-    super(gpu, config);
-    this.start();
-  }
-  protected configure(): void {
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  protected async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation): Promise<Drawn> {
-    return {
-      binding: frame.colormap(this.frameConfig.colormap),
-      pipeline: await this.gpu.renderPipeline({
-        layout: this.layout,
-        vertex: { module: this.module, entryPoint: 'vertex' },
-        fragment: {
-          module: this.module,
-          entryPoint: 'fragment',
-          targets: [{ format: frame.format }],
-        },
-      }),
-    };
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: kit.Encoding, drawn: Drawn): void {
-    const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      colorAttachments: [
-        { view: frame.target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 0] },
-      ],
-    });
-    pass.setPipeline(drawn.pipeline);
-    pass.setBindGroup(0, drawn.binding);
-    pass.draw(3);
-    pass.end();
-  }
-  protected release(): void {}
-}
-
-async function main(): Promise<void> {
-  const gpu = await createGpu();
-  const module = gpu.device.createShaderModule({
-    code:
-      kit.colormapShader({ group: 0 }) +
-      `
-    struct Vertex { @builtin(position) position:vec4f, @location(0) t:f32 }
-    @vertex fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) id:u32)->Vertex {
-      let p=array<vec2f,3>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(3,-1),vec2f(-1,3))[id];
-      return Vertex(vec4f(p,0,1),(p.x+1.0)*0.5);
-    }
-    @fragment fn fragment(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {
-      let color=colormapColor(v.t);
-      return vec4f(color.rgb*color.a,color.a);
-    }
-  `,
-  });
-  const layout = gpu.device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.colormapLayout] });
-  let rendered = 0;
-  for (const item of rows) {
-    const view = new Preview(
-      gpu,
-      { canvas: item.canvas, colormap: selected(item.map) },
-      module,
-      layout,
-    );
-    view.on('error', fail);
-    const off = view.on('frame', () => {
-      off();
-      status.textContent = `${++rendered} / ${rows.length} GPU previews ready`;
-    });
-    item.view = view;
-  }
-  Object.assign(window, { colorGallery: { gpu, rows } });
-  const dispose = (): void => {
-    for (const item of rows) item.view?.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  };
-  window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
-    if (!event.persisted) dispose();
-  });
-  import.meta.hot?.dispose(dispose);
-}
-function fail(error: unknown): void {
-  status.textContent = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-  status.setAttribute('role', 'alert');
-  console.error(error);
-}
-void main().catch(fail);
diff --git a/examples/colors/src/style.css b/examples/colors/src/style.css
deleted file mode 100644
index dc26555a..00000000
--- a/examples/colors/src/style.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-:root {
-  --font: ui-monospace, 'JetBrains Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
-}
-* {
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-body {
-  margin: 0;
-  min-height: 100vh;
-  font-family: var(--font);
-}
-.color-gallery {
-  --paper: #090c11;
-  --ink: #eef2f7;
-  --muted: #9aa3b1;
-  --line: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
-  --control: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
-  background: var(--paper);
-  color: var(--ink);
-  color-scheme: dark;
-}
-.color-gallery button,
-.color-gallery select {
-  padding: 5px 9px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: var(--control);
-  color: var(--ink);
-  font: inherit;
-  font-size: 11px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-.color-gallery button[aria-pressed='true'] {
-  border-color: #d2604c;
-  background: rgba(210, 96, 76, 0.18);
-}
-:focus-visible {
-  outline: 2px solid var(--ink);
-  outline-offset: 2px;
-}
-.color-gallery.light {
-  --paper: #f2f3f5;
-  --ink: #161b25;
-  --muted: #475569;
-  --line: #bcc4d0;
-  --control: #e1e6ed;
-  color-scheme: light;
-}
-.color-gallery main {
-  max-width: 1200px;
-  margin: auto;
-  padding: 32px;
-}
-.color-gallery header {
-  margin-bottom: 24px;
-}
-.color-gallery h1 {
-  margin: 20px 0 8px;
-  font: 600 28px/1.2 var(--font);
-}
-.color-gallery p,
-.color-gallery footer {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  max-width: 75ch;
-  font-size: 13px;
-  line-height: 1.6;
-}
-.color-gallery .controls {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 12px;
-  padding-bottom: 20px;
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-.color-gallery select {
-  background: var(--paper);
-  color-scheme: inherit;
-}
-.color-gallery button {
-  min-height: 32px;
-}
-.color-gallery #status {
-  color: var(--muted);
-}
-.palette-head,
-.palette-row {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 150px repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
-  gap: 16px;
-  align-items: center;
-}
-.palette-head {
-  position: sticky;
-  top: 0;
-  padding: 12px 0;
-  background: var(--paper);
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 12px;
-  z-index: 1;
-}
-.palette-row {
-  padding: 12px 0;
-  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
-}
-.palette-row[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-.palette-name {
-  font-size: 13px;
-}
-.palette-name small {
-  display: block;
-  padding-top: 4px;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 10px;
-}
-.palette-row canvas,
-.palette-css {
-  display: block;
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 28px;
-}
-.color-gallery footer {
-  margin-top: 32px;
-}
-@media (max-width: 640px) {
-  .color-gallery main {
-    padding: 16px;
-  }
-  .palette-head,
-  .palette-row {
-    grid-template-columns: 90px repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
-    gap: 8px;
-  }
-  .palette-name {
-    font-size: 11px;
-  }
-  .palette-name small {
-    font-size: 9px;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/colors/tsconfig.json b/examples/colors/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fab05f0..00000000
--- a/examples/colors/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2022",
-    "module": "ESNext",
-    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
-    "strict": true,
-    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
-    "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "vite/client"],
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"]
-  },
-  "include": ["src", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/examples/colors/vite.config.ts b/examples/colors/vite.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 38e3af46..00000000
--- a/examples/colors/vite.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-
-export default defineConfig({
-  server: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5196, open: false },
-  preview: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5196 },
-});
diff --git a/examples/diagram/README.md b/examples/diagram/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 515ed8d7..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Diagram studio
-
-An interactive showcase of the diagram view on synthetic scenes. The application owns immutable
-`Data`, accepts the view's edit proposals, and keeps undo and redo.
-
-```sh
-pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/diagram-example dev
-```
-
-Open http://127.0.0.1:5192. The dev command builds the packages first.
-
-- Control loop: ports, arrows, feedback, and one wire fanning out to two inputs.
-- Grouped plants: nested groups, collapse and expand, and wires routed through group boundaries.
-- Shape atlas: rounded rectangles, rectangles, ellipses, and diamonds.
-- Scale study: 1,024 blocks and live render statistics.
-
-Controls switch layout, routing, scales, shading, themes, and labels. Edit mode adds, moves,
-connects, reconnects, renames, and deletes blocks. Export renders a 2048 × 1280 PNG from an
-offscreen diagram with `image()`.
-
-```sh
-pnpm --filter @latkit/diagram-example test
-node examples/diagram/tests/browser.mjs
-```
-
-The browser check needs the dev server running. It drives every preset and the export, and saves
-desktop and mobile screenshots to `output/diagram-example/`.
diff --git a/examples/diagram/index.html b/examples/diagram/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 52defa89..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,403 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-    <meta name="theme-color" content="#0c1015" />
-    <title>Diagram studio · Latkit</title>
-    <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.svg" />
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <header class="app-header">
-      <a class="brand" href="#studio" aria-label="Latkit Diagram studio"
-        ><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true">
-          <rect x="2" y="5" width="10" height="10" rx="2" />
-          <rect x="20" y="17" width="10" height="10" rx="2" />
-          <path d="M12 10h6v12h2" /></svg
-        ><span>latkit<span class="brand-divider">/</span><strong>Diagram studio</strong></span></a
-      >
-      <div class="header-actions">
-        <span id="engine-state" class="engine-state">Starting renderer</span
-        ><button id="toggle-controls" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="controls">Controls</button
-        ><button id="toggle-inspector" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="inspector">
-          Inspector</button
-        ><a href="https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"
-          >Source <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M4 12 12 4M4 4h8v8" /></svg
-        ></a>
-      </div>
-    </header>
-    <main id="studio" class="studio">
-      <aside class="sidebar" aria-label="Diagram controls">
-        <fieldset id="controls" disabled>
-          <legend class="sr-only">Presentation controls</legend>
-          <section class="control-section">
-            <h2>Scenes</h2>
-            <div id="presets" class="preset-list"></div>
-          </section>
-          <section class="control-section">
-            <h2>Layout & wires</h2>
-            <label class="field"
-              >Arrangement<select id="algorithm">
-                <option value="layered">Layered</option>
-                <option value="stress">Stress</option>
-                <option value="grid">Custom grid</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Direction<select id="direction">
-                <option value="right">Left to right</option>
-                <option value="down">Top to bottom</option>
-                <option value="left">Right to left</option>
-                <option value="up">Bottom to top</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Routing<select id="route">
-                <option value="orthogonal">Avoid obstacles</option>
-                <option value="straight">Straight</option>
-                <option value="elbow">Custom elbow</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Wires<select id="appearance">
-                <option value="wire">Wires</option>
-                <option value="tag">Tags</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <div class="toggle-row">
-              <label><input id="arrows" type="checkbox" checked />Arrows</label
-              ><label><input id="flow" type="checkbox" />Flow</label>
-            </div>
-          </section>
-          <details class="control-section" open>
-            <summary>Appearance</summary>
-            <label class="field"
-              >Theme<select id="theme">
-                <option value="system">System</option>
-                <option value="dark">Dark</option>
-                <option value="light">Light</option>
-              </select></label
-            ><label class="field"
-              >Density<select id="density">
-                <option value="comfortable">Comfortable</option>
-                <option value="compact">Compact</option>
-                <option value="spacious">Spacious</option>
-              </select></label
-            ><label class="field"
-              >Titles<select id="title-position">
-                <option value="center">Centered</option>
-                <option value="header">Header</option>
-              </select></label
-            ><label class="field"
-              >Corners<select id="radius">
-                <option value="8">Soft</option>
-                <option value="3">Subtle</option>
-                <option value="16">Round</option>
-              </select></label
-            ><label class="field"
-              >Ports<select id="port-marker">
-                <option value="directional">Directional</option>
-                <option value="circle">Circle</option>
-                <option value="diamond">Diamond</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <div class="toggle-row">
-              <label><input id="port-labels" type="checkbox" checked />Port labels</label>
-            </div>
-            <label class="field"
-              >Shape<select id="shape">
-                <option value="rounded">Rounded</option>
-                <option value="rectangle">Rectangle</option>
-                <option value="ellipse">Ellipse</option>
-                <option value="diamond">Diamond</option>
-                <option value="mixed">By block type</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Color<select id="palette">
-                <option value="neutral">Neutral</option>
-                <option value="signal">Signal value</option>
-                <option value="thermal">Inferno</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Shade<select id="shade">
-                <option value="none">None</option>
-                <option value="spotlight">Pointer spotlight</option>
-                <option value="signal">Custom signal tint</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <div class="toggle-grid">
-              <label><input id="grid" type="checkbox" checked />Grid</label
-              ><label><input id="snap" type="checkbox" checked />Snap</label
-              ><label><input id="labels" type="checkbox" checked />Labels</label
-              ><label><input id="junctions" type="checkbox" checked />Junctions</label
-              ><label><input id="status" type="checkbox" checked />Status colors</label
-              ><label><input id="simulate" type="checkbox" />Live values</label>
-            </div>
-          </details>
-          <details class="control-section">
-            <summary>Interaction</summary>
-            <label class="field"
-              >Drag canvas<select id="background-drag">
-                <option value="select">Select</option>
-                <option value="pan">Pan</option>
-              </select></label
-            ><label class="field"
-              >New wire drop<select id="free-drop">
-                <option value="cancel">Leave unchanged</option>
-                <option value="create">Create process</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <div class="toggle-row">
-              <label><input id="auto-pan" type="checkbox" checked />Edge panning</label>
-            </div>
-          </details>
-          <details class="control-section">
-            <summary>Rendering</summary>
-            <label class="field"
-              >Detail<select id="detail">
-                <option value="auto">Adaptive</option>
-                <option value="full">Always show</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Antialiasing<select id="msaa">
-                <option value="1">Shader</option>
-                <option value="4">4× MSAA</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Motion<select id="motion">
-                <option value="auto">System preference</option>
-                <option value="reduce">Reduced</option>
-                <option value="full">Full</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Hover<select id="hover">
-                <option value="auto">Adaptive</option>
-                <option value="on">On</option>
-                <option value="off">Off</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label class="field"
-              >Label overflow<select id="overflow">
-                <option value="wrap">Wrap</option>
-                <option value="ellipsis">Ellipsis</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-          </details>
-        </fieldset>
-        <div class="sidebar-foot">
-          Drag ports to connect. Drag an occupied input to reconnect; drop on empty space to
-          disconnect.
-        </div>
-      </aside>
-      <section class="workspace" aria-labelledby="scene-title">
-        <div class="workspace-heading">
-          <div>
-            <h2 id="scene-title">Control loop</h2>
-            <p id="scene-description">Typed ports, feedback & fan-out</p>
-          </div>
-          <button data-action="reset" disabled>Reset scene</button>
-        </div>
-        <div class="toolbar" role="toolbar" aria-label="Canvas tools">
-          <label class="sr-only" for="mode">Interaction mode</label
-          ><select id="mode" aria-label="Interaction mode" disabled>
-            <option value="edit">Edit</option>
-            <option value="navigate">Navigate</option>
-            <option value="inspect">Inspect</option>
-          </select>
-          <div class="toolbar-group">
-            <button data-action="undo" aria-label="Undo" title="Undo · Ctrl Z" disabled>
-              <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M7 4 3 8l4 4M3 8h9a5 5 0 0 1 0 10" /></svg></button
-            ><button data-action="redo" aria-label="Redo" title="Redo · Ctrl Shift Z" disabled>
-              <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="m13 4 4 4-4 4m4-4H8a5 5 0 0 0 0 10" /></svg>
-            </button>
-          </div>
-          <button data-action="arrange" disabled>Arrange</button
-          ><button data-action="fit" disabled>Fit view</button>
-          <div class="toolbar-end">
-            <button data-action="export" disabled>
-              Export PNG
-              <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M8 2v8m-3-3 3 3 3-3M3 11v3h10v-3" /></svg>
-            </button>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="canvas-wrap">
-          <canvas
-            id="canvas"
-            tabindex="0"
-            role="application"
-            aria-label="Interactive diagram. Drag blocks to move, drag ports to connect, Shift drag to select, wheel to zoom. Tab selects blocks. Arrows move selection, Enter inspects, Delete removes, Escape cancels."
-          ></canvas>
-          <div id="loading" class="canvas-message" role="status">
-            <span class="loading-mark"></span>
-            <h3>Preparing your workspace</h3>
-            <p>Starting the shared WebGPU renderer.</p>
-          </div>
-          <div id="error" class="canvas-message error-message" role="alert" hidden>
-            <h3>Unable to draw the scene</h3>
-            <p id="error-detail"></p>
-            <button data-action="retry">Try again</button>
-          </div>
-          <div class="canvas-navigation">
-            <button data-action="zoom-out" aria-label="Zoom out" disabled>
-              <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M3 8h10" /></svg></button
-            ><output id="zoom">100%</output
-            ><button data-action="zoom-in" aria-label="Zoom in" disabled>
-              <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M3 8h10M8 3v10" /></svg>
-            </button>
-          </div>
-          <p class="canvas-hint">
-            Drag to move <span>·</span> Ports to connect <span>·</span> Space to pan
-          </p>
-        </div>
-        <div class="performance">
-          <span><strong id="blocks">—</strong> blocks</span
-          ><span><strong id="wires">—</strong> wires</span
-          ><span><strong id="draws">—</strong> draws</span
-          ><span class="performance-tail"><strong id="prepare">—</strong> ms preparation</span>
-        </div>
-      </section>
-      <aside id="inspector" class="inspector" aria-label="Inspector">
-        <nav class="inspector-tabs" aria-label="Inspector panels">
-          <button data-tab="inspect" aria-pressed="true">Inspect</button
-          ><button data-tab="features" aria-pressed="false">Explore</button
-          ><button data-tab="api" aria-pressed="false">API</button>
-        </nav>
-        <section id="tab-inspect" class="inspector-content">
-          <div id="selection-empty">
-            <svg class="selection-icon" viewBox="0 0 48 48" aria-hidden="true">
-              <rect x="8" y="8" width="28" height="28" rx="5" />
-              <path d="m26 25 14 6-7 2-2 7Z" />
-            </svg>
-            <h2>Selection</h2>
-            <p>Select a block, port, wire, or group to inspect it.</p>
-          </div>
-          <form id="selection-form" hidden>
-            <h2 id="selected-name"></h2>
-            <p id="selected-type"></p>
-            <label class="stacked"
-              >Name<input id="rename" maxlength="120" autocomplete="off"
-            /></label>
-            <dl id="selection-details"></dl>
-            <div class="button-stack">
-              <button type="button" data-action="neighbors">Reveal neighbors</button
-              ><button type="button" data-action="delete">Delete selection</button>
-            </div>
-          </form>
-          <section class="inspector-section">
-            <h3>Add a block</h3>
-            <div id="palette-buttons" class="block-palette"></div>
-            <p class="small-note">Click to add at the center, or drag onto the canvas.</p>
-          </section>
-          <section id="group-section" class="inspector-section" hidden>
-            <h3>Groups</h3>
-            <div id="groups"></div>
-          </section>
-          <section class="inspector-section">
-            <h3>Activity</h3>
-            <ol id="activity" class="activity">
-              <li>Workspace ready to explore.</li>
-            </ol>
-          </section>
-        </section>
-        <section id="tab-features" class="inspector-content" hidden>
-          <h2>Explore the diagram</h2>
-          <ul class="feature-list">
-            <li>
-              <strong>Make it yours</strong>
-              <p>Move blocks, draw wires, reconnect an input. Undo and redo every edit.</p>
-            </li>
-            <li>
-              <strong>Follow a signal</strong>
-              <p>
-                Enable flow, arrows, and live values. Color maps and shades respond to native
-                fields.
-              </p>
-            </li>
-            <li>
-              <strong>Go beyond pairs</strong>
-              <p>
-                The control loop branches one signal to two destinations. A wire can join many
-                ports.
-              </p>
-            </li>
-            <li>
-              <strong>Fold a hierarchy</strong>
-              <p>
-                Open Grouped plants. Collapse a unit or its parent station; external wires follow
-                its boundary.
-              </p>
-            </li>
-            <li>
-              <strong>Change the geometry</strong>
-              <p>
-                Try four shapes, three routers, tags, layered layout, and a custom grid strategy.
-              </p>
-            </li>
-            <li>
-              <strong>Work at scale</strong>
-              <p>
-                The 1,024-block scene uses the same API. Zoom in to reveal labels and inspect
-                resident geometry.
-              </p>
-            </li>
-            <li>
-              <strong>Keep the result</strong>
-              <p>Export a PNG through an independent offscreen diagram.</p>
-            </li>
-          </ul>
-          <h3>Keyboard</h3>
-          <dl class="shortcuts">
-            <dt>Tab</dt>
-            <dd>Next block</dd>
-            <dt>Arrows</dt>
-            <dd>Nudge selection</dd>
-            <dt>Shift + drag</dt>
-            <dd>Marquee selection</dd>
-            <dt>Alt + drag</dt>
-            <dd>Connect a boundary</dd>
-            <dt>Home</dt>
-            <dd>Fit the diagram</dd>
-            <dt>Escape</dt>
-            <dd>Cancel or clear</dd>
-            <dt>Delete</dt>
-            <dd>Remove selection</dd>
-          </dl>
-        </section>
-        <section id="tab-api" class="inspector-content" hidden>
-          <h2>One rendering interface.</h2>
-          <p>
-            The example uses the same GPU, fields, camera, text, and frame lifecycle as the other
-            Latkit packages.
-          </p>
-          <pre><code id="api-code"></code></pre>
-          <button data-action="copy">Copy example</button>
-          <p class="small-note">
-            The application owns edits and history. The diagram emits proposals with stable
-            identities.
-          </p>
-          <a
-            href="https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit/tree/main/packages/diagram"
-            target="_blank"
-            rel="noreferrer"
-            >Package documentation</a
-          >
-        </section>
-      </aside>
-    </main>
-    <footer class="statusbar">
-      <span id="message" role="status" aria-live="polite">Opening Control loop…</span
-      ><span id="hovered">No selection</span>
-    </footer>
-    <div id="context-menu" popover="auto">
-      <button data-action="neighbors">Reveal neighbors</button
-      ><button data-action="delete">Delete selection</button
-      ><button data-action="fit">Fit everything</button>
-    </div>
-    <script type="module" src="/src/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/diagram/package.json b/examples/diagram/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 08f93a42..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/diagram-example",
-  "private": true,
-  "version": "0.0.0",
-  "type": "module",
-  "scripts": {
-    "predev": "pnpm --filter @latkit/diagram... build",
-    "dev": "vite --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5192 --strictPort",
-    "prebuild": "pnpm --filter @latkit/diagram... build",
-    "build": "pnpm run typecheck && vite build",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts",
-    "preview": "vite preview --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5192 --strictPort"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/diagram": "workspace:*"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
-    "vite": "^7.0.0"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/diagram/public/favicon.svg b/examples/diagram/public/favicon.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c3b8117..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/public/favicon.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><rect width="32" height="32" rx="8" fill="#101720"/><g fill="none" stroke="#ef795b" stroke-width="2.5"><rect x="4" y="5" width="9" height="9" rx="2"/><rect x="19" y="18" width="9" height="9" rx="2"/><path d="M13 10h4v13h2"/></g></svg>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/diagram/src/graph.ts b/examples/diagram/src/graph.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ebd88a9..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/src/graph.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,393 +0,0 @@
-import { itemId, numberAt, rowAt, rowCount, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Point, Shape, Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Diagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-
-export const types = ['Input', 'Process', 'Control', 'Output'] as const;
-export type BlockType = (typeof types)[number];
-/** Each block type's ports and the way signals flow through them. */
-export const ports: Record<BlockType, Readonly<Record<string, 'in' | 'out'>>> = {
-  Input: { out: 'out' },
-  Process: { in: 'in', out: 'out' },
-  Control: { in: 'in', feedback: 'in', out: 'out' },
-  Output: { in: 'in' },
-};
-const fields: Schema.Type['fields'] = {
-  name: { type: 'text' },
-  position: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-  signal: { type: 'float32' },
-  status: { type: 'float32' },
-  visible: { type: 'float32' },
-};
-/** A port is a reference to the signal wire it is plugged into. */
-export const schema: Schema = {
-  types: {
-    ...Object.fromEntries(
-      types.map((type) => [
-        type,
-        {
-          fields: {
-            ...fields,
-            ...Object.fromEntries(
-              Object.entries(ports[type]).map(([port, direction]) => [
-                port,
-                { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Signal' }, nullable: true, direction },
-              ]),
-            ),
-          },
-        },
-      ]),
-    ),
-    Signal: { fields: { name: { type: 'text' }, signal: { type: 'float32' } } },
-  },
-};
-export interface Block {
-  id: string;
-  type: BlockType;
-  name: string;
-  position: Point;
-  signal: number;
-  status: number;
-  visible: number;
-  /** The wire each port is plugged into; null where unplugged. */
-  ports: Readonly<Record<string, string | null>>;
-}
-export interface Wire {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  signal: number;
-}
-export interface Graph {
-  blocks: Block[];
-  wires: Wire[];
-  groups: Record<string, Diagram.GroupOptions>;
-}
-/** A block's port. */
-export interface Plug {
-  readonly id: string;
-  readonly port: string;
-}
-export const shapes: Record<BlockType, Shape> = {
-  Input: 'ellipse',
-  Process: 'rounded',
-  Control: 'diamond',
-  Output: 'rectangle',
-};
-export const presets = [
-  { id: 'loop', name: 'Control loop', description: 'Typed ports, feedback & fan-out' },
-  { id: 'groups', name: 'Grouped plants', description: 'Nested groups & boundary proxies' },
-  { id: 'shapes', name: 'Shape atlas', description: 'Four shapes, labels & wire tags' },
-  { id: 'scale', name: 'Scale study', description: '1,024 blocks, one shared pipeline' },
-] as const;
-export type Preset = (typeof presets)[number]['id'];
-function unplugged(type: BlockType): Record<string, null> {
-  return Object.fromEntries(Object.keys(ports[type]).map((port) => [port, null]));
-}
-export function preset(which: Preset, compact = false): Graph {
-  const blocks: Block[] = [],
-    wires: Wire[] = [],
-    groups: Record<string, Diagram.GroupOptions> = {},
-    byId = new Map<string, Block>();
-  const block = (id: string, type: BlockType, name: string, x: number, y: number) => {
-    const value: Block = {
-      id,
-      type,
-      name,
-      position: [x, y],
-      signal: (blocks.length % 7) / 6,
-      status: 0,
-      visible: 1,
-      ports: unplugged(type),
-    };
-    blocks.push(value);
-    byId.set(id, value);
-    return id;
-  };
-  const plug = (id: string, port: string, wire: string) => {
-    const value = byId.get(id)!;
-    value.ports = { ...value.ports, [port]: wire };
-  };
-  /** A wire from one block's output to each target's input, or the port a target names. */
-  const wire = (name: string, from: string, ...targets: (string | Plug)[]) => {
-    const id = 'wire-' + wires.length;
-    wires.push({ id, name, signal: 0.5 });
-    plug(from, 'out', id);
-    for (const target of targets)
-      if (typeof target === 'string') plug(target, 'in', id);
-      else plug(target.id, target.port, id);
-  };
-  if (which === 'loop') {
-    block('reference', 'Input', 'Reference', 0, 0);
-    block('controller', 'Control', 'Controller', 240, 0);
-    block('actuator', 'Process', 'Actuator', 500, 0);
-    block('plant', 'Process', 'Plant', 500, 240);
-    block('sensor', 'Process', 'Sensor', 240, 240);
-    block('response', 'Output', 'Response', 740, 240);
-    wire('Set point', 'reference', 'controller');
-    wire('Command', 'controller', 'actuator');
-    wire('Drive', 'actuator', 'plant');
-    wire('Measured', 'plant', 'response', 'sensor');
-    wire('Feedback', 'sensor', { id: 'controller', port: 'feedback' });
-    byId.get('plant')!.status = 1;
-  } else if (which === 'groups') {
-    block('dispatch', 'Input', 'Dispatch', 0, 190);
-    for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
-      block('control-' + i, 'Process', 'Controller ' + (i + 1), 320, i * 210);
-      block('plant-' + i, 'Process', 'Plant ' + (i + 1), 620, i * 210);
-      wire('Drive ' + (i + 1), 'control-' + i, 'plant-' + i);
-      groups['unit-' + i] = {
-        label: 'Unit ' + (i + 1),
-        parent: 'station',
-        vertices: {
-          Process: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['control-' + i, 'plant-' + i] },
-        },
-      };
-    }
-    block('meter', 'Output', 'Metering', 950, 190);
-    wire('Dispatch', 'dispatch', 'control-0', 'control-1', 'control-2');
-    // The meter reads one wire, so the plants share it.
-    wire('Power', 'plant-0', 'meter');
-    for (let i = 1; i < 3; i++) plug('plant-' + i, 'out', 'wire-' + (wires.length - 1));
-    groups.station = { label: 'Generating station', vertices: {} };
-  } else if (which === 'shapes') {
-    block('ellipse', 'Input', 'Input', 0, 0);
-    block('rounded', 'Process', 'Process', 300, 0);
-    block('diamond', 'Control', 'Decision', 300, 250);
-    block('rectangle', 'Output', 'Result', 640, 250);
-    wire('Source', 'ellipse', 'rounded');
-    wire('Evaluate', 'rounded', 'diamond');
-    wire('Accept', 'diamond', 'rectangle');
-  } else {
-    for (let row = 0; row < 32; row++)
-      for (let col = 0; col < 32; col++) {
-        const id = row * 32 + col;
-        block('block-' + id, 'Process', 'Block ' + (id + 1), col * 240, row * 150);
-        if (col) wire('', 'block-' + (id - 1), 'block-' + id);
-      }
-  }
-  if (compact && which === 'loop') {
-    const positions: Record<string, Point> = {
-      reference: [0, 0],
-      controller: [0, 175],
-      actuator: [210, 175],
-      plant: [210, 365],
-      sensor: [0, 365],
-      response: [210, 555],
-    };
-    for (const value of blocks) value.position = positions[value.id];
-  }
-  if (compact && which === 'shapes') {
-    const positions: Point[] = [
-      [0, 0],
-      [240, 0],
-      [0, 250],
-      [290, 340],
-    ];
-    blocks.forEach((value, i) => {
-      value.position = positions[i];
-    });
-  }
-  return { blocks, wires, groups };
-}
-/** Every port plugged into a wire. */
-export function plugged(graph: Graph, wire: string): Plug[] {
-  return graph.blocks.flatMap((block) =>
-    Object.entries(block.ports)
-      .filter(([, value]) => value === wire)
-      .map(([port]) => ({ id: block.id, port })),
-  );
-}
-function plug(graph: Graph, at: Plug, wire: string | null): Graph {
-  return {
-    ...graph,
-    blocks: graph.blocks.map((block) =>
-      block.id === at.id ? { ...block, ports: { ...block.ports, [at.port]: wire } } : block,
-    ),
-  };
-}
-/** Keep the wires something drives and something reads, and unplug ports from the rest. */
-function prune(graph: Graph): Graph {
-  const driven = new Set<string>(),
-    read = new Set<string>();
-  for (const block of graph.blocks)
-    for (const [port, wire] of Object.entries(block.ports))
-      if (wire) (ports[block.type][port] === 'out' ? driven : read).add(wire);
-  const wires = graph.wires.filter((wire) => driven.has(wire.id) && read.has(wire.id));
-  if (wires.length === graph.wires.length) return graph;
-  const kept = new Set(wires.map((wire) => wire.id));
-  return {
-    ...graph,
-    wires,
-    blocks: graph.blocks.map((block) =>
-      Object.values(block.ports).every((wire) => !wire || kept.has(wire))
-        ? block
-        : {
-            ...block,
-            ports: Object.fromEntries(
-              Object.entries(block.ports).map(([port, wire]) => [
-                port,
-                wire && kept.has(wire) ? wire : null,
-              ]),
-            ),
-          },
-    ),
-  };
-}
-/** The graph with each block where positions put it, as a move proposes or a layout arranges. */
-export function placeGraph(
-  graph: Graph,
-  positions: Readonly<Record<string, Layout.Positions>>,
-): Graph {
-  const placed = new Map<string, Point>();
-  for (const [type, { x, y }] of Object.entries(positions)) {
-    if (x.values.kind !== 'numeric' || y.values.kind !== 'numeric') continue;
-    const blocks = graph.blocks.filter((block) => block.type === type);
-    for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(x.rows); i++)
-      placed.set(blocks[rowAt(x.rows, i)].id, [numberAt(x.values, i)!, numberAt(y.values, i)!]);
-  }
-  return {
-    ...graph,
-    blocks: graph.blocks.map((block) => ({
-      ...block,
-      position: placed.get(block.id) ?? block.position,
-    })),
-  };
-}
-export function deleteItems(graph: Graph, ids: readonly string[]): Graph {
-  const removed = new Set(ids),
-    blocks = graph.blocks.filter((block) => !removed.has(block.id));
-  const available = new Set(blocks.map((block) => block.id));
-  return prune({
-    blocks,
-    wires: graph.wires.filter((wire) => !removed.has(wire.id)),
-    groups: Object.fromEntries(
-      Object.entries(graph.groups).map(([id, group]) => [
-        id,
-        {
-          ...group,
-          vertices: Object.fromEntries(
-            Object.entries(group.vertices).map(([type, rows]) => [
-              type,
-              rows.kind === 'ids'
-                ? { ...rows, ids: rows.ids.filter((id) => available.has(id)) }
-                : rows,
-            ]),
-          ),
-        },
-      ]),
-    ),
-  });
-}
-export function addBlock(
-  graph: Graph,
-  type: BlockType,
-  position: Point,
-): { graph: Graph; block: Block } {
-  const block: Block = {
-    id: 'block-' + crypto.randomUUID(),
-    type,
-    name: 'New ' + type.toLowerCase(),
-    position,
-    signal: 0.5,
-    status: 0,
-    visible: 1,
-    ports: unplugged(type),
-  };
-  return { graph: { ...graph, blocks: [...graph.blocks, block] }, block };
-}
-/** A block's first port in a direction, for wiring dropped on its body. */
-function portOf(block: Block, direction: 'in' | 'out'): string {
-  const port = Object.keys(ports[block.type]).find((name) => ports[block.type][name] === direction);
-  if (!port) throw new Error(`${block.name} has no ${direction === 'in' ? 'input' : 'output'}.`);
-  return port;
-}
-/** Plug the proposal's ports into one wire: the driving output's, or a new one. */
-export function connectGraph(
-  graph: Graph,
-  proposal: Diagram.ConnectProposal,
-  createOnDrop = false,
-): Graph {
-  // The proposal names rows; this graph names blocks and wires by id.
-  const fromPort = proposal.from.kind === 'port' ? proposal.from.port : undefined;
-  const source = graph.blocks.find((block) => block.id === itemId(proposal.from));
-  if (!source) throw new Error('The starting block was removed.');
-  // A moved input leaves its wire first.
-  const replaces = proposal.replaces;
-  let next = replaces
-    ? plug(graph, { id: itemId(replaces.end), port: replaces.end.port }, null)
-    : graph;
-  const input = !!fromPort && ports[source.type][fromPort] === 'in';
-  let target: {
-    readonly kind: 'vertex' | 'edge';
-    readonly id: string;
-    readonly port?: string;
-  } | null = proposal.to && {
-    kind: proposal.to.kind === 'edge' ? 'edge' : 'vertex',
-    id: itemId(proposal.to),
-    ...(proposal.to.kind === 'port' ? { port: proposal.to.port } : {}),
-  };
-  if (!target) {
-    if (replaces) return prune(next);
-    if (!createOnDrop) return graph;
-    const added = addBlock(next, 'Process', proposal.position);
-    next = added.graph;
-    target = { kind: 'vertex', id: added.block.id, port: input ? 'out' : 'in' };
-  }
-  if (target.kind === 'edge') {
-    if (!fromPort) throw new Error('Only a port joins a wire.');
-    return prune(plug(next, { id: source.id, port: fromPort }, target.id));
-  }
-  const destination = next.blocks.find((block) => block.id === target.id);
-  if (!destination) throw new Error('The destination was removed.');
-  const from: Plug = { id: source.id, port: fromPort ?? portOf(source, 'out') },
-    to: Plug = {
-      id: destination.id,
-      port:
-        target.port ?? portOf(destination, ports[source.type][from.port] === 'in' ? 'out' : 'in'),
-    };
-  if (ports[source.type][from.port] === ports[destination.type][to.port])
-    throw new Error('Wire an output to an input.');
-  const [driver, reader] = ports[source.type][from.port] === 'out' ? [from, to] : [to, from];
-  let wire = next.blocks.find((block) => block.id === driver.id)!.ports[driver.port];
-  if (!wire) {
-    wire = 'wire-' + crypto.randomUUID();
-    next = plug(
-      { ...next, wires: [...next.wires, { id: wire, name: 'New signal', signal: 0.5 }] },
-      driver,
-      wire,
-    );
-  }
-  return prune(plug(next, reader, wire));
-}
-export class History {
-  private undoStack: Graph[] = [];
-  private redoStack: Graph[] = [];
-  constructor(public current: Graph) {}
-  get canUndo(): boolean {
-    return this.undoStack.length > 0;
-  }
-  get canRedo(): boolean {
-    return this.redoStack.length > 0;
-  }
-  commit(next: Graph): void {
-    this.undoStack.push(this.current);
-    if (this.undoStack.length > 40) this.undoStack.shift();
-    this.redoStack = [];
-    this.current = next;
-  }
-  undo(): Graph {
-    const value = this.undoStack.pop();
-    if (value) {
-      this.redoStack.push(this.current);
-      this.current = value;
-    }
-    return this.current;
-  }
-  redo(): Graph {
-    const value = this.redoStack.pop();
-    if (value) {
-      this.undoStack.push(this.current);
-      this.current = value;
-    }
-    return this.current;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/diagram/src/main.ts b/examples/diagram/src/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b6fa5216..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/src/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,687 +0,0 @@
-import { createGpu, type Point, type Shape, type Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { itemId } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createDiagram, arrange } from '@latkit/diagram';
-import type { Diagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-import { GraphSource } from './source.js';
-import {
-  plugged,
-  preset,
-  presets,
-  types,
-  History,
-  addBlock,
-  connectGraph,
-  deleteItems,
-  placeGraph,
-} from './graph.js';
-import type { BlockType, Graph, Preset } from './graph.js';
-import { data, effect, theme } from './presentation.js';
-import type { Settings, Style } from './presentation.js';
-import './style.css';
-const $ = <T extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement>(selector: string) =>
-  document.querySelector<T>(selector)!;
-const select = (id: string) => $<HTMLSelectElement>('#' + id);
-/** The graph id of a diagram item: a block's or wire's row id, or a group's name. */
-const idOf = (item: Diagram.Item) => (item.kind === 'group' ? item.id : itemId(item));
-const check = (id: string) => $<HTMLInputElement>('#' + id);
-const canvas = $<HTMLCanvasElement>('#canvas');
-const errors: string[] = [];
-function message(text: string, log = true) {
-  $('#message').textContent = text;
-  if (log) {
-    const li = document.createElement('li');
-    li.textContent = text;
-    $('#activity').prepend(li);
-    while ($('#activity').children.length > 5) $('#activity').lastElementChild?.remove();
-  }
-}
-function report(error: unknown) {
-  if (error instanceof DOMException && error.name === 'AbortError') return;
-  const text = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
-  errors.push(text);
-  message(text);
-  $('#error-detail').textContent =
-    text + ' Reset the scene to recover. WebGPU requires a supported browser and graphics device.';
-  $('#error').hidden = false;
-}
-function tab(name: string) {
-  for (const id of ['inspect', 'features', 'api']) {
-    $('#tab-' + id).hidden = id !== name;
-    document
-      .querySelector('[data-tab="' + id + '"]')
-      ?.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(id === name));
-  }
-}
-for (const button of document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-tab]'))
-  button.onclick = () => tab(button.dataset.tab!);
-const narrow = matchMedia('(max-width: 650px)');
-const systemTheme = matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: light)');
-$('#toggle-controls').setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(!narrow.matches));
-$('#toggle-controls').onclick = () => {
-  const expanded = narrow.matches
-    ? document.body.classList.toggle('show-controls')
-    : !document.body.classList.toggle('hide-controls');
-  $('#toggle-controls').setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(expanded));
-};
-function showInspector(open: boolean) {
-  document.body.classList.toggle('show-inspector', open);
-  $('#toggle-inspector').setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(open));
-}
-$('#toggle-inspector').onclick = () =>
-  showInspector(!document.body.classList.contains('show-inspector'));
-function lightTheme() {
-  return (
-    select('theme').value === 'light' || (select('theme').value === 'system' && systemTheme.matches)
-  );
-}
-const code = `const gpu = await createGpu();
-
-const diagram = createDiagram(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  input: 'edit',
-  source: model.data,
-  vertices: {
-    Process: {
-      x: 'position',
-      y: { field: 'position', component: 1 },
-      labels: 'name',
-    },
-  },
-  edges: {
-    Signal: {
-      route: 'orthogonal',
-      arrows: true,
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-diagram.on('move', acceptMove);
-diagram.on('connect', acceptWire);`;
-$('#api-code').textContent = code;
-const shapeIcon = (type: BlockType) => {
-  const drawing =
-    type === 'Input'
-      ? '<ellipse cx="12" cy="9" rx="9" ry="6"/>'
-      : type === 'Control'
-        ? '<path d="m12 2 10 7-10 7L2 9Z"/>'
-        : '<rect x="3" y="3" width="18" height="12" rx="' +
-          (type === 'Process' ? '3' : '0') +
-          '"/>';
-  return '<svg viewBox="0 0 24 18" aria-hidden="true">' + drawing + '</svg>';
-};
-async function boot() {
-  const gpu = await createGpu();
-  gpu.device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (event) => report(event.error));
-  const compact = matchMedia('(max-width: 650px)');
-  let active: Preset = 'loop',
-    history = new History(preset(active, compact.matches));
-  const source = new GraphSource(history.current);
-  let selected: readonly Diagram.Item[] = [];
-  let lastFrames = -1,
-    busy = false,
-    pointerDown = false;
-  const settings = (): Settings => ({
-    shape: select('shape').value as 'mixed' | Shape,
-    light: lightTheme(),
-    density: select('density').value as Settings['density'],
-    titlePosition: select('title-position').value as Settings['titlePosition'],
-    route: select('route').value as Settings['route'],
-    appearance: select('appearance').value as Settings['appearance'],
-    palette: select('palette').value as Settings['palette'],
-    flow: check('flow').checked,
-    arrows: check('arrows').checked,
-    status: check('status').checked,
-    overflow: select('overflow').value as Settings['overflow'],
-  });
-  const options = (): Style => ({
-    ...theme(lightTheme()),
-    vertexPadding:
-      select('density').value === 'compact' ? 8 : select('density').value === 'spacious' ? 16 : 12,
-    portSpacing:
-      select('density').value === 'compact' ? 20 : select('density').value === 'spacious' ? 30 : 24,
-    portMarker: select('port-marker').value as Diagram.Config['portMarker'],
-    portLabels: check('port-labels').checked,
-    cornerRadius: Number(select('radius').value),
-    detail: select('detail').value as Diagram.Config['detail'],
-    grid: check('grid').checked,
-    snap: check('snap').checked,
-    labels: check('labels').checked,
-    junctions: check('junctions').checked,
-    motion: select('motion').value as Diagram.Config['motion'],
-    msaa: Number(select('msaa').value) as 1 | 4,
-    hover: select('hover').value as Diagram.Config['hover'],
-    fitPaddingPx: innerWidth <= 650 ? [24, 28, 60, 28] : 44,
-  });
-  const binding = (automatic = false) => data(source, settings(), automatic);
-  const input = (): Diagram.Input => ({
-    mode: select('mode').value as Diagram.Input['mode'],
-    backgroundDrag: select('background-drag').value as Diagram.Input['backgroundDrag'],
-    autoPan: check('auto-pan').checked,
-  });
-  const shades = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof effect>>();
-  const shade = (name: string) => {
-    if (!shades.has(name)) shades.set(name, effect(name));
-    return shades.get(name)!;
-  };
-  /** Everything the diagram draws, from the document and the page's controls. */
-  const config = () => ({
-    ...binding(),
-    ...options(),
-    input: input(),
-    shade: shade(select('shade').value),
-  });
-  document.documentElement.dataset.theme = lightTheme() ? 'light' : 'dark';
-  const diagram = createDiagram(gpu, { ...config(), canvas });
-  /** Draw what the document and controls say; the diagram keeps whatever stays the same. */
-  const show = (animate = false) => diagram.set(config(), { replace: true, animate });
-  /** A canvas point in diagram units, on the grid when snapping. */
-  const world = (point: Point): Point => {
-    const { center, scale } = diagram.camera,
-      pitch = diagram.config.gridPitch!;
-    const x = center[0] + (point[0] - canvas.clientWidth / 2) / scale,
-      y = center[1] + (point[1] - canvas.clientHeight / 2) / scale;
-    return diagram.config.snap
-      ? [Math.round(x / pitch) * pitch, Math.round(y / pitch) * pitch]
-      : [x, y];
-  };
-  diagram.on('error', report);
-  diagram.on('frame', () => {
-    $('#loading').hidden = true;
-    $('#engine-state').textContent = 'WebGPU ready';
-    $('#engine-state').classList.add('ready');
-    syncMetrics();
-  });
-  const bindInput = () => {
-    show();
-    message(select('mode').selectedOptions[0].text + ' mode');
-  };
-  for (const id of ['mode', 'background-drag', 'auto-pan']) $('#' + id).onchange = bindInput;
-  function historyButtons() {
-    document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action="undo"]').forEach((button) => {
-      button.disabled = !history.canUndo;
-    });
-    document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action="redo"]').forEach((button) => {
-      button.disabled = !history.canRedo;
-    });
-  }
-  function refresh(animate = false) {
-    $('#error').hidden = true;
-    source.publish(history.current);
-    show(animate);
-    historyButtons();
-    showGroups();
-    inspect();
-  }
-  function commit(graph: Graph, description: string, animate = false) {
-    if (graph === history.current) return;
-    history.commit(graph);
-    refresh(animate);
-    message(description);
-  }
-  function choosePreset(id: Preset) {
-    active = id;
-    history = new History(preset(id, compact.matches));
-    selected = [];
-    select('shape').value = id === 'shapes' ? 'mixed' : 'rounded';
-    select('appearance').value = 'wire';
-    select('route').value = 'orthogonal';
-    check('simulate').checked = false;
-    diagram.select([]);
-    refresh();
-    diagram.fit();
-    const entry = presets.find((item) => item.id === id)!;
-    $('#scene-title').textContent = entry.name;
-    $('#scene-description').textContent = entry.description;
-    for (const button of document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-preset]'))
-      button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(button.dataset.preset === id));
-    message(entry.name + ' loaded');
-  }
-  for (const entry of presets) {
-    const button = document.createElement('button');
-    button.type = 'button';
-    button.dataset.preset = entry.id;
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(entry.id === active));
-    const title = document.createElement('strong'),
-      subtitle = document.createElement('small');
-    title.textContent = entry.name;
-    subtitle.textContent = entry.description;
-    button.append(title, subtitle);
-    button.onclick = () => choosePreset(entry.id);
-    $('#presets').append(button);
-  }
-  function add(type: BlockType, point: Point = [canvas.clientWidth / 2, canvas.clientHeight / 2]) {
-    const result = addBlock(history.current, type, world(point));
-    commit(result.graph, 'Added ' + type.toLowerCase());
-    selected = [source.item(result.block.id)!];
-    diagram.select(selected);
-    inspect();
-  }
-  for (const type of types) {
-    const button = document.createElement('button');
-    button.innerHTML = shapeIcon(type);
-    button.append(document.createTextNode(type));
-    button.draggable = true;
-    button.onclick = () => add(type);
-    button.ondragstart = (event) => event.dataTransfer?.setData('application/x-latkit-block', type);
-    $('#palette-buttons').append(button);
-  }
-  canvas.ondragover = (event) => {
-    event.preventDefault();
-    if (event.dataTransfer) event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'copy';
-  };
-  canvas.ondrop = (event) => {
-    event.preventDefault();
-    const type = event.dataTransfer?.getData('application/x-latkit-block') as BlockType;
-    if (!types.includes(type)) return;
-    const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-    add(type, [event.clientX - rect.left, event.clientY - rect.top]);
-  };
-  function showGroups() {
-    const entries = Object.entries(history.current.groups);
-    $('#group-section').hidden = !entries.length;
-    $('#groups').replaceChildren();
-    for (const [id, group] of entries) {
-      const button = document.createElement('button');
-      button.type = 'button';
-      button.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(!group.collapsed));
-      const label = document.createElement('span'),
-        action = document.createElement('span');
-      label.textContent = group.label ?? id;
-      action.textContent = group.collapsed ? 'Expand' : 'Collapse';
-      button.append(label, action);
-      button.onclick = () =>
-        commit(
-          {
-            ...history.current,
-            groups: { ...history.current.groups, [id]: { ...group, collapsed: !group.collapsed } },
-          },
-          (group.collapsed ? 'Expanded ' : 'Collapsed ') + label.textContent,
-        );
-      $('#groups').append(button);
-    }
-  }
-  function inspect() {
-    for (const button of document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action="delete"]'))
-      button.disabled = !selected.some((item) => item.kind === 'vertex' || item.kind === 'edge');
-    const item = selected[0];
-    $('#selection-empty').hidden = !!item;
-    $('#selection-form').hidden = !item;
-    if (!item) return;
-    const id = idOf(item);
-    const block = history.current.blocks.find((n) => n.id === id);
-    const wire = history.current.wires.find((n) => n.id === id);
-    const group = history.current.groups[id];
-    $('#selected-name').textContent = block?.name ?? wire?.name ?? group?.label ?? id;
-    $('#selected-type').textContent =
-      item.kind === 'group'
-        ? 'Presentation group'
-        : item.index.type +
-          ' · ' +
-          item.kind +
-          (selected.length > 1 ? ' · ' + selected.length + ' selected' : '');
-    const input = check('rename');
-    if (document.activeElement !== input)
-      input.value = block?.name ?? wire?.name ?? group?.label ?? '';
-    input.disabled = item.kind === 'port';
-    const entries = block
-      ? [
-          ['Identity', block.id],
-          ['Position', block.position.map((v) => Math.round(v)).join(', ')],
-          ['Signal', block.signal.toFixed(2)],
-          ['Status', block.status ? 'Attention' : 'Normal'],
-        ]
-      : wire
-        ? [
-            ['Identity', wire.id],
-            ['Ports', String(plugged(history.current, wire.id).length)],
-            ['Routing', select('route').selectedOptions[0].text],
-          ]
-        : [
-            ['Identity', id],
-            ['State', group?.collapsed ? 'Collapsed' : 'Expanded'],
-          ];
-    $('#selection-details').replaceChildren();
-    for (const [key, value] of entries) {
-      const dt = document.createElement('dt'),
-        dd = document.createElement('dd');
-      dt.textContent = key;
-      dd.textContent = value;
-      $('#selection-details').append(dt, dd);
-    }
-  }
-  $('#selection-form').onsubmit = (event) => event.preventDefault();
-  check('rename').onchange = () => {
-    const item = selected[0],
-      name = check('rename').value.trim();
-    if (!item || !name) return;
-    const graph = history.current,
-      id = idOf(item);
-    commit(
-      {
-        ...graph,
-        blocks: graph.blocks.map((block) => (block.id === id ? { ...block, name } : block)),
-        wires: graph.wires.map((wire) => (wire.id === id ? { ...wire, name } : wire)),
-        groups:
-          item.kind === 'group'
-            ? { ...graph.groups, [id]: { ...graph.groups[id], label: name } }
-            : graph.groups,
-      },
-      'Renamed ' + name,
-    );
-  };
-  diagram.on('select', (items) => {
-    selected = items;
-    inspect();
-    $('#hovered').textContent = items.length ? items.length + ' selected' : 'No selection';
-  });
-  diagram.on('move', (proposal) =>
-    commit(placeGraph(history.current, proposal.positions), 'Moved blocks'),
-  );
-  diagram.on('connect', (proposal) => {
-    try {
-      commit(
-        connectGraph(history.current, proposal, select('free-drop').value === 'create'),
-        proposal.replaces
-          ? proposal.to
-            ? 'Reconnected input'
-            : 'Disconnected input'
-          : 'Connected signal',
-      );
-    } catch (error) {
-      message(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error));
-    }
-  });
-  diagram.on('delete', (rows) => {
-    if (rows.length) {
-      commit(deleteItems(history.current, rows.map(itemId)), 'Removed selection');
-      selected = [];
-      diagram.select([]);
-      inspect();
-    }
-  });
-  diagram.on('open', (item) => {
-    selected = [item];
-    diagram.select(selected);
-    tab('inspect');
-    showInspector(true);
-    inspect();
-    check('rename').focus();
-    check('rename').select();
-  });
-  diagram.on('hover', (item) => {
-    $('#hovered').textContent = item
-      ? item.kind === 'port'
-        ? item.port + ' · ' + idOf(item)
-        : idOf(item)
-      : selected.length
-        ? selected.length + ' selected'
-        : 'No selection';
-  });
-  diagram.on('contextmenu', (event) => {
-    if (event.items[0]) {
-      selected = [event.items[0]];
-      diagram.select(selected);
-      inspect();
-    }
-    const menu = $('#context-menu'),
-      rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-    menu.style.left = Math.min(innerWidth - 195, rect.left + event.point[0]) + 'px';
-    menu.style.top = Math.min(innerHeight - 140, rect.top + event.point[1]) + 'px';
-    menu.showPopover();
-  });
-  async function layout() {
-    if (busy) return;
-    busy = true;
-    const revision = source.revision;
-    const button = $<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action="arrange"]');
-    button.disabled = true;
-    button.textContent = 'Arranging…';
-    try {
-      const choice = select('algorithm').value,
-        algorithm: Layout['algorithm'] =
-          choice === 'grid'
-            ? {
-                // Each part's blocks in rows, a cell as large as its largest block.
-                arrange: ({ vertices, input }) => {
-                  const columns = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(vertices.length));
-                  let width = 220,
-                    height = 160;
-                  for (const v of vertices) {
-                    width = Math.max(width, input.sizes![v * 2] + 64);
-                    height = Math.max(height, input.sizes![v * 2 + 1] + 64);
-                  }
-                  return Array.from(vertices).flatMap((_, i) => [
-                    (i % columns) * width,
-                    Math.floor(i / columns) * height,
-                  ]);
-                },
-              }
-            : choice === 'stress'
-              ? 'stress'
-              : 'layered';
-      const fields = await arrange(gpu, {
-        ...binding(true),
-        ...options(),
-        layout: {
-          algorithm,
-          direction: select('direction').value as Layout['direction'],
-          rankGap: 72,
-          vertexGap: 48,
-        },
-      });
-      if (source.revision !== revision) {
-        message('Scene changed during layout. Arrange again.');
-        return;
-      }
-      commit(
-        placeGraph(history.current, fields),
-        'Applied ' + select('algorithm').selectedOptions[0].text.toLowerCase() + ' layout',
-        true,
-      );
-      diagram.fit(undefined, { animate: true });
-    } finally {
-      busy = false;
-      button.disabled = false;
-      button.textContent = 'Arrange';
-    }
-  }
-  async function exportImage(download = true): Promise<Blob> {
-    const fixed = source.data;
-    const offscreen = createDiagram(gpu, {
-      ...binding(),
-      ...options(),
-      source: fixed,
-      motion: 'reduce',
-      fitPaddingPx: 64,
-      shade: effect(select('shade').value),
-    });
-    try {
-      const blob = await offscreen.image({ width: 2048, height: 1280 });
-      if (download) {
-        const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob),
-          anchor = document.createElement('a');
-        anchor.href = url;
-        anchor.download = 'latkit-' + active + '.png';
-        anchor.click();
-        setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 1000);
-        message('Exported 2048 × 1280 PNG');
-      }
-      return blob;
-    } finally {
-      offscreen.destroy();
-    }
-  }
-  const actions: Record<string, () => void | Promise<unknown>> = {
-    undo: () => {
-      if (history.canUndo) {
-        history.undo();
-        refresh(true);
-        message('Undid edit');
-      }
-    },
-    redo: () => {
-      if (history.canRedo) {
-        history.redo();
-        refresh(true);
-        message('Redid edit');
-      }
-    },
-    reset: () => choosePreset(active),
-    fit: () => diagram.fit(undefined, { animate: true }),
-    arrange: layout,
-    'zoom-in': () => diagram.set({ camera: { scale: diagram.camera.scale * 1.25 } }),
-    'zoom-out': () => diagram.set({ camera: { scale: diagram.camera.scale * 0.8 } }),
-    delete: () => {
-      const ids = selected
-        .filter((item) => item.kind === 'vertex' || item.kind === 'edge')
-        .map(idOf);
-      if (ids.length) {
-        commit(deleteItems(history.current, ids), 'Removed selection');
-        selected = [];
-        diagram.select([]);
-        inspect();
-      }
-    },
-    neighbors: () => {
-      if (selected[0]) diagram.fit(diagram.neighborhood(selected[0]), { animate: true });
-    },
-    export: () => exportImage(),
-    retry: () => {
-      $('#error').hidden = true;
-      refresh();
-      diagram.fit();
-    },
-    copy: async () => {
-      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(code);
-      message('Copied API example');
-    },
-  };
-  for (const button of document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action]')) {
-    button.disabled = false;
-    button.onclick = () => {
-      if ($('#context-menu').matches(':popover-open')) $('#context-menu').hidePopover();
-      void Promise.resolve()
-        .then(() => actions[button.dataset.action!]())
-        .catch(report);
-    };
-  }
-  for (const id of [
-    'shape',
-    'route',
-    'appearance',
-    'palette',
-    'flow',
-    'arrows',
-    'status',
-    'overflow',
-    'title-position',
-  ])
-    $('#' + id).onchange = () => {
-      show();
-      message('Updated ' + id);
-    };
-  for (const id of [
-    'grid',
-    'snap',
-    'labels',
-    'junctions',
-    'msaa',
-    'motion',
-    'hover',
-    'port-labels',
-    'port-marker',
-    'radius',
-    'detail',
-  ])
-    $('#' + id).onchange = () => {
-      show();
-      message('Updated ' + id);
-    };
-  const updateTheme = () => {
-    document.documentElement.dataset.theme = lightTheme() ? 'light' : 'dark';
-    show();
-  };
-  select('theme').onchange = updateTheme;
-  systemTheme.addEventListener('change', updateTheme);
-  select('density').onchange = () => show();
-  select('shade').onchange = () => {
-    show();
-    message('Updated shade');
-  };
-  check('simulate').onchange = () => {
-    if (!check('simulate').checked) source.publish(history.current);
-    diagram.set({ source: source.data });
-    message(check('simulate').checked ? 'Synthetic signal values are live' : 'Live values paused');
-  };
-  canvas.addEventListener('pointerdown', () => {
-    pointerDown = true;
-  });
-  window.addEventListener('pointerup', () => {
-    pointerDown = false;
-  });
-  window.addEventListener('pointercancel', () => {
-    pointerDown = false;
-  });
-  window.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {
-    if (event.target instanceof HTMLInputElement || event.target instanceof HTMLTextAreaElement)
-      return;
-    if ((event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) && event.key.toLowerCase() === 'z') {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      void actions[event.shiftKey ? 'redo' : 'undo']();
-    }
-  });
-  function syncMetrics() {
-    const stats = diagram.stats();
-    if (stats.frames === lastFrames) return;
-    lastFrames = stats.frames;
-    $('#blocks').textContent = stats.vertices.toLocaleString();
-    $('#wires').textContent = stats.edges.toLocaleString();
-    $('#draws').textContent = String(stats.drawCalls);
-    $('#prepare').textContent = stats.prepareMs.toFixed(1);
-    $('#zoom').textContent = Math.round(diagram.camera.scale * 100) + '%';
-  }
-  const timer = setInterval(() => {
-    syncMetrics();
-    if (check('simulate').checked && !pointerDown && !busy) {
-      const time = performance.now() / 1000;
-      source.publish({
-        ...history.current,
-        blocks: history.current.blocks.map((block, i) => ({
-          ...block,
-          signal: (Math.sin(time + i * 0.7) + 1) / 2,
-        })),
-        wires: history.current.wires.map((wire, i) => ({
-          ...wire,
-          signal: (Math.sin(time + i * 0.4) + 1) / 2,
-        })),
-      });
-      diagram.set({ source: source.data });
-    }
-  }, 250);
-  const resize = () => {
-    show();
-    if (!history.canUndo) choosePreset(active);
-  };
-  compact.addEventListener('change', resize);
-  window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
-    if (event.persisted) return;
-    clearInterval(timer);
-    compact.removeEventListener('change', resize);
-    systemTheme.removeEventListener('change', updateTheme);
-    diagram.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-  $<HTMLFieldSetElement>('#controls').disabled = false;
-  select('mode').disabled = false;
-  historyButtons();
-  inspect();
-  message('Control loop ready. Drag from a port to draw a wire.', false);
-  return { gpu, diagram, source, errors, choosePreset, exportImage };
-}
-const ready = boot().catch((error: unknown) => {
-  $('#loading').hidden = true;
-  $('#error button').onclick = () => location.reload();
-  report(error);
-  throw error;
-});
-Object.assign(window, { diagramStudioReady: ready });
diff --git a/examples/diagram/src/presentation.ts b/examples/diagram/src/presentation.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ced0486..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/src/presentation.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-import { createColormap, colormaps, spotlight } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Diagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-import type { Shade, Shape } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { types, shapes } from './graph.js';
-import type { GraphSource } from './source.js';
-export interface Settings {
-  shape: 'mixed' | Shape;
-  route: 'orthogonal' | 'straight' | 'elbow';
-  appearance: 'wire' | 'tag';
-  palette: 'neutral' | 'signal' | 'thermal';
-  flow: boolean;
-  arrows: boolean;
-  status: boolean;
-  light: boolean;
-  density: 'compact' | 'comfortable' | 'spacious';
-  titlePosition: 'header' | 'center';
-  overflow: 'wrap' | 'ellipsis';
-}
-/** The config's style options. */
-export type Style = Omit<Diagram.Config, 'source' | 'vertices' | 'edges' | 'groups'>;
-/** What the diagram draws. */
-export type Drawn = Required<Pick<Diagram.Config, 'source' | 'vertices' | 'edges' | 'groups'>>;
-const signalMap = createColormap({
-  colors: [
-    [0.12, 0.23, 0.27, 1],
-    [0.18, 0.34, 0.35, 1],
-    [0.28, 0.39, 0.32, 1],
-  ],
-  label: 'Signal',
-});
-const thermalMap = createColormap({
-  label: 'Inferno surfaces',
-  colors: colormaps.inferno.colors.map(([r, g, b]) => [r * 0.45, g * 0.45, b * 0.45, 1]),
-});
-const lightSignalMap = createColormap({
-  colors: signalMap.colors.map(([r, g, b]) => [0.8 + r * 0.2, 0.8 + g * 0.2, 0.8 + b * 0.2, 1]),
-});
-const lightThermalMap = createColormap({
-  colors: colormaps.inferno.colors.map(([r, g, b]) => [
-    0.8 + r * 0.2,
-    0.8 + g * 0.2,
-    0.8 + b * 0.2,
-    1,
-  ]),
-});
-const statusMap = createColormap({
-  kind: 'categorical',
-  colors: [
-    [0, 0, 0, 0],
-    [0.94, 0.64, 0.32, 1],
-  ],
-});
-const elbow: Diagram.RouteStrategy = {
-  route: ({ ends }) =>
-    ends
-      .slice(1)
-      .map((to) => [ends[0].position, [to.position[0], ends[0].position[1]], to.position]),
-};
-export function theme(light: boolean): Style {
-  return light
-    ? {
-        ...base,
-        background: [0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 1],
-        vertexColor: [1, 1, 1, 1],
-        edgeColor: [0.34, 0.43, 0.55, 1],
-        outlineColor: [0.61, 0.68, 0.76, 1],
-        textColor: [0.13, 0.2, 0.29, 1],
-        gridColor: [0.35, 0.44, 0.56, 0.24],
-        groupColor: [0.4, 0.56, 0.78, 0.07],
-        hoverColor: [0.22, 0.49, 0.79, 1],
-        selectedColor: [0.14, 0.38, 0.7, 1],
-      }
-    : base;
-}
-const base: Style = {
-  background: [0.063, 0.082, 0.106, 1],
-  vertexColor: [0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 1],
-  edgeColor: [0.46, 0.57, 0.65, 1],
-  outlineColor: [0.34, 0.43, 0.5, 1],
-  textColor: [0.91, 0.94, 0.96, 1],
-  gridColor: [0.35, 0.43, 0.52, 0.26],
-  groupColor: [0.24, 0.36, 0.4, 0.1],
-  hoverColor: [0.48, 0.7, 0.94, 1],
-  selectedColor: [0.51, 0.72, 1, 1],
-  fontSizePx: 13,
-  gridPitch: 8,
-  vertexPadding: 12,
-  portSpacing: 24,
-  routeClearance: 16,
-  fitPaddingPx: 44,
-};
-export function data(source: GraphSource, settings: Settings, automatic = false): Drawn {
-  return {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: Object.fromEntries(
-      types.map((type) => [
-        type,
-        {
-          ...(!automatic ? { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } : {}),
-          shape: settings.shape === 'mixed' ? shapes[type] : settings.shape,
-          labels: {
-            field: 'name',
-            fontSize: settings.density === 'compact' ? 12 : 13,
-            maxWidth: 180,
-            overflow: settings.overflow,
-          },
-          labelPosition: settings.titlePosition,
-          visible: 'visible',
-          shade: 'signal',
-          color:
-            settings.palette === 'neutral'
-              ? null
-              : {
-                  field: 'signal',
-                  domain: [0, 1],
-                  colormap:
-                    settings.palette === 'signal'
-                      ? settings.light
-                        ? lightSignalMap
-                        : signalMap
-                      : settings.light
-                        ? lightThermalMap
-                        : thermalMap,
-                },
-          status: settings.status ? { field: 'status', domain: [0, 1], colormap: statusMap } : null,
-          ports:
-            type === 'Control' ? { feedback: { side: 'bottom', label: 'feedback' } } : undefined,
-        },
-      ]),
-    ),
-    edges: {
-      Signal: {
-        route: settings.route === 'elbow' ? elbow : settings.route,
-        appearance: settings.appearance,
-        labels: { field: 'name', fontSize: 12, maxWidth: 140, overflow: 'ellipsis' },
-        arrows: settings.arrows,
-        flowPx: settings.flow ? { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], range: [20, 48] } : null,
-        widthPx: { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], range: [1.5, 2.5] },
-      },
-    },
-    groups: source.graph.groups,
-  };
-}
-export function effect(name: string): Shade | null {
-  if (name === 'spotlight') return spotlight({ radiusPx: 180, color: [1, 0.52, 0.36, 0.3] });
-  if (name === 'signal')
-    return {
-      wgsl: 'fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f { let c=mix(f.color.rgb,vec3f(0.18,0.58,0.52),f.value*0.5); return vec4f(c,f.color.a); }',
-    };
-  return null;
-}
diff --git a/examples/diagram/src/source.ts b/examples/diagram/src/source.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e45d6cba..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/src/source.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, textColumn, type Data, type Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Diagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-import { ports, schema, types, type Graph, type Block, type Wire } from './graph.js';
-const numeric = (values: readonly number[], double = false): Column.Numeric => ({
-  kind: 'numeric',
-  offset: 0,
-  length: values.length,
-  values: double ? Float64Array.from(values) : Float32Array.from(values),
-});
-function field(row: Block | Wire, name: string): string | number | readonly [number, number] {
-  if (name === 'name') return row.name;
-  if (name === 'position' && 'position' in row) return row.position;
-  if (name === 'signal') return row.signal;
-  if (name === 'status' && 'status' in row) return row.status;
-  if (name === 'visible' && 'visible' in row) return row.visible;
-  throw new Error('Unknown field: ' + name);
-}
-/** Each type's rows in order: what an index version numbers. */
-function rows(graph: Graph): string {
-  return JSON.stringify([
-    graph.wires.map((wire) => wire.id),
-    ...types.map((type) => graph.blocks.filter((block) => block.type === type).map((b) => b.id)),
-  ]);
-}
-/** Application-owned graph and its current immutable columns. */
-export class GraphSource {
-  /** Changes when rows renumber, as blocks or wires come and go; items of other versions are stale. */
-  version: string;
-  /** Changes with every publish, so a long task can tell its graph is out of date. */
-  revision = 0;
-  data: Data;
-  private serial = 0;
-  constructor(
-    public graph: Graph,
-    private readonly sourceId: string = crypto.randomUUID(),
-    version = '0',
-  ) {
-    this.version = version;
-    this.data = this.materialize();
-  }
-  index(type: string, version = this.version) {
-    return { source: this.sourceId, type, version };
-  }
-  publish(graph: Graph): void {
-    // Values change in place; only new, removed, or reordered rows renumber.
-    if (rows(graph) !== rows(this.graph)) this.version = String(++this.serial);
-    this.graph = graph;
-    this.revision++;
-    this.data = this.materialize();
-  }
-  /** The diagram item of a block or wire id in the current data. */
-  item(id: string): Diagram.Row | undefined {
-    const block = this.graph.blocks.find((candidate) => candidate.id === id);
-    if (block) {
-      const row = this.graph.blocks.filter((b) => b.type === block.type).indexOf(block);
-      return { kind: 'vertex', source: this.data, index: this.index(block.type), row };
-    }
-    const row = this.graph.wires.findIndex((wire) => wire.id === id);
-    return row < 0
-      ? undefined
-      : { kind: 'edge', source: this.data, index: this.index('Signal'), row };
-  }
-  private materialize(): Data {
-    const wires = new Map(this.graph.wires.map((wire, row) => [wire.id, row]));
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [];
-    for (const [type, definition] of Object.entries(schema.types)) {
-      const rows =
-        type === 'Signal'
-          ? this.graph.wires
-          : this.graph.blocks.filter((block) => block.type === type);
-      const columns: Record<string, Column> = {};
-      for (const name of Object.keys(definition.fields)) {
-        if (type !== 'Signal' && name in ports[type as Block['type']]) {
-          const values = new Uint32Array(rows.length),
-            validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(rows.length / 8));
-          rows.forEach((row, i) => {
-            const id = (row as Block).ports[name];
-            if (id) {
-              const target = wires.get(id);
-              if (target === undefined) throw new Error('Unknown wire: ' + id);
-              values[i] = target;
-              validity[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-            }
-          });
-          columns[name] = {
-            kind: 'reference',
-            index: this.index('Signal'),
-            offset: 0,
-            length: rows.length,
-            values,
-            validity,
-          };
-        } else {
-          const values = rows.map((row) => field(row, name));
-          columns[name] =
-            name === 'name'
-              ? textColumn(values as string[])
-              : name === 'position'
-                ? {
-                    kind: 'vector',
-                    offset: 0,
-                    length: rows.length,
-                    size: 2,
-                    values: numeric((values as (readonly number[])[]).flat(), true),
-                  }
-                : numeric(values as number[]);
-        }
-      }
-      batches.push({
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index(type),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: rows.length },
-        ids: textColumn(rows.map((row) => row.id)),
-        columns,
-      });
-    }
-    return createData(schema, batches);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/diagram/src/style.css b/examples/diagram/src/style.css
deleted file mode 100644
index acdef588..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/src/style.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,791 +0,0 @@
-:root {
-  color-scheme: dark;
-  font-family: 'Segoe UI Variable', 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
-  font-synthesis: none;
-  --canvas: #10151b;
-  --surface: #161c24;
-  --control: #202934;
-  --line: #303d4b;
-  --text: #e3eaf1;
-  --muted: #a3b1c1;
-  --accent: #83b8ff;
-  --active: #223954;
-  --hover: #2a3746;
-  color: var(--text);
-  background: var(--canvas);
-}
-:root[data-theme='light'] {
-  color-scheme: light;
-  --canvas: #f5f7fa;
-  --surface: #ffffff;
-  --control: #f1f4f8;
-  --line: #d5dde7;
-  --text: #223249;
-  --muted: #53657a;
-  --accent: #245ca9;
-  --active: #e6effc;
-  --hover: #e6ecf4;
-}
-* {
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-body {
-  margin: 0;
-  height: 100dvh;
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
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-  font: inherit;
-}
-button,
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-input:not([type='checkbox']) {
-  min-height: 34px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: var(--control);
-  color: var(--text);
-  padding: 6px 9px;
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
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-    border-color 120ms;
-}
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-  background: var(--hover);
-  border-color: var(--muted);
-}
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-}
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-  text-underline-offset: 4px;
-}
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-}
-:focus-visible {
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-  outline-offset: 3px;
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-}
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-  caret-color: var(--accent);
-}
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-  width: 16px;
-  height: 16px;
-  fill: none;
-  stroke: currentColor;
-  stroke-width: 1.5;
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-.brand svg {
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-.sidebar,
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-.preset-list strong {
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-  }
-  .show-inspector .studio,
-  .hide-controls.show-inspector .studio {
-    grid-template-columns: 224px minmax(0, 1fr);
-  }
-  .hide-controls.show-inspector .studio {
-    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);
-  }
-  .show-inspector .inspector {
-    position: absolute;
-    z-index: 5;
-    top: 54px;
-    bottom: 30px;
-    right: 0;
-    width: 248px;
-    box-shadow: -8px 0 24px #0002;
-  }
-  .canvas-hint {
-    max-width: 55%;
-    line-height: 1.7;
-    bottom: 16px;
-  }
-}
-@media (max-width: 650px) {
-  .app-header {
-    padding: 0 12px;
-    gap: 6px;
-  }
-  .brand {
-    font-size: 13px;
-    gap: 7px;
-  }
-  .brand-divider {
-    margin: 0 6px;
-  }
-  .brand svg {
-    width: 21px;
-  }
-  .header-actions {
-    gap: 5px;
-  }
-  .header-actions a {
-    display: none;
-  }
-  .header-actions button {
-    padding: 5px 8px;
-    font-size: 11px;
-  }
-  .studio,
-  .show-inspector .studio {
-    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);
-  }
-  .sidebar {
-    display: none;
-  }
-  .show-controls .sidebar {
-    display: block;
-    position: absolute;
-    z-index: 6;
-    top: 54px;
-    left: 0;
-    bottom: 30px;
-    width: 244px;
-    box-shadow: 8px 0 24px #0003;
-  }
-  .workspace-heading {
-    padding: 0 14px;
-    height: 72px;
-  }
-  .workspace-heading h2 {
-    font-size: 17px;
-  }
-  .workspace-heading p {
-    font-size: 11px;
-  }
-  .workspace-heading button {
-    font-size: 11px;
-    padding: 5px 8px;
-  }
-  .toolbar {
-    gap: 5px;
-    padding: 0 12px 10px;
-    flex-wrap: wrap;
-  }
-  .toolbar select {
-    width: 78px;
-  }
-  .toolbar > button,
-  .toolbar-end button {
-    font-size: 11px;
-    padding: 6px 8px;
-  }
-  .toolbar-group {
-    gap: 2px;
-    padding-right: 5px;
-    margin: 0;
-  }
-  .toolbar-group button {
-    width: 30px;
-  }
-  .toolbar-end {
-    margin-left: 0;
-  }
-  .canvas-hint {
-    display: none;
-  }
-  .canvas-navigation {
-    bottom: 12px;
-    right: 12px;
-  }
-  .performance {
-    gap: 12px;
-    padding: 0 12px;
-    font-size: 10px;
-  }
-  .performance-tail {
-    display: none;
-  }
-  .statusbar {
-    padding: 0 12px;
-    font-size: 10px;
-  }
-  #hovered {
-    display: none;
-  }
-}
-@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
-  *,
-  *::before,
-  *::after {
-    animation: none !important;
-    transition: none !important;
-    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/diagram/tests/browser.mjs b/examples/diagram/tests/browser.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index be952721..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/tests/browser.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
-import { readFile, writeFile, mkdtemp, mkdir, rm } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
-import path from 'node:path';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-const root = fileURLToPath(new URL('../../../', import.meta.url));
-const output = path.join(root, 'output/diagram-example');
-const executable =
-  process.env.LATKIT_BROWSER ??
-  [
-    'C:/Program Files/Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe',
-    'C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft/Edge/Application/msedge.exe',
-    '/usr/bin/chromium',
-    '/usr/bin/google-chrome',
-  ].find(existsSync);
-if (!executable) throw new Error('Set LATKIT_BROWSER to Chromium');
-const profile = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'latkit-diagram-example-'));
-const child = spawn(
-  executable,
-  [
-    '--headless=new',
-    '--no-first-run',
-    '--no-default-browser-check',
-    '--enable-unsafe-webgpu',
-    '--enable-unsafe-swiftshader',
-    '--remote-debugging-port=0',
-    '--user-data-dir=' + profile,
-    'about:blank',
-  ],
-  { stdio: 'ignore', windowsHide: true },
-);
-const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
-let socket;
-try {
-  let debugging;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-    try {
-      debugging = (await readFile(path.join(profile, 'DevToolsActivePort'), 'utf8')).split('\n')[0];
-      break;
-    } catch {
-      await sleep(100);
-    }
-  }
-  if (!debugging) throw new Error('Browser did not start');
-  const tabs = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:' + debugging + '/json/list')).json();
-  socket = new WebSocket(tabs.find((tab) => tab.type === 'page').webSocketDebuggerUrl);
-  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    socket.addEventListener('open', resolve, { once: true });
-    socket.addEventListener('error', reject, { once: true });
-  });
-  let next = 0;
-  const pending = new Map();
-  socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
-    const message = JSON.parse(event.data);
-    if (message.method === 'Runtime.exceptionThrown') console.error(JSON.stringify(message.params));
-    const call = pending.get(message.id);
-    if (call) {
-      pending.delete(message.id);
-      message.error ? call.reject(message.error) : call.resolve(message.result);
-    }
-  });
-  const call = (method, params = {}) =>
-    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const id = ++next,
-        timeout = setTimeout(() => {
-          pending.delete(id);
-          reject(new Error('CDP timeout: ' + method));
-        }, 60000);
-      pending.set(id, {
-        resolve: (value) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          resolve(value);
-        },
-        reject: (error) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          reject(error);
-        },
-      });
-      socket.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }));
-    });
-  const evaluate = async (expression) => {
-    const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-      expression,
-      awaitPromise: true,
-      returnByValue: true,
-    });
-    if (result.exceptionDetails)
-      throw new Error(
-        result.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? JSON.stringify(result.exceptionDetails),
-      );
-    return result.result.value;
-  };
-  await call('Page.enable');
-  await call('Runtime.enable');
-  await call('Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride', {
-    width: 1440,
-    height: 1000,
-    deviceScaleFactor: 1,
-    mobile: false,
-  });
-  await call('Page.navigate', { url: process.env.LATKIT_EXAMPLE_URL ?? 'http://127.0.0.1:5192' });
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    if (await evaluate('!!window.diagramStudioReady')) break;
-    await sleep(100);
-  }
-  await evaluate(`(async () => {
-    const app = await window.diagramStudioReady;
-    window.proofApp = app;
-    window.proofWait = async (check) => {
-      const start = performance.now();
-      while (!check()) {
-        if (app.errors.length) throw new Error(app.errors.join('\\n'));
-        if (performance.now() - start > 45000) throw new Error('Timed out waiting for a frame');
-        await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 30));
-      }
-    };
-    await window.proofWait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > 0);
-    return app.diagram.stats();
-  })()`);
-  await mkdir(output, { recursive: true });
-  const screenshot = async (name) => {
-    const shot = await call('Page.captureScreenshot', {
-      format: 'png',
-      captureBeyondViewport: true,
-    });
-    await writeFile(path.join(output, name + '.png'), Buffer.from(shot.data, 'base64'));
-  };
-  await evaluate(
-    `(async()=>{ const app=window.proofApp, frames=app.diagram.stats().frames, config=app.diagram.config; const el=document.getElementById('theme'); el.value='dark'; el.dispatchEvent(new Event('change')); await window.proofWait(()=>app.diagram.config===config||app.diagram.stats().frames>frames); })()`,
-  );
-  await screenshot('desktop');
-  const report = await evaluate(`(async () => {
-    const app = window.proofApp, wait = window.proofWait, passed = [];
-    const assert = (condition, text) => { if (!condition) throw new Error(text); };
-    const change = async (id, value) => {
-      const el = document.getElementById(id), frames = app.diagram.stats().frames;
-      // A value the control already holds changes nothing, so no frame would come.
-      assert((el.type === 'checkbox' ? el.checked : el.value) !== value, id + ' already holds ' + value);
-      if (el.type === 'checkbox') el.checked = value; else el.value = value;
-      el.dispatchEvent(new Event('change', { bubbles: true }));
-      await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > frames);
-      assert(app.errors.length === 0, app.errors.join('\\n'));
-    };
-    for (const shape of ['rectangle','ellipse','diamond','rounded']) await change('shape', shape);
-    passed.push('four shapes');
-    for (const marker of ['circle','diamond','directional']) await change('port-marker', marker);
-    for (const density of ['compact','spacious','comfortable']) await change('density', density);
-    for (const position of ['header','center']) await change('title-position', position);
-    for (const radius of ['3','16','8']) await change('radius', radius);
-    await change('port-labels', false); await change('port-labels', true);
-    await change('detail', 'full'); await change('detail', 'auto');
-    await change('theme', 'light'); await change('theme', 'dark');
-    passed.push('themes, density, directional markers, port labels, title placement, corner radius and detail');
-    for (const route of ['straight','elbow','orthogonal']) await change('route', route);
-    for (const appearance of ['tag','wire']) await change('appearance', appearance);
-    for (const palette of ['signal','thermal','neutral']) await change('palette', palette);
-    for (const shade of ['spotlight','signal','none']) await change('shade', shade);
-    await change('flow', true); await change('flow', false);
-    passed.push('routing, tags, scales, shades, flow');
-    for (const id of ['grid','snap','labels','junctions','status']) { await change(id, false); await change(id, true); }
-    await change('msaa','4'); await change('msaa','1');
-    // Live values move the revision; the version numbers rows, which a simulation keeps.
-    const revision = app.source.revision;
-    document.getElementById('simulate').checked = true;
-    await wait(() => app.source.revision !== revision);
-    document.getElementById('simulate').checked = false;
-    document.getElementById('simulate').dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
-    passed.push('live native values');
-    app.choosePreset('groups'); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 8);
-    let frames = app.diagram.stats().frames;
-    document.querySelector('#groups button').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > frames);
-    assert(Object.values(app.source.graph.groups)[0].collapsed, 'Group did not collapse');
-    frames = app.diagram.stats().frames;
-    document.querySelector('#groups button').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > frames);
-    frames = app.diagram.stats().frames;
-    document.querySelector('#groups button:last-child').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > frames);
-    frames = app.diagram.stats().frames;
-    document.querySelector('#groups button:last-child').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > frames);
-    passed.push('nested group collapse and expansion');
-    app.choosePreset('shapes'); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 4);
-    app.choosePreset('scale'); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 1024);
-    assert(app.diagram.stats().edges === 992, 'Scale scene wires missing');
-    passed.push('1024-node scene');
-    app.choosePreset('loop'); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 6);
-    document.querySelector('#palette-buttons button:nth-child(2)').click();
-    await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 7);
-    document.querySelector('[data-action="undo"]').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 6);
-    document.querySelector('[data-action="redo"]').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 7);
-    document.querySelector('[data-action="undo"]').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 6);
-    passed.push('adding blocks, undo, redo');
-    document.getElementById('algorithm').value = 'grid';
-    frames = app.diagram.stats().frames;
-    document.querySelector('[data-action="arrange"]').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > frames && !document.querySelector('[data-action="arrange"]').disabled);
-    passed.push('custom headless arrangement');
-    document.getElementById('algorithm').value = 'stress';
-    frames = app.diagram.stats().frames;
-    document.querySelector('[data-action="arrange"]').click(); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().frames > frames && !document.querySelector('[data-action="arrange"]').disabled);
-    passed.push('stress arrangement');
-    await change('flow', true);
-    const blob = await app.exportImage(false);
-    await change('flow', false);
-    assert(blob.type === 'image/png' && blob.size > 1000, 'PNG export failed');
-    passed.push('2048 x 1280 PNG export while the canvas is animating');
-    app.choosePreset('loop'); await wait(() => app.diagram.stats().vertices === 6);
-    assert(!document.getElementById('error').hidden === false, 'Error panel is visible');
-    return { passed, pngBytes: blob.size, errors: app.errors, stats: app.diagram.stats() };
-  })()`);
-  await evaluate(
-    `(async()=>{ const app=window.proofApp; const frames=app.diagram.stats().frames; app.choosePreset('shapes'); await window.proofWait(()=>app.diagram.stats().frames>frames); })()`,
-  );
-  await screenshot('shapes');
-  await evaluate(
-    `(async()=>{ const app=window.proofApp, frames=app.diagram.stats().frames; const el=document.getElementById('theme'); el.value='light'; el.dispatchEvent(new Event('change')); document.getElementById('toggle-inspector').click(); await window.proofWait(()=>app.diagram.stats().frames>frames); })()`,
-  );
-  await screenshot('light');
-  await evaluate(`document.getElementById('toggle-inspector').click()`);
-  await evaluate(
-    `(async()=>{ const app=window.proofApp; const frames=app.diagram.stats().frames; app.choosePreset('loop'); await window.proofWait(()=>app.diagram.stats().frames>frames); })()`,
-  );
-  await call('Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride', {
-    width: 390,
-    height: 844,
-    deviceScaleFactor: 1,
-    mobile: true,
-  });
-  await sleep(500);
-  const mobile = await evaluate(
-    '({ width: innerWidth, content: document.documentElement.scrollWidth, error: !document.getElementById("error").hidden })',
-  );
-  if (mobile.content > mobile.width || mobile.error)
-    throw new Error('Mobile overflow or rendering failure: ' + JSON.stringify(mobile));
-  await screenshot('mobile');
-  await writeFile(path.join(output, 'checks.json'), JSON.stringify({ ...report, mobile }, null, 2));
-  console.log(JSON.stringify({ ...report, mobile }, null, 2));
-} finally {
-  socket?.close();
-  child.kill();
-  await Promise.race([new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve)), sleep(1000)]);
-  if (
-    path.dirname(path.resolve(profile)) === path.resolve(tmpdir()) &&
-    path.basename(profile).startsWith('latkit-diagram-example-')
-  )
-    await rm(profile, { recursive: true, force: true, maxRetries: 10, retryDelay: 100 });
-}
diff --git a/examples/diagram/tests/source.test.ts b/examples/diagram/tests/source.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c1410c48..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/tests/source.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  createReader,
-  read as readData,
-  blockByteLength,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateSchema,
-  textAt,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Query, Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { arrange } from '@latkit/diagram';
-import { GraphSource } from '../src/source.js';
-import type { Diagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-import {
-  plugged,
-  ports,
-  preset,
-  schema,
-  types,
-  History,
-  connectGraph,
-  deleteItems,
-} from '../src/graph.js';
-import { data } from '../src/presentation.js';
-async function collect(source: Data, query: Query, maxBlockBytes = 2048) {
-  const result = [];
-  for await (const block of readData(source, query, { maxBlockBytes })) {
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block, { maxBlockBytes })).toEqual([]);
-    expect(blockByteLength(block)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(maxBlockBytes);
-    result.push(block);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-it('supplies conforming native rows and wiring for every scene', async () => {
-  expect(validateSchema(schema)).toEqual([]);
-  for (const which of ['loop', 'groups', 'shapes', 'scale'] as const) {
-    const source = new GraphSource(preset(which));
-    for (const type of types)
-      await collect(source.data, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: type,
-        select: ['name', 'position', 'signal', 'status', 'visible', ...Object.keys(ports[type])],
-        ids: true,
-      });
-    await collect(source.data, {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      from: 'Signal',
-      select: ['name', 'signal'],
-      ids: true,
-    });
-  }
-});
-it('keeps coherent iterators during replacement', async () => {
-  const source = new GraphSource(preset('loop')),
-    retained = source.data;
-  const query = { kind: 'rows' as const, from: 'Process', select: ['name'], ids: true };
-  const read = readData(source.data, query)[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-  source.publish(preset('shapes'));
-  const result = await read.next();
-  expect(result.done).toBe(false);
-  if (!result.done) expect(textAt(result.value.ids!, 0)).toBe('actuator');
-  await read.return?.();
-  expect((await collect(retained, query)).length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-});
-it('supports filtering, ordering, sparse IDs, counts and cancellation', async () => {
-  const source = new GraphSource(preset('loop'));
-  const blocks = await collect(source.data, {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    from: 'Process',
-    select: ['name'],
-    ids: true,
-    count: true,
-    rows: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['sensor', 'plant'] },
-    where: [{ field: 'name', operator: 'contains', value: 'n' }],
-    orderBy: [{ field: 'name', direction: 'ascending' }],
-    limit: 1,
-  });
-  expect(blocks[0]).toMatchObject({ total: 2 });
-  if (blocks[0].kind === 'rows') expect(textAt(blocks[0].ids!, 0)).toBe('plant');
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-  controller.abort();
-  await expect(
-    readData(
-      source.data,
-      { kind: 'rows', from: 'Process', select: [] },
-      { signal: controller.signal },
-    )
-      [Symbol.asyncIterator]()
-      .next(),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'AbortError' });
-});
-/** A block or wire as the diagram names it, or one of a block's ports. */
-function item(graph: Parameters<typeof connectGraph>[0], id: string): Diagram.Row;
-function item(graph: Parameters<typeof connectGraph>[0], id: string, port: string): Diagram.Port;
-function item(graph: Parameters<typeof connectGraph>[0], id: string, port?: string) {
-  const row = new GraphSource(graph).item(id)!;
-  return port === undefined ? row : { ...row, kind: 'port', port };
-}
-it('plugs an input into the wire its output drives, keeps fan-out, and supports history', () => {
-  const graph = preset('loop'),
-    history = new History(graph);
-  const next = connectGraph(graph, {
-    from: item(graph, 'actuator', 'out'),
-    to: item(graph, 'response', 'in'),
-    position: [0, 0],
-    point: [0, 0],
-  });
-  history.commit(next);
-  const drive = graph.wires.find((wire) => wire.name === 'Drive')!;
-  expect(next.blocks.find((block) => block.id === 'response')!.ports.in).toBe(drive.id);
-  expect(plugged(next, drive.id)).toHaveLength(3);
-  expect(history.undo()).toBe(graph);
-  expect(history.redo()).toBe(next);
-  const removed = deleteItems(graph, ['sensor']),
-    measured = removed.wires.find((wire) => wire.name === 'Measured')!;
-  expect(plugged(removed, measured.id)).toHaveLength(2);
-  // Feedback lost its driver: the wire goes, and the controller port is unplugged.
-  expect(removed.wires.some((wire) => wire.name === 'Feedback')).toBe(false);
-  expect(removed.blocks.find((block) => block.id === 'controller')!.ports.feedback).toBeNull();
-});
-it('wires an input to a new driving block, or plugs it into an existing wire', async () => {
-  const graph = preset('shapes');
-  const gesture = {
-    from: item(graph, 'diamond', 'feedback'),
-    position: [700, 0] as const,
-    point: [700, 0] as const,
-  };
-  const free = connectGraph(graph, { ...gesture, to: null }, true);
-  const added = free.wires.at(-1)!;
-  expect(free.wires).toHaveLength(graph.wires.length + 1);
-  expect(plugged(free, added.id)).toEqual([
-    { id: 'diamond', port: 'feedback' },
-    { id: free.blocks.at(-1)!.id, port: 'out' },
-  ]);
-  const join = {
-    ...gesture,
-    to: item(graph, graph.wires[0].id),
-  };
-  const joined = connectGraph(graph, join);
-  expect(plugged(joined, graph.wires[0].id)).toContainEqual({ id: 'diamond', port: 'feedback' });
-  expect(plugged(connectGraph(joined, join), graph.wires[0].id)).toHaveLength(3);
-  for (const changed of [free, joined]) {
-    const source = new GraphSource(changed);
-    await collect(source.data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Control', select: ['feedback'] });
-  }
-});
-it('arranges through the new public headless API', async () => {
-  const source = new GraphSource(preset('loop'));
-  // Arrangement only reads and measures text.
-  const gpu = {
-    reader: createReader(),
-    layoutText: (input: { text: string; size?: number }) =>
-      Promise.resolve({
-        runs: [],
-        width: input.text.length * 0.6 * (input.size ?? 12),
-        height: input.size ?? 12,
-        ascent: 0.8 * (input.size ?? 12),
-        descent: 0.2 * (input.size ?? 12),
-      }),
-  } as unknown as Gpu;
-  const result = await arrange(
-    gpu,
-    data(
-      source,
-      {
-        shape: 'rounded',
-        route: 'orthogonal',
-        appearance: 'wire',
-        palette: 'neutral',
-        light: false,
-        density: 'comfortable',
-        titlePosition: 'header',
-        overflow: 'wrap',
-        flow: false,
-        arrows: true,
-        status: true,
-      },
-      true,
-    ),
-  );
-  expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(
-    expect.arrayContaining(['Process', 'Control', 'Input', 'Output']),
-  );
-});
-
-it('requires explicit creation on empty drop and disconnects a replaced branch without deleting siblings', () => {
-  const graph = preset('loop');
-  const free = {
-    from: item(graph, 'plant', 'out'),
-    to: null,
-    position: [0, 0] as const,
-    point: [0, 0] as const,
-  };
-  expect(connectGraph(graph, free)).toBe(graph);
-  const branch = graph.wires.find((wire) => wire.name === 'Measured')!;
-  const next = connectGraph(graph, {
-    ...free,
-    replaces: {
-      edge: item(graph, branch.id),
-      end: item(graph, 'response', 'in'),
-    },
-  });
-  expect(plugged(next, branch.id)).toEqual([
-    { id: 'plant', port: 'out' },
-    { id: 'sensor', port: 'in' },
-  ]);
-  expect(next.blocks.find((block) => block.id === 'response')!.ports.in).toBeNull();
-});
diff --git a/examples/diagram/tsconfig.json b/examples/diagram/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f247c44a..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2022",
-    "module": "ESNext",
-    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
-    "strict": true,
-    "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "vite/client"],
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"]
-  },
-  "include": ["src", "tests", "vite.config.ts", "vitest.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/examples/diagram/vite.config.ts b/examples/diagram/vite.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 74376d07..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/vite.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-export default defineConfig({
-  server: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5192, strictPort: true },
-  preview: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5192 },
-});
diff --git a/examples/diagram/vitest.config.ts b/examples/diagram/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 068c4cb9..00000000
--- a/examples/diagram/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-export default defineConfig({
-  test: { name: '@latkit/diagram-example', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] },
-});
diff --git a/examples/linked/README.md b/examples/linked/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d30bb502..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# Linked views example
-
-A network and a monitor drawing one `Data` value at one playhead.
-
-```sh
-pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/linked-example dev
-```
-
-Open http://127.0.0.1:5198. The dev command builds the packages first.
-
-- `/`: signals over a lattice, colored and raised in the network and traced in the monitor.
-- `/bunny.html`: a soft-body Stanford bunny simulated in the page, drawn by a network and traced
-  by a monitor. Drag to pull it, click to poke it, or scrub to replay. The mesh is from the
-  [Stanford 3D Scanning Repository](https://graphics.stanford.edu/data/3Dscanrep/).
diff --git a/examples/linked/bunny.html b/examples/linked/bunny.html
deleted file mode 100644
index ebb2cf77..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/bunny.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-    <title>Jelly bunny | latkit</title>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <main>
-      <nav aria-label="Pages">
-        <a href="./">Signals</a><a href="bunny.html" aria-current="page">Jelly bunny</a>
-      </nav>
-      <header class="intro">
-        <div>
-          <h1>Jelly bunny</h1>
-          <p>
-            The Stanford bunny as a soft body. Every vertex's x, y, and z are sampled fields,
-            streamed into one Data value at 60 Hz.
-          </p>
-        </div>
-        <p id="dataset">Loading the bunny...</p>
-      </header>
-      <div id="error" role="alert" hidden></div>
-      <div class="stage">
-        <section class="view" aria-labelledby="network-title">
-          <header>
-            <h2 id="network-title">Network</h2>
-            <span
-              >x, y, z &larr; simulation | color, radius &larr; <span id="palette-label"></span
-            ></span>
-          </header>
-          <canvas
-            id="network"
-            tabindex="0"
-            aria-label="A soft-body bunny: drag it to pull, click it to poke"
-          ></canvas>
-          <p id="network-metrics" class="metrics">Starting WebGPU...</p>
-        </section>
-        <aside class="panel" aria-label="Simulation controls">
-          <div class="actions">
-            <button type="button" data-action="jump" disabled>Jump <kbd>Space</kbd></button>
-            <button type="button" data-action="squash" disabled>Squash <kbd>S</kbd></button>
-            <button type="button" data-action="explode" disabled>Explode <kbd>E</kbd></button>
-            <button type="button" data-action="drop" disabled>Drop <kbd>D</kbd></button>
-            <button type="button" data-action="poke" disabled>Poke <kbd>P</kbd></button>
-            <button id="wind" type="button" aria-pressed="false" disabled>Wind <kbd>W</kbd></button>
-            <button id="orbit" type="button" aria-pressed="false" disabled>
-              Orbit <kbd>O</kbd>
-            </button>
-          </div>
-          <div class="settings">
-            <label
-              >Firmness <output id="firmness-value"></output>
-              <input id="firmness" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="0.45" disabled
-            /></label>
-            <label
-              >Inflate <output id="inflate-value"></output>
-              <input id="inflate" type="range" min="0.5" max="1.8" step="0.01" value="1" disabled
-            /></label>
-            <label
-              >Gravity
-              <select id="gravity" disabled>
-                <option value="0">Space 0</option>
-                <option value="1.62">Moon 1.6</option>
-                <option value="9.81" selected>Earth 9.8</option>
-                <option value="24.8">Jupiter 24.8</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label
-              >Color
-              <select id="paint" disabled>
-                <option value="strain" selected>Strain</option>
-                <option value="speed">Speed</option>
-                <option value="height">Height</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-            <label
-              >Time
-              <select id="speed" disabled>
-                <option value="1" selected>1&times;</option>
-                <option value="0.5">0.5&times;</option>
-                <option value="0.2">0.2&times;</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-          </div>
-          <section class="view" aria-labelledby="monitor-title">
-            <header>
-              <h2 id="monitor-title">Monitor</h2>
-              <span class="traces"
-                ><i class="height"></i>Center height <i class="speed"></i>Speed
-                <i class="volume"></i>Volume</span
-              >
-            </header>
-            <canvas
-              id="monitor"
-              tabindex="0"
-              aria-label="Center height, speed, and volume"
-            ></canvas>
-          </section>
-        </aside>
-      </div>
-      <section class="timeline" aria-label="Playback">
-        <div class="transport">
-          <button id="live" type="button" disabled>Pause</button>
-          <button id="replay" type="button" disabled>Instant replay <kbd>R</kbd></button>
-          <label for="time">Time <output id="time-value" for="time">0.00 s</output></label>
-        </div>
-        <input id="time" type="range" min="0" max="1" value="0" step="any" disabled />
-      </section>
-      <footer>
-        <div class="legend">
-          <span id="palette" aria-hidden="true"></span>
-        </div>
-        <p id="status" role="status" aria-live="off">Starting...</p>
-        <p>
-          Drag the bunny to pull it and fling it; click it to poke. Drag elsewhere to pan,
-          right-drag or Shift-drag to turn, scroll to zoom. Scrubbing pauses the simulation; every
-          frame stays a coordinate of the same history, so the network and the monitor replay it
-          together.
-        </p>
-      </footer>
-    </main>
-    <script type="module" src="/src/bunny/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/linked/index.html b/examples/linked/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d5a054a0..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-    <title>Signals | latkit</title>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <main>
-      <nav aria-label="Pages">
-        <a href="./" aria-current="page">Signals</a><a href="bunny.html">Jelly bunny</a>
-      </nav>
-      <header class="intro">
-        <div>
-          <h1>Monitor + network</h1>
-          <p>One signal. Shared history. One playhead.</p>
-        </div>
-        <p id="dataset">Preparing synthetic data...</p>
-      </header>
-      <div id="error" role="alert" hidden></div>
-      <div class="views">
-        <section class="view" aria-labelledby="network-title">
-          <header>
-            <h2 id="network-title">Network</h2>
-            <span>Signal &rarr; color + height</span>
-          </header>
-          <canvas
-            id="network"
-            tabindex="0"
-            aria-label="Network: signal controls node color and elevation"
-          ></canvas>
-          <p id="network-metrics" class="metrics">Preparing network...</p>
-        </section>
-        <section class="view" aria-labelledby="monitor-title">
-          <header>
-            <h2 id="monitor-title">Monitor</h2>
-            <label
-              >Traces
-              <select id="traces" disabled>
-                <option value="16">16 distributed nodes</option>
-                <option value="400">All 400 nodes</option>
-              </select></label
-            >
-          </header>
-          <canvas
-            id="monitor"
-            tabindex="0"
-            aria-label="Signal history with a shared time cursor"
-          ></canvas>
-          <p id="monitor-metrics" class="metrics">Preparing monitor...</p>
-        </section>
-      </div>
-      <section class="timeline" aria-label="Shared playback controls">
-        <div class="transport">
-          <button id="play" type="button" disabled>Play</button>
-          <button id="reset" type="button" disabled>Reset time</button>
-          <label for="time"
-            >Time <output id="time-value" for="time" aria-live="off">0.000 s</output></label
-          >
-          <label class="speed"
-            >Speed
-            <select id="speed" disabled>
-              <option value="0.25">0.25&times;</option>
-              <option value="1" selected>1&times;</option>
-              <option value="4">4&times;</option>
-            </select></label
-          >
-        </div>
-        <input
-          id="time"
-          type="range"
-          min="0"
-          max="60"
-          value="0"
-          step="any"
-          aria-label="Shared time in seconds"
-          disabled
-        />
-        <div class="ticks">
-          <span>0 s</span><span>15 s</span><span>30 s</span><span>45 s</span><span>60 s</span>
-        </div>
-      </section>
-      <footer>
-        <div class="legend">
-          <span>Signal 0</span><span id="palette" aria-hidden="true"></span><span>1</span
-          ><span>Height 0&ndash;3 units</span>
-        </div>
-        <p id="status" role="status" aria-live="off">Starting WebGPU...</p>
-        <p>
-          Drag the slider to scrub; use arrow keys for fine steps. Drag the network to pan, scroll
-          to zoom. FPS counts submitted frames; preparation time excludes GPU execution.
-        </p>
-      </footer>
-    </main>
-    <script type="module" src="/src/signals/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/linked/package.json b/examples/linked/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index d516b3fe..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/linked-example",
-  "private": true,
-  "version": "0.0.0",
-  "type": "module",
-  "scripts": {
-    "predev": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/network --filter @latkit/monitor build",
-    "dev": "vite --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5198 --strictPort",
-    "prebuild": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/network --filter @latkit/monitor build",
-    "build": "pnpm run typecheck && vite build",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "preview": "vite preview --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5198"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/network": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/monitor": "workspace:*"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
-    "vite": "^7.0.0"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/bunny/history.ts b/examples/linked/src/bunny/history.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d8d9989..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/bunny/history.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,185 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  appendData,
-  createData,
-  textColumn,
-  type Data,
-  type Index,
-  type Schema,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { numeric, samples } from '../shared/columns.js';
-import type { Mesh } from './mesh.js';
-
-/** The floor's grid reaches this far from the center, in meters, and fixes the drawing's extent. */
-export const FLOOR = 4;
-/** Seconds of history kept: past MAX, it drops to the last KEEP. */
-const MAX = 30,
-  KEEP = 15;
-
-const sampled = { type: 'float32', sampled: true } as const;
-const vertex = { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Vertex' } } as const;
-const corner = { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Floor' } } as const;
-const schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'Time', unit: 's' },
-  types: {
-    Vertex: { fields: { x: sampled, y: sampled, z: sampled, speed: sampled, strain: sampled } },
-    Link: { fields: { from: vertex, to: vertex } },
-    /** The bunny's points again, drawn on the floor beneath it. */
-    Shadow: { fields: { x: sampled, y: sampled } },
-    Floor: { fields: { x: { type: 'float32' }, y: { type: 'float32' } } },
-    Grid: { fields: { from: corner, to: corner } },
-    /** One row: the center's height, mean speed, and volume over rest volume. */
-    Body: { fields: { height: sampled, speed: sampled, volume: sampled } },
-  },
-} as const satisfies Schema;
-
-interface Frame {
-  readonly batches: readonly Data.SampleBatch[];
-  readonly at: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * The application's history of the simulation: one immutable Data value, appended once per drawn
- * frame. Views read whichever frame they are told to; the simulation never mutates published
- * buffers.
- */
-export class History {
-  readonly source = crypto.randomUUID();
-  private readonly base: Data<typeof schema>;
-  private readonly frames: Frame[] = [];
-  private frame = 0;
-  data: Data<typeof schema>;
-
-  constructor(readonly mesh: Mesh) {
-    const count = mesh.count;
-    const range = (count: number) => ({ kind: 'range', offset: 0, count }) as const;
-    const ids = (name: string, count: number) =>
-      textColumn(Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => `${name} ${i}`));
-    const references = (to: string, values: Uint32Array) => ({
-      kind: 'reference' as const,
-      index: this.index(to),
-      offset: 0,
-      length: values.length,
-      values,
-    });
-    const side = FLOOR * 2 + 1,
-      floorX = new Float32Array(side * side),
-      floorY = new Float32Array(side * side),
-      from: number[] = [],
-      to: number[] = [];
-    for (let j = 0; j < side; j++)
-      for (let i = 0; i < side; i++) {
-        const row = j * side + i;
-        floorX[row] = i - FLOOR;
-        floorY[row] = j - FLOOR;
-        if (i + 1 < side) {
-          from.push(row);
-          to.push(row + 1);
-        }
-        if (j + 1 < side) {
-          from.push(row);
-          to.push(row + side);
-        }
-      }
-    const edges = mesh.edges.length / 2;
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index('Vertex'),
-        rows: range(count),
-        ids: ids('Vertex', count),
-        columns: {},
-      },
-      { kind: 'rows', index: this.index('Shadow'), rows: range(count), columns: {} },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index('Link'),
-        rows: range(edges),
-        columns: {
-          from: references(
-            'Vertex',
-            mesh.edges.filter((_, i) => i % 2 === 0),
-          ),
-          to: references(
-            'Vertex',
-            mesh.edges.filter((_, i) => i % 2 === 1),
-          ),
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index('Floor'),
-        rows: range(side * side),
-        columns: { x: numeric(floorX), y: numeric(floorY) },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index('Grid'),
-        rows: range(from.length),
-        columns: {
-          from: references('Floor', Uint32Array.from(from)),
-          to: references('Floor', Uint32Array.from(to)),
-        },
-      },
-      { kind: 'rows', index: this.index('Body'), rows: range(1), columns: {} },
-    ];
-    this.data = this.base = createData(schema, batches);
-  }
-
-  index(type: string): Index {
-    return { source: this.source, type, version: '1' };
-  }
-  /** The first and last coordinates kept. */
-  get start(): number {
-    return this.frames[0]?.at ?? 0;
-  }
-  get end(): number {
-    return this.frames.at(-1)?.at ?? 0;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Publish one frame: the vertices' x, y, z, speed, and strain, one after another, and the body's
-   * metrics. Ownership of both arrays passes to the history.
-   */
-  append(at: number, vertices: Float32Array, body: Float32Array): void {
-    const n = this.mesh.count,
-      firstFrame = this.frame++,
-      coordinates = Float64Array.of(at);
-    const field = (i: number) => samples(vertices.subarray(i * n, (i + 1) * n));
-    const sample = (
-      type: string,
-      count: number,
-      columns: Data.SampleBatch['columns'],
-    ): Data.SampleBatch => ({
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index: this.index(type),
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-      firstFrame,
-      coordinates,
-      columns,
-    });
-    const x = field(0),
-      y = field(1);
-    const batches = [
-      sample('Vertex', n, { x, y, z: field(2), speed: field(3), strain: field(4) }),
-      // The shadow shares the bunny's x and y buffers.
-      sample('Shadow', n, { x, y }),
-      sample('Body', 1, {
-        height: samples(body.subarray(0, 1)),
-        speed: samples(body.subarray(1, 2)),
-        volume: samples(body.subarray(2, 3)),
-      }),
-    ];
-    this.frames.push({ batches, at });
-    if (at - this.start <= MAX) {
-      this.data = appendData(this.data, batches);
-      return;
-    }
-    // Forget the oldest frames: a new value from the kept ones, sharing their buffers.
-    const first = this.frames.findIndex((frame) => frame.at >= at - KEEP);
-    this.frames.splice(0, first);
-    this.data = appendData(
-      this.base,
-      this.frames.flatMap((frame) => frame.batches),
-    );
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/bunny/main.ts b/examples/linked/src/bunny/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1435c91a..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/bunny/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,385 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  colormapCss,
-  colormaps,
-  createGpu,
-  type FrameInfo,
-  type ProjectedCamera,
-} from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-import { FLOOR, History } from './history.js';
-import { loadBunny } from './mesh.js';
-import { SoftBody, STEP, type Controls } from './soft-body.js';
-import '../shared/layout.css';
-import './style.css';
-
-const element = <T extends HTMLElement>(id: string) => document.getElementById(id) as T;
-const canvas = element<HTMLCanvasElement>('network');
-const slider = element<HTMLInputElement>('time');
-const status = element('status');
-/** Seconds of history the monitor shows. */
-const WINDOW = 12;
-/** A z of 1 draws one meter high: `zScale` is in 15% of the floor's extent. */
-const METERS = 1 / (0.15 * FLOOR * 2);
-// Each domain starts below rest, so a bunny at rest draws bright against the dark floor.
-const PAINTS = {
-  strain: { field: 'strain', domain: [-0.1, 0.35], colormap: 'turbo', unit: 'Strain 0 – 0.35 m' },
-  speed: { field: 'speed', domain: [-3, 9], colormap: 'plasma', unit: 'Speed 0 – 9 m/s' },
-  height: { field: 'z', domain: [-1.5, 4], colormap: 'viridis', unit: 'Height 0 – 4 m' },
-} as const;
-type Paint = keyof typeof PAINTS;
-
-let stop = () => {};
-function fail(error: unknown) {
-  stop();
-  const message = element('error');
-  message.hidden = false;
-  message.textContent = `Rendering failed: ${String(error)}. Reload in a WebGPU-capable browser to retry.`;
-  status.textContent = 'Stopped';
-  console.error(error);
-}
-
-async function main() {
-  const [mesh, gpu] = await Promise.all([loadBunny(), createGpu()]);
-  const body = new SoftBody(mesh);
-  const history = new History(mesh);
-  const controls: Controls = { gravity: 9.81, firmness: 0.45, inflate: 1, wind: false };
-  body.drop(true);
-  const publish = () => {
-    const vertices = new Float32Array(mesh.count * 5);
-    body.sample(vertices);
-    history.append(body.time, vertices, Float32Array.from(body.metrics()));
-  };
-  publish();
-
-  const color = (paint: Paint) => {
-    const { field, domain, colormap } = PAINTS[paint];
-    return { field, domain, colormap };
-  };
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    canvas,
-    source: history.data,
-    at: body.time,
-    vertices: {
-      Floor: { x: 'x', y: 'y', color: [0.42, 0.52, 0.64, 0.5], radiusPx: 1.5 },
-      Shadow: { x: 'x', y: 'y', color: [0, 0, 0, 0.16], radiusPx: 3.5 },
-      Vertex: {
-        x: 'x',
-        y: 'y',
-        z: { field: 'z', domain: [0, 1], range: [0, 1], clamp: false },
-        color: color('strain'),
-        radiusPx: { field: 'strain', domain: [0, 0.35], range: [1.6, 4.5] },
-      },
-    },
-    edges: {
-      Grid: { ends: ['from', 'to'], color: [0.3, 0.37, 0.47, 0.4], widthPx: 1 },
-      Link: { ends: ['from', 'to'] },
-    },
-    camera: { projection: 'tilt', pitch: 58, bearing: 30, fit: true },
-    fitPitch: 58,
-    fitBearing: 30,
-    fitPaddingPx: [110, 24, 8, 24],
-    zScale: METERS,
-    edgeWidthPx: 1,
-    orbitRate: 0.5,
-    hover: 'off',
-    background: [0.027, 0.035, 0.05, 1],
-  });
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    canvas: element<HTMLCanvasElement>('monitor'),
-    source: history.data,
-    at: body.time,
-    traces: {
-      height: { from: 'Body', y: 'height', color: [0.4, 0.78, 1, 1], widthPx: 2 },
-      speed: { from: 'Body', y: 'speed', color: [1, 0.56, 0.32, 1], widthPx: 2 },
-      volume: { from: 'Body', y: 'volume', color: [0.8, 0.62, 1, 1], widthPx: 2 },
-    },
-    camera: { x: [0, WINDOW], fit: true },
-    xAxis: 'Time (s)',
-    yAxis: 'm · m/s · volume',
-    cursorColor: [1, 0.9, 0.83, 1],
-    background: [0.027, 0.035, 0.05, 1],
-  });
-  for (const view of [network, monitor]) view.on('error', fail);
-  element('dataset').textContent =
-    `Stanford bunny | ${mesh.count.toLocaleString()} vertices | ${(mesh.edges.length / 2).toLocaleString()} springs | ${(mesh.triangles.length / 3).toLocaleString()} faces`;
-
-  // Live simulation, a slow instant replay, or a scrubbed moment.
-  let live = true,
-    timeScale = 1,
-    carry = 0,
-    previous = performance.now(),
-    animation = 0,
-    lastReadout = 0,
-    simulationMs = 0,
-    replay: { at: number; end: number } | undefined;
-  const frames: number[] = [];
-
-  // Where the network draws a point: the tilt projection, with z in meters.
-  let drawn: ProjectedCamera = network.camera;
-  network.on('camera', (camera) => (drawn = camera));
-  const viewport = () => [canvas.clientWidth, canvas.clientHeight] as const;
-  function project(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
-    const [width, height] = viewport(),
-      b = (drawn.bearing * Math.PI) / 180,
-      p = (drawn.pitch * Math.PI) / 180;
-    const dx = x - drawn.center[0],
-      dy = y - drawn.center[1];
-    const rx = dx * Math.cos(b) + dy * Math.sin(b),
-      ry = -dx * Math.sin(b) + dy * Math.cos(b);
-    const distance = (height * 1.5) / drawn.scale,
-      w = distance + ry * Math.sin(p) - z * Math.cos(p),
-      k = (drawn.scale * distance) / w;
-    return { x: width / 2 + rx * k, y: height / 2 - (ry * Math.cos(p) + z * Math.sin(p)) * k, w };
-  }
-  /** The point drawn at a canvas point, at depth w. */
-  function unproject(sx: number, sy: number, w: number): [number, number, number] {
-    const [width, height] = viewport(),
-      b = (drawn.bearing * Math.PI) / 180,
-      p = (drawn.pitch * Math.PI) / 180;
-    const distance = (height * 1.5) / drawn.scale,
-      k = w / (drawn.scale * distance);
-    const rx = (sx - width / 2) * k,
-      up = (height / 2 - sy) * k,
-      q = w - distance;
-    const ry = up * Math.cos(p) + q * Math.sin(p),
-      z = up * Math.sin(p) - q * Math.cos(p);
-    return [
-      drawn.center[0] + rx * Math.cos(b) - ry * Math.sin(b),
-      drawn.center[1] + rx * Math.sin(b) + ry * Math.cos(b),
-      z,
-    ];
-  }
-  const local = (event: PointerEvent) => {
-    const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-    return [
-      event.clientX - rect.left - canvas.clientLeft,
-      event.clientY - rect.top - canvas.clientTop,
-    ] as const;
-  };
-  /** The nearest vertex in front under a canvas point. */
-  function under(sx: number, sy: number) {
-    let best: { row: number; w: number } | undefined,
-      score = Infinity;
-    for (let i = 0; i < mesh.count; i++) {
-      const s = project(body.x[i * 3]!, body.x[i * 3 + 1]!, body.x[i * 3 + 2]!);
-      const d = Math.hypot(s.x - sx, s.y - sy);
-      if (d > 14) continue;
-      // Prefer what is in front: each meter nearer counts as a tenth of a meter drawn.
-      const rank = d + s.w * drawn.scale * 0.1;
-      if (rank < score) {
-        score = rank;
-        best = { row: i, w: s.w };
-      }
-    }
-    return best;
-  }
-  let held:
-    | { id: number; row: number; w: number; from: readonly [number, number]; moved: boolean }
-    | undefined;
-  canvas.addEventListener(
-    'pointerdown',
-    (event) => {
-      if (event.button !== 0 || event.shiftKey || !live) return;
-      const point = local(event),
-        hit = under(point[0], point[1]);
-      if (!hit) return;
-      // Ours, not the view's: it neither pans nor selects.
-      event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-      canvas.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
-      held = { id: event.pointerId, row: hit.row, w: hit.w, from: point, moved: false };
-      body.grab(hit.row, unproject(point[0], point[1], hit.w));
-      canvas.classList.add('holding');
-    },
-    { capture: true },
-  );
-  canvas.addEventListener(
-    'pointermove',
-    (event) => {
-      if (event.pointerId !== held?.id) {
-        if (!held && live) canvas.classList.toggle('grabbable', !!under(...local(event)));
-        return;
-      }
-      event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-      const point = local(event);
-      held.moved ||= Math.hypot(point[0] - held.from[0], point[1] - held.from[1]) > 4;
-      body.drag(unproject(point[0], point[1], held.w));
-    },
-    { capture: true },
-  );
-  const letGo = (event: PointerEvent) => {
-    if (event.pointerId !== held?.id) return;
-    event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-    body.release();
-    if (!held.moved) body.poke(held.row);
-    held = undefined;
-    canvas.classList.remove('holding');
-  };
-  canvas.addEventListener('pointerup', letGo, { capture: true });
-  canvas.addEventListener('pointercancel', letGo, { capture: true });
-
-  network.on('frame', (_: FrameInfo) => frames.push(performance.now()));
-  function show(at: number) {
-    const start = history.start,
-      end = history.end;
-    const x0 = Math.max(start, at - WINDOW * 0.8);
-    network.set({ source: history.data, at });
-    monitor.set({ source: history.data, at, camera: { x: [x0, x0 + WINDOW] } });
-    slider.min = String(start);
-    slider.max = String(Math.max(end, start + 1e-3));
-    slider.value = String(at);
-    element<HTMLOutputElement>('time-value').value = at.toFixed(2) + ' s';
-  }
-  function tick(now: number) {
-    const elapsed = Math.min(0.1, (now - previous) / 1000);
-    previous = now;
-    if (replay) {
-      replay.at += elapsed * 0.3;
-      if (replay.at >= replay.end) setLive(true);
-      else show(replay.at);
-    } else if (live) {
-      const begin = performance.now();
-      carry += elapsed * timeScale;
-      const steps = body.advance(carry, controls);
-      carry -= steps * STEP;
-      if (steps) {
-        publish();
-        show(body.time);
-      }
-      simulationMs += (performance.now() - begin - simulationMs) * 0.1;
-    }
-    if (now - lastReadout > 250) readouts(now);
-    animation = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-  }
-  function readouts(now: number) {
-    lastReadout = now;
-    while (frames.length && frames[0]! < now - 1000) frames.shift();
-    const stats = network.stats();
-    const [height, speed, volume] = body.metrics();
-    element('network-metrics').textContent =
-      `${frames.length} FPS | simulate ${simulationMs.toFixed(1)} ms | prepare ${stats.prepareMs.toFixed(1)} ms | center ${height.toFixed(2)} m | ${speed.toFixed(1)} m/s | volume ${(volume * 100).toFixed(0)}%`;
-    status.textContent = replay
-      ? `Instant replay at 0.3× | ${replay.at.toFixed(2)} s`
-      : live
-        ? `Live | ${history.end.toFixed(1)} s simulated, ${(history.end - history.start).toFixed(1)} s kept`
-        : `Paused at ${Number(slider.value).toFixed(2)} s | drag the timeline, or resume`;
-  }
-  const liveButton = element<HTMLButtonElement>('live');
-  function setLive(value: boolean) {
-    live = value;
-    replay = undefined;
-    carry = 0;
-    liveButton.textContent = live ? 'Pause' : 'Resume';
-    if (live) show(body.time);
-    if (!live) {
-      body.release();
-      held = undefined;
-      canvas.classList.remove('grabbable', 'holding');
-    }
-  }
-  liveButton.addEventListener('click', () => setLive(!live));
-  element('replay').addEventListener('click', () => {
-    setLive(false);
-    replay = { at: Math.max(history.start, history.end - 3), end: history.end };
-  });
-  slider.addEventListener('input', () => {
-    setLive(false);
-    show(Number(slider.value));
-  });
-
-  // Actions: buttons and keys.
-  const act = (name: string) => {
-    if (!live) setLive(true);
-    if (name === 'jump') body.jump();
-    else if (name === 'squash') body.squash();
-    else if (name === 'explode') body.explode();
-    else if (name === 'drop') body.drop();
-    else if (name === 'poke') body.poke(Math.floor(Math.random() * mesh.count), 9);
-  };
-  const toggles = {
-    wind: (on: boolean) => (controls.wind = on),
-    orbit: (on: boolean) => network.set({ camera: { orbit: on } }),
-  };
-  const toggle = (name: keyof typeof toggles) => {
-    const button = element<HTMLButtonElement>(name);
-    const on = button.getAttribute('aria-pressed') !== 'true';
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(on));
-    toggles[name](on);
-  };
-  for (const button of document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-action]'))
-    button.addEventListener('click', () => act(button.dataset.action!));
-  for (const name of Object.keys(toggles) as (keyof typeof toggles)[])
-    element(name).addEventListener('click', () => toggle(name));
-  const KEYS: Record<string, string> = {
-    ' ': 'jump',
-    s: 'squash',
-    e: 'explode',
-    d: 'drop',
-    p: 'poke',
-  };
-  window.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {
-    if (event.target instanceof HTMLInputElement || event.target instanceof HTMLSelectElement)
-      return;
-    const key = event.key.toLowerCase();
-    const action = KEYS[key];
-    if (action) {
-      event.preventDefault();
-      act(action);
-    } else if (key === 'w') toggle('wind');
-    else if (key === 'o') toggle('orbit');
-    else if (key === 'r') element('replay').click();
-  });
-
-  // Settings.
-  const range = (id: string, apply: (value: number) => string) => {
-    const input = element<HTMLInputElement>(id),
-      output = element<HTMLOutputElement>(id + '-value');
-    const update = () => (output.value = apply(Number(input.value)));
-    input.addEventListener('input', update);
-    update();
-  };
-  range('firmness', (value) => {
-    controls.firmness = value;
-    return value < 0.2 ? 'Jelly' : value < 0.6 ? 'Gummy' : 'Rubber';
-  });
-  range('inflate', (value) => {
-    controls.inflate = value;
-    return `${Math.round(value * 100)}%`;
-  });
-  const gravity = element<HTMLSelectElement>('gravity');
-  gravity.addEventListener('change', () => (controls.gravity = Number(gravity.value)));
-  const speed = element<HTMLSelectElement>('speed');
-  speed.addEventListener('change', () => (timeScale = Number(speed.value)));
-  const paint = element<HTMLSelectElement>('paint');
-  const legend = () => {
-    const chosen = PAINTS[paint.value as Paint];
-    element('palette').style.background = colormapCss(colormaps[chosen.colormap], {
-      direction: 'to right',
-    });
-    element('palette-label').textContent = chosen.unit;
-  };
-  paint.addEventListener('change', () => {
-    network.set({ vertices: { Vertex: { color: color(paint.value as Paint) } } });
-    legend();
-  });
-  legend();
-
-  stop = () => cancelAnimationFrame(animation);
-  document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
-    if (document.hidden) setLive(false);
-  });
-  window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
-    if (event.persisted) return;
-    stop();
-    network.destroy();
-    monitor.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-  for (const control of document.querySelectorAll<
-    HTMLButtonElement | HTMLInputElement | HTMLSelectElement
-  >('button, input, select'))
-    control.disabled = false;
-  show(body.time);
-  animation = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-}
-void main().catch(fail);
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/bunny/mesh.ts b/examples/linked/src/bunny/mesh.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a889ee9..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/bunny/mesh.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-import bunnyUrl from './stanford-bunny.bin?url';
-
-/**
- * The Stanford bunny, from the Stanford 3D Scanning Repository
- * (graphics.stanford.edu/data/3Dscanrep), as the public-domain `bunny` package ships it: a closed
- * low-resolution reconstruction. The file holds its vertex and triangle counts as two uint32s,
- * then float32 x, y, z per vertex with y up, then uint16 triangles wound outward.
- */
-export interface Mesh {
-  readonly count: number;
-  /** x, y, z per vertex in meters, z up, resting on z = 0 and centered over the origin. */
-  readonly positions: Float64Array;
-  /** Outward triangles, three vertices each. */
-  readonly triangles: Uint32Array;
-  /** Each triangle side once: what the network draws, and the springs. */
-  readonly edges: Uint32Array;
-}
-
-export async function loadBunny(height = 2.4): Promise<Mesh> {
-  const response = await fetch(bunnyUrl);
-  if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`Bunny mesh: HTTP ${response.status}`);
-  const bytes = await response.arrayBuffer();
-  const [count, faces] = new Uint32Array(bytes, 0, 2) as unknown as [number, number];
-  const scan = new Float32Array(bytes, 8, count * 3);
-  const triangles = Uint32Array.from(new Uint16Array(bytes, 8 + count * 12, faces * 3));
-  // The scan is y up; turn it z up, which keeps its triangles wound outward.
-  const positions = new Float64Array(count * 3);
-  const lo = [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity],
-    hi = [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const p = [scan[i * 3]!, -scan[i * 3 + 2]!, scan[i * 3 + 1]!];
-    for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
-      positions[i * 3 + a] = p[a]!;
-      lo[a] = Math.min(lo[a]!, p[a]!);
-      hi[a] = Math.max(hi[a]!, p[a]!);
-    }
-  }
-  const scale = height / (hi[2]! - lo[2]!),
-    center = [(lo[0]! + hi[0]!) / 2, (lo[1]! + hi[1]!) / 2, lo[2]!];
-  for (let i = 0; i < positions.length; i++)
-    positions[i] = (positions[i]! - center[i % 3]!) * scale;
-  const seen = new Set<number>(),
-    edges: number[] = [];
-  for (let t = 0; t < triangles.length; t += 3)
-    for (let s = 0; s < 3; s++) {
-      const a = triangles[t + s]!,
-        b = triangles[t + ((s + 1) % 3)]!;
-      const key = Math.min(a, b) * count + Math.max(a, b);
-      if (seen.has(key)) continue;
-      seen.add(key);
-      edges.push(a, b);
-    }
-  return { count, positions, triangles, edges: Uint32Array.from(edges) };
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/bunny/soft-body.ts b/examples/linked/src/bunny/soft-body.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 73cd0c01..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/bunny/soft-body.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,479 +0,0 @@
-import type { Mesh } from './mesh.js';
-
-/** What the controls set; the body reads them every step. */
-export interface Controls {
-  /** Meters per second squared. */
-  gravity: number;
-  /** 0 is jelly, 1 is rubber: how hard the body pulls back to its shape. */
-  firmness: number;
-  /** The volume the body's pressure holds, as a share of its rest volume. */
-  inflate: number;
-  wind: boolean;
-}
-/** One step, in seconds. */
-export const STEP = 1 / 240;
-/** The walls stand this far from the center; the floor's grid reaches a little past them. */
-export const ROOM = 3.6;
-const CEILING = 6.5;
-
-type Vec3 = [number, number, number];
-const cross = (a: Vec3, b: Vec3): Vec3 => [
-  a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1],
-  a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2],
-  a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0],
-];
-const dot = (a: Vec3, b: Vec3) => a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
-/** Column-major rotation of a unit quaternion [x, y, z, w]. */
-function rotation([x, y, z, w]: number[]): [Vec3, Vec3, Vec3] {
-  return [
-    [1 - 2 * (y! * y! + z! * z!), 2 * (x! * y! + w! * z!), 2 * (x! * z! - w! * y!)],
-    [2 * (x! * y! - w! * z!), 1 - 2 * (x! * x! + z! * z!), 2 * (y! * z! + w! * x!)],
-    [2 * (x! * z! + w! * y!), 2 * (y! * z! - w! * x!), 1 - 2 * (x! * x! + y! * y!)],
-  ];
-}
-
-/**
- * A soft bunny: Verlet points held by springs along its edges, a pressure that keeps its volume,
- * and shape matching that pulls it back toward its rest shape, turned however it lies.
- */
-export class SoftBody {
-  readonly count: number;
-  /** Positions now and one step ago, x, y, z per vertex. */
-  readonly x: Float64Array;
-  private readonly previous: Float64Array;
-  /** Rest positions about the rest center. */
-  private readonly rest: Float64Array;
-  private readonly lengths: Float64Array;
-  private readonly gradient: Float64Array;
-  /** Unit outward normals, as of the last step. */
-  readonly normals: Float64Array;
-  private readonly restVolume: number;
-  private quaternion = [0, 0, 0, 1];
-  private goal: [Vec3, Vec3, Vec3, Vec3] = [
-    [0, 0, 0],
-    [1, 0, 0],
-    [0, 1, 0],
-    [0, 0, 1],
-  ];
-  /** Seconds simulated. */
-  time = 0;
-  /** Seconds left flying apart, then how far it has pulled itself together, 0 to 1. */
-  private scattered = 0;
-  private gathered = 1;
-  volume = 0;
-  private grabbed?: {
-    readonly rows: Uint32Array;
-    readonly weights: Float64Array;
-    readonly offsets: Float64Array;
-    target: Vec3;
-  };
-
-  constructor(readonly mesh: Mesh) {
-    const count = (this.count = mesh.count);
-    this.x = Float64Array.from(mesh.positions);
-    this.previous = Float64Array.from(mesh.positions);
-    this.rest = Float64Array.from(mesh.positions);
-    const center = this.center(this.rest);
-    for (let i = 0; i < count * 3; i++) this.rest[i] = this.rest[i]! - center[i % 3]!;
-    this.lengths = new Float64Array(mesh.edges.length / 2);
-    for (let e = 0; e < this.lengths.length; e++)
-      this.lengths[e] = this.distance(this.x, mesh.edges[e * 2]!, mesh.edges[e * 2 + 1]!);
-    this.gradient = new Float64Array(count * 3);
-    this.normals = new Float64Array(count * 3);
-    this.restVolume = this.measure();
-    this.volume = this.restVolume;
-  }
-
-  /** Advance by whole steps; returns how many ran. */
-  advance(seconds: number, controls: Controls): number {
-    const steps = Math.min(16, Math.floor(seconds / STEP));
-    for (let s = 0; s < steps; s++) this.step(controls);
-    return steps;
-  }
-
-  /** x, y, z, speed in meters per second, and strain in meters from its shape, per vertex. */
-  sample(out: Float32Array): void {
-    const n = this.count,
-      [c, r0, r1, r2] = this.goal;
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      const x = this.x[i * 3]!,
-        y = this.x[i * 3 + 1]!,
-        z = this.x[i * 3 + 2]!;
-      out[i] = x;
-      out[n + i] = y;
-      out[2 * n + i] = z;
-      out[3 * n + i] =
-        Math.hypot(
-          x - this.previous[i * 3]!,
-          y - this.previous[i * 3 + 1]!,
-          z - this.previous[i * 3 + 2]!,
-        ) / STEP;
-      const rx = this.rest[i * 3]!,
-        ry = this.rest[i * 3 + 1]!,
-        rz = this.rest[i * 3 + 2]!;
-      out[4 * n + i] = Math.hypot(
-        c[0] + r0[0] * rx + r1[0] * ry + r2[0] * rz - x,
-        c[1] + r0[1] * rx + r1[1] * ry + r2[1] * rz - y,
-        c[2] + r0[2] * rx + r1[2] * ry + r2[2] * rz - z,
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** Center height, mean speed, and volume as a share of rest, up to 2: scattered, it has none. */
-  metrics(): [number, number, number] {
-    let speed = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count * 3; i += 3)
-      speed += Math.hypot(
-        this.x[i]! - this.previous[i]!,
-        this.x[i + 1]! - this.previous[i + 1]!,
-        this.x[i + 2]! - this.previous[i + 2]!,
-      );
-    return [
-      this.center(this.x)[2],
-      speed / this.count / STEP,
-      Math.min(2, Math.max(0, this.volume / this.restVolume)),
-    ];
-  }
-
-  // Impulses change velocity, which Verlet keeps as the step from previous to now.
-  private push(row: number, v: Vec3): void {
-    for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++)
-      this.previous[row * 3 + a] = this.previous[row * 3 + a]! - v[a]! * STEP;
-  }
-  /** Leap with a flip about the way it faces. */
-  jump(): void {
-    const c = this.center(this.x),
-      facing = this.goal[1],
-      axis = cross([0, 0, 1], facing),
-      length = Math.hypot(...axis) || 1,
-      spin = (Math.random() < 0.5 ? -7.5 : 7.5) / length;
-    const omega: Vec3 = [axis[0] * spin, axis[1] * spin, axis[2] * spin];
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
-      const r: Vec3 = [this.x[i * 3]! - c[0], this.x[i * 3 + 1]! - c[1], this.x[i * 3 + 2]! - c[2]];
-      const v = cross(omega, r);
-      this.push(i, [v[0] + facing[0] * 1.5, v[1] + facing[1] * 1.5, v[2] + 7]);
-    }
-  }
-  /** Slam the top down onto the bottom. */
-  squash(): void {
-    let lo = Infinity,
-      hi = -Infinity;
-    for (let i = 2; i < this.count * 3; i += 3) {
-      lo = Math.min(lo, this.x[i]!);
-      hi = Math.max(hi, this.x[i]!);
-    }
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++)
-      this.push(i, [0, 0, (-11 * (this.x[i * 3 + 2]! - lo)) / Math.max(hi - lo, 1e-6)]);
-  }
-  /** Fly apart for a moment, then pull back together. */
-  explode(): void {
-    const c = this.center(this.x);
-    this.scattered = 1.1;
-    this.gathered = 0;
-    this.grabbed = undefined;
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
-      const r: Vec3 = [this.x[i * 3]! - c[0], this.x[i * 3 + 1]! - c[1], this.x[i * 3 + 2]! - c[2]];
-      const k = (3 + Math.random() * 2.5) / (Math.hypot(...r) || 1);
-      this.push(i, [r[0] * k, r[1] * k, r[2] * k + 1.5 + Math.random() * 2]);
-    }
-  }
-  /** Dent the surface around a vertex. */
-  poke(row: number, speed = 6): void {
-    const near = this.near(row, 0.7);
-    for (let j = 0; j < near.rows.length; j++) {
-      const i = near.rows[j]!,
-        w = near.weights[j]! * speed;
-      this.push(i, [
-        -this.normals[i * 3]! * w,
-        -this.normals[i * 3 + 1]! * w,
-        -this.normals[i * 3 + 2]! * w,
-      ]);
-    }
-  }
-  /** Lift it high, turned at random unless `upright`, and let go. */
-  drop(upright = false): void {
-    const yaw = upright ? 0.6 : Math.random() * Math.PI * 2,
-      tilt = upright ? 0 : (Math.random() - 0.5) * 0.9;
-    const cy = Math.cos(yaw),
-      sy = Math.sin(yaw),
-      ct = Math.cos(tilt),
-      st = Math.sin(tilt);
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
-      const rx = this.rest[i * 3]!,
-        ry = this.rest[i * 3 + 1]!,
-        rz = this.rest[i * 3 + 2]!;
-      const tx = rx * ct + rz * st,
-        tz = -rx * st + rz * ct;
-      const p: Vec3 = [tx * cy - ry * sy, tx * sy + ry * cy, tz + 4.2];
-      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) this.x[i * 3 + a] = this.previous[i * 3 + a] = p[a]!;
-    }
-    this.quaternion = [0, 0, 0, 1];
-    this.scattered = 0;
-    this.gathered = 1;
-    this.grabbed = undefined;
-  }
-  /** Hold a vertex and the surface around it toward a point until released. */
-  grab(row: number, target: Vec3): void {
-    const near = this.near(row, 0.8);
-    const offsets = new Float64Array(near.rows.length * 3);
-    near.rows.forEach((i, j) => {
-      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) offsets[j * 3 + a] = this.x[i * 3 + a]! - this.x[row * 3 + a]!;
-    });
-    this.grabbed = { ...near, offsets, target };
-  }
-  drag(target: Vec3): void {
-    if (this.grabbed) this.grabbed.target = target;
-  }
-  release(): void {
-    this.grabbed = undefined;
-  }
-
-  private step(controls: Controls): void {
-    const { x, previous, count, normals } = this;
-    const t = (this.time += STEP);
-    if (this.scattered > 0) this.scattered -= STEP;
-    else if (this.gathered < 1) this.gathered = Math.min(1, this.gathered + STEP / 1.5);
-    const gust = controls.wind ? 16 : 0,
-      wx = Math.cos(t * 0.4),
-      wy = Math.sin(t * 0.4);
-    const dt2 = STEP * STEP,
-      damping = 0.9992;
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      let ax = 0,
-        ay = 0,
-        az = -controls.gravity;
-      if (gust) {
-        const facing = Math.max(0, -(normals[i * 3]! * wx + normals[i * 3 + 1]! * wy));
-        const g =
-          gust *
-          (0.25 + facing) *
-          (0.6 + 0.4 * Math.sin(t * 2.3 + x[i * 3]! * 1.7 + x[i * 3 + 2]! * 1.1));
-        ax += wx * g;
-        ay += wy * g;
-        az += g * 0.15;
-      }
-      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
-        const k = i * 3 + a,
-          now = x[k]!;
-        x[k] = now + (now - previous[k]!) * damping + (a === 0 ? ax : a === 1 ? ay : az) * dt2;
-        previous[k] = now;
-      }
-    }
-    const together = this.gathered;
-    const firm = controls.firmness;
-    if (together > 0) {
-      this.springs((0.2 + 0.7 * firm) * together ** 3);
-      this.pressure(0.6 * together ** 4, controls.inflate);
-    } else this.measure();
-    this.match(
-      (0.0015 + 0.05 * firm * firm) * together + (together < 1 ? 0.025 * together : 0),
-      together,
-    );
-    if (this.grabbed) this.hold(this.grabbed);
-    this.collide();
-  }
-
-  private springs(stiffness: number): void {
-    const { x, lengths } = this,
-      edges = this.mesh.edges;
-    for (let e = 0; e < lengths.length; e++) {
-      const a = edges[e * 2]! * 3,
-        b = edges[e * 2 + 1]! * 3;
-      const dx = x[b]! - x[a]!,
-        dy = x[b + 1]! - x[a + 1]!,
-        dz = x[b + 2]! - x[a + 2]!;
-      const d = Math.hypot(dx, dy, dz);
-      if (d < 1e-9) continue;
-      const k = (0.5 * stiffness * (d - lengths[e]!)) / d;
-      x[a] = x[a]! + dx * k;
-      x[a + 1] = x[a + 1]! + dy * k;
-      x[a + 2] = x[a + 2]! + dz * k;
-      x[b] = x[b]! - dx * k;
-      x[b + 1] = x[b + 1]! - dy * k;
-      x[b + 2] = x[b + 2]! - dz * k;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** The enclosed volume, with its gradient per vertex and the normals it implies. */
-  private measure(): number {
-    const { x, gradient, normals } = this,
-      triangles = this.mesh.triangles;
-    gradient.fill(0);
-    let volume = 0;
-    for (let t = 0; t < triangles.length; t += 3) {
-      const a = triangles[t]! * 3,
-        b = triangles[t + 1]! * 3,
-        c = triangles[t + 2]! * 3;
-      const ax = x[a]!,
-        ay = x[a + 1]!,
-        az = x[a + 2]!,
-        bx = x[b]!,
-        by = x[b + 1]!,
-        bz = x[b + 2]!,
-        cx = x[c]!,
-        cy = x[c + 1]!,
-        cz = x[c + 2]!;
-      // Each corner's gradient is the cross product of the other two.
-      const gax = by * cz - bz * cy,
-        gay = bz * cx - bx * cz,
-        gaz = bx * cy - by * cx;
-      volume += ax * gax + ay * gay + az * gaz;
-      gradient[a] = gradient[a]! + gax;
-      gradient[a + 1] = gradient[a + 1]! + gay;
-      gradient[a + 2] = gradient[a + 2]! + gaz;
-      gradient[b] = gradient[b]! + cy * az - cz * ay;
-      gradient[b + 1] = gradient[b + 1]! + cz * ax - cx * az;
-      gradient[b + 2] = gradient[b + 2]! + cx * ay - cy * ax;
-      gradient[c] = gradient[c]! + ay * bz - az * by;
-      gradient[c + 1] = gradient[c + 1]! + az * bx - ax * bz;
-      gradient[c + 2] = gradient[c + 2]! + ax * by - ay * bx;
-    }
-    for (let i = 0; i < gradient.length; i += 3) {
-      const length = Math.hypot(gradient[i]!, gradient[i + 1]!, gradient[i + 2]!) || 1;
-      for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) normals[i + k] = gradient[i + k]! / length;
-    }
-    return (this.volume = volume / 6);
-  }
-
-  private pressure(stiffness: number, inflate: number): void {
-    const volume = this.measure(),
-      { x, gradient } = this;
-    let norm = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < gradient.length; i++) norm += (gradient[i]! / 6) ** 2;
-    if (norm < 1e-12) return;
-    const s = (stiffness * (this.restVolume * inflate - volume)) / norm / 6;
-    for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i++) x[i] = x[i]! + s * gradient[i]!;
-  }
-
-  /** Pull toward the rest shape, turned and moved to fit where the body is now. */
-  private match(stiffness: number, together: number): void {
-    const { x, rest, count } = this;
-    const c = this.center(x);
-    // A = sum of (x - c) times rest transposed, by columns.
-    const A: [Vec3, Vec3, Vec3] = [
-      [0, 0, 0],
-      [0, 0, 0],
-      [0, 0, 0],
-    ];
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const px = x[i * 3]! - c[0],
-        py = x[i * 3 + 1]! - c[1],
-        pz = x[i * 3 + 2]! - c[2];
-      for (let col = 0; col < 3; col++) {
-        const r = rest[i * 3 + col]!;
-        const column = A[col]!;
-        column[0] += px * r;
-        column[1] += py * r;
-        column[2] += pz * r;
-      }
-    }
-    // Müller et al. 2016: the rotation nearest A, warm started from the last step.
-    let q = this.quaternion;
-    for (let iteration = 0; iteration < 8; iteration++) {
-      const R = rotation(q);
-      const omega: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0];
-      let denominator = 0;
-      for (let col = 0; col < 3; col++) {
-        const w = cross(R[col]!, A[col]!);
-        omega[0] += w[0];
-        omega[1] += w[1];
-        omega[2] += w[2];
-        denominator += dot(R[col]!, A[col]!);
-      }
-      const k = 1 / (Math.abs(denominator) + 1e-9);
-      const w = Math.hypot(omega[0], omega[1], omega[2]) * k;
-      if (w < 1e-9) break;
-      const s = Math.sin(w / 2) / (w / k),
-        dq = [omega[0] * s, omega[1] * s, omega[2] * s, Math.cos(w / 2)];
-      q = [
-        dq[3]! * q[0]! + dq[0]! * q[3]! + dq[1]! * q[2]! - dq[2]! * q[1]!,
-        dq[3]! * q[1]! - dq[0]! * q[2]! + dq[1]! * q[3]! + dq[2]! * q[0]!,
-        dq[3]! * q[2]! + dq[0]! * q[1]! - dq[1]! * q[0]! + dq[2]! * q[3]!,
-        dq[3]! * q[3]! - dq[0]! * q[0]! - dq[1]! * q[1]! - dq[2]! * q[2]!,
-      ];
-      const n = Math.hypot(...q);
-      q = q.map((v) => v / n);
-    }
-    this.quaternion = q;
-    const [r0, r1, r2] = rotation(q);
-    this.goal = [c, r0, r1, r2];
-    if (stiffness <= 0 || !together) return;
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const rx = rest[i * 3]!,
-        ry = rest[i * 3 + 1]!,
-        rz = rest[i * 3 + 2]!;
-      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
-        const k = i * 3 + a,
-          goal = c[a]! + r0[a]! * rx + r1[a]! * ry + r2[a]! * rz;
-        x[k] = x[k]! + (goal - x[k]!) * stiffness;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private hold(grabbed: NonNullable<SoftBody['grabbed']>): void {
-    const { x } = this;
-    for (let j = 0; j < grabbed.rows.length; j++) {
-      const i = grabbed.rows[j]!,
-        w = 0.45 * grabbed.weights[j]!;
-      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
-        const k = i * 3 + a;
-        x[k] = x[k]! + (grabbed.target[a]! + grabbed.offsets[j * 3 + a]! - x[k]!) * w;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private collide(): void {
-    const { x, previous } = this;
-    for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i += 3) {
-      for (let a = 0; a < 2; a++) {
-        const limit = x[i + a]! < 0 ? -ROOM : ROOM;
-        if (Math.abs(x[i + a]!) <= ROOM) continue;
-        const v = x[i + a]! - previous[i + a]!;
-        x[i + a] = limit;
-        previous[i + a] = limit + v * 0.4;
-      }
-      if (x[i + 2]! < 0) {
-        const vz = x[i + 2]! - previous[i + 2]!;
-        x[i + 2] = 0;
-        previous[i + 2] = vz * 0.3;
-        // Friction: keep a little of the sliding.
-        previous[i] = x[i]! - (x[i]! - previous[i]!) * 0.55;
-        previous[i + 1] = x[i + 1]! - (x[i + 1]! - previous[i + 1]!) * 0.55;
-      } else if (x[i + 2]! > CEILING) {
-        const vz = x[i + 2]! - previous[i + 2]!;
-        x[i + 2] = CEILING;
-        previous[i + 2] = CEILING + vz * 0.3;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private near(row: number, radius: number) {
-    const { x } = this,
-      rows: number[] = [],
-      weights: number[] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
-      const d = this.distance(x, row, i);
-      if (d < radius) {
-        rows.push(i);
-        weights.push(1 - d / radius);
-      }
-    }
-    return { rows: Uint32Array.from(rows), weights: Float64Array.from(weights) };
-  }
-  private distance(x: Float64Array, a: number, b: number): number {
-    return Math.hypot(
-      x[a * 3]! - x[b * 3]!,
-      x[a * 3 + 1]! - x[b * 3 + 1]!,
-      x[a * 3 + 2]! - x[b * 3 + 2]!,
-    );
-  }
-  private center(x: Float64Array): Vec3 {
-    const c: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0];
-    for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i += 3) {
-      c[0] += x[i]!;
-      c[1] += x[i + 1]!;
-      c[2] += x[i + 2]!;
-    }
-    return [c[0] / this.count, c[1] / this.count, c[2] / this.count];
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/bunny/style.css b/examples/linked/src/bunny/style.css
deleted file mode 100644
index a7d4b16e..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/bunny/style.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-.stage {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 380px;
-  gap: 20px;
-}
-#network {
-  height: clamp(420px, 68vh, 920px);
-}
-#network.grabbable {
-  cursor: grab;
-}
-#network.holding {
-  cursor: grabbing;
-}
-.panel {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 18px;
-  padding-top: 44px;
-}
-.actions {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
-  gap: 8px;
-}
-.actions button {
-  display: flex;
-  justify-content: space-between;
-  align-items: center;
-}
-.actions button[data-action='explode'] {
-  border-color: var(--accent);
-}
-button[aria-pressed='true'] {
-  background: #f09478;
-  border-color: #f09478;
-  color: #161014;
-}
-kbd {
-  font: inherit;
-  font-size: 10px;
-  opacity: 0.65;
-}
-.settings {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
-  gap: 12px;
-}
-.settings label {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-.settings output {
-  min-width: 0;
-  margin-left: 0;
-  font-size: 12px;
-  color: var(--accent);
-}
-.settings input[type='range'] {
-  accent-color: var(--accent);
-}
-#monitor {
-  height: 230px;
-}
-.traces {
-  display: flex;
-  gap: 6px;
-  align-items: center;
-}
-.traces i {
-  display: inline-block;
-  width: 10px;
-  height: 3px;
-  margin-left: 6px;
-  border-radius: 2px;
-}
-.traces .height {
-  background: rgb(102 199 255);
-}
-.traces .speed {
-  background: rgb(255 143 82);
-}
-.traces .volume {
-  background: rgb(204 158 255);
-}
-#live {
-  min-width: 90px;
-  background: #f09478;
-  border-color: #f09478;
-  color: #161014;
-  font-weight: 650;
-}
-@media (max-width: 1100px) {
-  .stage {
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-  }
-  .panel {
-    padding-top: 0;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/shared/columns.ts b/examples/linked/src/shared/columns.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 53120a09..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/shared/columns.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-/** Columns over arrays the page owns: a number per row, or a vector of two. */
-import type { Column } from '@latkit/model';
-
-export function numeric<T extends Column.NumericArray>(values: T): Column.Numeric & { values: T } {
-  return { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values };
-}
-export function vector(values: Float32Array | Float64Array): Column {
-  return { kind: 'vector', offset: 0, length: values.length / 2, size: 2, values: numeric(values) };
-}
-/** One frame of a field, a value per row. */
-export function samples(values: Float32Array): Column.Sample {
-  return { ...numeric(values), rowStride: 1, frameStride: values.length };
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/shared/layout.css b/examples/linked/src/shared/layout.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 29a02f16..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/shared/layout.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,253 +0,0 @@
-:root {
-  color-scheme: dark;
-  font-family: ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
-  color: #eef2f7;
-  background: #090c11;
-  font-synthesis: none;
-  font-size: 13px;
-  --muted: #a8b2c2;
-  --line: #303946;
-  --accent: #f09478;
-}
-* {
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-body {
-  margin: 0;
-}
-main {
-  max-width: 1800px;
-  padding: 24px 28px;
-  margin: auto;
-}
-h1,
-h2,
-p {
-  margin: 0;
-}
-h1 {
-  font-size: 23px;
-  font-weight: 650;
-  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
-}
-h2 {
-  font-size: 15px;
-}
-p {
-  line-height: 1.6;
-}
-nav {
-  display: flex;
-  gap: 16px;
-  margin-bottom: 18px;
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-nav a {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  text-decoration: none;
-}
-nav a:hover,
-nav a[aria-current='page'] {
-  color: var(--accent);
-}
-.intro {
-  display: flex;
-  justify-content: space-between;
-  gap: 20px;
-  align-items: end;
-  margin-bottom: 24px;
-}
-.intro p {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  margin-top: 6px;
-}
-#dataset {
-  text-align: right;
-  max-width: 40ch;
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-.views {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
-  gap: 20px;
-}
-.view {
-  min-width: 0;
-}
-.view header {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: space-between;
-  gap: 12px;
-  min-height: 44px;
-}
-.view header span,
-label {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-canvas {
-  width: 100%;
-  height: clamp(320px, 53vh, 670px);
-  display: block;
-  background: #090c11;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  touch-action: none;
-}
-.metrics {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  min-height: 45px;
-  padding-top: 10px;
-  font-size: 11px;
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-}
-.timeline {
-  margin-top: 18px;
-  padding: 20px 0 16px;
-  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
-}
-.transport {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 12px;
-  margin-bottom: 14px;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-}
-.transport label[for='time'] {
-  margin-left: 12px;
-}
-output {
-  display: inline-block;
-  min-width: 9ch;
-  margin-left: 8px;
-  color: #eef2f7;
-  font-size: 16px;
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-}
-.speed {
-  margin-left: auto;
-}
-button,
-select {
-  font: inherit;
-  background: #171d27;
-  color: #eef2f7;
-  border: 1px solid #465164;
-  border-radius: 5px;
-  min-height: 36px;
-  padding: 6px 10px;
-}
-button {
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-button:hover:not(:disabled),
-select:hover:not(:disabled) {
-  border-color: var(--accent);
-}
-button:disabled,
-select:disabled,
-input:disabled {
-  opacity: 0.55;
-  cursor: wait;
-}
-#play {
-  min-width: 76px;
-  background: #f09478;
-  border-color: #f09478;
-  color: #161014;
-  font-weight: 650;
-}
-#time {
-  display: block;
-  width: 100%;
-  margin: 0;
-  height: 30px;
-  accent-color: var(--accent);
-  cursor: ew-resize;
-}
-.ticks {
-  display: flex;
-  justify-content: space-between;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-}
-footer {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
-  gap: 12px 20px;
-  padding-top: 20px;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 11px;
-}
-footer > p:last-child {
-  grid-column: 1 / -1;
-  max-width: 100ch;
-}
-.legend {
-  display: flex;
-  gap: 10px;
-  align-items: center;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-}
-#palette {
-  display: inline-block;
-  width: 100px;
-  height: 8px;
-  border-radius: 2px;
-}
-#error {
-  padding: 16px;
-  margin: 0 0 20px;
-  color: #ffc6b4;
-  background: #351d22;
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  line-height: 1.6;
-}
-:focus-visible {
-  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
-  outline-offset: 3px;
-}
-canvas:focus-visible {
-  outline-offset: -3px;
-}
-::selection {
-  background: #f09478;
-  color: #161014;
-}
-@media (max-width: 850px) {
-  main {
-    padding: 18px 16px;
-  }
-  .intro {
-    align-items: start;
-    flex-direction: column;
-    gap: 4px;
-    margin-bottom: 16px;
-  }
-  #dataset {
-    text-align: left;
-    max-width: none;
-  }
-  .views {
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-    gap: 8px;
-  }
-  canvas {
-    height: 320px;
-  }
-  footer {
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-  }
-  .view header {
-    flex-wrap: wrap;
-  }
-  .transport {
-    gap: 10px;
-  }
-  .transport label[for='time'] {
-    margin-left: 0;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/signals/data.ts b/examples/linked/src/signals/data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 31e3514f..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/signals/data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-import { appendData, createData, textColumn, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { numeric, vector } from '../shared/columns.js';
-
-/** Synthetic history owned by this application, shared unchanged by both views. */
-export function signalHistory() {
-  const side = 20,
-    count = side * side,
-    frames = 1201,
-    step = 0.05;
-  const index = { source: 'signals', type: 'Node', version: '1' };
-  const edgeIndex = { ...index, type: 'Link' };
-  const positions = new Float32Array(count * 2);
-  const from: number[] = [],
-    to: number[] = [];
-  for (let row = 0; row < count; row++) {
-    const x = row % side,
-      y = Math.floor(row / side);
-    positions[row * 2] = x;
-    positions[row * 2 + 1] = y;
-    if (x + 1 < side) {
-      from.push(row);
-      to.push(row + 1);
-    }
-    if (y + 1 < side) {
-      from.push(row);
-      to.push(row + side);
-    }
-  }
-  const schema = {
-    axis: { name: 'Time', unit: 's' },
-    types: {
-      Node: {
-        fields: {
-          position: { type: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, items: 'float32' } },
-          signal: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-        },
-      },
-      Link: {
-        fields: {
-          from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Node' } },
-          to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Node' } },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  } as const satisfies Schema;
-  const rows = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count } as const;
-  const reference = (values: number[]) => ({
-    kind: 'reference' as const,
-    index,
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    values: Uint32Array.from(values),
-  });
-  const topology = createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows,
-      ids: textColumn(Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => `Node ${i}`)),
-      columns: { position: vector(positions) },
-    },
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index: edgeIndex,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: from.length },
-      columns: { from: reference(from), to: reference(to) },
-    },
-  ]);
-  const coordinates = Float64Array.from({ length: frames }, (_, f) => f * step);
-  const values = new Float32Array(frames * count);
-  for (let frame = 0; frame < frames; frame++) {
-    const t = coordinates[frame]!;
-    for (let row = 0; row < count; row++) {
-      const x = row % side,
-        y = Math.floor(row / side);
-      const wave = Math.sin(x * 0.37 + t * 1.3) * Math.cos(y * 0.31 - t * 0.7);
-      values[frame * count + row] = 0.5 + 0.45 * wave;
-    }
-  }
-  const data = appendData(topology, [
-    {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows,
-      firstFrame: 0,
-      coordinates,
-      columns: { signal: { ...numeric(values), frameStride: count, rowStride: 1 } },
-    },
-  ]);
-  return { data, index, count, frames, duration: coordinates[frames - 1]!, edges: from.length };
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/signals/main.ts b/examples/linked/src/signals/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 40efbcc9..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/src/signals/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
-import { colormapCss, colormaps, createGpu, type FrameInfo } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor, type Monitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-import { signalHistory } from './data.js';
-import '../shared/layout.css';
-
-const element = <T extends HTMLElement>(id: string) => document.getElementById(id) as T;
-const slider = element<HTMLInputElement>('time');
-const play = element<HTMLButtonElement>('play');
-const reset = element<HTMLButtonElement>('reset');
-const speed = element<HTMLSelectElement>('speed');
-const traces = element<HTMLSelectElement>('traces');
-const status = element('status');
-let stopPlayback = () => {};
-function fail(error: unknown) {
-  stopPlayback();
-  const message = element('error');
-  message.hidden = false;
-  message.textContent = `Rendering failed: ${String(error)}. Reload in a WebGPU-capable browser to retry.`;
-  status.textContent = 'Rendering stopped';
-  for (const control of [slider, play, reset, speed, traces]) control.disabled = true;
-  console.error(error);
-}
-
-async function main() {
-  const history = signalHistory();
-  const gpu = await createGpu();
-  const color = { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], colormap: 'viridis' } as const;
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    canvas: element<HTMLCanvasElement>('network'),
-    source: history.data,
-    at: 0,
-    vertices: {
-      Node: {
-        x: 'position',
-        y: { field: 'position', component: 1 },
-        z: { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], range: [0, 3] },
-        color,
-      },
-    },
-    edges: { Link: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-    camera: { projection: 'tilt', pitch: 50, bearing: 20 },
-    fitPitch: 50,
-    fitBearing: 20,
-    fitPaddingPx: [110, 72, 80, 72],
-    poles: true,
-    vertexRadiusPx: 3.4,
-    edgeWidthPx: 1,
-    background: [0.035, 0.047, 0.067, 1],
-  });
-  const subset = {
-    kind: 'indices',
-    index: history.index,
-    values: Uint32Array.from({ length: 16 }, (_, i) => i * 25 + 10),
-  } as const;
-  const trace = (all: boolean): Monitor.TraceOptions => ({
-    from: 'Node',
-    y: 'signal',
-    color,
-    widthPx: all ? 0.8 : 1.5,
-    ...(all ? {} : { rows: subset }),
-  });
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    canvas: element<HTMLCanvasElement>('monitor'),
-    source: history.data,
-    at: 0,
-    traces: { signal: trace(false) },
-    camera: { x: [0, history.duration], y: [0, 1], fit: false },
-    xAxis: 'Time (s)',
-    yAxis: 'Signal',
-    cursorColor: [1, 0.9, 0.83, 1],
-    background: [0.035, 0.047, 0.067, 1],
-  });
-  for (const view of [network, monitor]) view.on('error', fail);
-  element('dataset').textContent =
-    `Synthetic | ${history.count} nodes | ${history.edges} edges | ${history.frames.toLocaleString()} samples/node | 60 s`;
-  element('palette').style.background = colormapCss(colormaps.viridis, { direction: 'to right' });
-  slider.max = String(history.duration);
-  let at = 0,
-    playing = false,
-    animation = 0,
-    previousTime = 0,
-    lastReadout = 0;
-  const measurements = [network, monitor].map((view, i) => {
-    const state = { at: NaN, count: 0, frames: [] as number[] };
-    view.on('frame', (frame: FrameInfo) => {
-      state.at = frame.at ?? NaN;
-      state.count++;
-      state.frames.push(performance.now());
-      if (!playing) readouts(performance.now());
-    });
-    return { state, output: element(i === 0 ? 'network-metrics' : 'monitor-metrics') };
-  });
-  function readouts(now: number) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < measurements.length; i++) {
-      const { state, output } = measurements[i]!;
-      while (state.frames.length && state.frames[0]! < now - 1000) state.frames.shift();
-      const stats = i === 0 ? network.stats() : monitor.stats();
-      const time = Number.isFinite(state.at) ? state.at.toFixed(3) + ' s' : 'waiting';
-      output.textContent = `${playing ? state.frames.length + ' FPS' : 'Paused'} | drawn ${time} | prepare ${stats.prepareMs.toFixed(1)} ms | ${state.count} frames`;
-      output.dataset.at = String(state.at);
-      output.dataset.frames = String(state.count);
-      output.dataset.fps = String(state.frames.length);
-    }
-    const a = measurements[0]!.state.at,
-      b = measurements[1]!.state.at;
-    const ready = a === at && b === at;
-    status.textContent = monitor.stats().refining
-      ? 'Preparing trace history...'
-      : ready
-        ? `Both views at ${at.toFixed(3)} s`
-        : a === b
-          ? `Views aligned at ${a.toFixed(3)} s`
-          : `Catching up | view difference ${Number.isFinite(a - b) ? (Math.abs(a - b) * 1000).toFixed(0) + ' ms' : 'waiting'}`;
-    status.dataset.coupled = String(ready);
-    lastReadout = now;
-  }
-  /** One coordinate, one immutable Data value. No server reads or history mutation. */
-  function seek(time: number) {
-    at = Math.max(0, Math.min(history.duration, time));
-    network.set({ at });
-    monitor.set({ at });
-    slider.value = String(at);
-    slider.setAttribute('aria-valuetext', `${at.toFixed(3)} seconds`);
-    element<HTMLOutputElement>('time-value').value = at.toFixed(3) + ' s';
-  }
-  function tick(now: number) {
-    if (!playing) return;
-    const next = at + ((now - previousTime) / 1000) * Number(speed.value);
-    previousTime = now;
-    seek(next > history.duration ? next % history.duration : next);
-    // Only telemetry text is refreshed at 4 Hz. Rendering follows every animation callback.
-    if (now - lastReadout >= 250) readouts(now);
-    animation = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-  }
-  function setPlaying(value: boolean) {
-    playing = value;
-    play.textContent = playing ? 'Pause' : 'Play';
-    cancelAnimationFrame(animation);
-    if (playing) {
-      previousTime = performance.now();
-      animation = requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-    }
-    readouts(performance.now());
-  }
-  stopPlayback = () => setPlaying(false);
-  play.addEventListener('click', () => setPlaying(!playing));
-  reset.addEventListener('click', () => {
-    setPlaying(false);
-    seek(0);
-  });
-  slider.addEventListener('input', () => {
-    setPlaying(false);
-    seek(Number(slider.value));
-  });
-  slider.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {
-    if (!['ArrowLeft', 'ArrowRight', 'ArrowUp', 'ArrowDown'].includes(event.key)) return;
-    event.preventDefault();
-    setPlaying(false);
-    seek(at + (event.key === 'ArrowLeft' || event.key === 'ArrowDown' ? -1 : 1) * 0.05);
-  });
-  traces.addEventListener('change', () =>
-    monitor.set({ traces: { signal: trace(traces.value === '400') } }),
-  );
-  document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
-    if (document.hidden) setPlaying(false);
-  });
-  window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
-    if (event.persisted) return;
-    cancelAnimationFrame(animation);
-    network.destroy();
-    monitor.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-  for (const control of [slider, play, reset, speed, traces]) control.disabled = false;
-  seek(15);
-}
-void main().catch(fail);
diff --git a/examples/linked/tsconfig.json b/examples/linked/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fab05f0..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2022",
-    "module": "ESNext",
-    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
-    "strict": true,
-    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
-    "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "vite/client"],
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"]
-  },
-  "include": ["src", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/examples/linked/vite.config.ts b/examples/linked/vite.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ef51299..00000000
--- a/examples/linked/vite.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-
-export default defineConfig({
-  build: { rollupOptions: { input: { signals: 'index.html', bunny: 'bunny.html' } } },
-  server: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5198, open: false },
-  preview: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5198 },
-});
diff --git a/examples/monitor/README.md b/examples/monitor/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d0381fa7..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Monitor example
-
-Live telemetry, trace styling, row selection, and rolling time windows.
-
-```sh
-pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/monitor-example dev
-```
-
-Open http://127.0.0.1:5190. The dev command builds the packages first. `/check.html` times history
-rendering on the GPU.
diff --git a/examples/monitor/check.html b/examples/monitor/check.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b1032bcb..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/check.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-  <title>Monitor history scaling</title>
-  <h1>Monitor history scaling</h1>
-  <p>
-    192 traces at 90 and 900 frames. Measures complete initial rendering, appends, and selected-row
-    appends.
-  </p>
-  <button id="run">Run GPU checks</button>
-  <pre id="result">Ready</pre>
-  <a href="/">Open streaming example</a>
-  <script type="module" src="/src/check.ts"></script>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/monitor/index.html b/examples/monitor/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index bd600c92..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-    <title>@latkit/monitor example</title>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="app">
-      <header class="topbar">
-        <div>
-          <h1>latkit / monitor</h1>
-          <div id="status">loading</div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="toolbar" aria-label="stream controls">
-          <button
-            id="run-toggle"
-            class="icon-button"
-            type="button"
-            aria-label="Pause stream"
-            title="Pause stream"
-          >
-            <span aria-hidden="true">II</span>
-          </button>
-          <button
-            id="reset"
-            class="icon-button"
-            type="button"
-            aria-label="Reset stream"
-            title="Reset stream"
-          >
-            <span aria-hidden="true">R</span>
-          </button>
-        </div>
-      </header>
-
-      <main class="layout">
-        <section class="monitor-shell" aria-label="telemetry monitor">
-          <canvas id="monitor-stage" aria-label="telemetry visualization"></canvas>
-          <div class="readout">
-            <div>
-              <span>hover</span>
-              <strong id="hover-readout">-</strong>
-            </div>
-            <div>
-              <span>pick</span>
-              <strong id="pick-readout">-</strong>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </section>
-
-        <aside class="panel">
-          <section>
-            <label>signal</label>
-            <div id="signals" class="segmented"></div>
-          </section>
-
-          <section>
-            <label>view</label>
-            <button id="fit" type="button">Show full history</button>
-            <p>Hover to inspect. Click a trace to focus it. The plot resizes with the page.</p>
-            <label class="switch">
-              <input id="shade" type="checkbox" />
-              <span>highlight high values</span>
-            </label>
-          </section>
-
-          <section>
-            <label>domain</label>
-            <label class="switch">
-              <input id="auto-range" type="checkbox" />
-              <span>auto</span>
-            </label>
-          </section>
-
-          <section>
-            <label>time</label>
-            <label class="switch">
-              <input id="time-window" type="checkbox" />
-              <span>last 20 s</span>
-            </label>
-          </section>
-
-          <section>
-            <label for="rate">rate</label>
-            <div class="range-row">
-              <input id="rate" type="range" min="2" max="30" step="1" value="10" />
-              <output id="rate-value" for="rate">10 hz</output>
-            </div>
-          </section>
-
-          <section>
-            <label>colormap</label>
-            <div id="colormaps" class="swatches"></div>
-          </section>
-
-          <section>
-            <label>focus</label>
-            <div id="selected" class="selected">none</div>
-          </section>
-
-          <section class="hot-section">
-            <label>hot elements</label>
-            <div id="hot-list" class="hot-list"></div>
-          </section>
-        </aside>
-      </main>
-    </div>
-
-    <script type="module" src="/src/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/monitor/package.json b/examples/monitor/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8011d0b2..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/monitor-example",
-  "private": true,
-  "version": "0.0.0",
-  "type": "module",
-  "scripts": {
-    "predev": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/monitor build",
-    "dev": "vite --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5190 --strictPort",
-    "prebuild": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/monitor build",
-    "build": "pnpm run typecheck && vite build",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "preview": "vite preview --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5190",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/monitor": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:*"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
-    "vite": "^7.0.0"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/monitor/src/check.ts b/examples/monitor/src/check.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b792d97..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/src/check.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-import { read } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { Telemetry } from './source.js';
-const result = document.querySelector<HTMLPreElement>('#result')!;
-const run = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('#run')!;
-run.onclick = () => void check();
-async function check(): Promise<void> {
-  run.disabled = true;
-  result.textContent = 'Checking short and long histories…';
-  const report: unknown[] = [];
-  let gpu: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof createGpu>> | undefined;
-  let target: ReturnType<typeof kit.createTextureTarget> | undefined;
-  const errors: string[] = [];
-  try {
-    gpu = await createGpu();
-    target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 1000, height: 600 });
-    gpu.device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (event) => errors.push(event.error.message));
-    const owner = gpu,
-      output = target;
-    for (const frames of [90, 900]) {
-      const source = new Telemetry(['value'], 192, 0.1);
-      const values = (frame: number) =>
-        Float64Array.from({ length: 192 }, (_, row) => Math.sin(frame * 0.02 + row * 0.1));
-      for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++) source.append(values(f));
-      const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-        source: source.data,
-        traces: {
-          value: {
-            from: 'sensor',
-            y: 'value',
-            color: { field: 'value', domain: [-1, 1], colormap: 'viridis' },
-          },
-        },
-        camera: { x: [0, 100], y: [-1.1, 1.1] },
-      });
-      const renderer = kit.rendererOf(monitor);
-      try {
-        const render = async () => {
-          const begin = performance.now();
-          await owner.render({
-            completion: 'complete',
-            views: [{ renderer, target: output }],
-            timeMs: 0,
-          });
-          await owner.idle();
-          return performance.now() - begin;
-        };
-        const initialMs = await render();
-        const appendMs: number[] = [];
-        for (let f = 0; f < 8; f++) {
-          source.append(values(frames + f));
-          monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-          appendMs.push(await render());
-        }
-        monitor.select([{ source: source.data, index: source.index, row: 42, trace: 'value' }]);
-        const focusMs = await render();
-        const focusedAppendMs: number[] = [];
-        for (let f = 8; f < 16; f++) {
-          source.append(values(frames + f));
-          monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-          focusedAppendMs.push(await render());
-        }
-        let blocks = 0;
-        for await (const block of read(source.data, {
-          kind: 'samples',
-          from: 'sensor',
-          select: ['value'],
-          window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 0, count: frames + 16 },
-        }))
-          if (block.kind === 'samples') blocks++;
-        const mean = (values: number[]) => values.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) / values.length;
-        report.push({
-          frames,
-          rows: 192,
-          blocks,
-          initialMs,
-          appendMeanMs: mean(appendMs),
-          focusMs,
-          focusedAppendMeanMs: mean(focusedAppendMs),
-          stats: monitor.stats(),
-        });
-        result.textContent = JSON.stringify({ report, errors }, null, 2);
-      } finally {
-        monitor.destroy();
-      }
-    }
-    if (errors.length) throw new Error(errors.join('\n'));
-    document.body.dataset.result = 'passed';
-  } catch (error) {
-    document.body.dataset.result = 'failed';
-    result.textContent += '\n' + String(error);
-    console.error(error);
-  } finally {
-    target?.destroy();
-    gpu?.destroy();
-    run.disabled = false;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/monitor/src/main.ts b/examples/monitor/src/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a5181f15..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/src/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,447 +0,0 @@
-import { createGpu, colormaps, colormapCss, type Shade, type Colormap } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor, type Monitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { Telemetry } from './source.js';
-import './style.css';
-
-const ELEMENT_COUNT = 192;
-const FRAME_COUNT = 900;
-const DT_SECONDS = 0.1;
-const HOT_COUNT = 12;
-
-const SIGNALS = [
-  {
-    id: 'temperature',
-    label: 'temperature',
-    unit: 'C',
-    range: [35, 115],
-    decimals: 1,
-    lowIsHot: false,
-  },
-  { id: 'vibration', label: 'vibration', unit: 'g', range: [0, 1.6], decimals: 2, lowIsHot: false },
-  { id: 'voltage', label: 'voltage', unit: 'V', range: [11.2, 12.8], decimals: 2, lowIsHot: true },
-  { id: 'loss', label: 'packet loss', unit: '%', range: [0, 80], decimals: 1, lowIsHot: false },
-] as const;
-
-const EXAMPLE_COLORMAPS = [
-  'viridis',
-  'turbo',
-  'magma',
-  'icefire',
-] as const satisfies readonly Colormap.Name[];
-
-type SignalIndex = 0 | 1 | 2 | 3;
-
-interface HotElement {
-  readonly element: number;
-  readonly value: number;
-  readonly score: number;
-}
-
-const app = document.getElementById('app') as HTMLElement;
-const stage = document.getElementById('monitor-stage') as HTMLCanvasElement;
-const statusEl = document.getElementById('status') as HTMLElement;
-const signalRow = document.getElementById('signals') as HTMLElement;
-const colormapRow = document.getElementById('colormaps') as HTMLElement;
-const hotList = document.getElementById('hot-list') as HTMLElement;
-const selectedEl = document.getElementById('selected') as HTMLElement;
-const hoverReadout = document.getElementById('hover-readout') as HTMLElement;
-const pickReadout = document.getElementById('pick-readout') as HTMLElement;
-const runToggle = document.getElementById('run-toggle') as HTMLButtonElement;
-const resetButton = document.getElementById('reset') as HTMLButtonElement;
-const autoRangeInput = document.getElementById('auto-range') as HTMLInputElement;
-const windowInput = document.getElementById('time-window') as HTMLInputElement;
-const rateInput = document.getElementById('rate') as HTMLInputElement;
-const rateValue = document.getElementById('rate-value') as HTMLOutputElement;
-
-let seed = 0x5eed1234;
-const SIGNAL_IDS = SIGNALS.map((signal) => signal.id);
-
-let source = new Telemetry(SIGNAL_IDS, ELEMENT_COUNT, DT_SECONDS);
-let palette: Colormap.Name = EXAMPLE_COLORMAPS[0];
-let monitor: Monitor;
-let frameCursor = 0;
-let latest = new Float64Array(ELEMENT_COUNT * SIGNALS.length).fill(NaN);
-let currentSignal: SignalIndex = 0;
-let selectedElement: number | null = null;
-let running = true;
-let timer: number | null = null;
-let lastHotRender = 0;
-
-/** Seconds of history the sliding window shows. */
-const WINDOW_S = 20;
-const FULL_WINDOW = [0, FRAME_COUNT * DT_SECONDS] as const;
-
-const highlight: Shade = {
-  wgsl: `fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f {
-    let domain = shadeContext.parameters[0];
-    let high = smoothstep(0.55, 0.85, (f.value - domain.x) / (domain.y - domain.x));
-    return vec4f(mix(f.color.rgb, vec3f(1.0, 0.4, 0.15), high * 0.85), f.color.a);
-  }`,
-  tick: (parameters) => {
-    parameters.set(signalRange(currentSignal));
-    return false;
-  },
-};
-
-function trace(): Monitor.TraceOptions {
-  const signal = SIGNALS[currentSignal];
-  return {
-    from: 'sensor',
-    y: signal.id,
-    widthPx: 1.4,
-    color: { field: signal.id, domain: signal.range, colormap: palette },
-    shade: signal.id,
-  };
-}
-
-const phase = new Float32Array(ELEMENT_COUNT);
-const band = new Float32Array(ELEMENT_COUNT);
-const drift = new Float32Array(ELEMENT_COUNT);
-const anomaly = new Float32Array(ELEMENT_COUNT);
-
-for (let element = 0; element < ELEMENT_COUNT; element++) {
-  phase[element] = rand() * Math.PI * 2;
-  band[element] = element / ELEMENT_COUNT;
-  drift[element] = rand() * 2 - 1;
-}
-
-function fail(message: string): void {
-  app.innerHTML = '';
-  const box = document.createElement('div');
-  box.className = 'fatal';
-  box.innerHTML =
-    `<h2>Cannot render</h2><p>${message}</p>` +
-    '<p class="hint">This example needs a browser with WebGPU support.</p>';
-  app.appendChild(box);
-}
-
-async function main(): Promise<void> {
-  const gpu = await createGpu();
-  monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    canvas: stage,
-    source: source.data,
-    traces: { telemetry: trace() },
-    camera: { x: FULL_WINDOW, y: signalRange(currentSignal) },
-    xAxis: 'Time (s)',
-    yAxis: { label: 'Temperature (C)', precision: 1 },
-    unselectedAlpha: 0.35,
-  });
-  monitor.on('error', (error) => {
-    setRunning(false);
-    statusEl.textContent = String(error);
-  });
-  monitor.on('hover', (reading) => {
-    hoverReadout.textContent = describeReading(reading);
-  });
-  monitor.on('select', (items) => {
-    const item = items[0] ?? null;
-    selectedElement = item?.row ?? null;
-    pickReadout.textContent = describeReading(item);
-    renderSelected();
-    renderHotList(performance.now(), true);
-  });
-  wireChrome();
-  resetStream();
-  setRunning(true);
-  window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
-    if (event.persisted) return;
-    stopTimer();
-    monitor.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-}
-
-function wireChrome(): void {
-  for (let i = 0; i < SIGNALS.length; i++) {
-    const spec = SIGNALS[i]!;
-    const button = document.createElement('button');
-    button.type = 'button';
-    button.textContent = spec.label;
-    button.className = 'segment';
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(i === currentSignal));
-    button.addEventListener('click', () => setSignal(i as SignalIndex));
-    signalRow.appendChild(button);
-  }
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < EXAMPLE_COLORMAPS.length; i++) {
-    const name = EXAMPLE_COLORMAPS[i]!;
-    const button = document.createElement('button');
-    button.type = 'button';
-    button.className = 'swatch';
-    button.title = colormaps[name].label ?? name;
-    button.setAttribute('aria-label', colormaps[name].label ?? name);
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(i === 0));
-    button.style.setProperty('--swatch', colormapCss(colormaps[name], { direction: 'to right' }));
-    button.addEventListener('click', () => {
-      palette = name;
-      monitor.set({ traces: { telemetry: trace() } });
-      setActive(colormapRow, button);
-    });
-    colormapRow.appendChild(button);
-  }
-
-  document.getElementById('fit')!.addEventListener('click', () => {
-    autoRangeInput.checked = true;
-    windowInput.checked = false;
-    applyRange();
-    applyWindow();
-  });
-  document.getElementById('shade')!.addEventListener('change', (event) => {
-    monitor.set({ shade: (event.target as HTMLInputElement).checked ? highlight : null });
-  });
-  runToggle.addEventListener('click', () => setRunning(!running));
-  resetButton.addEventListener('click', resetStream);
-  autoRangeInput.addEventListener('change', applyRange);
-  windowInput.addEventListener('change', applyWindow);
-  rateInput.addEventListener('input', () => {
-    rateValue.value = `${rateInput.value} hz`;
-    if (running) restartTimer();
-  });
-}
-
-function resetStream(): void {
-  anomaly.fill(0);
-  frameCursor = 0;
-  source = new Telemetry(SIGNAL_IDS, ELEMENT_COUNT, DT_SECONDS);
-  latest = new Float64Array(ELEMENT_COUNT * SIGNALS.length).fill(NaN);
-  selectedElement = null;
-  hoverReadout.textContent = '-';
-  pickReadout.textContent = '-';
-  monitor.set({ source: source.data, traces: { telemetry: trace() } });
-  monitor.select([]);
-  // Show useful history immediately, then append one native frame per timer tick.
-  for (let frame = 0; frame < 40; frame++) {
-    writeFrame(frame);
-    source.append(latest);
-    monitor?.set({ source: source.data });
-    frameCursor++;
-  }
-  applyWindow();
-  applyRange();
-  renderSelected();
-  renderHotList(performance.now(), true);
-  updateStatus();
-}
-
-function setSignal(signal: SignalIndex): void {
-  if (signal === currentSignal) return;
-  currentSignal = signal;
-  monitor.set({ traces: { telemetry: trace() } });
-  applyRange();
-  selectedElement = null;
-  monitor.select([]);
-  pickReadout.textContent = '-';
-  for (const [index, button] of [...signalRow.querySelectorAll('button')].entries()) {
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(index === signal));
-  }
-  renderSelected();
-  renderHotList(performance.now(), true);
-}
-
-function setRunning(next: boolean): void {
-  running = next;
-  runToggle.querySelector('span')!.textContent = running ? 'II' : '>';
-  runToggle.setAttribute('aria-label', running ? 'Pause stream' : 'Resume stream');
-  runToggle.title = running ? 'Pause stream' : 'Resume stream';
-  if (running) {
-    restartTimer();
-  } else {
-    stopTimer();
-  }
-  updateStatus();
-}
-
-function restartTimer(): void {
-  stopTimer();
-  const hz = Number(rateInput.value);
-  timer = window.setInterval(() => tick(), Math.max(16, Math.round(1000 / hz)));
-}
-
-function stopTimer(): void {
-  if (timer !== null) window.clearInterval(timer);
-  timer = null;
-}
-
-function tick(): void {
-  if (frameCursor >= FRAME_COUNT) resetStream();
-  writeFrame(frameCursor);
-  frameCursor++;
-  source.append(latest);
-  monitor?.set({ source: source.data });
-  if (windowInput.checked) applyWindow();
-  const now = performance.now();
-  renderHotList(now);
-  if (selectedElement !== null) renderSelected();
-  updateStatus();
-}
-
-function writeFrame(frame: number): void {
-  latest = new Float64Array(ELEMENT_COUNT * SIGNALS.length);
-  const time = frame * DT_SECONDS;
-  for (let element = 0; element < ELEMENT_COUNT; element++) {
-    const b = band[element]!;
-    const p = phase[element]!;
-    const d = drift[element]!;
-    const oldAnomaly = anomaly[element]!;
-    const triggered = rand() < 0.00075 ? 0.65 + rand() * 0.45 : 0;
-    const a = Math.max(triggered, oldAnomaly * 0.972 - 0.001);
-    anomaly[element] = a;
-
-    const load = 0.5 + 0.5 * Math.sin(time * 0.19 + b * 7.4);
-    const ripple = Math.sin(time * 0.73 + p) * 0.5 + Math.sin(time * 0.11 + p * 0.4) * 0.5;
-    const jitter = rand() - 0.5;
-
-    setValue(0, frame, element, 58 + b * 22 + ripple * 6 + load * 5 + a * 28 + jitter * 1.2);
-    setValue(
-      1,
-      frame,
-      element,
-      0.16 + load * 0.28 + Math.abs(ripple) * 0.18 + a * 0.92 + rand() * 0.04,
-    );
-    setValue(2, frame, element, 12.24 + d * 0.16 + ripple * 0.09 - a * 0.58 + jitter * 0.035);
-    setValue(3, frame, element, Math.max(0, 0.6 + load * 5.5 + a * 62 + rand() * 1.8));
-  }
-}
-
-function setValue(signal: number, _frame: number, element: number, value: number): void {
-  latest[signal * ELEMENT_COUNT + element] = value;
-}
-
-function valueAt(signal: number, _frame: number, element: number): number {
-  return latest[signal * ELEMENT_COUNT + element]!;
-}
-
-function applyRange(): void {
-  const signal = SIGNALS[currentSignal];
-  monitor.set({
-    camera: autoRangeInput.checked ? { fit: true } : { y: signalRange(currentSignal) },
-    yAxis: { label: `${signal.label} (${signal.unit})`, precision: signal.decimals },
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * The last 20 s, advancing half a window at a time: appends draw into the shown history, and the
- * history redraws only when the window moves.
- */
-function applyWindow(): void {
-  const end = Math.max(DT_SECONDS, (frameCursor - 1) * DT_SECONDS),
-    step = WINDOW_S / 2,
-    start = Math.max(0, (Math.floor(end / step) - 1) * step);
-  monitor.set({
-    camera: { x: windowInput.checked ? [start, start + WINDOW_S] : FULL_WINDOW },
-  });
-}
-
-function signalRange(signal: SignalIndex): readonly [number, number] {
-  return SIGNALS[signal].range;
-}
-
-function renderHotList(now: number, force = false): void {
-  if (!force && now - lastHotRender < 220) return;
-  lastHotRender = now;
-  const hot = rankHotElements();
-  const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
-  for (let index = 0; index < hot.length; index++) {
-    const item = hot[index]!;
-    const button = document.createElement('button');
-    button.type = 'button';
-    button.className = 'hot-item';
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(item.element === selectedElement));
-    button.addEventListener('click', () => {
-      selectedElement = item.element;
-      monitor.select([
-        {
-          source: source.data,
-          index: source.index,
-          row: item.element,
-          trace: 'telemetry',
-        },
-      ]);
-      pickReadout.textContent = describeElement(item.element);
-      renderSelected();
-      renderHotList(performance.now(), true);
-    });
-
-    const rank = document.createElement('span');
-    rank.className = 'rank';
-    rank.textContent = String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0');
-    const name = document.createElement('span');
-    name.className = 'element';
-    name.textContent = `element ${item.element}`;
-    const value = document.createElement('span');
-    value.className = 'value';
-    value.textContent = formatValue(item.value, currentSignal);
-    const bar = document.createElement('span');
-    bar.className = 'bar';
-    const fill = document.createElement('span');
-    fill.style.inlineSize = `${Math.round(item.score * 100)}%`;
-    bar.appendChild(fill);
-
-    button.append(rank, name, value, bar);
-    fragment.appendChild(button);
-  }
-  hotList.replaceChildren(fragment);
-}
-
-function rankHotElements(): HotElement[] {
-  const frame = frameCursor - 1;
-  if (frame < 0) return [];
-  const out: HotElement[] = [];
-  for (let element = 0; element < ELEMENT_COUNT; element++) {
-    const value = valueAt(currentSignal, frame, element);
-    out.push({ element, value, score: heatScore(value, currentSignal) });
-  }
-  out.sort((a, b) => b.score - a.score);
-  return out.slice(0, HOT_COUNT);
-}
-
-function heatScore(value: number, signal: SignalIndex): number {
-  const spec = SIGNALS[signal];
-  const [min, max] = spec.range;
-  const t = (value - min) / (max - min);
-  return clamp01(spec.lowIsHot ? 1 - t : t);
-}
-
-function renderSelected(): void {
-  selectedEl.textContent = selectedElement === null ? 'none' : describeElement(selectedElement);
-}
-
-function describeElement(element: number): string {
-  const frame = frameCursor - 1;
-  if (frame < 0) return `element ${element}`;
-  return `element ${element} / ${formatValue(valueAt(currentSignal, frame, element), currentSignal)}`;
-}
-
-/** A clicked reading, or a row selected from the list. */
-function describeReading(reading: Monitor.Reading | Monitor.Item | null): string {
-  if (!reading) return '-';
-  if (!('value' in reading)) return describeElement(reading.row);
-  return `element ${reading.row} / ${formatValue(reading.value, SIGNALS.findIndex((signal) => signal.id === reading.field) as SignalIndex)} / ${reading.coordinate.toFixed(1)}s`;
-}
-
-function formatValue(value: number, signal: SignalIndex): string {
-  const spec = SIGNALS[signal];
-  return `${value.toFixed(spec.decimals)} ${spec.unit}`;
-}
-
-function updateStatus(): void {
-  const state = running ? 'streaming' : 'paused';
-  statusEl.textContent = `${state} / ${frameCursor.toLocaleString()} frames / ${ELEMENT_COUNT} elements`;
-}
-
-function setActive(row: HTMLElement, active: HTMLButtonElement): void {
-  for (const button of row.querySelectorAll('button')) {
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(button === active));
-  }
-}
-
-function rand(): number {
-  seed = (seed * 1664525 + 1013904223) >>> 0;
-  return seed / 0x100000000;
-}
-
-function clamp01(value: number): number {
-  return value < 0 ? 0 : value > 1 ? 1 : value;
-}
-
-void main().catch((error) => fail(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)));
diff --git a/examples/monitor/src/source.test.ts b/examples/monitor/src/source.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 33f8dfa8..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/src/source.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  blockByteLength,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateSchema,
-  read as readData,
-  type Data,
-  type Query,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { Telemetry } from './source.js';
-const query: Query.Samples = {
-  kind: 'samples',
-  from: 'sensor',
-  select: ['x', 'y'],
-  window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, 10] },
-};
-async function collectBlocks<T>(blocks: AsyncIterable<T>): Promise<T[]> {
-  const result: T[] = [];
-  for await (const block of blocks) result.push(block);
-  return result;
-}
-async function collect(source: Data, request = query, options = {}) {
-  return collectBlocks(readData(source, request, options));
-}
-describe('native example telemetry', () => {
-  it('publishes valid native blocks and shares immutable borrowed frame backing', async () => {
-    const source = new Telemetry(['x', 'y'], 3, 0.1);
-    const frame = Float64Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-    source.append(frame);
-    expect(validateSchema(source.schema)).toEqual([]);
-    const result = await collect(source.data);
-    expect(result.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    for (const block of result) {
-      if (block.kind !== 'samples') throw new Error('Expected samples');
-      expect(validateBlock(source.schema, query, block)).toEqual([]);
-      expect(block.columns.x!.values.buffer).toBe(frame.buffer);
-      expect([...block.columns.y!.values]).toEqual([4, 5, 6]);
-    }
-  });
-  it('reads immutable application data while later observations arrive', async () => {
-    const source = new Telemetry(['x', 'y'], 1, 1);
-    source.append(Float64Array.of(1, 2));
-    const retained = source.data;
-    const read = readData(retained, query)[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-    const first = read.next();
-    source.append(Float64Array.of(3, 4));
-    const sample = await first;
-    if (sample.done || sample.value.kind !== 'samples') throw new Error('Expected samples');
-    expect(sample.value.firstFrame).toBe(0);
-    expect(sample.value.coordinates.length).toBe(1);
-    expect((await read.next()).done).toBe(true);
-    expect((await collect(retained)).length).toBe(1);
-    expect(source.data).not.toBe(retained);
-    expect(retained.tables.sensor!.fields.x!.length).toBe(1);
-  });
-  it('honors byte bounds, sparse order, and independent owned allocations', async () => {
-    const source = new Telemetry(['x', 'y'], 3, 1);
-    const frame = Float64Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
-    source.append(frame);
-    const results = await collect(
-      source.data,
-      { ...query, rows: { kind: 'indices', index: source.index, values: Uint32Array.of(2, 0) } },
-      { maxBlockBytes: 360, buffers: 'owned' },
-    );
-    const blocks = results.filter((block) => block.kind === 'samples');
-    expect(blocks.map((block) => block.columns.x!.values[0])).toEqual([3, 1]);
-    for (const block of blocks) {
-      expect(blockByteLength(block)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(360);
-      expect(block.columns.x!.values.buffer).not.toBe(frame.buffer);
-      expect(block.columns.x!.values.buffer).not.toBe(block.columns.y!.values.buffer);
-    }
-    blocks[0]!.columns.x!.values[0] = 99;
-    expect(frame[2]).toBe(3);
-  });
-  it('batches long histories while keeping append and exact reads small', async () => {
-    const source = new Telemetry(['x', 'y'], 192, 0.1);
-    for (let f = 0; f < 900; f++) source.append(new Float64Array(384).fill(f));
-    const request = { ...query, window: { kind: 'frames' as const, offset: 0, count: 900 } };
-    const blocks = (await collect(source.data, request)).filter(
-      (block) => block.kind === 'samples',
-    );
-    expect(blocks.length).toBe(15);
-    expect(blocks.reduce((n, block) => n + block.coordinates.length, 0)).toBe(900);
-    for (const block of blocks) {
-      expect(validateBlock(source.schema, request, block)).toEqual([]);
-      expect(blockByteLength(block)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(256 * 1024);
-      expect(block.columns.x!.values[0]).toBe(block.firstFrame);
-    }
-  });
-  it('rejects invalid rows, future frames and cancelled reads', async () => {
-    const source = new Telemetry(['x', 'y'], 1, 1);
-    source.append(Float64Array.of(1, 2));
-    await expect(
-      collect(source.data, { ...query, rows: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['-1'] } }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow();
-    await expect(
-      collect(source.data, { ...query, window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 1, count: 1 } }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow();
-    const stop = new AbortController();
-    stop.abort();
-    await expect(collect(source.data, query, { signal: stop.signal })).rejects.toThrow();
-  });
-});
diff --git a/examples/monitor/src/source.ts b/examples/monitor/src/source.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e2a0001..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/src/source.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-import { appendData, createData, type Data, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-
-/** Application storage. Keeping history is an explicit choice made by this example. */
-export class Telemetry {
-  readonly index;
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  private frame = 0;
-  data: Data;
-  constructor(
-    readonly fields: readonly string[],
-    readonly count: number,
-    readonly step: number,
-    source = crypto.randomUUID(),
-  ) {
-    this.index = { source, type: 'sensor', version: '0' };
-    this.schema = {
-      axis: { name: 'Time', unit: 's' },
-      types: {
-        sensor: {
-          fields: Object.fromEntries(
-            fields.map((name) => [name, { type: 'float64', sampled: true }]),
-          ),
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    this.data = createData(this.schema, []);
-  }
-  /** Ownership of values passes to the application store. Never mutate published buffers. */
-  append(values: Float64Array): void {
-    if (values.length !== this.fields.length * this.count) throw new RangeError('Wrong frame size');
-    const frame = this.frame++;
-    const batch: Data.SampleBatch = {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index: this.index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: this.count },
-      firstFrame: frame,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.of(frame * this.step),
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(
-        this.fields.map((name, i) => [
-          name,
-          {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: this.count,
-            values: values.subarray(i * this.count, (i + 1) * this.count),
-            rowStride: 1,
-            frameStride: this.count,
-          },
-        ]),
-      ),
-    };
-    this.data = appendData(this.data, [batch]);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/monitor/src/style.css b/examples/monitor/src/style.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ff323a8..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/src/style.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,384 +0,0 @@
-:root {
-  --font:
-    Inter, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
-  --mono: ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
-  --bg: #101110;
-  --surface: #181918;
-  --surface-2: #20211f;
-  --ink: #eef1e9;
-  --muted: #a3aa9e;
-  --line: rgba(238, 241, 233, 0.14);
-  --teal: #43b29d;
-  --red: #c5564a;
-  --gold: #dfb14a;
-  --violet: #7a6fd6;
-  --control: rgba(238, 241, 233, 0.06);
-}
-
-* {
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-
-html,
-body {
-  margin: 0;
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  background: var(--bg);
-  color: var(--ink);
-  font-family: var(--font);
-}
-
-button,
-input {
-  font: inherit;
-}
-
-#app {
-  height: 100vh;
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-rows: auto 1fr;
-}
-
-.topbar {
-  min-height: 64px;
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: space-between;
-  gap: 18px;
-  padding: 12px 18px;
-  border-block-end: 1px solid var(--line);
-  background: #121312;
-}
-
-h1 {
-  margin: 0;
-  font-size: 15px;
-  font-weight: 680;
-  letter-spacing: 0;
-}
-
-#status {
-  margin-block-start: 4px;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 12px;
-  line-height: 1.3;
-}
-
-.toolbar {
-  display: flex;
-  gap: 8px;
-}
-
-.icon-button {
-  inline-size: 36px;
-  block-size: 36px;
-  display: grid;
-  place-items: center;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: var(--control);
-  color: var(--ink);
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-
-.icon-button:hover {
-  border-color: rgba(67, 178, 157, 0.55);
-  background: rgba(67, 178, 157, 0.12);
-}
-
-.layout {
-  min-height: 0;
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 330px;
-}
-
-.monitor-shell {
-  position: relative;
-  min-width: 0;
-  min-height: 0;
-  background:
-    linear-gradient(rgba(238, 241, 233, 0.045) 1px, transparent 1px),
-    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(238, 241, 233, 0.04) 1px, transparent 1px), #0b0c0b;
-  background-size:
-    44px 44px,
-    44px 44px,
-    auto;
-}
-
-#monitor-stage {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset: 0;
-  display: block;
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-}
-
-.readout {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset-inline: 18px;
-  inset-block-start: 42px;
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
-  gap: 10px;
-  pointer-events: none;
-}
-
-.readout div {
-  min-width: 0;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: rgba(16, 17, 16, 0.82);
-  padding: 9px 10px;
-}
-
-.readout span,
-label {
-  display: block;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 10px;
-  line-height: 1;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  letter-spacing: 0;
-}
-
-.readout strong {
-  display: block;
-  min-width: 0;
-  margin-block-start: 5px;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  color: var(--ink);
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 12px;
-  font-weight: 560;
-  line-height: 1.35;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.panel {
-  min-height: 0;
-  overflow: auto;
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 18px;
-  padding: 16px;
-  border-inline-start: 1px solid var(--line);
-  background: var(--surface);
-}
-
-.panel section {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 9px;
-}
-
-.segmented {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-
-.segment,
-.hot-item {
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: var(--control);
-  color: var(--ink);
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-
-.segment {
-  min-block-size: 34px;
-  padding: 8px;
-  font-size: 12px;
-  line-height: 1.1;
-}
-
-.segment[aria-pressed='true'] {
-  border-color: rgba(67, 178, 157, 0.72);
-  background: rgba(67, 178, 157, 0.16);
-}
-
-.switch {
-  min-block-size: 34px;
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 10px;
-  color: var(--ink);
-  text-transform: none;
-}
-
-.switch input {
-  inline-size: 18px;
-  block-size: 18px;
-  accent-color: var(--teal);
-}
-
-.range-row {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 52px;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 12px;
-}
-
-input[type='range'] {
-  inline-size: 100%;
-  accent-color: var(--gold);
-}
-
-output,
-.selected {
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 12px;
-  color: var(--ink);
-}
-
-.swatches {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));
-  gap: 7px;
-}
-
-.swatch {
-  min-block-size: 30px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: var(--swatch);
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-
-.swatch[aria-pressed='true'] {
-  outline: 2px solid var(--gold);
-  outline-offset: 2px;
-}
-
-.hot-section {
-  min-height: 0;
-}
-
-.hot-list {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-
-.hot-item {
-  min-block-size: 44px;
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 28px minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
-  grid-template-rows: auto 5px;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 5px 8px;
-  padding: 7px 8px;
-  text-align: start;
-}
-
-.hot-item:hover {
-  border-color: rgba(223, 177, 74, 0.6);
-}
-
-.hot-item[aria-pressed='true'] {
-  border-color: var(--red);
-  background: rgba(197, 86, 74, 0.16);
-}
-
-.rank {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 11px;
-}
-
-.element {
-  min-width: 0;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  font-size: 12px;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.value {
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  color: var(--ink);
-}
-
-.bar {
-  grid-column: 2 / 4;
-  inline-size: 100%;
-  block-size: 5px;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  border-radius: 999px;
-  background: rgba(238, 241, 233, 0.09);
-}
-
-.bar span {
-  display: block;
-  block-size: 100%;
-  border-radius: inherit;
-  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--teal), var(--gold), var(--red));
-}
-
-.fatal {
-  height: 100vh;
-  display: grid;
-  place-content: center;
-  gap: 8px;
-  padding: 24px;
-  text-align: center;
-}
-
-.fatal h2,
-.fatal p {
-  margin: 0;
-}
-
-.fatal h2 {
-  color: var(--red);
-  font-size: 18px;
-}
-
-.fatal .hint {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 860px) {
-  html,
-  body {
-    overflow: auto;
-  }
-
-  #app {
-    min-height: 100svh;
-  }
-
-  .layout {
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-    grid-template-rows: minmax(420px, 58svh) auto;
-  }
-
-  .panel {
-    border-inline-start: 0;
-    border-block-start: 1px solid var(--line);
-  }
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 560px) {
-  .topbar {
-    align-items: flex-start;
-    padding: 12px;
-  }
-
-  .readout {
-    inset-inline: 10px;
-    inset-block-end: 10px;
-    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-  }
-
-  .panel {
-    padding: 12px;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/monitor/tsconfig.json b/examples/monitor/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fab05f0..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2022",
-    "module": "ESNext",
-    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
-    "strict": true,
-    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
-    "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "vite/client"],
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"]
-  },
-  "include": ["src", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/examples/monitor/vite.config.ts b/examples/monitor/vite.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c35eeb21..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/vite.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-
-export default defineConfig({
-  build: { rollupOptions: { input: { monitor: 'index.html', check: 'check.html' } } },
-  server: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5190, open: false },
-  preview: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5190 },
-});
diff --git a/examples/monitor/vitest.config.ts b/examples/monitor/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ac8a576b..00000000
--- a/examples/monitor/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-export default defineConfig({ test: { name: 'monitor-example', include: ['src/source.test.ts'] } });
diff --git a/examples/network/README.md b/examples/network/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1524dc6f..00000000
--- a/examples/network/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# Network example
-
-Pages that draw networks with `@latkit/network` over a `@latkit/geography` map.
-
-```sh
-pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/network-example dev
-```
-
-Open http://127.0.0.1:5188. The dev command builds the packages first.
-
-- `/`: a grid over the earth. Choose a synthetic grid, from WECC 240-bus to ACTIVSg70k, or a
-  lattice of up to a million buses, and the map beneath it: coasts and borders, Natural Earth's
-  states, or OpenStreetMap's vector tiles. Color the states by the grid's figures, play a
-  simulated fault, and hover or click anything to inspect it.
-- `/blackout.html`: the BlackoutUSA map panel. Texas substations draw as gauges of their output,
-  and branches color by loading and carry comets along their flow.
-
-`public/grids` holds the synthetic grids, and `src/earth/cases.ts` describes their format.
-`public/maps` holds Natural Earth's 1:50M coasts and borders as GeoJSON, public domain.
diff --git a/examples/network/blackout.html b/examples/network/blackout.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 4338e3cb..00000000
--- a/examples/network/blackout.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-    <title>Latkit | BlackoutUSA network</title>
-    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-  </head>
-  <body class="blackout">
-    <canvas id="map" aria-label="The Texas transmission network, animated"></canvas>
-    <p id="error" role="alert" hidden></p>
-    <script type="module" src="/src/blackout/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/network/index.html b/examples/network/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index f3b0f7ad..00000000
--- a/examples/network/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-    <link
-      rel="icon"
-      href="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 32 32'%3E%3Ccircle cx='16' cy='16' r='14' fill='%232f6feb'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"
-    />
-    <title>latkit · grid over the earth</title>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <canvas
-      id="stage"
-      tabindex="0"
-      role="application"
-      aria-label="A power grid over the earth. Drag to pan, scroll to zoom, right-drag or Shift-drag to turn, click to select, Escape clears the selection."
-    ></canvas>
-
-    <aside id="panel" aria-label="Controls">
-      <header>
-        <h1>latkit <span>grid over the earth</span></h1>
-        <p id="status" aria-live="polite">starting…</p>
-      </header>
-      <div id="sections"></div>
-      <p class="hint">Drag to pan · scroll to zoom · right-drag to turn · click to inspect</p>
-    </aside>
-
-    <section id="inspector" aria-live="polite" hidden></section>
-    <footer id="attribution"></footer>
-
-    <script type="module" src="/src/earth/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/network/package.json b/examples/network/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index d87dfaad..00000000
--- a/examples/network/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/network-example",
-  "private": true,
-  "version": "0.0.0",
-  "type": "module",
-  "scripts": {
-    "predev": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/network --filter @latkit/geography build",
-    "dev": "vite --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5188 --strictPort",
-    "prebuild": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/network --filter @latkit/geography build",
-    "build": "pnpm run typecheck && vite build",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts",
-    "preview": "vite preview --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5188"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/network": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/geography": "workspace:*"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
-    "vite": "^7.0.0"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/blackout/main.ts b/examples/network/src/blackout/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 57262df9..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/blackout/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,295 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * The map panel of BlackoutUSA, drawn by a Latkit network: Texas's substations, branches, and
- * border in the game's dark theme. Each substation is a gauge of its output, a wedge in a plant's
- * ring and a bar in a load's; branches color by loading, dash once out, carry comets along their
- * flow, and draw apart when parallel. A stand-in for the game's simulation ticks twice a second,
- * and every change eases into place; trips pulse.
- */
-import './style.css';
-import { createColormap, createGpu, parseColor, pulse, type Marker, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createData, textColumn, type Data, type Index, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createNetwork, type Network } from '@latkit/network';
-import { createGeography, type Geography } from '@latkit/geography';
-import { lists, numeric, references, rows, vector } from '../shared/columns.js';
-import texas from './texas.json';
-
-/** BlackoutUSA's dark theme, as its map panel reads it. */
-const THEME = {
-  background: '#0a0a0a',
-  foreground: '#fafafa',
-  nuclear: '#a181ef',
-  thermal: '#987a59',
-  wind: '#00d1da',
-  solar: '#ffca29',
-  load: '#6b727e',
-  flow: '#5ad87e',
-  hover: '#53a3f2',
-  warning: '#ffc000',
-  critical: '#ff6200',
-  tripped: '#ff1915',
-};
-const rgba = (css: string): RGBA => parseColor(css)!;
-/** Each substation's category, as the game colors it: nuclear, thermal, wind, solar, or load. */
-const CATEGORY: Readonly<Record<string, number>> = {
-  'Nuclear Steam': 0,
-  'Gas Turbine': 1,
-  'Gas Combined Cycle': 1,
-  'Coal-fired Steam': 1,
-  Wind: 2,
-  'Solar PV': 3,
-  Load: 4,
-};
-/** A substation's color by category, and red once it trips. */
-const fuels = createColormap({
-  kind: 'categorical',
-  colors: [THEME.nuclear, THEME.thermal, THEME.wind, THEME.solar, THEME.load, THEME.tripped].map(
-    rgba,
-  ),
-});
-/** A branch's state: in service, past its rating, far past it, or tripped. */
-const states = createColormap({
-  kind: 'categorical',
-  colors: [THEME.foreground, THEME.warning, THEME.critical, THEME.tripped].map(rgba),
-});
-/**
- * A substation: the shared gauge, round for a plant and a rounded square for a load. Its fill
- * eases with each tick; whether it is a load never does.
- */
-const substation: Marker = {
-  inputs: { fill: 'fill', load: 'load' },
-  steps: ['load'],
-  wgsl: `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
-  return gaugeMarker(f, select(SHAPE_ELLIPSE, SHAPE_ROUNDED, f.load > 0.5), f.fill, 2.0, 1.5);
-}`,
-};
-
-const subs = texas.substations,
-  branches = texas.branches,
-  n = subs.length,
-  m = branches.length;
-const index = (type: string): Index => ({ source: 'blackout-texas', type, version: '1' });
-const schema: Schema = {
-  types: {
-    Substation: {
-      fields: {
-        location: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 }, geographic: true },
-        name: { type: 'text' },
-        radius: { type: 'float32' },
-        load: { type: 'float32' },
-        color: { type: 'float32' },
-        fill: { type: 'float32' },
-        alarm: { type: 'float32' },
-      },
-    },
-    Branch: {
-      fields: {
-        from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Substation' } },
-        to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Substation' } },
-        state: { type: 'float32' },
-        out: { type: 'float32' },
-        flow: { type: 'float32' },
-        alarm: { type: 'float32' },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-/** The state's border, which never changes, drawn by a geography beneath the network. */
-const borderSchema: Schema = {
-  types: {
-    Border: {
-      fields: {
-        points: {
-          type: { kind: 'list', items: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-          geographic: true,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-// What never changes: places, names, wiring, and the border.
-const location = Float64Array.from(subs.flatMap((s) => [s.lon, s.lat])),
-  isLoad = Float32Array.from(subs, (s) => (s.category === 'Load' ? 1 : 0)),
-  category = Float32Array.from(subs, (s) => CATEGORY[s.category] ?? 4),
-  fixed = {
-    location: vector(location),
-    name: textColumn(subs.map((s) => s.name)),
-    radius: numeric(Float32Array.from(isLoad, (load) => (load ? 9 : 11))),
-    load: numeric(isLoad),
-  },
-  wires = {
-    from: references(
-      index('Substation'),
-      Uint32Array.from(branches, (b) => b.from),
-    ),
-    to: references(
-      index('Substation'),
-      Uint32Array.from(branches, (b) => b.to),
-    ),
-  },
-  // The border closes on its first point.
-  border = lists(
-    Int32Array.of(0, texas.border.length + 1),
-    vector(Float64Array.from([...texas.border, texas.border[0]!].flat())),
-  );
-/** The one plant that trips now and then, and the branches out of service or tripping. */
-const TRIPPING = subs.findIndex((s) => s.category === 'Gas Turbine'),
-  DISCONNECTED = 5,
-  TRIPPED_BRANCH = 17,
-  STRAINED = new Set([2, 23, 41]);
-/**
- * The network as it stands at `t` seconds: a stand-in for the game's simulation, with output
- * swinging, loads shedding units, flows reversing, a few branches straining past their rating, and
- * one plant and one branch tripping on a cycle.
- */
-function snapshot(t: number): Data {
-  const fill = new Float32Array(n),
-    color = new Float32Array(n),
-    alarm = new Float32Array(n),
-    state = new Float32Array(m),
-    out = new Float32Array(m),
-    flow = new Float32Array(m),
-    strain = new Float32Array(m);
-  subs.forEach((s, i) => {
-    const tripped = i === TRIPPING && t % 20 > 14;
-    if (s.category === 'Load') {
-      // Units in service, as a load's bar shows them.
-      const total = s.units.reduce((sum, p) => sum + p, 0),
-        live = s.units.reduce(
-          (sum, p, u) => sum + (Math.sin(t * 0.21 + i * 1.3 + u * 2.1) > 0.9 ? 0 : p),
-          0,
-        );
-      fill[i] = total > 0 ? live / total : 0;
-    } else fill[i] = tripped ? 0 : 0.5 + 0.42 * Math.sin(t * 0.35 + i * 1.7);
-    color[i] = tripped ? 5 : category[i]!;
-    alarm[i] = tripped ? 1 : 0;
-  });
-  branches.forEach((b, j) => {
-    const swing = Math.sin(t * (0.12 + (j % 7) * 0.02) + j * 0.9),
-      ratio = Math.abs(swing) * (STRAINED.has(j) ? 1.35 : 0.85),
-      trip = j === TRIPPED_BRANCH && t % 16 > 11,
-      off = j === DISCONNECTED;
-    state[j] = trip ? 3 : off ? 0 : ratio > 1.2 ? 2 : ratio > 1 ? 1 : 0;
-    out[j] = trip || off ? 1 : 0;
-    flow[j] = trip || off ? 0 : swing;
-    strain[j] = trip || state[j]! >= 2 ? 1 : 0;
-  });
-  return createData(schema, [
-    rows(index('Substation'), n, {
-      ...fixed,
-      color: numeric(color),
-      fill: numeric(fill),
-      alarm: numeric(alarm),
-    }),
-    rows(index('Branch'), m, {
-      ...wires,
-      state: numeric(state),
-      out: numeric(out),
-      flow: numeric(flow),
-      alarm: numeric(strain),
-    }),
-  ]);
-}
-const borderData = createData(borderSchema, [rows(index('Border'), 1, { points: border })]);
-
-const canvas = document.querySelector<HTMLCanvasElement>('#map')!,
-  error = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>('#error')!;
-/** The game's first view: the case's bounds at 90% of the panel, centered, a degree each way alike. */
-function framing() {
-  const { xMin, xMax, yMin, yMax } = texas.bounds,
-    scale = Math.min(
-      (Math.max(1, canvas.clientWidth) * 0.9) / (xMax - xMin),
-      (Math.max(1, canvas.clientHeight) * 0.9) / (yMax - yMin),
-    );
-  return {
-    camera: { center: [(xMin + xMax) / 2, (yMin + yMax) / 2] as const, scale, fit: false },
-    // Comets sit 0.4 degrees apart and move up to 0.6 degrees a second, as the game's dots do.
-    spacing: 0.4 * scale,
-    speed: 0.6 * scale,
-  };
-}
-const flowPx = (speed: number) =>
-  ({ field: 'flow', domain: [-1, 1], range: [-speed, speed] }) as const;
-function config(source: Data, geography: Geography): Network.Config {
-  const { camera, spacing, speed } = framing();
-  return {
-    canvas,
-    source,
-    camera,
-    ground: geography,
-    background: rgba(THEME.background),
-    textColor: rgba(THEME.foreground),
-    hoverColor: rgba(THEME.hover),
-    selectedColor: rgba(THEME.hover),
-    animationMs: 450,
-    // Trips and branches far past their rating pulse red.
-    shade: pulse({ periodMs: 900, color: [1, 0.1, 0.08, 0.6] }),
-    shadows: true,
-    labelHaloPx: 3,
-    edgeWidthPx: 2.5,
-    edgeSpacingPx: 8,
-    dashPeriodPx: 10,
-    flowColor: rgba(THEME.flow),
-    flowSpacingPx: spacing,
-    vertices: {
-      Substation: {
-        x: 'location',
-        y: { field: 'location', component: 1 },
-        radiusPx: { field: 'radius', domain: [9, 11], range: [9, 11] },
-        color: { field: 'color', domain: [0, 5], colormap: fuels },
-        marker: substation,
-        shade: 'alarm',
-        labels: {
-          field: 'name',
-          font: { family: 'Jura' },
-          fontSizePx: 14,
-          color: rgba(THEME.foreground),
-          maxCount: n,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    edges: {
-      Branch: {
-        ends: ['from', 'to'],
-        color: { field: 'state', domain: [0, 3], colormap: states },
-        dash: 'out',
-        flowPx: flowPx(speed),
-        shade: 'alarm',
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-try {
-  // Labels set in Jura only once it has loaded.
-  await document.fonts.load('14px Jura');
-  const gpu = await createGpu(),
-    started = performance.now(),
-    // The border lies on the ground, in the game's background, beneath the grid.
-    earth = createGeography(gpu, {
-      source: borderData,
-      lines: { Border: { widthPx: 1.5, color: rgba(THEME.foreground) } },
-      surfaceColor: rgba(THEME.background),
-      atmosphere: false,
-    }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, config(snapshot(0), earth));
-  network.on('error', (e) => {
-    error.hidden = false;
-    error.textContent = String((e as { message?: string }).message ?? e);
-  });
-  // The game's simulation ticks twice a second; each tick eases in, and comets move every frame.
-  const tick = setInterval(
-    () =>
-      network.set({ source: snapshot((performance.now() - started) / 1000) }, { animate: true }),
-    500,
-  );
-  new ResizeObserver(() => {
-    const { camera, spacing, speed } = framing();
-    network.set({ camera, flowSpacingPx: spacing, edges: { Branch: { flowPx: flowPx(speed) } } });
-  }).observe(canvas);
-  Object.assign(globalThis, {
-    blackout: { gpu, network, earth, snapshot, stop: () => clearInterval(tick) },
-  });
-} catch (failure) {
-  error.hidden = false;
-  error.textContent = failure instanceof Error ? failure.message : String(failure);
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/blackout/style.css b/examples/network/src/blackout/style.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 456d29e3..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/blackout/style.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-@font-face {
-  font-family: 'Jura';
-  font-style: normal;
-  font-weight: 400;
-  font-display: block;
-  src: url(/fonts/jura-latin-400-normal.woff2) format('woff2');
-}
-html,
-body.blackout {
-  margin: 0;
-  height: 100%;
-  background: #0a0a0a;
-  color: #fafafa;
-  font-family: 'Jura', sans-serif;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-.blackout canvas {
-  display: block;
-  width: 100vw;
-  height: 100vh;
-  background: #0a0a0a;
-  outline: none;
-}
-.blackout #error {
-  position: fixed;
-  inset: auto 16px 16px;
-  margin: 0;
-  padding: 12px 16px;
-  border: 1px solid #ff1915;
-  background: #0a0a0a;
-  font:
-    13px/1.4 system-ui,
-    sans-serif;
-  white-space: pre-wrap;
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/cases.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/cases.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d1c9206..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/cases.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,278 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Synthetic grid cases, as the page loads them from `public/grids`, each file gzip-compressed.
- *
- * A case file holds a "LKG1" magic and a u32 header length, then a JSON header naming the case and
- * its counts, then typed arrays on eight-byte boundaries past the header, where its `arrays` place
- * them as [type, offset, length]: each bus's number, name, kV, longitude and latitude, load and
- * generation in MW; each branch's two bus rows, reactance, and whether it transforms; each machine's
- * bus row, name, rating, and output. Simulated cases also hold each machine's speed deviation, frame
- * by frame as int16 of `speedScale` per unit, `dt` seconds apart, and the fault the simulation
- * applied.
- *
- */
-import {
-  appendData,
-  createData,
-  textColumn,
-  type Data,
-  type Index,
-  type Schema,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { flags, numeric, references, rows, text, vector } from '../shared/columns.js';
-import { download, type Progress } from './download.js';
-
-interface Header {
-  readonly case: string;
-  readonly buses: number;
-  readonly branches: number;
-  readonly machines: number;
-  readonly frames?: number;
-  readonly dt?: number;
-  readonly speedScale?: number;
-  readonly fault?: { readonly bus: number; readonly on: number; readonly off: number };
-  readonly arrays: Readonly<
-    Record<string, readonly [type: string, offset: number, length: number]>
-  >;
-}
-/** A case's simulation: each machine's speed deviation over the seconds simulated. */
-export interface Simulation {
-  readonly frames: number;
-  readonly dt: number;
-  readonly duration: number;
-  /** Speed deviation in mHz, frame by frame, a value per machine. */
-  readonly speeds: Float32Array;
-  /** The largest deviation, in mHz, either way. */
-  readonly largest: number;
-  readonly fault?: { readonly bus: string; readonly on: number; readonly off: number };
-}
-export interface GridCase {
-  readonly data: Data;
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly buses: number;
-  readonly lines: number;
-  readonly machines: number;
-  /** Bytes downloaded, compressed. */
-  readonly bytes: number;
-  /** Each bus's longitude and latitude, and its load and generation in MW. */
-  readonly positions: Float32Array;
-  readonly load: Float32Array;
-  readonly generation: Float32Array;
-  /** Each machine's bus row, and its output in MW. */
-  readonly machineBus: Uint32Array;
-  readonly machinePower: Float32Array;
-  readonly simulation?: Simulation;
-}
-
-/** A bus's or line's voltage level: 0 below 100 kV, then 115–161, 230, 345, 500, and 765 kV. */
-export function levelOf(kv: number): number {
-  return kv >= 700 ? 5 : kv >= 450 ? 4 : kv >= 300 ? 3 : kv >= 200 ? 2 : kv >= 100 ? 1 : 0;
-}
-export const LEVELS = ['< 100 kV', '115–161 kV', '230 kV', '345 kV', '500 kV', '765 kV'] as const;
-
-const MAGIC = 0x31474b4c;
-const POSITION = { type: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, items: 'float32' }, geographic: true } as const;
-const NUMBER = { type: 'float32' } as const;
-
-/** A case's file, read into one Data value: buses, lines, machines, and the fault, if simulated. */
-export function readCase(
-  id: string,
-  buffer: ArrayBuffer,
-  downloaded = buffer.byteLength,
-): GridCase {
-  const view = new DataView(buffer);
-  if (buffer.byteLength < 8 || view.getUint32(0, true) !== MAGIC)
-    throw new Error(`${id} is not a grid case`);
-  const length = view.getUint32(4, true),
-    header = JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(new Uint8Array(buffer, 8, length))) as Header,
-    body = Math.ceil((8 + length) / 8) * 8;
-  const array = <T>(name: string, of: new (b: ArrayBuffer, o: number, l: number) => T): T => {
-    const found = header.arrays[name];
-    if (!found) throw new Error(`${id} has no ${name}`);
-    return new of(buffer, body + found[1], found[2]);
-  };
-  const offsets = (name: string) => {
-      const found = array(`${name}.offsets`, Uint32Array);
-      return new Int32Array(found.buffer, found.byteOffset, found.length);
-    },
-    names = (name: string) => text(offsets(name), array(`${name}.bytes`, Uint8Array));
-  const n = header.buses,
-    m = header.branches,
-    g = header.machines,
-    index = (type: string): Index => ({ source: `case-${id}`, type, version: '1' }),
-    position = array('bus.position', Float32Array),
-    kv = array('bus.kv', Float32Array),
-    number = array('bus.number', Uint32Array),
-    ends = array('branch.ends', Uint32Array),
-    machineBus = array('machine.bus', Uint32Array);
-  const from = new Uint32Array(m),
-    to = new Uint32Array(m),
-    lineKv = new Float32Array(m),
-    circuits = new Map<string, number>(),
-    lineIds: string[] = [];
-  for (let e = 0; e < m; e++) {
-    const a = ends[e * 2]!,
-      b = ends[e * 2 + 1]!,
-      pair = `${number[a]}–${number[b]}`,
-      circuit = (circuits.get(pair) ?? 0) + 1;
-    from[e] = a;
-    to[e] = b;
-    lineKv[e] = Math.max(kv[a]!, kv[b]!);
-    circuits.set(pair, circuit);
-    lineIds.push(circuit > 1 ? `${pair} #${circuit}` : pair);
-  }
-  const machinePosition = new Float32Array(g * 2);
-  for (let k = 0; k < g; k++) {
-    machinePosition[k * 2] = position[machineBus[k]! * 2]!;
-    machinePosition[k * 2 + 1] = position[machineBus[k]! * 2 + 1]!;
-  }
-  const simulated = header.frames !== undefined && header.dt !== undefined,
-    fault = simulated ? header.fault : undefined,
-    busNames = names('bus.name');
-  const schema: Schema = {
-    ...(simulated ? { axis: { name: 'Time', unit: 's' } } : {}),
-    types: {
-      Bus: {
-        fields: {
-          position: POSITION,
-          name: { type: 'text' },
-          number: { type: 'uint32' },
-          kv: NUMBER,
-          level: NUMBER,
-          load: NUMBER,
-          generation: NUMBER,
-        },
-      },
-      Line: {
-        fields: {
-          from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-          to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-          kv: NUMBER,
-          level: NUMBER,
-          reactance: NUMBER,
-          transformer: { type: 'boolean' },
-        },
-      },
-      Machine: {
-        fields: {
-          position: POSITION,
-          name: { type: 'text' },
-          power: NUMBER,
-          mva: NUMBER,
-          ...(simulated ? { speed: { type: 'float32', sampled: true } } : {}),
-        },
-      },
-      ...(fault ? { Fault: { fields: { position: POSITION } } } : {}),
-    },
-  };
-  const load = array('bus.load', Float32Array),
-    generation = array('bus.generation', Float32Array),
-    machinePower = array('machine.power', Float32Array);
-  let data = createData(schema, [
-    rows(
-      index('Bus'),
-      n,
-      {
-        position: vector(position),
-        name: busNames,
-        number: numeric(number),
-        kv: numeric(kv),
-        level: numeric(Float32Array.from(kv, levelOf)),
-        load: numeric(load),
-        generation: numeric(generation),
-      },
-      textColumn(Array.from(number, String)),
-    ),
-    rows(
-      index('Line'),
-      m,
-      {
-        from: references(index('Bus'), from),
-        to: references(index('Bus'), to),
-        kv: numeric(lineKv),
-        level: numeric(Float32Array.from(lineKv, levelOf)),
-        reactance: numeric(array('branch.reactance', Float32Array)),
-        transformer: flags(array('branch.transformer', Uint8Array)),
-      },
-      textColumn(lineIds),
-    ),
-    rows(index('Machine'), g, {
-      position: vector(machinePosition),
-      name: names('machine.name'),
-      power: numeric(machinePower),
-      mva: numeric(array('machine.mva', Float32Array)),
-    }),
-    ...(fault
-      ? [
-          rows(index('Fault'), 1, {
-            position: vector(position.slice(fault.bus * 2, fault.bus * 2 + 2)),
-          }),
-        ]
-      : []),
-  ]);
-  let simulation: Simulation | undefined;
-  if (simulated) {
-    const frames = header.frames!,
-      dt = header.dt!,
-      // Per unit of 60 Hz, in mHz.
-      scale = (header.speedScale ?? 1) * 60_000,
-      speeds = Float32Array.from(array('machine.speed', Int16Array), (value) => value * scale);
-    data = appendData(data, [
-      {
-        kind: 'samples',
-        index: index('Machine'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: g },
-        firstFrame: 0,
-        coordinates: Float64Array.from({ length: frames }, (_, f) => f * dt),
-        columns: { speed: { ...numeric(speeds), frameStride: g, rowStride: 1 } },
-      },
-    ]);
-    simulation = {
-      frames,
-      dt,
-      duration: (frames - 1) * dt,
-      speeds,
-      largest: 32767 * scale,
-      ...(fault
-        ? {
-            fault: {
-              bus: new TextDecoder().decode(
-                busNames.bytes.subarray(
-                  busNames.offsets[fault.bus],
-                  busNames.offsets[fault.bus + 1],
-                ),
-              ),
-              on: fault.on,
-              off: fault.off,
-            },
-          }
-        : {}),
-    };
-  }
-  return {
-    data,
-    name: header.case,
-    buses: n,
-    lines: m,
-    machines: g,
-    bytes: downloaded,
-    positions: position,
-    load,
-    generation,
-    machineBus,
-    machinePower,
-    ...(simulation ? { simulation } : {}),
-  };
-}
-
-export async function loadCase(
-  id: string,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-  progress: Progress,
-): Promise<GridCase> {
-  const { buffer, received } = await download(
-    `${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}grids/${id}.bin`,
-    signal,
-    progress,
-  );
-  return readCase(id, buffer, received);
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/controls.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/controls.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 17c5f078..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/controls.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,221 +0,0 @@
-/** Small DOM builders for the page's panel: sections, selects, toggles, segmented choices, legends. */
-import { colormapCss, type Colormap } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-export function element<K extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(
-  tag: K,
-  props: Partial<Record<string, string>> = {},
-  ...children: (Node | string | null | undefined)[]
-): HTMLElementTagNameMap[K] {
-  const node = document.createElement(tag);
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(props))
-    if (value !== undefined) node.setAttribute(key === 'className' ? 'class' : key, value);
-  for (const child of children) if (child != null) node.append(child);
-  return node;
-}
-
-/** A collapsible section of the panel; its body holds its rows. */
-export function section(parent: HTMLElement, title: string, open = true): HTMLElement {
-  const body = element('div', { className: 'body' }),
-    details = element('details', { className: 'section' }, element('summary', {}, title), body);
-  details.open = open;
-  parent.append(details);
-  return body;
-}
-
-/** A labeled row: a name, then its controls, wrapping as they need. */
-export function field(parent: HTMLElement, label: string, ...controls: Node[]): HTMLElement {
-  const row = element(
-    'div',
-    { className: 'field' },
-    element('span', { className: 'name' }, label),
-    element('div', { className: 'controls' }, ...controls),
-  );
-  parent.append(row);
-  return row;
-}
-
-export interface Choice {
-  readonly value: string;
-  readonly label: string;
-  readonly group?: string;
-}
-/** A select of choices, grouped where they name groups. */
-export function choose(
-  choices: readonly Choice[],
-  value: string,
-  change: (value: string) => void,
-  label: string,
-): HTMLSelectElement {
-  const select = element('select', { 'aria-label': label }),
-    groups = new Map<string, HTMLOptGroupElement>();
-  for (const choice of choices) {
-    const option = new Option(choice.label, choice.value);
-    if (!choice.group) {
-      select.append(option);
-      continue;
-    }
-    let group = groups.get(choice.group);
-    if (!group) {
-      group = element('optgroup', { label: choice.group });
-      groups.set(choice.group, group);
-      select.append(group);
-    }
-    group.append(option);
-  }
-  select.value = value;
-  select.addEventListener('change', () => change(select.value));
-  return select;
-}
-/** Replace a select's choices, keeping its value where it still is one. */
-export function rechoose(
-  select: HTMLSelectElement,
-  choices: readonly Choice[],
-  value: string,
-): void {
-  select.replaceChildren(...choices.map((c) => new Option(c.label, c.value)));
-  select.value = choices.some((c) => c.value === value) ? value : (choices[0]?.value ?? '');
-}
-
-/** A button that toggles. */
-export function toggle(
-  label: string,
-  on: boolean,
-  change: (on: boolean) => void,
-): HTMLButtonElement {
-  const button = element('button', { type: 'button', className: 'toggle' }, label);
-  let state = on;
-  const show = () => {
-    button.classList.toggle('on', state);
-    button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(state));
-  };
-  show();
-  button.addEventListener('click', () => {
-    state = !state;
-    show();
-    change(state);
-  });
-  return button;
-}
-
-/** A range over [min, max], reporting each value as it moves. */
-export function slider(
-  label: string,
-  [min, max]: readonly [number, number],
-  input: (value: number) => void,
-): HTMLInputElement {
-  const range = element('input', {
-    type: 'range',
-    min: String(min),
-    max: String(max),
-    step: 'any',
-    value: String(min),
-    'aria-label': label,
-  });
-  range.addEventListener('input', () => input(Number(range.value)));
-  return range;
-}
-
-export interface LegendEntry {
-  readonly label: string;
-  readonly color: string;
-}
-/** A colormap from one end's label to the other's. */
-export interface LegendRamp {
-  readonly colormap: Colormap;
-  readonly from: string;
-  readonly to: string;
-}
-/** A key to what colors mean: a colormap from one end to the other, or one swatch per category. */
-export function legend(
-  parent: HTMLElement,
-): (key: LegendRamp | readonly LegendEntry[] | null) => void {
-  const root = element('div', { className: 'legend' });
-  parent.append(root);
-  return (key) => {
-    root.hidden = !key;
-    if (!key) return root.replaceChildren();
-    if (!('colormap' in key)) {
-      root.replaceChildren(
-        ...key.map((entry) =>
-          element(
-            'span',
-            { className: 'category' },
-            element('i', { style: `background:${entry.color}` }),
-            entry.label,
-          ),
-        ),
-      );
-      return;
-    }
-    const { colormap, from, to } = key,
-      ramp = element('span', { className: 'ramp' });
-    ramp.style.background = colormapCss(colormap, { direction: 'to right' });
-    root.replaceChildren(element('span', {}, from), ramp, element('span', {}, to));
-  };
-}
-
-export interface Segmented {
-  readonly root: HTMLElement;
-  set(value: string): void;
-  enable(value: string, enabled: boolean): void;
-}
-/** One of a few choices, side by side. */
-export function segmented(
-  choices: readonly Choice[],
-  value: string,
-  change: (value: string) => void,
-  label: string,
-): Segmented {
-  const root = element('div', { className: 'segmented', role: 'radiogroup', 'aria-label': label }),
-    buttons = new Map<string, HTMLButtonElement>();
-  const set = (next: string) => {
-    for (const [v, b] of buttons) {
-      b.classList.toggle('on', v === next);
-      b.setAttribute('aria-checked', String(v === next));
-    }
-  };
-  for (const choice of choices) {
-    const button = element('button', { type: 'button', role: 'radio' }, choice.label);
-    button.addEventListener('click', () => {
-      set(choice.value);
-      change(choice.value);
-    });
-    buttons.set(choice.value, button);
-    root.append(button);
-  }
-  set(value);
-  return {
-    root,
-    set,
-    enable: (v, enabled) => {
-      const b = buttons.get(v);
-      if (b) b.disabled = !enabled;
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function button(label: string, click: () => void): HTMLButtonElement {
-  const b = element('button', { type: 'button' }, label);
-  b.addEventListener('click', click);
-  return b;
-}
-/** A grid of named numbers, updated in place. */
-export function stats(
-  parent: HTMLElement,
-  names: readonly string[],
-): (values: Record<string, string>) => void {
-  const cells = new Map<string, HTMLElement>(),
-    grid = element('dl', { className: 'stats' });
-  for (const name of names) {
-    const value = element('dd', {}, '–');
-    cells.set(name, value);
-    grid.append(element('dt', {}, name), value);
-  }
-  parent.append(grid);
-  return (values) => {
-    for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(values)) {
-      const cell = cells.get(name);
-      if (cell && cell.textContent !== value) cell.textContent = value;
-    }
-  };
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/download.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/download.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 77115481..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/download.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-export type Progress = (message: string) => void;
-
-/** A file's bytes, reporting progress, and inflated where it arrives gzip-compressed. */
-export async function download(
-  url: string,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-  progress: Progress,
-): Promise<{ readonly buffer: ArrayBuffer; readonly received: number }> {
-  const response = await fetch(url, {
-    signal: AbortSignal.any([signal, AbortSignal.timeout(180000)]),
-  });
-  if (!response.ok || !response.body) throw new Error(`${url} answered ${response.status}`);
-  const total = Number(response.headers.get('content-length')) || 0,
-    reader = response.body.getReader(),
-    chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  let received = 0;
-  for (;;) {
-    const { done, value } = await reader.read();
-    if (done) break;
-    chunks.push(value);
-    received += value.length;
-    // A compressed response's length counts fewer bytes than arrive.
-    progress(
-      `downloading ${(received / 1e6).toFixed(1)}${total >= received ? ` of ${(total / 1e6).toFixed(1)}` : ''} MB`,
-    );
-  }
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(received);
-  let at = 0;
-  for (const chunk of chunks) {
-    bytes.set(chunk, at);
-    at += chunk.length;
-  }
-  // A server may have inflated it on the way already.
-  if (bytes[0] !== 0x1f || bytes[1] !== 0x8b) return { buffer: bytes.buffer, received };
-  const inflated = new Blob([bytes]).stream().pipeThrough(new DecompressionStream('gzip'));
-  return { buffer: await new Response(inflated).arrayBuffer(), received };
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/grids.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/grids.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index dfaa919a..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/grids.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * The grids the page draws: synthetic cases of real regions, two of them simulated through a fault,
- * and lattices past any of them in size. Each draws its buses, lines, and machines as the panel
- * says.
- */
-import {
-  colormaps,
-  createColormap,
-  parseColor,
-  shape,
-  type Colormap,
-  type RGBA,
-} from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createData, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Network } from '@latkit/network';
-import { LEVELS, loadCase, type GridCase } from './cases.js';
-import { lattice } from './lattice.js';
-import type { Progress } from './download.js';
-
-export interface Grid {
-  readonly data: Data;
-  readonly buses: number;
-  readonly lines: number;
-  readonly summary: string;
-  /** A case: what states join, and what it simulated. */
-  readonly case?: GridCase;
-  /** The largest load, generation, and machine output among its rows, in MW. */
-  readonly peaks: { readonly load: number; readonly generation: number; readonly power: number };
-}
-export interface GridChoice {
-  readonly id: string;
-  readonly label: string;
-  readonly group: string;
-  load(signal: AbortSignal, progress: Progress): Promise<Grid>;
-}
-/** What buses can color by. */
-export type BusColor = 'level' | 'load' | 'generation';
-export interface Look {
-  readonly color: BusColor;
-  readonly machines: boolean;
-  readonly labels: boolean;
-}
-
-/** Each voltage level's color, from below 100 kV to 765 kV. */
-const LEVEL_COLORS = ['#56657a', '#2fa49b', '#7fc97f', '#e6c84f', '#f08a3c', '#e5486f'];
-export const VOLTAGE = createColormap({
-  kind: 'categorical',
-  label: 'Voltage',
-  colors: LEVEL_COLORS.map((css) => parseColor(css)!),
-});
-export const VOLTAGE_LEGEND = LEVELS.map((label, i) => ({ label, color: LEVEL_COLORS[i]! }));
-/** How each colored field reads. */
-export const BUS_COLORS: Readonly<
-  Record<BusColor, { readonly label: string; readonly colormap: Colormap }>
-> = {
-  level: { label: 'voltage', colormap: VOLTAGE },
-  load: { label: 'load', colormap: colormaps.mako },
-  generation: { label: 'generation', colormap: colormaps.amber },
-};
-export const SPEED = colormaps.coolwarm;
-const FAULT: RGBA = [1, 0.22, 0.16, 1];
-
-const peak = (values: Float32Array) => values.reduce((top, value) => Math.max(top, value), 0);
-function synthetic(id: string, label: string): GridChoice {
-  return {
-    id,
-    label,
-    group: 'Synthetic grids',
-    async load(signal, progress) {
-      const started = performance.now(),
-        found = await loadCase(id, signal, progress);
-      return {
-        data: found.data,
-        buses: found.buses,
-        lines: found.lines,
-        case: found,
-        peaks: {
-          load: peak(found.load),
-          generation: peak(found.generation),
-          power: peak(found.machinePower),
-        },
-        summary: `${(found.bytes / 1e6).toFixed(2)} MB in ${(performance.now() - started).toFixed(0)} ms`,
-      };
-    },
-  };
-}
-function stress(id: string, label: string): GridChoice {
-  return {
-    id,
-    label,
-    group: 'Stress tests',
-    load() {
-      const started = performance.now(),
-        built = lattice(id);
-      return Promise.resolve({
-        ...built,
-        peaks: { load: 1, generation: 0, power: 0 },
-        summary: `built in ${(performance.now() - started).toFixed(0)} ms`,
-      });
-    },
-  };
-}
-export const GRIDS: readonly GridChoice[] = [
-  synthetic('wecc240', 'WECC 240-bus, simulated fault'),
-  synthetic('activsg2000', 'ACTIVSg2000, Texas'),
-  synthetic('activsg10k', 'ACTIVSg10k, western US, simulated fault'),
-  synthetic('activsg25k', 'ACTIVSg25k, US Northeast'),
-  synthetic('activsg70k', 'ACTIVSg70k, eastern US'),
-  stress('lattice-100k', 'Lattice, 100,000 buses'),
-  stress('lattice-1m', 'Lattice, 1,000,000 buses'),
-  {
-    id: 'none',
-    label: 'None: the map alone',
-    group: 'Stress tests',
-    load() {
-      return Promise.resolve({
-        data: createData({ types: { Bus: { fields: {} } } }, []),
-        buses: 0,
-        lines: 0,
-        peaks: { load: 0, generation: 0, power: 0 },
-        summary: 'nothing to draw',
-      });
-    },
-  },
-];
-
-const POSITION = { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } as const;
-/** What the network draws for a grid: its types, as the look says. */
-export function gridOptions(
-  grid: Grid,
-  look: Look,
-): {
-  vertices: Record<string, Network.VertexOptions>;
-  edges: Record<string, Network.EdgeOptions>;
-  edgeWidthPx: number;
-} {
-  const big = grid.buses > 20000;
-  if (!grid.case) {
-    if (!grid.buses) return { vertices: {}, edges: {}, edgeWidthPx: 1 };
-    return {
-      vertices: {
-        Bus: {
-          ...POSITION,
-          color: { field: 'load', domain: [0, 1], colormap: colormaps.viridis },
-          radiusPx: 1.2,
-        },
-      },
-      edges: { Line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-      edgeWidthPx: 0.6,
-    };
-  }
-  const { simulation } = grid.case,
-    color =
-      look.color === 'level'
-        ? { field: 'level', domain: [0, 5] as const, colormap: VOLTAGE }
-        : {
-            field: look.color,
-            domain: [0, Math.max(1, grid.peaks[look.color])] as const,
-            colormap: BUS_COLORS[look.color].colormap,
-          };
-  const vertices: Record<string, Network.VertexOptions> = {
-    Bus: {
-      ...POSITION,
-      color,
-      radiusPx: big ? 1.4 : grid.buses > 5000 ? 2 : 3,
-      labels: look.labels ? { field: 'name', maxCount: 40, repeatSpacingPx: 60 } : null,
-    },
-  };
-  if (look.machines && grid.case.machines)
-    vertices.Machine = {
-      ...POSITION,
-      marker: shape('diamond'),
-      color: simulation
-        ? { field: 'speed', domain: [-simulation.largest, simulation.largest], colormap: SPEED }
-        : [0.92, 0.94, 0.97, 1],
-      radiusPx: {
-        field: 'power',
-        domain: [0, Math.max(1, grid.peaks.power)],
-        range: big ? [2, 5] : [3, 8],
-      },
-    };
-  if (simulation?.fault)
-    vertices.Fault = { ...POSITION, color: FAULT, radiusPx: 9, marker: shape('rounded') };
-  return {
-    vertices,
-    edges: {
-      Line: {
-        ends: ['from', 'to'],
-        color: { field: 'level', domain: [0, 5], colormap: VOLTAGE },
-        widthPx: { field: 'level', domain: [0, 5], range: big ? [0.5, 1.8] : [0.8, 2.8] },
-        dash: 'transformer',
-      },
-    },
-    edgeWidthPx: 1,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/inspector.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/inspector.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a54bad4b..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/inspector.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-/** The inspector: what the hovered or selected row holds, read at the playhead. */
-import type { Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { bitAt, rowCount, textAt, type Column, type Item, type Reader } from '@latkit/model';
-import { element } from './controls.js';
-
-export interface Described {
-  readonly id: string;
-  readonly fields: readonly (readonly [name: string, value: string])[];
-}
-const MAX_FIELDS = 24;
-
-function cell(column: Column | undefined, i: number): string {
-  if (!column) return '–';
-  const at = column.offset + i;
-  if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) return '–';
-  if (column.kind === 'numeric') {
-    const v = column.values[at]!;
-    return Number.isInteger(v) ? v.toLocaleString() : v.toPrecision(4);
-  }
-  if (column.kind === 'boolean') return bitAt(column.values, at) ? 'true' : 'false';
-  if (column.kind === 'text') return textAt(column, i) ?? '–';
-  if (column.kind === 'vector') {
-    const base = column.values.offset + at * column.size;
-    return Array.from(column.values.values.subarray(base, base + Math.min(column.size, 3)), (v) =>
-      v.toFixed(4),
-    ).join(', ');
-  }
-  return '…';
-}
-/**
- * An item's id and fields, read through a scope, sampled fields at its coordinate: its scalars and
- * vectors, and its id where its type keeps ids.
- */
-async function describe(reader: Reader.Scope, item: Item): Promise<Described> {
-  const type = item.index.type,
-    definition = item.source.schema.types[type];
-  const names = Object.entries(definition?.fields ?? {})
-    .filter(([, d]) => typeof d.type === 'string' || d.type.kind === 'vector')
-    .slice(0, MAX_FIELDS)
-    .map(([name]) => name);
-  for await (const block of reader.fields({
-    source: item.source,
-    from: type,
-    rows: { kind: 'indices', index: item.index, values: Uint32Array.of(item.row) },
-    fields: Object.fromEntries(names.map((name) => [name, name])),
-    ids: (item.source.tables[type]?.ids.length ?? 0) > 0,
-  })) {
-    if (!rowCount(block.rows)) continue;
-    return {
-      id: block.ids ? (textAt(block.ids, 0) ?? '') : '',
-      fields: names.map((name) => [
-        name,
-        bitAt(block.presence[name], 0) ? cell(block.columns[name], 0) : '–',
-      ]),
-    };
-  }
-  return { id: '', fields: [] };
-}
-
-/** Fields the inspector leaves out: where a row is drawn, which its place on the map shows. */
-const HIDDEN = /^(position|points|rings|bends)$/;
-
-/**
- * The panel naming what the pointer is over, or else what is selected: its type, its name or id,
- * and its fields at the playhead.
- */
-export class Inspector {
-  private hovered: Item | null = null;
-  private selected: Item | null = null;
-  private serial = 0;
-  at = 0;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly gpu: Gpu,
-    private readonly root: HTMLElement,
-    private readonly fail: (error: unknown) => void,
-  ) {}
-  hover(item: Item | null): void {
-    this.hovered = item;
-    this.show();
-  }
-  select(items: readonly Item[]): void {
-    this.selected = items[0] ?? null;
-    this.show();
-  }
-  clear(): void {
-    this.hovered = this.selected = null;
-    this.show();
-  }
-  /** Read the shown row again, as at a new playhead. */
-  refresh(): void {
-    if (this.hovered ?? this.selected) this.show();
-  }
-  private show(): void {
-    void this.render().catch(this.fail);
-  }
-  private async render(): Promise<void> {
-    const item = this.hovered ?? this.selected,
-      mine = ++this.serial;
-    if (!item) {
-      this.root.hidden = true;
-      return;
-    }
-    const reader = this.gpu.reader.open({ at: this.at });
-    try {
-      const described = await describe(reader, item);
-      if (mine !== this.serial) return;
-      const name = described.fields.find(([n]) => /^name$/i.test(n))?.[1];
-      this.root.replaceChildren(
-        element(
-          'header',
-          {},
-          element('span', { className: 'kind' }, item.index.type),
-          element('strong', {}, name && name !== '–' ? name : described.id || `row ${item.row}`),
-          this.hovered ? null : element('span', { className: 'type' }, 'selected'),
-        ),
-        element(
-          'dl',
-          {},
-          ...described.fields
-            .filter(([n]) => !HIDDEN.test(n) && !/^name$/i.test(n))
-            .flatMap(([n, v]) => [element('dt', {}, n), element('dd', {}, v)]),
-        ),
-      );
-      this.root.hidden = false;
-    } finally {
-      reader.close();
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/lattice.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/lattice.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d39b8ab..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/lattice.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Square lattices of buses over most of the globe: the stress cases, past any synthetic case in
- * size. Each bus joins its right and lower neighbours, and a few lines span the whole box as great
- * circles. Built in time linear in the bus count.
- */
-import { createData, type Data, type Index, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { numeric, references, rows, vector } from '../shared/columns.js';
-
-export interface Lattice {
-  readonly data: Data;
-  readonly buses: number;
-  readonly lines: number;
-}
-interface Spec {
-  readonly cols: number;
-  readonly rows: number;
-  readonly lon: readonly [number, number];
-  readonly lat: readonly [number, number];
-  /** Lines across the box, as [column, row] to [column, row]. */
-  readonly spans: readonly (readonly [number, number, number, number])[];
-}
-export const LATTICES: Readonly<Record<string, Spec>> = {
-  'lattice-100k': {
-    cols: 400,
-    rows: 250,
-    lon: [-160, 160],
-    lat: [-80, 80],
-    spans: [
-      [0, 0, 399, 249],
-      [399, 0, 0, 249],
-      [0, 125, 399, 125],
-      [200, 0, 200, 249],
-    ],
-  },
-  'lattice-1m': {
-    cols: 1000,
-    rows: 1000,
-    lon: [-170, 170],
-    lat: [-75, 75],
-    spans: [
-      [0, 0, 999, 999],
-      [999, 0, 0, 999],
-    ],
-  },
-};
-const schema: Schema = {
-  types: {
-    Bus: {
-      fields: {
-        position: { type: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, items: 'float32' }, geographic: true },
-        /** Distance from the box's center, over the farthest: what the lattice colors by. */
-        load: { type: 'float32' },
-      },
-    },
-    Line: {
-      fields: {
-        from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-        to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-
-export function lattice(id: string): Lattice {
-  const spec = LATTICES[id];
-  if (!spec) throw new Error(`No lattice ${id}`);
-  const { cols, spans } = spec,
-    count = cols * spec.rows,
-    [west, east] = spec.lon,
-    [south, north] = spec.lat,
-    position = new Float32Array(count * 2),
-    load = new Float32Array(count),
-    at = (c: number, r: number) => r * cols + c;
-  let farthest = 1e-6;
-  for (let r = 0; r < spec.rows; r++)
-    for (let c = 0; c < cols; c++) {
-      const v = at(c, r),
-        x = west + ((east - west) * c) / (cols - 1),
-        y = south + ((north - south) * r) / (spec.rows - 1);
-      position[v * 2] = x;
-      position[v * 2 + 1] = y;
-      load[v] = Math.hypot(x - (west + east) / 2, y - (south + north) / 2);
-      farthest = Math.max(farthest, load[v]!);
-    }
-  for (let v = 0; v < count; v++) load[v]! /= farthest;
-  const lines = spec.rows * (cols - 1) + cols * (spec.rows - 1) + spans.length,
-    from = new Uint32Array(lines),
-    to = new Uint32Array(lines);
-  let e = 0;
-  for (let r = 0; r < spec.rows; r++)
-    for (let c = 0; c + 1 < cols; c++) {
-      from[e] = at(c, r);
-      to[e++] = at(c + 1, r);
-    }
-  for (let r = 0; r + 1 < spec.rows; r++)
-    for (let c = 0; c < cols; c++) {
-      from[e] = at(c, r);
-      to[e++] = at(c, r + 1);
-    }
-  for (const [c0, r0, c1, r1] of spans) {
-    from[e] = at(c0, r0);
-    to[e++] = at(c1, r1);
-  }
-  const index = (type: string): Index => ({ source: id, type, version: '1' });
-  return {
-    data: createData(schema, [
-      rows(index('Bus'), count, { position: vector(position), load: numeric(load) }),
-      rows(index('Line'), lines, {
-        from: references(index('Bus'), from),
-        to: references(index('Bus'), to),
-      }),
-    ]),
-    buses: count,
-    lines,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/main.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d370a897..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,543 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * A grid over the earth. Choose a synthetic grid, or a lattice past them in size, and the map
- * beneath it; color the buses by voltage, load, or generation, and the states by
- * the grid's figures; play a simulated fault and watch the machines' speeds swing. Pan, zoom, turn
- * the globe, and hover or click anything to inspect it.
- */
-import { colormaps, createGpu, type Colormap, type RGBA, type ProjectedCamera } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createNetwork, type Network } from '@latkit/network';
-import { createGeography, type Geography } from '@latkit/geography';
-import {
-  BUS_COLORS,
-  GRIDS,
-  SPEED,
-  VOLTAGE_LEGEND,
-  gridOptions,
-  type BusColor,
-  type Grid,
-} from './grids.js';
-import { MAPS, type MapLoaded } from './maps.js';
-import { STATE_FIELDS, stateValues, type StateField, type StateValues } from './states.js';
-import { Inspector } from './inspector.js';
-import {
-  button,
-  choose,
-  element,
-  field,
-  legend,
-  rechoose,
-  section,
-  segmented,
-  slider,
-  stats,
-  toggle,
-} from './controls.js';
-import './style.css';
-
-const THEME = {
-  background: [0.02, 0.028, 0.04, 1] as RGBA,
-  ground: [0.055, 0.075, 0.105, 1] as RGBA,
-  fill: [0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 1] as RGBA,
-  line: [0.42, 0.5, 0.58, 0.55] as RGBA,
-  coast: [0.55, 0.64, 0.72, 0.85] as RGBA,
-};
-/** Noon over the western US at midsummer, where the first grid lies. */
-const NOON = Date.UTC(2026, 5, 21, 19);
-const STATE_COLORMAPS: Readonly<Record<StateField, Colormap>> = {
-  buses: colormaps.viridis,
-  load: colormaps.mako,
-  generation: colormaps.amber,
-  swing: colormaps.inferno,
-};
-const RATES = [0.1, 0.25, 1] as const;
-const fixed = (value: number) => (value >= 100 ? value.toFixed(0) : value.toPrecision(2));
-
-const statusEl = document.getElementById('status')!,
-  panel = document.getElementById('sections')!,
-  attribution = document.getElementById('attribution')!,
-  stage = document.getElementById('stage') as HTMLCanvasElement;
-function status(message: string, error = false): void {
-  statusEl.textContent = message;
-  statusEl.classList.toggle('error', error);
-  if (error) statusEl.setAttribute('role', 'alert');
-  else statusEl.removeAttribute('role');
-}
-function fail(error: unknown): void {
-  if ((error as { name?: string }).name === 'AbortError') return;
-  status(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error), true);
-  console.error(error);
-}
-
-async function main(): Promise<void> {
-  // The million-bus lattice holds about 400 MB on the GPU, past the default budget.
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ budget: { gpuBytes: 1024 ** 3 } });
-  const state = {
-    grid: GRIDS[0]!,
-    loaded: undefined as Grid | undefined,
-    map: MAPS[0]!,
-    drawn: undefined as MapLoaded | undefined,
-    /** What the states color by, and the grid's figures for them. */
-    areas: 'none' as 'none' | StateField,
-    values: undefined as StateValues | undefined,
-    color: 'level' as BusColor,
-    machines: true,
-    labels: false,
-    mapLabels: true,
-    graticule: false,
-    atmosphere: true,
-    daylight: 'noon' as 'off' | 'now' | 'noon',
-    at: 0,
-    playing: false,
-    rate: 0.25 as (typeof RATES)[number],
-  };
-
-  /** What the map draws: the chosen map, its states colored as chosen. */
-  function mapConfig(): Geography.Config {
-    const base: Geography.Config = {
-      surfaceColor: THEME.ground,
-      areaColor: THEME.fill,
-      lineColor: THEME.line,
-      // Rivers' comets glint in the water's own color, far apart, beneath the grid's.
-      flowColor: [0.5, 0.72, 1, 0.5],
-      flowSpacingPx: 96,
-      grid: state.graticule,
-      atmosphere: state.atmosphere,
-      daylight: state.daylight === 'off' ? false : state.daylight === 'now' ? 'now' : NOON,
-    };
-    const drawn = state.drawn;
-    if (!drawn) return base;
-    const areas = { ...drawn.config.areas };
-    if (drawn.states) {
-      const type = drawn.states.type,
-        values = state.areas !== 'none' ? state.values : undefined;
-      areas[type] = {
-        ...areas[type],
-        labels: state.mapLabels ? areas[type]?.labels : null,
-        ...(values && state.areas !== 'none'
-          ? {
-              values: values.data,
-              color: {
-                field: state.areas,
-                domain: [0, Math.max(1e-6, values.peaks[state.areas])],
-                colormap: STATE_COLORMAPS[state.areas],
-                missing: THEME.fill,
-              },
-            }
-          : {}),
-      };
-    }
-    return { ...base, ...drawn.config, areas };
-  }
-  const earth = createGeography(gpu, mapConfig());
-
-  /** What the network draws for the loaded grid, as the panel says. */
-  function gridConfig(grid: Grid): Network.Config {
-    return {
-      canvas: stage,
-      source: grid.data,
-      ground: earth,
-      ...gridOptions(grid, { color: state.color, machines: state.machines, labels: state.labels }),
-      fitPaddingPx: [48, 48, 48, window.innerWidth > 720 ? 340 : 48],
-      background: THEME.background,
-    };
-  }
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-  status(`${state.grid.label}: loading…`);
-  state.loaded = await state.grid.load(controller.signal, (m) =>
-    status(`${state.grid.label}: ${m}`),
-  );
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...gridConfig(state.loaded),
-    camera: { projection: 'globe', fit: true },
-    // Simulated grids are sampled over seconds; the map's states read their swing at the same time.
-    at: 0,
-  });
-  network.on('error', fail);
-  earth.on('error', fail);
-  const restyleGrid = () => {
-    if (state.loaded) network.set(gridConfig(state.loaded), { animate: true });
-  };
-  const restyleMap = () => earth.set(mapConfig(), { replace: true });
-
-  // The grid's figures for each state, once per grid and map.
-  const joined = new WeakMap<object, WeakMap<object, Promise<StateValues>>>();
-  async function joinStates(): Promise<void> {
-    const grid = state.loaded?.case,
-      states = state.drawn?.states;
-    state.values = undefined;
-    showAreaLegend();
-    if (state.areas === 'none' || !grid || !states) return restyleMap();
-    let byMap = joined.get(grid);
-    if (!byMap) joined.set(grid, (byMap = new WeakMap()));
-    let values = byMap.get(states.data);
-    if (!values) byMap.set(states.data, (values = stateValues(states.data, states.type, grid)));
-    const found = await values;
-    if (state.loaded?.case !== grid || state.drawn?.states !== states) return;
-    state.values = found;
-    restyleMap();
-    showAreaLegend();
-    stateSummary.textContent = `the grid reaches ${found.states} states`;
-  }
-
-  // ── Grid ──
-  const gridSection = section(panel, 'Grid');
-  field(
-    gridSection,
-    'source',
-    choose(
-      GRIDS.map((g) => ({ value: g.id, label: g.label, group: g.group })),
-      state.grid.id,
-      (value) => void loadGrid(GRIDS.find((g) => g.id === value)!).catch(fail),
-      'grid',
-    ),
-  );
-  const colorSelect = choose(
-    (Object.keys(BUS_COLORS) as BusColor[]).map((value) => ({
-      value,
-      label: BUS_COLORS[value].label,
-    })),
-    state.color,
-    (value) => {
-      state.color = value as BusColor;
-      restyleGrid();
-      showGridLegend();
-    },
-    'color buses by',
-  );
-  const colorRow = field(gridSection, 'color by', colorSelect),
-    gridLegend = legend(gridSection),
-    gridSummary = element('p', { className: 'summary' });
-  gridSection.append(gridSummary);
-  function showGridLegend(): void {
-    const grid = state.loaded;
-    colorRow.hidden = !grid?.case;
-    if (!grid?.buses) return gridLegend(null);
-    if (!grid.case) return gridLegend({ colormap: colormaps.viridis, from: 'center', to: 'edge' });
-    if (state.color === 'level') return gridLegend(VOLTAGE_LEGEND);
-    gridLegend({
-      colormap: BUS_COLORS[state.color].colormap,
-      from: '0',
-      to: `${fixed(grid.peaks[state.color])} MW`,
-    });
-  }
-
-  // ── Simulation ──
-  const simulationSection = section(panel, 'Simulation');
-  const play = button('play', () => setPlaying(!state.playing)),
-    time = slider('time', [0, 1], (value) => {
-      setPlaying(false);
-      seek(value);
-    }),
-    clock = element('output', { className: 'clock' });
-  field(simulationSection, 'time', play, clock, time);
-  field(
-    simulationSection,
-    'rate',
-    segmented(
-      RATES.map((rate) => ({ value: String(rate), label: `${rate}×` })),
-      String(state.rate),
-      (value) => (state.rate = Number(value) as (typeof RATES)[number]),
-      'playback rate',
-    ).root,
-  );
-  const speedLegend = legend(simulationSection),
-    simulationSummary = element('p', { className: 'summary' });
-  simulationSection.append(simulationSummary);
-  let last = 0,
-    inspected = 0;
-  function seek(at: number): void {
-    state.at = at;
-    network.set({ at });
-    time.value = String(at);
-    clock.textContent = `${at.toFixed(2)} s`;
-    const fault = state.loaded?.case?.simulation?.fault;
-    clock.classList.toggle('fault', !!fault && at >= fault.on && at < fault.off);
-    inspector.at = at;
-    // The inspector reads its row again a few times a second, not every frame.
-    if (performance.now() - inspected > 150) {
-      inspected = performance.now();
-      inspector.refresh();
-    }
-  }
-  function tick(now: number): void {
-    const simulation = state.loaded?.case?.simulation;
-    if (!state.playing || !simulation) return;
-    const next = state.at + ((now - last) / 1000) * state.rate;
-    last = now;
-    seek(next > simulation.duration ? 0 : next);
-    requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-  }
-  function setPlaying(playing: boolean): void {
-    state.playing = playing && !!state.loaded?.case?.simulation;
-    play.textContent = state.playing ? 'pause' : 'play';
-    play.classList.toggle('on', state.playing);
-    if (state.playing) {
-      last = performance.now();
-      requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-    }
-  }
-  function showSimulation(): void {
-    const simulation = state.loaded?.case?.simulation;
-    simulationSection.parentElement!.hidden = !simulation;
-    setPlaying(false);
-    seek(0);
-    if (!simulation) return;
-    time.max = String(simulation.duration);
-    speedLegend({
-      colormap: SPEED,
-      from: `−${fixed(simulation.largest)}`,
-      to: `+${fixed(simulation.largest)} mHz`,
-    });
-    simulationSummary.textContent =
-      `${simulation.frames} frames over ${simulation.duration.toFixed(0)} s · machine speed deviation` +
-      (simulation.fault
-        ? ` · fault at ${simulation.fault.bus}, ${simulation.fault.on.toFixed(2)}–${simulation.fault.off.toFixed(2)} s`
-        : '');
-  }
-
-  // ── Map ──
-  const mapSection = section(panel, 'Map');
-  field(
-    mapSection,
-    'source',
-    choose(
-      [
-        { value: 'none', label: 'None' },
-        ...MAPS.map((m) => ({ value: m.id, label: m.label, group: m.group })),
-      ],
-      state.map.id,
-      (value) => void loadMap(value).catch(fail),
-      'map',
-    ),
-  );
-  const areaSelect = choose(
-    [],
-    'none',
-    (value) => {
-      state.areas = value as typeof state.areas;
-      void joinStates().catch(fail);
-    },
-    'color states by',
-  );
-  const areaRow = field(mapSection, 'states by', areaSelect),
-    areaLegend = legend(mapSection),
-    mapSummary = element('p', { className: 'summary' }),
-    stateSummary = element('p', { className: 'summary' });
-  mapSection.append(mapSummary, stateSummary);
-  /** What the states can color by: the loaded grid's figures, where the map has states. */
-  function refreshAreas(): void {
-    const grid = state.loaded?.case,
-      choices = [
-        { value: 'none', label: 'nothing' },
-        ...(Object.keys(STATE_FIELDS) as StateField[])
-          .filter((name) => name !== 'swing' || grid?.simulation)
-          .map((value) => ({ value, label: STATE_FIELDS[value].label })),
-      ];
-    areaRow.hidden = !grid || !state.drawn?.states;
-    rechoose(areaSelect, choices, areaRow.hidden ? 'none' : state.areas);
-    state.areas = areaSelect.value as typeof state.areas;
-    stateSummary.textContent = '';
-    showAreaLegend();
-  }
-  function showAreaLegend(): void {
-    const field = state.areas;
-    if (field === 'none' || areaRow.hidden || !state.values) return areaLegend(null);
-    areaLegend({
-      colormap: STATE_COLORMAPS[field],
-      from: '0',
-      to: `${fixed(state.values.peaks[field])}${STATE_FIELDS[field].unit}`,
-    });
-  }
-
-  // Each map stays loaded once chosen, so choosing it again costs nothing.
-  const maps = new Map<string, Promise<MapLoaded>>();
-  let mapLoad: AbortController | undefined;
-  async function loadMap(id: string): Promise<void> {
-    mapLoad?.abort();
-    const choice = MAPS.find((m) => m.id === id);
-    if (!choice) {
-      state.drawn = undefined;
-      mapSummary.textContent = '';
-      refreshAreas();
-      restyleMap();
-      return credit();
-    }
-    state.map = choice;
-    const load = (mapLoad = new AbortController());
-    let promise = maps.get(id);
-    if (!promise) {
-      promise = choice.load(load.signal, (m) => status(`${choice.label}: ${m}`), THEME);
-      maps.set(id, promise);
-      promise.catch(() => maps.delete(id));
-    }
-    const drawn = await promise;
-    if (load.signal.aborted) return;
-    state.drawn = drawn;
-    mapSummary.textContent = drawn.summary;
-    refreshAreas();
-    await joinStates();
-    status(`${choice.label} · ${drawn.summary}`);
-    credit();
-  }
-  let gridLoad: AbortController | undefined;
-  async function loadGrid(choice: (typeof GRIDS)[number]): Promise<void> {
-    gridLoad?.abort();
-    const load = (gridLoad = new AbortController());
-    state.grid = choice;
-    status(`${choice.label}: loading…`);
-    const grid = await choice.load(load.signal, (m) => status(`${choice.label}: ${m}`));
-    if (load.signal.aborted) return;
-    state.loaded = grid;
-    inspector.clear();
-    showSimulation();
-    network.set(
-      { ...gridConfig(grid), at: 0, ...(grid.buses ? { camera: { fit: true } } : {}) },
-      { replace: true, animate: true },
-    );
-    showGrid();
-    refreshAreas();
-    await joinStates();
-    status(`${choice.label} · ${grid.summary}`);
-  }
-  function showGrid(): void {
-    const grid = state.loaded!;
-    gridSummary.textContent = grid.buses
-      ? `${grid.buses.toLocaleString()} buses · ${grid.lines.toLocaleString()} lines` +
-        (grid.case ? ` · ${grid.case.machines.toLocaleString()} machines` : '') +
-        ` · ${grid.summary}`
-      : '';
-    showGridLegend();
-  }
-  function credit(): void {
-    attribution.textContent = state.drawn ? state.map.attribution : '';
-  }
-
-  // ── View ──
-  const view = section(panel, 'View');
-  const PROJECTIONS: readonly ProjectedCamera.Projection[] = ['flat', 'mercator', 'tilt', 'globe'];
-  const projection = segmented(
-    PROJECTIONS.map((value) => ({ value, label: value })),
-    network.camera.projection,
-    (value) =>
-      network.set(
-        { camera: { projection: value as ProjectedCamera.Projection } },
-        { animate: true },
-      ),
-    'projection',
-  );
-  field(view, 'projection', projection.root);
-  const refreshProjections = () => {
-    for (const value of PROJECTIONS) projection.enable(value, network.projections[value]);
-    projection.set(network.camera.projection);
-  };
-  network.on('camera', refreshProjections);
-  field(
-    view,
-    'camera',
-    button('fit', () => network.fit(undefined, { animate: true })),
-    toggle('turn', false, (on) => network.set({ camera: { orbit: on } })),
-  );
-  field(
-    view,
-    'daylight',
-    segmented(
-      (['off', 'now', 'noon'] as const).map((value) => ({ value, label: value })),
-      state.daylight,
-      (value) => {
-        state.daylight = value as typeof state.daylight;
-        restyleMap();
-      },
-      'daylight',
-    ).root,
-  );
-
-  // ── Layers ──
-  const layers = section(panel, 'Layers');
-  field(
-    layers,
-    'grid',
-    toggle('buses', true, (on) => network.set({ markers: on })),
-    toggle('lines', true, (on) => network.set({ lines: on })),
-    toggle('machines', state.machines, (on) => void ((state.machines = on), restyleGrid())),
-    toggle('labels', state.labels, (on) => void ((state.labels = on), restyleGrid())),
-  );
-  field(
-    layers,
-    'map',
-    toggle('labels', state.mapLabels, (on) => void ((state.mapLabels = on), restyleMap())),
-    toggle('graticule', state.graticule, (on) => void ((state.graticule = on), restyleMap())),
-    toggle('atmosphere', state.atmosphere, (on) => void ((state.atmosphere = on), restyleMap())),
-  );
-
-  // ── Performance ──
-  const show = stats(section(panel, 'Performance', false), [
-    'fps',
-    'grid prepare',
-    'map prepare',
-    'draw calls',
-    'grid GPU',
-    'map tiles',
-    'map drawn',
-    'map GPU',
-  ]);
-  // Frames draw only as the scene changes, so the rate counts those; the rest read twice a second.
-  let frames = 0,
-    since = performance.now();
-  network.on('frame', (frame) => {
-    if (frame.presented) frames++;
-  });
-  setInterval(() => {
-    const now = performance.now(),
-      g = network.stats(),
-      m = earth.stats();
-    show({
-      fps: frames ? ((frames * 1000) / (now - since)).toFixed(0) : 'idle',
-      'grid prepare': `${g.prepareMs.toFixed(1)} ms`,
-      'map prepare': `${m.prepareMs.toFixed(1)} ms`,
-      'draw calls': `${g.drawCalls} + ${m.drawCalls}`,
-      'grid GPU': `${(g.geometryBytes / 1e6).toFixed(1)} MB`,
-      'map tiles': m.loading ? `${m.tiles} (+${m.loading} loading)` : String(m.tiles),
-      'map drawn': `${(m.triangles / 1000).toFixed(0)}k tri · ${(m.vertices / 1000).toFixed(0)}k vert`,
-      'map GPU': `${(m.geometryBytes / 1e6).toFixed(1)} MB`,
-    });
-    frames = 0;
-    since = now;
-  }, 500);
-
-  // ── Inspector ──
-  const inspector = new Inspector(gpu, document.getElementById('inspector')!, fail);
-  network.on('hover', (item) => inspector.hover(item));
-  earth.on('hover', (item) => inspector.hover(item));
-  network.on('select', (items) => {
-    if (items.length) earth.select([]);
-    inspector.select(items);
-  });
-  earth.on('select', (items) => {
-    if (items.length) network.select([]);
-    inspector.select(items);
-  });
-
-  showGrid();
-  showSimulation();
-  refreshProjections();
-  await loadMap(state.map.id).catch(fail);
-  status(`${state.grid.label} · ${state.loaded.summary}`);
-  Object.assign(window, {
-    example: { gpu, network, earth, state, loadMap, loadGrid, seek, setPlaying },
-  });
-  const dispose = () => {
-    controller.abort();
-    gridLoad?.abort();
-    mapLoad?.abort();
-    setPlaying(false);
-    network.destroy();
-    earth.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  };
-  window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
-    if (!event.persisted) dispose();
-  });
-  import.meta.hot?.dispose(dispose);
-}
-
-void main().catch(fail);
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/maps.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/maps.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7317a233..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/maps.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * What the map beneath the grid draws: Natural Earth's coasts and borders as lines, GeoJSON shipped
- * with the page; Natural Earth's states and provinces, GeoJSON a grid's figures color; or
- * OpenStreetMap's planet as OpenFreeMap's vector tiles. GeoJSON downloads as bytes, which the
- * geography's worker decodes and prepares.
- */
-import type { RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { geojson, tiles, type Geography } from '@latkit/geography';
-import { download, type Progress } from './download.js';
-
-/** A map, loaded: what the geography draws, and the areas a grid's figures can color. */
-export interface MapLoaded {
-  readonly config: Pick<Geography.Config, 'source' | 'areas' | 'lines'>;
-  readonly summary: string;
-  readonly states?: { readonly data: Data; readonly type: string };
-}
-/** What the page styles every map with. */
-export interface Look {
-  readonly fill: RGBA;
-  readonly line: RGBA;
-  readonly coast: RGBA;
-}
-export interface MapChoice {
-  readonly id: string;
-  readonly label: string;
-  readonly group: string;
-  readonly attribution: string;
-  load(signal: AbortSignal, progress: Progress, look: Look): Promise<MapLoaded>;
-}
-
-const NE = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/master/geojson/';
-const NATURAL_EARTH = 'Natural Earth · public domain';
-const seconds = (since: number) => `${((performance.now() - since) / 1000).toFixed(1)} s`;
-/** Natural Earth's 1:50M coasts, land borders, and province borders: a file and a type each. */
-const BORDERS = [
-  ['coastline', 'Coast'],
-  ['countries', 'Country'],
-  ['provinces', 'Province'],
-] as const;
-
-function states(scale: '50m' | '10m', label: string): MapChoice {
-  return {
-    id: `states-${scale}`,
-    label,
-    group: 'Natural Earth',
-    attribution: NATURAL_EARTH,
-    async load(signal, progress, look) {
-      const started = performance.now(),
-        { buffer, received } = await download(
-          `${NE}ne_${scale}_admin_1_states_provinces.geojson`,
-          signal,
-          progress,
-        ),
-        fetched = performance.now();
-      progress('parsing in a worker…');
-      const data = await geojson(buffer, { type: 'State', id: 'adm1_code', signal });
-      return {
-        states: { data, type: 'State' },
-        summary: `${(received / 1e6).toFixed(1)} MB in ${seconds(started)} · parsed in ${seconds(fetched)}`,
-        config: {
-          source: data,
-          areas: { State: { color: look.fill, labels: 'name' } },
-          lines: { State: { points: 'rings', color: look.line, widthPx: 0.8 } },
-        },
-      };
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export const MAPS: readonly MapChoice[] = [
-  {
-    id: 'borders',
-    label: 'Coasts and borders, lines',
-    group: 'Natural Earth',
-    attribution: NATURAL_EARTH,
-    async load(signal, progress, look) {
-      const started = performance.now(),
-        [coasts, countries, provinces] = await Promise.all(
-          BORDERS.map(async ([file, type]) => {
-            const { buffer } = await download(
-              `${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}maps/${file}.geojson.gz`,
-              signal,
-              progress,
-            );
-            return geojson(buffer, { type, signal });
-          }),
-        );
-      return {
-        summary: `loaded in ${seconds(started)}`,
-        config: {
-          lines: {
-            Coast: { source: coasts, color: look.coast, widthPx: 1 },
-            Country: { source: countries, color: look.line, widthPx: 1 },
-            Province: { source: provinces, color: look.line, widthPx: 0.6, dash: true },
-          },
-        },
-      };
-    },
-  },
-  states('50m', 'States and provinces, 1:50M'),
-  states('10m', 'States and provinces, 1:10M (40 MB)'),
-  {
-    id: 'openfreemap',
-    label: 'Planet, vector tiles',
-    group: 'OpenStreetMap',
-    attribution: 'OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors',
-    async load(_signal, progress, look) {
-      progress('opening TileJSON…');
-      const planet = tiles('https://tiles.openfreemap.org/planet', { persist: true }),
-        info = await planet.info;
-      return {
-        summary: `${Object.keys(info.schema.types).length} layers, zooms ${info.minZoom}–${info.maxZoom}`,
-        config: {
-          source: planet,
-          areas: {
-            landcover: { color: [0.11, 0.16, 0.14, 1] },
-            // Parks are named where their tiles name them; a tile naming none still draws.
-            park: { color: [0.1, 0.19, 0.13, 1], labels: 'name' },
-            water: { color: [0.05, 0.1, 0.17, 1] },
-          },
-          lines: {
-            // Rivers carry comets downstream, as they are drawn.
-            waterway: { color: [0.18, 0.33, 0.52, 0.9], widthPx: 0.8, flowPx: 10 },
-            transportation: { color: [0.36, 0.38, 0.42, 0.7], widthPx: 0.7 },
-            boundary: { color: look.line, widthPx: 1, dash: true },
-          },
-        },
-      };
-    },
-  },
-];
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/states.ts b/examples/network/src/earth/states.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b4365cb8..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/states.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * A grid's figures for each state it reaches, as values the map's areas join by id: buses, load,
- * and generation counted where each bus stands, and where the grid was simulated, how far its
- * machines' speeds swing in each state, frame by frame.
- */
-import {
-  appendData,
-  bitAt,
-  createData,
-  read,
-  rowCount,
-  textAt,
-  textColumn,
-  type Column,
-  type Data,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { numeric, rows } from '../shared/columns.js';
-import type { GridCase } from './cases.js';
-
-interface State {
-  readonly id: string;
-  /** West, south, east, north. */
-  readonly bounds: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-  /** Each ring's points: longitude, latitude, end to end. */
-  readonly rings: readonly Float64Array[];
-}
-/** What each state's values hold, and in what unit. */
-export const STATE_FIELDS = {
-  buses: { label: 'buses', unit: '' },
-  load: { label: 'load', unit: ' MW' },
-  generation: { label: 'generation', unit: ' MW' },
-  swing: { label: 'largest speed swing', unit: ' mHz' },
-} as const;
-export type StateField = keyof typeof STATE_FIELDS;
-export interface StateValues {
-  readonly data: Data;
-  /** How many states the grid reaches. */
-  readonly states: number;
-  /** Each figure's largest value in any state. */
-  readonly peaks: Readonly<Record<StateField, number>>;
-}
-const peak = (values: Float32Array) => values.reduce((top, value) => Math.max(top, value), 0);
-
-/** Each state's id, bounds, and rings, where they meet `within`: west, south, east, north. */
-async function statesOf(data: Data, type: string, within: readonly number[]): Promise<State[]> {
-  const found: State[] = [];
-  for await (const block of read(data, {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    from: type,
-    select: ['rings'],
-    ids: true,
-  })) {
-    if (block.kind !== 'rows') continue;
-    const column = block.columns.rings as Column.List | undefined;
-    if (!column) continue;
-    const ringList = column.values as Column.List,
-      points = (ringList.values as Column.Vector).values as Column.Numeric;
-    for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(block.rows); i++) {
-      if (!bitAt(column.validity, column.offset + i)) continue;
-      const rings: Float64Array[] = [],
-        bounds: [number, number, number, number] = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-      for (
-        let r = column.offsets[column.offset + i]!;
-        r < column.offsets[column.offset + i + 1]!;
-        r++
-      ) {
-        const start = ringList.offsets[r]!,
-          end = ringList.offsets[r + 1]!,
-          ring = Float64Array.from(points.values.subarray(start * 2, end * 2));
-        for (let p = 0; p < ring.length; p += 2) {
-          bounds[0] = Math.min(bounds[0], ring[p]!);
-          bounds[1] = Math.min(bounds[1], ring[p + 1]!);
-          bounds[2] = Math.max(bounds[2], ring[p]!);
-          bounds[3] = Math.max(bounds[3], ring[p + 1]!);
-        }
-        rings.push(ring);
-      }
-      if (
-        bounds[0] > within[2]! ||
-        bounds[2] < within[0]! ||
-        bounds[1] > within[3]! ||
-        bounds[3] < within[1]!
-      )
-        continue;
-      found.push({ id: block.ids ? (textAt(block.ids, i) ?? '') : '', bounds, rings });
-    }
-  }
-  return found;
-}
-/** Whether a point lies inside a state: crossing its rings an odd number of times, holes included. */
-function inside(state: State, x: number, y: number): boolean {
-  const [w, s, e, n] = state.bounds;
-  if (x < w || x > e || y < s || y > n) return false;
-  let crossings = 0;
-  for (const ring of state.rings)
-    for (let i = 0, j = ring.length - 2; i < ring.length; j = i, i += 2) {
-      const xi = ring[i]!,
-        yi = ring[i + 1]!,
-        xj = ring[j]!,
-        yj = ring[j + 1]!;
-      if (yi > y !== yj > y && x < ((xj - xi) * (y - yi)) / (yj - yi) + xi) crossings++;
-    }
-  return crossings % 2 === 1;
-}
-
-/** The grid's figures per state, as rows of the areas' type with the states' ids. */
-export async function stateValues(
-  states: Data,
-  type: string,
-  grid: GridCase,
-): Promise<StateValues> {
-  const { positions, simulation } = grid,
-    extent = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-  for (let b = 0; b < grid.buses; b++) {
-    extent[0] = Math.min(extent[0]!, positions[b * 2]!);
-    extent[1] = Math.min(extent[1]!, positions[b * 2 + 1]!);
-    extent[2] = Math.max(extent[2]!, positions[b * 2]!);
-    extent[3] = Math.max(extent[3]!, positions[b * 2 + 1]!);
-  }
-  const found = await statesOf(states, type, extent);
-  // Each degree cell's states, so a bus tests only those near it.
-  const cells = new Map<number, State[]>(),
-    cell = (x: number, y: number) => Math.floor(x + 180) * 180 + Math.floor(y + 90);
-  for (const state of found) {
-    const [w, s, e, n] = state.bounds;
-    for (let x = Math.floor(Math.max(w, extent[0]!)); x <= Math.min(e, extent[2]!); x++)
-      for (let y = Math.floor(Math.max(s, extent[1]!)); y <= Math.min(n, extent[3]!); y++) {
-        const key = cell(x, y);
-        let list = cells.get(key);
-        if (!list) cells.set(key, (list = []));
-        list.push(state);
-      }
-  }
-  const of = new Int32Array(grid.buses).fill(-1),
-    order = new Map<State, number>();
-  for (let b = 0; b < grid.buses; b++) {
-    const x = positions[b * 2]!,
-      y = positions[b * 2 + 1]!,
-      state = cells.get(cell(x, y))?.find((candidate) => inside(candidate, x, y));
-    if (!state) continue;
-    let k = order.get(state);
-    if (k === undefined) order.set(state, (k = order.size));
-    of[b] = k;
-  }
-  const count = order.size,
-    buses = new Float32Array(count),
-    load = new Float32Array(count),
-    generation = new Float32Array(count);
-  for (let b = 0; b < grid.buses; b++) {
-    const k = of[b]!;
-    if (k < 0) continue;
-    buses[k]!++;
-    load[k]! += grid.load[b]!;
-    generation[k]! += grid.generation[b]!;
-  }
-  const index = { source: `${grid.name}-states`, type, version: '1' },
-    columns: Record<string, Column> = {
-      buses: numeric(buses),
-      load: numeric(load),
-      generation: numeric(generation),
-    };
-  const data = createData(
-    {
-      ...(simulation ? { axis: { name: 'Time', unit: 's' } } : {}),
-      types: {
-        [type]: {
-          fields: {
-            buses: { type: 'float32' },
-            load: { type: 'float32' },
-            generation: { type: 'float32' },
-            ...(simulation ? { swing: { type: 'float32', sampled: true } } : {}),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    [rows(index, count, columns, textColumn([...order.keys()].map((state) => state.id)))],
-  );
-  const peaks = { buses: peak(buses), load: peak(load), generation: peak(generation), swing: 0 };
-  if (!simulation) return { data, states: count, peaks };
-  // Each frame, the largest swing of a state's machines either way.
-  const g = grid.machines,
-    swing = new Float32Array(simulation.frames * count);
-  for (let f = 0; f < simulation.frames; f++)
-    for (let m = 0; m < g; m++) {
-      const k = of[grid.machineBus[m]!]!;
-      if (k < 0) continue;
-      const at = f * count + k;
-      swing[at] = Math.max(swing[at]!, Math.abs(simulation.speeds[f * g + m]!));
-    }
-  return {
-    data: appendData(data, [
-      {
-        kind: 'samples',
-        index,
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-        firstFrame: 0,
-        coordinates: Float64Array.from({ length: simulation.frames }, (_, f) => f * simulation.dt),
-        columns: { swing: { ...numeric(swing), frameStride: count, rowStride: 1 } },
-      },
-    ]),
-    states: count,
-    peaks: { ...peaks, swing: peak(swing) },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/earth/style.css b/examples/network/src/earth/style.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c087a9f..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/earth/style.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,406 +0,0 @@
-:root {
-  --font: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
-  --mono: ui-monospace, 'JetBrains Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
-  --ink: #e9eef5;
-  --muted: #8d98a8;
-  --faint: #5d6878;
-  --panel: rgba(10, 14, 20, 0.88);
-  --line: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.09);
-  --control: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.045);
-  --hover: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.09);
-  --accent: #e0805f;
-  --accent-bg: rgba(224, 128, 95, 0.16);
-  --error: #ff7a6b;
-  color-scheme: dark;
-}
-
-* {
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-
-html,
-body {
-  margin: 0;
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  background: #05070b;
-  color: var(--ink);
-  font-family: var(--font);
-  font-size: 12px;
-}
-
-#stage {
-  position: fixed;
-  inset: 0;
-  display: block;
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-}
-
-:focus-visible {
-  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
-  outline-offset: 2px;
-}
-
-#stage:focus-visible {
-  outline-offset: -2px;
-}
-
-#panel {
-  position: fixed;
-  top: 12px;
-  left: 12px;
-  bottom: 12px;
-  width: min(312px, calc(100vw - 24px));
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  background: var(--panel);
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 10px;
-  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
-  user-select: none;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-#panel header {
-  padding: 14px 14px 10px;
-  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
-}
-
-#panel h1 {
-  margin: 0 0 6px;
-  font-size: 14px;
-  font-weight: 650;
-}
-
-#panel h1 span {
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-weight: 450;
-}
-
-#status {
-  margin: 0;
-  min-height: 2.6em;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  line-height: 1.3;
-}
-
-#status.error {
-  color: var(--error);
-}
-
-#sections {
-  flex: 1;
-  overflow-y: auto;
-  padding: 4px 0;
-}
-
-.section {
-  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
-}
-
-.section summary {
-  padding: 10px 14px;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 10px;
-  font-weight: 600;
-  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  list-style: none;
-}
-
-.section summary::before {
-  content: '▸';
-  display: inline-block;
-  width: 12px;
-  transition: transform 120ms ease;
-}
-
-.section[open] summary::before {
-  transform: rotate(90deg);
-}
-
-.section .body {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 8px;
-  padding: 0 14px 12px;
-}
-
-.field {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: 64px minmax(0, 1fr);
-  align-items: start;
-  gap: 8px;
-}
-
-.field > .name {
-  padding-top: 6px;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 11px;
-}
-
-.field > .controls {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  gap: 5px;
-  min-width: 0;
-}
-
-.field > .controls > select,
-.field > .controls > .segmented {
-  flex: 1 1 100%;
-}
-
-.summary {
-  margin: 0;
-  color: var(--faint);
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 10px;
-  line-height: 1.4;
-}
-
-.summary:empty {
-  display: none;
-}
-
-button {
-  min-height: 26px;
-  padding: 4px 9px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: var(--control);
-  color: var(--ink);
-  cursor: pointer;
-  font: inherit;
-  font-size: 11px;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  transition:
-    background 120ms ease,
-    border-color 120ms ease;
-}
-
-button:hover:not(:disabled) {
-  background: var(--hover);
-}
-
-button.on {
-  border-color: var(--accent);
-  background: var(--accent-bg);
-}
-
-button:disabled {
-  opacity: 0.35;
-  cursor: default;
-}
-
-.segmented {
-  display: flex;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-.segmented button {
-  flex: 1;
-  border: 0;
-  border-radius: 0;
-  border-right: 1px solid var(--line);
-}
-
-.segmented button:last-child {
-  border-right: 0;
-}
-
-select {
-  width: 100%;
-  min-width: 0;
-  min-height: 26px;
-  padding: 3px 6px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 6px;
-  background: #0c1118;
-  color: var(--ink);
-  font: inherit;
-  font-size: 11px;
-}
-
-input[type='range'] {
-  flex: 1 1 100%;
-  margin: 2px 0 0;
-  accent-color: var(--accent);
-  cursor: ew-resize;
-}
-
-.clock {
-  align-self: center;
-  margin-left: auto;
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-}
-
-.clock.fault {
-  color: var(--error);
-}
-
-.legend {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 4px 10px;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 10px;
-}
-
-.legend[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-
-.legend .ramp {
-  flex: 1;
-  min-width: 80px;
-  height: 8px;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-}
-
-.legend .category {
-  display: inline-flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 4px;
-}
-
-.legend .category i {
-  width: 10px;
-  height: 3px;
-  border-radius: 2px;
-}
-
-.section[hidden],
-.field[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-
-.stats {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
-  gap: 4px 10px;
-  margin: 0;
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 10.5px;
-}
-
-.stats dt {
-  color: var(--muted);
-}
-
-.stats dd {
-  margin: 0;
-  text-align: right;
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-}
-
-.hint {
-  margin: 0;
-  padding: 10px 14px;
-  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
-  color: var(--faint);
-  font-size: 10.5px;
-}
-
-#inspector {
-  position: fixed;
-  right: 12px;
-  top: 12px;
-  width: min(300px, calc(100vw - 24px));
-  max-height: calc(100vh - 60px);
-  overflow: auto;
-  padding: 12px 14px;
-  background: var(--panel);
-  border: 1px solid var(--line);
-  border-radius: 10px;
-  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
-  pointer-events: none;
-}
-
-#inspector header {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  align-items: baseline;
-  gap: 4px 8px;
-  margin-bottom: 8px;
-}
-
-#inspector .kind {
-  padding: 2px 6px;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  background: var(--accent-bg);
-  color: var(--accent);
-  font-size: 10px;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
-}
-
-#inspector strong {
-  font-size: 13px;
-}
-
-#inspector .type {
-  width: 100%;
-  color: var(--muted);
-  font-size: 10.5px;
-}
-
-#inspector dl {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
-  gap: 3px 10px;
-  margin: 0;
-  font-family: var(--mono);
-  font-size: 10.5px;
-}
-
-#inspector dt {
-  color: var(--muted);
-}
-
-#inspector dd {
-  margin: 0;
-  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
-}
-
-#attribution {
-  position: fixed;
-  right: 8px;
-  bottom: 6px;
-  max-width: calc(100vw - 340px);
-  color: var(--faint);
-  font-size: 10px;
-  text-align: right;
-  pointer-events: none;
-}
-
-@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
-  button,
-  .section summary::before {
-    transition: none;
-  }
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 720px) {
-  #panel {
-    top: auto;
-    height: 46vh;
-  }
-  #inspector {
-    top: 12px;
-    max-height: 40vh;
-  }
-  #attribution {
-    max-width: 100vw;
-    bottom: calc(46vh + 16px);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/shared/columns.ts b/examples/network/src/shared/columns.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 78892dab..00000000
--- a/examples/network/src/shared/columns.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/** Columns over arrays a page owns, and the rows they fill: what every page builds its Data from. */
-import type { Column, Index, Data } from '@latkit/model';
-
-export function numeric<T extends Column.NumericArray>(values: T): Column.Numeric & { values: T } {
-  return { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values };
-}
-/** A vector of `size` numbers per row, laid end to end. */
-export function vector(values: Float32Array | Float64Array, size = 2): Column {
-  return { kind: 'vector', offset: 0, length: values.length / size, size, values: numeric(values) };
-}
-/** Each row a row of `to`. */
-export function references(to: Index, rows: Uint32Array): Column.Reference {
-  return { kind: 'reference', index: to, offset: 0, length: rows.length, values: rows };
-}
-/** Each row a run of `values`: row i holds those from `offsets[i]` up to `offsets[i + 1]`. */
-export function lists(offsets: Int32Array, values: Column): Column.List {
-  return { kind: 'list', offset: 0, length: offsets.length - 1, offsets, values };
-}
-/** Each row a flag, packed eight to a byte. */
-export function flags(values: ArrayLike<number | boolean>): Column {
-  const bits = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(values.length / 8));
-  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) if (values[i]) bits[i >>> 3]! |= 1 << (i & 7);
-  return { kind: 'boolean', offset: 0, length: values.length, values: bits };
-}
-/** UTF-8 text already laid end to end: row i spans `bytes` from `offsets[i]` to `offsets[i + 1]`. */
-export function text(offsets: Int32Array, bytes: Uint8Array): Column.Text {
-  return { kind: 'text', offset: 0, length: offsets.length - 1, offsets, bytes };
-}
-/** All `count` rows of a type, with the columns given. */
-export function rows(
-  index: Index,
-  count: number,
-  columns: Readonly<Record<string, Column>>,
-  ids?: Column.Text,
-): Data.RowBatch {
-  return {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-    columns,
-    ...(ids ? { ids } : {}),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/tests/grids.test.ts b/examples/network/tests/grids.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 711d17ea..00000000
--- a/examples/network/tests/grids.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { gunzipSync } from 'node:zlib';
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  createData,
-  read,
-  rowCount,
-  textColumn,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateSchema,
-  type Data,
-  type Query,
-  type Block,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { geojson } from '@latkit/geography';
-import { readCase } from '../src/earth/cases.js';
-import { lattice } from '../src/earth/lattice.js';
-import { stateValues } from '../src/earth/states.js';
-import { lists, rows, vector } from '../src/shared/columns.js';
-
-const file = (name: string) => {
-  const bytes = gunzipSync(readFileSync(new URL(`../public/grids/${name}`, import.meta.url)));
-  return bytes.buffer.slice(bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteOffset + bytes.byteLength) as ArrayBuffer;
-};
-async function blocks(data: Data, query: Query): Promise<Block[]> {
-  expect(validateSchema(data.schema)).toEqual([]);
-  const found: Block[] = [];
-  for await (const block of read(data, query)) {
-    expect(validateBlock(data.schema, query, block)).toEqual([]);
-    found.push(block);
-  }
-  return found;
-}
-const counted = (found: Block[]) =>
-  found.reduce((sum, b) => sum + (b.kind === 'rows' ? rowCount(b.rows) : 0), 0);
-
-it.each(['wecc240', 'activsg2000', 'activsg10k', 'activsg25k', 'activsg70k'])(
-  'reads the synthetic case %s into valid buses, lines, and machines',
-  async (id) => {
-    const grid = readCase(id, file(`${id}.bin`)),
-      { data } = grid;
-    for (const [type, count] of [
-      ['Bus', grid.buses],
-      ['Line', grid.lines],
-      ['Machine', grid.machines],
-    ] as const) {
-      const fields = Object.entries(data.schema.types[type]!.fields)
-        .filter(([, field]) => !('sampled' in field && field.sampled))
-        .map(([name]) => name);
-      expect(counted(await blocks(data, { kind: 'rows', from: type, select: fields }))).toBe(count);
-    }
-    expect(grid.positions.every(Number.isFinite)).toBe(true);
-    if (!grid.simulation) return;
-    // Machines swing after the fault, and the swing reads at any time simulated.
-    const { simulation } = grid,
-      after = await blocks(data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Machine', select: ['speed'], at: 3 });
-    expect(simulation.fault?.on).toBe(1);
-    expect(simulation.largest).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(
-      after.some(
-        (b) =>
-          b.kind === 'rows' &&
-          b.columns.speed?.kind === 'numeric' &&
-          b.columns.speed.values.some((v) => v !== 0),
-      ),
-    ).toBe(true);
-  },
-);
-
-it('ships the borders as Natural Earth GeoJSON: coasts, countries, and provinces', async () => {
-  for (const [file, type] of [
-    ['coastline', 'Coast'],
-    ['countries', 'Country'],
-    ['provinces', 'Province'],
-  ] as const) {
-    const bytes = gunzipSync(
-        readFileSync(new URL(`../public/maps/${file}.geojson.gz`, import.meta.url)),
-      ),
-      data = await geojson(bytes, { type });
-    expect(
-      counted(await blocks(data, { kind: 'rows', from: type, select: ['points'] })),
-    ).toBeGreaterThan(100);
-  }
-});
-
-it('builds the stress lattice in valid rows', async () => {
-  const built = lattice('lattice-100k');
-  expect(
-    counted(await blocks(built.data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Bus', select: ['position', 'load'] })),
-  ).toBe(100_000);
-  expect(
-    counted(await blocks(built.data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Line', select: ['from', 'to'] })),
-  ).toBe(built.lines);
-});
-
-it('counts each state the grid reaches, and the swing of its machines', async () => {
-  const grid = readCase('wecc240', file('wecc240.bin'));
-  // Two squares: one around every bus west of 110°W, one around the rest.
-  const square = (w: number, e: number) => [w, 20, e, 20, e, 60, w, 60, w, 20];
-  const points = Float64Array.from([...square(-140, -110), ...square(-110, -90)]),
-    rings = lists(Int32Array.of(0, 1, 2), lists(Int32Array.of(0, 5, 10), vector(points)));
-  const states = createData(
-    {
-      types: {
-        State: {
-          fields: {
-            rings: {
-              type: {
-                kind: 'list',
-                items: { kind: 'list', items: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, items: 'float64' } },
-              },
-              geographic: true,
-            },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      rows(
-        { source: 'squares', type: 'State', version: '1' },
-        2,
-        { rings },
-        textColumn(['west', 'east']),
-      ),
-    ],
-  );
-  const values = await stateValues(states, 'State', grid);
-  expect(values.states).toBe(2);
-  expect(values.peaks.buses).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  expect(values.peaks.swing).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  const found = await blocks(values.data, {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    from: 'State',
-    select: ['buses'],
-    ids: true,
-  });
-  let total = 0;
-  for (const block of found)
-    if (block.kind === 'rows' && block.columns.buses?.kind === 'numeric')
-      for (const value of block.columns.buses.values) total += value;
-  expect(total).toBe(grid.buses);
-});
diff --git a/examples/network/tsconfig.json b/examples/network/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d42075d..00000000
--- a/examples/network/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2022",
-    "module": "ESNext",
-    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
-    "strict": true,
-    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
-    "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "resolveJsonModule": true,
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "vite/client", "node"],
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"]
-  },
-  "include": ["src", "tests", "vite.config.ts", "vitest.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/examples/network/vite.config.ts b/examples/network/vite.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 29610f99..00000000
--- a/examples/network/vite.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-
-export default defineConfig({
-  build: { rollupOptions: { input: { earth: 'index.html', blackout: 'blackout.html' } } },
-  server: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5188, open: false },
-  preview: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5188 },
-});
diff --git a/examples/network/vitest.config.ts b/examples/network/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 89e21656..00000000
--- a/examples/network/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-export default defineConfig({ test: { include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] } });
diff --git a/examples/video/README.md b/examples/video/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 82480208..00000000
--- a/examples/video/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Video example
-
-Export a network to MP4 and a monitor to WebM in a worker, then decode each result.
-
-```sh
-pnpm install
-pnpm --filter @latkit/video-example dev
-```
-
-Open http://127.0.0.1:5194. The dev command builds the packages first. `/check.html` runs real
-codec, cancellation, and scaling checks.
diff --git a/examples/video/check.html b/examples/video/check.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 849cfebd..00000000
--- a/examples/video/check.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <meta charset="utf-8" /><link rel="icon" href="data:," /><title>Video GPU checks</title>
-  <h1>Video GPU checks</h1>
-  <p>
-    Actual MP4/WebM decoding, progressive composition, stalled writes, cancellation, and 1080p
-    scaling.
-  </p>
-  <button id="run">Run video checks</button>
-  <pre id="result">Ready</pre>
-  <script type="module" src="/src/browser-check.ts"></script>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/video/index.html b/examples/video/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b304778..00000000
--- a/examples/video/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-    <title>Latkit video exports</title>
-    <style>
-      body {
-        margin: 32px;
-        background: #101723;
-        color: #e3eaf2;
-        font: 16px system-ui;
-      }
-      button,
-      a {
-        color: inherit;
-      }
-      button {
-        padding: 10px 18px;
-        background: #253952;
-        border: 1px solid #4e6785;
-        border-radius: 6px;
-        cursor: pointer;
-      }
-      video {
-        width: min(100%, 960px);
-        display: block;
-        margin: 12px 0;
-      }
-      pre {
-        white-space: pre-wrap;
-        max-height: 220px;
-        overflow: auto;
-      }
-      article {
-        margin: 32px 0;
-      }
-    </style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <h1>Latkit video exports</h1>
-    <p>
-      Native network and monitor rendering, shared GPU composition, and bounded video encoding.
-      Export runs in an application-owned worker and writes directly to a temporary file.
-    </p>
-    <button id="export">Export proof videos</button>
-    <button id="cancel" disabled>Cancel export</button>
-    <pre id="status">Ready</pre>
-    <section id="results"></section>
-    <div id="source"></div>
-    <script type="module" src="/src/main.ts"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/examples/video/package.json b/examples/video/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 83926068..00000000
--- a/examples/video/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/video-example",
-  "private": true,
-  "version": "0.0.0",
-  "type": "module",
-  "scripts": {
-    "dev": "vite --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5194 --strictPort",
-    "build": "pnpm typecheck && vite build",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "preview": "vite preview --host 127.0.0.1 --port 5194",
-    "predev": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/network --filter @latkit/monitor --filter @latkit/video build",
-    "prebuild": "pnpm --filter @latkit/model --filter @latkit/gpu build && pnpm --filter @latkit/network --filter @latkit/monitor --filter @latkit/video build"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/video": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/network": "workspace:*",
-    "@latkit/monitor": "workspace:*"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
-    "vite": "^7.0.0",
-    "mediabunny": "^1.60.0"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/video/src/browser-check.ts b/examples/video/src/browser-check.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 95a47d8f..00000000
--- a/examples/video/src/browser-check.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import { check } from '../../../packages/video/tests/browser/check.js';
-const output = document.querySelector<HTMLPreElement>('#result')!;
-const button = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('#run')!;
-async function run() {
-  button.disabled = true;
-  output.textContent = 'Running real codec, composition, cancellation and scaling checks...';
-  try {
-    const report = await check();
-    output.textContent = JSON.stringify(report, null, 2);
-    document.body.dataset.result = 'passed';
-    return report;
-  } catch (error) {
-    output.textContent = String(error);
-    document.body.dataset.result = 'failed';
-    console.error(error);
-    throw error;
-  } finally {
-    button.disabled = false;
-  }
-}
-button.onclick = () => void run().catch(() => {});
-Object.assign(window, { videoCheck: { run } });
diff --git a/examples/video/src/checks.ts b/examples/video/src/checks.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b27597e3..00000000
--- a/examples/video/src/checks.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-import { Input, BlobSource, ALL_FORMATS, VideoSampleSink } from 'mediabunny';
-export async function verify(blob: Blob, width: number, height: number, duration: number) {
-  const input = new Input({ source: new BlobSource(blob), formats: ALL_FORMATS });
-  try {
-    const track = await input.getPrimaryVideoTrack();
-    if (!track || track.displayWidth !== width || track.displayHeight !== height)
-      throw new Error('Invalid video dimensions');
-    const actual = (await input.getDurationFromMetadata()) ?? (await input.computeDuration());
-    if (Math.abs(actual - duration) > 0.003) throw new Error(`Invalid duration: ${actual}`);
-    const sink = new VideoSampleSink(track);
-    const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(320, 180),
-      context = canvas.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })!;
-    let first: Uint8ClampedArray | undefined,
-      changed = false;
-    for (const at of [0, duration * 0.5, duration - 1 / 30]) {
-      const sample = await sink.getSample(at);
-      if (!sample) throw new Error(`Undecodable frame at ${at}`);
-      try {
-        sample.draw(context, 0, 0, 320, 180);
-        const pixels = context.getImageData(0, 0, 320, 180).data;
-        let minimum = 255,
-          maximum = 0,
-          difference = 0;
-        for (let i = 0; i < pixels.length; i++)
-          if (i % 4 !== 3) {
-            minimum = Math.min(minimum, pixels[i]!);
-            maximum = Math.max(maximum, pixels[i]!);
-            if (first) difference += Math.abs(pixels[i]! - first[i]!);
-          }
-        if (maximum - minimum < 20) throw new Error('Blank video frame');
-        if (first) changed ||= difference / pixels.length > 0.01;
-        else first = pixels;
-      } finally {
-        sample.close();
-      }
-    }
-    if (!changed) throw new Error('Video did not animate');
-    return { width, height, duration: actual, decoded: 3 };
-  } finally {
-    input.dispose();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/video/src/grid.ts b/examples/video/src/grid.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c3bafb18..00000000
--- a/examples/video/src/grid.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * A small grid for the exported network: buses on a jittered lattice over the continental US, each
- * joined to its right and lower neighbours, and a few long lines bent through a point between.
- */
-import { createData, type Column, type Data, type Index } from '@latkit/model';
-
-const COLS = 16,
-  ROWS = 10,
-  WEST = -122,
-  EAST = -70,
-  SOUTH = 27,
-  NORTH = 47;
-
-/** A repeatable sequence in [0, 1). */
-function random(seed: number): () => number {
-  let state = seed;
-  return () => {
-    state = (state + 0x6d2b79f5) | 0;
-    let t = Math.imul(state ^ (state >>> 15), 1 | state);
-    t = (t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), 61 | t)) ^ t;
-    return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296;
-  };
-}
-const numeric = (values: Float32Array): Column => ({
-  kind: 'numeric',
-  offset: 0,
-  length: values.length,
-  values,
-});
-const vector = (values: Float32Array): Column => ({
-  kind: 'vector',
-  offset: 0,
-  length: values.length / 2,
-  size: 2,
-  values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-});
-
-export function grid(): Data {
-  const next = random(0x51a7c0de),
-    count = COLS * ROWS,
-    position = new Float32Array(count * 2),
-    load = new Float32Array(count),
-    from: number[] = [],
-    to: number[] = [],
-    bends: number[][] = [];
-  const line = (a: number, b: number, through: number[] = []) => {
-    from.push(a);
-    to.push(b);
-    bends.push(through);
-  };
-  for (let r = 0; r < ROWS; r++)
-    for (let c = 0; c < COLS; c++) {
-      const i = r * COLS + c,
-        x = WEST + ((c + 0.5 + (next() - 0.5) * 0.8) * (EAST - WEST)) / COLS,
-        y = SOUTH + ((r + 0.5 + (next() - 0.5) * 0.8) * (NORTH - SOUTH)) / ROWS;
-      position.set([x, y], i * 2);
-      load[i] = 0.5 + 0.5 * Math.sin(c * 0.7) * Math.cos(r * 0.9);
-      for (const j of [c + 1 < COLS ? i + 1 : -1, r + 1 < ROWS ? i + COLS : -1])
-        if (j >= 0) line(i, j);
-    }
-  // Long lines across the grid, each bent through a point off its straight course.
-  for (let k = 0; k < 6; k++) {
-    const a = Math.floor(next() * count),
-      b = Math.floor(next() * count);
-    if (a === b) continue;
-    const middle = (axis: number) => (position[a * 2 + axis]! + position[b * 2 + axis]!) / 2;
-    line(a, b, [middle(0), middle(1) + (next() - 0.5) * 8]);
-  }
-  const offsets = new Int32Array(bends.length + 1);
-  bends.forEach((points, e) => (offsets[e + 1] = offsets[e]! + points.length / 2));
-  const index = (type: string): Index => ({ source: 'video-grid', type, version: '1' }),
-    reference = (rows: number[]): Column => ({
-      kind: 'reference',
-      index: index('Bus'),
-      offset: 0,
-      length: rows.length,
-      values: Uint32Array.from(rows),
-    });
-  return createData(
-    {
-      types: {
-        Bus: {
-          fields: {
-            position: { type: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, items: 'float32' }, geographic: true },
-            load: { type: 'float32' },
-          },
-        },
-        Line: {
-          fields: {
-            from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-            to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-            bends: {
-              type: { kind: 'list', items: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, items: 'float32' } },
-              geographic: true,
-            },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('Bus'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-        columns: { position: vector(position), load: numeric(load) },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('Line'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: from.length },
-        columns: {
-          from: reference(from),
-          to: reference(to),
-          bends: {
-            kind: 'list',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: bends.length,
-            offsets,
-            values: vector(Float32Array.from(bends.flat())),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-}
diff --git a/examples/video/src/main.ts b/examples/video/src/main.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a8600d97..00000000
--- a/examples/video/src/main.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-import type { ExportResult, WorkerReply } from './messages.js';
-import { verify } from './checks.js';
-import type { ExampleView } from './scene.js';
-const status = document.querySelector<HTMLPreElement>('#status')!;
-const button = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('#export')!;
-const cancel = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('#cancel')!;
-const results = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>('#results')!;
-const worker = new Worker(new URL('./worker.ts', import.meta.url), { type: 'module' });
-const urls: string[] = [],
-  files: string[] = [];
-let busy = false;
-function exportOne(
-  view: ExampleView,
-  format: 'mp4' | 'webm',
-  duration: number,
-): Promise<ExportResult> {
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    worker.onerror = (event) => reject(new Error(event.message));
-    worker.onmessage = (event: MessageEvent<WorkerReply>) => {
-      const message = event.data;
-      if (message.kind === 'progress')
-        status.textContent = `${view}: ${message.progress.completedFrames}/${message.progress.totalFrames} frames`;
-      if (message.kind === 'error') reject(new Error(message.message));
-      if (message.kind === 'done') resolve(message);
-    };
-    const filename = `latkit-video-${crypto.randomUUID()}.${format}`;
-    files.push(filename);
-    worker.postMessage({ kind: 'export', view, format, duration, filename });
-  });
-}
-async function run() {
-  if (busy) throw new Error('Already exporting');
-  busy = true;
-  button.disabled = true;
-  cancel.disabled = false;
-  const report = [];
-  try {
-    for (const [view, format] of [
-      ['network', 'mp4'],
-      ['monitor', 'webm'],
-      ['combined', 'mp4'],
-    ] as const) {
-      const duration = 2;
-      const message = await exportOne(view, format, duration);
-      const directory = await navigator.storage.getDirectory();
-      const blob = await (await directory.getFileHandle(message.filename)).getFile();
-      const decoded = await verify(blob, 1280, 720, duration);
-      const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
-      urls.push(url);
-      const article = document.createElement('article'),
-        title = document.createElement('h2'),
-        video = document.createElement('video'),
-        link = document.createElement('a');
-      title.textContent = `${view} / ${format}`;
-      video.controls = true;
-      video.loop = true;
-      video.src = url;
-      link.href = url;
-      link.download = `${view}.${format}`;
-      link.textContent = `Download - ${(blob.size / 1e6).toFixed(2)} MB - ${(Number(message.elapsedMs) / 1000).toFixed(2)}s export`;
-      article.append(title, video, link);
-      results.append(article);
-      report.push({ ...message, decoded });
-    }
-    status.textContent = JSON.stringify(report, null, 2);
-    return report;
-  } catch (error) {
-    status.textContent = String(error);
-    throw error;
-  } finally {
-    busy = false;
-    button.disabled = false;
-    cancel.disabled = true;
-  }
-}
-button.onclick = () => void run().catch(console.error);
-cancel.onclick = () => worker.postMessage({ kind: 'cancel' });
-window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => {
-  if (event.persisted) return;
-  worker.terminate();
-  for (const url of urls) URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-  void navigator.storage
-    .getDirectory()
-    .then((root) => Promise.all(files.map((file) => root.removeEntry(file).catch(() => {}))));
-});
-Object.assign(window, { videoProof: { run } });
diff --git a/examples/video/src/messages.ts b/examples/video/src/messages.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e554686..00000000
--- a/examples/video/src/messages.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import type { Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { VideoProgress, VideoResult } from '@latkit/video';
-import type { ExampleView } from './scene.js';
-export interface ExportRequest {
-  readonly kind: 'export';
-  readonly view: ExampleView;
-  readonly format: 'mp4' | 'webm';
-  readonly filename: string;
-  readonly duration: number;
-}
-export interface ExportResult {
-  readonly kind: 'done';
-  readonly result: VideoResult;
-  readonly filename: string;
-  readonly elapsedMs: number;
-  readonly gpu: Memory.Stats;
-}
-export type WorkerRequest = ExportRequest | { readonly kind: 'cancel' };
-export type WorkerResult = ExportResult | { readonly kind: 'error'; readonly message: string };
-export type WorkerReply =
-  WorkerResult | { readonly kind: 'progress'; readonly progress: VideoProgress };
diff --git a/examples/video/src/scene.ts b/examples/video/src/scene.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ecb48792..00000000
--- a/examples/video/src/scene.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-import { createComposition, type Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-import { Telemetry } from '../../monitor/src/source.js';
-import { grid } from './grid.js';
-export type ExampleView = 'network' | 'monitor' | 'combined';
-/** App-owned construction runs identically in a worker or the window. */
-export function scene(gpu: Gpu, kind: ExampleView) {
-  const live = new Telemetry(['response'], 48, 1 / 60);
-  for (let frame = 0; frame <= 360; frame++)
-    live.append(
-      Float64Array.from(
-        { length: 48 },
-        (_, row) => Math.sin(frame * 0.035 + row * 0.16) * (0.4 + row / 100),
-      ),
-    );
-  const samples = live.data;
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    source: samples,
-    traces: {
-      response: {
-        from: 'sensor',
-        y: 'response',
-        color: { field: 'response', domain: [-1, 1], colormap: 'turbo' },
-      },
-    },
-    camera: { x: [0, 6], y: [-1, 1] },
-    xAxis: 'Time (s)',
-    yAxis: 'Response',
-  });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: grid(),
-    vertices: {
-      Bus: {
-        x: 'position',
-        y: { field: 'position', component: 1 },
-        color: { field: 'load', domain: [0, 1], colormap: 'turbo' },
-      },
-    },
-    edges: {
-      Line: {
-        ends: ['from', 'to'],
-        bends: 'bends',
-        route: 'geodesic',
-      },
-    },
-    poles: false,
-    shade: {
-      wgsl: `fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f {
-      let wave = 0.65 + 0.35 * sin(shadeContext.pointer.w * 0.003 + f.px.x * 0.015);
-      return vec4f(f.color.rgb * wave, f.color.a);
-    }`,
-      tick: () => true,
-    },
-  });
-  const composition =
-    kind === 'combined'
-      ? createComposition(gpu, {
-          views: [
-            { view: network, region: [0, 0, 1, 0.55] },
-            { view: monitor, region: [0, 0.55, 1, 0.45] },
-          ],
-        })
-      : undefined;
-  return {
-    view: composition ?? (kind === 'monitor' ? monitor : network),
-    close() {
-      composition?.destroy();
-      network.destroy();
-      monitor.destroy();
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/examples/video/src/worker.ts b/examples/video/src/worker.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 073b67bc..00000000
--- a/examples/video/src/worker.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-import type { ExportRequest, WorkerRequest, WorkerResult } from './messages.js';
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { exportVideo, type VideoWrite } from '@latkit/video';
-import { scene } from './scene.js';
-let current: AbortController | undefined;
-self.onmessage = (event: MessageEvent<WorkerRequest>) => {
-  if (event.data.kind === 'cancel') {
-    current?.abort(new DOMException('Cancelled', 'AbortError'));
-    return;
-  }
-  if (current) return;
-  current = new AbortController();
-  void run(event.data, current.signal).then(
-    (message) => {
-      current = undefined;
-      self.postMessage(message);
-    },
-    (error) => {
-      current = undefined;
-      self.postMessage({ kind: 'error', message: String(error) });
-    },
-  );
-};
-async function run(request: ExportRequest, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<WorkerResult> {
-  let gpu: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof createGpu>> | undefined;
-  let content: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof scene>> | undefined;
-  let file: FileSystemWritableFileStream | undefined;
-  try {
-    gpu = await createGpu();
-    content = scene(gpu, request.view);
-    const directory = await navigator.storage.getDirectory();
-    const handle = await directory.getFileHandle(request.filename, { create: true });
-    file = await handle.createWritable();
-    const destination = file;
-    const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-      write: ({ position, bytes }) => destination.write({ type: 'write', position, data: bytes }),
-    });
-    const began = performance.now();
-    const result = await exportVideo(content.view, {
-      output,
-      width: 1280,
-      height: 720,
-      duration: request.duration,
-      frameRate: 30,
-      at: (seconds) => seconds,
-      format: request.format,
-      signal,
-      onProgress: (progress) => self.postMessage({ kind: 'progress', progress }),
-    });
-    await file.close();
-    file = undefined;
-    return {
-      kind: 'done',
-      result,
-      filename: request.filename,
-      elapsedMs: performance.now() - began,
-      gpu: gpu.stats(),
-    };
-  } catch (error) {
-    await file?.abort().catch(() => {});
-    return { kind: 'error', message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) };
-  } finally {
-    try {
-      content?.close();
-    } finally {
-      gpu?.destroy();
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/video/tsconfig.json b/examples/video/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 06c7d770..00000000
--- a/examples/video/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2022",
-    "module": "ESNext",
-    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
-    "strict": true,
-    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
-    "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "vite/client"],
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"]
-  },
-  "include": ["src", "vite.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/examples/video/vite.config.ts b/examples/video/vite.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a218b19..00000000
--- a/examples/video/vite.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-export default defineConfig({
-  build: { rollupOptions: { input: { video: 'index.html', check: 'check.html' } } },
-});
diff --git a/npm/PRODUCT.md b/npm/PRODUCT.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54e860dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/PRODUCT.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Product
+
+<!-- impeccable:product-schema 1 -->
+
+## Platform
+
+web
+
+## Users
+
+Developers trying latkit through hands-on examples.
+
+## Product Purpose
+
+Show the rendering and interaction features of latkit through working examples with editable controls.
+
+## Capabilities and Constraints
+
+Existing TypeScript and Vite examples use the public latkit WebGPU API. Preserve simulations, data, editing, playback, and export capabilities.
+
+## Brand Commitments
+
+Minimal interface, plain names, little descriptive text, shared UI and styles, and examples that use the available window.
diff --git a/npm/README.md b/npm/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7db8d906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# latkit
+
+Columnar data drawn as vertices, edges, lines, and areas with WebGPU.
+[Documentation](https://latkit.readthedocs.io).
+
+```ts
+import { loadLatkit, Patch, field, type Scene } from 'latkit';
+
+const { Data, Gpu } = await loadLatkit();
+const data = new Data('grid').apply(
+  new Patch().replace('Bus', [101, 102], { x: [0, 30], y: [0, 20], kv: [230, 115] }),
+);
+
+const scene: Scene = {
+  space: 'plane',
+  marks: [
+    {
+      vertices: {
+        of: ['grid', 'Bus'],
+        position: ['x', 'y'],
+        radius: 6,
+        color: field('kv').colormap('viridis'),
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+};
+const gpu = await Gpu.create();
+const view = gpu.view(scene);
+gpu.canvas(document.querySelector('canvas')!).show([view]);
+view.setData(data);
+view.fit();
+```
+
+- **Plain data needs no WebAssembly.** Node/server code can import `latkit/core` without DOM types. Scenes, expressions, and patches are built without loading
+  anything, so a worker or a Node server writes patches as well as a page. `loadLatkit()` loads the
+  WebAssembly once per page; `Gpu.create()` requests a WebGPU device.
+- **Data changes in place.** `data.apply(patch)` makes every change or none. `data.snapshot()` keeps a
+  version in O(1), sharing its pages, as an undo history does. A view draws the version it was
+  given until `setData` gives it another.
+- **Patches are bytes.** A patch is a frame of latkit's byte format, written in TypeScript as it is
+  built; servers in any language write the same frames. `Patch.stream(body)` yields them as they
+  arrive, and `Data.read(bytes)` reads a dataset's bytes or GeoJSON.
+- **Data reads back** without a GPU, through the expressions marks draw with:
+  `data.query({ of, filter, sort, select, limit })`, `data.describe()`, `data.envelope(...)`.
+- **Types come from the schema.** Scene, query, camera, and fit types (`inputs.ts`) and events,
+  hits, and stats (`outputs.ts`) are written from latkit's JSON Schema; `latkit schema` prints it.
+- **Errors** throw a `LatkitError`: a `code` (`invalid`, `unsupported`, `limit`, `io`, `device-lost`,
+  `cancelled`, `timeout`) and, for invalid input, the `path` to the part.
+- **Handles** (`Data`, `Gpu`, `View`, `Canvas`, `Image`) have idempotent `destroy()` and
+  `Symbol.dispose`. Picks, locations, and layouts reject with `cancelled` when their view is
+  destroyed, and with `timeout` when no frame draws it in time.
+
+Workers start when a view first needs one, share the compiled module, and retire after 30 seconds
+idle. For your own asset hosting, pass the matching `latkit/wasm` and `latkit/worker` exports; the
+worker is a standalone script, fine as a Blob URL:
+
+```ts
+import wasmUrl from 'latkit/wasm?url';
+import workerUrl from 'latkit/worker?url';
+
+const kit = await loadLatkit({ wasm: wasmUrl, createWorker: () => new Worker(workerUrl) });
+```
+
+Serve WebAssembly as `application/wasm`, in a secure context for WebGPU.
+
+From the repository: `cargo xtask wasm --dev` builds the package for development, and
+`cargo xtask package` builds an optimized tarball under `target/npm`.
+
+LATK v1 uses 64-bit frame indexes. Sample values use `f32` and axis coordinates use `f64`.
+`Video.record()` cleans up on failure; manual recordings must finish or abort.
+See [deployment and platform support](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/deployment.html).
diff --git a/npm/build.mjs b/npm/build.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be55cca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/build.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+/** Builds from pinned workspace tools; all release and consumer outputs stay below target/npm. */
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { brotliCompressSync, constants, gzipSync } from 'node:zlib';
+import { build, transform } from 'esbuild';
+import { typescript } from './schema.mjs';
+
+const root = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
+const output = path.join(root, 'target/npm');
+const [mode, directory, version] = process.argv.slice(2);
+const read = (file) => JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8'));
+const write = (file, value) => fs.writeFileSync(file, `${JSON.stringify(value, null, 2)}\n`);
+
+if (mode === 'prepare') {
+  const stage = path.resolve(root, directory);
+  assert.equal(path.dirname(stage), output);
+  assert(!fs.existsSync(stage), 'release staging must be fresh');
+  const manifest = read(path.join(root, 'npm/package.json'));
+  for (const crate of ['latkit', 'latkit-cli']) {
+    assert.equal(
+      fs.readFileSync(path.join(root, `crates/${crate}/LICENSE`), 'utf8'),
+      fs.readFileSync(path.join(root, 'LICENSE'), 'utf8'),
+      'Cargo licenses must match the repository license',
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(manifest.version, version, 'Rust and npm versions must match');
+  fs.mkdirSync(stage, { recursive: true });
+  fs.cpSync(path.join(root, 'npm/src'), path.join(stage, 'src'), { recursive: true });
+  fs.copyFileSync(path.join(root, 'npm/tsconfig.json'), path.join(stage, 'tsconfig.json'));
+  fs.copyFileSync(path.join(root, 'LICENSE'), path.join(stage, 'LICENSE'));
+  fs.copyFileSync(path.join(root, 'npm/README.md'), path.join(stage, 'README.md'));
+  fs.copyFileSync(
+    path.join(root, 'crates/latkit/colormaps/NOTICES.md'),
+    path.join(stage, 'NOTICES.md'),
+  );
+  fs.copyFileSync(
+    path.join(root, 'crates/latkit/THIRD_PARTY.md'),
+    path.join(stage, 'THIRD_PARTY.md'),
+  );
+  delete manifest.scripts;
+  delete manifest.devDependencies;
+  write(path.join(stage, 'package.json'), manifest);
+} else if (mode === 'schema') {
+  const types = await typescript(path.join(root, 'npm/schema.json'));
+  for (const [name, source] of Object.entries(types)) {
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, `npm/src/${name}.ts`), source);
+  }
+} else if (mode === 'compile') {
+  const stage = path.resolve(root, directory);
+  const types = await typescript(path.join(root, 'npm/schema.json'));
+  for (const [name, source] of Object.entries(types)) {
+    assert.equal(
+      fs.readFileSync(path.join(stage, `src/${name}.ts`), 'utf8').replaceAll('\r\n', '\n'),
+      source,
+      `src/${name}.ts is not what npm/schema.json says: run node npm/build.mjs schema`,
+    );
+  }
+  execFileSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [path.join(root, 'node_modules/typescript/bin/tsc'), '-p', stage],
+    {
+      stdio: 'inherit',
+    },
+  );
+  const dist = path.join(stage, 'dist');
+  for (const name of ['inputs', 'outputs'])
+    fs.rmSync(path.join(dist, `${name}.js`), { force: true });
+  for (const file of fs.readdirSync(dist).filter((file) => file.endsWith('.js'))) {
+    const source = path.join(dist, file);
+    const result = await transform(fs.readFileSync(source, 'utf8'), {
+      minify: true,
+      format: 'esm',
+      target: 'es2022',
+    });
+    fs.writeFileSync(source, result.code);
+  }
+  await build({
+    entryPoints: [path.join(stage, 'src/worker.ts')],
+    outfile: path.join(dist, 'worker.js'),
+    bundle: true,
+    minify: true,
+    format: 'iife',
+    platform: 'browser',
+    target: 'es2022',
+    // wasm-bindgen's unused async initializer mentions import.meta; initSync doesn't need it.
+    logOverride: { 'empty-import-meta': 'silent' },
+    logLevel: 'warning',
+  });
+  const worker = fs.readFileSync(path.join(dist, 'worker.js'), 'utf8');
+  assert(!worker.includes('import.meta'), 'standalone worker must not resolve assets or imports');
+} else if (mode === 'report') {
+  const stage = path.resolve(root, directory);
+  const manifest = read(path.join(stage, 'package.json'));
+  const tarball = path.join(output, `${manifest.name}-${manifest.version}.tgz`);
+  const sizes = {};
+  for (const folder of ['dist', 'pkg']) {
+    for (const file of fs.readdirSync(path.join(stage, folder)).sort()) {
+      if (!/\.(js|wasm)$/.test(file)) continue;
+      const bytes = fs.readFileSync(path.join(stage, folder, file));
+      sizes[`${folder}/${file}`] = {
+        raw: bytes.length,
+        gzip: gzipSync(bytes, { level: 9 }).length,
+        brotli: brotliCompressSync(bytes, { params: { [constants.BROTLI_PARAM_QUALITY]: 11 } })
+          .length,
+        sha256: createHash('sha256').update(bytes).digest('hex'),
+      };
+    }
+  }
+  const report = {
+    version: manifest.version,
+    commit: execFileSync('git', ['rev-parse', 'HEAD'], { cwd: root, encoding: 'utf8' }).trim(),
+    dirty:
+      execFileSync('git', ['status', '--porcelain'], { cwd: root, encoding: 'utf8' }).trim() !== '',
+    tarball,
+    tools: {
+      node: process.version,
+      rust: execFileSync('rustc', ['--version'], { cwd: root, encoding: 'utf8' }).trim(),
+      wasmBindgen: execFileSync('wasm-bindgen', ['--version'], {
+        cwd: root,
+        encoding: 'utf8',
+      }).trim(),
+      typescript: read(path.join(root, 'node_modules/typescript/package.json')).version,
+      esbuild: read(path.join(root, 'node_modules/esbuild/package.json')).version,
+    },
+    sha256: createHash('sha256').update(fs.readFileSync(tarball)).digest('hex'),
+    sizes,
+  };
+  write(path.join(output, 'package.json'), report);
+  console.log(JSON.stringify(report, null, 2));
+} else if (mode === 'consumer') {
+  const report = read(path.join(output, 'package.json'));
+  assert.equal(
+    createHash('sha256').update(fs.readFileSync(report.tarball)).digest('hex'),
+    report.sha256,
+  );
+  const consumer = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(output, 'consumer-'));
+  fs.cpSync(path.join(root, 'npm/test/consumer'), consumer, { recursive: true });
+  write(path.join(consumer, 'package.json'), {
+    name: 'latkit-package-consumer',
+    private: true,
+    type: 'module',
+  });
+  write(path.join(output, 'package.json'), { ...report, consumer });
+} else if (mode === 'verified') {
+  const report = read(path.join(output, 'package.json'));
+  assert.equal(
+    createHash('sha256').update(fs.readFileSync(report.tarball)).digest('hex'),
+    report.sha256,
+  );
+  write(path.join(output, 'verified.json'), { sha256: report.sha256 });
+} else {
+  throw new Error(`unknown build step: ${mode}`);
+}
diff --git a/npm/docs.mjs b/npm/docs.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b0e46d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/docs.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/** Checked-in reference snapshots let Read the Docs build with Python alone. */
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import ts from 'typescript';
+import prettier from 'prettier';
+
+const root = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
+const check = process.argv.includes('--check');
+const printer = ts.createPrinter({ newLine: ts.NewLineKind.LineFeed });
+
+function declarations(file) {
+  const text = fs.readFileSync(path.join(root, file), 'utf8');
+  const source = ts.createSourceFile(file, text, ts.ScriptTarget.Latest, true);
+  return source.statements
+    .filter(
+      (node) =>
+        !ts.isImportDeclaration(node) &&
+        !ts.isExportDeclaration(node) &&
+        !ts.isEmptyStatement(node),
+    )
+    .map((node) => {
+      const name =
+        node.name?.getText(source) ??
+        (ts.isVariableStatement(node)
+          ? node.declarationList.declarations[0].name.getText(source)
+          : undefined);
+      if (!name) return '';
+      const signature = printer
+        .printNode(ts.EmitHint.Unspecified, node, source)
+        .replace(/\bexport declare /g, '')
+        .replace(/\bexport /g, '')
+        .replace(/^\s*(?:#private;|private .*;)\s*$/gm, '');
+      return `## ${name}\n\n\`\`\`ts\n${signature.trim()}\n\`\`\`\n`;
+    })
+    .join('\n');
+}
+
+const pages = {
+  'api.md':
+    '# JavaScript API\n\nGenerated from the shipped declarations. Builders are available from `latkit/core`;\n`loadLatkit()` returns `Data`, `Gpu`, `Shot`, and `colormapCss`.\nSee the guides for workflows and the [scene and result types](types.md) for option shapes.\n\n' +
+    ['load', 'patch', 'scene', 'runtime']
+      .map((name) => declarations(`npm/dist/${name}.d.ts`))
+      .join('\n'),
+  'types.md':
+    '# Scene and result types\n\nGenerated from the same schema as the package types. Each field documents its meaning and defaults.\n\n' +
+    ['inputs', 'outputs'].map((name) => declarations(`npm/src/${name}.ts`)).join('\n'),
+};
+
+for (const [name, content] of Object.entries(pages)) {
+  const file = path.join(root, 'docs/reference', name);
+  const formatted = await prettier.format(content, {
+    ...(await prettier.resolveConfig(file)),
+    parser: 'markdown',
+  });
+  if (check)
+    assert.equal(
+      fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8').replaceAll('\r\n', '\n'),
+      formatted,
+      `${file}: run node npm/docs.mjs after building the package`,
+    );
+  else {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(file), { recursive: true });
+    fs.writeFileSync(file, formatted);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/DESIGN.md b/npm/examples/DESIGN.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca36ae56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/DESIGN.md
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+---
+name: latkit examples
+description: Minimal controls around a window-filling canvas.
+colors:
+  bg: '#101214'
+  surface: '#191c1f'
+  raised: '#24282c'
+  line: '#30353a'
+  line-strong: '#50585f'
+  text: '#f0f1f2'
+  muted: '#a6adb4'
+  accent: '#b8d6c4'
+  accent-ink: '#15241c'
+typography:
+  body:
+    fontFamily: "-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif"
+    fontSize: '13px'
+    lineHeight: 1.45
+  label:
+    fontSize: '12px'
+  mono:
+    fontFamily: "ui-monospace, 'Cascadia Code', Consolas, monospace"
+rounded:
+  control: '4px'
+spacing:
+  compact: '6px'
+  small: '8px'
+  regular: '12px'
+  section: '16px'
+---
+
+# Design System: latkit examples
+
+## Overview
+
+The canvas is the main workspace. A compact header, plain controls, and short labels let developers try each example directly. Shared styles and controls keep the examples consistent.
+
+## Colors
+
+Use the dark background for canvases, surface for the header and controls panel, and raised for inputs and buttons. Lines separate regions. Muted text carries labels and supporting values; text carries primary content. The pale green accent marks primary actions, pressed states, ranges, and keyboard focus. Data colors belong to the example and its legend.
+
+## Typography
+
+Use system sans serif for the interface, with 12px labels and supporting text. The brand is 16px at weight 650; section headings are 12px at weight 600. Use monospace for shortcuts, playback time, and performance values. Numeric readouts use tabular figures.
+
+## Layout
+
+Desktop fills the viewport: a 48px header, flexible canvas, and 272px controls panel. The panel scrolls independently. Playback sits below the canvas when present. Hiding controls gives the canvas and playback the full width.
+
+At 700px and below, the header is 56px and controls move below the canvas and playback. The canvas is at least 360px tall, normally 65dvh. Hiding controls fills the remaining viewport with the canvas. Linked views stack vertically. Buttons, selects, text inputs, and disclosure headings have a 44px minimum height on mobile, up from 32px controls and 40px disclosure headings on desktop.
+
+## Elevation & Depth
+
+Use flat surfaces and thin borders. Menus and canvas annotations sit above content without shadows.
+
+## Shapes
+
+Controls and menus share the small corner radius. Main regions meet edge to edge with straight dividers.
+
+## Components
+
+- Navigation uses a native example picker and a Controls toggle with an expanded state.
+- Control groups use native disclosures. Keep labels brief, place values beside sliders, and group related actions in two columns.
+- Buttons and fields share raised backgrounds and stronger borders. Hover brightens the border and background; keyboard focus has a 2px accent outline. Disabled controls use half opacity.
+- Playback uses a compact button, range, and time readout. On mobile, the range occupies its own row.
+- Legends identify the data scale. Keep simulated data identified where shown.
+- Reuse `src/ui/controls.ts`, `src/ui/style.css`, and the canvas defaults in `src/ui/theme.ts`. Create views through `Stage`, which supplies plot title clearance and responsive panel layout.
+
+## Do's and Don'ts
+
+- Do keep the canvas large, controls compact, and text direct.
+- Do preserve visible keyboard focus, native control behavior, and readable plot titles.
+- Don't add decorative cards, marketing copy, or separate styles for controls already shared.
diff --git a/npm/examples/gate/browser.ts b/npm/examples/gate/browser.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19966c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/gate/browser.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/**
+ * What the gate and the benchmark share: Chrome to drive, and deadlines every wait races.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { chromium, type Browser } from 'playwright-core';
+
+/** Milliseconds any one step may take before giving up on it. */
+export const STEP = 60_000;
+
+/** Rejects after `ms` with what timed out. */
+export function deadline<T>(work: Promise<T>, ms: number, step: string): Promise<T> {
+  let timer: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;
+  const late = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+    timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(`timed out after ${ms} ms: ${step}`)), ms);
+  });
+  return Promise.race([work, late]).finally(() => clearTimeout(timer));
+}
+
+/** Chrome to drive: `$LATKIT_CHROME`, or the newest Chromium in Playwright's browser cache. */
+export function chrome(): string {
+  const given = process.env.LATKIT_CHROME;
+  if (given) return given;
+  const cache =
+    process.env.PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH ??
+    (process.platform === 'win32'
+      ? path.join(process.env.LOCALAPPDATA ?? '', 'ms-playwright')
+      : process.platform === 'darwin'
+        ? path.join(os.homedir(), 'Library', 'Caches', 'ms-playwright')
+        : path.join(os.homedir(), '.cache', 'ms-playwright'));
+  const builds = fs.existsSync(cache)
+    ? fs
+        .readdirSync(cache)
+        .filter((name) => /^chromium-\d+$/.test(name))
+        .sort((a, b) => Number(b.slice(9)) - Number(a.slice(9)))
+    : [];
+  const executables = [
+    'chrome-win64/chrome.exe',
+    'chrome-win/chrome.exe',
+    'chrome-linux64/chrome',
+    'chrome-linux/chrome',
+    'chrome-mac-arm64/Google Chrome for Testing.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome for Testing',
+    'chrome-mac/Chromium.app/Contents/MacOS/Chromium',
+  ];
+  for (const build of builds) {
+    for (const executable of executables) {
+      const found = path.join(cache, build, executable);
+      if (fs.existsSync(found)) return found;
+    }
+  }
+  throw new Error(
+    `no Chrome found in ${cache}: set LATKIT_CHROME, or run \`pnpm --dir npm/examples exec playwright-core install chromium\``,
+  );
+}
+
+/** A Chrome being driven, and how it ends. */
+export interface Chrome {
+  browser: Browser;
+  /**
+   * Ends Chrome: politely within seconds, else by killing its processes. A page stuck on its GPU
+   * never closes politely, and a Chrome left behind keeps the GPU busy under the next one.
+   */
+  close(): Promise<void>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * WebGPU on SwiftShader, which draws on the CPU, so no shader can hang the machine's GPU. These
+ * override Chrome's own GPU checks, so a real GPU never gets them. ANGLE draws on SwiftShader too on
+ * Linux, as its GPU-less CI needs; on Windows that leaves WebGPU no adapter at all.
+ */
+const SOFTWARE = [
+  '--enable-unsafe-webgpu',
+  '--ignore-gpu-blocklist',
+  ...(process.platform === 'linux' ? ['--use-angle=swiftshader'] : []),
+  '--use-vulkan=swiftshader',
+  '--use-webgpu-adapter=swiftshader',
+  '--enable-unsafe-swiftshader',
+  '--enable-features=Vulkan,WebGPU',
+];
+
+/**
+ * A machine with two GPUs draws on its fast one, every launch: Chrome ignores WebGPU's
+ * `powerPreference` on Windows, and picks either otherwise, so times and limit-bound work would
+ * compare two devices.
+ */
+const HARDWARE = ['--force_high_performance_gpu'];
+
+/** Chrome, headless, with `args` besides: on SwiftShader when `software`, as Linux always is. */
+export async function launch(
+  args: readonly string[] = [],
+  software = process.platform === 'linux',
+): Promise<Chrome> {
+  const server = await deadline(
+    chromium.launchServer({
+      executablePath: chrome(),
+      headless: true,
+      args: [...(software ? SOFTWARE : HARDWARE), ...args],
+    }),
+    STEP,
+    'launch Chrome',
+  );
+  // Killing ends the whole process tree, as `taskkill /T /F` does on Windows.
+  const kill = () => deadline(server.kill(), 10_000, 'kill Chrome').catch(() => {});
+  try {
+    const browser = await deadline(
+      chromium.connect(server.wsEndpoint()),
+      STEP,
+      'connect to Chrome',
+    );
+    const close = () => deadline(server.close(), 5_000, 'close Chrome').catch(kill);
+    return { browser, close };
+  } catch (error) {
+    await kill();
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/gate/gate.ts b/npm/examples/gate/gate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc6a968e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/gate/gate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+/**
+ * The browser gate. Times every shader variant's pipelines in Chrome against a budget, then opens
+ * every page of the suite in a fresh browser and moves the pointer over it. It fails on a pipeline
+ * over budget or failing to compile, a console error, a page that draws no frame in time, or a frame
+ * that stalls while the page opens or under the pointer. Every wait races a deadline.
+ *
+ * On SwiftShader (`--software`, as Linux always is), the CPU draws, slower than any budget, so the
+ * gate only checks that every pipeline compiles: pages and times are judged on a GPU.
+ *
+ * `node gate/gate.ts <dir holding shaders.json> [--software] [page...]`; `cargo xtask browser` runs
+ * it. Naming pages visits only those, without timing the shaders. Chrome is `$LATKIT_CHROME`, or the
+ * newest Chromium Playwright installed.
+ */
+
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import http from 'node:http';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import type { Page } from 'playwright-core';
+import { createServer } from 'vite';
+import { STEP, deadline, launch, type Chrome } from './browser.ts';
+
+/** Milliseconds Chrome may take to compile any one pipeline, cold: the slowest takes about 0.35 s,
+ * and a view opens no sooner than the slowest it uses, the rest compiling beside it. */
+const COMPILE_BUDGET = 800;
+/** Milliseconds from opening a page, cold, to its views' first frames, which draw everything their
+ * scenes use: every pipeline compiles side by side, off Chrome's GPU thread. */
+const FIRST_FRAME_BUDGET = 1000;
+/** Milliseconds between two animation frames, while a page opens or the pointer moves over it:
+ * nothing compiles on Chrome's GPU thread, so no frame waits. */
+const FRAME_BUDGET = 50;
+
+const here = path.dirname(new URL(import.meta.url).pathname.replace(/^\/(\w:)/, '$1'));
+const examples = path.dirname(here);
+const args = process.argv.slice(2);
+const software = args.includes('--software') || process.platform === 'linux';
+
+/** A variant of shaders.json: its file, whether it draws, its compute entries, and its constants. */
+interface Variant {
+  file: string;
+  draws: boolean;
+  compute: string[];
+  constants: Record<string, number>[];
+  append: string;
+}
+
+/** One pipeline to time in the page. */
+interface Pipeline {
+  label: string;
+  code: string;
+  draws: boolean;
+  entry: string;
+  constants: Record<string, number>;
+}
+
+interface Timing {
+  label: string;
+  ms: number;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+/** Chrome compiling cold on every launch, as a first visit does. */
+function cold(): Promise<Chrome> {
+  return launch(['--disable-gpu-shader-disk-cache'], software);
+}
+
+/** Every pipeline the variants in `dir` make: each compute entry, or the draw, per constants. */
+function pipelines(dir: string): Pipeline[] {
+  const variants = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, 'shaders.json'), 'utf8')) as Variant[];
+  return variants.flatMap((variant) => {
+    const code = `${fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, variant.file), 'utf8')}\n${variant.append}`;
+    const name = variant.file.replace(/\.wgsl$/, '');
+    const entries = variant.draws ? ['vertex'] : variant.compute;
+    return variant.constants.flatMap((constants) => {
+      const set = Object.entries(constants).map(([k, v]) => `${k}=${v}`);
+      return entries.map((entry) => ({
+        label: [name, variant.draws ? '' : entry, ...set].filter(Boolean).join(' '),
+        code,
+        draws: variant.draws,
+        entry,
+        constants,
+      }));
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+/** In the page: makes each pipeline cold, one at a time, and times it. Runs from its source alone. */
+async function time({
+  pipelines,
+  step,
+}: {
+  pipelines: Pipeline[];
+  step: number;
+}): Promise<Timing[]> {
+  interface Device {
+    createShaderModule(descriptor: { code: string }): unknown;
+    createComputePipelineAsync(descriptor: unknown): Promise<unknown>;
+    createRenderPipelineAsync(descriptor: unknown): Promise<unknown>;
+  }
+  interface Adapter {
+    limits: Record<string, number>;
+    requestDevice(descriptor: unknown): Promise<Device>;
+  }
+  const gpu = (
+    navigator as unknown as { gpu: { requestAdapter(o: unknown): Promise<Adapter | null> } }
+  ).gpu;
+  const adapter = await gpu.requestAdapter({ powerPreference: 'high-performance' });
+  if (!adapter) throw new Error('no WebGPU adapter');
+  const limits = adapter.limits;
+  const device = await adapter.requestDevice({
+    requiredLimits: {
+      maxStorageBufferBindingSize: limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize,
+      maxBufferSize: limits.maxBufferSize,
+      maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage: limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage,
+    },
+  });
+  const timings: Timing[] = [];
+  const modules = new Map<string, unknown>();
+  for (const pipeline of pipelines) {
+    let module = modules.get(pipeline.code);
+    if (!module)
+      modules.set(pipeline.code, (module = device.createShaderModule({ code: pipeline.code })));
+    const constants = pipeline.constants;
+    // Draws test against depth, as latkit's do; the backdrop writes it.
+    const made = pipeline.draws
+      ? device.createRenderPipelineAsync({
+          layout: 'auto',
+          vertex: { module, entryPoint: 'vertex', constants },
+          fragment: {
+            module,
+            entryPoint: 'fragment',
+            constants,
+            targets: [{ format: 'rgba8unorm' }],
+          },
+          primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
+          depthStencil: {
+            format: 'depth32float',
+            depthWriteEnabled: true,
+            depthCompare: 'greater-equal',
+          },
+        })
+      : device.createComputePipelineAsync({
+          layout: 'auto',
+          compute: { module, entryPoint: pipeline.entry, constants },
+        });
+    const started = performance.now();
+    try {
+      await Promise.race([
+        made,
+        new Promise((_, reject) =>
+          setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(`no pipeline after ${step} ms`)), step),
+        ),
+      ]);
+      timings.push({ label: pipeline.label, ms: performance.now() - started });
+    } catch (error) {
+      timings.push({
+        label: pipeline.label,
+        ms: performance.now() - started,
+        error: String(error).slice(0, 300),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return timings;
+}
+
+/** Times every pipeline against the budget; returns the failures. */
+async function compileBudget(dir: string): Promise<string[]> {
+  const blank = http.createServer((_, response) =>
+    response.end('<!doctype html><title>gate</title>'),
+  );
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve) => blank.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
+  const { port } = blank.address() as { port: number };
+  const chrome = await cold();
+  try {
+    const page = await chrome.browser.newPage();
+    await deadline(page.goto(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`), STEP, 'open a blank page');
+    const all = pipelines(dir);
+    // Each pipeline races its own deadline in the page.
+    const timed = page.evaluate(time, { pipelines: all, step: STEP });
+    const timings = await deadline(timed, (all.length + 1) * STEP, 'time pipelines');
+    timings.sort((a, b) => b.ms - a.ms);
+    const total = timings.reduce((sum, t) => sum + t.ms, 0);
+    console.log(`shaders: ${timings.length} pipelines in ${(total / 1000).toFixed(1)} s; slowest:`);
+    for (const t of timings.slice(0, 8))
+      console.log(`  ${t.ms.toFixed(0).padStart(6)} ms  ${t.label}`);
+    return timings.flatMap((t) =>
+      t.error
+        ? [`${t.label}: ${t.error}`]
+        : !software && t.ms > COMPILE_BUDGET
+          ? [`${t.label}: ${t.ms.toFixed(0)} ms, over ${COMPILE_BUDGET}`]
+          : [],
+    );
+  } finally {
+    await chrome.close();
+    blank.close();
+  }
+}
+
+/** Resolves after two animation frames. */
+function frames(page: Page): Promise<void> {
+  const two = page.evaluate(
+    () => new Promise<void>((r) => requestAnimationFrame(() => requestAnimationFrame(() => r()))),
+  );
+  return deadline(two, STEP, 'animation frames');
+}
+
+/** Waits, for at most `budget` ms, until every view of `page` has opened: it was complete, or it drew
+ * 30 frames waiting on nothing but its fit, as a plot of streaming data measuring its value range
+ * again does every frame. A view draws once every pipeline its scene uses compiled, so then nothing
+ * is left to compile. */
+async function settled(page: Page, budget: number): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => {
+      const w = window as unknown as {
+        stage?: { views: { stats: { frames: number; waiting: string[] } }[] };
+        opened?: Set<number>;
+        refitting?: Map<number, number>;
+      };
+      const views = w.stage?.views ?? [];
+      w.opened ??= new Set();
+      w.refitting ??= new Map();
+      views.forEach(({ stats: { frames, waiting } }, i) => {
+        if (!waiting.length) w.opened!.add(i);
+        if (waiting.join() !== 'fit') w.refitting!.delete(i);
+        else if (!w.refitting!.has(i)) w.refitting!.set(i, frames);
+        else if (frames - w.refitting!.get(i)! >= 30) w.opened!.add(i);
+      });
+      return views.length > 0 && w.opened.size === views.length;
+    },
+    undefined,
+    { timeout: budget, polling: 50 },
+  );
+}
+
+/** Opens page `id` in a fresh browser, waits for its first frames, then moves the pointer over
+ * every view: hovering a grid of points, zooming, panning, and clicking. Returns the failures. */
+async function visit(url: string, id: string): Promise<string[]> {
+  const failures: string[] = [];
+  const chrome = await cold();
+  try {
+    const context = await chrome.browser.newContext({
+      viewport: { width: 1280, height: 800 },
+      deviceScaleFactor: 1,
+    });
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    page.on('console', (message) => {
+      if (message.type() === 'error') failures.push(`console: ${message.text().slice(0, 300)}`);
+    });
+    page.on('pageerror', (error) => failures.push(`page: ${error.message.slice(0, 300)}`));
+    // The longest gap between animation frames since the last reset.
+    await page.addInitScript(() => {
+      const w = window as unknown as { gap: number; resetGap(): void };
+      let last = 0;
+      w.gap = 0;
+      w.resetGap = () => {
+        w.gap = 0;
+        last = 0;
+      };
+      const tick = (now: number) => {
+        if (last) w.gap = Math.max(w.gap, now - last);
+        last = now;
+        requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+      };
+      requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+    });
+    const opened = performance.now();
+    await deadline(page.goto(`${url}#${id}`), STEP, `open ${id}`);
+    /** Waits until every view has drawn more than `frames` frames, for at most `budget` ms. */
+    const drawn = (frames: number, budget: number) =>
+      page.waitForFunction(
+        (frames) => {
+          const views = (
+            window as unknown as { stage?: { views: { stats: { frames: number } }[] } }
+          ).stage?.views;
+          return !!views?.length && views.every((view) => view.stats.frames > frames);
+        },
+        frames,
+        { timeout: budget, polling: 50 },
+      );
+    try {
+      await deadline(
+        drawn(0, FIRST_FRAME_BUDGET),
+        FIRST_FRAME_BUDGET + 1000,
+        `${id}'s first frame`,
+      );
+    } catch {
+      failures.push(`no frame within ${FIRST_FRAME_BUDGET} ms`);
+      return failures;
+    }
+    const first = performance.now() - opened;
+    // What stalls while the views open, from their first frames: what the page did loading before
+    // them shows nothing to stall.
+    await page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { resetGap(): void }).resetGap());
+    await deadline(settled(page, STEP), STEP + 1000, `${id}'s opening`);
+    await deadline(page.waitForTimeout(500), STEP, 'settle');
+    const opening = await page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { gap: number }).gap);
+    let longest = { gap: 0, step: '' };
+    /** Does `step` and waits two frames; keeps the longest gap between frames and its step. */
+    const act = async (step: string, action: () => Promise<void>) => {
+      await page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { resetGap(): void }).resetGap());
+      await deadline(action(), STEP, step);
+      await frames(page);
+      const gap = await page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { gap: number }).gap);
+      if (gap > longest.gap) longest = { gap, step };
+    };
+    const canvases = await page.locator('main canvas').all();
+    for (const [c, canvas] of canvases.entries()) {
+      const box = await deadline(canvas.boundingBox(), STEP, 'a canvas');
+      if (!box) continue;
+      const at = (x: number, y: number) => [box.x + box.width * x, box.y + box.height * y] as const;
+      for (let y = 1; y < 5; y++) {
+        for (let x = 1; x < 7; x++) {
+          await act(`hover ${x}/7, ${y}/5 of canvas ${c}`, () =>
+            page.mouse.move(...at(x / 7, y / 5), { steps: 3 }),
+          );
+        }
+      }
+      const [cx, cy] = at(0.5, 0.5);
+      await act(`move to the middle of canvas ${c}`, () => page.mouse.move(cx, cy));
+      await act(`zoom in on canvas ${c}`, () => page.mouse.wheel(0, -240));
+      await act(`zoom out on canvas ${c}`, () => page.mouse.wheel(0, 240));
+      await act(`drag on canvas ${c}`, async () => {
+        await page.mouse.down();
+        await page.mouse.move(cx + 80, cy + 40, { steps: 6 });
+        await page.mouse.up();
+      });
+      await act(`click canvas ${c}`, () => page.mouse.click(cx, cy));
+      // The intents whose picks list what lies under a point, and the keys stepping through rows.
+      await act(`menu on canvas ${c}`, () => page.mouse.click(cx, cy, { button: 'right' }));
+      await act(`step with Tab on canvas ${c}`, () => page.keyboard.press('Tab'));
+      await act(`step with an arrow on canvas ${c}`, () => page.keyboard.press('ArrowRight'));
+      await act(`stop stepping on canvas ${c}`, () => page.keyboard.press('Escape'));
+    }
+    // Every page exports a picture of its views: a shot draws them and a worker writes the PNG.
+    await page.locator('main canvas').first().focus();
+    await deadline(page.keyboard.press('x'), STEP, 'ask for a picture');
+    const saved = page.waitForFunction(
+      () => document.body.textContent?.includes('Saved views.png'),
+      undefined,
+      {
+        timeout: STEP,
+        polling: 100,
+      },
+    );
+    try {
+      await deadline(saved, STEP + 1000, `${id}'s picture`);
+    } catch {
+      // What the views waited on, and what the page said, name why.
+      const said = await page.evaluate(() => {
+        const views = (
+          window as unknown as { stage?: { views: { stats: { waiting: string[] } }[] } }
+        ).stage?.views;
+        const waiting = (views ?? []).map((view) => view.stats.waiting.join('+') || 'nothing');
+        const status = [...document.querySelectorAll('.status, [role=status], output')]
+          .map((element) => element.textContent?.trim())
+          .filter(Boolean);
+        return `views waiting on ${waiting.join(', ')}; the page said ${status.join(' | ') || 'nothing'}`;
+      });
+      failures.push(`no picture exported: ${said}`);
+    }
+    const { gap, step } = longest;
+    console.log(
+      `${id}: first frame ${first.toFixed(0)} ms, longest while opening ${opening.toFixed(0)} ms; ` +
+        `longest under the pointer ${gap.toFixed(0)} ms, on ${step || 'nothing'}`,
+    );
+    if (opening > FRAME_BUDGET)
+      failures.push(`a frame took ${opening.toFixed(0)} ms opening, over ${FRAME_BUDGET}`);
+    if (gap > FRAME_BUDGET)
+      failures.push(`a frame took ${gap.toFixed(0)} ms on ${step}, over ${FRAME_BUDGET}`);
+  } finally {
+    await chrome.close();
+  }
+  return failures;
+}
+
+/** Serves the suite and visits `only` its pages, or every page its bar lists. */
+async function suite(only: string[]): Promise<string[]> {
+  const server = await createServer({
+    root: examples,
+    configFile: path.join(examples, 'vite.config.ts'),
+    server: { port: 5210, strictPort: false },
+    logLevel: 'error',
+  });
+  await deadline(server.listen(), STEP, 'serve the suite');
+  try {
+    const url = server.resolvedUrls?.local[0];
+    if (!url) throw new Error('the suite has no address');
+    const chrome = await cold();
+    let ids: string[];
+    try {
+      const page = await chrome.browser.newPage();
+      await deadline(page.goto(url), STEP, 'open the suite');
+      const picker = page.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Example', exact: true });
+      await deadline(picker.waitFor(), STEP, 'the example picker');
+      ids = await picker
+        .locator('option')
+        .evaluateAll((options) => options.map((option) => (option as HTMLOptionElement).value));
+    } finally {
+      await chrome.close();
+    }
+    const failures: string[] = [];
+    for (const id of only.length ? ids.filter((id) => only.includes(id)) : ids) {
+      failures.push(...(await visit(url, id)).map((f) => `${id}: ${f}`));
+    }
+    return failures;
+  } finally {
+    await server.close();
+  }
+}
+
+const [dir, ...only] = args.filter((arg) => arg !== '--software');
+if (!dir) {
+  console.error('usage: node gate/gate.ts <dir holding shaders.json> [--software] [page...]');
+  process.exit(2);
+}
+if (software)
+  console.log('SwiftShader draws on the CPU: pipelines must compile, untimed; no pages');
+const shaders =
+  only.length && !software ? [] : (await compileBudget(dir)).map((f) => `shaders: ${f}`);
+const failures = [...shaders, ...(software ? [] : await suite(only))];
+for (const failure of failures) console.error(`FAIL ${failure}`);
+process.exit(failures.length ? 1 : 0);
diff --git a/npm/examples/gate/package.ts b/npm/examples/gate/package.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2e88618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/gate/package.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+/** Exercises the installed release tarball, never the workspace-linked npm package. */
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import http from 'node:http';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { build } from 'vite';
+import { deadline, launch, STEP, type Chrome } from './browser.ts';
+
+const root = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '../../..');
+const reportPath = path.join(root, 'target/npm/package.json');
+const report = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(reportPath, 'utf8')) as {
+  consumer: string;
+  sizes: unknown;
+};
+const consumer = report.consumer;
+const installed = path.join(consumer, 'node_modules/latkit');
+assert(
+  !fs.lstatSync(installed).isSymbolicLink(),
+  'consumer must install the tarball, not link the workspace',
+);
+execFileSync(
+  process.execPath,
+  [path.join(root, 'node_modules/typescript/bin/tsc'), '-p', consumer],
+  { stdio: 'inherit' },
+);
+execFileSync(
+  process.execPath,
+  [
+    path.join(root, 'node_modules/typescript/bin/tsc'),
+    '-p',
+    path.join(consumer, 'tsconfig.core.json'),
+  ],
+  { stdio: 'inherit' },
+);
+execFileSync(
+  process.execPath,
+  [
+    '--test',
+    'npm/test/load.test.mjs',
+    'npm/test/jobs.test.mjs',
+    'npm/test/data.test.mjs',
+    'npm/test/video.test.mjs',
+  ],
+  {
+    cwd: root,
+    stdio: 'inherit',
+    env: { ...process.env, LATKIT_TEST_PACKAGE: installed },
+  },
+);
+await build({
+  root: consumer,
+  base: '/nested/app/',
+  configFile: false,
+  build: { target: 'es2022' },
+});
+
+const dist = path.join(consumer, 'dist');
+const server = http.createServer((request, response) => {
+  const url = new URL(request.url ?? '/', 'http://localhost');
+  const relative = decodeURIComponent(url.pathname).replace(/^\/nested\/app\//, '');
+  const file = path.resolve(dist, relative || 'index.html');
+  if (
+    !file.startsWith(`${dist}${path.sep}`) ||
+    !fs.existsSync(file) ||
+    !fs.statSync(file).isFile()
+  ) {
+    response.writeHead(404).end();
+    return;
+  }
+  const mime: Record<string, string> = {
+    '.js': 'text/javascript',
+    '.wasm': 'application/wasm',
+    '.html': 'text/html',
+  };
+  response.setHeader('Content-Type', mime[path.extname(file)] ?? 'application/octet-stream');
+  fs.createReadStream(file).pipe(response);
+});
+await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
+const address = server.address();
+assert(address && typeof address !== 'string');
+let chrome: Chrome | undefined;
+const timings: unknown[] = [];
+try {
+  for (const mode of ['default', 'custom', 'compiled']) {
+    chrome = await launch(['--disable-gpu-shader-disk-cache']);
+    const page = await chrome.browser.newPage();
+    const errors: string[] = [];
+    const requests: string[] = [];
+    page.on('pageerror', (error) => errors.push(error.message));
+    page.on('request', (request) => requests.push(request.url()));
+    await page.addInitScript(() => {
+      const original = window.requestAnimationFrame.bind(window);
+      const cancel = window.cancelAnimationFrame.bind(window);
+      const pending = new Set<number>();
+      window.requestAnimationFrame = (callback) => {
+        const id = original((now) => {
+          pending.delete(id);
+          callback(now);
+        });
+        pending.add(id);
+        return id;
+      };
+      window.cancelAnimationFrame = (id) => {
+        pending.delete(id);
+        cancel(id);
+      };
+      Object.assign(window, { pendingFrames: () => pending.size });
+    });
+    await page.goto(`http://127.0.0.1:${address.port}/nested/app/`);
+    await page.waitForFunction(() => 'packageConsumer' in window);
+    assert(
+      !requests.some((url) => /\.wasm(?:\?|$)|worker[^/]*\.js/.test(url)),
+      'import must not request WASM or workers',
+    );
+    const result = await deadline(
+      page.evaluate(async (mode) => {
+        const state = window as unknown as {
+          packageConsumer: { run(custom: boolean, compiled: boolean): Promise<unknown> };
+          pendingFrames(): number;
+        };
+        const timing = await state.packageConsumer.run(mode === 'custom', mode === 'compiled');
+        if (state.pendingFrames() !== 0)
+          throw new Error('GPU cleanup left animation frames scheduled');
+        return timing;
+      }, mode),
+      STEP,
+      'packaged rendering and cleanup',
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(errors, []);
+    timings.push({ mode, ...(result as object) });
+    await page.close();
+    await chrome.close();
+  }
+  const measurement = {
+    platform: process.platform,
+    arch: process.arch,
+    cpu: os.cpus()[0]?.model,
+    browser: chrome?.browser.version(),
+    origin: 'localhost',
+    freshBrowserPerCase: true,
+    shaderDiskCache: false,
+    softwareGpu: process.platform === 'linux',
+    timings,
+  };
+  fs.writeFileSync(
+    path.join(root, 'target/npm/browser.json'),
+    `${JSON.stringify(measurement, null, 2)}\n`,
+  );
+  console.log(JSON.stringify(measurement, null, 2));
+} finally {
+  await chrome?.close();
+  server.closeAllConnections();
+  server.close();
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/gate/tsconfig.json b/npm/examples/gate/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a603b88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/gate/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2023",
+    "module": "NodeNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "NodeNext",
+    "strict": true,
+    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
+    "erasableSyntaxOnly": true,
+    "allowImportingTsExtensions": true,
+    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "noEmit": true,
+    "types": ["node"],
+    "lib": ["ES2023", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"]
+  },
+  "include": ["gate.ts", "browser.ts", "package.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/index.html b/npm/examples/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..204be8cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <meta name="color-scheme" content="dark" />
+    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
+    <title>latkit examples</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <script type="module" src="/src/main.ts"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/npm/examples/package.json b/npm/examples/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2ff9bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "name": "latkit-examples",
+  "private": true,
+  "version": "0.0.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "dev": "vite",
+    "build": "tsc --noEmit && vite build",
+    "preview": "vite preview"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "latkit": "link:.."
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "^26.1.1",
+    "playwright-core": "1.64.0",
+    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
+    "vite": "^7.0.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/network/public/fonts/jura-latin-400-normal.woff2 b/npm/examples/public/fonts/jura-latin-400-normal.woff2
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/fonts/jura-latin-400-normal.woff2
rename to npm/examples/public/fonts/jura-latin-400-normal.woff2
diff --git a/examples/network/public/grids/activsg10k.bin b/npm/examples/public/grids/activsg10k.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/grids/activsg10k.bin
rename to npm/examples/public/grids/activsg10k.bin
diff --git a/examples/network/public/grids/activsg2000.bin b/npm/examples/public/grids/activsg2000.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/grids/activsg2000.bin
rename to npm/examples/public/grids/activsg2000.bin
diff --git a/examples/network/public/grids/activsg25k.bin b/npm/examples/public/grids/activsg25k.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/grids/activsg25k.bin
rename to npm/examples/public/grids/activsg25k.bin
diff --git a/examples/network/public/grids/activsg70k.bin b/npm/examples/public/grids/activsg70k.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/grids/activsg70k.bin
rename to npm/examples/public/grids/activsg70k.bin
diff --git a/examples/network/public/grids/wecc240.bin b/npm/examples/public/grids/wecc240.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/grids/wecc240.bin
rename to npm/examples/public/grids/wecc240.bin
diff --git a/examples/network/public/maps/coastline.geojson.gz b/npm/examples/public/maps/coastline.geojson.gz
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/maps/coastline.geojson.gz
rename to npm/examples/public/maps/coastline.geojson.gz
diff --git a/examples/network/public/maps/countries.geojson.gz b/npm/examples/public/maps/countries.geojson.gz
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/maps/countries.geojson.gz
rename to npm/examples/public/maps/countries.geojson.gz
diff --git a/examples/network/public/maps/provinces.geojson.gz b/npm/examples/public/maps/provinces.geojson.gz
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/public/maps/provinces.geojson.gz
rename to npm/examples/public/maps/provinces.geojson.gz
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/colormaps/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/colormaps/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54aeae72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/colormaps/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+/**
+ * The colormap catalog on a field of hexagons: each cell an area colored on the GPU through the
+ * chosen colormap, beside the same colormap as a CSS ramp, so the two can be compared. Choose a
+ * colormap, a field to show, and how many cells; hover a cell to read it.
+ */
+import {
+  Data,
+  Patch,
+  colormapCss,
+  field,
+  type Colormap,
+  type ColormapName,
+  type Mark,
+  type Scene,
+} from '../../latkit.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+import { h } from '../../ui/dom.js';
+
+/**
+ * A map of our own: clear to a placed, half-clear blue, then an opaque amber. Over the plane's
+ * grid, its alpha shows as the lines through the cells.
+ */
+const CUSTOM: Colormap = {
+  kind: 'sequential',
+  colors: ['#2a6fdb00', [0.55, '#2a6fdb99'], '#ffb000'],
+};
+/** A colormap of the catalog, or ours. */
+type Choice = ColormapName | 'custom';
+const mapOf = (choice: Choice): Colormap => (choice === 'custom' ? CUSTOM : choice);
+/** A checkerboard under a ramp, so what is clear in it shows. */
+const CHECKS = 'repeating-conic-gradient(#888 0 25%, #ccc 0 50%) 0 0 / 8px 8px';
+
+/** Every catalog colormap by kind, then ours. */
+const CATALOG: readonly (readonly [string, readonly Choice[]])[] = [
+  [
+    'Sequential',
+    [
+      'viridis',
+      'cividis',
+      'plasma',
+      'inferno',
+      'magma',
+      'mako',
+      'rocket',
+      'crest',
+      'flare',
+      'amber',
+      'amp',
+      'batlow',
+      'deep',
+      'devon',
+      'grays',
+      'haline',
+      'lajolla',
+      'oslo',
+      'thermal',
+      'turku',
+      'turbo',
+    ],
+  ],
+  [
+    'Diverging',
+    [
+      'balance',
+      'berlin',
+      'brbg',
+      'broc',
+      'coolwarm',
+      'cork',
+      'icefire',
+      'managua',
+      'piyg',
+      'puor',
+      'rdbu',
+      'spectral',
+      'vanimo',
+      'vik',
+      'vlag',
+    ],
+  ],
+  ['Cyclic', ['phase', 'romao', 'twilight']],
+  ['Categorical', ['tab10', 'tab20', 'tableau10', 'set2', 'dark2', 'paired', 'okabeito']],
+  ['Custom', ['custom']],
+];
+const CATEGORICAL = new Set<Choice>(CATALOG.find(([kind]) => kind === 'Categorical')![1]);
+const KINDS = ['All', ...CATALOG.map(([kind]) => kind)] as const;
+
+/** What the cells show, each a value from 0 to 1 at a point; categorical maps read classes. */
+const FIELDS = {
+  waves: (x: number, y: number) =>
+    0.5 + 0.3 * Math.sin(x * 0.11) * Math.cos(y * 0.09) + 0.2 * Math.sin((x + y) * 0.035),
+  peaks: (x: number, y: number) => {
+    const peak = (cx: number, cy: number, r: number) =>
+      Math.exp(-((x - cx) ** 2 + (y - cy) ** 2) / (2 * r * r));
+    return Math.min(1, 0.9 * peak(30, 25, 14) + 0.7 * peak(80, 55, 20) + 0.5 * peak(110, 15, 10));
+  },
+  ramp: (x: number, _y: number, width: number) => x / width,
+  angle: (x: number, y: number, width: number, height: number) =>
+    (Math.atan2(y - height / 2, x - width / 2) / (2 * Math.PI) + 1) % 1,
+} as const;
+type FieldName = keyof typeof FIELDS;
+
+/** A field of `columns` by `rows` hexagons of side 1, pointy side up, as dataset `colors`. */
+function hexagons(columns: number, rows: number, value: FieldName): Data {
+  const count = columns * rows;
+  const width = columns * Math.sqrt(3);
+  const height = rows * 1.5;
+  const geometry: [number, number][][][] = [];
+  const values = new Float64Array(count);
+  const classes = new Float64Array(count);
+  const s = Math.sqrt(3);
+  for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++)
+    for (let c = 0; c < columns; c++) {
+      const x = c * s + (r % 2) * (s / 2);
+      const y = r * 1.5;
+      const ring: [number, number][] = [];
+      for (let k = 0; k <= 6; k++) {
+        const a = (Math.PI / 3) * (k % 6) + Math.PI / 6;
+        ring.push([x + Math.cos(a), y + Math.sin(a)]);
+      }
+      geometry.push([ring]);
+      const v = FIELDS[value](x, y, width, height);
+      values[r * columns + c] = v;
+      classes[r * columns + c] = Math.min(9, Math.floor(v * 10));
+    }
+  return new Data('colors').apply(
+    new Patch().set('Cell', { count }, { geometry, value: values, class: classes }),
+  );
+}
+
+export default function page(stage: Stage): void {
+  let colormap: Choice = 'viridis';
+  let value: FieldName = 'peaks';
+  let size: [number, number] = [96, 64];
+  let outline = false;
+  let reversed = false;
+  let light = false;
+
+  const scene = (): Scene => {
+    const input = CATEGORICAL.has(colormap) ? field('class') : field('value');
+    const mapped = input.colormap(mapOf(colormap));
+    const background = light ? '#f4f1ea' : theme.background;
+    const outlines: Mark[] = outline
+      ? [{ lines: { of: ['colors', 'Cell'], color: background, width: 0.75 } }]
+      : [];
+    return {
+      // Lines under the cells show through what a map leaves clear.
+      space: { plane: { grid: colormap === 'custom' ? { lines: { pitch: 4 } } : 'off' } },
+      theme: {
+        ...theme,
+        base: light ? 'light' : 'dark',
+        background,
+        hover: light ? '#000000aa' : '#ffffffaa',
+      },
+      ease: 0.25,
+      marks: [
+        {
+          // The cells are what the page reads: hovering one reads its value.
+          areas: {
+            of: ['colors', 'Cell'],
+            color: CATEGORICAL.has(colormap)
+              ? mapped
+              : reversed
+                ? mapped.domain(1, 0)
+                : mapped.domain(0, 1),
+            pick: true,
+          },
+        },
+        ...outlines,
+      ],
+    };
+  };
+  const view = stage.view(scene(), {
+    label: 'A field of hexagons through a colormap: hover a cell to read it',
+  });
+  const legend = stage.legend();
+
+  const rebuild = () => {
+    const [columns, rows] = size;
+    // The view keeps its own version of the data.
+    const data = hexagons(columns, rows, value);
+    view.setData(data);
+    data.destroy();
+    stage.detail(`${(columns * rows).toLocaleString()} cells`);
+  };
+  const restyle = () => {
+    view.show(scene());
+    legend.ramp(
+      mapOf(colormap),
+      `${colormap}${CATEGORICAL.has(colormap) ? ', ten classes' : reversed ? ', reversed' : ''}`,
+    );
+    for (const [name, swatch] of swatches)
+      swatch.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(name === colormap));
+  };
+
+  const palette = stage.section('Colormap');
+  const choose = palette.choice(
+    'Colormap',
+    CATALOG.flatMap(([kind, names]) =>
+      names.map(
+        (name) =>
+          [
+            name === 'custom' ? 'ours · alpha, a placed stop' : `${name} · ${kind.toLowerCase()}`,
+            name,
+          ] as const,
+      ),
+    ),
+    colormap,
+    (name) => {
+      colormap = name;
+      restyle();
+    },
+  );
+  palette.toggle('Reversed', 'r', reversed, (on) => {
+    reversed = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+  palette.toggle('Outlines', 'o', outline, (on) => {
+    outline = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+  palette.toggle('Light', 'l', light, (on) => {
+    light = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+
+  const shown = stage.section('Field');
+  shown.choice(
+    'Value',
+    [
+      ['Peaks', 'peaks'],
+      ['Waves', 'waves'],
+      ['A ramp across', 'ramp'],
+      ['The angle around', 'angle'],
+    ] as const,
+    value,
+    (next) => {
+      value = next;
+      rebuild();
+    },
+  );
+  // By columns: a field three rows for every two columns wide.
+  shown.choice(
+    'Cells',
+    [
+      ['1,500', 48],
+      ['6,000', 96],
+      ['24,000', 192],
+      ['96,000', 384],
+    ] as const,
+    size[0],
+    (columns) => {
+      size = [columns, (columns * 2) / 3];
+      rebuild();
+      view.fit();
+    },
+  );
+  const reading = shown.note('Hover a cell.');
+  view.on('hover', ({ hit }) => {
+    if (!hit) return void (reading.textContent = 'Hover a cell.');
+    const data = view.data('colors');
+    const v = data?.get('Cell', hit.row.id, 'value') as number | null;
+    reading.textContent = `Cell ${hit.row.id}: ${v?.toFixed(3) ?? '–'}`;
+  });
+
+  // The catalog as CSS ramps: the colors the GPU draws, drawn by the browser over checks, so
+  // what a map leaves clear shows.
+  const catalog = stage.section('Catalog');
+  const groups: [string, HTMLElement[]][] = [];
+  catalog.choice(
+    'Kind',
+    KINDS.map((kind) => [kind, kind] as const),
+    'All',
+    (shown) => {
+      for (const [kind, elements] of groups)
+        for (const element of elements) element.hidden = shown !== 'All' && shown !== kind;
+    },
+  );
+  const swatches = new Map<Choice, HTMLButtonElement>();
+  for (const [kind, names] of CATALOG) {
+    const title = h('p', { class: 'note' }, kind);
+    const grid = h('div', { class: 'swatches' });
+    groups.push([kind, [title, grid]]);
+    catalog.content.append(title);
+    for (const name of names) {
+      const swatch = h(
+        'button',
+        { type: 'button', class: 'swatch', title: name, 'aria-pressed': 'false' },
+        h('span', { class: 'ramp' }),
+        name,
+      );
+      (swatch.firstChild as HTMLElement).style.background =
+        `${colormapCss(mapOf(name))}, ${CHECKS}`;
+      swatch.addEventListener(
+        'click',
+        () => {
+          colormap = name;
+          choose.selectedIndex = CATALOG.flatMap(([, n]) => n).indexOf(name);
+          restyle();
+        },
+        { signal: stage.signal },
+      );
+      swatches.set(name, swatch);
+      grid.append(swatch);
+    }
+    catalog.content.append(grid);
+  }
+
+  stage.meter(view);
+  rebuild();
+  restyle();
+  view.fit();
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/diagram/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/diagram/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47e56b27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/diagram/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+import {
+  Data,
+  Patch,
+  color,
+  field,
+  missing,
+  reference,
+  when,
+  type Id,
+  type Layout,
+  type Mark,
+  type Port,
+  type Row,
+  type Rows,
+  type Scene,
+  type Shape,
+  type Side,
+} from '../../latkit.js';
+import { each, one } from '../../ui/rows.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+
+/** Kinds of block: the shape each draws as, and its ports, each naming the signal it is plugged into. */
+const KINDS = {
+  Input: { shape: 'ellipse', ports: [['out', 'right', 'out']] },
+  Process: {
+    shape: 'rounded',
+    ports: [
+      ['in', 'left', 'in'],
+      ['out', 'right', 'out'],
+    ],
+  },
+  Control: {
+    shape: 'diamond',
+    ports: [
+      ['in', 'left', 'in'],
+      ['feedback', 'bottom', 'in'],
+      ['out', 'right', 'out'],
+    ],
+  },
+  Output: { shape: 'rectangle', ports: [['in', 'left', 'in']] },
+} as const satisfies Record<
+  string,
+  { shape: Shape; ports: readonly (readonly [string, Side, 'in' | 'out'])[] }
+>;
+type Kind = keyof typeof KINDS;
+const kinds = Object.keys(KINDS) as Kind[];
+
+/** A port of a block, by the reference field naming its signal. */
+interface Plug {
+  kind: Kind;
+  id: Id;
+  port: string;
+}
+
+const direction = (kind: Kind, port: string) =>
+  KINDS[kind].ports.find(([name]) => name === port)?.[2];
+
+/** A kind's ports as the scene declares them: outputs drive their signals, and a feedback port is named. */
+const ports = (kind: Kind): [string, Port][] =>
+  KINDS[kind].ports.map(([name, side, way]): [string, Port] => [
+    name,
+    { side, output: way === 'out', ...(name === 'feedback' ? { label: 'feedback' } : {}) },
+  ]);
+
+/**
+ * A diagram drawn up as rows: blocks of each kind, the signals their ports plug into, and the groups
+ * holding Process blocks, themselves held by stations. Positions, x right and y down, are optional:
+ * blocks without one are placed by the layout.
+ */
+class Sketch {
+  readonly blocks = new Map<
+    Kind,
+    { id: number; name: string; at?: [number, number]; group?: number }[]
+  >();
+  readonly plugs = new Map<string, number>();
+  readonly signals: { id: number; name: string }[] = [];
+  readonly groups: { id: number; name: string; station?: number }[] = [];
+  readonly stations: { id: number; name: string }[] = [];
+  /** Blocks whose status ring shows. */
+  readonly alarms = new Set<number>();
+  next = 1;
+
+  block(kind: Kind, name: string, at?: [number, number], group?: number): Plug {
+    const id = this.next++;
+    const rows = this.blocks.get(kind) ?? [];
+    rows.push({ id, name, at, group });
+    this.blocks.set(kind, rows);
+    return { kind, id, port: 'out' };
+  }
+
+  /** A signal driven by `from`'s output (or the port it names) and read by each of `to`'s inputs. */
+  wire(name: string, from: Plug | Plug[], ...to: (Plug | [Plug, string])[]): void {
+    const id = this.next++;
+    this.signals.push({ id, name });
+    for (const driver of [from].flat()) this.plugs.set(`${driver.kind} ${driver.id} out`, id);
+    for (const reader of to) {
+      const [plug, port] = Array.isArray(reader) ? reader : [reader, 'in'];
+      this.plugs.set(`${plug.kind} ${plug.id} ${port}`, id);
+    }
+  }
+
+  group(name: string, station?: number): number {
+    const id = this.next++;
+    this.groups.push({ id, name, station });
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  station(name: string): number {
+    const id = this.next++;
+    this.stations.push({ id, name });
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  /** The dataset. */
+  data(): Data {
+    const patch = new Patch().set(
+      'Signal',
+      this.signals.map((s) => s.id),
+      { name: this.signals.map((s) => s.name) },
+    );
+    if (this.stations.length) {
+      patch.set(
+        'Station',
+        this.stations.map((s) => s.id),
+        { name: this.stations.map((s) => s.name) },
+      );
+    }
+    if (this.groups.length) {
+      const stations = this.groups.map((g) => g.station ?? null);
+      patch.set(
+        'Group',
+        this.groups.map((g) => g.id),
+        {
+          name: this.groups.map((g) => g.name),
+          ...(this.stations.length ? { station: reference('Station', stations) } : {}),
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    for (const [kind, rows] of this.blocks) {
+      const plugged = Object.fromEntries(
+        KINDS[kind].ports.map(([port]) => [
+          port,
+          reference(
+            'Signal',
+            rows.map((row) => this.plugs.get(`${kind} ${row.id} ${port}`) ?? null),
+          ),
+        ]),
+      );
+      const grouped = kind === 'Process' && this.groups.length;
+      patch.set(
+        kind,
+        rows.map((row) => row.id),
+        {
+          name: rows.map((row) => row.name),
+          x: rows.map((row) => row.at?.[0] ?? null),
+          y: rows.map((row) => row.at?.[1] ?? null),
+          status: rows.map((row) => (this.alarms.has(row.id) ? 1 : 0)),
+          ...plugged,
+          ...(grouped
+            ? {
+                group: reference(
+                  'Group',
+                  rows.map((row) => row.group ?? null),
+                ),
+              }
+            : {}),
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    return new Data('studio').apply(patch);
+  }
+}
+
+/** The presets: a water plant laid out in ranks, then four drawn where they stand. */
+const PRESETS: readonly (readonly [string, () => Sketch])[] = [
+  [
+    'Water plant',
+    () => {
+      const s = new Sketch();
+      const [intake, treatment, output] = ['Intake', 'Treatment', 'Output'].map((name) =>
+        s.group(name),
+      );
+      const wellA = s.block('Input', 'Well A');
+      const wellB = s.block('Input', 'Well B');
+      const screen = s.block('Process', 'Screen', undefined, intake);
+      const dosing = s.block('Input', 'Dosing');
+      const mixer = s.block('Process', 'Mixer', undefined, treatment);
+      const clarifier = s.block('Process', 'Clarifier', undefined, treatment);
+      const filters = [1, 2].map((n) => s.block('Process', `Filter ${n}`, undefined, treatment));
+      const tank = s.block('Process', 'Tank', undefined, output);
+      const pump = s.block('Process', 'Pump', undefined, output);
+      const main = s.block('Output', 'Main');
+      s.wire('Raw water', [wellA, wellB], screen);
+      s.wire('To mixer', [screen, dosing], mixer);
+      s.wire('Mixed', mixer, clarifier);
+      s.wire('Clarified', clarifier, ...filters);
+      s.wire('Filtered', filters, tank);
+      s.wire('Stored', tank, pump);
+      s.wire('Pumped', pump, main);
+      return s;
+    },
+  ],
+  [
+    'Control loop',
+    () => {
+      const s = new Sketch();
+      const reference = s.block('Input', 'Reference', [0, 0]);
+      const controller = s.block('Control', 'Controller', [240, 0]);
+      const actuator = s.block('Process', 'Actuator', [500, 0]);
+      const plant = s.block('Process', 'Plant', [500, 240]);
+      const sensor = s.block('Process', 'Sensor', [240, 240]);
+      const response = s.block('Output', 'Response', [740, 240]);
+      s.wire('Set point', reference, controller);
+      s.wire('Command', controller, actuator);
+      s.wire('Drive', actuator, plant);
+      s.wire('Measured', plant, response, sensor);
+      s.wire('Feedback', sensor, [controller, 'feedback']);
+      s.alarms.add(plant.id as number);
+      return s;
+    },
+  ],
+  [
+    'Nested groups',
+    () => {
+      const s = new Sketch();
+      const station = s.station('Generating station');
+      const dispatch = s.block('Input', 'Dispatch', [0, 210]);
+      const plants: Plug[] = [];
+      const controls: Plug[] = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        const unit = s.group(`Unit ${i + 1}`, station);
+        controls.push(s.block('Process', `Controller ${i + 1}`, [320, i * 210], unit));
+        plants.push(s.block('Process', `Plant ${i + 1}`, [620, i * 210], unit));
+        s.wire(`Drive ${i + 1}`, controls[i]!, plants[i]!);
+      }
+      const meter = s.block('Output', 'Metering', [950, 210]);
+      s.wire('Dispatch', dispatch, ...controls);
+      // The meter reads one signal, so the plants share it.
+      s.wire('Power', plants, meter);
+      return s;
+    },
+  ],
+  [
+    'Shape atlas',
+    () => {
+      const s = new Sketch();
+      const input = s.block('Input', 'Input', [0, 0]);
+      const process = s.block('Process', 'Process', [300, 0]);
+      const decision = s.block('Control', 'Decision', [300, 250]);
+      const result = s.block('Output', 'Result', [640, 250]);
+      s.wire('Source', input, process);
+      s.wire('Evaluate', process, decision);
+      s.wire('Accept', decision, result);
+      return s;
+    },
+  ],
+  [
+    'Scale study: 1,024 blocks',
+    () => {
+      const s = new Sketch();
+      let before: Plug | undefined;
+      for (let row = 0; row < 32; row++) {
+        for (let col = 0; col < 32; col++) {
+          const block = s.block('Process', `Block ${row * 32 + col + 1}`, [col * 240, row * 150]);
+          if (col && before) s.wire('', before, block);
+          before = block;
+        }
+      }
+      return s;
+    },
+  ],
+];
+
+/**
+ * Earlier versions of the data, to step back to and forward again: snapshots, each held here or
+ * live, never both, and freed once forgotten.
+ */
+class History {
+  readonly #undo: Data[] = [];
+  #redo: Data[] = [];
+
+  /** Remembers `before`, a snapshot of the version an edit started from. */
+  commit(before: Data): void {
+    this.#undo.push(before);
+    if (this.#undo.length > 100) this.#undo.shift()!.destroy();
+    for (const after of this.#redo) after.destroy();
+    this.#redo = [];
+  }
+
+  /** The version before `current`, which redo then steps forward to. */
+  undo(current: Data): Data | undefined {
+    const before = this.#undo.pop();
+    if (before) this.#redo.push(current);
+    return before;
+  }
+
+  redo(current: Data): Data | undefined {
+    const after = this.#redo.pop();
+    if (after) this.#undo.push(current);
+    return after;
+  }
+
+  clear(): void {
+    for (const version of [...this.#undo, ...this.#redo]) version.destroy();
+    this.#undo.length = 0;
+    this.#redo = [];
+  }
+}
+
+export default function page(stage: Stage): void {
+  let preset = PRESETS[0]!;
+  let sketch = preset[1]();
+  let data = sketch.data();
+  let layout: Layout = { layered: { flow: 'right', gap: 30, rankGap: 80 } };
+  let route: 'orthogonal' | 'straight' = 'orthogonal';
+  let comets = false;
+  let dots = true;
+  let light = false;
+  const history = new History();
+
+  const scene = (): Scene => {
+    const marks: Mark[] = [];
+    // Containers take the theme's surface, tinted by how deep they sit; their titles head them.
+    const title = { text: 'name', size: 11, color: light ? '#5b6b7d' : '#7f93a8' };
+    if (sketch.stations.length) {
+      marks.push({
+        vertices: { of: ['studio', 'Station'], contains: ['Group', 'station'], label: title },
+      });
+    }
+    if (sketch.groups.length) {
+      marks.push({
+        vertices: { of: ['studio', 'Group'], contains: ['Process', 'group'], label: title },
+      });
+    }
+    // Comets run from each signal's driver to its readers.
+    marks.push({
+      edges: {
+        of: ['studio', 'Signal'],
+        route,
+        arrows: true,
+        width: 1.5,
+        ...(comets ? { flow: 40 } : {}),
+      },
+    });
+    // A mark for each kind of block the data holds; a table the data lacks would fail.
+    for (const kind of kinds.filter((k) => data.tables.includes(k))) {
+      // Without a size, a block fits its label and ports.
+      marks.push({
+        vertices: {
+          of: ['studio', kind],
+          position: ['x', 'y'],
+          marker: KINDS[kind].shape,
+          color: light ? '#ffffff' : '#2c3b4d',
+          ring: when(field('status').gt(0)).then(color('#ff8c42')).otherwise(missing()),
+          ports: ports(kind),
+          drag: true,
+          label: { text: 'name', size: 12 },
+        },
+      });
+    }
+    return {
+      space: { diagram: { grid: dots ? { dots: { pitch: 20 } } : 'off' } },
+      layout,
+      theme: light ? { base: 'light', background: '#f4f6f9' } : theme,
+      controls: { connect: true, delete: true, selectBox: true },
+      marks,
+    };
+  };
+  const view = stage.view(scene(), {
+    label: 'A diagram: drag blocks, drag from a port to wire it, Delete removes',
+  });
+
+  /** Shows the current version: `next`, or the data as it is now, and a mark for each kind it holds. */
+  let kindsShown = data.tables.join();
+  const show = (next = data) => {
+    data = next;
+    view.setData(data);
+    if (data.tables.join() !== kindsShown) {
+      kindsShown = data.tables.join();
+      view.show(scene());
+    }
+    describe();
+  };
+  /** Applies `patch` as one edit that undo steps back over. */
+  const edit = (patch: Patch, said: string) => {
+    history.commit(data.snapshot());
+    show(data.apply(patch));
+    note(said);
+  };
+  const load = (choice: (typeof PRESETS)[number]) => {
+    preset = choice;
+    sketch = choice[1]();
+    history.clear();
+    view.show(scene());
+    data.destroy();
+    show(sketch.data());
+    view.fit();
+    note('Drag blocks or connect ports.');
+    const blocks = kinds.reduce((n, kind) => n + (sketch.blocks.get(kind)?.length ?? 0), 0);
+    stage.detail(
+      `${blocks.toLocaleString()} blocks · ${sketch.signals.length.toLocaleString()} signals`,
+    );
+  };
+
+  const name = (row: Row) =>
+    (data.get(row.table, row.id, 'name') as string | null) ?? `${row.table} ${row.id}`;
+  const isBlock = (table: string): table is Kind => table in KINDS;
+
+  // Moving: a block goes where the drag says, moves at once, and lands as one edit.
+  let before: Data | undefined;
+  view.on('drag', ({ phase, hit, position }) => {
+    if (!isBlock(hit.row.table)) return;
+    if (phase === 'start') {
+      before = data.snapshot();
+      return;
+    }
+    const at = new Patch().set(hit.row.table, [hit.row.id as number], {
+      x: [position[0]],
+      y: [position[1]],
+    });
+    if (phase === 'end') {
+      if (before) history.commit(before);
+      before = undefined;
+      show(data.apply(at));
+      note(`Moved ${name(hit.row)}.`);
+    } else show(data.apply(at));
+  });
+
+  // Wiring: an output and an input join on the output's signal, made when it has none; an input
+  // wired elsewhere leaves the signal it was on. A plugged port let go over nothing is unplugged.
+  view.on('connect', ({ from, to }) => {
+    if (!to) {
+      const plugged =
+        isBlock(from.row.table) && from.port && data.get(from.row.table, from.row.id, from.port);
+      if (!plugged) return note('Let go over nothing.');
+      const patch = new Patch().set(from.row.table, [from.row.id as number], {
+        [from.port!]: reference('Signal', [null]),
+      });
+      return edit(patch, `Unplugged ${name(from.row)}'s ${from.port}.`);
+    }
+    if (!isBlock(from.row.table) || !isBlock(to.row.table)) return note('Wire blocks to blocks.');
+    const a: Plug = { kind: from.row.table, id: from.row.id, port: from.port ?? 'out' };
+    if (!direction(a.kind, a.port)) a.port = KINDS[a.kind].ports[0]![0];
+    const wants = direction(a.kind, a.port) === 'out' ? 'in' : 'out';
+    const port = to.port ?? KINDS[to.row.table].ports.find(([, , d]) => d === wants)?.[0];
+    if (!port) return note(`${name(to.row)} has no ${wants === 'in' ? 'input' : 'output'}.`);
+    const b: Plug = { kind: to.row.table, id: to.row.id, port };
+    if (direction(b.kind, b.port) !== wants) return note('Wire an output to an input.');
+    const [driver, reader] = wants === 'in' ? [a, b] : [b, a];
+    const plugged = data.get(driver.kind, driver.id, driver.port) as Row | null;
+    const patch = new Patch();
+    let signal = plugged?.id;
+    if (signal === undefined) {
+      signal = sketch.next++;
+      patch.set('Signal', [signal], { name: [`Signal ${signal}`] });
+      patch.set(driver.kind, [driver.id as number], {
+        [driver.port]: reference('Signal', [signal as number]),
+      });
+    }
+    patch.set(reader.kind, [reader.id as number], {
+      [reader.port]: reference('Signal', [signal as number]),
+    });
+    edit(patch, `Wired ${name(from.row)} and ${name(to.row)}.`);
+  });
+
+  /** Removes `rows` as one edit. */
+  const remove = (rows: readonly Rows[]) => {
+    const patch = new Patch();
+    for (const { table, ids } of rows) patch.remove(table, ids);
+    edit(patch, `Removed ${each(rows).map(name).join(', ')}.`);
+  };
+  view.on('delete', ({ rows }) => remove(rows));
+
+  /** Selects `row` and what it joins, and frames them. */
+  const reveal = (row: Row) => {
+    const joined = view.neighbors(row);
+    const near = [one(row), ...joined];
+    view.select(near);
+    view.fit({ rows: near });
+    describe();
+    note(`${name(row)} and ${each(joined).length} joined to it.`);
+  };
+  /** Selects `row` and puts its name up for editing. */
+  const rename = (row: Row) => {
+    view.select([one(row)]);
+    describe();
+    input.focus();
+    input.select();
+  };
+  const named = (row: Row) =>
+    isBlock(row.table) || row.table === 'Group' || row.table === 'Station';
+
+  // Opening a row renames it; the menu names what can be done with the row under it.
+  view.on('open', ({ hit }) => named(hit.row) && rename(hit.row));
+  const menu = stage.menu();
+  view.on('menu', ({ hits, trigger }) => {
+    const row = hits[0]?.row;
+    if (row && !view.selection.some((s) => s.table === row.table && s.ids.includes(row.id)))
+      view.select([one(row)]);
+    describe();
+    const rows = view.selection;
+    const count = each(rows).length;
+    menu.open(view, trigger.point, [
+      { label: 'Rename', run: () => row && rename(row), disabled: !row || !named(row) },
+      { label: 'Reveal neighbors', run: () => row && reveal(row), disabled: !row },
+      {
+        label: count > 1 ? `Delete ${count} rows` : 'Delete',
+        run: () => remove(rows),
+        disabled: !count,
+      },
+      { label: 'Fit everything', run: () => view.fit() },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  const studio = stage.section('Diagram');
+  studio.choice(
+    'Preset',
+    PRESETS.map((p) => [p[0], p] as const),
+    preset,
+    load,
+  );
+  studio.actions([
+    {
+      label: 'Undo',
+      key: 'z',
+      run: () => {
+        const before = history.undo(data);
+        if (!before) return;
+        show(before);
+        note('Undone.');
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      label: 'Redo',
+      key: 'y',
+      run: () => {
+        const after = history.redo(data);
+        if (!after) return;
+        show(after);
+        note('Redone.');
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      label: 'Arrange',
+      key: 'a',
+      // Every block lets go of its position, the layout places them all again, and the places it
+      // answers become the blocks' positions: one edit undo steps back over.
+      run: () => {
+        const patch = new Patch();
+        for (const kind of kinds) {
+          const ids = sketch.blocks.get(kind)?.map((b) => b.id) ?? [];
+          const all = ids.filter((id) => data.get(kind, id, 'name') !== null);
+          if (all.length) patch.set(kind, all, { x: all.map(() => null), y: all.map(() => null) });
+        }
+        history.commit(data.snapshot());
+        show(data.apply(patch));
+        view.fit();
+        void view.arrange().then((patches) => {
+          for (const placed of patches) if (placed.data === data.name) show(data.apply(placed));
+          note('Arranged.');
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    { label: 'Fit', key: 'f', run: () => view.fit() },
+    { label: 'Zoom in', key: '=', run: () => zoom(0.5) },
+    { label: 'Zoom out', key: '-', run: () => zoom(-0.5) },
+  ]);
+  /** Eases the camera in by `by` steps of doubling. */
+  const zoom = (by: number) => {
+    const camera = view.camera;
+    if ('center' in camera) view.fly({ ...camera, zoom: camera.zoom + by });
+  };
+  const add = stage.section('Add');
+  add.actions(
+    kinds.map((kind, i) => ({
+      label: kind,
+      key: String(i + 1),
+      run: () => {
+        // New blocks land where the camera looks; nothing else moves.
+        const camera = view.camera;
+        const [x, y] = 'center' in camera ? camera.center : [0, 0];
+        const id = sketch.next++;
+        sketch.blocks.set(kind, [
+          ...(sketch.blocks.get(kind) ?? []),
+          { id, name: `New ${kind.toLowerCase()}` },
+        ]);
+        const plugged = Object.fromEntries(
+          KINDS[kind].ports.map(([port]) => [port, reference('Signal', [null])]),
+        );
+        edit(
+          new Patch().set(kind, [id], {
+            name: [`New ${kind.toLowerCase()}`],
+            x: [x],
+            y: [y],
+            status: [0],
+            ...plugged,
+          }),
+          `Added a ${kind.toLowerCase()} block.`,
+        );
+      },
+    })),
+  );
+
+  const look = stage.section('Display');
+  const layouts: readonly (readonly [string, Layout])[] = [
+    ['Left to right', layout],
+    ['Top to bottom', { layered: { flow: 'down', gap: 30, rankGap: 60 } }],
+    ['Right to left', { layered: { flow: 'left', gap: 30, rankGap: 80 } }],
+    ['Bottom to top', { layered: { flow: 'up', gap: 30, rankGap: 60 } }],
+    ['Force layout', { stress: { gap: 140 } }],
+  ];
+  look.choice('Layout', layouts, layout, (next) => {
+    layout = next;
+    view.show(scene());
+    view.fit();
+  });
+  look.choice(
+    'Routing',
+    [
+      ['Around blocks', 'orthogonal'],
+      ['Straight', 'straight'],
+    ] as const,
+    route,
+    (next) => {
+      route = next;
+      view.show(scene());
+    },
+  );
+  look.toggle('Flow', 'c', comets, (on) => {
+    comets = on;
+    view.show(scene());
+  });
+  look.toggle('Grid', 'g', dots, (on) => {
+    dots = on;
+    view.show(scene());
+  });
+  look.toggle('Light', 'l', light, (on) => {
+    light = on;
+    view.show(scene());
+  });
+
+  // The selected block's name, editable.
+  const selected = stage.section('Selection');
+  const input = selected.text('Name', (value) => {
+    const [row] = each(view.selection);
+    if (row)
+      edit(
+        new Patch().set(row.table, [row.id as number], { name: [value] }),
+        `Renamed to ${value}.`,
+      );
+  });
+  input.placeholder = 'Select a block';
+  input.disabled = true;
+  const told = selected.note();
+  const note = (text: string) => (told.textContent = text);
+  const describe = () => {
+    const [row] = each(view.selection);
+    const editable = !!row && named(row);
+    input.disabled = !editable;
+    input.value = editable ? name(row) : '';
+  };
+  view.on('select', describe);
+
+  stage.meter(view);
+  load(preset);
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c10dd8a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import type { Page } from '../ui/shell.js';
+
+/** Names and modules for the example picker. IDs keep existing links working. */
+export const examples: readonly Page[] = [
+  { id: 'bunny', title: 'Soft body', load: () => import('./soft-body/index.js') },
+  { id: 'grid', title: 'Playback', load: () => import('./playback/index.js') },
+  { id: 'network', title: 'Networks', load: () => import('./networks/index.js') },
+  { id: 'operations', title: 'Power flow', load: () => import('./power-flow/index.js') },
+  { id: 'telemetry', title: 'Live data', load: () => import('./live-data/index.js') },
+  { id: 'signals', title: 'Linked views', load: () => import('./linked-views/index.js') },
+  { id: 'diagram', title: 'Diagram', load: () => import('./diagram/index.js') },
+  { id: 'colors', title: 'Colormaps', load: () => import('./colormaps/index.js') },
+];
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/linked-views/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/linked-views/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc8b4efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/linked-views/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+/**
+ * One record in two views on one canvas: a lattice of nodes on a tilted plane, each standing on a
+ * pole as high as its signal, and the signals traced on a plot. One playhead moves both; play at a
+ * speed or scrub, and read where each view stands.
+ */
+import { Data, Patch, field, reference, type Scene, type View } from '../../latkit.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+
+/** Nodes a side of the lattice, frames recorded, seconds between them, and a full signal's height. */
+const SIDE = 20;
+const FRAMES = 1201;
+const STEP = 0.05;
+const HEIGHT = 3;
+/** Every `TRACED`th node, from the middle of the first run, is traced when few are. */
+const TRACED = 25;
+
+/**
+ * The record: nodes at whole x and y, linked to their neighbors right and down, each a signal
+ * rippling across the lattice, `0.5 + 0.45 sin(0.37 x + 1.3 t) cos(0.31 y - 0.7 t)`.
+ */
+function record(): Data {
+  const n = SIDE * SIDE;
+  const x = Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i % SIDE);
+  const y = Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => Math.floor(i / SIDE));
+  const traced = Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => Number(i % TRACED === 10));
+  const [from, to]: [number[], number[]] = [[], []];
+  const link = (a: number, b: number) => {
+    from.push(a);
+    to.push(b);
+  };
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (x[i]! < SIDE - 1) link(i, i + 1);
+    if (y[i]! < SIDE - 1) link(i, i + SIDE);
+  }
+  const patch = new Patch()
+    .axis('time', 's')
+    .set('Node', { count: n }, { x, y, traced })
+    .set(
+      'Link',
+      { count: from.length },
+      { from: reference('Node', from), to: reference('Node', to) },
+    );
+  // Every frame in one append, frame by frame.
+  const times = Array.from({ length: FRAMES }, (_, f) => f * STEP);
+  const signal = new Float32Array(FRAMES * n);
+  times.forEach((t, f) => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
+      signal[f * n + i] =
+        0.5 + 0.45 * Math.sin(0.37 * x[i]! + 1.3 * t) * Math.cos(0.31 * y[i]! - 0.7 * t);
+  });
+  return new Data('signals').apply(patch.append(times, 'Node', { signal }));
+}
+
+export default function page(stage: Stage): void {
+  const duration = (FRAMES - 1) * STEP;
+  let few = true;
+  const signal = field('signal').colormap('viridis').domain(0, 1);
+  const lattice: Scene = {
+    space: { plane: { grid: 'off' } },
+    theme,
+    marks: [
+      { edges: { of: ['signals', 'Link'], ends: ['from', 'to'], width: 1, color: '#3a4556' } },
+      { edges: { of: ['signals', 'Node'], poles: true, width: 1.5, color: signal } },
+      {
+        vertices: {
+          of: ['signals', 'Node'],
+          position: ['x', 'y'],
+          elevation: field('signal').mul(HEIGHT),
+          radius: 3.4,
+          color: signal,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+  const traces = (): Scene => ({
+    space: {
+      plot: { x: { label: 'Time (s)' }, y: { label: 'Signal', format: 'fixed', precision: 1 } },
+    },
+    theme,
+    ease: 0,
+    marks: [
+      {
+        lines: {
+          of: ['signals', 'Node'],
+          trace: 'signal',
+          color: signal,
+          width: few ? 1.5 : 0.8,
+          ...(few ? { visible: field('traced').gt(0.5) } : {}),
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  const [plane, plot] = stage.panels([lattice, traces()], {
+    label: 'A lattice on poles beside its signals traced: one playhead moves both',
+    panels: [
+      [0, 0, 0.55, 1],
+      [0.55, 0, 0.45, 1],
+    ],
+  }) as [View, View];
+  const data = record();
+  plane.setData(data);
+  plot.setData(data);
+  plane.camera = { center: [(SIDE - 1) / 2, (SIDE - 1) / 2, 0], zoom: 3, pitch: 50, bearing: 20 };
+  plane.fit();
+  plot.camera = { x: [0, duration], y: [0, 1] };
+
+  const views = [
+    ['Lattice', plane],
+    ['Plot', plot],
+  ] as const;
+  const playback = stage.playback({
+    live: false,
+    show(at) {
+      for (const [, view] of views) view.at = at;
+    },
+  });
+  playback.record([0, duration]);
+
+  // Where each view stands: both draw in the canvas's one frame, so they never part.
+  const where = stage.section('View stats', false);
+  const lines = views.map(() => where.note());
+  let read = 0;
+  stage.frame(() => {
+    if (performance.now() - read < 250) return;
+    read = performance.now();
+    views.forEach(([name, view], i) => {
+      const { frames, cpuMs } = view.stats;
+      lines[i]!.textContent =
+        `${name} at ${view.at.toFixed(3)} s · ${frames} frames · ${cpuMs.toFixed(1)} ms`;
+    });
+  });
+
+  const play = stage.section('Playback');
+  play.speed([0.25, 1, 4], 1, (rate) => (playback.rate = rate));
+  play.choice(
+    'Traces',
+    [
+      [`${(SIDE * SIDE) / TRACED} nodes`, true],
+      [`All ${SIDE * SIDE}`, false],
+    ] as const,
+    few,
+    (next) => {
+      few = next;
+      plot.show(traces());
+    },
+  );
+  const legend = stage.legend('top');
+  legend.ramp('viridis', 'Signal 0–1');
+
+  stage.meter(plane);
+  stage.detail(
+    `${(SIDE * SIDE).toLocaleString()} nodes · ${FRAMES.toLocaleString()} frames over ${duration} s`,
+  );
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/live-data/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/live-data/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..caf7e74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/live-data/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+import { random } from '../../random.js';
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+import {
+  Data,
+  Patch,
+  colormapCss,
+  field,
+  type ColormapName,
+  type Hit,
+  type Id,
+  type Scene,
+} from '../../latkit.js';
+import { h } from '../../ui/dom.js';
+import { each } from '../../ui/rows.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+
+/** The areas signals belong to, in the colors tab10 gives them. */
+const AREAS = [
+  ['North', '#1f77b4'],
+  ['South', '#ff7f0e'],
+  ['East', '#2ca02c'],
+  ['West', '#d62728'],
+  ['Coast', '#9467bd'],
+  ['Valley', '#8c564b'],
+] as const;
+/** Seconds of history kept; older frames are forgotten. */
+const HISTORY = 120;
+/** Seconds between disturbances, and how long one lasts: long enough to have died away. */
+const EVERY = 25;
+const LASTS = 6;
+/** Signals the hot list names, and how often it reads them again. */
+const HOT = 12;
+const HOT_EVERY = 250;
+
+/**
+ * What the signals measure: each its unit, the range it keeps to, the digits it reads to, and
+ * whether its low values are the ones to watch.
+ */
+const QUANTITIES = {
+  voltage: { label: 'Voltage', unit: 'pu', range: [0.92, 1.04], digits: 4, low: true },
+  frequency: { label: 'Frequency', unit: 'Hz', range: [59.8, 60.06], digits: 3, low: true },
+  loading: { label: 'Loading', unit: '%', range: [0, 130], digits: 1, low: false },
+  temperature: { label: 'Temperature', unit: '°C', range: [20, 110], digits: 1, low: false },
+} as const;
+type Quantity = keyof typeof QUANTITIES;
+/** The colormaps a signal's value now may take. */
+const MAPS: readonly ColormapName[] = ['coolwarm', 'viridis', 'turbo', 'magma', 'icefire'];
+
+/**
+ * Synthetic SCADA signals: each sits at its own offset, its area swings slowly, every signal
+ * carries its own noise, and every `EVERY` seconds one area is disturbed and recovers, as is an
+ * area struck by hand. A disturbance pulls voltages and the system's frequency down, and pushes
+ * loading and temperature up.
+ */
+class Signals {
+  readonly area: Float64Array;
+  readonly name: string[] = [];
+  readonly #offset: Float32Array;
+  readonly #noise: Float32Array;
+  readonly #random = random(11);
+  /** The area struck by hand, and when. */
+  #struck?: { area: number; at: number };
+
+  constructor(
+    readonly count: number,
+    readonly quantity: Quantity,
+  ) {
+    this.area = new Float64Array(count);
+    this.#offset = new Float32Array(count);
+    this.#noise = new Float32Array(count);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      this.area[i] = i % AREAS.length;
+      this.#offset[i] = this.#random() - 0.5;
+      this.#noise[i] = 0.3 + this.#random();
+      this.name.push(`${AREAS[i % AREAS.length]![0]} ${Math.floor(i / AREAS.length) + 1}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Strikes area `area` at `t`: it is disturbed and recovers as the timed disturbances do. */
+  strike(area: number, t: number): void {
+    this.#struck = { area, at: t };
+  }
+
+  /** Every signal's value at `t`, into `out`. */
+  sample(t: number, out: Float32Array): void {
+    const struck = Math.floor(t / EVERY) % AREAS.length;
+    const dip = depth(t - Math.floor(t / EVERY) * EVERY);
+    const byHand = this.#struck && t >= this.#struck.at ? depth(t - this.#struck.at) : 0;
+    // The system's frequency falls with any disturbance, wherever it strikes.
+    const system = 60 + 0.01 * Math.sin(t * 0.21) - 2 * Math.max(dip, byHand);
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+      const a = this.area[i]!;
+      const swing = Math.sin(t * (0.6 + a * 0.13) + a);
+      const noise = (this.#random() - 0.5) * this.#noise[i]!;
+      const dips = (a === struck ? dip : 0) + (a === this.#struck?.area ? byHand : 0);
+      const offset = this.#offset[i]!;
+      out[i] =
+        this.quantity === 'voltage'
+          ? 1 + 0.03 * offset + 0.012 * swing + 0.003 * noise - dips
+          : this.quantity === 'frequency'
+            ? system + 0.004 * swing + 0.001 * noise
+            : this.quantity === 'loading'
+              ? 60 + 25 * offset + 15 * swing + 2 * noise + 600 * dips
+              : 45 + 20 * offset + 8 * swing + 0.5 * noise + 400 * dips;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** How far a disturbance has pulled values, `since` seconds after it struck. */
+function depth(since: number): number {
+  return since < LASTS
+    ? 0.06 * Math.exp(-since * 1.4) * Math.sin(Math.min(since, 0.5) * Math.PI)
+    : 0;
+}
+
+export default function page(stage: Stage): void {
+  let count = 2000;
+  let quantity: Quantity = 'voltage';
+  let window = 20;
+  let rate = 50;
+  let steps = false;
+  let auto = true;
+  let colorBy: 'area' | 'value' = 'area';
+  let colormap: ColormapName = 'coolwarm';
+  let width = 1;
+  let signals = new Signals(count, quantity);
+  let values = new Float32Array(count);
+  let data = new Data('scada');
+  let t = 0;
+  let carry = 0;
+  const shown = () => QUANTITIES[quantity];
+
+  const scene = (): Scene => {
+    const { label, unit, range, digits } = shown();
+    return {
+      space: {
+        plot: {
+          x: { label: 'Time (s)' },
+          y: { label: `${label} (${unit})`, format: 'fixed', precision: digits - 1 },
+        },
+      },
+      theme: { ...theme, dim: 0.15 },
+      ease: 0,
+      marks: [
+        {
+          lines: {
+            of: ['scada', 'Signal'],
+            trace: 'value',
+            // By value, each trace takes the color of its value at the time shown.
+            color:
+              colorBy === 'area'
+                ? field('area').colormap('tab10')
+                : field('value').colormap(colormap).domain(range[0], range[1]),
+            width,
+            interpolation: steps ? 'stepAfter' : 'linear',
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+  };
+  const view = stage.view(scene(), {
+    label: 'Live signals: hover a trace to read it, click it to pick it out',
+  });
+
+  /** Frames what `at` shows: the window before it, or all that is kept. */
+  const frame = (at: number) => {
+    const start = window === Infinity ? (data.span?.[0] ?? at) : at - window;
+    const range = shown().range;
+    view.camera = { x: [start, at], y: auto ? null : [range[0], range[1]] };
+  };
+
+  /** Starts the record again: `n` signals measuring the quantity shown. */
+  const restart = (n = count) => {
+    count = n;
+    signals = new Signals(n, quantity);
+    values = new Float32Array(n);
+    t = 0;
+    carry = 0;
+    // The record starts with its first frame, so the value field is there from the start.
+    signals.sample(0, values);
+    data.destroy();
+    data = new Data('scada').apply(
+      new Patch()
+        .axis('time', 's')
+        .set('Signal', { count: n }, { name: signals.name, area: signals.area })
+        .append(0, 'Signal', { value: values }),
+    );
+    view.select([]);
+    view.setData(data);
+    frame(0);
+    detail();
+    describe(null);
+    hot.replaceChildren();
+  };
+
+  const playback = stage.playback({
+    replay: { seconds: 10, rate: 0.25 },
+    show(at) {
+      view.at = at;
+      frame(at);
+    },
+  });
+
+  const meter = stage.meter(view);
+  meter.note(() => `${((count * rate) / 1000).toFixed(0)}k samples/s`);
+  let listed = 0;
+  stage.frame((dt) => {
+    if (performance.now() - listed > HOT_EVERY) list();
+    if (playback.mode !== 'live') return;
+    meter.measure('append', () => {
+      carry += dt * rate;
+      const frames = Math.floor(carry);
+      if (!frames) return;
+      carry -= frames;
+      const patch = new Patch();
+      for (let k = 0; k < frames; k++) {
+        t += 1 / rate;
+        signals.sample(t, values);
+        patch.append(t, 'Signal', { value: values });
+      }
+      data.apply(patch.forget(t - HISTORY));
+      view.setData(data);
+      playback.record(data.span!);
+    });
+  });
+
+  const readout = stage.section('Reading');
+  const reading = h('p', { class: 'series' });
+  readout.content.append(reading);
+  const name = (id: Id) => (data.get('Signal', id, 'name') as string | null) ?? `Signal ${id}`;
+  const format = (value: number) => {
+    const { unit, digits } = shown();
+    return `${value.toFixed(digits)} ${unit}`;
+  };
+  const describe = (hit: Hit | null) => {
+    const picked = each(view.selection)
+      .map((row) => name(row.id))
+      .join(', ');
+    const sample = hit?.sample;
+    reading.textContent = sample
+      ? `${name(hit.row.id)} at ${sample.at.toFixed(2)} s: ${format(sample.value)}`
+      : picked
+        ? `Picked ${picked}.`
+        : 'Hover a trace.';
+  };
+  view.on('hover', ({ hit }) => describe(hit));
+  view.on('select', () => {
+    describe(null);
+    list();
+  });
+
+  // The signals furthest out at the time shown, read by a query: a pick, of every signal, in
+  // linear time.
+  const hottest = stage.section('Largest changes', false);
+  const hot = h('ol', { class: 'hot' });
+  hottest.content.append(hot);
+  const list = () => {
+    listed = performance.now();
+    if (!data.span) return;
+    const { low, range } = shown();
+    const rows = data.query({
+      of: 'Signal',
+      sort: [['value', low ? 'ascending' : 'descending']],
+      limit: HOT,
+      select: { name: 'name', value: 'value' },
+      at: view.at,
+    });
+    const names = rows.fields.name as readonly string[];
+    const read = rows.fields.value as Float64Array;
+    const picked = new Set(each(view.selection).map((row) => String(row.id)));
+    hot.replaceChildren(
+      ...rows.ids.map((id, k) => {
+        const value = read[k]!;
+        const span = (value - range[0]) / (range[1] - range[0]);
+        const score = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, low ? 1 - span : span));
+        const button = h(
+          'button',
+          { type: 'button', 'aria-pressed': String(picked.has(String(id))) },
+          h('span', {}, String(k + 1).padStart(2, '0')),
+          h('span', {}, names[k] ?? `Signal ${id}`),
+          h('span', {}, format(value)),
+          h('span', { class: 'bar', style: `--score: ${(score * 100).toFixed(0)}%` }),
+        );
+        button.addEventListener('click', () => {
+          view.select([{ data: 'scada', table: 'Signal', ids: [id] }]);
+          describe(null);
+          list();
+        });
+        return h('li', {}, button);
+      }),
+    );
+  };
+
+  const record = stage.section('Data');
+  record.note('Simulated data');
+  record.choice(
+    'Measure',
+    Object.entries(QUANTITIES).map(
+      ([key, q]) => [`${q.label} (${q.unit})`, key as Quantity] as const,
+    ),
+    quantity,
+    (next) => {
+      quantity = next;
+      restyle();
+      restart();
+    },
+  );
+  record.choice(
+    'Signals',
+    [
+      ['500', 500],
+      ['2,000', 2000],
+      ['5,000', 5000],
+    ],
+    count,
+    restart,
+  );
+  record.choice(
+    'Samples',
+    [
+      ['20 per second', 20],
+      ['50 per second', 50],
+      ['100 per second', 100],
+    ],
+    rate,
+    (r) => (rate = r),
+  );
+  record.actions([{ label: 'Reset', key: 'n', run: () => restart() }]);
+
+  const show = stage.section('Display');
+  show.choice(
+    'Window',
+    [
+      ['5 s', 5],
+      ['20 s', 20],
+      ['60 s', 60],
+      [`All ${HISTORY} s kept`, Infinity],
+    ],
+    window,
+    (w) => {
+      window = w;
+      frame(view.at);
+    },
+  );
+  show.choice(
+    'Color by',
+    [
+      ['Area', 'area'],
+      ['Value now', 'value'],
+    ] as const,
+    colorBy,
+    (next) => {
+      colorBy = next;
+      restyle();
+    },
+  );
+  show.range(
+    'Width',
+    { min: 0.5, max: 3, step: 0.5, value: width, format: (v) => `${v} px` },
+    (next) => {
+      if (next === width) return;
+      width = next;
+      view.show(scene());
+    },
+  );
+  show.toggle('Steps', 's', steps, (on) => {
+    steps = on;
+    view.show(scene());
+  });
+  show.toggle('Auto range', 'a', auto, (on) => {
+    auto = on;
+    frame(view.at);
+  });
+  const areas = show.series(AREAS.map(([label, color]) => ({ label, color })));
+  const maps = h('div', { class: 'swatches' });
+  const swatches = MAPS.map((map) => {
+    const swatch = h(
+      'button',
+      { type: 'button', class: 'swatch', 'aria-pressed': String(map === colormap) },
+      h('span', { class: 'ramp', style: `background: ${colormapCss(map)}` }),
+      map,
+    );
+    swatch.addEventListener('click', () => {
+      colormap = map;
+      restyle();
+    });
+    maps.append(swatch);
+    return [map, swatch] as const;
+  });
+  show.content.append(maps);
+  const legend = stage.legend('top');
+  const restyle = () => {
+    view.show(scene());
+    const { label, unit, range } = shown();
+    areas.hidden = colorBy !== 'area';
+    maps.hidden = legend.hidden = colorBy !== 'value';
+    legend.ramp(colormap, `${label} now, ${range[0]} – ${range[1]} ${unit}`);
+    for (const [map, swatch] of swatches)
+      swatch.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(map === colormap));
+  };
+
+  const disturb = stage.section('Disturbance');
+  let target = 0;
+  disturb.choice(
+    'Area',
+    AREAS.map(([label], i) => [label, i] as const),
+    target,
+    (next) => (target = next),
+  );
+  disturb.actions([
+    {
+      label: 'Strike it now',
+      key: 'd',
+      run: () => {
+        signals.strike(target, t);
+        if (playback.mode !== 'live') playback.play();
+      },
+    },
+  ]);
+  disturb.note(`Auto disturbance: every ${EVERY} s`);
+
+  const detail = () =>
+    stage.detail(
+      `${count.toLocaleString()} signals · ${shown().label.toLowerCase()} · ${HISTORY} s kept`,
+    );
+  restyle();
+  restart();
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/cases.test.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/cases.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a10ac2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/cases.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { gunzipSync } from 'node:zlib';
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
+import { readCase } from './cases.js';
+
+const CASES = ['wecc240', 'activsg2000', 'activsg10k', 'activsg25k', 'activsg70k'] as const;
+
+/** Case `id` as the page reads it, from the file it fetches. */
+function read(id: string) {
+  const raw = readFileSync(`npm/examples/public/grids/${id}.bin`);
+  const bytes = raw[0] === 0x1f && raw[1] === 0x8b ? gunzipSync(raw) : raw;
+  return readCase(id, bytes.buffer.slice(bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteOffset + bytes.byteLength));
+}
+
+describe('grid cases', () => {
+  test.each(CASES)('%s reads into buses, lines, and machines that stand on the earth', (id) => {
+    const found = read(id);
+    const rows = Object.fromEntries(
+      found.data.describe().tables.map((table) => [table.name, table.rows]),
+    );
+    expect(rows).toMatchObject({ Bus: found.buses, Line: found.lines, Machine: found.machines });
+    expect(found.buses).toBeGreaterThan(200);
+    for (let i = 0; i < found.positions.length; i += 2) {
+      expect(Math.abs(found.positions[i]!)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(180);
+      expect(Math.abs(found.positions[i + 1]!)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(90);
+    }
+    // Every line's ends name buses of the case.
+    const lines = found.data.query({ of: 'Line', select: { from: 'from', to: 'to' } });
+    const ends = lines.fields as Record<string, { ids: (number | string | null)[] }>;
+    expect(ends.from!.ids.every((id) => id !== null)).toBe(true);
+    expect(ends.to!.ids.every((id) => id !== null)).toBe(true);
+    expect(found.machineBus.every((bus) => bus < found.buses)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('a simulated case faults at a second, and its machines swing after', () => {
+    const { simulation, machines } = read('wecc240');
+    expect(simulation?.fault?.on).toBeCloseTo(1, 1);
+    const frame = Math.round(3 / simulation!.dt);
+    const speeds = simulation!.speeds.subarray(frame * machines, (frame + 1) * machines);
+    expect(speeds.some((mhz) => Math.abs(mhz) > 0)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('bytes that are no case are refused', () => {
+    expect(() => readCase('nothing', new ArrayBuffer(16))).toThrow('not a grid case');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/cases.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/cases.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c6aea4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/cases.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+/**
+ * Synthetic grid cases, as the page fetches them from `public/grids`, each gzip-compressed.
+ *
+ * A case file holds a "LKG1" magic and a u32 header length, then a JSON header naming the case and
+ * its counts, then typed arrays on eight-byte boundaries past the header, where its `arrays` place
+ * them as [type, offset, length]: each bus's number, name, kV, longitude and latitude, load and
+ * generation in MW; each branch's two bus rows, reactance, and whether it transforms; each machine's
+ * bus row, name, rating, and output. Simulated cases also hold each machine's speed deviation, frame
+ * by frame as int16 of `speedScale` per unit, `dt` seconds apart, and the fault the simulation
+ * applied.
+ */
+import { Data, Patch, reference } from '../../latkit.js';
+
+interface Header {
+  readonly case: string;
+  readonly buses: number;
+  readonly branches: number;
+  readonly machines: number;
+  readonly frames?: number;
+  readonly dt?: number;
+  readonly speedScale?: number;
+  readonly fault?: { readonly bus: number; readonly on: number; readonly off: number };
+  readonly arrays: Readonly<
+    Record<string, readonly [type: string, offset: number, length: number]>
+  >;
+}
+
+/** A case's simulation: each machine's speed deviation over the seconds simulated. */
+export interface Simulation {
+  readonly frames: number;
+  readonly dt: number;
+  readonly duration: number;
+  /** Speed deviation in mHz, frame by frame, a value per machine. */
+  readonly speeds: Float32Array;
+  /** The largest deviation, in mHz, either way. */
+  readonly largest: number;
+  readonly fault?: { readonly bus: string; readonly on: number; readonly off: number };
+}
+
+export interface Case {
+  readonly data: Data;
+  readonly name: string;
+  readonly buses: number;
+  readonly lines: number;
+  readonly machines: number;
+  /** Bytes downloaded, compressed. */
+  readonly bytes: number;
+  /** Whether its buses have names, which labels show. */
+  readonly named: boolean;
+  /** Each bus's longitude and latitude, and its load and generation in MW. */
+  readonly positions: Float32Array;
+  readonly load: Float32Array;
+  readonly generation: Float32Array;
+  /** Each machine's bus row, and its output in MW. */
+  readonly machineBus: Uint32Array;
+  readonly machinePower: Float32Array;
+  readonly simulation?: Simulation;
+}
+
+/** A bus's or line's voltage level: 0 below 100 kV, then 115–161, 230, 345, 500, and 765 kV. */
+export function levelOf(kv: number): number {
+  return kv >= 700 ? 5 : kv >= 450 ? 4 : kv >= 300 ? 3 : kv >= 200 ? 2 : kv >= 100 ? 1 : 0;
+}
+export const LEVELS = ['< 100 kV', '115–161 kV', '230 kV', '345 kV', '500 kV', '765 kV'] as const;
+
+const MAGIC = 0x31474b4c;
+const text = new TextDecoder();
+
+/** A case file's bytes, read into one dataset named `grid`: buses, lines, machines, and the fault. */
+export function readCase(id: string, buffer: ArrayBuffer, downloaded = buffer.byteLength): Case {
+  const view = new DataView(buffer);
+  if (buffer.byteLength < 8 || view.getUint32(0, true) !== MAGIC)
+    throw new Error(`${id} is not a grid case`);
+  const length = view.getUint32(4, true);
+  const header = JSON.parse(text.decode(new Uint8Array(buffer, 8, length))) as Header;
+  const body = Math.ceil((8 + length) / 8) * 8;
+  const array = <T>(name: string, of: new (b: ArrayBuffer, o: number, l: number) => T): T => {
+    const found = header.arrays[name];
+    if (!found) throw new Error(`${id} has no ${name}`);
+    return new of(buffer, body + found[1], found[2]);
+  };
+  const names = (name: string): string[] => {
+    const offsets = array(`${name}.offsets`, Uint32Array);
+    const bytes = array(`${name}.bytes`, Uint8Array);
+    return Array.from({ length: offsets.length - 1 }, (_, i) =>
+      text.decode(bytes.subarray(offsets[i]!, offsets[i + 1]!)),
+    );
+  };
+  const n = header.buses;
+  const m = header.branches;
+  const g = header.machines;
+  const position = array('bus.position', Float32Array);
+  const kv = array('bus.kv', Float32Array);
+  const number = array('bus.number', Uint32Array);
+  const ends = array('branch.ends', Uint32Array);
+  const machineBus = array('machine.bus', Uint32Array);
+  const load = array('bus.load', Float32Array);
+  const generation = array('bus.generation', Float32Array);
+  const machinePower = array('machine.power', Float32Array);
+  const busNames = names('bus.name');
+  const lon = new Float64Array(n);
+  const lat = new Float64Array(n);
+  for (let b = 0; b < n; b++) {
+    lon[b] = position[b * 2]!;
+    lat[b] = position[b * 2 + 1]!;
+  }
+  const from = new Uint32Array(m);
+  const to = new Uint32Array(m);
+  const lineKv = new Float32Array(m);
+  const transformer = Array.from(array('branch.transformer', Uint8Array), (v) => v !== 0);
+  for (let e = 0; e < m; e++) {
+    const a = ends[e * 2]!;
+    const b = ends[e * 2 + 1]!;
+    from[e] = number[a]!;
+    to[e] = number[b]!;
+    lineKv[e] = Math.max(kv[a]!, kv[b]!);
+  }
+  const machineLon = new Float64Array(g);
+  const machineLat = new Float64Array(g);
+  for (let k = 0; k < g; k++) {
+    machineLon[k] = lon[machineBus[k]!]!;
+    machineLat[k] = lat[machineBus[k]!]!;
+  }
+  const simulated = header.frames !== undefined && header.dt !== undefined;
+  const fault = simulated ? header.fault : undefined;
+  const patch = new Patch()
+    .set('Bus', number, {
+      lon,
+      lat,
+      name: busNames,
+      number: Float64Array.from(number),
+      kv,
+      level: Float32Array.from(kv, levelOf),
+      load,
+      generation,
+    })
+    .set(
+      'Line',
+      { count: m },
+      {
+        from: reference('Bus', from),
+        to: reference('Bus', to),
+        kv: lineKv,
+        level: Float32Array.from(lineKv, levelOf),
+        reactance: array('branch.reactance', Float32Array),
+        transformer,
+      },
+    )
+    .set(
+      'Machine',
+      { count: g },
+      {
+        lon: machineLon,
+        lat: machineLat,
+        name: names('machine.name'),
+        power: machinePower,
+        mva: array('machine.mva', Float32Array),
+      },
+    );
+  if (fault) patch.set('Fault', { count: 1 }, { lon: [lon[fault.bus]!], lat: [lat[fault.bus]!] });
+  let simulation: Simulation | undefined;
+  if (simulated) {
+    const frames = header.frames!;
+    const dt = header.dt!;
+    // Per unit of 60 Hz, in mHz.
+    const scale = (header.speedScale ?? 1) * 60_000;
+    const speeds = Float32Array.from(array('machine.speed', Int16Array), (value) => value * scale);
+    patch.axis('time', 's');
+    for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
+      patch.append(f * dt, 'Machine', { speed: speeds.subarray(f * g, (f + 1) * g) });
+    simulation = {
+      frames,
+      dt,
+      duration: (frames - 1) * dt,
+      speeds,
+      largest: 32767 * scale,
+      ...(fault
+        ? {
+            fault: { bus: busNames[fault.bus] ?? `bus ${fault.bus}`, on: fault.on, off: fault.off },
+          }
+        : {}),
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    data: new Data('grid').apply(patch),
+    name: header.case,
+    buses: n,
+    lines: m,
+    machines: g,
+    bytes: downloaded,
+    named: true,
+    positions: position,
+    load,
+    generation,
+    machineBus,
+    machinePower,
+    ...(simulation ? { simulation } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+/** How far a download has come: bytes received, of how many when the response says. */
+export type Progress = (received: number, total: number | undefined) => void;
+
+/** Megabytes received, of how many when known, for a status line. */
+export const megabytes = (received: number, total: number | undefined) =>
+  `${(received / 1e6).toFixed(1)}${total ? ` of ${(total / 1e6).toFixed(1)}` : ''} MB`;
+
+/**
+ * A file's bytes, inflated where they arrive gzip-compressed, and how many arrived; `progress`
+ * hears of each chunk. A total the response gives that counts fewer bytes than arrive, as a
+ * compressed transfer's does, goes untold.
+ */
+export async function download(
+  url: string,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
+  progress?: Progress,
+): Promise<{ readonly bytes: Uint8Array; readonly received: number }> {
+  const response = await fetch(url, {
+    signal: AbortSignal.any([signal, AbortSignal.timeout(180_000)]),
+  });
+  if (!response.ok || !response.body) throw new Error(`${url} answered ${response.status}`);
+  const total = Number(response.headers.get('content-length')) || undefined;
+  const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
+  let received = 0;
+  const reader = response.body.getReader();
+  for (let read = await reader.read(); !read.done; read = await reader.read()) {
+    chunks.push(read.value);
+    received += read.value.length;
+    progress?.(received, total !== undefined && total >= received ? total : undefined);
+  }
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(received);
+  chunks.reduce((at, chunk) => (bytes.set(chunk, at), at + chunk.length), 0);
+  if (bytes[0] !== 0x1f || bytes[1] !== 0x8b) return { bytes, received: bytes.length };
+  const inflated = new Blob([bytes]).stream().pipeThrough(new DecompressionStream('gzip'));
+  return {
+    bytes: new Uint8Array(await new Response(inflated).arrayBuffer()),
+    received: bytes.length,
+  };
+}
+
+export async function loadCase(
+  id: string,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
+  progress?: Progress,
+): Promise<Case> {
+  const url = `${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}grids/${id}.bin`;
+  const { bytes, received } = await download(url, signal, progress);
+  return readCase(id, bytes.buffer as ArrayBuffer, received);
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/continent.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/continent.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5f32490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/continent.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+import { random } from '../../random.js';
+/**
+ * A synthetic grid the size of a continent's. Buses cluster around North America's cities as a real
+ * grid's do: every substation feeds radial distribution feeders, which hold most of the buses; each
+ * city's substations mesh at 115 and 230 kV; and cities join along 345 to 765 kV corridors through
+ * switching stations, the busiest by double or triple circuits, with rural substations and power
+ * plants along the way. Seeded, so every build draws the same grid, in time linear in its size.
+ */
+import { Data, Patch, reference } from '../../latkit.js';
+import { levelOf, type Case } from './cases.js';
+
+/** Metro areas: name, longitude, latitude, and millions of people. */
+const CITIES: readonly (readonly [string, number, number, number])[] = [
+  ['New York', -74.01, 40.71, 19.5],
+  ['Los Angeles', -118.24, 34.05, 13.0],
+  ['Chicago', -87.63, 41.88, 9.4],
+  ['Dallas', -96.8, 32.78, 7.6],
+  ['Houston', -95.37, 29.76, 7.1],
+  ['Washington', -77.04, 38.91, 6.3],
+  ['Philadelphia', -75.17, 39.95, 6.2],
+  ['Miami', -80.19, 25.76, 6.1],
+  ['Atlanta', -84.39, 33.75, 6.1],
+  ['Boston', -71.06, 42.36, 4.9],
+  ['Phoenix', -112.07, 33.45, 4.9],
+  ['San Francisco', -122.42, 37.77, 4.7],
+  ['Riverside', -117.4, 33.95, 4.6],
+  ['Detroit', -83.05, 42.33, 4.3],
+  ['Seattle', -122.33, 47.61, 4.0],
+  ['Minneapolis', -93.27, 44.98, 3.7],
+  ['San Diego', -117.16, 32.72, 3.3],
+  ['Tampa', -82.46, 27.95, 3.2],
+  ['Denver', -104.99, 39.74, 3.0],
+  ['St. Louis', -90.2, 38.63, 2.8],
+  ['Baltimore', -76.61, 39.29, 2.8],
+  ['Charlotte', -80.84, 35.23, 2.7],
+  ['Orlando', -81.38, 28.54, 2.7],
+  ['San Antonio', -98.49, 29.42, 2.6],
+  ['Portland', -122.68, 45.52, 2.5],
+  ['Sacramento', -121.49, 38.58, 2.4],
+  ['Pittsburgh', -80.0, 40.44, 2.4],
+  ['Austin', -97.74, 30.27, 2.3],
+  ['Las Vegas', -115.14, 36.17, 2.3],
+  ['Cincinnati', -84.51, 39.1, 2.3],
+  ['Kansas City', -94.58, 39.1, 2.2],
+  ['Columbus', -83.0, 39.96, 2.1],
+  ['Indianapolis', -86.16, 39.77, 2.1],
+  ['Cleveland', -81.69, 41.5, 2.1],
+  ['San Jose', -121.89, 37.34, 2.0],
+  ['Nashville', -86.78, 36.16, 2.0],
+  ['Virginia Beach', -75.98, 36.85, 1.8],
+  ['Providence', -71.41, 41.82, 1.7],
+  ['Jacksonville', -81.66, 30.33, 1.6],
+  ['Milwaukee', -87.91, 43.04, 1.6],
+  ['Raleigh', -78.64, 35.78, 1.4],
+  ['Oklahoma City', -97.52, 35.47, 1.4],
+  ['Memphis', -90.05, 35.15, 1.3],
+  ['Richmond', -77.44, 37.54, 1.3],
+  ['Louisville', -85.76, 38.25, 1.3],
+  ['New Orleans', -90.07, 29.95, 1.3],
+  ['Salt Lake City', -111.89, 40.76, 1.3],
+  ['Hartford', -72.67, 41.76, 1.2],
+  ['Buffalo', -78.88, 42.89, 1.2],
+  ['Birmingham', -86.8, 33.52, 1.1],
+  ['Rochester', -77.61, 43.16, 1.1],
+  ['Grand Rapids', -85.67, 42.96, 1.1],
+  ['Tucson', -110.97, 32.22, 1.0],
+  ['Tulsa', -95.99, 36.15, 1.0],
+  ['Fresno', -119.79, 36.74, 1.0],
+  ['Omaha', -95.94, 41.26, 0.97],
+  ['Greenville', -82.4, 34.85, 0.93],
+  ['Albuquerque', -106.65, 35.08, 0.92],
+  ['Bakersfield', -119.02, 35.37, 0.91],
+  ['Albany', -73.75, 42.65, 0.9],
+  ['Knoxville', -83.92, 35.96, 0.9],
+  ['El Paso', -106.49, 31.76, 0.87],
+  ['Baton Rouge', -91.15, 30.45, 0.87],
+  ['McAllen', -98.23, 26.2, 0.87],
+  ['Allentown', -75.47, 40.6, 0.86],
+  ['Columbia', -81.03, 34.0, 0.83],
+  ['Dayton', -84.19, 39.76, 0.81],
+  ['Charleston', -79.93, 32.78, 0.8],
+  ['Greensboro', -79.79, 36.07, 0.77],
+  ['Boise', -116.2, 43.62, 0.75],
+  ['Colorado Springs', -104.82, 38.83, 0.75],
+  ['Little Rock', -92.29, 34.75, 0.75],
+  ['Des Moines', -93.62, 41.59, 0.7],
+  ['Madison', -89.4, 43.07, 0.68],
+  ['Syracuse', -76.15, 43.05, 0.66],
+  ['Toledo', -83.54, 41.65, 0.64],
+  ['Wichita', -97.34, 37.69, 0.64],
+  ['Jackson', -90.18, 32.3, 0.59],
+  ['Harrisburg', -76.88, 40.27, 0.59],
+  ['Spokane', -117.43, 47.66, 0.57],
+  ['Chattanooga', -85.31, 35.05, 0.56],
+  ['Portland, Maine', -70.26, 43.66, 0.55],
+  ['Lansing', -84.56, 42.73, 0.54],
+  ['Lexington', -84.5, 38.04, 0.52],
+  ['Pensacola', -87.22, 30.42, 0.51],
+  ['Reno', -119.81, 39.53, 0.49],
+  ['Huntsville', -86.59, 34.73, 0.49],
+  ['Springfield', -93.29, 37.21, 0.47],
+  ['Corpus Christi', -97.4, 27.8, 0.42],
+  ['Fort Wayne', -85.14, 41.08, 0.42],
+  ['Mobile', -88.04, 30.69, 0.43],
+  ['Savannah', -81.09, 32.08, 0.4],
+  ['Peoria', -89.59, 40.69, 0.4],
+  ['Shreveport', -93.75, 32.53, 0.39],
+  ['Tallahassee', -84.28, 30.44, 0.39],
+  ['Eugene', -123.09, 44.05, 0.38],
+  ['Montgomery', -86.3, 32.37, 0.37],
+  ['Lubbock', -101.86, 33.58, 0.32],
+  ['Green Bay', -88.01, 44.51, 0.32],
+  ['Roanoke', -79.94, 37.27, 0.31],
+  ['Duluth', -92.1, 46.79, 0.29],
+  ['Amarillo', -101.83, 35.22, 0.27],
+  ['Sioux Falls', -96.73, 43.55, 0.27],
+  ['Fargo', -96.79, 46.88, 0.25],
+  ['Yakima', -120.51, 46.6, 0.25],
+  ['Medford', -122.87, 42.33, 0.22],
+  ['Burlington', -73.21, 44.48, 0.22],
+  ['Charleston, West Virginia', -81.63, 38.35, 0.2],
+  ['Billings', -108.5, 45.78, 0.18],
+  ['Midland', -102.08, 31.99, 0.18],
+  ['Redding', -122.39, 40.59, 0.18],
+  ['Abilene', -99.73, 32.45, 0.17],
+  ['Rapid City', -103.23, 44.08, 0.15],
+  ['Santa Fe', -105.94, 35.69, 0.15],
+  ['Bangor', -68.77, 44.8, 0.15],
+  ['Flagstaff', -111.65, 35.2, 0.14],
+  ['Bismarck', -100.78, 46.81, 0.13],
+  ['Missoula', -113.99, 46.87, 0.12],
+  ['Cheyenne', -104.82, 41.14, 0.1],
+  ['Great Falls', -111.3, 47.5, 0.08],
+  ['Casper', -106.31, 42.87, 0.08],
+  ['Toronto', -79.38, 43.65, 6.2],
+  ['Montreal', -73.57, 45.5, 4.3],
+  ['Vancouver', -123.12, 49.28, 2.6],
+  ['Calgary', -114.07, 51.05, 1.5],
+  ['Edmonton', -113.49, 53.55, 1.4],
+  ['Ottawa', -75.7, 45.42, 1.4],
+  ['Quebec City', -71.21, 46.81, 0.84],
+  ['Winnipeg', -97.14, 49.9, 0.83],
+  ['Hamilton', -79.87, 43.26, 0.79],
+  ['Kitchener', -80.49, 43.45, 0.58],
+  ['London, Ontario', -81.25, 42.98, 0.54],
+  ['Halifax', -63.57, 44.65, 0.44],
+  ['Victoria', -123.37, 48.43, 0.4],
+  ['Saskatoon', -106.67, 52.13, 0.32],
+  ['Regina', -104.61, 50.45, 0.25],
+  ['Sudbury', -80.99, 46.49, 0.17],
+  ['Thunder Bay', -89.25, 48.38, 0.12],
+  ['Mexico City', -99.13, 19.43, 21.8],
+  ['Guadalajara', -103.35, 20.66, 5.3],
+  ['Monterrey', -100.32, 25.69, 5.3],
+  ['Puebla', -98.21, 19.04, 3.2],
+  ['Toluca', -99.66, 19.28, 2.4],
+  ['Tijuana', -117.04, 32.51, 2.2],
+  ['León', -101.68, 21.12, 1.9],
+  ['Querétaro', -100.39, 20.59, 1.6],
+  ['Ciudad Juárez', -106.42, 31.69, 1.5],
+  ['Torreón', -103.42, 25.54, 1.4],
+  ['Mérida', -89.59, 20.97, 1.3],
+  ['San Luis Potosí', -100.98, 22.15, 1.3],
+  ['Aguascalientes', -102.29, 21.88, 1.1],
+  ['Mexicali', -115.45, 32.62, 1.0],
+  ['Chihuahua', -106.07, 28.63, 0.99],
+  ['Morelia', -101.19, 19.7, 0.98],
+  ['Culiacán', -107.39, 24.81, 0.95],
+  ['Hermosillo', -110.96, 29.07, 0.94],
+  ['Veracruz', -96.13, 19.17, 0.94],
+  ['Tampico', -97.86, 22.25, 0.93],
+  ['Saltillo', -101.0, 25.42, 0.92],
+  ['Cancún', -86.85, 21.16, 0.89],
+  ['Acapulco', -99.82, 16.85, 0.85],
+  ['Villahermosa', -92.93, 17.99, 0.83],
+  ['Oaxaca', -96.73, 17.07, 0.71],
+  ['Durango', -104.66, 24.02, 0.69],
+];
+
+/** Kilometres per degree of latitude. */
+const KM = 111.2;
+/** Buses a substation feeds, on average. */
+const PER_SUBSTATION = 320;
+/** Kilometres between switching stations along a corridor. */
+const STATION_SPACING = 90;
+/** The share of buses fed along corridors rather than in cities. */
+const RURAL = 0.12;
+
+/** Kilometres between two points, near enough for a continent. */
+function km(lon0: number, lat0: number, lon1: number, lat1: number): number {
+  const across = (lon1 - lon0) * Math.cos(((lat0 + lat1) * Math.PI) / 360);
+  return Math.hypot(across, lat1 - lat0) * KM;
+}
+
+/** Buses and lines as they are made, in typed arrays that grow by half again. */
+class Builder {
+  lon = new Float64Array(1024);
+  lat = new Float64Array(1024);
+  kv = new Float32Array(1024);
+  load = new Float32Array(1024);
+  generation = new Float32Array(1024);
+  buses = 0;
+  from = new Uint32Array(1024);
+  to = new Uint32Array(1024);
+  lineKv = new Float32Array(1024);
+  transformer = new Uint8Array(1024);
+  lines = 0;
+  readonly machineBus: number[] = [];
+  readonly machinePower: number[] = [];
+  readonly machineNames: string[] = [];
+
+  constructor(buses: number) {
+    this.reserveBuses(buses);
+    this.reserveLines(Math.ceil(buses * 1.1));
+  }
+
+  private reserveBuses(n: number): void {
+    if (n <= this.lon.length) return;
+    const grow = <T extends Float64Array | Float32Array>(a: T): T => {
+      const b = new (a.constructor as new (n: number) => T)(n);
+      b.set(a);
+      return b;
+    };
+    this.lon = grow(this.lon);
+    this.lat = grow(this.lat);
+    this.kv = grow(this.kv);
+    this.load = grow(this.load);
+    this.generation = grow(this.generation);
+  }
+
+  private reserveLines(n: number): void {
+    if (n <= this.from.length) return;
+    const grow = <T extends Uint32Array | Float32Array | Uint8Array>(a: T): T => {
+      const b = new (a.constructor as new (n: number) => T)(n);
+      b.set(a);
+      return b;
+    };
+    this.from = grow(this.from);
+    this.to = grow(this.to);
+    this.lineKv = grow(this.lineKv);
+    this.transformer = grow(this.transformer);
+  }
+
+  bus(lon: number, lat: number, kv: number, load = 0): number {
+    if (this.buses === this.lon.length) this.reserveBuses(this.buses + (this.buses >> 1));
+    const b = this.buses++;
+    this.lon[b] = lon;
+    this.lat[b] = lat;
+    this.kv[b] = kv;
+    this.load[b] = load;
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  line(a: number, b: number, kv: number, transformer = false): void {
+    if (this.lines === this.from.length) this.reserveLines(this.lines + (this.lines >> 1));
+    const e = this.lines++;
+    this.from[e] = a;
+    this.to[e] = b;
+    this.lineKv[e] = kv;
+    this.transformer[e] = transformer ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  machine(bus: number, power: number, name: string): void {
+    this.machineBus.push(bus);
+    this.machinePower.push(power);
+    this.machineNames.push(name);
+    this.generation[bus]! += power;
+  }
+}
+
+/** The cheapest tree joining `n` points, by Prim's algorithm on squared distance: each point's parent
+ * in it, the first point's being -1. */
+function spanning(n: number, distance: (a: number, b: number) => number): Int32Array {
+  const parent = new Int32Array(n).fill(-1);
+  const best = new Float64Array(n).fill(Infinity);
+  const done = new Uint8Array(n);
+  best[0] = 0;
+  for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) {
+    let next = -1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) if (!done[i] && (next < 0 || best[i]! < best[next]!)) next = i;
+    done[next] = 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      if (done[i]) continue;
+      const d = distance(next, i);
+      if (d < best[i]!) {
+        best[i] = d;
+        parent[i] = next;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return parent;
+}
+
+/** Feeds `count` distribution buses from substation bus `root`: radial feeders that run outward from
+ * it and branch, steps of `step` degrees apart. */
+function feed(grid: Builder, rng: () => number, root: number, count: number, step: number): void {
+  const feeders = Math.max(3, Math.round((count / 50) * (0.8 + 0.4 * rng())));
+  const lat0 = grid.lat[root]!;
+  const stretch = 1 / Math.cos((lat0 * Math.PI) / 180);
+  let left = count;
+  for (let f = 0; f < feeders && left > 0; f++) {
+    const size =
+      f === feeders - 1
+        ? left
+        : Math.min(left, Math.round((count / feeders) * (0.6 + 0.8 * rng())));
+    left -= size;
+    // The feeder's buses, and the way each one's line ran.
+    const first = grid.buses;
+    const headings = new Float32Array(size);
+    let heading = (2 * Math.PI * (f + rng())) / feeders;
+    let parent = root;
+    for (let k = 0; k < size; k++) {
+      // Mostly the trunk runs on; now and then a lateral branches off a bus already fed.
+      if (k > 0 && rng() < 0.18) {
+        const from = Math.floor(rng() * k);
+        parent = first + from;
+        heading = headings[from]! + (rng() < 0.5 ? 1 : -1) * (Math.PI / 2 + (rng() - 0.5) * 0.8);
+      } else {
+        heading += (rng() - 0.5) * 0.7;
+      }
+      const length = step * (0.5 + rng());
+      const lon = grid.lon[parent]! + Math.cos(heading) * length * stretch;
+      const lat = grid.lat[parent]! + Math.sin(heading) * length;
+      const bus = grid.bus(lon, lat, 13.8, 0.05 + -Math.log(1 - rng()) * 0.35);
+      headings[k] = heading;
+      grid.line(parent, bus, 13.8, parent === root);
+      parent = bus;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** The synthetic grids, by id, and the buses each is built to. */
+export const CONTINENTS: Readonly<Record<string, number>> = {
+  'continent-2m': 2_000_000,
+};
+
+/** The synthetic grid `id` as a case named `grid`, as the case files are read. */
+export function continent(id: string): Case {
+  const target = CONTINENTS[id];
+  if (!target) throw new Error(`No synthetic grid ${id}`);
+  const rng = random(20261014);
+  const grid = new Builder(Math.ceil(target * 1.02));
+  const weights = CITIES.map(([, , , people]) => people ** 0.85);
+  const total = weights.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+
+  // Corridors first, as a graph of cities: the cheapest tree joining them all, and each city's two
+  // nearest neighbours within 700 km.
+  const n = CITIES.length;
+  const distance = (a: number, b: number) =>
+    km(CITIES[a]![1], CITIES[a]![2], CITIES[b]![1], CITIES[b]![2]);
+  const corridors = new Set<number>();
+  const pair = (a: number, b: number) => Math.min(a, b) * n + Math.max(a, b);
+  const tree = spanning(n, distance);
+  tree.forEach((p, c) => p >= 0 && corridors.add(pair(p, c)));
+  for (let a = 0; a < n; a++) {
+    const near = [...Array(n).keys()]
+      .filter((b) => b !== a)
+      .sort((x, y) => distance(a, x) - distance(a, y))
+      .slice(0, 2);
+    for (const b of near) if (distance(a, b) < 700) corridors.add(pair(a, b));
+  }
+
+  // Each city: substations meshing at 115 and 230 kV, each feeding its share of the city's buses.
+  const hubs = new Map<number, number>();
+  const substations: number[][] = [];
+  for (let c = 0; c < n; c++) {
+    const [, lon, lat, people] = CITIES[c]!;
+    const buses = Math.floor(((1 - RURAL) * target * weights[c]!) / total);
+    const count = Math.max(2, Math.round(buses / PER_SUBSTATION));
+    const spread = 0.04 + 0.05 * Math.sqrt(people);
+    const stretch = 1 / Math.cos((lat * Math.PI) / 180);
+    const subs: number[] = [];
+    for (let s = 0; s < count; s++) {
+      const r = s === 0 ? 0 : spread * Math.sqrt(-2 * Math.log(1 - rng()));
+      const angle = 2 * Math.PI * rng();
+      const kv = s < Math.ceil(count / 6) ? 230 : 115;
+      subs.push(grid.bus(lon + Math.cos(angle) * r * stretch, lat + Math.sin(angle) * r, kv));
+    }
+    substations.push(subs);
+    const at = (s: number) => [grid.lon[subs[s]!]!, grid.lat[subs[s]!]!] as const;
+    const parent = spanning(count, (a, b) => {
+      const [x0, y0] = at(a);
+      const [x1, y1] = at(b);
+      return km(x0, y0, x1, y1);
+    });
+    parent.forEach((p, s) => {
+      if (p < 0) return;
+      const [a, b] = [subs[p]!, subs[s]!];
+      grid.line(a, b, Math.min(grid.kv[a]!, grid.kv[b]!), grid.kv[a] !== grid.kv[b]);
+    });
+    // A mesh as well as a tree: each substation also joins one more near it.
+    for (let s = 1; s < count; s++) {
+      const other = Math.floor(rng() * count);
+      if (other !== s && other !== parent[s]) {
+        const [a, b] = [subs[s]!, subs[other]!];
+        const [x0, y0] = at(s);
+        const [x1, y1] = at(other);
+        if (km(x0, y0, x1, y1) < spread * KM * 1.2)
+          grid.line(a, b, Math.min(grid.kv[a]!, grid.kv[b]!), grid.kv[a] !== grid.kv[b]);
+      }
+    }
+    // Feeders run shorter where people crowd closer.
+    const step = 0.0012 + 0.002 / Math.sqrt(1 + people);
+    for (let s = 0; s < count; s++)
+      feed(grid, rng, subs[s]!, Math.max(0, Math.floor(buses / count) - 1), step);
+  }
+
+  /** City `c`'s bus at `kv`, made on first use and joined to its central substation. */
+  const hub = (c: number, kv: number) => {
+    const key = c * 1000 + kv;
+    const found = hubs.get(key);
+    if (found !== undefined) return found;
+    const [name, lon, lat, people] = CITIES[c]!;
+    const bus = grid.bus(lon + (rng() - 0.5) * 0.04, lat + (rng() - 0.5) * 0.04, kv);
+    grid.line(bus, substations[c]![0]!, 230, true);
+    hubs.set(key, bus);
+    if (people > 0.6 && rng() < 0.7)
+      grid.machine(bus, Math.round(400 + rng() * 1600), `${name} ${kv} kV plant`);
+    return bus;
+  };
+
+  // Corridors: each a chain of switching stations, its circuits as many as its cities need, with a
+  // rural substation and its feeders off every station, and a power plant at some.
+  let stations = 0;
+  const links = [...corridors].map((p) => [Math.floor(p / n), p % n] as const);
+  for (const [a, b] of links) stations += Math.floor(distance(a, b) / STATION_SPACING);
+  const rural = Math.floor((RURAL * target) / Math.max(1, stations));
+  for (const [a, b] of links) {
+    const [nameA, lonA, latA, peopleA] = CITIES[a]!;
+    const [nameB, lonB, latB, peopleB] = CITIES[b]!;
+    const people = peopleA + peopleB;
+    const central = (lon: number, lat: number) => lon > -92 && lon < -77 && lat > 35 && lat < 43;
+    const kv =
+      people > 8 && central(lonA, latA) && central(lonB, latB)
+        ? 765
+        : people > 6
+          ? 500
+          : people > 2
+            ? 345
+            : 230;
+    const circuits = people > 14 ? 3 : people > 6 ? 2 : 1;
+    const length = distance(a, b);
+    const hops = Math.floor(length / STATION_SPACING) + 1;
+    // The corridor bends a little off the straight line, the same way along its whole length.
+    const bend = (rng() - 0.5) * 0.12;
+    let previous = hub(a, kv);
+    for (let h = 1; h <= hops; h++) {
+      let station: number;
+      if (h === hops) {
+        station = hub(b, kv);
+      } else {
+        const t = h / hops;
+        const across = bend * 4 * t * (1 - t) + (rng() - 0.5) * 0.02;
+        const lon = lonA + (lonB - lonA) * t - (latB - latA) * across;
+        const lat = latA + (latB - latA) * t + (lonB - lonA) * across;
+        station = grid.bus(lon, lat, kv);
+        const sub = grid.bus(lon + (rng() - 0.5) * 0.06, lat + (rng() - 0.5) * 0.06, 69);
+        grid.line(station, sub, 69, true);
+        feed(grid, rng, sub, rural, 0.004);
+        if (rng() < 0.22) {
+          const plant = rng() < 0.5 ? `${nameA}–${nameB} wind` : `${nameA}–${nameB} station ${h}`;
+          grid.machine(station, Math.round(100 + rng() * 1100), plant);
+        }
+      }
+      for (let k = 0; k < circuits; k++) grid.line(previous, station, kv);
+      previous = station;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const buses = grid.buses;
+  const lines = grid.lines;
+  const machines = grid.machineBus.length;
+  const lon = grid.lon.subarray(0, buses);
+  const lat = grid.lat.subarray(0, buses);
+  const kv = grid.kv.subarray(0, buses);
+  const lineKv = grid.lineKv.subarray(0, lines);
+  const positions = new Float32Array(buses * 2);
+  for (let b = 0; b < buses; b++) {
+    positions[b * 2] = lon[b]!;
+    positions[b * 2 + 1] = lat[b]!;
+  }
+  const machineBus = Uint32Array.from(grid.machineBus);
+  const machinePower = Float32Array.from(grid.machinePower);
+  const load = grid.load.slice(0, buses);
+  const generation = grid.generation.slice(0, buses);
+  const patch = new Patch()
+    .set(
+      'Bus',
+      { count: buses },
+      {
+        lon,
+        lat,
+        kv,
+        level: Float32Array.from(kv, levelOf),
+        load,
+        generation,
+      },
+    )
+    .set(
+      'Line',
+      { count: lines },
+      {
+        from: reference('Bus', grid.from.subarray(0, lines)),
+        to: reference('Bus', grid.to.subarray(0, lines)),
+        kv: lineKv,
+        level: Float32Array.from(lineKv, levelOf),
+        transformer: grid.transformer.subarray(0, lines),
+      },
+    )
+    .set(
+      'Machine',
+      { count: machines },
+      {
+        lon: Float64Array.from(machineBus, (b) => lon[b]!),
+        lat: Float64Array.from(machineBus, (b) => lat[b]!),
+        name: grid.machineNames,
+        power: machinePower,
+      },
+    );
+  return {
+    data: new Data('grid').apply(patch),
+    name: 'Synthetic North America',
+    buses,
+    lines,
+    machines,
+    bytes: 0,
+    named: false,
+    positions,
+    load,
+    generation,
+    machineBus,
+    machinePower,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ff27218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+/**
+ * A grid at scale over the earth. Choose a synthetic grid, from WECC 240-bus to ACTIVSg70k, a
+ * continent's grid of two million buses built in the page, or a lattice of up to a million buses,
+ * and the map beneath it: coasts and borders, Natural Earth's states colored by the grid's figures,
+ * or OpenStreetMap's planet as vector tiles. Play a simulated fault and watch the machines' speeds
+ * swing; turn the globe at noon or now; hover or click anything to inspect it.
+ */
+import {
+  field,
+  type ColormapName,
+  type Fit,
+  type Mark,
+  type Row,
+  type Scene,
+} from '../../latkit.js';
+import { each } from '../../ui/rows.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+import { LEVELS, loadCase, megabytes, type Case } from './cases.js';
+import { continent } from './continent.js';
+import { lattice } from './lattice.js';
+import { LOOK, MAPS, type Loaded, type MapChoice } from './maps.js';
+import { STATE_FIELDS, joinStates, type Joined, type StateField } from './states.js';
+
+/** The grids the page draws, synthetic cases first. */
+const GRIDS = [
+  ['WECC 240', 'wecc240'],
+  ['ACTIVSg2000', 'activsg2000'],
+  ['ACTIVSg10k', 'activsg10k'],
+  ['ACTIVSg25k', 'activsg25k'],
+  ['ACTIVSg70k', 'activsg70k'],
+  ['North America · 2M', 'continent-2m'],
+  ['Lattice · 100K', 'lattice-100k'],
+  ['Lattice · 1M', 'lattice-1m'],
+  ['None', 'none'],
+] as const;
+type GridId = (typeof GRIDS)[number][1];
+
+/** Each voltage level's color, from below 100 kV to 765 kV. */
+const LEVEL_COLORS = ['#56657a', '#2fa49b', '#7fc97f', '#e6c84f', '#f08a3c', '#e5486f'];
+const BUS_COLORS = {
+  level: { label: 'voltage level', colormap: undefined },
+  load: { label: 'load', colormap: 'mako' },
+  generation: { label: 'generation', colormap: 'amber' },
+} as const satisfies Record<string, { label: string; colormap: ColormapName | undefined }>;
+type BusColor = keyof typeof BUS_COLORS;
+const STATE_COLORMAPS: Readonly<Record<StateField, ColormapName>> = {
+  buses: 'viridis',
+  load: 'mako',
+  generation: 'amber',
+  swing: 'inferno',
+};
+/** Fields the inspector leaves out: where a row is, which the view shows, and translations. */
+const HIDDEN = /^(lon|lat|geometry|position|name_.*|name:.*)$/;
+/** Noon over the western US at midsummer, where the first grid lies: seconds after the epoch. */
+const NOON = Date.UTC(2026, 5, 21, 19) / 1000;
+const fixed = (value: number) => (value >= 100 ? value.toFixed(0) : value.toPrecision(2));
+
+/** A grid drawn: its dataset and counts, and the case it came from when it is one. */
+interface Grid {
+  readonly id: GridId;
+  readonly label: string;
+  readonly buses: number;
+  readonly lines: number;
+  readonly summary: string;
+  readonly case?: Case;
+  readonly peaks: { readonly load: number; readonly generation: number; readonly power: number };
+  /** The box its buses stand in, which framing the grid shows; none for the map alone. */
+  readonly bounds?: Fit;
+}
+
+/** The box a case's buses stand in. */
+function extent(positions: Float32Array): Fit {
+  const min: [number, number, number] = [Infinity, Infinity, 0];
+  const max: [number, number, number] = [-Infinity, -Infinity, 0];
+  for (let i = 0; i < positions.length; i += 2) {
+    min[0] = Math.min(min[0], positions[i]!);
+    min[1] = Math.min(min[1], positions[i + 1]!);
+    max[0] = Math.max(max[0], positions[i]!);
+    max[1] = Math.max(max[1], positions[i + 1]!);
+  }
+  return { bounds: { min, max } };
+}
+
+export default async function page(stage: Stage): Promise<void> {
+  const state = {
+    projection: 'globe' as 'mercator' | 'tilt' | 'globe',
+    daylight: 'noon' as 'off' | 'now' | 'noon',
+    atmosphere: true,
+    graticule: false,
+    color: 'level' as BusColor,
+    buses: true,
+    lines: true,
+    machines: true,
+    labels: false,
+    mapLabels: true,
+    statesBy: 'none' as 'none' | StateField,
+    flow: false,
+  };
+  let grid: Grid | undefined;
+  let map: { choice: MapChoice; loaded: Loaded } | undefined;
+  let joined: Joined | undefined;
+
+  const scene = (): Scene => ({
+    space: {
+      earth: {
+        projection: state.projection === 'globe' ? 'globe' : 'mercator',
+        surface: LOOK.ground,
+        graticule: state.graticule,
+        atmosphere: state.atmosphere,
+        ...(state.daylight === 'off'
+          ? {}
+          : { daylight: state.daylight === 'now' ? Date.now() / 1000 : NOON }),
+      },
+    },
+    theme: {
+      ...theme,
+      area: LOOK.fill,
+      atmosphere: '#5aa9ff99',
+      night: 0.28,
+      glow: 5,
+      // Comets kept soft, as rivers carry them across the map too.
+      flow: { color: '#d6e6ffa6', width: 3, length: 20, spacing: 72 },
+    },
+    controls: { selectBox: true },
+    marks: [...mapMarks(), ...gridMarks()],
+  });
+
+  /** The map's marks, its states colored as chosen. */
+  const mapMarks = (): Mark[] => {
+    if (!map) return [];
+    const by = state.statesBy;
+    const states =
+      by !== 'none' && joined
+        ? { by, peak: joined.peaks[by], colormap: STATE_COLORMAPS[by] }
+        : undefined;
+    return map.loaded.marks({ labels: state.mapLabels, ...(states ? { states } : {}) });
+  };
+
+  /** What the grid draws, as the panel says. */
+  const gridMarks = (): Mark[] => {
+    if (!grid?.buses) return [];
+    const marks: Mark[] = [];
+    const big = grid.buses > 20_000;
+    if (!grid.case) {
+      if (state.lines)
+        marks.push({
+          edges: { of: ['grid', 'Line'], ends: ['from', 'to'], width: 0.6, pick: false },
+        });
+      if (state.buses)
+        marks.push({
+          vertices: {
+            of: ['grid', 'Bus'],
+            position: ['lon', 'lat'],
+            color: field('load').colormap('viridis').domain(0, 1),
+            radius: 1.2,
+          },
+        });
+      return marks;
+    }
+    const level = field('level').colormap({ kind: 'categorical', colors: LEVEL_COLORS });
+    if (state.lines)
+      marks.push({
+        edges: {
+          of: ['grid', 'Line'],
+          ends: ['from', 'to'],
+          // Lines of higher voltage draw on top, and stay drawn as the camera pulls back.
+          priority: 'level',
+          color: level,
+          width: field('level')
+            .scale(big ? 0.5 : 0.8, big ? 1.8 : 2.8)
+            .domain(0, 5),
+          dash: 'transformer',
+          ...(state.flow ? { flow: field('level').mul(6).add(8) } : {}),
+        },
+      });
+    if (state.buses) {
+      const color =
+        state.color === 'level'
+          ? level
+          : field(state.color)
+              .colormap(BUS_COLORS[state.color].colormap)
+              .domain(0, Math.max(1, grid.peaks[state.color]));
+      marks.push({
+        vertices: {
+          of: ['grid', 'Bus'],
+          position: ['lon', 'lat'],
+          color,
+          // Where buses crowd, those of higher voltage stand out, on top and from farther out.
+          priority: 'level',
+          radius: big ? field('level').scale(0.8, 2.6).domain(0, 5) : grid.buses > 5000 ? 2 : 3,
+          ...(state.labels && grid.case.named
+            ? { label: { text: 'name', priority: 'kv', size: 10 } }
+            : {}),
+        },
+      });
+    }
+    const simulation = grid.case.simulation;
+    if (state.machines && grid.case.machines)
+      marks.push({
+        vertices: {
+          of: ['grid', 'Machine'],
+          position: ['lon', 'lat'],
+          marker: 'diamond',
+          color: simulation
+            ? field('speed').colormap('coolwarm').domain(-simulation.largest, simulation.largest)
+            : '#ebf0f7',
+          radius: field('power')
+            .scale(big ? 2 : 3, big ? 5 : 8)
+            .domain(0, Math.max(1, grid.peaks.power)),
+        },
+      });
+    if (simulation?.fault)
+      marks.push({
+        vertices: {
+          of: ['grid', 'Fault'],
+          position: ['lon', 'lat'],
+          color: '#ff3829',
+          radius: 9,
+          marker: 'rounded',
+        },
+      });
+    return marks;
+  };
+
+  const view = stage.view(scene(), {
+    label: 'A grid over the earth: drag to pan, Shift-drag to turn, hover or click to inspect',
+  });
+  // Fits keep clear of the readout over the view's top and the credit and legend over its foot.
+  view.insets = [32, 16, 32, 16];
+  const restyle = () => view.show(scene());
+  /** Frames the grid, whatever the map beneath it spans; the map alone, all of it. */
+  const frame = () => view.fit(grid?.bounds ?? 'all');
+  const legend = stage.legend();
+  const credit = stage.credit();
+
+  // ── Grid ──
+  const gridSection = stage.section('Grid');
+  gridSection.choice(
+    'Grid',
+    GRIDS.map(([label, id]) => [label, id] as const),
+    GRIDS[0][1] as GridId,
+    (id) => void loadGrid(id).catch(stage.fail),
+  );
+  const colorBy = gridSection.choice(
+    'Bus color',
+    (Object.keys(BUS_COLORS) as BusColor[]).map((key) => [BUS_COLORS[key].label, key] as const),
+    state.color,
+    (color) => {
+      state.color = color;
+      restyle();
+      showLegend();
+    },
+  );
+  const levels = gridSection.series(LEVELS.map((label, i) => ({ label, color: LEVEL_COLORS[i]! })));
+  const gridSummary = gridSection.note();
+
+  // ── Simulation ──
+  const simulationSection = stage.section('Simulation');
+  simulationSection.speed([0.1, 0.25, 1], 0.25, (rate) => (playback.rate = rate));
+  const simulationSummary = simulationSection.note();
+  const playback = stage.playback({
+    live: false,
+    rate: 0.25,
+    show(at) {
+      view.at = at;
+      inspect();
+    },
+  });
+
+  // ── Map ──
+  const mapSection = stage.section('Map');
+  mapSection.choice(
+    'Map',
+    [['None', undefined] as const, ...MAPS.map((m) => [m.label, m] as const)],
+    MAPS[0] as MapChoice | undefined,
+    (choice) => void loadMap(choice).catch(stage.fail),
+  );
+  const statesBy = mapSection.choice(
+    'State color',
+    [
+      ['nothing', 'none'] as const,
+      ...(Object.keys(STATE_FIELDS) as StateField[]).map(
+        (k) => [STATE_FIELDS[k].label, k] as const,
+      ),
+    ],
+    'none' as 'none' | StateField,
+    (by) => {
+      state.statesBy = by;
+      join();
+    },
+  );
+  const mapSummary = mapSection.note();
+
+  // ── View ──
+  const viewSection = stage.section('View');
+  viewSection.choice(
+    'Projection',
+    [
+      ['Globe', 'globe'],
+      ['Map', 'mercator'],
+      ['Tilted map', 'tilt'],
+    ] as const,
+    state.projection,
+    (projection) => {
+      state.projection = projection;
+      restyle();
+      const camera = view.camera;
+      if ('center' in camera) view.fly({ ...camera, pitch: projection === 'tilt' ? 50 : 0 });
+    },
+  );
+  viewSection.choice(
+    'Daylight',
+    [
+      ['Noon', 'noon'],
+      ['Now', 'now'],
+      ['Off', 'off'],
+    ] as const,
+    state.daylight,
+    (daylight) => {
+      state.daylight = daylight;
+      restyle();
+    },
+  );
+  viewSection.toggle('Atmosphere', 'a', state.atmosphere, (on) => {
+    state.atmosphere = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+  viewSection.toggle('Grid', 'g', state.graticule, (on) => {
+    state.graticule = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+  viewSection.toggle('Orbit', 't', false, (on) => (view.orbit = on ? 4 : 0));
+  viewSection.actions([{ label: 'Fit', key: 'f', run: frame }]);
+
+  // ── Layers ──
+  const layers = stage.section('Layers');
+  const layer = (
+    label: string,
+    key: string,
+    name: 'buses' | 'lines' | 'machines' | 'labels' | 'mapLabels' | 'flow',
+  ) =>
+    layers.toggle(label, key, state[name], (on) => {
+      state[name] = on;
+      restyle();
+    });
+  layer('Buses', 'b', 'buses');
+  layer('Lines', 'l', 'lines');
+  layer('Machines', 'm', 'machines');
+  layer('Bus labels', 'n', 'labels');
+  layer('Map labels', 'p', 'mapLabels');
+  layer('Flow', 'c', 'flow');
+
+  // ── Inspector ──
+  const inspector = stage.section('Inspector');
+  const described = inspector.note('Select an item.');
+  const list = document.createElement('dl');
+  list.className = 'fields';
+  inspector.content.append(list);
+  let hovered: Row | null = null;
+  const inspect = () => {
+    const row = hovered ?? each(view.selection)[0];
+    list.replaceChildren();
+    if (!row) return void (described.textContent = 'Select an item.');
+    const data = view.data(row.data);
+    if (!data) return;
+    const value = (name: string) => data.get(row.table, row.id, name, view.at);
+    const fields = data.fields(row.table).filter((name) => !HIDDEN.test(name));
+    const name = fields.find((f) => /^name$/i.test(f));
+    described.textContent = `${row.table} · ${name ? format(value(name)) : `#${row.id}`}${hovered ? '' : ' · selected'}`;
+    // The grid's figures first, then the rest, leaving out what this row has no value for.
+    const first = fields.filter((f) => f in STATE_FIELDS);
+    let shown = 0;
+    for (const f of [...first, ...fields.filter((f) => f !== name && !(f in STATE_FIELDS))]) {
+      const v = value(f);
+      if (v === null || v === undefined || v === '' || Number.isNaN(v)) continue;
+      const dt = document.createElement('dt');
+      const dd = document.createElement('dd');
+      dt.textContent = f in STATE_FIELDS ? STATE_FIELDS[f as StateField].label : f;
+      dd.textContent = format(v) + (f in STATE_FIELDS ? STATE_FIELDS[f as StateField].unit : '');
+      list.append(dt, dd);
+      if (++shown === 18) break;
+    }
+  };
+  view.on('hover', ({ hit }) => {
+    hovered = hit?.row ?? null;
+    inspect();
+  });
+  view.on('select', inspect);
+
+  const meter = stage.meter(view);
+  const thousands = (n: number) => `${(n / 1000).toFixed(0)}k`;
+  meter.note(() => `${thousands(view.stats.drawn)} of ${thousands(view.stats.rows)} rows drawn`);
+  meter.note(
+    () =>
+      `${(view.stats.resident / 1e6).toFixed(0)} of ${(view.stats.budget / 1e6).toFixed(0)} MB on the GPU`,
+  );
+
+  function showLegend(): void {
+    levels.hidden = !grid?.case || state.color !== 'level';
+    const simulation = grid?.case?.simulation;
+    if (state.statesBy !== 'none' && joined)
+      return legend.ramp(
+        STATE_COLORMAPS[state.statesBy],
+        `${STATE_FIELDS[state.statesBy].label} 0 – ${fixed(joined.peaks[state.statesBy])}${STATE_FIELDS[state.statesBy].unit}`,
+      );
+    if (simulation && state.machines)
+      return legend.ramp('coolwarm', `machine speed ±${fixed(simulation.largest)} mHz`);
+    if (!grid?.case) return legend.ramp('viridis', 'distance from the middle');
+    if (state.color === 'level') return legend.ramp('grays', 'buses by voltage level');
+    const { colormap, label } = BUS_COLORS[state.color];
+    legend.ramp(colormap, `${label} 0 – ${fixed(grid.peaks[state.color])} MW`);
+  }
+
+  /** The grid's figures in the map's states, when it has states, and what they color by. */
+  function join(): void {
+    joined?.data.destroy();
+    joined = undefined;
+    const states = map?.loaded.states;
+    if (states && grid?.case && state.statesBy !== 'none') {
+      joined = joinStates(states, grid.case);
+      view.setData(joined.data);
+      mapSummary.textContent = `${map!.loaded.summary} · the grid reaches ${joined.states} states`;
+    }
+    restyle();
+    showLegend();
+  }
+
+  let gridLoad: AbortController | undefined;
+  async function loadGrid(id: GridId): Promise<void> {
+    gridLoad?.abort();
+    const load = (gridLoad = new AbortController());
+    const label = GRIDS.find((g) => g[1] === id)![0];
+    stage.detail(`${label}: loading…`);
+    const started = performance.now();
+    let next: Grid;
+    if (id === 'none') {
+      view.removeData('grid');
+      next = {
+        id,
+        label,
+        buses: 0,
+        lines: 0,
+        peaks: { load: 0, generation: 0, power: 0 },
+        summary: 'nothing to draw over the map',
+      };
+    } else if (id.startsWith('lattice')) {
+      const built = lattice(id);
+      view.setData(built.data);
+      next = {
+        id,
+        label,
+        buses: built.buses,
+        lines: built.lines,
+        bounds: built.bounds,
+        peaks: { load: 1, generation: 0, power: 0 },
+        summary: `built in ${(performance.now() - started).toFixed(0)} ms`,
+      };
+    } else {
+      const found = id.startsWith('continent')
+        ? continent(id)
+        : await loadCase(id, load.signal, (received, total) =>
+            stage.detail(`${label}: downloading ${megabytes(received, total)}`),
+          );
+      if (load.signal.aborted) return;
+      view.setData(found.data);
+      const peak = (values: Float32Array) => values.reduce((top, v) => Math.max(top, v), 0);
+      next = {
+        id,
+        label,
+        buses: found.buses,
+        lines: found.lines,
+        case: found,
+        bounds: extent(found.positions),
+        peaks: {
+          load: peak(found.load),
+          generation: peak(found.generation),
+          power: peak(found.machinePower),
+        },
+        summary: found.bytes
+          ? `${(found.bytes / 1e6).toFixed(2)} MB in ${(performance.now() - started).toFixed(0)} ms`
+          : `built in ${(performance.now() - started).toFixed(0)} ms`,
+      };
+    }
+    grid = next;
+    view.select([]);
+    hovered = null;
+    const simulation = next.case?.simulation;
+    simulationSection.element.hidden = !simulation;
+    playback.hidden = !simulation;
+    colorBy.disabled = !next.case;
+    playback.pause();
+    playback.record(simulation ? [0, simulation.duration] : [0, 0]);
+    view.at = 0;
+    simulationSummary.textContent = simulation
+      ? `${simulation.frames} frames over ${simulation.duration.toFixed(0)} s` +
+        (simulation.fault
+          ? ` · fault at ${simulation.fault.bus}, ${simulation.fault.on.toFixed(2)}–${simulation.fault.off.toFixed(2)} s`
+          : '')
+      : '';
+    gridSummary.textContent =
+      `${next.buses.toLocaleString()} buses · ${next.lines.toLocaleString()} lines` +
+      (next.case ? ` · ${next.case.machines.toLocaleString()} machines` : '') +
+      ` · ${next.summary}`;
+    statesBy.disabled = !next.case || !map?.loaded.states;
+    join();
+    frame();
+    stage.detail(`${label} · ${next.summary}`);
+    inspect();
+  }
+
+  let mapLoad: AbortController | undefined;
+  async function loadMap(choice: MapChoice | undefined): Promise<void> {
+    mapLoad?.abort();
+    const load = (mapLoad = new AbortController());
+    map?.loaded.unload(view);
+    map = undefined;
+    joined = undefined;
+    credit.textContent = '';
+    mapSummary.textContent = choice ? 'loading…' : '';
+    restyle();
+    if (!choice) return;
+    const loaded = await choice.load(view, load.signal, (status) => {
+      if (!load.signal.aborted) mapSummary.textContent = status;
+    });
+    if (load.signal.aborted) return loaded.unload(view);
+    map = { choice, loaded };
+    credit.textContent = choice.attribution;
+    mapSummary.textContent = loaded.summary;
+    statesBy.disabled = !grid?.case || !loaded.states;
+    join();
+  }
+
+  showLegend();
+  await Promise.all([loadGrid(GRIDS[0][1]), loadMap(MAPS[0])]);
+}
+
+/** A value read from a dataset, written for the inspector. */
+function format(value: unknown): string {
+  if (value === null || value === undefined) return '–';
+  if (typeof value === 'number')
+    return Number.isInteger(value) ? value.toLocaleString() : value.toPrecision(4);
+  if (typeof value === 'object' && 'id' in value) return String((value as Row).id);
+  return typeof value === 'object' ? JSON.stringify(value) : String(value as string | boolean);
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/lattice.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/lattice.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6da25fee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/lattice.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * Square lattices of buses over most of the globe: the stress cases, past any synthetic case in
+ * size. Each bus joins its right and lower neighbours, and a few lines span the whole box as great
+ * circles. Built in time linear in the bus count.
+ */
+import { Data, Patch, reference, type Fit } from '../../latkit.js';
+
+interface Spec {
+  readonly cols: number;
+  readonly rows: number;
+  readonly lon: readonly [number, number];
+  readonly lat: readonly [number, number];
+  /** Lines across the box, as [column, row] to [column, row]. */
+  readonly spans: readonly (readonly [number, number, number, number])[];
+}
+
+export const LATTICES: Readonly<Record<string, Spec>> = {
+  'lattice-100k': {
+    cols: 400,
+    rows: 250,
+    lon: [-160, 160],
+    lat: [-80, 80],
+    spans: [
+      [0, 0, 399, 249],
+      [399, 0, 0, 249],
+      [0, 125, 399, 125],
+      [200, 0, 200, 249],
+    ],
+  },
+  'lattice-1m': {
+    cols: 1000,
+    rows: 1000,
+    lon: [-170, 170],
+    lat: [-75, 75],
+    spans: [
+      [0, 0, 999, 999],
+      [999, 0, 0, 999],
+    ],
+  },
+};
+
+/** The lattice `id` as dataset `grid`, buses colored by their distance from the box's middle, and
+ * the box. */
+export function lattice(id: string): { data: Data; buses: number; lines: number; bounds: Fit } {
+  const spec = LATTICES[id];
+  if (!spec) throw new Error(`No lattice ${id}`);
+  const { cols, spans } = spec;
+  const count = cols * spec.rows;
+  const [west, east] = spec.lon;
+  const [south, north] = spec.lat;
+  const lon = new Float64Array(count);
+  const lat = new Float64Array(count);
+  const load = new Float32Array(count);
+  const at = (c: number, r: number) => r * cols + c;
+  let farthest = 1e-6;
+  for (let r = 0; r < spec.rows; r++)
+    for (let c = 0; c < cols; c++) {
+      const v = at(c, r);
+      lon[v] = west + ((east - west) * c) / (cols - 1);
+      lat[v] = south + ((north - south) * r) / (spec.rows - 1);
+      load[v] = Math.hypot(lon[v]! - (west + east) / 2, lat[v]! - (south + north) / 2);
+      farthest = Math.max(farthest, load[v]!);
+    }
+  for (let v = 0; v < count; v++) load[v]! /= farthest;
+  const lines = spec.rows * (cols - 1) + cols * (spec.rows - 1) + spans.length;
+  const from = new Uint32Array(lines);
+  const to = new Uint32Array(lines);
+  let e = 0;
+  for (let r = 0; r < spec.rows; r++)
+    for (let c = 0; c + 1 < cols; c++) {
+      from[e] = at(c, r);
+      to[e++] = at(c + 1, r);
+    }
+  for (let r = 0; r + 1 < spec.rows; r++)
+    for (let c = 0; c < cols; c++) {
+      from[e] = at(c, r);
+      to[e++] = at(c, r + 1);
+    }
+  for (const [c0, r0, c1, r1] of spans) {
+    from[e] = at(c0, r0);
+    to[e++] = at(c1, r1);
+  }
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(
+    new Patch()
+      .set('Bus', { count }, { lon, lat, load })
+      .set('Line', { count: lines }, { from: reference('Bus', from), to: reference('Bus', to) }),
+  );
+  return {
+    data,
+    buses: count,
+    lines,
+    bounds: { bounds: { min: [west, south, 0], max: [east, north, 0] } },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/maps.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/maps.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c831360b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/maps.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+/**
+ * What the map beneath the grid draws: Natural Earth's coasts and borders as lines, shipped with the
+ * page; Natural Earth's states and provinces as areas the grid's figures color, from Natural Earth's
+ * repository; or OpenStreetMap's planet as OpenFreeMap's vector tiles. GeoJSON downloads as bytes
+ * and is read in a worker; tiles are fetched as the camera asks for them.
+ */
+import { Data, field, type ColormapName, type Mark, type View } from '../../latkit.js';
+import { download, megabytes } from './cases.js';
+
+/** The page's colors, as CSS. */
+export const LOOK = {
+  background: '#05070a',
+  ground: '#0e131b',
+  fill: '#1a212b',
+  line: '#6b80948c',
+  coast: '#8ca3b8d9',
+  landcover: '#1c2924',
+  park: '#1a3021',
+  water: '#0d1a2b',
+  waterway: '#2e5485e6',
+  road: '#5c616bb3',
+  place: '#c3ccd8',
+} as const;
+
+/** How the map draws: whether its areas are labeled, and what its states color by. */
+export interface Styling {
+  readonly labels: boolean;
+  readonly states?: { readonly by: string; readonly peak: number; readonly colormap: ColormapName };
+}
+
+/** A map, loaded: its marks, drawn under the grid, and its states when it has them. */
+export interface Loaded {
+  readonly summary: string;
+  marks(styling: Styling): Mark[];
+  /** The dataset of states the grid's figures color, its rows in table `polygons`. */
+  readonly states?: Data;
+  /** Takes back from the view what loading gave it. */
+  unload(view: View): void;
+}
+
+export interface MapChoice {
+  readonly id: string;
+  readonly label: string;
+  readonly attribution: string;
+  /** Loads the map into `view`, telling `progress` how it goes. */
+  load(view: View, signal: AbortSignal, progress: (status: string) => void): Promise<Loaded>;
+}
+
+const NE = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/master/geojson/';
+const NATURAL_EARTH = 'Natural Earth · public domain';
+const seconds = (since: number) => `${((performance.now() - since) / 1000).toFixed(1)} s`;
+
+/** Natural Earth's coasts, land borders, and province borders at 1:50M: datasets of lines. */
+const borders: MapChoice = {
+  id: 'borders',
+  label: 'Coasts and borders',
+  attribution: NATURAL_EARTH,
+  async load(view, signal) {
+    const started = performance.now();
+    const files = ['coastline', 'countries', 'provinces'] as const;
+    const sets = await Promise.all(
+      files.map(async (name) => {
+        const { bytes } = await download(
+          `${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}maps/${name}.geojson.gz`,
+          signal,
+        );
+        return Data.read(bytes, name);
+      }),
+    );
+    for (const data of sets) view.setData(data);
+    return {
+      summary: `coasts and borders in ${seconds(started)}`,
+      marks: () => [
+        {
+          lines: { of: ['provinces', 'lines'], color: LOOK.line, width: 0.6, dash: true },
+        },
+        { lines: { of: ['countries', 'lines'], color: LOOK.line, width: 1 } },
+        { lines: { of: ['coastline', 'lines'], color: LOOK.coast, width: 1 } },
+      ],
+      unload: (view) => files.forEach((name) => view.removeData(name)),
+    };
+  },
+};
+
+/** Natural Earth's states and provinces at `scale`: areas the grid's figures color. */
+function states(scale: '50m' | '10m', label: string): MapChoice {
+  return {
+    id: `states-${scale}`,
+    label,
+    attribution: NATURAL_EARTH,
+    async load(view, signal, progress) {
+      const started = performance.now();
+      const { bytes, received } = await download(
+        `${NE}ne_${scale}_admin_1_states_provinces.geojson`,
+        signal,
+        (got, total) => progress(`downloading ${megabytes(got, total)}`),
+      );
+      const fetched = performance.now();
+      const data = await Data.read(bytes, 'states');
+      view.setData(data);
+      return {
+        states: data,
+        summary: `${(received / 1e6).toFixed(1)} MB in ${seconds(started)}, read in ${seconds(fetched)}`,
+        marks: ({ labels, states }) => [
+          {
+            // Each state holds the grid's figures: hovering one inspects them.
+            areas: {
+              of: ['states', 'polygons'],
+              color: states
+                ? field(states.by).colormap(states.colormap).domain(0, Math.max(states.peak, 1e-6))
+                : LOOK.fill,
+              ...(labels ? { label: { text: 'name', size: 10, color: '#8e99aa' } } : {}),
+              pick: true,
+            },
+          },
+          { lines: { of: ['states', 'polygons'], color: LOOK.line, width: 0.7 } },
+        ],
+        unload: (view) => view.removeData('states'),
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** OpenStreetMap's planet as OpenFreeMap's vector tiles. */
+const planet: MapChoice = {
+  id: 'planet',
+  label: 'Planet, vector tiles',
+  attribution: 'OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors',
+  load(view) {
+    view.setTiles('base', 'https://tiles.openfreemap.org/planet');
+    return Promise.resolve({
+      summary: 'tiles fetch as the camera asks for them',
+      marks: ({ labels }) => [
+        { areas: { of: ['base', 'landcover'], color: LOOK.landcover } },
+        { areas: { of: ['base', 'park'], color: LOOK.park } },
+        { areas: { of: ['base', 'water'], color: LOOK.water } },
+        // Rivers carry comets downstream, as their ways run.
+        { lines: { of: ['base', 'waterway'], color: LOOK.waterway, width: 0.8, flow: 10 } },
+        { lines: { of: ['base', 'transportation'], color: LOOK.road, width: 0.7 } },
+        { lines: { of: ['base', 'boundary'], color: LOOK.line, width: 1, dash: true } },
+        // Places by rank, 1 the most important; a tile holds only the points inside it, so none repeat.
+        ...(labels
+          ? [
+              {
+                vertices: {
+                  of: ['base', 'place'],
+                  color: LOOK.place,
+                  radius: 1.5,
+                  label: {
+                    text: 'name',
+                    size: 11,
+                    color: LOOK.place,
+                    priority: field('rank').mul(-1),
+                  },
+                },
+              } satisfies Mark,
+            ]
+          : []),
+      ],
+      unload: (view) => view.removeData('base'),
+    });
+  },
+};
+
+export const MAPS: readonly MapChoice[] = [
+  borders,
+  states('50m', 'States and provinces, 1:50M'),
+  states('10m', 'States and provinces, 1:10M (40 MB)'),
+  planet,
+];
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/states.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/states.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..527345fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/networks/states.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/**
+ * A grid's figures for each state it reaches, written into the states dataset as fields its areas
+ * color by: buses, load, and generation counted where each bus stands, and where the grid was
+ * simulated, how far its machines' speeds swing in each state, frame by frame.
+ */
+import { Patch, type Data, type Id } from '../../latkit.js';
+import type { Case } from './cases.js';
+
+/** What each state's figures hold, and in what unit. */
+export const STATE_FIELDS = {
+  buses: { label: 'buses', unit: '' },
+  load: { label: 'load', unit: ' MW' },
+  generation: { label: 'generation', unit: ' MW' },
+  swing: { label: 'largest speed swing', unit: ' mHz' },
+} as const;
+export type StateField = keyof typeof STATE_FIELDS;
+
+export interface Joined {
+  readonly data: Data;
+  /** How many states the grid reaches. */
+  readonly states: number;
+  /** Each figure's largest value in any state. */
+  readonly peaks: Readonly<Record<StateField, number>>;
+}
+
+type Ring = [number, number][];
+
+interface State {
+  readonly row: number;
+  /** West, south, east, north. */
+  readonly bounds: readonly [number, number, number, number];
+  readonly rings: readonly Ring[];
+}
+
+/** Whether a point lies inside a state: crossing its rings an odd number of times, holes included. */
+function inside(state: State, x: number, y: number): boolean {
+  const [w, s, e, n] = state.bounds;
+  if (x < w || x > e || y < s || y > n) return false;
+  let crossings = 0;
+  for (const ring of state.rings)
+    for (let i = 0, j = ring.length - 1; i < ring.length; j = i++) {
+      const [xi, yi] = ring[i]!;
+      const [xj, yj] = ring[j]!;
+      if (yi > y !== yj > y && x < ((xj - xi) * (y - yi)) / (yj - yi) + xi) crossings++;
+    }
+  return crossings % 2 === 1;
+}
+
+/** A snapshot of `states` with the grid's figures for every state it reaches. */
+export function joinStates(states: Data, grid: Case): Joined {
+  const { positions, simulation } = grid;
+  const extent = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
+  for (let b = 0; b < grid.buses; b++) {
+    extent[0] = Math.min(extent[0]!, positions[b * 2]!);
+    extent[1] = Math.min(extent[1]!, positions[b * 2 + 1]!);
+    extent[2] = Math.max(extent[2]!, positions[b * 2]!);
+    extent[3] = Math.max(extent[3]!, positions[b * 2 + 1]!);
+  }
+  const ids: Id[] = states.ids('polygons');
+  const found: State[] = [];
+  ids.forEach((id, row) => {
+    const polygons = (states.get('polygons', id, 'geometry') ?? []) as Ring[][];
+    const rings = polygons.flat();
+    const bounds: [number, number, number, number] = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
+    for (const ring of rings)
+      for (const [x, y] of ring) {
+        bounds[0] = Math.min(bounds[0], x);
+        bounds[1] = Math.min(bounds[1], y);
+        bounds[2] = Math.max(bounds[2], x);
+        bounds[3] = Math.max(bounds[3], y);
+      }
+    const meets =
+      bounds[0] <= extent[2]! &&
+      bounds[2] >= extent[0]! &&
+      bounds[1] <= extent[3]! &&
+      bounds[3] >= extent[1]!;
+    if (meets) found.push({ row, bounds, rings });
+  });
+  // Each degree cell's states, so a bus tests only those near it.
+  const cells = new Map<number, State[]>();
+  const cell = (x: number, y: number) => Math.floor(x + 180) * 180 + Math.floor(y + 90);
+  for (const state of found) {
+    const [w, s, e, n] = state.bounds;
+    for (let x = Math.floor(Math.max(w, extent[0]!)); x <= Math.min(e, extent[2]!); x++)
+      for (let y = Math.floor(Math.max(s, extent[1]!)); y <= Math.min(n, extent[3]!); y++) {
+        const key = cell(x, y);
+        let list = cells.get(key);
+        if (!list) cells.set(key, (list = []));
+        list.push(state);
+      }
+  }
+  const rows = ids.length;
+  const of = new Int32Array(grid.buses).fill(-1);
+  const buses = new Float32Array(rows).fill(Number.NaN);
+  const load = new Float32Array(rows).fill(Number.NaN);
+  const generation = new Float32Array(rows).fill(Number.NaN);
+  const reached = new Set<number>();
+  for (let b = 0; b < grid.buses; b++) {
+    const x = positions[b * 2]!;
+    const y = positions[b * 2 + 1]!;
+    const state = cells.get(cell(x, y))?.find((candidate) => inside(candidate, x, y));
+    if (!state) continue;
+    const k = state.row;
+    of[b] = k;
+    if (!reached.has(k)) {
+      reached.add(k);
+      buses[k] = load[k] = generation[k] = 0;
+    }
+    buses[k]! += 1;
+    load[k]! += grid.load[b]!;
+    generation[k]! += grid.generation[b]!;
+  }
+  const peak = (values: Float32Array) => values.reduce((top, v) => (v > top ? v : top), 0);
+  const patch = new Patch().set('polygons', ids as number[], { buses, load, generation });
+  const peaks = { buses: peak(buses), load: peak(load), generation: peak(generation), swing: 0 };
+  if (simulation) {
+    // Each frame, the largest swing of a state's machines either way.
+    const g = grid.machines;
+    const swing = new Float32Array(rows);
+    for (let f = 0; f < simulation.frames; f++) {
+      swing.fill(Number.NaN);
+      for (const k of reached) swing[k] = 0;
+      for (let m = 0; m < g; m++) {
+        const k = of[grid.machineBus[m]!]!;
+        if (k < 0) continue;
+        swing[k] = Math.max(swing[k]!, Math.abs(simulation.speeds[f * g + m]!));
+      }
+      peaks.swing = Math.max(peaks.swing, peak(swing));
+      patch.append(f * simulation.dt, 'polygons', { swing });
+    }
+  }
+  return { data: states.snapshot().apply(patch), states: reached.size, peaks };
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/playback/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/playback/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67cb01ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/playback/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+import { random } from '../../random.js';
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+import {
+  Data,
+  Patch,
+  color,
+  field,
+  missing,
+  reference,
+  when,
+  type ColormapName,
+  type Id,
+  type Mark,
+  type Scene,
+} from '../../latkit.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+
+/** Buses on a side of the lattice. */
+const SIDE = 60;
+/** Seconds of recorded voltages. */
+const SECONDS = 60;
+
+/** A synthetic grid over Texas: buses on a jittered lattice, lines to their neighbors, and a minute of
+ * voltages that ripple across it. */
+function grid(): { data: Data; buses: number; lines: number } {
+  const buses = SIDE * SIDE;
+  const rng = random(7);
+  const lon = new Float64Array(buses);
+  const lat = new Float64Array(buses);
+  const kv = new Float64Array(buses);
+  const name: string[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < buses; i++) {
+    lon[i] = -106 + ((i % SIDE) + rng() * 0.6) * (12 / SIDE);
+    lat[i] = 26 + (Math.floor(i / SIDE) + rng() * 0.6) * (10 / SIDE);
+    kv[i] = [69, 138, 345][Math.floor(rng() * 3)]!;
+    name.push(`Bus ${i + 1}`);
+  }
+  const from: number[] = [];
+  const to: number[] = [];
+  const link = (a: number, b: number) => {
+    from.push(a);
+    to.push(b);
+  };
+  for (let i = 0; i < buses; i++) {
+    if (i % SIDE < SIDE - 1) link(i, i + 1);
+    if (i + SIDE < buses) link(i, i + SIDE);
+  }
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(
+    new Patch()
+      .axis('time', 's')
+      .set('Bus', { count: buses }, { lon, lat, kv, name })
+      .set(
+        'Line',
+        { count: from.length },
+        { from: reference('Bus', from), to: reference('Bus', to) },
+      ),
+  );
+  const vm = new Float32Array(buses);
+  for (let t = 0; t <= SECONDS; t++) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < buses; i++) {
+      const x = (i % SIDE) / SIDE;
+      const y = Math.floor(i / SIDE) / SIDE;
+      vm[i] = 1 + 0.04 * Math.sin(6 * x + t / 6) * Math.cos(5 * y - t / 9);
+    }
+    data.apply(new Patch().append(t, 'Bus', { vm }));
+  }
+  return { data, buses, lines: from.length };
+}
+
+export default function page(stage: Stage): void {
+  const { data, buses, lines } = grid();
+  const look = {
+    space: 'mercator' as Scene['space'],
+    colormap: 'balance' as ColormapName,
+    /** How far from 1 pu the colormap's ends lie. */
+    spread: 0.04,
+    size: 1,
+    lines: true,
+    labels: true,
+    outliers: false,
+  };
+  const scene = (): Scene => {
+    const marks: Mark[] = [];
+    if (look.lines)
+      marks.push({ edges: { of: ['grid', 'Line'], ends: ['from', 'to'], width: 1, pick: false } });
+    marks.push({
+      vertices: {
+        of: ['grid', 'Bus'],
+        position: ['lon', 'lat'],
+        radius: field('kv').div(100).add(1).mul(look.size),
+        color: field('vm')
+          .colormap(look.colormap)
+          .domain(1 - look.spread, 1 + look.spread),
+        // Buses past the colormap's ends ring, so they stand out at any zoom.
+        ...(look.outliers
+          ? {
+              ring: when(field('vm').sub(1).abs().gt(look.spread))
+                .then(color('#ffd166'))
+                .otherwise(missing()),
+            }
+          : {}),
+        ...(look.labels ? { label: { text: 'name', priority: 'kv', size: 10 } } : {}),
+      },
+    });
+    return {
+      space: look.space,
+      theme,
+      controls: { selectBox: true },
+      marks,
+    };
+  };
+  const view = stage.view(scene(), {
+    label: 'A synthetic grid over Texas: click a bus to select it, or Shift-drag a box',
+  });
+  view.setData(data);
+  view.fit();
+  const legend = stage.legend();
+  const restyle = () => {
+    view.show(scene());
+    legend.ramp(
+      look.colormap,
+      `Voltage ${(1 - look.spread).toFixed(2)} – ${(1 + look.spread).toFixed(2)} pu`,
+    );
+  };
+
+  const space = stage.section('View');
+  space.choice(
+    'Projection',
+    [
+      ['Map', 'mercator'],
+      ['Globe', 'globe'],
+      ['Plane', 'plane'],
+    ] as const,
+    'mercator',
+    (next) => {
+      look.space = next;
+      restyle();
+      view.fit();
+    },
+  );
+  space.actions([{ label: 'Fit', key: 'f', run: () => view.fit() }]);
+
+  const style = stage.section('Display');
+  style.choice(
+    'Colormap',
+    (['balance', 'vik', 'coolwarm', 'rdbu', 'berlin'] as const).map(
+      (name) => [name, name] as const,
+    ),
+    look.colormap,
+    (colormap) => {
+      look.colormap = colormap;
+      restyle();
+    },
+  );
+  style.choice(
+    'Range',
+    [
+      ['±2%', 0.02],
+      ['±4%', 0.04],
+      ['±6%', 0.06],
+    ] as const,
+    look.spread,
+    (spread) => {
+      look.spread = spread;
+      restyle();
+    },
+  );
+  style.range(
+    'Bus size',
+    { min: 0.5, max: 3, step: 0.25, value: look.size, format: (v) => `${v.toFixed(2)}×` },
+    (size) => {
+      if (size === look.size) return;
+      look.size = size;
+      restyle();
+    },
+  );
+  style.toggle('Lines', 'l', look.lines, (on) => {
+    look.lines = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+  style.toggle('Labels', 'n', look.labels, (on) => {
+    look.labels = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+  style.toggle('Outliers', 'o', look.outliers, (on) => {
+    look.outliers = on;
+    restyle();
+  });
+
+  const selected = stage.section('Selection');
+  const readout = selected.note();
+  const describe = () => {
+    const ids = view.selection.filter((rows) => rows.table === 'Bus').flatMap((rows) => rows.ids);
+    const vm = (id: Id) => data.get('Bus', id, 'vm', view.at) as number | null;
+    if (!ids.length) readout.textContent = 'Click a bus, or Shift-drag a box.';
+    else if (ids.length === 1) {
+      const id = ids[0]!;
+      const kv = data.get('Bus', id, 'kv') as number | null;
+      readout.textContent = `Bus ${id}: ${kv ?? '–'} kV, ${vm(id)?.toFixed(3) ?? '–'} pu`;
+    } else {
+      const values = ids.map(vm).filter((v): v is number => v !== null);
+      readout.textContent = `${ids.length} buses: ${Math.min(...values).toFixed(3)} – ${Math.max(...values).toFixed(3)} pu`;
+    }
+  };
+  view.on('select', describe);
+  stage.meter(view);
+  const playback = stage.playback({
+    live: false,
+    rate: 4,
+    show(at) {
+      view.at = at;
+      describe();
+    },
+  });
+  selected.speed([1, 4, 10], 4, (rate) => (playback.rate = rate));
+  playback.record(data.span!);
+  restyle();
+  describe();
+  stage.detail(
+    `${buses.toLocaleString()} buses · ${lines.toLocaleString()} lines · ${SECONDS} s of voltages`,
+  );
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/grid.test.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/grid.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dfdd946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/grid.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
+import { Grid } from './grid.js';
+import texas from './texas.json';
+
+/** MW each substation sends out along its branches in service, by the flows solved. */
+function sent(grid: Grid): Float64Array {
+  const out = new Float64Array(grid.n);
+  texas.branches.forEach((branch, j) => {
+    out[branch.from]! += grid.flow[j]!;
+    out[branch.to]! -= grid.flow[j]!;
+  });
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** The largest gap between what each substation injects and what its branches carry away. */
+function imbalance(grid: Grid): number {
+  const out = sent(grid);
+  return Math.max(...Array.from(out, (mw, i) => Math.abs(mw - grid.injection[i]!)));
+}
+
+describe('the DC power flow', () => {
+  test('balances every island: plants make what loads are served, and each bus sends on its injection', () => {
+    const grid = new Grid();
+    const total = grid.injection.reduce((sum, mw) => sum + mw, 0);
+    expect(Math.abs(total)).toBeLessThan(1e-6);
+    expect(imbalance(grid)).toBeLessThan(1e-6);
+    expect(grid.dark).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  test('a tripped branch carries nothing, and the rest take its flow', () => {
+    const grid = new Grid();
+    const before = Float64Array.from(grid.flow);
+    grid.tripWorst();
+    const tripped = grid.out.findIndex((out) => out === 1);
+    expect(tripped).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+    expect(grid.trips).toBe(1);
+    expect(grid.flow[tripped]).toBe(0);
+    expect(imbalance(grid)).toBeLessThan(1e-6);
+    expect(grid.flow.some((mw, j) => j !== tripped && Math.abs(mw - before[j]!) > 1e-3)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('restoring recloses every branch and solves as before', () => {
+    const grid = new Grid();
+    const before = Float64Array.from(grid.flow);
+    grid.tripWorst();
+    grid.restore();
+    expect(grid.out.every((out) => out === 0)).toBe(true);
+    expect(grid.trips).toBe(0);
+    grid.flow.forEach((mw, j) => expect(mw).toBeCloseTo(before[j]!, 6));
+  });
+
+  test('more demand loads branches more', () => {
+    const grid = new Grid();
+    const loaded = () => grid.loading.reduce((sum, l) => sum + l, 0);
+    const light = loaded();
+    grid.demand = 1.1;
+    grid.step(0);
+    expect(loaded()).toBeGreaterThan(light);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/grid.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/grid.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..260873ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/grid.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+/**
+ * The grid a control room watches, as a model: plants dispatch to meet demand, a DC power flow sets
+ * every branch's flow, protection trips what runs past its rating, and islands balance alone.
+ */
+import texas from './texas.json';
+
+/** What each substation is, in the order its color index counts them. */
+export const KINDS = [
+  { label: 'nuclear', color: '#a181ef', fuels: ['Nuclear Steam'] },
+  {
+    label: 'thermal',
+    color: '#c08a52',
+    fuels: ['Gas Turbine', 'Gas Combined Cycle', 'Coal-fired Steam'],
+  },
+  { label: 'wind', color: '#00d1da', fuels: ['Wind'] },
+  { label: 'solar', color: '#ffca29', fuels: ['Solar PV'] },
+  { label: 'load', color: '#8a93a0', fuels: ['Load'] },
+] as const;
+/** How far past its rating a branch runs before its protection trips it, and for how many ticks. */
+export const TRIP_AT = 1.15;
+export const TRIP_AFTER = 3;
+/** Seconds a tripped branch stays out before it recloses. */
+export const OUT_FOR = 14;
+/** Per unit reactance per kilometre of line. */
+export const REACTANCE = 0.0004;
+
+type Substation = (typeof texas.substations)[number];
+
+/** Each substation's kind, by index into `KINDS`. */
+const kindOf = (s: Substation) =>
+  KINDS.findIndex((k) => (k.fuels as readonly string[]).includes(s.category));
+
+/**
+ * The grid's state and its physics: plants dispatch to meet demand, a DC power flow sets every
+ * branch's flow from the injections, protection trips branches held past their rating, and each
+ * island balances on its own plants, its loads dark where it has none.
+ */
+export class Grid {
+  readonly n = texas.substations.length;
+  readonly m = texas.branches.length;
+  /** What each plant can make and each load asks for, MW. */
+  readonly capacity = Float64Array.from(texas.substations, (s) =>
+    s.units.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0),
+  );
+  readonly load = Uint8Array.from(texas.substations, (s) => (s.category === 'Load' ? 1 : 0));
+  readonly kind = Float32Array.from(texas.substations, kindOf);
+  readonly rating = Float64Array.from(texas.branches, (b) => b.pmax);
+  readonly #x: Float64Array;
+  /** Each substation's output, or each load's demand served, as a share; MW injected. */
+  readonly fill = new Float32Array(this.n);
+  readonly injection = new Float64Array(this.n);
+  /** Each branch's flow in MW, from its first end to its second; its loading; whether it is out. */
+  readonly flow = new Float64Array(this.m);
+  readonly loading = new Float64Array(this.m);
+  readonly out = new Uint8Array(this.m);
+  /** Ticks each branch has run past its trip setting, and when an out branch recloses. */
+  readonly #over = new Uint8Array(this.m);
+  readonly #reclose = new Float64Array(this.m);
+  /** Plants out of service until a time. */
+  readonly #plantOut = new Float64Array(this.n);
+  /** Demand as a share of the loads' size, and the time. */
+  demand = 0.78;
+  t = 0;
+  /** Branches tripped since the last restore, and loads dark now. */
+  trips = 0;
+  dark = 0;
+
+  constructor() {
+    const s = texas.substations;
+    this.#x = Float64Array.from(texas.branches, (b) => {
+      const [a, c] = [s[b.from]!, s[b.to]!];
+      const km =
+        Math.hypot((a.lon - c.lon) * Math.cos((a.lat * Math.PI) / 180), a.lat - c.lat) * 111;
+      return Math.max(0.002, REACTANCE * km);
+    });
+    this.step(0);
+  }
+
+  /** Trips the branch loaded nearest its rating, as a fault would. */
+  tripWorst(): void {
+    let worst = -1;
+    for (let j = 0; j < this.m; j++)
+      if (!this.out[j] && (worst < 0 || this.loading[j]! > this.loading[worst]!)) worst = j;
+    if (worst >= 0) this.#trip(worst);
+    this.step(0);
+  }
+
+  /** Recloses every branch and plant. */
+  restore(): void {
+    this.out.fill(0);
+    this.#over.fill(0);
+    this.#plantOut.fill(0);
+    this.trips = 0;
+    this.step(0);
+  }
+
+  #trip(j: number): void {
+    this.out[j] = 1;
+    this.#reclose[j] = this.t + OUT_FOR;
+    this.trips++;
+  }
+
+  /** Advances `dt` seconds: dispatch, flow, protection. */
+  step(dt: number): void {
+    this.t += dt;
+    const { n, m, t } = this;
+    for (let j = 0; j < m; j++)
+      if (this.out[j] && t >= this.#reclose[j]! && this.#reclose[j]! > 0) this.out[j] = 0;
+    // What each load asks for, swinging through the day, and what each plant could give.
+    const want = new Float64Array(n);
+    const can = new Float64Array(n);
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      const wave = 0.08 * Math.sin(t * 0.07 + i * 1.3) + 0.04 * Math.sin(t * 0.31 + i * 0.7);
+      if (this.load[i])
+        want[i] = this.capacity[i]! * Math.min(1.4, Math.max(0, this.demand + wave));
+      else if (t >= this.#plantOut[i]!) {
+        // Wind and sun come and go; the rest follow dispatch.
+        const k = this.kind[i]!;
+        const weather =
+          k === 2
+            ? 0.55 + 0.4 * Math.sin(t * 0.11 + i)
+            : k === 3
+              ? 0.8 + 0.15 * Math.sin(t * 0.05 + i)
+              : 1;
+        can[i] = this.capacity[i]! * weather;
+      }
+    }
+    // Islands of the branches in service, each balanced on its own plants.
+    const island = this.#islands();
+    this.dark = 0;
+    for (const members of island) {
+      const asked = members.reduce((sum, i) => sum + want[i]!, 0);
+      const able = members.reduce((sum, i) => sum + can[i]!, 0);
+      const served = able > 0 ? Math.min(1, able / Math.max(asked, 1e-9)) : 0;
+      const dispatch = asked > 0 ? Math.min(1, (asked * served) / Math.max(able, 1e-9)) : 0;
+      for (const i of members) {
+        if (this.load[i]) {
+          this.fill[i] = served;
+          this.injection[i] = -want[i]! * served;
+          if (served < 0.05 && want[i]! > 0) this.dark++;
+        } else {
+          this.fill[i] = this.capacity[i]! > 0 ? (can[i]! * dispatch) / this.capacity[i]! : 0;
+          this.injection[i] = can[i]! * dispatch;
+        }
+      }
+      this.#solve(members);
+    }
+    // Protection: a branch held past its trip setting trips; a plant now and then does too.
+    for (let j = 0; j < m; j++) {
+      this.loading[j] = this.out[j] ? 0 : Math.abs(this.flow[j]!) / this.rating[j]!;
+      this.#over[j] = this.loading[j]! > TRIP_AT ? this.#over[j]! + 1 : 0;
+      if (dt > 0 && this.#over[j]! >= TRIP_AFTER) this.#trip(j);
+    }
+    if (dt > 0 && Math.random() < 0.004) {
+      const plants = [...Array(n).keys()].filter((i) => !this.load[i] && t >= this.#plantOut[i]!);
+      const plant = plants[Math.floor(Math.random() * plants.length)];
+      if (plant !== undefined) this.#plantOut[plant] = t + 20;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Whether plant `i` is out of service. */
+  tripped(i: number): boolean {
+    return !this.load[i] && this.t < this.#plantOut[i]!;
+  }
+
+  /** Substations joined by branches in service, island by island. */
+  #islands(): number[][] {
+    const seen = new Uint8Array(this.n);
+    const near: number[][] = Array.from({ length: this.n }, () => []);
+    texas.branches.forEach((b, j) => {
+      if (!this.out[j]) {
+        near[b.from]!.push(b.to);
+        near[b.to]!.push(b.from);
+      }
+    });
+    const islands: number[][] = [];
+    for (let start = 0; start < this.n; start++) {
+      if (seen[start]) continue;
+      const members = [start];
+      seen[start] = 1;
+      for (let k = 0; k < members.length; k++)
+        for (const next of near[members[k]!]!) {
+          if (seen[next]) continue;
+          seen[next] = 1;
+          members.push(next);
+        }
+      islands.push(members);
+    }
+    return islands;
+  }
+
+  /** The DC power flow of one island: angles from its injections, its first member the reference,
+   * then each branch's flow. */
+  #solve(members: number[]): void {
+    const size = members.length - 1;
+    const at = new Map(members.slice(1).map((bus, k) => [bus, k]));
+    const b = Array.from({ length: size }, () => new Float64Array(size + 1));
+    texas.branches.forEach((branch, j) => {
+      if (this.out[j] || !(at.has(branch.from) || branch.from === members[0])) return;
+      if (!(at.has(branch.to) || branch.to === members[0])) return;
+      const y = 1 / this.#x[j]!;
+      const [p, q] = [at.get(branch.from), at.get(branch.to)];
+      if (p !== undefined) b[p]![p]! += y;
+      if (q !== undefined) b[q]![q]! += y;
+      if (p !== undefined && q !== undefined) {
+        b[p]![q]! -= y;
+        b[q]![p]! -= y;
+      }
+    });
+    members.slice(1).forEach((bus, k) => (b[k]![size] = this.injection[bus]! / 100));
+    // Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting; the island is small.
+    for (let c = 0; c < size; c++) {
+      let pivot = c;
+      for (let r = c + 1; r < size; r++)
+        if (Math.abs(b[r]![c]!) > Math.abs(b[pivot]![c]!)) pivot = r;
+      [b[c], b[pivot]] = [b[pivot]!, b[c]!];
+      const d = b[c]![c]! || 1e-12;
+      for (let r = c + 1; r < size; r++) {
+        const f = b[r]![c]! / d;
+        if (f) for (let k = c; k <= size; k++) b[r]![k]! -= f * b[c]![k]!;
+      }
+    }
+    const theta = new Float64Array(size);
+    for (let r = size - 1; r >= 0; r--) {
+      let sum = b[r]![size]!;
+      for (let k = r + 1; k < size; k++) sum -= b[r]![k]! * theta[k]!;
+      theta[r] = sum / (b[r]![r]! || 1e-12);
+    }
+    const angle = (bus: number) => (bus === members[0] ? 0 : theta[at.get(bus)!]!);
+    texas.branches.forEach((branch, j) => {
+      if (at.has(branch.from) || branch.from === members[0])
+        this.flow[j] = this.out[j]
+          ? 0
+          : ((angle(branch.from) - angle(branch.to)) * 100) / this.#x[j]!;
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62c54f9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+/**
+ * Grid operations: a state's transmission grid as a control room watches it. Each substation is a
+ * gauge of its output sized by its capacity, a plant's round and a load's square; branches are as
+ * wide as their rating, color by loading, carry comets along their flow, and bow apart where they
+ * run in parallel. The flows come from a DC power flow solved every tick: push demand up or trip a
+ * line, and overloaded branches trip in turn, flows swing onto what is left, and loads cut off from
+ * every plant go dark. Each tick eases into place; what trips pulses until it is restored.
+ */
+import {
+  Data,
+  Patch,
+  elapsed,
+  field,
+  reference,
+  when,
+  type Hit,
+  type Motion,
+  type Scene,
+} from '../../latkit.js';
+import { each } from '../../ui/rows.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+import { Grid, KINDS } from './grid.js';
+import texas from './texas.json';
+
+/** The control room's dark theme: a quiet network, its alarms and flows bright. */
+const LOOK = {
+  background: '#07090c',
+  ground: '#10161d',
+  border: '#3b4552',
+  text: '#dfe6ee',
+  hover: '#53a3f2',
+  comet: '#e8fff4',
+  warning: '#ffc000',
+  critical: '#ff6200',
+  tripped: '#ff1915',
+} as const;
+
+/** A branch's color by its loading, % of its rating: calm blues to 80%, then amber at 90% through
+ * red where its protection trips it. */
+const LOADING = field('loading')
+  .colormap({
+    kind: 'sequential',
+    colors: [
+      '#2b3e54',
+      '#2e4760',
+      '#31506c',
+      '#345a78',
+      '#376484',
+      '#3b6e8f',
+      '#40799a',
+      '#4a86a3',
+      '#6a9eaa',
+      LOOK.warning,
+      '#ff8f00',
+      LOOK.critical,
+      LOOK.tripped,
+    ],
+  })
+  .domain(0, 120);
+
+/** Seconds between ticks of the simulation. */
+const TICK = 0.5;
+/** The grid's state as a patch of the `grid` dataset's changing fields. */
+function patchOf(grid: Grid): Patch {
+  const kind = Float32Array.from(grid.kind, (k, i) =>
+    grid.tripped(i) || (grid.load[i] && grid.fill[i]! < 0.05) ? KINDS.length : k,
+  );
+  return new Patch()
+    .set(
+      'Substation',
+      { count: grid.n },
+      {
+        fill: grid.fill,
+        kind,
+        alarm: Uint8Array.from(kind, (k) => (k === KINDS.length ? 1 : 0)),
+        mw: Float64Array.from(grid.injection, Math.abs),
+      },
+    )
+    .set(
+      'Branch',
+      { count: grid.m },
+      {
+        out: grid.out,
+        // Overloaded or out.
+        alarm: Uint8Array.from(grid.loading, (l, j) => (grid.out[j] || l > 1 ? 1 : 0)),
+        flow: Float64Array.from(grid.flow, (f, j) =>
+          grid.out[j] ? 0 : Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, f / grid.rating[j]!)),
+        ),
+        mw: Float64Array.from(grid.flow, Math.abs),
+        loading: Float64Array.from(grid.loading, (l) => l * 100),
+      },
+    );
+}
+
+export default async function page(stage: Stage): Promise<void> {
+  // Labels set in Jura once it has loaded.
+  const jura = new FontFace(
+    'Jura',
+    `url(${import.meta.env.BASE_URL}fonts/jura-latin-400-normal.woff2)`,
+  );
+  document.fonts.add(await jura.load());
+
+  const grid = new Grid();
+  const s = texas.substations;
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(
+    new Patch()
+      .set(
+        'Substation',
+        { count: grid.n },
+        {
+          name: s.map((x) => x.name),
+          lon: Float64Array.from(s, (x) => x.lon),
+          lat: Float64Array.from(s, (x) => x.lat),
+          load: grid.load,
+          capacity: grid.capacity,
+        },
+      )
+      .set(
+        'Branch',
+        { count: grid.m },
+        {
+          from: reference(
+            'Substation',
+            Uint32Array.from(texas.branches, (b) => b.from),
+          ),
+          to: reference(
+            'Substation',
+            Uint32Array.from(texas.branches, (b) => b.to),
+          ),
+          rating: grid.rating,
+        },
+      ),
+  );
+  data.apply(patchOf(grid));
+  const border = new Data('state').apply(
+    new Patch().set(
+      'Border',
+      { count: 1 },
+      {
+        geometry: [[...texas.border, texas.border[0]!] as [number, number][]],
+      },
+    ),
+  );
+
+  const state = { comets: true, labels: true, playing: true };
+  let motion: Motion = 'system';
+  /** What trips pulses: red to dark red and back, twice a second. */
+  const pulse = elapsed()
+    .mul(4 * Math.PI)
+    .sin()
+    .colormap({ kind: 'sequential', colors: ['#5c0805', LOOK.tripped] })
+    .domain(-1, 1);
+  const kinds = field('kind').colormap({
+    kind: 'categorical',
+    colors: [...KINDS.map((k) => k.color), LOOK.tripped],
+    categories: [...KINDS.map((k) => k.label), 'tripped or dark'],
+  });
+  // Comets run with the flow, in degrees a second, faster the nearer its rating, and never on a
+  // branch out.
+  const comets = when(field('out').gt(0.5))
+    .then(0)
+    .when(field('flow').lt(0))
+    .then(field('flow').mul(1.8).sub(0.45))
+    .otherwise(field('flow').mul(1.8).add(0.45));
+  /** A substation mark: plants as round gauges, loads as square ones, in one table. */
+  const substations = (name: string, load: number, shape: 'ellipse' | 'rounded') => ({
+    vertices: {
+      of: ['grid', 'Substation'] as [string, string],
+      name,
+      position: ['lon', 'lat'] as [string, string],
+      visible: field('load').eq(load),
+      // Both marks size every row alike, by its capacity, so branches stop at the outline that shows.
+      radius: field('capacity').sqrt().scale(8, 17).domain(11, 46),
+      marker: { gauge: { fill: field('fill'), shape } },
+      color: kinds,
+      ring: when(field('alarm').gt(0.5)).then(pulse).otherwise('#00000000'),
+      shadow: true,
+      ...(load ? {} : { legend: 'Substations' }),
+      ...(state.labels ? { label: { text: 'name', size: 12, priority: 'capacity' } } : {}),
+    },
+  });
+  const scene = (): Scene => ({
+    space: { earth: { projection: 'mercator', surface: LOOK.ground, graticule: false } },
+    theme: {
+      ...theme,
+      text: LOOK.text,
+      hover: LOOK.hover,
+      selected: LOOK.hover,
+      // Comets are part of the map, in degrees: they zoom with it and stay on their branches.
+      flow: { color: LOOK.comet, spacing: 1.35, length: 0.6, width: 6, units: true },
+      font: 'Jura, sans-serif',
+      fontSize: 12,
+      halo: 3,
+      glow: 6,
+      laneBow: 0.22,
+    },
+    ease: 0.45,
+    // Easing, pulses, and comets hold still where the system asks for reduced motion, unless set.
+    controls: { motion },
+    marks: [
+      { lines: { of: ['state', 'Border'], width: 1.25, color: LOOK.border } },
+      {
+        edges: {
+          of: ['grid', 'Branch'],
+          ends: ['from', 'to'],
+          route: 'straight',
+          width: field('rating').scale(1.6, 3.6).domain(300, 800),
+          color: when(field('alarm').gt(0.5)).then(pulse).otherwise(LOADING),
+          dash: 'out',
+          legend: 'Loading, % of rating',
+          ...(state.comets ? { flow: comets } : {}),
+        },
+      },
+      substations('plants', 0, 'ellipse'),
+      substations('loads', 1, 'rounded'),
+    ],
+  });
+
+  const view = stage.view(scene(), {
+    label: 'A state’s grid: hover or click a substation or branch to inspect it',
+  });
+  view.setData(border);
+  view.setData(data);
+  const { xMin, xMax, yMin, yMax } = texas.bounds;
+  view.fit({ bounds: { min: [xMin, yMin, 0], max: [xMax, yMax, 0] } });
+  const restyle = () => view.show(scene());
+
+  // ── Grid ──
+  const gridSection = stage.section('Grid');
+  gridSection.note('Simulated data');
+  gridSection.range(
+    'Demand',
+    {
+      min: 0.5,
+      max: 1.2,
+      step: 0.01,
+      value: grid.demand,
+      format: (v) => `${Math.round(v * 100)}%`,
+    },
+    (v) => (grid.demand = v),
+  );
+  gridSection.actions([
+    { label: 'Trip a line', key: 't', run: () => (grid.tripWorst(), show()) },
+    { label: 'Restore', key: 'r', run: () => (grid.restore(), show()) },
+  ]);
+  gridSection.toggle('Run', ' ', state.playing, (on) => (state.playing = on));
+  const totals = gridSection.note();
+
+  // ── Layers ──
+  const layers = stage.section('Layers');
+  layers.toggle('Flow', 'c', state.comets, (on) => ((state.comets = on), restyle()));
+  layers.toggle('Labels', 'l', state.labels, (on) => ((state.labels = on), restyle()));
+  layers.choice(
+    'Motion',
+    [
+      ['System', 'system'],
+      ['Full', 'full'],
+      ['Reduced', 'reduced'],
+    ] as const,
+    motion,
+    (next) => ((motion = next), restyle()),
+  );
+
+  // ── Inspector ──
+  const inspector = stage.section('Inspector');
+  const described = inspector.note('Select a substation or line.');
+  let hovered: Hit | null = null;
+  const inspect = () => {
+    const row = hovered?.row ?? each(view.selection)[0];
+    if (!row) return void (described.textContent = 'Select a substation or line.');
+    const value = (name: string) => data.get(row.table, row.id, name) as number;
+    const i = Number(row.id);
+    if (row.table === 'Substation') {
+      const what = grid.load[i] ? 'load' : KINDS[grid.kind[i]!]!.label;
+      const status = grid.tripped(i)
+        ? 'tripped'
+        : grid.load[i] && grid.fill[i]! < 0.05
+          ? 'dark'
+          : `${Math.round(grid.fill[i]! * 100)}%`;
+      described.textContent = `${s[i]!.name} · ${what} · ${Math.round(value('mw'))} of ${Math.round(grid.capacity[i]!)} MW · ${status}`;
+    } else {
+      const b = texas.branches[i]!;
+      const [from, to] = grid.flow[i]! >= 0 ? [b.from, b.to] : [b.to, b.from];
+      described.textContent = grid.out[i]
+        ? `${s[b.from]!.name}–${s[b.to]!.name} · out`
+        : `${s[from]!.name} → ${s[to]!.name} · ${Math.round(value('mw'))} MW · ${Math.round(value('loading'))}% of ${b.pmax} MW`;
+    }
+  };
+  view.on('hover', ({ hit }) => ((hovered = hit), inspect()));
+  view.on('select', inspect);
+
+  const meter = stage.meter(view);
+  meter.note(() => `${grid.trips} trips`);
+
+  /** Shows the grid as it stands. */
+  function show(): void {
+    data.apply(patchOf(grid));
+    view.setData(data);
+    const served = grid.injection.reduce((sum, p, i) => sum + (grid.load[i] ? -p : 0), 0);
+    const out = grid.out.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+    totals.textContent = `${Math.round(served).toLocaleString()} MW served · ${out} branches out · ${grid.dark} loads dark`;
+    inspect();
+  }
+
+  let carry = 0;
+  stage.frame((dt) => {
+    if (!state.playing) return;
+    carry += dt;
+    if (carry < TICK) return;
+    carry -= TICK;
+    grid.step(TICK);
+    show();
+  });
+  show();
+  stage.detail(`${grid.n} substations · ${grid.m} branches, ${texas.name}`);
+}
diff --git a/examples/network/src/blackout/texas.json b/npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/texas.json
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/network/src/blackout/texas.json
rename to npm/examples/src/examples/power-flow/texas.json
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/body.test.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/body.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c505b1b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/body.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+/** The body's numerical checks, run by vitest; no wasm build. */
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { test } from 'vitest';
+import { Body, ROOM, STEP, type Controls } from './body.js';
+import { fracture } from './fracture.js';
+import { loadMesh } from './mesh.js';
+
+const bytes = readFileSync(new URL('./stanford-bunny.bin', import.meta.url));
+const mesh = await loadMesh(
+  new URL(`data:application/octet-stream;base64,${bytes.toString('base64')}`),
+);
+const controls: Controls = { gravity: 9.81, firmness: 0.45, inflate: 1, wind: false };
+
+function run(body: Body, seconds: number, settings = controls): void {
+  for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(seconds / (STEP * 8)); i++) body.advance(STEP * 8, settings);
+}
+
+function bounded(body: Body): void {
+  const positions = body.burst.active ? body.burst.x : body.x;
+  assert.ok(positions.every(Number.isFinite), 'all positions remain finite');
+  for (let i = 0; i < positions.length; i += 3) {
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(positions[i]!) <= ROOM + 1e-6);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(positions[i + 1]!) <= ROOM + 1e-6);
+    assert.ok(positions[i + 2]! >= -1e-6 && positions[i + 2]! <= 6.5 + 1e-6);
+  }
+}
+
+test('fracture makes 24 closed, outward solids with normalized surface bindings', () => {
+  const pieces = fracture(mesh);
+  assert.equal(pieces.length, 24);
+  let volume = 0;
+  for (const piece of pieces) {
+    const edges = new Map<string, number>();
+    let pieceVolume = 0;
+    for (const face of piece.faces) {
+      for (let e = 0; e < 3; e++) {
+        const a = face[e]!,
+          b = face[(e + 1) % 3]!;
+        const key = `${Math.min(a, b)}:${Math.max(a, b)}`;
+        edges.set(key, (edges.get(key) ?? 0) + (a < b ? 1 : -1));
+      }
+      const [a, b, c] = face.map((i) => piece.vertices[i]!.p);
+      pieceVolume +=
+        (a![0] * (b![1] * c![2] - b![2] * c![1]) +
+          a![1] * (b![2] * c![0] - b![0] * c![2]) +
+          a![2] * (b![0] * c![1] - b![1] * c![0])) /
+        6;
+    }
+    assert.ok(
+      [...edges.values()].every((v) => v === 0),
+      'each edge has an opposite winding',
+    );
+    assert.ok(pieceVolume > 0, 'piece is outward wound');
+    volume += pieceVolume;
+    for (const vertex of piece.vertices) {
+      assert.ok(Math.abs([...vertex.weights.values()].reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0) - 1) < 1e-8);
+      for (let axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+        const mapped = [...vertex.weights].reduce(
+          (sum, [row, w]) => sum + mesh.positions[row * 3 + axis]! * w,
+          0,
+        );
+        assert.ok(Math.abs(mapped - vertex.p[axis]!) < 1e-7);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const body = new Body(mesh);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(volume - body.volume) < 1e-6, 'cuts preserve enclosed volume');
+});
+
+/** Steps until the body rests, for at most `seconds`. */
+function rest(body: Body, settings = controls, seconds = 10): void {
+  for (let steps = 0; !body.asleep && steps < seconds / STEP; steps++) body.advance(STEP, settings);
+}
+
+test('body rests where it lands, hops at once, and ignores presses in the air', () => {
+  const body = new Body(mesh);
+  body.drop(true);
+  run(body, 6);
+  bounded(body);
+  assert.equal(body.state, 'resting', `rest speed: ${body.metrics()[1]}`);
+  const resting = body.x.slice();
+  run(body, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(body.x, resting, 'a resting body does not move');
+  const before = body.metrics()[0];
+  body.hop();
+  assert.ok(!body.asleep, 'a hop wakes it');
+  run(body, 0.15);
+  assert.equal(body.state, 'airborne');
+  const copy = body.x.slice();
+  const speed = body.metrics()[1];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) body.hop();
+  assert.deepEqual(body.x, copy);
+  assert.equal(body.metrics()[1], speed, 'presses in the air change nothing');
+  run(body, 0.15);
+  assert.ok(body.metrics()[0] > before + 0.2, 'hop leaves the floor');
+  assert.ok(body.metrics()[0] < before + 1.4, 'hop has bounded height');
+  run(body, 8);
+  bounded(body);
+  assert.equal(body.state, 'resting', 'it rests again after landing');
+});
+
+test('stands at any firmness, stays down once toppled, and wakes when poked', () => {
+  // Creeping as fast as before, a body would never count as still, and never rest.
+  for (const firmness of [0, 0.45, 1]) {
+    const body = new Body(mesh);
+    body.drop(true);
+    const settings = { ...controls, firmness };
+    rest(body, settings);
+    assert.equal(body.state, 'resting', `firmness ${firmness}: ${body.metrics()[1]} m/s`);
+    body.poke(0);
+    assert.ok(!body.asleep, 'a poke wakes it');
+    run(body, 0.5, settings);
+    assert.ok(body.metrics()[1] > 0, 'and it moves');
+  }
+  // Pulled past its tipping point, it lies where it fell.
+  const body = new Body(mesh);
+  body.drop(true);
+  rest(body);
+  let top = 0;
+  for (let i = 1; i < mesh.count; i++)
+    if (mesh.positions[i * 3 + 2]! > mesh.positions[top * 3 + 2]!) top = i;
+  body.grab(top, [3, 0, 0.6]);
+  run(body, 2);
+  body.release();
+  rest(body);
+  assert.equal(body.state, 'toppled');
+});
+
+test('pop gathers under zero, Earth, and high gravity, without a mesh snap', () => {
+  for (const gravity of [0, 9.81, 24.8]) {
+    const body = new Body(mesh);
+    body.pop();
+    run(body, 0.2, { ...controls, gravity });
+    assert.ok(body.burst.active);
+    assert.ok(Number.isNaN(body.metrics()[2]), 'disconnected pieces have no body volume');
+    for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) body.pop();
+    let steps = 0;
+    while (body.burst.active && steps++ < 1440) {
+      body.advance(STEP, { ...controls, gravity });
+      bounded(body);
+    }
+    assert.ok(!body.burst.active, `gathers at gravity ${gravity}`);
+    for (const chunk of body.burst.chunks)
+      for (let j = 0; j < chunk.piece.vertices.length; j++) {
+        for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+          const target = [...chunk.piece.vertices[j]!.weights].reduce(
+            (sum, [row, w]) => sum + body.x[row * 3 + a]! * w,
+            0,
+          );
+          assert.ok(
+            Math.abs(body.burst.x[(chunk.offset + j) * 3 + a]! - target) < 0.02,
+            'seam closes before restoring mesh',
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    assert.ok(Number.isFinite(body.metrics()[2]));
+    body.pop();
+    run(body, 0.2);
+    body.drop(true);
+    assert.ok(!body.burst.active, 'drop cancels burst');
+  }
+});
+
+test('pop lifts every piece and visibly separates before gathering', () => {
+  const body = new Body(mesh);
+  run(body, 2);
+  body.pop();
+  assert.ok(body.burst.active, 'a pop starts at once');
+  const launch = body.burst.chunks.map((chunk) => [...chunk.position]);
+  assert.ok(
+    body.burst.chunks.every((chunk) => chunk.velocity[2] > 2),
+    'every piece clears the floor',
+  );
+  run(body, 0.6);
+  const separated = body.burst.chunks.filter(
+    (chunk, i) =>
+      Math.hypot(chunk.position[0] - launch[i]![0]!, chunk.position[1] - launch[i]![1]!) > 0.8,
+  );
+  assert.ok(separated.length >= 20, `${separated.length}/24 pieces left the original silhouette`);
+  run(body, 0.6);
+  assert.ok(!body.burst.gathering, 'the full scatter has time to read before automatic return');
+  run(body, 4);
+  assert.ok(!body.burst.active, 'automatic assembly still completes');
+
+  body.pop();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) body.pop();
+  run(body, 0.4);
+  assert.ok(!body.burst.gathering, 'repeat presses cannot abort separation');
+  run(body, 3);
+  assert.ok(!body.burst.active, 'the early gather request completes after separation');
+});
+
+test('large grabs, cancellation, and material extremes stay bounded', () => {
+  const body = new Body(mesh);
+  run(body, 1);
+  let ear = 0;
+  for (let i = 1; i < mesh.count; i++)
+    if (mesh.positions[i * 3 + 2]! > mesh.positions[ear * 3 + 2]!) ear = i;
+  body.grab(ear, Array.from(body.x.subarray(ear * 3, ear * 3 + 3)));
+  body.drag([100, -100, 100]);
+  run(body, 1);
+  bounded(body);
+  body.release(true);
+  assert.equal(body.metrics()[1], 0, 'cancelled drag does not throw');
+  for (const firmness of [0, 1])
+    for (const inflate of [0.5, 1.8]) {
+      run(body, 1, { ...controls, firmness, inflate, wind: true });
+      bounded(body);
+    }
+});
+
+test('held squash releases, and a gentle pop of an inflated body completes', () => {
+  const body = new Body(mesh);
+  run(body, 2);
+  body.squash(true);
+  run(body, 1);
+  assert.equal(body.state, 'squashed');
+  bounded(body);
+  body.endSquash();
+  run(body, 1);
+  assert.notEqual(body.state, 'squashed');
+  const settings = { ...controls, inflate: 1.8 };
+  body.wake();
+  run(body, 2, settings);
+  body.pop(true);
+  run(body, 0.2, settings);
+  assert.ok(body.burst.active);
+  run(body, 4, settings);
+  assert.ok(!body.burst.active);
+  bounded(body);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(body.metrics()[2] - settings.inflate) < 0.08);
+  run(body, 8, settings);
+  assert.equal(body.state, 'resting', 'with nothing acting on it, it rests');
+});
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/body.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/body.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee49508b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/body.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+import type { Mesh } from './mesh.js';
+import { Burst } from './burst.js';
+
+/** What the controls set; the body reads them every step. */
+export interface Controls {
+  /** Meters per second squared. */
+  gravity: number;
+  /** 0 is jelly, 1 is rubber: how hard the body pulls back to its shape. */
+  firmness: number;
+  /** The volume the body's pressure holds, as a share of its rest volume. */
+  inflate: number;
+  wind: boolean;
+}
+
+/** One frame of every vertex, a column per field, filled in place by {@link Body.sample}. */
+export interface Frame {
+  readonly x: Float32Array;
+  readonly y: Float32Array;
+  readonly z: Float32Array;
+  /** Meters per second. */
+  readonly speed: Float32Array;
+  /** Meters from where the rest shape would put the vertex. */
+  readonly strain: Float32Array;
+}
+
+/** One step, in seconds. */
+export const STEP = 1 / 120;
+/** The walls stand this far from the center. */
+export const ROOM = 3.6;
+const CEILING = 6.5;
+/** Mean speed, in meters per second, that counts as still, and the seconds it lasts before the
+ * body rests. */
+const STILL = 0.02;
+const REST_AFTER = 0.5;
+/** Floor friction against how far a vertex sank this step: static holds it, kinetic slows it. */
+const STATIC_FRICTION = 0.8;
+const KINETIC_FRICTION = 0.5;
+/** Bends resist folding at this multiple of the springs' compliance. */
+const BEND = 12;
+/** How far a full squash lowers the rest shape, which keeps its volume. */
+const SQUASH = 0.29;
+/** Past this tilt from upright, as the cosine of its angle, the bunny topples and stays down. */
+const TIPPING = 0.6;
+/** How fast, per second, a standing bunny's turn returns upright. */
+const BALANCE = 18;
+
+type Vec3 = [number, number, number];
+const cross = (a: Vec3, b: Vec3): Vec3 => [
+  a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1],
+  a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2],
+  a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0],
+];
+const dot = (a: Vec3, b: Vec3) => a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
+/** A vector's length: what `Math.hypot` gives, at a fraction of its cost in the inner loops. */
+const norm = (x: number, y: number, z: number) => Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y + z * z);
+const clamp = (v: number, lo: number, hi: number) => Math.max(lo, Math.min(hi, v));
+/** Column-major rotation of a unit quaternion [x, y, z, w]. */
+function rotation([x, y, z, w]: number[]): [Vec3, Vec3, Vec3] {
+  return [
+    [1 - 2 * (y! * y! + z! * z!), 2 * (x! * y! + w! * z!), 2 * (x! * z! - w! * y!)],
+    [2 * (x! * y! - w! * z!), 1 - 2 * (x! * x! + z! * z!), 2 * (y! * z! + w! * x!)],
+    [2 * (x! * z! + w! * y!), 2 * (y! * z! - w! * x!), 1 - 2 * (x! * x! + y! * y!)],
+  ];
+}
+
+/**
+ * A soft bunny: Verlet integration with compliant stretch, bend, and volume constraints, pulled
+ * toward its rest shape. It moves only when something acts on it, and rests once still, so a
+ * resting bunny costs nothing until it is touched.
+ */
+export class Body {
+  readonly count: number;
+  /** Positions now and one step ago, x, y, z per vertex. */
+  readonly x: Float64Array;
+  private readonly previous: Float64Array;
+  /** Rest positions about the rest center. */
+  private readonly rest: Float64Array;
+  /** How closely each vertex follows the rest shape: the ears, softer, lag behind. */
+  private readonly softness: Float64Array;
+  /**
+   * Distance constraints, a spring along every edge and then a bend across it: their two ends,
+   * rest lengths, compliance as a multiple of the springs', and multipliers.
+   */
+  private readonly ends: Uint32Array;
+  private readonly lengths: Float64Array;
+  private readonly compliances: Float64Array;
+  private readonly lambdas: Float64Array;
+  private readonly inverseMass: Float64Array;
+  private readonly neighbors: { row: number; length: number }[][];
+  private volumeLambda = 0;
+  private readonly gradient: Float64Array;
+  /** Unit outward normals, as of the last step. */
+  readonly normals: Float64Array;
+  private readonly restVolume: number;
+  private quaternion = [0, 0, 0, 1];
+  private goal: [Vec3, Vec3, Vec3, Vec3] = [
+    [0, 0, 0],
+    [1, 0, 0],
+    [0, 1, 0],
+    [0, 0, 1],
+  ];
+  /** Seconds simulated. */
+  time = 0;
+  readonly burst: Burst;
+  volume = 0;
+  private contacts = 0;
+  /** Seconds it has been still with nothing acting on it. */
+  private still = 0;
+  private scale = 1;
+  /** How far squashed, 0 to 1, and until when the squash holds. */
+  private squashing = 0;
+  private squashUntil = -Infinity;
+  private grabbed?: {
+    readonly rows: Uint32Array;
+    readonly weights: Float64Array;
+    readonly offsets: Float64Array;
+    target: Vec3;
+    filtered: Vec3;
+  };
+
+  constructor(readonly mesh: Mesh) {
+    const count = (this.count = mesh.count);
+    this.x = Float64Array.from(mesh.positions);
+    this.previous = Float64Array.from(mesh.positions);
+    this.rest = Float64Array.from(mesh.positions);
+    const center = this.center(this.rest);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count * 3; i++) this.rest[i] = this.rest[i]! - center[i % 3]!;
+    // The ears, above 1.5 m, follow the rest shape loosely, their tips most.
+    this.softness = Float64Array.from(
+      { length: count },
+      (_, i) => 1 - 0.8 * clamp((mesh.positions[i * 3 + 2]! - 1.5) / 0.75, 0, 1),
+    );
+    const { a, b } = mesh.springs;
+    const ends: number[] = [];
+    const lengths: number[] = [];
+    const compliances: number[] = [];
+    this.neighbors = Array.from({ length: count }, () => []);
+    for (let e = 0; e < a.length; e++) {
+      const length = this.distance(this.x, a[e]!, b[e]!);
+      ends.push(a[e]!, b[e]!);
+      lengths.push(length);
+      compliances.push(1);
+      this.neighbors[a[e]!]!.push({ row: b[e]!, length });
+      this.neighbors[b[e]!]!.push({ row: a[e]!, length });
+    }
+    // Area-weighted mass avoids making dense parts of the scan artificially heavy. Each edge's two
+    // opposite corners make a bend.
+    const mass = new Float64Array(count);
+    const opposite = new Map<number, number>();
+    for (let t = 0; t < mesh.faces.a.length; t++) {
+      const face = [mesh.faces.a[t]!, mesh.faces.b[t]!, mesh.faces.c[t]!];
+      const edge = (u: number, v: number): Vec3 =>
+        [0, 1, 2].map((k) => this.x[v * 3 + k]! - this.x[u * 3 + k]!) as Vec3;
+      const area = Math.hypot(...cross(edge(face[0]!, face[1]!), edge(face[0]!, face[2]!))) / 6;
+      for (const row of face) mass[row] = mass[row]! + area;
+      for (let e = 0; e < 3; e++) {
+        const u = face[e]!,
+          v = face[(e + 1) % 3]!,
+          w = face[(e + 2) % 3]!;
+        const key = Math.min(u, v) * count + Math.max(u, v);
+        const other = opposite.get(key);
+        if (other === undefined) {
+          opposite.set(key, w);
+          continue;
+        }
+        ends.push(other, w);
+        lengths.push(this.distance(this.x, other, w));
+        compliances.push(BEND);
+      }
+    }
+    this.ends = Uint32Array.from(ends);
+    this.lengths = Float64Array.from(lengths);
+    this.compliances = Float64Array.from(compliances);
+    this.lambdas = new Float64Array(lengths.length);
+    const mean = mass.reduce((sum, v) => sum + v, 0) / count;
+    this.inverseMass = Float64Array.from(mass, (m) => mean / Math.max(mean * 0.2, m));
+    this.gradient = new Float64Array(count * 3);
+    this.normals = new Float64Array(count * 3);
+    this.restVolume = this.measure();
+    this.volume = this.restVolume;
+    this.burst = new Burst(mesh, ROOM, CEILING);
+  }
+
+  /** A frame to {@link sample} into, reused every step: appending copies it. */
+  frame(): Frame {
+    const column = () => new Float32Array(this.count);
+    return { x: column(), y: column(), z: column(), speed: column(), strain: column() };
+  }
+
+  /** Resting: still, with nothing acting on it. Nothing steps until something wakes it. */
+  get asleep(): boolean {
+    return this.still >= REST_AFTER;
+  }
+
+  /** Anything that acts on the body wakes it, as do changed controls. */
+  wake(): void {
+    this.still = 0;
+  }
+
+  /** Advance by whole steps, none while resting; returns how many ran. */
+  advance(seconds: number, controls: Controls): number {
+    const most = Math.min(16, Math.floor(seconds / STEP));
+    let steps = 0;
+    for (; steps < most && !this.asleep; steps++) this.step(controls);
+    return steps;
+  }
+
+  /** Every vertex's position, speed, and strain now. */
+  sample(frame: Frame): void {
+    const [c, r0, r1, r2] = this.goal;
+    const [lateral, vertical] = this.shape();
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+      const x = this.x[i * 3]!;
+      const y = this.x[i * 3 + 1]!;
+      const z = this.x[i * 3 + 2]!;
+      frame.x[i] = x;
+      frame.y[i] = y;
+      frame.z[i] = z;
+      frame.speed[i] =
+        norm(
+          x - this.previous[i * 3]!,
+          y - this.previous[i * 3 + 1]!,
+          z - this.previous[i * 3 + 2]!,
+        ) / STEP;
+      // Strain is the distance from the shape the body is pulled toward: inflated and squashed.
+      const rx = this.rest[i * 3]! * lateral;
+      const ry = this.rest[i * 3 + 1]! * lateral;
+      const rz = this.rest[i * 3 + 2]! * vertical;
+      frame.strain[i] = norm(
+        c[0] + r0[0] * rx + r1[0] * ry + r2[0] * rz - x,
+        c[1] + r0[1] * rx + r1[1] * ry + r2[1] * rz - y,
+        c[2] + r0[2] * rx + r1[2] * ry + r2[2] * rz - z,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Center height, mean speed, and intact volume. Volume is missing while in pieces. */
+  metrics(): [number, number, number] {
+    if (this.burst.active) {
+      const chunks = this.burst.chunks;
+      return [
+        chunks.reduce((sum, c) => sum + c.position[2], 0) / chunks.length,
+        chunks.reduce((sum, c) => sum + norm(...c.velocity), 0) / chunks.length,
+        NaN,
+      ];
+    }
+    let speed = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.count * 3; i += 3)
+      speed += norm(
+        this.x[i]! - this.previous[i]!,
+        this.x[i + 1]! - this.previous[i + 1]!,
+        this.x[i + 2]! - this.previous[i + 2]!,
+      );
+    return [
+      this.center(this.x)[2],
+      speed / this.count / STEP,
+      Math.min(2, Math.max(0, this.volume / this.restVolume)),
+    ];
+  }
+
+  // Impulses change velocity, which Verlet keeps as the step from previous to now.
+  private push(row: number, v: Vec3): void {
+    for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++)
+      this.previous[row * 3 + a] = this.previous[row * 3 + a]! - v[a]! * STEP;
+  }
+
+  /** A hop: an upward push, and a little forward, while on the floor; `gentle` hops lower. */
+  hop(gentle = false): void {
+    if (this.contacts === 0 || this.grabbed || this.burst.active) return;
+    const facing = this.goal[1];
+    const speed = gentle ? 2 : 3.8;
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+      const vz = (this.x[i * 3 + 2]! - this.previous[i * 3 + 2]!) / STEP;
+      this.push(i, [facing[0] * 0.45, facing[1] * 0.45, Math.max(0, speed - vz)]);
+    }
+    // It has left the floor: presses before it lands do nothing.
+    this.contacts = 0;
+    this.wake();
+  }
+
+  /** Squash now: held, until {@link endSquash}; else for a moment. The material does the rebound. */
+  squash(held = false): void {
+    if (this.burst.active || this.grabbed) return;
+    this.squashUntil = held ? Infinity : this.time + 0.3;
+    this.wake();
+  }
+
+  endSquash(): void {
+    if (this.squashUntil === Infinity) this.squashUntil = this.time;
+  }
+
+  /** Pop into capped pieces now, `gentle` ones flying less; pressed again, call them home. */
+  pop(gentle = false): void {
+    if (this.burst.active) return this.burst.gather();
+    this.release();
+    this.squashUntil = -Infinity;
+    this.squashing = 0;
+    const yaw = Math.atan2(this.goal[1][1], this.goal[1][0]);
+    this.burst.start(this.x, this.previous, STEP, yaw, gentle, this.scale);
+    this.wake();
+  }
+
+  /** Dent the surface around a vertex. */
+  poke(row: number, speed = 6): void {
+    if (this.burst.active) return;
+    const near = this.near(row, 0.7);
+    for (let j = 0; j < near.rows.length; j++) {
+      const i = near.rows[j]!;
+      const w = near.weights[j]! * speed;
+      this.push(i, [
+        -this.normals[i * 3]! * w,
+        -this.normals[i * 3 + 1]! * w,
+        -this.normals[i * 3 + 2]! * w,
+      ]);
+    }
+    this.wake();
+  }
+
+  /** Lift it high, turned at random unless `upright`, and let go. */
+  drop(upright = false): void {
+    const yaw = upright ? 0.6 : Math.random() * Math.PI * 2;
+    const tilt = upright ? 0 : (Math.random() - 0.5) * 0.9;
+    const [cy, sy, ct, st] = [Math.cos(yaw), Math.sin(yaw), Math.cos(tilt), Math.sin(tilt)];
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+      const rx = this.rest[i * 3]!;
+      const ry = this.rest[i * 3 + 1]!;
+      const rz = this.rest[i * 3 + 2]!;
+      const tx = rx * ct + rz * st;
+      const tz = -rx * st + rz * ct;
+      const p: Vec3 = [tx * cy - ry * sy, tx * sy + ry * cy, tz + 4.2];
+      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) this.x[i * 3 + a] = this.previous[i * 3 + a] = p[a]!;
+    }
+    this.quaternion = [0, 0, 0, 1];
+    this.burst.reset();
+    this.squashUntil = -Infinity;
+    this.squashing = 0;
+    this.contacts = 0;
+    this.grabbed = undefined;
+    this.match(0);
+    this.measure();
+    this.wake();
+  }
+
+  /** Hold a vertex and the surface around it toward `target` until released. */
+  grab(row: number, target: readonly number[]): void {
+    if (this.burst.active) return;
+    this.squashUntil = -Infinity;
+    const near = this.near(row, 0.65);
+    const offsets = new Float64Array(near.rows.length * 3);
+    near.rows.forEach((i, j) => {
+      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) offsets[j * 3 + a] = this.x[i * 3 + a]! - this.x[row * 3 + a]!;
+    });
+    const point: Vec3 = [target[0]!, target[1]!, target[2]!];
+    this.grabbed = { ...near, offsets, target: point, filtered: [...point] };
+    this.wake();
+  }
+
+  drag(target: readonly number[]): void {
+    if (this.grabbed)
+      this.grabbed.target = [
+        clamp(target[0]!, -ROOM, ROOM),
+        clamp(target[1]!, -ROOM, ROOM),
+        clamp(target[2]!, 0.1, CEILING - 0.2),
+      ];
+  }
+
+  release(cancelled = false): void {
+    if (!this.grabbed) return;
+    if (cancelled) this.previous.set(this.x);
+    this.grabbed = undefined;
+    this.wake();
+  }
+
+  get state(): string {
+    if (this.burst.active) return this.burst.gathering ? 'gathering' : 'tumbling';
+    if (this.grabbed) return 'held';
+    if (this.squashing > 0.01) return 'squashed';
+    if (this.contacts === 0) return 'airborne';
+    if (!this.asleep) return 'settling';
+    return this.goal[3][2] > TIPPING ? 'resting' : 'toppled';
+  }
+
+  private step(controls: Controls): void {
+    this.time += STEP;
+    if (this.burst.active) {
+      if (this.burst.step(STEP, controls.gravity)) {
+        this.x.set(this.burst.targetBody);
+        this.previous.set(this.x);
+        this.match(0);
+        this.measure();
+      }
+      this.still = 0;
+      return;
+    }
+    this.integrate(controls);
+    this.scale = Math.cbrt(controls.inflate);
+    const squashed = this.time < this.squashUntil ? 1 : 0;
+    this.squashing += (squashed - this.squashing) * (1 - Math.exp(-20 * STEP));
+    this.solve(controls);
+    this.match(1 - Math.exp(-(1.2 + 6 * controls.firmness * controls.firmness) * STEP));
+    if (this.grabbed) this.hold(this.grabbed);
+    const speed = this.collide();
+    const falling = this.contacts === 0 && controls.gravity > 0;
+    const acting = controls.wind || !!this.grabbed || this.squashing > 0.01 || falling;
+    this.still = !acting && speed < STILL ? this.still + STEP : 0;
+  }
+
+  /** Gravity, wind, and damping move every vertex on from where its last step took it. */
+  private integrate(controls: Controls): void {
+    const { x, previous, count, normals } = this;
+    const t = this.time;
+    const gust = controls.wind ? 16 : 0;
+    const wx = Math.cos(t * 0.4);
+    const wy = Math.sin(t * 0.4);
+    const dt2 = STEP * STEP;
+    const damping = Math.exp(-(this.contacts > 8 && !this.grabbed ? 2.4 : 0.6) * STEP);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      let ax = 0;
+      let ay = 0;
+      let az = -controls.gravity;
+      if (gust) {
+        const facing = Math.max(0, -(normals[i * 3]! * wx + normals[i * 3 + 1]! * wy));
+        const g =
+          gust *
+          (0.25 + facing) *
+          (0.6 + 0.4 * Math.sin(t * 2.3 + x[i * 3]! * 1.7 + x[i * 3 + 2]! * 1.1));
+        ax += wx * g;
+        ay += wy * g;
+        az += g * 0.15;
+      }
+      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+        const k = i * 3 + a;
+        const now = x[k]!;
+        const velocity = clamp(now - previous[k]!, -10 * STEP, 10 * STEP);
+        x[k] = now + velocity * damping + (a === 0 ? ax : a === 1 ? ay : az) * dt2;
+        previous[k] = now;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Three rounds of every distance constraint and the pressure, then the normals once. */
+  private solve(controls: Controls): void {
+    const compliance = 1e-7 * 10 ** (3 * (1 - controls.firmness));
+    this.lambdas.fill(0);
+    this.volumeLambda = 0;
+    for (let iteration = 0; iteration < 3; iteration++) {
+      this.distances(compliance);
+      this.pressure(1e-8, controls.inflate);
+    }
+    this.normalize();
+  }
+
+  /** Every spring and bend, each pulled toward its rest length, inflated. */
+  private distances(compliance: number): void {
+    const { x, ends, lengths, compliances, lambdas, inverseMass, scale } = this;
+    const alpha = compliance / (STEP * STEP);
+    for (let e = 0; e < lengths.length; e++) {
+      const a = ends[e * 2]!;
+      const b = ends[e * 2 + 1]!;
+      const ia = a * 3;
+      const ib = b * 3;
+      const dx = x[ia]! - x[ib]!;
+      const dy = x[ia + 1]! - x[ib + 1]!;
+      const dz = x[ia + 2]! - x[ib + 2]!;
+      const length = norm(dx, dy, dz);
+      if (length < 1e-9) continue;
+      const wa = inverseMass[a]!;
+      const wb = inverseMass[b]!;
+      const compliant = alpha * compliances[e]!;
+      const delta =
+        (-(length - lengths[e]! * scale) - compliant * lambdas[e]!) / (wa + wb + compliant);
+      lambdas[e] = lambdas[e]! + delta;
+      const k = delta / length;
+      x[ia] = x[ia]! + wa * dx * k;
+      x[ia + 1] = x[ia + 1]! + wa * dy * k;
+      x[ia + 2] = x[ia + 2]! + wa * dz * k;
+      x[ib] = x[ib]! - wb * dx * k;
+      x[ib + 1] = x[ib + 1]! - wb * dy * k;
+      x[ib + 2] = x[ib + 2]! - wb * dz * k;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** The enclosed volume and its gradient per vertex, with the normals they imply. */
+  private measure(): number {
+    const volume = this.enclose();
+    this.normalize();
+    return volume;
+  }
+
+  /** The enclosed volume, and its gradient per vertex. */
+  private enclose(): number {
+    const { x, gradient } = this;
+    const { a: fa, b: fb, c: fc } = this.mesh.faces;
+    gradient.fill(0);
+    let volume = 0;
+    for (let t = 0; t < fa.length; t++) {
+      const a = fa[t]! * 3;
+      const b = fb[t]! * 3;
+      const c = fc[t]! * 3;
+      const [ax, ay, az] = [x[a]!, x[a + 1]!, x[a + 2]!];
+      const [bx, by, bz] = [x[b]!, x[b + 1]!, x[b + 2]!];
+      const [cx, cy, cz] = [x[c]!, x[c + 1]!, x[c + 2]!];
+      // Each corner's gradient is the cross product of the other two.
+      const gax = by * cz - bz * cy;
+      const gay = bz * cx - bx * cz;
+      const gaz = bx * cy - by * cx;
+      volume += ax * gax + ay * gay + az * gaz;
+      gradient[a] = gradient[a]! + gax;
+      gradient[a + 1] = gradient[a + 1]! + gay;
+      gradient[a + 2] = gradient[a + 2]! + gaz;
+      gradient[b] = gradient[b]! + cy * az - cz * ay;
+      gradient[b + 1] = gradient[b + 1]! + cz * ax - cx * az;
+      gradient[b + 2] = gradient[b + 2]! + cx * ay - cy * ax;
+      gradient[c] = gradient[c]! + ay * bz - az * by;
+      gradient[c + 1] = gradient[c + 1]! + az * bx - ax * bz;
+      gradient[c + 2] = gradient[c + 2]! + ax * by - ay * bx;
+    }
+    return (this.volume = volume / 6);
+  }
+
+  /** The unit outward normals the last volume gradient implies. */
+  private normalize(): void {
+    const { gradient, normals } = this;
+    for (let i = 0; i < gradient.length; i += 3) {
+      const length = norm(gradient[i]!, gradient[i + 1]!, gradient[i + 2]!) || 1;
+      normals[i] = gradient[i]! / length;
+      normals[i + 1] = gradient[i + 1]! / length;
+      normals[i + 2] = gradient[i + 2]! / length;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Pull the enclosed volume toward `inflate` of the rest volume. */
+  private pressure(compliance: number, inflate: number): void {
+    const volume = this.enclose();
+    const { x, gradient, inverseMass, count } = this;
+    let sum = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const g = norm(gradient[i * 3]!, gradient[i * 3 + 1]!, gradient[i * 3 + 2]!) / 6;
+      sum += inverseMass[i]! * g * g;
+    }
+    if (sum < 1e-12) return;
+    const alpha = compliance / (STEP * STEP);
+    const delta = (this.restVolume * inflate - volume - alpha * this.volumeLambda) / (sum + alpha);
+    this.volumeLambda += delta;
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const k = (delta * inverseMass[i]!) / 6;
+      x[i * 3] = x[i * 3]! + k * gradient[i * 3]!;
+      x[i * 3 + 1] = x[i * 3 + 1]! + k * gradient[i * 3 + 1]!;
+      x[i * 3 + 2] = x[i * 3 + 2]! + k * gradient[i * 3 + 2]!;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** The rest shape's sideways and upward scale: inflated, and squashed keeping its volume. */
+  private shape(): [number, number] {
+    const squashed = 1 - SQUASH * this.squashing;
+    return [this.scale / Math.sqrt(squashed), this.scale * squashed];
+  }
+
+  /** Pull toward the rest shape, turned and moved to fit where the body is now. */
+  private match(stiffness: number): void {
+    const { x, rest, count, softness } = this;
+    const c = this.center(x);
+    // A = sum of (x - c) times rest transposed, by columns.
+    const A: [Vec3, Vec3, Vec3] = [
+      [0, 0, 0],
+      [0, 0, 0],
+      [0, 0, 0],
+    ];
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const px = x[i * 3]! - c[0];
+      const py = x[i * 3 + 1]! - c[1];
+      const pz = x[i * 3 + 2]! - c[2];
+      for (let col = 0; col < 3; col++) {
+        const r = rest[i * 3 + col]!;
+        const column = A[col]!;
+        column[0] += px * r;
+        column[1] += py * r;
+        column[2] += pz * r;
+      }
+    }
+    // Müller et al. 2016: the rotation nearest A, warm started from the last step.
+    let q = this.quaternion;
+    for (let iteration = 0; iteration < 8; iteration++) {
+      const R = rotation(q);
+      const omega: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0];
+      let denominator = 0;
+      for (let col = 0; col < 3; col++) {
+        const w = cross(R[col]!, A[col]!);
+        omega[0] += w[0];
+        omega[1] += w[1];
+        omega[2] += w[2];
+        denominator += dot(R[col]!, A[col]!);
+      }
+      const k = 1 / (Math.abs(denominator) + 1e-9);
+      const w = norm(omega[0], omega[1], omega[2]) * k;
+      if (w < 1e-9) break;
+      const s = Math.sin(w / 2) / (w / k);
+      const dq = [omega[0] * s, omega[1] * s, omega[2] * s, Math.cos(w / 2)];
+      q = [
+        dq[3]! * q[0]! + dq[0]! * q[3]! + dq[1]! * q[2]! - dq[2]! * q[1]!,
+        dq[3]! * q[1]! - dq[0]! * q[2]! + dq[1]! * q[3]! + dq[2]! * q[0]!,
+        dq[3]! * q[2]! + dq[0]! * q[1]! - dq[1]! * q[0]! + dq[2]! * q[3]!,
+        dq[3]! * q[3]! - dq[0]! * q[0]! - dq[1]! * q[1]! - dq[2]! * q[2]!,
+      ];
+      const n = Math.hypot(...q);
+      q = q.map((v) => v / n);
+    }
+    // Matching reads part of gravity's sag as a turn, and on its own would roll the bunny over:
+    // standing short of its tipping point, the turn keeps upright at the same heading. Toppled
+    // past it, the bunny lies where it fell.
+    if (stiffness > 0 && this.contacts > 8 && !this.grabbed && rotation(q)[2][2] > TIPPING) {
+      const heading = rotation(q)[0];
+      const yaw = Math.atan2(heading[1], heading[0]);
+      const upright = [0, 0, Math.sin(yaw / 2), Math.cos(yaw / 2)];
+      const sign = q.reduce((sum, v, i) => sum + v * upright[i]!, 0) < 0 ? -1 : 1;
+      const k = 1 - Math.exp(-BALANCE * STEP);
+      q = q.map((v, i) => v + (upright[i]! * sign - v) * k);
+      const length = Math.hypot(...q);
+      q = q.map((v) => v / length);
+    }
+    this.quaternion = q;
+    const [r0, r1, r2] = rotation(q);
+    this.goal = [c, r0, r1, r2];
+    if (stiffness <= 0) return;
+    const [lateral, vertical] = this.shape();
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const rx = rest[i * 3]! * lateral;
+      const ry = rest[i * 3 + 1]! * lateral;
+      const rz = rest[i * 3 + 2]! * vertical;
+      const k = stiffness * softness[i]!;
+      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+        const goal = c[a]! + r0[a]! * rx + r1[a]! * ry + r2[a]! * rz;
+        x[i * 3 + a] = x[i * 3 + a]! + (goal - x[i * 3 + a]!) * k;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private hold(grabbed: NonNullable<Body['grabbed']>): void {
+    const { x } = this;
+    for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++)
+      grabbed.filtered[a] =
+        grabbed.filtered[a]! +
+        (grabbed.target[a]! - grabbed.filtered[a]!) * (1 - Math.exp(-30 * STEP));
+    for (let j = 0; j < grabbed.rows.length; j++) {
+      const i = grabbed.rows[j]!;
+      const w = 0.16 * grabbed.weights[j]!;
+      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+        const k = i * 3 + a;
+        const correction = (grabbed.filtered[a]! + grabbed.offsets[j * 3 + a]! - x[k]!) * w;
+        x[k] = x[k]! + clamp(correction, -0.025, 0.025);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** The floor with its friction, the ceiling, then the walls; returns the mean speed this step. */
+  private collide(): number {
+    const { x, previous } = this;
+    let contacts = 0;
+    let travel = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i += 3) {
+      // The floor first: friction needs where the vertex was, before a wall's bounce rewrites it.
+      if (x[i + 2]! < 0) {
+        const depth = -x[i + 2]!;
+        const vz = x[i + 2]! - previous[i + 2]!;
+        x[i + 2] = 0;
+        previous[i + 2] = vz < -0.5 * STEP ? vz * 0.18 : 0;
+        // Friction acts on what this step moved it along the floor, so no push from the springs
+        // or the rest shape can ratchet the body across it.
+        const tx = x[i]! - previous[i]!;
+        const ty = x[i + 1]! - previous[i + 1]!;
+        const slide = Math.sqrt(tx * tx + ty * ty);
+        if (slide <= STATIC_FRICTION * depth) {
+          x[i] = previous[i]!;
+          x[i + 1] = previous[i + 1]!;
+        } else {
+          const k = (KINETIC_FRICTION * depth) / slide;
+          x[i] = x[i]! - tx * k;
+          x[i + 1] = x[i + 1]! - ty * k;
+        }
+      } else if (x[i + 2]! > CEILING) {
+        const vz = x[i + 2]! - previous[i + 2]!;
+        x[i + 2] = CEILING;
+        previous[i + 2] = CEILING + vz * 0.3;
+      }
+      for (let a = 0; a < 2; a++) {
+        const limit = x[i + a]! < 0 ? -ROOM : ROOM;
+        if (Math.abs(x[i + a]!) <= ROOM) continue;
+        const v = x[i + a]! - previous[i + a]!;
+        x[i + a] = limit;
+        previous[i + a] = limit + v * 0.4;
+      }
+      if (x[i + 2]! < 0.012) contacts++;
+      travel += norm(
+        x[i]! - previous[i]!,
+        x[i + 1]! - previous[i + 1]!,
+        x[i + 2]! - previous[i + 2]!,
+      );
+    }
+    this.contacts = contacts;
+    return travel / this.count / STEP;
+  }
+
+  private near(row: number, radius: number) {
+    // Walk the rest surface: adjacent folded ears must not share a grab neighborhood.
+    const distance = new Float64Array(this.count).fill(Infinity);
+    distance[row] = 0;
+    const queue = [row];
+    for (let at = 0; at < queue.length; at++) {
+      const current = queue[at]!;
+      for (const edge of this.neighbors[current]!) {
+        const d = distance[current]! + edge.length;
+        if (d < radius && d < distance[edge.row]!) {
+          distance[edge.row] = d;
+          queue.push(edge.row);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    const rows: number[] = [];
+    const weights: number[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+      const d = distance[i]!;
+      if (d < radius) {
+        rows.push(i);
+        weights.push((1 - d / radius) ** 2);
+      }
+    }
+    return { rows: Uint32Array.from(rows), weights: Float64Array.from(weights) };
+  }
+
+  private distance(x: Float64Array, a: number, b: number): number {
+    return norm(
+      x[a * 3]! - x[b * 3]!,
+      x[a * 3 + 1]! - x[b * 3 + 1]!,
+      x[a * 3 + 2]! - x[b * 3 + 2]!,
+    );
+  }
+
+  private center(x: Float64Array): Vec3 {
+    const c: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0];
+    for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i += 3) {
+      c[0] += x[i]!;
+      c[1] += x[i + 1]!;
+      c[2] += x[i + 2]!;
+    }
+    return [c[0] / this.count, c[1] / this.count, c[2] / this.count];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/burst.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/burst.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbafc6f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/burst.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+import type { Frame } from './body.js';
+import { fracture, type Piece, type Vec3 } from './fracture.js';
+import type { Mesh } from './mesh.js';
+
+interface Chunk {
+  piece: Piece;
+  offset: number;
+  position: Vec3;
+  target: Vec3;
+  velocity: Vec3;
+  spin: Vec3;
+  rotation: [number, number, number, number];
+  local: Float64Array;
+  rest: Float64Array;
+  radius: number;
+  mass: number;
+}
+
+const clamp = (v: number, lo: number, hi: number) => Math.max(lo, Math.min(hi, v));
+
+/** Independent capped pieces. No original triangle or spring connects them during a pop. */
+export class Burst {
+  readonly chunks: Chunk[];
+  readonly count: number;
+  readonly faces: Mesh['faces'];
+  readonly x: Float64Array;
+  readonly targetBody: Float64Array;
+  private readonly previous: Float64Array;
+  private age = 0;
+  private returnAt = 1.8;
+  private reduced = false;
+  active = false;
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly mesh: Mesh,
+    private readonly room: number,
+    private readonly ceiling: number,
+  ) {
+    let count = 0;
+    const a: number[] = [],
+      b: number[] = [],
+      c: number[] = [];
+    this.chunks = fracture(mesh).map((piece) => {
+      const offset = count;
+      for (const face of piece.faces) {
+        a.push(face[0] + offset);
+        b.push(face[1] + offset);
+        c.push(face[2] + offset);
+      }
+      count += piece.vertices.length;
+      return {
+        piece,
+        offset,
+        position: [0, 0, 0],
+        target: [0, 0, 0],
+        velocity: [0, 0, 0],
+        spin: [0, 0, 0],
+        rotation: [0, 0, 0, 1],
+        radius: 0,
+        mass: 1,
+        local: new Float64Array(piece.vertices.length * 3),
+        rest: new Float64Array(piece.vertices.length * 3),
+      };
+    });
+    this.count = count;
+    this.faces = { a: Uint32Array.from(a), b: Uint32Array.from(b), c: Uint32Array.from(c) };
+    this.x = new Float64Array(count * 3);
+    this.previous = new Float64Array(count * 3);
+    this.targetBody = new Float64Array(mesh.count * 3);
+  }
+
+  start(
+    x: Float64Array,
+    previous: Float64Array,
+    dt: number,
+    yaw: number,
+    reduced: boolean,
+    scale = 1,
+  ): void {
+    this.active = true;
+    this.age = 0;
+    this.returnAt = reduced ? 0.95 : 1.8;
+    this.reduced = reduced;
+    const center: Vec3 = [0, 0, 0];
+    for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i++) center[i % 3] = center[i % 3]! + x[i]! / this.mesh.count;
+    const cx = clamp(center[0], -this.room + 1.7, this.room - 1.7);
+    const cy = clamp(center[1], -this.room + 1.7, this.room - 1.7);
+    const cos = Math.cos(yaw),
+      sin = Math.sin(yaw);
+    for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i += 3) {
+      const rx = this.mesh.positions[i]! * scale,
+        ry = this.mesh.positions[i + 1]! * scale;
+      this.targetBody[i] = cx + rx * cos - ry * sin;
+      this.targetBody[i + 1] = cy + rx * sin + ry * cos;
+      this.targetBody[i + 2] = this.mesh.positions[i + 2]! * scale + 0.025;
+    }
+    // Stable variation, sampled only at launch. Replay records the resulting positions.
+    let seed = 0x12b9;
+    const random = () => {
+      seed = (Math.imul(seed, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
+      return seed / 4294967296;
+    };
+    for (const chunk of this.chunks) {
+      chunk.position = [0, 0, 0];
+      chunk.target = [0, 0, 0];
+      chunk.velocity = [0, 0, 0];
+      chunk.rotation = [0, 0, 0, 1];
+      const n = chunk.piece.vertices.length;
+      for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+        const { weights } = chunk.piece.vertices[j]!;
+        for (let axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+          let value = 0,
+            goal = 0,
+            velocity = 0;
+          for (const [row, weight] of weights) {
+            const k = row * 3 + axis;
+            value += x[k]! * weight;
+            goal += this.targetBody[k]! * weight;
+            velocity += ((x[k]! - previous[k]!) / dt) * weight;
+          }
+          chunk.local[j * 3 + axis] = value;
+          chunk.rest[j * 3 + axis] = goal;
+          chunk.position[axis] = chunk.position[axis]! + value / n;
+          chunk.target[axis] = chunk.target[axis]! + goal / n;
+          chunk.velocity[axis] = chunk.velocity[axis]! + velocity / n;
+        }
+      }
+      chunk.radius = 0;
+      for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+        for (let axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+          chunk.local[j * 3 + axis] = chunk.local[j * 3 + axis]! - chunk.position[axis]!;
+          chunk.rest[j * 3 + axis] = chunk.rest[j * 3 + axis]! - chunk.target[axis]!;
+        }
+        chunk.radius = Math.max(
+          chunk.radius,
+          Math.hypot(...chunk.local.subarray(j * 3, j * 3 + 3)),
+        );
+      }
+      chunk.mass = Math.max(0.02, chunk.radius ** 3);
+      const dx = chunk.position[0] - center[0],
+        dy = chunk.position[1] - center[1];
+      const angle =
+        (Math.hypot(dx, dy) > 0.05 ? Math.atan2(dy, dx) : random() * Math.PI * 2) +
+        (random() - 0.5) * 0.7;
+      const strength = (3.2 + random() * 1.2) * (reduced ? 0.45 : 1);
+      // Separate lift from radial spread, so pieces already moving down cannot cancel the pop.
+      chunk.velocity[0] = clamp(chunk.velocity[0] * 0.35, -1.2, 1.2) + Math.cos(angle) * strength;
+      chunk.velocity[1] = clamp(chunk.velocity[1] * 0.35, -1.2, 1.2) + Math.sin(angle) * strength;
+      chunk.velocity[2] =
+        clamp(chunk.velocity[2] * 0.35, 0, 1.2) + (reduced ? 1.8 : 4.2) + random() * 0.8;
+      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+        chunk.spin[a] = (random() - 0.5) * (reduced ? 0.5 : 5);
+      }
+    }
+    this.writeVertices(0);
+    this.previous.set(this.x);
+  }
+
+  gather(): void {
+    // Queue early requests until the pieces have visibly separated, including key repeats.
+    if (this.active)
+      this.returnAt = Math.min(this.returnAt, Math.max(this.age, this.reduced ? 0.5 : 0.9));
+  }
+
+  get gathering(): boolean {
+    return this.age >= this.returnAt;
+  }
+
+  reset(): void {
+    this.active = false;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns true on the one step that finishes assembly. */
+  step(dt: number, gravity: number): boolean {
+    if (!this.active) return false;
+    this.previous.set(this.x);
+    this.age += dt;
+    let settled = true;
+    for (let id = 0; id < this.chunks.length; id++) {
+      const chunk = this.chunks[id]!;
+      const returning = this.age >= this.returnAt + this.delay(chunk);
+      if (returning) {
+        const frequency = this.reduced ? 14 : 10;
+        const decay = Math.exp(-frequency * dt);
+        for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+          const error = chunk.position[a]! - chunk.target[a]!;
+          const combined = chunk.velocity[a]! + frequency * error;
+          chunk.position[a] = chunk.target[a]! + (error + combined * dt) * decay;
+          chunk.velocity[a] = (chunk.velocity[a]! - frequency * combined * dt) * decay;
+        }
+        // Shortest-path rotational spring toward the captured world-space orientation.
+        if (chunk.rotation[3] < 0)
+          chunk.rotation = chunk.rotation.map((v) => -v) as Chunk['rotation'];
+        const length = Math.hypot(...chunk.rotation.slice(0, 3));
+        const angle = 2 * Math.atan2(length, chunk.rotation[3]);
+        for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+          const error = length > 1e-8 ? (-chunk.rotation[a]! / length) * angle : 0;
+          chunk.spin[a] = chunk.spin[a]! + (100 * error - 20 * chunk.spin[a]!) * dt;
+        }
+        if (
+          angle > 0.015 ||
+          Math.hypot(...chunk.velocity) > 0.04 ||
+          Math.hypot(...chunk.position.map((v, a) => v - chunk.target[a]!)) > 0.004
+        )
+          settled = false;
+      } else {
+        settled = false;
+        chunk.velocity[2] -= gravity * dt;
+        for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+          chunk.velocity[a] = chunk.velocity[a]! * Math.exp(-0.5 * dt);
+          chunk.position[a] = chunk.position[a]! + chunk.velocity[a]! * dt;
+        }
+      }
+      this.rotate(chunk, dt);
+    }
+    // Soft sphere proxies separate tumbling pieces; stop before seams close on return.
+    if (this.age < this.returnAt) this.separate();
+    this.writeVertices(dt);
+    if (settled && this.age > this.returnAt + 1.1) {
+      this.active = false;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  frame(): Frame {
+    const column = () => new Float32Array(this.count);
+    return { x: column(), y: column(), z: column(), speed: column(), strain: column() };
+  }
+
+  sample(frame: Frame, dt: number): void {
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) {
+      frame.x[i] = this.x[i * 3]!;
+      frame.y[i] = this.x[i * 3 + 1]!;
+      frame.z[i] = this.x[i * 3 + 2]!;
+      frame.speed[i] =
+        Math.hypot(
+          this.x[i * 3]! - this.previous[i * 3]!,
+          this.x[i * 3 + 1]! - this.previous[i * 3 + 1]!,
+          this.x[i * 3 + 2]! - this.previous[i * 3 + 2]!,
+        ) / dt;
+      frame.strain[i] = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private delay(chunk: Chunk): number {
+    return this.reduced ? 0 : Math.max(0, chunk.target[2] - 0.7) * 0.12;
+  }
+
+  private rotate(chunk: Chunk, dt: number): void {
+    const speed = Math.hypot(...chunk.spin);
+    if (speed < 1e-8) return;
+    const s = Math.sin((speed * dt) / 2) / speed;
+    const [ax, ay, az] = chunk.spin.map((v) => v * s) as Vec3;
+    const w = Math.cos((speed * dt) / 2);
+    const [x, y, z, qw] = chunk.rotation;
+    const q: Chunk['rotation'] = [
+      w * x + ax * qw + ay * z - az * y,
+      w * y - ax * z + ay * qw + az * x,
+      w * z + ax * y - ay * x + az * qw,
+      w * qw - ax * x - ay * y - az * z,
+    ];
+    const norm = Math.hypot(...q);
+    chunk.rotation = q.map((v) => v / norm) as Chunk['rotation'];
+  }
+
+  private separate(): void {
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.chunks.length; i++)
+      for (let j = i + 1; j < this.chunks.length; j++) {
+        const a = this.chunks[i]!,
+          b = this.chunks[j]!;
+        const delta = b.position.map((v, k) => v - a.position[k]!) as Vec3;
+        const length = Math.hypot(...delta);
+        const overlap = (a.radius + b.radius) * 0.52 - length;
+        if (overlap <= 0 || length < 1e-8) continue;
+        const wa = 1 / a.mass,
+          wb = 1 / b.mass;
+        const relative = delta.reduce(
+          (v, d, k) => v + (d / length) * (b.velocity[k]! - a.velocity[k]!),
+          0,
+        );
+        const impulse = (Math.max(0, -relative) * 1.15) / (wa + wb);
+        for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
+          const n = delta[k]! / length;
+          a.position[k] = a.position[k]! - (n * overlap * wa) / (wa + wb);
+          b.position[k] = b.position[k]! + (n * overlap * wb) / (wa + wb);
+          a.velocity[k] = a.velocity[k]! - n * impulse * wa;
+          b.velocity[k] = b.velocity[k]! + n * impulse * wb;
+        }
+      }
+  }
+
+  private writeVertices(dt: number): void {
+    for (const chunk of this.chunks) {
+      const blend = clamp((this.age - this.returnAt - this.delay(chunk)) / 0.6, 0, 1);
+      const smooth = blend * blend * (3 - 2 * blend);
+      const [qx, qy, qz, qw] = chunk.rotation;
+      const lo = [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity],
+        hi = [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
+      for (let j = 0; j < chunk.piece.vertices.length; j++) {
+        const k = j * 3;
+        const x = chunk.local[k]! * (1 - smooth) + chunk.rest[k]! * smooth;
+        const y = chunk.local[k + 1]! * (1 - smooth) + chunk.rest[k + 1]! * smooth;
+        const z = chunk.local[k + 2]! * (1 - smooth) + chunk.rest[k + 2]! * smooth;
+        const tx = 2 * (qy * z - qz * y),
+          ty = 2 * (qz * x - qx * z),
+          tz = 2 * (qx * y - qy * x);
+        const p = [
+          x + qw * tx + qy * tz - qz * ty,
+          y + qw * ty + qz * tx - qx * tz,
+          z + qw * tz + qx * ty - qy * tx,
+        ];
+        for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+          const value = p[a]! + chunk.position[a]!;
+          this.x[(chunk.offset + j) * 3 + a] = value;
+          lo[a] = Math.min(lo[a]!, value);
+          hi[a] = Math.max(hi[a]!, value);
+        }
+      }
+      for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+        const min = a === 2 ? 0 : -this.room,
+          max = a === 2 ? this.ceiling : this.room;
+        const shift = lo[a]! < min ? min - lo[a]! : hi[a]! > max ? max - hi[a]! : 0;
+        if (!shift) continue;
+        chunk.position[a] = chunk.position[a]! + shift;
+        if (chunk.velocity[a]! * shift < 0)
+          chunk.velocity[a] = chunk.velocity[a]! * (Math.abs(chunk.velocity[a]!) > 0.5 ? -0.25 : 0);
+        if (a === 2) {
+          const friction = Math.exp(-9 * dt);
+          chunk.velocity[0] *= friction;
+          chunk.velocity[1] *= friction;
+          chunk.spin = chunk.spin.map((v) => v * friction) as Vec3;
+        }
+        for (let j = 0; j < chunk.piece.vertices.length; j++) {
+          const k = (chunk.offset + j) * 3 + a;
+          this.x[k] = this.x[k]! + shift;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/fracture.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/fracture.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36d78bbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/fracture.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import type { Mesh } from './mesh.js';
+
+export type Vec3 = [number, number, number];
+
+/** A cut vertex follows a weighted combination of the original surface vertices. */
+export interface CutVertex {
+  p: Vec3;
+  weights: Map<number, number>;
+}
+
+export interface Piece {
+  vertices: CutVertex[];
+  faces: [number, number, number][];
+}
+
+const EPS = 1e-7;
+
+/** Split the closed mesh into independently capped solids, once at page load. */
+export function fracture(mesh: Mesh, count = 24): Piece[] {
+  const first: Piece = {
+    vertices: Array.from({ length: mesh.count }, (_, i) => ({
+      p: Array.from(mesh.positions.slice(i * 3, i * 3 + 3)) as Vec3,
+      weights: new Map([[i, 1]]),
+    })),
+    faces: Array.from(mesh.faces.a, (a, i) => [a, mesh.faces.b[i]!, mesh.faces.c[i]!]),
+  };
+  const pieces = [first];
+  while (pieces.length < count) {
+    // Cut the largest bounding volume, with stable ordering for repeatable pieces.
+    const bounds = pieces.map((piece) => {
+      const lo = [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity];
+      const hi = [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
+      for (const { p } of piece.vertices)
+        for (let a = 0; a < 3; a++) {
+          lo[a] = Math.min(lo[a]!, p[a]!);
+          hi[a] = Math.max(hi[a]!, p[a]!);
+        }
+      return { lo, size: hi.map((v, a) => v - lo[a]!) };
+    });
+    let index = 0;
+    for (let i = 1; i < pieces.length; i++)
+      if (bounds[i]!.size.reduce((a, b) => a * b) > bounds[index]!.size.reduce((a, b) => a * b))
+        index = i;
+    const { lo, size } = bounds[index]!;
+    const axis = size.indexOf(Math.max(...size));
+    // An off-center cut avoids vertices exactly on the plane and overly regular cubes.
+    const at = lo[axis]! + size[axis]! * (0.46 + (pieces.length % 3) * 0.04);
+    const halves = split(pieces[index]!, axis, at);
+    pieces.splice(index, 1, ...halves);
+  }
+  return pieces;
+}
+
+function split(piece: Piece, axis: number, at: number): [Piece, Piece] {
+  const vertices = [...piece.vertices];
+  const intersections = new Map<string, number>();
+  const sides: [Piece, Piece] = [
+    { vertices, faces: [] },
+    { vertices, faces: [] },
+  ];
+  const segments: [number, number][] = [];
+
+  const intersect = (a: number, b: number): number => {
+    if (Math.abs(vertices[a]!.p[axis]! - at) < EPS) return a;
+    if (Math.abs(vertices[b]!.p[axis]! - at) < EPS) return b;
+    const key = `${Math.min(a, b)}:${Math.max(a, b)}`;
+    const known = intersections.get(key);
+    if (known !== undefined) return known;
+    const va = vertices[a]!;
+    const vb = vertices[b]!;
+    const t = (at - va.p[axis]!) / (vb.p[axis]! - va.p[axis]!);
+    const weights = new Map<number, number>();
+    for (const [i, w] of va.weights) weights.set(i, w * (1 - t));
+    for (const [i, w] of vb.weights) weights.set(i, (weights.get(i) ?? 0) + w * t);
+    const p = va.p.map((v, k) => v + (vb.p[k]! - v) * t) as Vec3;
+    p[axis] = at;
+    const id = vertices.push({ p, weights }) - 1;
+    intersections.set(key, id);
+    return id;
+  };
+
+  for (const face of piece.faces) {
+    const cut = new Set<number>();
+    for (let side = 0; side < 2; side++) {
+      const polygon: number[] = [];
+      for (let e = 0; e < 3; e++) {
+        const a = face[e]!;
+        const b = face[(e + 1) % 3]!;
+        const da = vertices[a]!.p[axis]! - at;
+        const db = vertices[b]!.p[axis]! - at;
+        const inside = side === 0 ? da <= 0 : da >= 0;
+        const nextInside = side === 0 ? db <= 0 : db >= 0;
+        if (inside) polygon.push(a);
+        if (inside !== nextInside) {
+          const id = intersect(a, b);
+          polygon.push(id);
+          cut.add(id);
+        }
+      }
+      const unique = [...new Set(polygon)];
+      for (let i = 1; i + 1 < unique.length; i++)
+        sides[side]!.faces.push([unique[0]!, unique[i]!, unique[i + 1]!]);
+    }
+    if (cut.size === 2) segments.push([...cut] as [number, number]);
+  }
+
+  // Each cut boundary is a loop; triangulate concave loops instead of a center fan.
+  const neighbors = new Map<number, number[]>();
+  for (const [a, b] of segments) {
+    neighbors.set(a, [...(neighbors.get(a) ?? []), b]);
+    neighbors.set(b, [...(neighbors.get(b) ?? []), a]);
+  }
+  const remaining = new Set(neighbors.keys());
+  while (remaining.size) {
+    const start = remaining.values().next().value!;
+    const loop = [start];
+    remaining.delete(start);
+    let previous = -1;
+    let current = start;
+    for (;;) {
+      const next = neighbors
+        .get(current)
+        ?.find((id) => id !== previous && (remaining.has(id) || id === start));
+      if (next === undefined) throw new Error('The bunny cut has an open boundary');
+      if (next === start) break;
+      loop.push(next);
+      remaining.delete(next);
+      previous = current;
+      current = next;
+    }
+    for (const [a, b, c] of cap(loop, vertices, axis)) {
+      sides[0].faces.push([a, b, c]);
+      sides[1].faces.push([c, b, a]);
+    }
+  }
+  return sides.map(compact) as [Piece, Piece];
+}
+
+/** Counterclockwise triangles viewed along the positive cut axis. */
+function cap(loop: number[], vertices: CutVertex[], axis: number): [number, number, number][] {
+  const u = (axis + 1) % 3;
+  const v = (axis + 2) % 3;
+  const area = (a: number, b: number, c: number): number => {
+    const [pa, pb, pc] = [vertices[a]!.p, vertices[b]!.p, vertices[c]!.p];
+    return (pb[u]! - pa[u]!) * (pc[v]! - pa[v]!) - (pb[v]! - pa[v]!) * (pc[u]! - pa[u]!);
+  };
+  let signed = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < loop.length; i++) {
+    const a = vertices[loop[i]!]!.p;
+    const b = vertices[loop[(i + 1) % loop.length]!]!.p;
+    signed += a[u]! * b[v]! - b[u]! * a[v]!;
+  }
+  if (signed < 0) loop.reverse();
+  const triangles: [number, number, number][] = [];
+  while (loop.length > 3) {
+    let found = false;
+    for (let i = 0; i < loop.length; i++) {
+      const a = loop[(i + loop.length - 1) % loop.length]!;
+      const b = loop[i]!;
+      const c = loop[(i + 1) % loop.length]!;
+      if (area(a, b, c) <= 1e-12) continue;
+      if (
+        loop.some(
+          (p) =>
+            p !== a &&
+            p !== b &&
+            p !== c &&
+            area(a, b, p) >= -1e-12 &&
+            area(b, c, p) >= -1e-12 &&
+            area(c, a, p) >= -1e-12,
+        )
+      )
+        continue;
+      triangles.push([a, b, c]);
+      loop.splice(i, 1);
+      found = true;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (!found) throw new Error('The bunny cut could not be capped');
+  }
+  if (loop.length === 3) triangles.push(loop as [number, number, number]);
+  return triangles;
+}
+
+function compact(piece: Piece): Piece {
+  const ids = new Map<number, number>();
+  const vertices: CutVertex[] = [];
+  const faces = piece.faces.map(
+    (face) =>
+      face.map((id) => {
+        if (!ids.has(id)) {
+          ids.set(id, vertices.length);
+          vertices.push(piece.vertices[id]!);
+        }
+        return ids.get(id)!;
+      }) as [number, number, number],
+  );
+  return { vertices, faces };
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/index.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b453da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+import { theme } from '../../ui/theme.js';
+import {
+  Data,
+  Patch,
+  field,
+  reference,
+  units,
+  type ColormapName,
+  type Scene,
+} from '../../latkit.js';
+import type { Stage } from '../../ui/stage.js';
+import { Body, ROOM, STEP, type Controls } from './body.js';
+import { loadMesh } from './mesh.js';
+
+/** Seconds of frames kept to replay and scrub. */
+const HISTORY = 20;
+/** Seconds of simulation between recorded frames, whatever the display's refresh rate. */
+const RECORD = 1 / 60;
+/** Seconds the plot shows. */
+const WINDOW = 12;
+/** What the bunny can be painted by. Each domain starts below rest, so a bunny at rest draws bright. */
+const PAINTS: Record<
+  string,
+  { label: string; field: string; colormap: ColormapName; domain: [number, number]; legend: string }
+> = {
+  solid: {
+    label: 'Pearl',
+    field: 'strain',
+    colormap: 'turbo',
+    domain: [-0.05, 0.35],
+    legend: '',
+  },
+  strain: {
+    label: 'Strain',
+    field: 'strain',
+    colormap: 'turbo',
+    domain: [-0.05, 0.35],
+    legend: 'Strain 0 – 0.35 m',
+  },
+  speed: {
+    label: 'Speed',
+    field: 'speed',
+    colormap: 'plasma',
+    domain: [-1, 9],
+    legend: 'Speed 0 – 9 m/s',
+  },
+  height: {
+    label: 'Height',
+    field: 'z',
+    colormap: 'viridis',
+    domain: [-0.5, 4],
+    legend: 'Height 0 – 4 m',
+  },
+};
+const SERIES = [
+  { field: 'height', label: 'Center height', color: '#66c7ff' },
+  { field: 'speed', label: 'Mean speed', color: '#ff8f52' },
+  { field: 'volume', label: 'Volume', color: '#cc9eff' },
+];
+const THEME = {
+  ...theme,
+  shading: 0.7,
+} as const;
+
+// A soft floor footprint avoids self-shadow acne on deforming triangles in the packaged renderer.
+// This is a custom marker through the public JS scene API, with no renderer changes.
+const CONTACT_SHADOW = `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
+  let p = f.p / max(f.half, vec2f(0.001));
+  let d = length(p);
+  let alpha = (1.0 - smoothstep(0.15, 1.0, d)) * f.input[0];
+  return MarkerColor(vec4f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, alpha), (d - 1.0) * f.half.x);
+}`;
+
+export default async function bunny(stage: Stage): Promise<void> {
+  const mesh = await loadMesh(new URL('./stanford-bunny.bin', import.meta.url));
+  if (stage.signal.aborted) return;
+  const body = new Body(mesh);
+  // Reduced motion hops lower, pops gentler, and never orbits.
+  const reducedMotion = matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)');
+  reducedMotion.addEventListener(
+    'change',
+    () => {
+      if (reducedMotion.matches) space.orbit = 0;
+    },
+    { signal: stage.signal },
+  );
+  const controls: Controls = { gravity: 9.81, firmness: 0.45, inflate: 1, wind: false };
+  /** Sets a control, waking the body: a resting body answers new gravity or a new material. */
+  const waking =
+    <T>(set: (value: T) => void) =>
+    (value: T) => {
+      set(value);
+      body.wake();
+    };
+  let paint = 'solid';
+  let inspect = false;
+  let fragments = false;
+  let timeScale = 1;
+  let carry = 0;
+  let recordAt = 0;
+
+  // The mesh once; then every step, a frame of every vertex and of the body as a whole.
+  const data = new Data('bunny').apply(
+    new Patch()
+      .axis('time', 's')
+      .set('Vertex', { count: mesh.count }, {})
+      .set(
+        'Spring',
+        { count: mesh.springs.a.length },
+        {
+          a: reference('Vertex', mesh.springs.a),
+          b: reference('Vertex', mesh.springs.b),
+        },
+      )
+      .set(
+        'Face',
+        { count: mesh.faces.a.length },
+        {
+          a: reference('Vertex', mesh.faces.a),
+          b: reference('Vertex', mesh.faces.b),
+          c: reference('Vertex', mesh.faces.c),
+        },
+      )
+      .set('ChunkVertex', { count: body.burst.count }, {})
+      .set(
+        'ChunkFace',
+        { count: body.burst.faces.a.length },
+        {
+          a: reference('ChunkVertex', body.burst.faces.a),
+          b: reference('ChunkVertex', body.burst.faces.b),
+          c: reference('ChunkVertex', body.burst.faces.c),
+        },
+      )
+      .set('Corner', { count: 4 }, { x: [-ROOM, ROOM, ROOM, -ROOM], y: [-ROOM, -ROOM, ROOM, ROOM] })
+      .set(
+        'Wall',
+        { count: 4 },
+        {
+          from: reference('Corner', [0, 1, 2, 3]),
+          to: reference('Corner', [1, 2, 3, 0]),
+        },
+      )
+      .set('Body', { count: 1 }, {}),
+  );
+
+  data.apply(new Patch().set('Shadow', { count: body.burst.chunks.length + 1 }, {}));
+
+  // Lit faces and soft contact shadows; the vertices remain pickable with inspection dots hidden.
+  const room = (live: boolean): Scene => {
+    const p = PAINTS[paint]!;
+    return {
+      space: { plane: { grid: { lines: { pitch: 1 } } } },
+      theme: THEME,
+      controls: { pickRadius: 14 },
+      marks: [
+        {
+          vertices: {
+            of: ['bunny', 'Shadow'],
+            position: ['x', 'y'],
+            size: [units(field('radius').mul(2)), units(field('radius'))],
+            marker: { wgsl: { source: CONTACT_SHADOW, inputs: [field('opacity')] } },
+            color: '#000000',
+            pick: false,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          vertices: {
+            of: ['bunny', 'Corner'],
+            position: ['x', 'y'],
+            radius: 3,
+            color: '#f09478aa',
+            pick: false,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          edges: {
+            of: ['bunny', 'Wall'],
+            ends: ['from', 'to'],
+            color: '#f0947866',
+            width: 1.5,
+            pick: false,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          faces: {
+            of: ['bunny', fragments ? 'ChunkFace' : 'Face'],
+            corners: ['a', 'b', 'c'],
+            ...(paint === 'solid' ? { color: '#edccb4' } : {}),
+            pick: false,
+            shadow: false,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          edges: {
+            of: ['bunny', 'Spring'],
+            ends: ['a', 'b'],
+            color: '#ffffff14',
+            width: 1,
+            pick: false,
+            visible: inspect && !fragments,
+          },
+        },
+        {
+          vertices: {
+            of: ['bunny', fragments ? 'ChunkVertex' : 'Vertex'],
+            position: ['x', 'y'],
+            elevation: 'z',
+            radius: inspect ? 1.6 : 0,
+            color:
+              paint === 'solid'
+                ? inspect
+                  ? '#edccb4'
+                  : '#edccb400'
+                : field(p.field)
+                    .colormap(p.colormap)
+                    .domain(...p.domain),
+            select: false,
+            drag: live && !fragments,
+            pick: !fragments,
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+  };
+
+  const space = stage.view(room(true), {
+    label: 'The bunny: drag it to pull and fling it, click it to poke it',
+  });
+  space.camera = { center: [0, 0], zoom: 6, pitch: 58, bearing: 30 };
+  space.fit({ bounds: { min: [-ROOM, -ROOM, 0], max: [ROOM, ROOM, 2.4] } });
+
+  const act = (run: () => void) => () => {
+    playback.play();
+    run();
+  };
+  const actions = stage.section('Actions');
+  actions.actions([
+    { label: 'Hop', key: ' ', run: act(() => body.hop(reducedMotion.matches)) },
+    { label: 'Squash', key: 's', run: act(() => body.squash()) },
+    { label: 'Pop', key: 'e', run: act(() => body.pop(reducedMotion.matches)) },
+    { label: 'Drop', key: 'd', run: act(() => body.drop()) },
+    {
+      label: 'Poke',
+      key: 'p',
+      run: act(() => body.poke(Math.floor(Math.random() * mesh.count), 9)),
+    },
+  ]);
+  const popButton = actions.element.querySelectorAll('button')[2]!;
+  popButton.title = 'Pop into soft pieces; press again to gather them';
+  const squashButton = actions.element.querySelectorAll('button')[1]!;
+  squashButton.title = 'Hold to squash; release to rebound';
+  squashButton.addEventListener(
+    'pointerdown',
+    (event) => {
+      if (event.button !== 0) return;
+      squashButton.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
+      act(() => body.squash(true))();
+    },
+    { signal: stage.signal },
+  );
+  for (const event of ['pointerup', 'pointercancel', 'lostpointercapture'])
+    squashButton.addEventListener(event, () => body.endSquash(), { signal: stage.signal });
+  const world = stage.section('Physics');
+  world.toggle(
+    'Wind',
+    'w',
+    false,
+    waking((on: boolean) => (controls.wind = on)),
+  );
+  world.toggle('Orbit', 'o', false, (on) => (space.orbit = on && !reducedMotion.matches ? 12 : 0));
+  world.choice(
+    'Gravity',
+    [
+      ['Space 0', 0],
+      ['Moon 1.6', 1.62],
+      ['Earth 9.8', 9.81],
+      ['Jupiter 24.8', 24.8],
+    ],
+    9.81,
+    waking((g: number) => (controls.gravity = g)),
+  );
+  world.speed([1, 0.5, 0.2], 1, (rate) => (timeScale = rate));
+  const material = stage.section('Material');
+  material.range(
+    'Firmness',
+    {
+      min: 0,
+      max: 1,
+      step: 0.01,
+      value: 0.45,
+      format: (v) => (v < 0.2 ? 'Jelly' : v < 0.6 ? 'Gummy' : 'Rubber'),
+    },
+    waking((v: number) => (controls.firmness = v)),
+  );
+  material.range(
+    'Inflate',
+    { min: 0.5, max: 1.8, step: 0.01, value: 1, format: (v) => `${Math.round(v * 100)}%` },
+    waking((v: number) => (controls.inflate = v)),
+  );
+  const legend = stage.legend();
+  const repaint = (p: string) => {
+    paint = p;
+    space.show(room(playback.mode === 'live'));
+    legend.ramp(PAINTS[p]!.colormap, PAINTS[p]!.legend);
+    legend.hidden = p === 'solid';
+  };
+  material.toggle('Mesh', 'i', false, (on) => {
+    inspect = on;
+    space.show(room(playback.mode === 'live'));
+  });
+  material.choice(
+    'Color',
+    Object.entries(PAINTS).map(([key, p]) => [p.label, key] as const),
+    paint,
+    repaint,
+  );
+
+  const monitor = stage.section('History');
+  monitor.series(SERIES);
+  const plot = monitor.view(
+    {
+      space: { plot: { x: { label: 'Time (s)' }, y: { label: 'm · m/s · volume' } } },
+      theme: THEME,
+      controls: 'inspect',
+      marks: SERIES.map((s) => ({
+        lines: { of: ['bunny', 'Body'], trace: s.field, color: s.color, width: 2 },
+      })),
+    },
+    { label: 'Center height, speed, and volume', height: 220 },
+  );
+
+  const playback = stage.playback({
+    replay: { seconds: 5, rate: 0.3 },
+    show(at) {
+      const pieces = data.get('Body', 0, 'phase', at) === 1;
+      if (pieces !== fragments) {
+        fragments = pieces;
+        space.show(room(playback.mode === 'live'));
+      }
+      space.at = at;
+      plot.at = at;
+      const x0 = Math.max(playback.start, at - WINDOW * 0.85);
+      plot.camera = { x: [x0, x0 + WINDOW], y: null };
+    },
+    change(live) {
+      // Paused, a press pans instead of grabbing.
+      space.show(room(live));
+      if (!live) {
+        body.release(true);
+        body.endSquash();
+      }
+    },
+  });
+
+  const frame = body.frame();
+  const chunkFrame = body.burst.frame();
+  const shadow = {
+    x: new Float32Array(body.burst.chunks.length + 1),
+    y: new Float32Array(body.burst.chunks.length + 1),
+    radius: new Float32Array(body.burst.chunks.length + 1),
+    opacity: new Float32Array(body.burst.chunks.length + 1),
+  };
+  let recordedChunks = false;
+  let wasBurst = false;
+  const publish = () => {
+    body.sample(frame);
+    const [height, speed, volume] = body.metrics();
+    shadow.opacity.fill(0);
+    if (body.burst.active) {
+      body.burst.chunks.forEach((chunk, i) => {
+        shadow.x[i + 1] = chunk.position[0];
+        shadow.y[i + 1] = chunk.position[1];
+        shadow.radius[i + 1] = chunk.radius + chunk.position[2] * 0.12;
+        shadow.opacity[i + 1] = 0.32 / (1 + chunk.position[2]);
+      });
+    } else {
+      shadow.x[0] = frame.x.reduce((sum, v) => sum + v, 0) / mesh.count;
+      shadow.y[0] = frame.y.reduce((sum, v) => sum + v, 0) / mesh.count;
+      shadow.radius[0] = 0.85 * Math.cbrt(controls.inflate) + height * 0.15;
+      shadow.opacity[0] = 0.42 / (1 + height * height * 0.4);
+    }
+    const patch = new Patch()
+      .append(body.time, 'Vertex', { ...frame })
+      .append(body.time, 'Shadow', shadow)
+      .append(body.time, 'Body', {
+        height: [height],
+        speed: [speed],
+        volume: [Number.isFinite(volume) ? volume : null],
+        phase: [body.burst.active ? 1 : 0],
+      })
+      .forget(body.time - HISTORY);
+    if (body.burst.active || wasBurst || !recordedChunks) {
+      body.burst.sample(chunkFrame, STEP);
+      patch.append(body.time, 'ChunkVertex', { ...chunkFrame });
+      recordedChunks = true;
+    }
+    wasBurst = body.burst.active;
+    data.apply(patch);
+    space.setData(data);
+    plot.setData(data);
+    playback.record(data.span!);
+    popButton.firstChild!.textContent = body.burst.active ? 'Gather' : 'Pop';
+  };
+
+  space.on('drag', ({ phase, hit, position }) => {
+    if (phase === 'start') body.grab(hit.row.id as number, position);
+    else if (phase === 'move') body.drag(position);
+    else body.release();
+  });
+  space.on('click', ({ hit }) => act(() => body.poke(hit.row.id as number))());
+
+  const canvas = stage.regions.main.querySelector('canvas')!;
+  // The JS drag event intentionally combines release and cancellation. Capture cancellation
+  // before the view's bubbling listener, so it cannot leave a throw behind.
+  canvas.addEventListener('pointercancel', () => body.release(true), {
+    capture: true,
+    signal: stage.signal,
+  });
+  addEventListener(
+    'blur',
+    () => {
+      body.release(true);
+      body.endSquash();
+    },
+    { signal: stage.signal },
+  );
+
+  const meter = stage.meter(space);
+  meter.note(() => {
+    const at = playback.at;
+    const height = (data.get('Body', 0, 'height', at) as number | null) ?? 0;
+    const speed = (data.get('Body', 0, 'speed', at) as number | null) ?? 0;
+    const volume = data.get('Body', 0, 'volume', at) as number | null;
+    const state =
+      playback.mode === 'live' ? body.state : playback.mode === 'playing' ? 'replay' : 'paused';
+    return `${state}  ·  center ${height.toFixed(2)} m  ·  ${speed.toFixed(1)} m/s  ·  ${volume !== null && Number.isFinite(volume) ? `volume ${(volume * 100).toFixed(0)}%` : '24 pieces'}`;
+  });
+  stage.frame((dt) => {
+    if (playback.mode !== 'live') return;
+    // A resting bunny steps and records nothing, so both views sleep until something acts on it.
+    if (body.asleep) {
+      carry = 0;
+      return;
+    }
+    meter.measure('simulate', () => {
+      carry = Math.min(carry + dt * timeScale, 16 * STEP);
+      const steps = body.advance(carry, controls);
+      carry -= steps * STEP;
+      // Recorded at a fixed rate of simulated time, and once more as it comes to rest.
+      if (steps && (body.time + STEP / 2 >= recordAt || body.asleep)) {
+        publish();
+        recordAt = body.time + RECORD;
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  stage.detail(
+    `${mesh.count.toLocaleString()} vertices · ${mesh.springs.a.length.toLocaleString()} springs · ${mesh.faces.a.length.toLocaleString()} faces`,
+  );
+  legend.ramp(PAINTS[paint]!.colormap, PAINTS[paint]!.legend);
+  legend.hidden = true;
+  body.drop(true);
+  publish();
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/mesh.ts b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/mesh.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3397be4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/mesh.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/**
+ * The Stanford bunny, from the Stanford 3D Scanning Repository (graphics.stanford.edu/data/3Dscanrep),
+ * as the public-domain `bunny` package ships it: a closed low-resolution reconstruction. The file
+ * holds its vertex and triangle counts as two uint32s, then float32 x, y, z per vertex with y up, then
+ * uint16 triangles wound outward.
+ */
+export interface Mesh {
+  readonly count: number;
+  /** x, y, z per vertex in meters, z up, resting on z = 0 and centered over the origin. */
+  readonly positions: Float64Array;
+  /** Each outward triangle's three corners, a column each. */
+  readonly faces: { readonly a: Uint32Array; readonly b: Uint32Array; readonly c: Uint32Array };
+  /** Each triangle side once: the springs, and the wireframe. */
+  readonly springs: { readonly a: Uint32Array; readonly b: Uint32Array };
+}
+
+export async function loadMesh(url: URL, height = 2.4): Promise<Mesh> {
+  const response = await fetch(url);
+  if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`the bunny mesh: HTTP ${response.status}`);
+  const bytes = await response.arrayBuffer();
+  const [count, faces] = new Uint32Array(bytes, 0, 2) as unknown as [number, number];
+  const scan = new Float32Array(bytes, 8, count * 3);
+  const triangles = new Uint16Array(bytes, 8 + count * 12, faces * 3);
+  // The scan is y up; turn it z up, which keeps its triangles wound outward.
+  const positions = new Float64Array(count * 3);
+  const lo = [Infinity, Infinity, Infinity];
+  const hi = [-Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const p = [scan[i * 3]!, -scan[i * 3 + 2]!, scan[i * 3 + 1]!];
+    for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
+      positions[i * 3 + k] = p[k]!;
+      lo[k] = Math.min(lo[k]!, p[k]!);
+      hi[k] = Math.max(hi[k]!, p[k]!);
+    }
+  }
+  const scale = height / (hi[2]! - lo[2]!);
+  const center = [(lo[0]! + hi[0]!) / 2, (lo[1]! + hi[1]!) / 2, lo[2]!];
+  for (let i = 0; i < positions.length; i++)
+    positions[i] = (positions[i]! - center[i % 3]!) * scale;
+  const corner = (k: number) =>
+    Uint32Array.from({ length: faces }, (_, t) => triangles[t * 3 + k]!);
+  const seen = new Set<number>();
+  const a: number[] = [];
+  const b: number[] = [];
+  for (let t = 0; t < faces * 3; t += 3) {
+    for (let s = 0; s < 3; s++) {
+      const u = triangles[t + s]!;
+      const v = triangles[t + ((s + 1) % 3)]!;
+      const key = Math.min(u, v) * count + Math.max(u, v);
+      if (seen.has(key)) continue;
+      seen.add(key);
+      a.push(u);
+      b.push(v);
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    count,
+    positions,
+    faces: { a: corner(0), b: corner(1), c: corner(2) },
+    springs: { a: Uint32Array.from(a), b: Uint32Array.from(b) },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/examples/linked/src/bunny/stanford-bunny.bin b/npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/stanford-bunny.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from examples/linked/src/bunny/stanford-bunny.bin
rename to npm/examples/src/examples/soft-body/stanford-bunny.bin
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/latkit.ts b/npm/examples/src/latkit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cf31602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/latkit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/** The example application explicitly loads its shared rendering runtime. */
+import { loadLatkit } from 'latkit';
+export * from 'latkit';
+export type Data = import('latkit').Data;
+export type Gpu = import('latkit').Gpu;
+export type Shot = import('latkit').Shot;
+export const { Data, Gpu, Shot, colormapCss } = await loadLatkit();
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/main.ts b/npm/examples/src/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc8b251b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { Gpu } from './latkit.js';
+import { examples } from './examples/index.js';
+import { Shell } from './ui/shell.js';
+import './ui/style.css';
+
+new Shell(examples, Gpu.create());
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/random.ts b/npm/examples/src/random.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..452785bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/random.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+/** Deterministic sample data, shared by the synthetic examples. */
+export function random(seed: number): () => number {
+  return () => {
+    seed = (seed + 0x6d2b79f5) | 0;
+    let t = Math.imul(seed ^ (seed >>> 15), 1 | seed);
+    t = (t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), 61 | t)) ^ t;
+    return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296;
+  };
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/controls.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/controls.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e39da6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/controls.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import type { Scene, View } from 'latkit';
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import type { Stage } from './stage.js';
+
+/** A button that runs `run`, and the key that runs it too. */
+export interface Action {
+  label: string;
+  key: string;
+  run: () => void;
+}
+
+const keyName = (key: string) => (key === ' ' ? 'Space' : key.toUpperCase());
+
+/** A titled group of controls in the side panel. */
+export class Section {
+  readonly element: HTMLElement;
+  readonly content = h('div', { class: 'section-body' });
+  /** The row toggles share, made on first use. */
+  #toggles?: HTMLElement;
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly stage: Stage,
+    title: string,
+    open = true,
+  ) {
+    this.element = h('details', { class: 'section', open }, h('summary', {}, title), this.content);
+  }
+
+  /** Buttons in a grid, each also run by its key. */
+  actions(actions: readonly Action[]): void {
+    const row = h('div', { class: 'actions' });
+    for (const { label, key, run } of actions) {
+      const button = h('button', { type: 'button' }, label, h('kbd', {}, keyName(key)));
+      button.addEventListener('click', run, { signal: this.stage.signal });
+      this.stage.key(key, run);
+      row.append(button);
+    }
+    this.content.append(row);
+  }
+
+  /** A button that stays pressed, also flipped by its key. Returns a setter for outside changes. */
+  toggle(
+    label: string,
+    key: string,
+    value: boolean,
+    change: (on: boolean) => void,
+  ): (on: boolean) => void {
+    const pressed = String(value);
+    const button = h(
+      'button',
+      { type: 'button', 'aria-pressed': pressed },
+      label,
+      h('kbd', {}, keyName(key)),
+    );
+    const set = (on: boolean) => {
+      button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(on));
+      change(on);
+    };
+    const flip = () => set(button.getAttribute('aria-pressed') !== 'true');
+    button.addEventListener('click', flip, { signal: this.stage.signal });
+    this.stage.key(key, flip);
+    if (!this.#toggles) this.content.append((this.#toggles = h('div', { class: 'actions' })));
+    this.#toggles.append(button);
+    return set;
+  }
+
+  /** A slider with its value shown through `format`. */
+  range(
+    label: string,
+    o: { min: number; max: number; step: number; value: number; format: (value: number) => string },
+    change: (value: number) => void,
+  ): void {
+    const input = h('input', {
+      type: 'range',
+      min: o.min,
+      max: o.max,
+      step: o.step,
+      value: o.value,
+    });
+    const output = h('output');
+    const update = () => {
+      output.value = o.format(input.valueAsNumber);
+      change(input.valueAsNumber);
+    };
+    input.addEventListener('input', update, { signal: this.stage.signal });
+    update();
+    this.content.append(h('label', { class: 'field' }, h('span', {}, label, output), input));
+  }
+
+  /** One of several options; returns the select, for outside changes. */
+  choice<T>(
+    label: string,
+    options: readonly (readonly [string, T])[],
+    value: T,
+    change: (value: T) => void,
+  ): HTMLSelectElement {
+    const select = h(
+      'select',
+      {},
+      ...options.map(([name, v], i) => h('option', { value: i, selected: v === value }, name)),
+    );
+    select.addEventListener('change', () => change(options[select.selectedIndex]![1]), {
+      signal: this.stage.signal,
+    });
+    this.content.append(h('label', { class: 'field' }, h('span', {}, label), select));
+    return select;
+  }
+
+  /** Swatches naming the series a view draws. */
+  series(items: readonly { label: string; color: string }[]): HTMLElement {
+    const swatches = items.map(({ label, color }) =>
+      h('span', { style: `--swatch: ${color}` }, label),
+    );
+    const line = h('p', { class: 'series' }, ...swatches);
+    this.content.append(line);
+    return line;
+  }
+
+  /** A line of text the page keeps up to date. */
+  note(text = ''): HTMLParagraphElement {
+    const line = h('p', { class: 'note' }, text);
+    this.content.append(line);
+    return line;
+  }
+
+  /** A view inside this section. */
+  view(scene: Scene, options: { label: string; height?: number }): View {
+    return this.stage.view(scene, { ...options, into: this.content });
+  }
+
+  /** Standard playback speed control. */
+  speed(rates: readonly number[], value: number, change: (value: number) => void): void {
+    this.choice(
+      'Speed',
+      rates.map((rate) => [`${rate}×`, rate] as const),
+      value,
+      change,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** A labeled text field, such as a selected item's name. */
+  text(label: string, change: (value: string) => void): HTMLInputElement {
+    const input = h('input', { type: 'text' });
+    input.addEventListener('change', () => change(input.value), { signal: this.stage.signal });
+    this.content.append(h('label', { class: 'field' }, h('span', {}, label), input));
+    return input;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/dom.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/dom.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c80f7a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/dom.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+type Child = Node | string | null | undefined | false;
+type Attributes = Record<string, string | number | boolean | undefined>;
+
+/** An element with attributes and children; `false` and `undefined` attributes are left off. */
+export function h<K extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(
+  tag: K,
+  attributes: Attributes = {},
+  ...children: Child[]
+): HTMLElementTagNameMap[K] {
+  const element = document.createElement(tag);
+  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(attributes)) {
+    if (value !== false && value !== undefined)
+      element.setAttribute(name, value === true ? '' : String(value));
+  }
+  element.append(...children.filter((child): child is Node | string => !!child));
+  return element;
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/export.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/export.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e68f3f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/export.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import { Shot, type View } from '../latkit.js';
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import type { Stage } from './stage.js';
+
+/** Seconds of video a recording takes. */
+const SECONDS = 6;
+/** Frames a second of video. */
+const FPS = 30;
+
+/**
+ * The Export section every page gets: a picture of its views laid out as the page shows them,
+ * written as PNG in a worker, and a video of them as MP4, recorded as the page runs, with its
+ * progress, stopped by pressing again.
+ */
+export function exportSection(stage: Stage): void {
+  if (!stage.shown.length) return;
+  const section = stage.section('Export', false);
+  const status = section.note();
+  status.setAttribute('role', 'status');
+  let recording: AbortController | undefined;
+  /** The views, and a shot of them laid out as the page shows them, `align` pixels a block. */
+  const shot = (align: [number, number]): [Shot, View[]] => {
+    const shown = stage.shown
+      .map(({ view, element, panel: [x, y, w, h] }) => {
+        const canvas = element.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const [left, top] = [canvas.left + x * canvas.width, canvas.top + y * canvas.height];
+        const [width, height] = [w * canvas.width, h * canvas.height];
+        return {
+          view,
+          box: { left, top, width, height, right: left + width, bottom: top + height },
+        };
+      })
+      .filter(({ box }) => box.width > 0 && box.height > 0);
+    const left = Math.min(...shown.map((s) => s.box.left));
+    const top = Math.min(...shown.map((s) => s.box.top));
+    const width = Math.max(...shown.map((s) => s.box.right)) - left;
+    const height = Math.max(...shown.map((s) => s.box.bottom)) - top;
+    const scale = Math.min(2, devicePixelRatio);
+    const size: [number, number] = [
+      Math.max(align[0], Math.floor((width * scale) / align[0]) * align[0]),
+      Math.max(align[1], Math.floor((height * scale) / align[1]) * align[1]),
+    ];
+    const panels = shown.map(
+      ({ box }) =>
+        [
+          (box.left - left) / width,
+          (box.top - top) / height,
+          box.width / width,
+          box.height / height,
+        ] as const,
+    );
+    return [new Shot(size).scale(size[0] / width).panels(panels), shown.map((s) => s.view)];
+  };
+  const picture = async () => {
+    status.textContent = 'Taking a picture…';
+    const [taken, views] = shot([1, 1]);
+    // A picture waits for its views to be still; the page holds its own motion meanwhile.
+    const image = await stage.hold(() => taken.image(views));
+    try {
+      const file = await image.encode('png');
+      save('views.png', new Blob([file.slice()], { type: 'image/png' }));
+      status.textContent = `Saved views.png, ${image.width}×${image.height}, ${kilobytes(file.length)}`;
+    } finally {
+      image.destroy();
+    }
+  };
+  const video = async () => {
+    if (recording) return recording.abort(new Error('stopped'));
+    const chunks: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>[] = [];
+    const output = new WritableStream<Uint8Array>({
+      write: (chunk) => void chunks.push(chunk.slice()),
+    });
+    recording = new AbortController();
+    const [taken, views] = shot([4, 2]);
+    const started = performance.now();
+    try {
+      const recorder = taken.video(stage.gpu, FPS, output, { signal: recording.signal });
+      // Each frame waits for the page to reach its time, so the video runs as the page does.
+      await recorder.record(
+        views,
+        async (time) => {
+          while (performance.now() - started < time * 1000) await nextFrame();
+          return time < SECONDS;
+        },
+        ({ time }) =>
+          (status.textContent = `Recording ${time.toFixed(1)} of ${SECONDS} s; V stops`),
+      );
+      const file = new Blob(chunks, { type: 'video/mp4' });
+      save('views.mp4', file);
+      status.textContent = `Saved views.mp4, ${SECONDS} s, ${kilobytes(file.size)}`;
+    } catch (error) {
+      status.textContent = recording.signal.aborted
+        ? 'Stopped'
+        : `Could not record: ${String(error)}`;
+    } finally {
+      recording = undefined;
+    }
+  };
+  const failing = (run: () => Promise<void>) => () =>
+    void run().catch(
+      (error: unknown) => (status.textContent = `Could not export: ${String(error)}`),
+    );
+  section.actions([
+    { label: 'Save PNG', key: 'x', run: failing(picture) },
+    { label: 'Record', key: 'v', run: failing(video) },
+  ]);
+}
+
+/** Saves `file` as a download named `name`. */
+function save(name: string, file: Blob): void {
+  const url = URL.createObjectURL(file);
+  h('a', { href: url, download: name }).click();
+  setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 10_000);
+}
+
+function kilobytes(bytes: number): string {
+  return `${Math.max(1, Math.round(bytes / 1024)).toLocaleString()} kB`;
+}
+
+function nextFrame(): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => requestAnimationFrame(() => resolve()));
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/legend.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/legend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b0fcf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/legend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { colormapCss, type Colormap } from '../latkit.js';
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import type { Stage } from './stage.js';
+
+/** A colormap ramp with its label, over the main view: at its foot, or its top over a plot's axes. */
+export class Legend {
+  readonly #ramp = h('span', { class: 'ramp', 'aria-hidden': 'true' });
+  readonly #label = h('span');
+  readonly #element = h('p', { class: 'legend' }, this.#ramp, this.#label);
+
+  constructor(stage: Stage, place: 'foot' | 'top' = 'foot') {
+    this.#element.classList.toggle('top', place === 'top');
+    stage.regions.main.append(this.#element);
+  }
+
+  ramp(colormap: Colormap, label: string): void {
+    this.#ramp.style.background = colormapCss(colormap);
+    this.#label.textContent = label;
+  }
+
+  /** Hides the legend, as while nothing it describes shows. */
+  set hidden(hidden: boolean) {
+    this.#element.hidden = hidden;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/menu.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/menu.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..323e5285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/menu.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import type { View } from 'latkit';
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import type { Stage } from './stage.js';
+
+/** An item of a menu: what it says, and what it does; a disabled one shows but does nothing. */
+export interface Item {
+  label: string;
+  run: () => void;
+  disabled?: boolean;
+}
+
+/** A menu over the main view where a view asked for one; gone once an item runs, on Escape, or on a
+ * press elsewhere. */
+export class Menu {
+  readonly #element = h('div', { class: 'menu', role: 'menu', hidden: true });
+
+  constructor(private readonly stage: Stage) {
+    const { signal } = stage;
+    stage.regions.main.append(this.#element);
+    addEventListener(
+      'pointerdown',
+      (event) => {
+        if (!this.#element.contains(event.target as Node)) this.close();
+      },
+      { signal, capture: true },
+    );
+    addEventListener('keydown', (event) => event.key === 'Escape' && this.close(), { signal });
+  }
+
+  /** Opens `items` at `point`, CSS pixels over `view`, kept inside the main view. */
+  open(view: View, point: [number, number], items: readonly Item[]): void {
+    const shown = this.stage.shown.find((s) => s.view === view);
+    if (!shown) return;
+    const { element: canvas, panel } = shown;
+    this.#element.replaceChildren(
+      ...items.map(({ label, run, disabled }) => {
+        const button = h('button', { type: 'button', role: 'menuitem', disabled }, label);
+        button.addEventListener('click', () => {
+          this.close();
+          run();
+        });
+        return button;
+      }),
+    );
+    this.#element.hidden = false;
+    const main = this.stage.regions.main;
+    const [width, height] = [this.#element.offsetWidth, this.#element.offsetHeight];
+    const x = canvas.offsetLeft + panel[0] * canvas.clientWidth + point[0];
+    const y = canvas.offsetTop + panel[1] * canvas.clientHeight + point[1];
+    const left = Math.min(x, main.clientWidth - width - 8);
+    const top = Math.min(y, main.clientHeight - height - 8);
+    this.#element.style.left = `${Math.max(8, left)}px`;
+    this.#element.style.top = `${Math.max(8, top)}px`;
+    this.#element.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('button:not([disabled])')?.focus();
+  }
+
+  close(): void {
+    this.#element.hidden = true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/meter.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/meter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3940948c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/meter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import type { View } from 'latkit';
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import type { Stage } from './stage.js';
+
+/**
+ * A readout over a view: frames per second, the view's frame time, draws, instances, and tiles, and
+ * the page's own measures.
+ */
+export class Meter {
+  readonly #line = h('p', { class: 'meter', 'aria-live': 'off' });
+  readonly #times = new Map<string, number>();
+  readonly #notes: (() => string)[] = [];
+  #frames = 0;
+  #since = performance.now();
+
+  constructor(stage: Stage, view: View) {
+    const section = stage.section('Performance', false);
+    section.element.classList.add('performance');
+    section.content.append(this.#line);
+    stage.frame(() => {
+      this.#frames++;
+      const now = performance.now();
+      if (now - this.#since < 500) return;
+      const stats = view.stats;
+      const parts = [
+        `${((this.#frames * 1000) / (now - this.#since)).toFixed(0)} fps`,
+        `frame ${stats.cpuMs.toFixed(1)} ms`,
+        `${stats.draws} draws · ${stats.instances.toLocaleString()} instances`,
+      ];
+      if (stats.tiles || stats.tilesLoading) {
+        parts.push(
+          `${stats.tiles} tiles${stats.tilesLoading ? ` (${stats.tilesLoading} loading)` : ''}`,
+        );
+      }
+      for (const [label, ms] of this.#times) parts.push(`${label} ${ms.toFixed(1)} ms`);
+      this.#line.textContent = [...parts, ...this.#notes.map((note) => note())].join('\n');
+      this.#frames = 0;
+      this.#since = now;
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Runs `work`, keeping a moving average of its time under `label`. */
+  measure<T>(label: string, work: () => T): T {
+    const start = performance.now();
+    const result = work();
+    const ms = performance.now() - start;
+    this.#times.set(label, (this.#times.get(label) ?? ms) * 0.9 + ms * 0.1);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /** A readout computed at each refresh. */
+  note(read: () => string): void {
+    this.#notes.push(read);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/playback.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/playback.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05b69327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/playback.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import type { Stage } from './stage.js';
+
+export interface PlaybackOptions {
+  /** Shows coordinate `at` in every view. */
+  show(at: number): void;
+  /** Whether the data records as it plays: live follows its end. Otherwise playing loops. */
+  live?: boolean;
+  /** Seconds of data a second of playing shows. */
+  rate?: number;
+  /** Instant replay: how many seconds back from the end, and at what rate. */
+  replay?: { seconds: number; rate: number };
+  /** Called as playback goes live or leaves it. */
+  change?(live: boolean): void;
+}
+
+/** Live, paused, or playing a recorded span, with the transport that drives it. */
+export class Playback {
+  mode: 'live' | 'playing' | 'paused';
+  start = 0;
+  end = 0;
+  #at = 0;
+  #rate: number;
+  readonly #live: boolean;
+  readonly #toggle = h('button', { type: 'button', class: 'primary' });
+  readonly #slider = h('input', {
+    type: 'range',
+    step: 'any',
+    min: 0,
+    max: 1,
+    value: 0,
+    'aria-label': 'Time',
+  });
+  readonly #time = h('output', {}, '0.00 s');
+  readonly #transport = h('div', { class: 'transport' }, this.#toggle);
+
+  constructor(
+    stage: Stage,
+    private readonly options: PlaybackOptions,
+  ) {
+    const { signal } = stage;
+    this.#live = options.live ?? true;
+    this.#rate = options.rate ?? 1;
+    this.mode = this.#live ? 'live' : 'playing';
+    const flip = () => (this.mode === 'paused' ? this.play() : this.pause());
+    this.#toggle.addEventListener('click', flip, { signal });
+    this.#slider.addEventListener(
+      'input',
+      () => {
+        this.#set('paused');
+        this.#show(this.#slider.valueAsNumber);
+      },
+      { signal },
+    );
+    stage.key('k', flip);
+    if (options.replay) {
+      const replay = h('button', { type: 'button' }, 'Replay', h('kbd', {}, 'R'));
+      replay.addEventListener('click', () => this.replay(), { signal });
+      stage.key('r', () => this.replay());
+      this.#transport.append(replay);
+    }
+    this.#transport.append(this.#time);
+    stage.regions.timeline.append(this.#transport, this.#slider);
+    stage.frame((dt) => {
+      if (this.mode !== 'playing') return;
+      const next = this.#at + dt * this.#rate;
+      if (next < this.end) this.#show(next);
+      else if (this.#live) this.play();
+      else this.#show(this.start + ((next - this.start) % Math.max(this.end - this.start, 1e-9)));
+    });
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => document.hidden && this.pause(), {
+      signal,
+    });
+    this.#label();
+  }
+
+  get at(): number {
+    return this.#at;
+  }
+
+  /** Hides the transport, as while there is nothing to play. */
+  set hidden(hidden: boolean) {
+    this.#transport.hidden = hidden;
+    this.#slider.hidden = hidden;
+  }
+
+  /** Seconds of data a second of playing shows, from now on. */
+  set rate(rate: number) {
+    this.options.rate = rate;
+    if (this.mode === 'playing') this.#rate = rate;
+  }
+
+  /** The recorded span changed; live playback shows its end. */
+  record([start, end]: readonly [number, number]): void {
+    this.start = start;
+    this.end = end;
+    this.#slider.min = String(start);
+    this.#slider.max = String(Math.max(end, start + 1e-3));
+    if (this.mode === 'live') this.#show(end);
+    else if (this.#at < start) this.#show(start);
+  }
+
+  /** Goes live, or for recorded data plays on from where it is. */
+  play(): void {
+    this.#rate = this.options.rate ?? 1;
+    this.#set(this.#live ? 'live' : 'playing');
+    if (this.#live) this.#show(this.end);
+  }
+
+  pause(): void {
+    this.#set('paused');
+  }
+
+  /** Plays the last seconds again, slowly, then goes live. */
+  replay(): void {
+    const replay = this.options.replay;
+    if (!replay) return;
+    this.#rate = replay.rate;
+    this.#set('playing');
+    this.#show(Math.max(this.start, this.end - replay.seconds));
+  }
+
+  #set(mode: Playback['mode']): void {
+    const was = this.mode === 'live';
+    this.mode = mode;
+    this.#label();
+    if (was !== (mode === 'live')) this.options.change?.(mode === 'live');
+  }
+
+  #label(): void {
+    this.#toggle.textContent = this.mode !== 'paused' ? 'Pause' : this.#live ? 'Live' : 'Play';
+    this.#toggle.append(h('kbd', {}, 'K'));
+  }
+
+  #show(at: number): void {
+    this.#at = at;
+    this.#slider.value = String(at);
+    this.#time.value = `${at.toFixed(2)} s`;
+    this.options.show(at);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/rows.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/rows.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec4e1f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/rows.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+/** Sets of rows, as a view selects and tells them, and the rows in them. */
+import type { Row, Rows } from '../latkit.js';
+
+/** Each row of `sets`, in order. */
+export const each = (sets: readonly Rows[]): Row[] =>
+  sets.flatMap(({ data, table, ids }) => ids.map((id) => ({ data, table, id })));
+
+/** `row` as a set of rows. */
+export const one = ({ data, table, id }: Row): Rows => ({ data, table, ids: [id] });
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/shell.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/shell.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6a59a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/shell.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import type { Gpu } from 'latkit';
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import { exportSection } from './export.js';
+import { Stage } from './stage.js';
+
+declare global {
+  interface Window {
+    /** Active example, exposed for the browser gate. */
+    stage?: Stage;
+  }
+}
+
+export interface Page {
+  readonly id: string;
+  readonly title: string;
+  load(): Promise<{ default: (stage: Stage) => Promise<void> | void }>;
+}
+
+/** Navigation, controls, and a full-window canvas shared by every example. */
+export class Shell {
+  readonly #picker = h('select', { 'aria-label': 'Example' });
+  readonly #detail = h('p', { class: 'detail' });
+  readonly #error = h('div', { role: 'alert', class: 'error', hidden: true });
+  readonly #loading = h('p', { class: 'loading', role: 'status', hidden: true }, 'Loading…');
+  readonly #regions = {
+    main: h('main', { id: 'example', 'aria-label': 'Example' }),
+    side: h('aside', { id: 'controls', 'aria-label': 'Controls' }),
+    timeline: h('footer', { 'aria-label': 'Playback' }),
+  };
+  #stage?: Stage;
+  #showing = 0;
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly pages: readonly Page[],
+    private readonly gpu: Promise<Gpu>,
+  ) {
+    this.#picker.append(...pages.map(({ id, title }) => h('option', { value: id }, title)));
+    this.#picker.addEventListener('change', () => (location.hash = this.#picker.value));
+    const toggle = h(
+      'button',
+      {
+        type: 'button',
+        class: 'controls-toggle',
+        'aria-expanded': 'true',
+        'aria-controls': 'controls',
+      },
+      'Controls',
+    );
+    toggle.addEventListener('click', () => {
+      const hidden = !this.#regions.side.hidden;
+      this.#regions.side.hidden = hidden;
+      toggle.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(!hidden));
+    });
+    document.body.append(
+      h('a', { class: 'skip-link', href: '#example' }, 'Skip to example'),
+      h(
+        'header',
+        {},
+        h('a', { class: 'brand', href: `#${pages[0]!.id}` }, 'latkit'),
+        h('label', { class: 'example-picker' }, h('span', {}, 'Examples'), this.#picker),
+        this.#detail,
+        toggle,
+      ),
+      this.#error,
+      this.#loading,
+      this.#regions.main,
+      this.#regions.side,
+      this.#regions.timeline,
+    );
+    document.querySelector('.skip-link')!.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      this.#regions.main.querySelector('canvas')?.focus();
+    });
+    addEventListener('hashchange', () => void this.#show());
+    void this.#show();
+  }
+
+  async #show(): Promise<void> {
+    const showing = ++this.#showing;
+    const page = this.pages.find((p) => `#${p.id}` === location.hash) ?? this.pages[0]!;
+    this.#stage?.close();
+    this.#stage = window.stage = undefined;
+    this.#error.hidden = true;
+    this.#loading.hidden = false;
+    this.#regions.main.setAttribute('aria-busy', 'true');
+    this.#picker.value = page.id;
+    document.title = `${page.title} · latkit`;
+    this.#regions.main.setAttribute('aria-label', page.title);
+    try {
+      const [gpu, module] = await Promise.all([this.gpu, page.load()]);
+      if (showing !== this.#showing) return;
+      const stage = new Stage(gpu, this.#regions, this.#detail, (error) => {
+        if (showing === this.#showing) this.#fail(error);
+      });
+      this.#stage = window.stage = stage;
+      await module.default(stage);
+      if (showing === this.#showing && !stage.signal.aborted) {
+        for (const section of this.#regions.side.querySelectorAll('.performance')) {
+          this.#regions.side.append(section);
+        }
+        exportSection(stage);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (showing === this.#showing) this.#fail(error);
+    } finally {
+      if (showing === this.#showing) {
+        this.#loading.hidden = true;
+        this.#regions.main.removeAttribute('aria-busy');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  #fail(error: unknown): void {
+    this.#stage?.close();
+    this.#stage = window.stage = undefined;
+    this.#error.hidden = false;
+    const unsupported = (error as { code?: string }).code === 'unsupported';
+    this.#error.replaceChildren(
+      h(
+        'p',
+        {},
+        unsupported
+          ? 'WebGPU is unavailable. Open these examples in a browser with WebGPU enabled.'
+          : `Could not load this example. ${String(error)}`,
+      ),
+    );
+    const retry = h('button', { type: 'button' }, 'Reload');
+    retry.addEventListener('click', () => location.reload());
+    this.#error.append(retry);
+    console.error(error);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/stage.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/stage.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21a72737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/stage.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+import type { Canvas, Gpu, Panel, Scene, View } from 'latkit';
+import { Section } from './controls.js';
+import { h } from './dom.js';
+import { Legend } from './legend.js';
+import { Menu } from './menu.js';
+import { Meter } from './meter.js';
+import { Playback, type PlaybackOptions } from './playback.js';
+
+/** Where a page draws: the main view, the side panel, and the timeline. */
+export interface Regions {
+  main: HTMLElement;
+  side: HTMLElement;
+  timeline: HTMLElement;
+}
+
+/** What a page draws with. Everything made through it goes when the page closes. */
+export class Stage {
+  readonly #abort = new AbortController();
+  /** Aborted when the page closes: pass it to listeners the page adds itself. */
+  readonly signal = this.#abort.signal;
+  readonly #views = new Set<View>();
+  readonly #canvases = new Set<Canvas>();
+  /** Each view a canvas of the page shows, its element, and the panel of it the view fills, in the
+   * order they were made. */
+  readonly shown: { view: View; element: HTMLCanvasElement; panel: Panel }[] = [];
+  readonly #keys = new Map<string, () => void>();
+  #holding = 0;
+
+  constructor(
+    readonly gpu: Gpu,
+    readonly regions: Regions,
+    private readonly line: HTMLElement,
+    readonly fail: (error: unknown) => void,
+  ) {
+    addEventListener(
+      'keydown',
+      (event) => {
+        const action = this.#keys.get(event.key.toLowerCase());
+        const typing = (event.target as Element | null)?.closest?.(
+          'input, select, textarea, button, summary, [contenteditable]',
+        );
+        if (!action || typing || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey || event.altKey) return;
+        event.preventDefault();
+        action();
+      },
+      { signal: this.signal },
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Every view the page made. */
+  get views(): View[] {
+    return [...this.#views];
+  }
+
+  /** A view in a canvas of its own, in `into`, the main region unless given. */
+  view(scene: Scene, options: { label: string; into?: HTMLElement; height?: number }): View {
+    return this.panels([scene], options)[0]!;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Views sharing one canvas in `into`, the main region unless given: each in its panel, its x, y,
+   * width, and height as fractions of the canvas, side by side unless given. Input goes to the view
+   * under it.
+   */
+  panels(
+    scenes: readonly Scene[],
+    {
+      label,
+      into = this.regions.main,
+      height,
+      panels = scenes.map((_, i) => [i / scenes.length, 0, 1 / scenes.length, 1] as const),
+    }: { label: string; into?: HTMLElement; height?: number; panels?: readonly Panel[] },
+  ): View[] {
+    const canvas = h('canvas', { tabindex: 0, 'aria-label': label });
+    if (height) canvas.style.height = `${height}px`;
+    into.append(canvas);
+    const views = scenes.map((scene) => {
+      const view = this.gpu.view(scene);
+      // Leave room for the full font bounds above a plot's value-axis title.
+      if (typeof scene.space === 'object' && 'plot' in scene.space) view.insets = [12, 0, 0, 0];
+      return view;
+    });
+    const narrow = matchMedia('(max-width: 700px)');
+    const layout = () =>
+      narrow.matches && scenes.length > 1
+        ? panels.map(([x, y, width, height]) => [y, x, height, width] as const)
+        : panels;
+    let current = layout();
+    let surface = this.gpu.canvas(canvas, { panels: current }).show(views);
+    this.#canvases.add(surface);
+    const shown = views.map((view, i) => ({ view, element: canvas, panel: current[i]! }));
+    this.shown.push(...shown);
+    if (scenes.length > 1)
+      narrow.addEventListener(
+        'change',
+        () => {
+          surface.destroy();
+          this.#canvases.delete(surface);
+          current = layout();
+          shown.forEach((item, i) => (item.panel = current[i]!));
+          surface = this.gpu.canvas(canvas, { panels: current }).show(views);
+          this.#canvases.add(surface);
+        },
+        { signal: this.signal },
+      );
+    views.forEach((view) => {
+      // What could not be fetched only goes undrawn; anything else stops the page.
+      view.on('error', (error) =>
+        error.code === 'io' ? this.detail(error.message) : this.fail(error),
+      );
+      this.#views.add(view);
+    });
+    return views;
+  }
+
+  /** Calls `step` every frame before the views draw, with the seconds since the last, at most 0.1;
+   * not while the page holds still. */
+  frame(step: (dt: number) => void): void {
+    let last: number | undefined;
+    const stop = this.gpu.on('frame', (now) => {
+      const dt = last === undefined || this.#holding ? 0 : Math.min(0.1, (now - last) / 1000);
+      last = now;
+      if (this.#holding) return;
+      try {
+        step(dt);
+      } catch (error) {
+        this.fail(error);
+      }
+    });
+    this.signal.addEventListener('abort', stop);
+  }
+
+  /** Holds the page's frame steps still while `work` runs, as a picture of it waits for stillness. */
+  async hold<T>(work: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+    this.#holding++;
+    try {
+      return await work();
+    } finally {
+      this.#holding--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Runs `action` when `key` is pressed outside a text field. */
+  key(key: string, action: () => void): void {
+    this.#keys.set(key.toLowerCase(), action);
+  }
+
+  /** A titled group of controls in the side panel. */
+  section(title: string, open = true): Section {
+    const section = new Section(this, title, open);
+    this.regions.side.append(section.element);
+    return section;
+  }
+
+  /** The transport: live, paused, or playing a recorded span. */
+  playback(options: PlaybackOptions): Playback {
+    return new Playback(this, options);
+  }
+
+  /** A readout over `view`: frames per second, its frame time, and the page's own measures. */
+  meter(view: View): Meter {
+    return new Meter(this, view);
+  }
+
+  /** A menu over the main view, opened where a view asks for one. */
+  menu(): Menu {
+    return new Menu(this);
+  }
+
+  /** A colormap ramp over the main view: at its foot, or its top over a plot's axes. */
+  legend(place: 'foot' | 'top' = 'foot'): Legend {
+    return new Legend(this, place);
+  }
+
+  /** A line under the main view crediting where its data comes from. */
+  credit(): HTMLElement {
+    const line = h('p', { class: 'credit' });
+    this.regions.main.append(line);
+    return line;
+  }
+
+  /** Compact dataset information in the shared header. */
+  detail(text: string): void {
+    this.line.textContent = text;
+  }
+
+  close(): void {
+    this.#abort.abort();
+    for (const canvas of this.#canvases) canvas.destroy();
+    for (const view of this.#views) view.destroy();
+    const { main, side, timeline } = this.regions;
+    for (const region of [main, side, timeline]) region.replaceChildren();
+    this.line.textContent = '';
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/style.css b/npm/examples/src/ui/style.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f55f947a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/style.css
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+:root {
+  color-scheme: dark;
+  --bg: #101214;
+  --surface: #191c1f;
+  --raised: #24282c;
+  --line: #30353a;
+  --line-strong: #50585f;
+  --text: #f0f1f2;
+  --muted: #a6adb4;
+  --accent: #b8d6c4;
+  --accent-ink: #15241c;
+  --radius: 4px;
+  --mono: ui-monospace, 'Cascadia Code', Consolas, monospace;
+  font:
+    13px/1.45 -apple-system,
+    BlinkMacSystemFont,
+    'Segoe UI',
+    sans-serif;
+  color: var(--text);
+  background: var(--bg);
+  font-synthesis: none;
+  scrollbar-color: var(--line-strong) var(--surface);
+  scrollbar-width: thin;
+}
+
+* {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+body {
+  margin: 0;
+  height: 100dvh;
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template:
+    'header header' 48px
+    'error error' auto
+    'main side' minmax(0, 1fr)
+    'footer side' auto / minmax(0, 1fr) 272px;
+}
+header {
+  grid-area: header;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 24px;
+  padding: 0 16px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
+  background: var(--surface);
+}
+.brand {
+  color: var(--text);
+  font-size: 16px;
+  font-weight: 650;
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
+.example-picker {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+}
+.example-picker select {
+  width: 164px;
+}
+.detail {
+  flex: 1;
+  min-width: 0;
+  margin: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  text-align: right;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+.controls-toggle {
+  flex: none;
+}
+main {
+  grid-area: main;
+  position: relative;
+  min-width: 0;
+  min-height: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+main > canvas {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+}
+canvas {
+  display: block;
+  background: var(--bg);
+}
+canvas:focus-visible {
+  outline-offset: -3px;
+}
+aside {
+  grid-area: side;
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  overscroll-behavior: contain;
+  border-left: 1px solid var(--line);
+  background: var(--surface);
+}
+.section {
+  margin: 0;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
+}
+.section > summary {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  min-height: 40px;
+  padding: 10px 16px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.section > summary::-webkit-details-marker {
+  display: none;
+}
+.section > summary::after {
+  content: '';
+  width: 6px;
+  height: 6px;
+  border: solid var(--muted);
+  border-width: 0 1px 1px 0;
+  transform: rotate(-45deg);
+}
+.section[open] > summary::after {
+  transform: rotate(45deg);
+}
+.section > summary:hover {
+  background: var(--raised);
+}
+.section-body {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 12px;
+  padding: 2px 16px 16px;
+}
+.section canvas {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 180px;
+}
+.actions {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+button,
+select,
+input[type='text'] {
+  min-width: 0;
+  min-height: 32px;
+  padding: 5px 9px;
+  font: inherit;
+  color: var(--text);
+  background: var(--raised);
+  border: 1px solid var(--line-strong);
+  border-radius: var(--radius);
+}
+button {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 8px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+button:hover:not(:disabled),
+select:hover:not(:disabled) {
+  border-color: var(--muted);
+  background: #2f353a;
+}
+button[aria-pressed='true'],
+button.primary {
+  color: var(--accent-ink);
+  background: var(--accent);
+  border-color: var(--accent);
+}
+button[aria-pressed='true']:hover,
+button.primary:hover {
+  background: #cce5d6;
+}
+button:disabled,
+select:disabled,
+input:disabled {
+  opacity: 0.5;
+  cursor: not-allowed;
+}
+kbd {
+  font: 10px var(--mono);
+  color: inherit;
+  opacity: 0.75;
+}
+.field {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 6px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+.field:has(select),
+.field:has(input[type='text']) {
+  grid-template-columns: 76px minmax(0, 1fr);
+  align-items: center;
+}
+.field > span {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+.field output {
+  color: var(--text);
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+input[type='range'] {
+  width: 100%;
+  min-width: 0;
+  margin: 0;
+  accent-color: var(--accent);
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+input[type='text'] {
+  width: 100%;
+  caret-color: var(--accent);
+}
+.note,
+.series,
+.meter {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+.note:empty {
+  display: none;
+}
+.series {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 6px 12px;
+}
+.series span::before {
+  content: '';
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 10px;
+  height: 3px;
+  margin-right: 5px;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  background: var(--swatch);
+}
+.meter {
+  font: 11px/1.8 var(--mono);
+  white-space: pre-line;
+}
+.legend,
+.credit {
+  position: absolute;
+  margin: 0;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 11px;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  background: var(--bg);
+  padding: 4px 6px;
+}
+.legend {
+  right: 12px;
+  bottom: 10px;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  max-width: calc(100% - 24px);
+}
+.legend.top {
+  top: 10px;
+  bottom: auto;
+}
+.credit {
+  left: 12px;
+  bottom: 10px;
+  max-width: 48%;
+}
+.ramp {
+  width: 88px;
+  height: 6px;
+}
+.menu {
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: 2;
+  display: grid;
+  min-width: 180px;
+  padding: 4px;
+  background: var(--surface);
+  border: 1px solid var(--line-strong);
+  border-radius: var(--radius);
+}
+.menu button {
+  justify-content: start;
+  text-align: left;
+  background: none;
+  border-color: transparent;
+}
+.fields {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr);
+  gap: 3px 12px;
+  margin: 0;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+.fields dt {
+  color: var(--muted);
+}
+.fields dd {
+  margin: 0;
+  text-align: right;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+.swatches {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+.swatch {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);
+  gap: 5px;
+  padding: 6px 8px;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+.swatch .ramp {
+  width: 100%;
+}
+.hot {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 4px;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.hot button {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 2ch minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
+  gap: 3px 8px;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 5px 8px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+.hot .bar {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+  height: 2px;
+  background: linear-gradient(to right, var(--accent) var(--score), var(--raised) var(--score));
+}
+.hot button[aria-pressed='true'],
+.swatch[aria-pressed='true'] {
+  color: var(--text);
+  background: var(--raised);
+  border-color: var(--accent);
+}
+footer {
+  grid-area: footer;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 16px;
+  padding: 8px 16px;
+  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
+  background: var(--surface);
+}
+.transport {
+  display: contents;
+}
+.transport button {
+  flex: none;
+}
+.transport output {
+  order: 2;
+  min-width: 62px;
+  text-align: right;
+  font: 12px var(--mono);
+}
+footer input[type='range'] {
+  flex: 1;
+  height: 28px;
+  cursor: ew-resize;
+}
+footer:empty,
+footer:not(:has(.transport:not([hidden]))) {
+  display: none;
+}
+body:has(aside[hidden]) {
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 0;
+}
+body:has(aside[hidden]) :is(main, footer) {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+}
+[hidden] {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+:focus-visible {
+  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+::selection {
+  color: var(--accent-ink);
+  background: var(--accent);
+}
+.skip-link {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: -80px;
+  left: 16px;
+  z-index: 5;
+  padding: 10px;
+  color: var(--accent-ink);
+  background: var(--accent);
+}
+.skip-link:focus {
+  top: 4px;
+}
+.error {
+  grid-area: error;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 16px;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  color: #ffd1c7;
+  background: #39221e;
+}
+.error p {
+  margin: 0;
+}
+.loading {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 60px;
+  left: 16px;
+  z-index: 3;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 6px 10px;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  background: var(--surface);
+}
+@media (max-width: 700px) {
+  body {
+    height: auto;
+    min-height: 100dvh;
+    grid-template:
+      'header' 56px 'error' auto 'main' minmax(360px, 65dvh)
+      'footer' auto 'side' auto / minmax(0, 1fr);
+  }
+  header {
+    gap: 12px;
+    padding: 0 12px;
+  }
+  .example-picker {
+    flex: 1;
+  }
+  .example-picker > span,
+  .detail {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .example-picker select {
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+  aside {
+    border-left: 0;
+    border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
+    overflow: visible;
+  }
+  button,
+  select,
+  input[type='text'],
+  .section > summary {
+    min-height: 44px;
+  }
+  .section-body {
+    gap: 14px;
+  }
+  footer {
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+    gap: 8px;
+    padding: 8px 12px;
+  }
+  footer input[type='range'] {
+    order: 3;
+    flex-basis: 100%;
+  }
+  .transport output {
+    margin-left: auto;
+  }
+  body:has(aside[hidden]) {
+    height: 100dvh;
+    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);
+    grid-template-rows: 56px auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto 0;
+  }
+  .legend {
+    right: 8px;
+    bottom: 8px;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/src/ui/theme.ts b/npm/examples/src/ui/theme.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..536b5fc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/src/ui/theme.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import type { Scene } from 'latkit';
+
+/** Default canvas colors; examples only override what they demonstrate. */
+export const theme = {
+  base: 'dark',
+  background: '#101214',
+  grid: '#ffffff1c',
+} as const satisfies Scene['theme'];
diff --git a/npm/examples/test/setup.ts b/npm/examples/test/setup.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9695a8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/test/setup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/**
+ * The page models' tests run in node, where fetch reads no files: the runtime's WebAssembly, which
+ * it fetches from beside its module, is read from disk instead.
+ */
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+
+const fetch = globalThis.fetch;
+globalThis.fetch = async (input, init) => {
+  const url = input instanceof Request ? input.url : String(input);
+  if (!url.startsWith('file:')) return fetch(input, init);
+  const type = url.endsWith('.wasm') ? 'application/wasm' : 'application/octet-stream';
+  return new Response(await readFile(new URL(url)), { headers: { 'Content-Type': type } });
+};
diff --git a/npm/examples/tsconfig.json b/npm/examples/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a0250c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
+    "strict": true,
+    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "types": ["vite/client", "node"],
+    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable", "ESNext.Disposable"]
+  },
+  "include": ["src", "test", "vite.config.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/npm/examples/vite.config.ts b/npm/examples/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b885965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/examples/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  server: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5200, strictPort: true },
+  preview: { host: '127.0.0.1', port: 5200 },
+  // The package loads its wasm next to itself; prebundling would move it.
+  optimizeDeps: { exclude: ['latkit'] },
+  build: { target: 'es2022' },
+});
diff --git a/npm/package.json b/npm/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1650ad95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+{
+  "name": "latkit",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "description": "Columnar data drawn as vertices, edges, lines, and areas with WebGPU.",
+  "type": "module",
+  "sideEffects": false,
+  "license": "MIT",
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git"
+  },
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/index.js"
+    },
+    "./wasm": "./pkg/latkit_bg.wasm",
+    "./worker": "./dist/worker.js",
+    "./core": {
+      "types": "./dist/core.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/core.js"
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "dist",
+    "pkg/latkit.js",
+    "pkg/latkit.d.ts",
+    "pkg/latkit_bg.wasm",
+    "pkg/latkit_bg.wasm.d.ts",
+    "NOTICES.md",
+    "THIRD_PARTY.md"
+  ],
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "cargo xtask wasm",
+    "pack:release": "cargo xtask package",
+    "prepublishOnly": "node -e \"throw new Error('Publish the verified tarball with pnpm release from the repository root')\""
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "typescript": "^5.7.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/release.mjs b/npm/release.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7adb9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/release.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/** One retryable release: verify or publish each artifact, then create the Changesets tags. */
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const root = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
+const read = (file) => JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(root, file), 'utf8'));
+const run = (command, args, options = {}) =>
+  execFileSync(command, args, { cwd: root, stdio: 'inherit', ...options });
+const hash = (file, algorithm, encoding = 'hex') =>
+  createHash(algorithm).update(fs.readFileSync(file)).digest(encoding);
+
+/** Only an explicit 404 means absent. Authentication, rate limits, and network failures stop release. */
+export async function registry(url) {
+  const response = await fetch(url, {
+    headers: { 'User-Agent': 'latkit-release (github.com/lukelowry/latkit)' },
+  });
+  if (response.status === 404) return undefined;
+  if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`${url}: HTTP ${response.status}`);
+  return response.json();
+}
+
+/** Successful registry responses must contain a digest, never count as absent. */
+async function digest(url, select) {
+  const metadata = await registry(url);
+  if (metadata === undefined) return undefined;
+  const value = select(metadata);
+  assert.ok(typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0, `${url}: missing artifact digest`);
+  return value;
+}
+
+/** Existing versions must contain the expected artifact; retries resume after the last completed publish. */
+export async function ensureArtifacts(artifacts) {
+  for (const artifact of artifacts) {
+    let seen = await artifact.lookup();
+    if (seen === undefined) {
+      await artifact.publish();
+      for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 60; attempt++) {
+        seen = await artifact.lookup();
+        if (seen !== undefined) break;
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
+      }
+    }
+    assert.equal(
+      seen,
+      artifact.digest,
+      `${artifact.name}: published content must match the verified build`,
+    );
+    console.log(`${artifact.name}: verified`);
+  }
+}
+
+async function release() {
+  const report = read('target/npm/package.json');
+  const { name, version } = read('npm/package.json');
+  const git = (args) => run('git', args, { stdio: 'pipe', encoding: 'utf8' }).trim();
+  // Tags follow a complete release, so later commits at the same version have nothing to publish.
+  if (git(['tag', '--list', `${name}@${version}`]) !== '') {
+    console.log(`${name}@${version}: released`);
+    return;
+  }
+  assert.equal(git(['status', '--porcelain']), '', 'release requires a clean, committed tree');
+  assert.equal(
+    report.commit,
+    git(['rev-parse', 'HEAD']),
+    'rebuild and test packages from the release commit',
+  );
+  assert.equal(report.dirty, false, 'rebuild packages after committing changes');
+  assert.equal(report.version, version);
+  assert.equal(hash(report.tarball, 'sha256'), report.sha256);
+  const validation = read('target/npm/verified.json');
+  assert.equal(
+    validation.sha256,
+    report.sha256,
+    'test this exact tarball with cargo xtask package-test',
+  );
+  // Cargo verifies both crates together, resolving the unpublished core for the CLI locally.
+  run('cargo', ['package', '--locked', '-p', 'latkit', '-p', 'latkit-cli']);
+  const npm = {
+    name: `${name}@${version}`,
+    digest: `sha512-${hash(report.tarball, 'sha512', 'base64')}`,
+    lookup: () =>
+      digest(
+        `https://registry.npmjs.org/${name}/${version}`,
+        (metadata) => metadata.dist?.integrity,
+      ),
+    publish: () =>
+      run(
+        process.platform === 'win32' ? 'npm.cmd' : 'npm',
+        ['publish', report.tarball, '--provenance', '--access', 'public'],
+        { shell: process.platform === 'win32' },
+      ),
+  };
+  const crates = ['latkit', 'latkit-cli'].map((name) => ({
+    name: `${name}@${version}`,
+    digest: hash(path.join(root, `target/package/${name}-${version}.crate`), 'sha256'),
+    lookup: () =>
+      digest(
+        `https://crates.io/api/v1/crates/${name}/${version}`,
+        (metadata) => metadata.version?.checksum,
+      ),
+    publish: () => run('cargo', ['publish', '--locked', '-p', name]),
+  }));
+  await ensureArtifacts([npm, ...crates]);
+  const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+  const cli = path.join(path.dirname(require.resolve('@changesets/cli/package.json')), 'bin.js');
+  run(process.execPath, [cli, 'tag']);
+}
+
+if (process.argv[1] && path.resolve(process.argv[1]) === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
+  await release();
diff --git a/npm/schema.json b/npm/schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6d974e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4661 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "$defs": {
+    "Scene": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "space": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Space"
+        },
+        "marks": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Mark"
+          },
+          "description": "What the view draws, in drawing order."
+        },
+        "layout": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Layout",
+          "description": "How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, or points on a plane\nor the earth, gaps in the space's units."
+        },
+        "theme": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Theme"
+        },
+        "controls": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Controls"
+        },
+        "ease": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "Seconds that changes ease over; 0.3 unless set."
+        },
+        "title": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Written at the view's top left, larger than the theme's text."
+        },
+        "subtitle": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Written under the title."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "space"
+      ],
+      "description": "What a view draws and how it answers input: a space, marks in drawing order, a layout, a theme,\ncontrols, how long changes ease, and the title written over it. Plain data: as JSON, each field by\nits name in camelCase, each mark `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }`.\n\n```\n# use latkit::{Colormap, Edges, Earth, Scene, Vertices, field};\nlet voltage = field(\"vm\").colormap(Colormap::BALANCE).domain(0.95..=1.05);\nlet scene = Scene::new(Earth::globe())\n    .draw(Edges::of(\"grid\", \"Branch\").ends(\"from\", \"to\"))\n    .draw(Vertices::of(\"grid\", \"Bus\").position(\"lon\", \"lat\").color(voltage).legend(\"Bus voltage · pu\"))\n    .title(\"Voltage\");\n```"
+    },
+    "Space": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": [
+            "plane",
+            "diagram",
+            "mercator",
+            "globe",
+            "plot"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "description": "Longitude and latitude in degrees, on a map or a globe.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "earth": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Earth"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "earth"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "Plane units with elevation: graphs and scenes the camera turns and tilts around.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "plane": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Plane"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "plane"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "The data's axis across, values up.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "plot": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Plot"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "plot"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "A sheet for diagrams: x right and y down in units, every length a unit.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "diagram": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Diagram"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "diagram"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "The coordinate space a scene's positions are in: a name, or `{ plane | diagram | earth | plot:\noptions }`. A diagram is a flat sheet seen from straight above: y runs down, and every length is a\nunit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0, except glow, halo, and pick radius. Only a diagram has ports, groups,\nnets, orthogonal routes, and layouts."
+    },
+    "Earth": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "projection": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Projection",
+          "description": "A flat map or a globe."
+        },
+        "surface": {
+          "description": "The ground's color; the theme's surface unless set.",
+          "tsType": "Color",
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ]
+        },
+        "graticule": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether lines of longitude and latitude cross the ground, in the theme's grid color."
+        },
+        "daylight": {
+          "type": [
+            "number",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "Lit by the sun as it stands this many seconds after the Unix epoch, plus the view's axis\ncoordinate when it shows one: night falls on the ground and what stands on it, down to the\ntheme's night. Lit evenly unless set."
+        },
+        "atmosphere": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether air glows around the globe, in the theme's atmosphere color, brighter where it is day."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "The earth: positions are longitude and latitude in degrees."
+    },
+    "Projection": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "mercator",
+          "description": "Web mercator."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "globe",
+          "description": "A sphere."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How the earth is drawn."
+    },
+    "Plane": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "grid": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Grid",
+          "description": "The grid under the marks."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "A plane: positions are plane units."
+    },
+    "Grid": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "off",
+          "description": "No grid."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "lines": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "pitch": {
+                  "description": "Units between lines.",
+                  "type": "number",
+                  "format": "double"
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "pitch"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "lines"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Lines `pitch` units apart, thinned by tens as the view zooms out."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "dots": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "pitch": {
+                  "description": "Units between dots.",
+                  "type": "number",
+                  "format": "double"
+                },
+                "snap": {
+                  "description": "Whether moved vertices snap to the dots.",
+                  "type": "boolean"
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "pitch"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "dots"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Dots `pitch` units apart; drags snap to them when `snap`."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A plane's or a diagram's grid: `\"off\"`, `{ lines: { pitch } }`, or `{ dots: { pitch, snap } }`."
+    },
+    "Plot": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "x": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Axis",
+          "description": "The horizontal axis."
+        },
+        "y": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Axis",
+          "description": "The vertical axis."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "A plot: x is the data's axis, y the values."
+    },
+    "Axis": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "label": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The axis title."
+        },
+        "grid": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether grid lines cross the plot at the ticks."
+        },
+        "hidden": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether the axis is hidden."
+        },
+        "ticks": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Tick"
+          },
+          "description": "Ticks at these values, each a value or `[value, label]`, their values written unless labeled;\nround values unless set."
+        },
+        "format": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Format",
+          "description": "How tick values are written."
+        },
+        "precision": {
+          "type": [
+            "integer",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "uint8",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "maximum": 15,
+          "description": "Decimals of fixed values, or of the significand of scientific and engineering ones; as many\nas the ticks' step needs unless set."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "A plot axis."
+    },
+    "Tick": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": [
+                "string",
+                "null"
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A tick as written: a value, or `[value, label]`."
+    },
+    "Format": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "auto",
+          "description": "Fixed decimals, scientific past a million or below a ten-thousandth."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "fixed",
+          "description": "Fixed decimals: `1500.0`."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "scientific",
+          "description": "A significand and a power of ten: `1.5e3`."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "engineering",
+          "description": "A significand and a power of ten that is a multiple of three: `1.5e3`, `150e-6`."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How an axis writes its tick values."
+    },
+    "Diagram": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "grid": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Grid",
+          "description": "The grid under the marks."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "A sheet for diagrams, flat and seen from straight above: the camera pans and zooms. Positions are\nunits with y down, and every length is a unit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0 (sizes, padding, ports,\nstrokes, text, and the theme's), except glow, halo, and pick radius. Zooming scales one fixed\npicture. Only a diagram has ports, groups, nets, and orthogonal routes; it lays out blocks."
+    },
+    "Mark": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "vertices": {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Vertices"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "vertices"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Rows drawn as markers."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "edges": {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Edges"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "edges"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Rows drawn as strokes between two vertices."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "faces": {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Faces"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "faces"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Rows drawn as triangles between three vertices."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "lines": {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Lines"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "lines"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Rows drawn as lines along their paths, or on a plot through their samples."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "areas": {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Areas"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "areas"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Rows drawn as the areas their polygons cover."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "One drawn table of a scene: `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }` as JSON."
+    },
+    "Vertices": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "of": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The dataset and table drawn.",
+          "tsType": "[data: string, table: string]"
+        },
+        "position": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "Each row's x and y. Without them, the point field `geometry` names places rows; rows without\neither the scene's layout places."
+        },
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The point field placing each row where `position` is not given; `geometry` unless set."
+        },
+        "elevation": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Height above the ground: on the earth, a fraction of its radius. Not in a diagram, which is\nflat."
+        },
+        "radius": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Size"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram."
+        },
+        "size": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Size"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "Width and height, for markers that are not round: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`;\nunits in a diagram, where a block without a size fits its label and ports."
+        },
+        "marker": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Marker",
+          "description": "How each row is drawn."
+        },
+        "ring": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "A ring around each row's marker in this color; a missing or transparent color draws none."
+        },
+        "ports": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "prefixItems": [
+              {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/Port"
+              }
+            ],
+            "minItems": 2,
+            "maxItems": 2
+          },
+          "description": "A port on each row for each reference field naming a net, which an `edges` mark of the net\ntable without ends draws. Diagrams only.",
+          "tsType": "[reference: string, port: Port][]"
+        },
+        "contains": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "Makes each row a group: it holds the rows of `table` whose reference field names it, and is\ndrawn as a container around them, its label a title in its header. Diagrams only.",
+          "tsType": "[table: string, reference: string]"
+        },
+        "color": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's color; the theme's unless set."
+        },
+        "visible": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Whether each row is drawn and picked."
+        },
+        "priority": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as\na table too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first."
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits."
+        },
+        "pick": {
+          "type": [
+            "boolean",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are\n(vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along\npaths: coasts, borders, roads)."
+        },
+        "select": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether a click selects a row."
+        },
+        "drag": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning."
+        },
+        "label": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Label"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options."
+        },
+        "shadow": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's\nlight."
+        },
+        "legend": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across\nits domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's\n`categories`. The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a\nconditional's `otherwise` is read before its cases."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "of"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rows drawn as markers: points of a map, nodes of a graph, blocks of a diagram."
+    },
+    "Expr": {
+      "$ref": "#/$defs/ExprNode",
+      "tsType": "ExprInput"
+    },
+    "ExprNode": {
+      "description": "A value for every row of a mark: a constant, a field, view state, or arithmetic of them.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "number"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        {
+          "description": "A field's name, or a hex color when it starts with `#`.",
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/FieldNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/ColorNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/StateNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/MissingNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/UnaryNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/BinaryNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/WhenNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/IsNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/ContainsNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/ScaleNode"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/ColormapNode"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "FieldNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "field": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "of": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The dataset and table the field is read from, joined by row id.",
+          "tsType": "[data: string, table: string]"
+        },
+        "step": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Reads a sampled field at its last frame without interpolating."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "field"
+      ],
+      "description": "A field of each row: of the mark's own table, or of another dataset's table joined by row id."
+    },
+    "ColorNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "color": {
+          "description": "A CSS color, such as `#ffb000` or `rebeccapurple`.",
+          "tsType": "Color",
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "color"
+      ]
+    },
+    "StateNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "state": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/State"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "state"
+      ],
+      "description": "What the view knows of each row."
+    },
+    "State": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "enum": [
+        "selected",
+        "hovered",
+        "pointer",
+        "elapsed",
+        "zoom"
+      ],
+      "description": "What the view knows of each row."
+    },
+    "MissingNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "missing": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "const": true
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "missing"
+      ],
+      "description": "A missing value: options that read one take the theme's."
+    },
+    "UnaryNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "op": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Unary"
+        },
+        "args": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+          },
+          "minItems": 1,
+          "maxItems": 1
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "op",
+        "args"
+      ]
+    },
+    "Unary": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "enum": [
+        "neg",
+        "not",
+        "abs",
+        "sqrt",
+        "sin",
+        "cos",
+        "floor",
+        "ln",
+        "exp"
+      ],
+      "description": "An operation of one value."
+    },
+    "BinaryNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "op": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Binary"
+        },
+        "args": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "op",
+        "args"
+      ]
+    },
+    "Binary": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "enum": [
+        "add",
+        "sub",
+        "mul",
+        "div",
+        "rem",
+        "pow",
+        "min",
+        "max",
+        "lt",
+        "le",
+        "gt",
+        "ge",
+        "eq",
+        "ne",
+        "and",
+        "or"
+      ],
+      "description": "An operation of two values."
+    },
+    "WhenNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "when": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "prefixItems": [
+              {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+              },
+              {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+              }
+            ],
+            "minItems": 2,
+            "maxItems": 2
+          },
+          "tsType": "[condition: ExprInput, value: ExprInput][]"
+        },
+        "otherwise": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "when",
+        "otherwise"
+      ],
+      "description": "The value of the first case whose condition holds, else `otherwise`."
+    },
+    "IsNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "is": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "tsType": "[field: ExprInput, text: string]"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "is"
+      ],
+      "description": "Whether a text field equals the text."
+    },
+    "ContainsNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "contains": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "tsType": "[field: ExprInput, text: string]"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "contains"
+      ],
+      "description": "Whether a text field holds the text, ignoring case: read by queries, which hold texts."
+    },
+    "ScaleNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "scale": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "double"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "tsType": "[low: number, high: number]"
+        },
+        "value": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+        },
+        "domain": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "double"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "tsType": "[low: number, high: number]"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "scale",
+        "value"
+      ],
+      "description": "`value` mapped linearly onto the range `scale`, clamped: from its `domain`, else from the extent of\nthe values shown."
+    },
+    "ColormapNode": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "colormap": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Colormap"
+        },
+        "value": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+        },
+        "domain": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "double"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "tsType": "[low: number, high: number]"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "colormap",
+        "value"
+      ],
+      "description": "`value` through `colormap`: from its `domain`, else from the extent of the values shown."
+    },
+    "Colormap": {
+      "description": "Colors for a range of values: a catalog name, or your own colors.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/ColormapName"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/CustomColormap"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "ColormapName": {
+      "description": "A colormap of the catalog.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "enum": [
+        "amber",
+        "amp",
+        "batlow",
+        "cividis",
+        "crest",
+        "deep",
+        "devon",
+        "flare",
+        "grays",
+        "haline",
+        "inferno",
+        "lajolla",
+        "magma",
+        "mako",
+        "oslo",
+        "plasma",
+        "rocket",
+        "thermal",
+        "turku",
+        "viridis",
+        "balance",
+        "berlin",
+        "brbg",
+        "broc",
+        "coolwarm",
+        "cork",
+        "icefire",
+        "managua",
+        "piyg",
+        "puor",
+        "rdbu",
+        "spectral",
+        "vanimo",
+        "vik",
+        "vlag",
+        "phase",
+        "romao",
+        "twilight",
+        "dark2",
+        "okabeito",
+        "paired",
+        "set2",
+        "tab10",
+        "tab20",
+        "tableau10",
+        "turbo"
+      ]
+    },
+    "CustomColormap": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "kind": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/ColormapKind"
+        },
+        "colors": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "description": "A CSS color, such as `#ffb000` or `rebeccapurple`.",
+                "type": "string",
+                "tsType": "Color"
+              },
+              {
+                "type": "array",
+                "prefixItems": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "minimum": 0,
+                    "maximum": 1
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "description": "A CSS color, such as `#ffb000` or `rebeccapurple`.",
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "tsType": "Color"
+                  }
+                ],
+                "minItems": 2,
+                "maxItems": 2
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "description": "Colors blended in OKLab, each at its `[place, color]` from 0 to 1 or evenly between its\nneighbors, as in a CSS gradient; a categorical map's, one per category."
+        },
+        "categories": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "description": "The categories' names, in order, for a legend: a categorical map's alone."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "kind",
+        "colors"
+      ],
+      "description": "Your own colormap: its kind, its colors, and for a categorical map its categories' names."
+    },
+    "ColormapKind": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "sequential",
+          "description": "Low to high."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "diverging",
+          "description": "Below and above a middle."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "cyclic",
+          "description": "Around a circle: values wrap."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "categorical",
+          "description": "Distinct colors for distinct integers."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How a colormap spans values."
+    },
+    "Size": {
+      "description": "A size: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Units"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "Units": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "units": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+        },
+        "atLeast": {
+          "type": [
+            "number",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "CSS pixels it keeps at least, however far the view zooms out.",
+          "minimum": 0
+        },
+        "atMost": {
+          "type": [
+            "number",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "CSS pixels it keeps at most, however far the view zooms in.",
+          "minimum": 0
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "units"
+      ],
+      "description": "A size in position units, so it scales as the view zooms, kept within CSS pixels when given."
+    },
+    "Marker": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": [
+            "ellipse",
+            "rectangle",
+            "rounded",
+            "diamond",
+            "block"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "description": "A filled shape.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "shape": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Shape"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "shape"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "A block: a rectangle with rounded corners of `corner` CSS pixels, sized for diagrams.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "block": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "corner": {
+                      "description": "Corner radius, CSS pixels; 4 unless set.",
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "format": "float"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "additionalProperties": false
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "block"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "A shape's outline, filled to `fill` from 0 to 1: around a circle, up other shapes.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "gauge": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "fill": {
+                      "description": "How full each row's gauge is.",
+                      "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+                    },
+                    "shape": {
+                      "description": "The outline.",
+                      "$ref": "#/$defs/Shape"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "additionalProperties": false,
+                  "required": [
+                    "fill"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "gauge"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "A circle cut into slices, each as large as its value.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "pie": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "slices": {
+                      "description": "Each slice's value.",
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "colors": {
+                      "description": "Each slice's color.",
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "description": "A CSS color, such as `#ffb000` or `rebeccapurple`.",
+                        "type": "string",
+                        "tsType": "Color"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "hole": {
+                      "description": "The hole in the middle, as a fraction of the radius.",
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "format": "float"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "additionalProperties": false,
+                  "required": [
+                    "slices",
+                    "colors"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "pie"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "One of `images`, fitted in the marker's box; `index` picks which for each row.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "icon": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "images": {
+                      "description": "The images.",
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "$ref": "#/$defs/Bitmap"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "index": {
+                      "description": "Each row's image, from 0.",
+                      "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "additionalProperties": false,
+                  "required": [
+                    "images",
+                    "index"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "icon"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "A marker in WGSL: `source` defines `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor`, reading up to\neight `inputs` as `f.input[i]`. It compiles once, when the view first draws it.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "wgsl": {
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "properties": {
+                    "source": {
+                      "description": "The function's source.",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "inputs": {
+                      "description": "Each row's inputs.",
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "additionalProperties": false,
+                  "required": [
+                    "source"
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "wgsl"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How a vertex is drawn: a shape's name, `\"block\"`, or `{ shape | block | gauge | pie | icon | wgsl:\noptions }`."
+    },
+    "Shape": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "ellipse",
+          "description": "An ellipse: a circle when its width and height are equal."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "rectangle",
+          "description": "A rectangle."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "rounded",
+          "description": "A rectangle with rounded corners."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "diamond",
+          "description": "A diamond."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A marker's outline."
+    },
+    "Bitmap": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "size": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "format": "uint32",
+            "minimum": 0
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "Width and height in texels."
+        },
+        "rgba": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "format": "uint8",
+            "minimum": 0,
+            "maximum": 255
+          },
+          "description": "`size[0] * size[1] * 4` bytes."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "size",
+        "rgba"
+      ],
+      "description": "RGBA texels, straight alpha, sRGB, rows top to bottom."
+    },
+    "Port": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": [
+            "left",
+            "right",
+            "top",
+            "bottom"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "side": {
+              "description": "The side it sits on.",
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Side"
+            },
+            "order": {
+              "description": "Its place among the ports on that side, from the top or the left; in declaration order unless set.",
+              "type": [
+                "integer",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "format": "uint32",
+              "minimum": 0
+            },
+            "label": {
+              "description": "Its name, drawn beside it inside the marker.",
+              "type": [
+                "string",
+                "null"
+              ]
+            },
+            "shape": {
+              "description": "Its marker.",
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Shape"
+            },
+            "output": {
+              "description": "Whether it drives the net its reference field names; an input unless set.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "required": [
+            "side"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A vertex's port: where a net its reference field names meets it, on one side of its marker: a\nside, or options. An output drives its net: layouts rank a net from its outputs, and its arrows\npoint away from them.\n\n```\n# use latkit::{Port, Side, Vertices};\nlet pumps = Vertices::of(\"plant\", \"Pump\").port(\"in\", Side::Left).port(\"out\", Port::output(Side::Right));\n```"
+    },
+    "Side": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "left",
+          "description": "The left side."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "right",
+          "description": "The right side."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "top",
+          "description": "The top."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "bottom",
+          "description": "The bottom."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A side of a marker."
+    },
+    "Label": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+        },
+        {
+          "description": "A row's text, placed beside, inside, or along what its mark draws, following it every frame: a\ntext field, or options. Labels that would overlap give way by priority; among equals, those\nalready shown keep their place. In a diagram a label is part of the drawing: it scales with the\nzoom, fades out once too small to read, and shows wherever it fits its vertex.\n\n```\n# use latkit::{field, Label, Vertices};\nlet buses = Vertices::of(\"grid\", \"Bus\").position(\"lon\", \"lat\").label(Label::new(\"name\").priority(field(\"kv\")));\n```",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "text": {
+              "description": "A text field.",
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            "size": {
+              "description": "CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; the theme's font size unless set.",
+              "type": [
+                "number",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "color": {
+              "description": "Each row's text color; the theme's text color unless set.",
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            "priority": {
+              "description": "Where labels would overlap, the higher shows; the mark's priority unless set.",
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "null"
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            "maxWidth": {
+              "description": "How far a line runs before it wraps: CSS pixels, or units in a diagram.",
+              "type": [
+                "number",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "font": {
+              "description": "The CSS font family list its texts are set in; the theme's font unless set.",
+              "type": [
+                "string",
+                "null"
+              ]
+            },
+            "max": {
+              "description": "The most labels shown at once, those of highest priority among the rows in view; where they\nwould overlap, fewer.",
+              "type": [
+                "integer",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "format": "uint32",
+              "minimum": 0
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "required": [
+            "text"
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "Edges": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "of": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The dataset and table drawn.",
+          "tsType": "[data: string, table: string]"
+        },
+        "ends": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The reference fields naming each row's two vertices.",
+          "tsType": "[from: string, to: string]"
+        },
+        "bends": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "A path field of points each row runs through between its ends."
+        },
+        "route": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Route"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "How each row runs between its ends; on the earth geodesic, elsewhere straight, unless set.\nOrthogonal routes run around blocks, bends rounded; diagrams only."
+        },
+        "arrows": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether each row ends in an arrowhead at its second end; a net's at each input it reaches."
+        },
+        "poles": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Draws each row as a pole from its own vertex down to the ground beneath it, on a plane or the\nearth; it has no ends."
+        },
+        "joins": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "Draws each row as a net on a plane or the earth: it joins the vertex rows of `table` whose\nreference field names it, as a star from their middle to each.",
+          "tsType": "[table: string, reference: string]"
+        },
+        "width": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Size"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram."
+        },
+        "dash": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Whether each row is dashed."
+        },
+        "flow": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram,\nor position units where the theme's flow is in units; negative flows backward. A speed\nthat changes carries comets on from where they are."
+        },
+        "color": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's color; the theme's unless set."
+        },
+        "visible": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Whether each row is drawn and picked."
+        },
+        "priority": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as\na table too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first."
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits."
+        },
+        "pick": {
+          "type": [
+            "boolean",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are\n(vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along\npaths: coasts, borders, roads)."
+        },
+        "select": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether a click selects a row."
+        },
+        "drag": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning."
+        },
+        "label": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Label"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options."
+        },
+        "shadow": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's\nlight."
+        },
+        "legend": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across\nits domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's\n`categories`. The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a\nconditional's `otherwise` is read before its cases."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "of"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rows drawn as strokes between the vertices two reference fields name: branches, links, wires. In a diagram, a row without ends is a net: it joins every vertex port whose reference field names it."
+    },
+    "Route": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "straight",
+          "description": "Straight across the screen."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "geodesic",
+          "description": "Along the great circle, on the earth."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "orthogonal",
+          "description": "In horizontal and vertical runs around vertices, leaving and entering at their sides, bends\nrounded. Diagrams only."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How an edge runs between its ends."
+    },
+    "Faces": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "of": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The dataset and table drawn.",
+          "tsType": "[data: string, table: string]"
+        },
+        "corners": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "minItems": 3,
+          "maxItems": 3,
+          "description": "The reference fields naming each row's three vertices. Without a color, a face blends the\ncolors of its corners.",
+          "tsType": "[a: string, b: string, c: string]"
+        },
+        "color": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's color; the theme's unless set."
+        },
+        "visible": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Whether each row is drawn and picked."
+        },
+        "priority": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as\na table too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first."
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits."
+        },
+        "pick": {
+          "type": [
+            "boolean",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are\n(vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along\npaths: coasts, borders, roads)."
+        },
+        "select": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether a click selects a row."
+        },
+        "drag": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning."
+        },
+        "label": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Label"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options."
+        },
+        "shadow": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's\nlight."
+        },
+        "legend": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across\nits domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's\n`categories`. The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a\nconditional's `otherwise` is read before its cases."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "of"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rows drawn as triangles between the vertices three reference fields name: meshes, surfaces, and fields interpolated across a network. Faces are lit from the camera, so a flat mesh seen from above shows its exact colors."
+    },
+    "Lines": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "of": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The dataset and table drawn.",
+          "tsType": "[data: string, table: string]"
+        },
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The path or polygon field each row runs along; `geometry` unless set. Not on a plot."
+        },
+        "trace": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The sampled field each row traces across the data's axis, on a plot alone. A field not recorded\nyet draws nothing until its first frame."
+        },
+        "interpolation": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Interpolation",
+          "description": "How each row runs between its samples, on a plot."
+        },
+        "width": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Size"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram."
+        },
+        "dash": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Whether each row is dashed."
+        },
+        "flow": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram,\nor position units where the theme's flow is in units; negative flows backward. A speed\nthat changes carries comets on from where they are."
+        },
+        "color": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's color; the theme's unless set."
+        },
+        "visible": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Whether each row is drawn and picked."
+        },
+        "priority": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as\na table too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first."
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits."
+        },
+        "pick": {
+          "type": [
+            "boolean",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are\n(vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along\npaths: coasts, borders, roads)."
+        },
+        "select": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether a click selects a row."
+        },
+        "drag": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning."
+        },
+        "label": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Label"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options."
+        },
+        "shadow": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's\nlight."
+        },
+        "legend": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across\nits domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's\n`categories`. The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a\nconditional's `otherwise` is read before its cases."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "of"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rows drawn as lines: along a path field (roads, rivers, borders) or a polygon field's rings, outlining its areas; on a plot, through a sampled field's history across the data's axis, what a monitor shows. On the earth paths bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian."
+    },
+    "Interpolation": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "linear",
+          "description": "Straight from each sample to the next."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "stepBefore",
+          "description": "Each value holds from the sample before it: steps rise at their samples' ends."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "stepAfter",
+          "description": "Each value holds until the next sample: steps rise at the next sample."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How a line runs between its samples."
+    },
+    "Areas": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "of": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          ],
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The dataset and table drawn.",
+          "tsType": "[data: string, table: string]"
+        },
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The polygon field each row fills: one polygon's rings, or polygons. `geometry` unless set."
+        },
+        "color": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's color; the theme's unless set."
+        },
+        "visible": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr",
+          "description": "Whether each row is drawn and picked."
+        },
+        "priority": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as\na table too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first."
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits."
+        },
+        "pick": {
+          "type": [
+            "boolean",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are\n(vertices, edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along\npaths: coasts, borders, roads)."
+        },
+        "select": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether a click selects a row."
+        },
+        "drag": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning."
+        },
+        "label": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Label"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options."
+        },
+        "shadow": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's\nlight."
+        },
+        "legend": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across\nits domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's\n`categories`. The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a\nconditional's `otherwise` is read before its cases."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "of"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rows drawn as the areas a polygon field holds: parcels, states, lakes, the land and water of a map. The view cuts each row's polygons into triangles once, off the frame when they are large; on the earth they bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian. Outline areas with a [`Lines`](crate::Lines) mark of the same table, which draws their rings."
+    },
+    "Layout": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": [
+            "none",
+            "stress",
+            "layered"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {
+              "description": "Distances on the drawing follow distances in the graph.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "stress": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Stress"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "stress"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            {
+              "description": "Ranks along a direction, for flows and hierarchies.",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "layered": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Layered"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "layered"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, sized, or the points of a\nplane or the earth, among the rows linked to them, gaps in the space's units: a name, or `{ stress\n| layered: options }`. A place, once given, holds: rows added later are placed around the rest,\nand [`View::arrange`](crate::View::arrange) lays every row out again."
+    },
+    "Stress": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "gap": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "Units between adjacent vertices' centers.",
+          "minimum": 0
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "Stress majorization: each pair of vertices pulls toward its graph distance; then their boxes\npart, keeping a quarter of the gap clear."
+    },
+    "Layered": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "flow": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Direction",
+          "description": "Where edges point."
+        },
+        "gap": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "Units between vertices of a rank."
+        },
+        "rankGap": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "Units between ranks."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "Layered drawing: vertices in ranks, edges pointing along `flow`, and nets from their outputs."
+    },
+    "Direction": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "right",
+          "description": "Toward the right."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "left",
+          "description": "Toward the left."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "down",
+          "description": "Toward the bottom."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "up",
+          "description": "Toward the top."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A direction on screen."
+    },
+    "Theme": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": [
+            "dark",
+            "light"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "background": {
+              "description": "Behind everything.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "surface": {
+              "description": "The earth's ground, and a group's container.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "grid": {
+              "description": "A plane's or a diagram's grid.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "vertex": {
+              "description": "Vertex color.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "vertexRadius": {
+              "description": "Vertex radius.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "edge": {
+              "description": "Edge color; `None` blends the colors of each edge's two vertices, and in a diagram takes the\ntext color.",
+              "type": [
+                "string",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "edgeWidth": {
+              "description": "Edge width.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "line": {
+              "description": "Line color.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "lineWidth": {
+              "description": "Line width.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "area": {
+              "description": "Area color.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "shading": {
+              "description": "How much a face turned away from the camera darkens, 0 to 1.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "text": {
+              "description": "Text: labels, axis ticks, and titles.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "font": {
+              "description": "The CSS font family text is set in.",
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "fontSize": {
+              "description": "Text size.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "playhead": {
+              "description": "The line a plot draws at the shown coordinate.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "missing": {
+              "description": "What a missing color reads as.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "hover": {
+              "description": "The glow around hovered rows.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "selected": {
+              "description": "The glow around selected rows; `None` glows in each row's own color.",
+              "type": [
+                "string",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "glow": {
+              "description": "How far focus glows reach, CSS pixels.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "dim": {
+              "description": "The opacity of rows outside a selection.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "hoverScale": {
+              "description": "How much a hovered vertex sized in CSS pixels grows.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "dash": {
+              "description": "Length of a dash.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "flow": {
+              "description": "How comets flowing along edges and lines look.",
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Flow"
+            },
+            "edgeSpacing": {
+              "description": "In a diagram, distance between the lanes of edges joining the same two vertices, and between\nparallel orthogonal wires, which keep twice it apart.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "laneBow": {
+              "description": "Elsewhere, how far edges joining the same two vertices bow apart: each lane by this fraction\nof the edge's length at its middle. A bow is part of the drawing, so zooming never moves it.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "arrow": {
+              "description": "How far an arrowhead reaches past its edge's width.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "halo": {
+              "description": "CSS pixels of background around label text.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "groupPadding": {
+              "description": "Distance between a group's members and its outline.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "shadow": {
+              "description": "How marks that cast shadows cast them.",
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Shadow"
+            },
+            "atmosphere": {
+              "description": "The air glowing around the globe, where the earth has an atmosphere.",
+              "type": "string",
+              "tsType": "Color"
+            },
+            "night": {
+              "description": "How bright the earth's night side stays where it is lit by daylight, 0 to 1.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "base": {
+              "description": "The theme these options change; dark unless set.",
+              "enum": [
+                "dark",
+                "light"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Colors and sizes marks take where their options read nothing, and the look of focus and motion: a\nbase theme's name, or options over one (`base`, dark unless set). Lengths are CSS pixels; in a\ndiagram they are units, except `glow` and `halo`."
+    },
+    "Flow": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "color": {
+          "description": "A comet's color; its alpha is how strongly a comet covers its stroke.",
+          "tsType": "Color",
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "spacing": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "Distance between comets."
+        },
+        "length": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "How far a comet's tail trails its head."
+        },
+        "width": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "How wide a comet's head is, CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; never narrower than its stroke."
+        },
+        "units": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether comets are part of the drawing: their spacing, length, and each row's flow in position\nunits, degrees on the earth, so they zoom with the view and stay where they are on their lines.\nOtherwise they keep their size and speed on screen, and slide along their lines as it zooms."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "How comets flowing along edges and lines look: each a round head, brightest at its middle, trailing\na tail that thins and fades."
+    },
+    "Shadow": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "color": {
+          "description": "What a shadow darkens toward; its alpha is how dark a shadow at contact gets.",
+          "tsType": "Color",
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "light": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "float"
+          },
+          "minItems": 3,
+          "maxItems": 3,
+          "description": "The direction toward the light, fixed in the world: shadows fall away from it."
+        },
+        "softness": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "How much a shadow spreads per unit of a caster's height: the light's size."
+        },
+        "lift": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "CSS pixels flat marks cast from, as if raised."
+        }
+      },
+      "description": "How marks that cast shadows cast them onto the ground and onto faces."
+    },
+    "Controls": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "enum": [
+            "none",
+            "inspect"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "pan": {
+              "description": "Dragging the background moves the camera.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "zoom": {
+              "description": "What zooms: the wheel and pinching, or the wheel only with Control or Meta held (as a\ntrackpad's pinch sends it), leaving the plain wheel to scroll the page; or nothing.",
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Zoom"
+            },
+            "turn": {
+              "description": "Dragging with the secondary button, or with Shift, turns and tilts a map or plane.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "keyboard": {
+              "description": "Tab steps through the rows nearest the view's middle and arrows to the nearest row their way;\nEnter opens the row stepped to and Space selects it. Otherwise arrows pan, `+` and `-` zoom,\nHome fits, and Escape clears the selection.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "hover": {
+              "description": "The row the user points at glows. It is hovered either way: events tell it, and `hovered()`\nreads it.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "pickRadius": {
+              "description": "CSS pixels around the pointer that picks reach; touch reaches 8 more.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "float"
+            },
+            "selectBox": {
+              "description": "Dragging with Shift selects the rows in a box, instead of turning; a Shift click still toggles\nits row.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "connect": {
+              "description": "Dragging from a port, from a vertex with Alt, or an edge off its end draws a connection,\ntold as [`Event::Connect`](crate::Event).",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "delete": {
+              "description": "Delete and Backspace tell [`Event::Delete`](crate::Event) with the selection.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "cycle": {
+              "description": "Clicking again where nothing moved selects the next row under the point, nearest first, so\nrows drawn over one another can each be selected.",
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "press": {
+              "description": "Seconds a touch or a pen held still asks for a menu, as the secondary button does; zero never\ndoes.",
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double"
+            },
+            "motion": {
+              "description": "How much the view moves on its own: eases, flights, coasting, orbits, label fades, comets, and\nwhat reads `elapsed()`.",
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Motion"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How a view answers the pointer and keyboard, and how much it moves on its own: a preset, or options\nover the defaults. Each mark says whether its rows pick, select, and drag; these say what the view\nitself does."
+    },
+    "Zoom": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "wheel",
+          "description": "The wheel, pinching, and the keys."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "modifier",
+          "description": "Pinching and the keys, and the wheel only with Control or Meta held, as a trackpad's pinch\nsends it: the plain wheel scrolls the page."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "off",
+          "description": "Nothing."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "What zooms a view."
+    },
+    "Motion": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "system",
+          "description": "As the platform asks: reduced where the user asked their system for less motion."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "full",
+          "description": "Every motion."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "reduced",
+          "description": "Only what the user moves: changes apply at once, flights jump, nothing coasts or orbits,\nlabels show without fading, and comets and what reads `elapsed()` hold still."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "How much a view moves on its own."
+    },
+    "Data": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "patch": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Change"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "name"
+      ],
+      "description": "A dataset: its name and the patch that builds it."
+    },
+    "Change": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "axis": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "unit": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "name",
+                "unit"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "axis"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Names the axis sampled fields are recorded over, such as `time` in `s`."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "replace": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "table": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "ids": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+                },
+                "fields": {
+                  "description": "Fields by name, in the order written.",
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "additionalProperties": {
+                    "description": "A field's values: an array of one kind of value; a reference naming another table's rows by id; or a slice of a binary file beside the document.",
+                    "anyOf": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "$ref": "#/$defs/Value"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "reference": {
+                            "type": "string"
+                          },
+                          "ids": {
+                            "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "reference",
+                          "ids"
+                        ],
+                        "additionalProperties": false
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "file": {
+                            "type": "string"
+                          },
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "$ref": "#/$defs/Dtype"
+                          },
+                          "offset": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                          },
+                          "count": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "file",
+                          "dtype",
+                          "count"
+                        ],
+                        "additionalProperties": false
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "table",
+                "ids"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "replace"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Replaces a table with these rows and fields, or adds it."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "set": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "table": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "ids": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+                },
+                "fields": {
+                  "description": "Fields by name, in the order written.",
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "additionalProperties": {
+                    "description": "A field's values: an array of one kind of value; a reference naming another table's rows by id; or a slice of a binary file beside the document.",
+                    "anyOf": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "$ref": "#/$defs/Value"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "reference": {
+                            "type": "string"
+                          },
+                          "ids": {
+                            "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "reference",
+                          "ids"
+                        ],
+                        "additionalProperties": false
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "file": {
+                            "type": "string"
+                          },
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "$ref": "#/$defs/Dtype"
+                          },
+                          "offset": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                          },
+                          "count": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "file",
+                          "dtype",
+                          "count"
+                        ],
+                        "additionalProperties": false
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "table",
+                "ids"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "set"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Writes fields for these rows: rows with known ids change, others are added, and fields left\nout keep their values."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "remove": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "table": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "ids": {
+                  "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "table",
+                "ids"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "remove"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Removes the rows with these ids."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "append": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "at": {
+                  "description": "One axis coordinate, or several.",
+                  "anyOf": [
+                    {
+                      "type": "number",
+                      "format": "double"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "array",
+                      "items": {
+                        "type": "number",
+                        "format": "double"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  ]
+                },
+                "table": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "ids": {
+                  "anyOf": [
+                    {
+                      "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "null"
+                    }
+                  ]
+                },
+                "fields": {
+                  "description": "Fields by name, in the order written.",
+                  "type": "object",
+                  "additionalProperties": {
+                    "description": "A field's values: an array of one kind of value; a reference naming another table's rows by id; or a slice of a binary file beside the document.",
+                    "anyOf": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                          "$ref": "#/$defs/Value"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "reference": {
+                            "type": "string"
+                          },
+                          "ids": {
+                            "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "reference",
+                          "ids"
+                        ],
+                        "additionalProperties": false
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                          "file": {
+                            "type": "string"
+                          },
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "$ref": "#/$defs/Dtype"
+                          },
+                          "offset": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                          },
+                          "count": {
+                            "type": "integer",
+                            "minimum": 0
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "required": [
+                          "file",
+                          "dtype",
+                          "count"
+                        ],
+                        "additionalProperties": false
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "at",
+                "table",
+                "fields"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "append"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Records a frame at each axis coordinate of `at`: for each field, a value per row at every\ncoordinate, frame-major; of every row, or of the rows `ids` names, the rest holding their last\nvalues."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "forget": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "before": {
+                  "type": "number",
+                  "format": "double"
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "before"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "forget"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Forgets every sampled field's frames before axis coordinate `before`."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "frames": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "table": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "field": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "level": {
+                  "type": "integer",
+                  "format": "uint32",
+                  "minimum": 0
+                },
+                "first": {
+                  "type": "integer",
+                  "format": "uint64",
+                  "minimum": 0
+                },
+                "at": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  }
+                },
+                "values": {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": [
+                      "number",
+                      "null"
+                    ],
+                    "format": "double"
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false,
+              "required": [
+                "table",
+                "field",
+                "first",
+                "at",
+                "values"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "frames"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Holds a run of sampled field `field`'s entries of level `level`, numbered from `first`: at\nlevel 0 frames, each a coordinate in `at` and a value per row in `values`; at level `k` buckets\nof `8^k` frames, each its first and last frame's coordinates, and each row's least value over\neach bucket, then each row's greatest. Null is missing."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "One change of a patch, named by the method that makes it."
+    },
+    "Ids": {
+      "description": "Row ids: numbers or texts (null leaves a reference unwired), or `{count}` naming rows 0..count.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/Id"
+              },
+              {
+                "type": "null"
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "count": {
+              "type": "integer",
+              "minimum": 0,
+              "maximum": 4294967295
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "count"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "Id": {
+      "description": "A row's id: a whole number from 0, or a text. A number above 2^53 - 1 is written as its decimal text, which names the same row.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "minimum": 0
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "Value": {
+      "description": "One value: a number, boolean, text, or geometry; null, or an empty geometry, is missing.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "number"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Geometry"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "Geometry": {
+      "description": "A point `[x, y]` (a third coordinate is read past), or a list of geometries one level shallower: a path, its parts, or polygons.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "prefixItems": [
+            {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "number"
+            }
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 3
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Geometry"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "Dtype": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "enum": [
+        "f32le",
+        "f64le",
+        "i32le",
+        "u32le",
+        "u64le",
+        "u8",
+        "bool"
+      ],
+      "description": "How a slice's bytes hold values: little endian; `bool` a byte each, nonzero true."
+    },
+    "Patch": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "$ref": "#/$defs/Change"
+      }
+    },
+    "Query": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "of": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The table read."
+        },
+        "ids": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Ids"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "The rows read, in this order unless sorted; every row unless set. Ids that name no row are\npassed over."
+        },
+        "filter": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "Keeps the rows it is true for."
+        },
+        "sort": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "prefixItems": [
+              {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+              },
+              {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/Order"
+              }
+            ],
+            "minItems": 2,
+            "maxItems": 2
+          },
+          "description": "Keys to sort by, each after those before it; rows a key reads nothing for come last, and rows\nall keys order alike keep their order."
+        },
+        "offset": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "The kept rows skipped first."
+        },
+        "limit": {
+          "type": [
+            "integer",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "uint",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "The most rows read; a limit picks them in linear time before sorting only those."
+        },
+        "select": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Expr"
+          },
+          "description": "Fields to read by name: a field as it is, anything else as numbers. Every field unless set."
+        },
+        "at": {
+          "type": [
+            "number",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "The axis coordinate sampled fields are read at; their last frame unless set."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "of"
+      ],
+      "description": "The rows of a table to read back, run through the expressions marks draw with."
+    },
+    "Order": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "ascending",
+          "description": "Least first."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "descending",
+          "description": "Greatest first."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Which way a sort runs; rows a key reads nothing for come last either way."
+    },
+    "Camera": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "center": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  },
+                  "minItems": 2,
+                  "maxItems": 2
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  },
+                  "minItems": 3,
+                  "maxItems": 3
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Longitude, latitude, and elevation on the earth; x, y, and elevation on a plane or a\ndiagram. In JSON, `[x, y]` looks at the ground."
+            },
+            "zoom": {
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double",
+              "description": "On the earth the web mercator level; elsewhere, log₂ of pixels per unit."
+            },
+            "pitch": {
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double",
+              "description": "Degrees from looking straight down, up to 75; 0 in a diagram."
+            },
+            "bearing": {
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double",
+              "description": "Degrees clockwise from north, or from up on a plane; 0 in a diagram."
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "center",
+            "zoom",
+            "pitch",
+            "bearing"
+          ],
+          "description": "On the earth, a plane, or a diagram: the point looked at and turned about, how far in, and how\ntilted and turned. A diagram is always seen from straight above, upright."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "x": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "format": "double"
+              },
+              "minItems": 2,
+              "maxItems": 2,
+              "description": "The axis range shown."
+            },
+            "y": {
+              "type": [
+                "array",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "items": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "format": "double"
+              },
+              "minItems": 2,
+              "maxItems": 2,
+              "description": "The value range shown, or none to fit what is in view."
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "x"
+          ],
+          "description": "On a plot: the axis range across, and the value range up, or none to fit the values in view."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Where a view looks."
+    },
+    "Fit": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "all",
+          "description": "Everything drawn."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "rows": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "$ref": "#/$defs/Rows"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "rows"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "These rows."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "reveal": {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/Row"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "reveal"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "Brings this row into view, keeping the zoom."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "bounds": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "min": {
+                  "description": "The least corner.",
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  },
+                  "minItems": 3,
+                  "maxItems": 3
+                },
+                "max": {
+                  "description": "The greatest corner.",
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  },
+                  "minItems": 3,
+                  "maxItems": 3
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "min",
+                "max"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "bounds"
+          ],
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "description": "The box from `min` to `max`: x, y, and elevation."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "What a view's fit frames."
+    },
+    "Rows": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "data": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The dataset's name."
+        },
+        "table": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The table's name."
+        },
+        "ids": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/Id"
+          },
+          "description": "The rows' ids in the table."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "data",
+        "table",
+        "ids"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rows of one table in a dataset, by id: what a view selects, fits, and tells as sets of rows."
+    },
+    "Row": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "data": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The dataset's name."
+        },
+        "table": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The table's name."
+        },
+        "id": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Id",
+          "description": "The row's id in the table."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "data",
+        "table",
+        "id"
+      ],
+      "description": "A row of a table in a dataset. It survives any change that keeps the names and the id."
+    },
+    "Budget": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "bytes": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes the data every view of the `Gpu` draws may take on the GPU: its pages, and each view's\nrows. A view draws a table too large for its share through the tiles the camera asks for, so\nwhat it draws always fits; pages no view draws stay cached in the room left, the least\nrecently drawn going first. By default half the device's largest storage buffer. The pool of\npages grows as data needs it, and never shrinks: set the budget before data draws."
+        },
+        "uploadPerFrame": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes uploaded per frame at most; larger data streams in over frames."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "bytes",
+        "uploadPerFrame"
+      ],
+      "description": "How much GPU memory latkit uses."
+    },
+    "Shot": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "size": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "format": "uint32",
+            "minimum": 0
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "Width and height in pixels."
+        },
+        "scale": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "Pixels per CSS pixel: views lay out `size / scale` CSS pixels; 1 unless set."
+        },
+        "panels": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/Panels",
+          "description": "Each view's panel of the picture, `[x, y, width, height]` as fractions; the whole by default."
+        },
+        "transparent": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Whether alpha is kept where the themes' backgrounds would be."
+        },
+        "deadline": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "Seconds a picture, or a video frame, may take; 30 unless set."
+        },
+        "elapsed": {
+          "type": [
+            "number",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "A still's effect time in seconds, where elapsed time and flowing comets read it."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "size"
+      ],
+      "description": "A picture of views, each drawn into its panel of `size` pixels at `scale` pixels per CSS pixel:\nplain data, like a scene.\n\n```no_run\n# async fn example(view: &mut latkit::View) -> latkit::Result<()> {\nuse latkit::Shot;\nlet image = Shot::new([3840, 2160]).scale(2.0).image(&mut [view]).await?;\nstd::fs::write(\"view.png\", image.encode(latkit::ImageFormat::Png)?).expect(\"written\");\n# Ok(()) }\n```"
+    },
+    "Panels": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float"
+        },
+        "minItems": 4,
+        "maxItems": 4
+      },
+      "description": "Where each of several views draws in a target: x, y, width, and height as fractions of it, a\npanel per view, in order; a later panel draws over an earlier one. None given is one view filling\nthe target.\n\n```\nuse latkit::Panels;\nlet map_over_plot = Panels::from([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.8], [0.0, 0.8, 1.0, 0.2]]);\nassert_eq!(map_over_plot.len(), 2);\nassert_eq!(Panels::default().len(), 1);\n```"
+    }
+  },
+  "outputs": {
+    "ViewEvent": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "click"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "hit": {
+                  "description": "The row.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Hit"
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "How the user clicked it.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "hit",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "A row was clicked."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "open"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "hit": {
+                  "description": "The row.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Hit"
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "How the user opened it.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "hit",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "A row was double clicked, or Enter pressed on the row the keys point at."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "menu"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "hits": {
+                  "description": "What lies under the point, nearest first.",
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "$ref": "#/outputs/Hit"
+                  }
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "How the user asked.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "hits",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "The secondary button clicked, or the menu key pressed: what lies under the trigger's point,\nfor a menu of what to do with it."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "drag"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "phase": {
+                  "description": "Whether the drag starts, moves, or ends.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Phase"
+                },
+                "hit": {
+                  "description": "The row dragged, as it was hit.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Hit"
+                },
+                "position": {
+                  "description": "Where the row goes, in the space's coordinates: where it was hit, moved as the pointer moved\nsince the press, at the depth the drag started; a vertex keeps where it was grabbed. On a\ndiagram's dots when its grid snaps.",
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  },
+                  "minItems": 3,
+                  "maxItems": 3
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "The pointer.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "phase",
+                "hit",
+                "position",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "A row of a draggable mark follows the pointer: the drag starts once the pointer moves a few\npixels from where it pressed the row."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "connect"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "from": {
+                  "description": "The end it was drawn from: for an edge, the end that stayed.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/End"
+                },
+                "to": {
+                  "description": "The vertex it was released over, if any.",
+                  "anyOf": [
+                    {
+                      "$ref": "#/outputs/End"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "null"
+                    }
+                  ]
+                },
+                "edge": {
+                  "description": "The edge whose other end was dragged, which `to` replaces.",
+                  "anyOf": [
+                    {
+                      "$ref": "#/outputs/Row"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "null"
+                    }
+                  ]
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "Where it was released.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "from",
+                "to",
+                "edge",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "A connection was drawn with [`Controls::connect`](crate::Controls): from a port, a vertex\nwith Alt held, or an edge whose end was dragged off it."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "delete"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "rows": {
+                  "description": "The rows selected.",
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "$ref": "#/outputs/Rows"
+                  }
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "The key.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "rows",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "Delete or Backspace with rows selected and [`Controls::delete`](crate::Controls) on."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "hover"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "hit": {
+                  "description": "The row now pointed at; `None` once it left every row.",
+                  "anyOf": [
+                    {
+                      "$ref": "#/outputs/Hit"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "null"
+                    }
+                  ]
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "The pointer, or the keys.",
+                  "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "hit",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "What the user points at changed: [`View::hovered`](crate::View::hovered)."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "select"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "rows": {
+                  "description": "The rows selected now.",
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "$ref": "#/outputs/Rows"
+                  }
+                },
+                "trigger": {
+                  "description": "How the user changed it; `None` when the data dropped rows from it.",
+                  "anyOf": [
+                    {
+                      "$ref": "#/outputs/Trigger"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "null"
+                    }
+                  ]
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "rows",
+                "trigger"
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "The selection changed: [`View::selection`](crate::View::selection)."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "camera"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "$ref": "#/outputs/Camera"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "The camera moved by a gesture, a fit, a flight, coasting, or an orbit:\n[`View::camera`](crate::View::camera)."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "waiting"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "$ref": "#/outputs/Waiting"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "What the last frame stood in for changed; nothing once it is complete:\n[`View::complete`](crate::View::complete)."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "type": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "const": "error"
+            },
+            "detail": {
+              "$ref": "#/outputs/Failure"
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "type",
+            "detail"
+          ],
+          "description": "Something failed, told once. A mark its data no longer fits also lists in\n[`View::failures`](crate::View::failures)."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "What happened in a view, for the application to act on. Drain them with\n[`View::events`](crate::View::events)."
+    },
+    "Hit": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "row": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Row",
+          "description": "The row."
+        },
+        "mark": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The name of the mark that drew it, when it has one: what tells two marks of one table apart."
+        },
+        "point": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "float"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The point of the row nearest the probe, CSS pixels from the top left: a vertex's or a port's\nmiddle, the nearest point of a stroke or a triangle."
+        },
+        "position": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "double"
+          },
+          "minItems": 3,
+          "maxItems": 3,
+          "description": "That point in the space's coordinates: x, y, and elevation."
+        },
+        "distance": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "CSS pixels from the probe to the row."
+        },
+        "port": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The port hit, when a vertex's port was."
+        },
+        "sample": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/outputs/Sample"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null"
+            }
+          ],
+          "description": "The sample hit, when a line tracing a sampled field was."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "row",
+        "point",
+        "position",
+        "distance"
+      ],
+      "description": "A row under a point, as the frame drew it."
+    },
+    "Row": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "data": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The dataset's name."
+        },
+        "table": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The table's name."
+        },
+        "id": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Id",
+          "description": "The row's id in the table."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "data",
+        "table",
+        "id"
+      ],
+      "description": "A row of a table in a dataset. It survives any change that keeps the names and the id."
+    },
+    "Id": {
+      "description": "A row's id: a whole number from 0, or a text. A number above 2^53 - 1 is written as its decimal text, which names the same row.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "minimum": 0
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "Sample": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "frame": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Id",
+          "description": "The frame, numbered from the first ever recorded. JSON uses a decimal string above 2^53 - 1."
+        },
+        "at": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "The axis coordinate."
+        },
+        "value": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "double",
+          "description": "The value."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "frame",
+        "at",
+        "value"
+      ],
+      "description": "A sample of a traced field: its frame, the axis coordinate it was recorded at, and its value."
+    },
+    "Trigger": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "point": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "float"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "CSS pixels from the top left."
+        },
+        "modifiers": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Modifiers",
+          "description": "The keys held."
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Device",
+          "description": "What acted."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "point",
+        "modifiers",
+        "device"
+      ],
+      "description": "Where, with what keys, and with what the user acted. For keys, the point is the row they point\nat, else the pointer, else the view's middle."
+    },
+    "Modifiers": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "shift": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Shift."
+        },
+        "control": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Control."
+        },
+        "alt": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Alt or Option."
+        },
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "description": "Meta: Command or Windows."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "shift",
+        "control",
+        "alt",
+        "meta"
+      ],
+      "description": "Keys held during an input."
+    },
+    "Device": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "mouse",
+          "description": "A mouse or a trackpad."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "pen",
+          "description": "A pen."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "touch",
+          "description": "A finger: picks reach 8 CSS pixels farther."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "keyboard",
+          "description": "The keys."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "What the user acts with."
+    },
+    "Phase": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "start",
+          "description": "The pointer moved far enough to drag."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "move",
+          "description": "The pointer moved."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "end",
+          "description": "The pointer let go, or the drag was cancelled."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "The phase of a [`Drag`](Event::Drag)."
+    },
+    "End": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "row": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Row",
+          "description": "The vertex."
+        },
+        "port": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The port, by the reference field naming its net."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "row"
+      ],
+      "description": "A vertex a connection ends at, and its port when it has the one the connection meets."
+    },
+    "Rows": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "data": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The dataset's name."
+        },
+        "table": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The table's name."
+        },
+        "ids": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/outputs/Id"
+          },
+          "description": "The rows' ids in the table."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "data",
+        "table",
+        "ids"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rows of one table in a dataset, by id: what a view selects, fits, and tells as sets of rows."
+    },
+    "Camera": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "center": {
+              "anyOf": [
+                {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  },
+                  "minItems": 2,
+                  "maxItems": 2
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "array",
+                  "items": {
+                    "type": "number",
+                    "format": "double"
+                  },
+                  "minItems": 3,
+                  "maxItems": 3
+                }
+              ],
+              "description": "Longitude, latitude, and elevation on the earth; x, y, and elevation on a plane or a\ndiagram. In JSON, `[x, y]` looks at the ground."
+            },
+            "zoom": {
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double",
+              "description": "On the earth the web mercator level; elsewhere, log₂ of pixels per unit."
+            },
+            "pitch": {
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double",
+              "description": "Degrees from looking straight down, up to 75; 0 in a diagram."
+            },
+            "bearing": {
+              "type": "number",
+              "format": "double",
+              "description": "Degrees clockwise from north, or from up on a plane; 0 in a diagram."
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "center",
+            "zoom",
+            "pitch",
+            "bearing"
+          ],
+          "description": "On the earth, a plane, or a diagram: the point looked at and turned about, how far in, and how\ntilted and turned. A diagram is always seen from straight above, upright."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "x": {
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "format": "double"
+              },
+              "minItems": 2,
+              "maxItems": 2,
+              "description": "The axis range shown."
+            },
+            "y": {
+              "type": [
+                "array",
+                "null"
+              ],
+              "items": {
+                "type": "number",
+                "format": "double"
+              },
+              "minItems": 2,
+              "maxItems": 2,
+              "description": "The value range shown, or none to fit what is in view."
+            }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "x",
+            "y"
+          ],
+          "description": "On a plot: the axis range across, and the value range up, or none to fit the values in view."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Where a view looks."
+    },
+    "Waiting": {
+      "description": "Work under way a frame stands in for: pipelines the scene draws with compiling, until which the view draws nothing new (`compiling`); pages uploading or tables not yet built from them (`data`); layouts, routes, lanes, shapes, tiles, or pyramids (`derived`); a label placement or texts not yet set (`labels`); a fit due or being measured (`fit`); row regions laid out again, segment counts, or a transition beginning (`marks`). Empty once a frame is complete.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "enum": [
+          "compiling",
+          "data",
+          "derived",
+          "labels",
+          "fit",
+          "marks"
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "Failure": {
+      "description": "What failed: its `code`, the message, and for invalid input the `path` to the part, such as `marks[2].vertices.color`.",
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "code": {
+          "enum": [
+            "invalid",
+            "unsupported",
+            "limit",
+            "io",
+            "device-lost",
+            "cancelled",
+            "timeout"
+          ]
+        },
+        "message": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "path": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "code",
+        "message"
+      ]
+    },
+    "Stats": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "frames": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Frames rendered."
+        },
+        "rows": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Rows of every mark's table."
+        },
+        "drawn": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Rows every mark draws: every row of a table drawn whole, the rows of the tiles in view of one\ndrawn through tiles."
+        },
+        "draws": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Draw calls the last frame recorded, shadows and labels with the marks."
+        },
+        "instances": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Instances the last frame's draws drew: points, segments, triangles, glyphs; at most, for\nsegments the GPU culls."
+        },
+        "tiles": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Fetched tiles the view draws, of every tile source."
+        },
+        "tilesLoading": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Tiles being fetched or decoded, of every tile source."
+        },
+        "uploading": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes of data waiting to upload."
+        },
+        "resident": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes of data pages on the GPU, for every view of its `Gpu`."
+        },
+        "budget": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes the GPU's [`Budget`](crate::Budget) lets data take."
+        },
+        "waiting": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Waiting",
+          "description": "The work under way the last frame stood in for; nothing when it drew everything as the data,\nscene, and camera say: see [`View::complete`](crate::View::complete)."
+        },
+        "cpuMs": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "Milliseconds the last frame took to record on the CPU."
+        },
+        "gpuMs": {
+          "type": "number",
+          "format": "float",
+          "description": "Milliseconds the GPU takes on a frame: the median of the last frames it measured; 0 where the\ndevice cannot measure."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "frames",
+        "rows",
+        "drawn",
+        "draws",
+        "instances",
+        "tiles",
+        "tilesLoading",
+        "uploading",
+        "resident",
+        "budget",
+        "waiting",
+        "cpuMs",
+        "gpuMs"
+      ],
+      "description": "What a view does each frame."
+    },
+    "Work": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "uploaded": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes of data pages uploaded."
+        },
+        "written": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes written besides pages: uniforms, programs, label runs, the selection, textures."
+        },
+        "evaluated": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Rows whose channels the GPU evaluated."
+        },
+        "readbacks": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Reads back from the GPU: probes, queries, fits, label placements, segment counts, pictures;\nnot the frame timer's, which only some devices have."
+        },
+        "jobs": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Jobs handed out: layouts, routes, lanes, triangulations, pyramids, tiles; to the host's\nworkers, or done at once without a host."
+        },
+        "texts": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Label texts the host was asked to set."
+        },
+        "pipelines": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Pipelines compiled: in a browser, each as a view or a shot asks for it ahead, off the GPU's\nthread; natively, where it is first made."
+        },
+        "late": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Pipelines made without being asked for ahead, each compiled where it is first used: in a\nbrowser on the GPU's thread, holding frames back. None, unless a scene uses what it did not\nask for."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "uploaded",
+        "written",
+        "evaluated",
+        "readbacks",
+        "jobs",
+        "texts",
+        "pipelines",
+        "late"
+      ],
+      "description": "What a [`Gpu`](crate::Gpu) did since it was made; subtract two for what happened between."
+    },
+    "Description": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The dataset's name."
+        },
+        "axis": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The axis's name and unit."
+        },
+        "span": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "double"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The first and last coordinates its sampled fields hold."
+        },
+        "tables": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/outputs/TableDescription"
+          },
+          "description": "Its tables, by name."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "name",
+        "axis",
+        "span",
+        "tables"
+      ],
+      "description": "What a dataset holds: its tables, their rows and fields, and the axis its sampled fields are\nrecorded over and span."
+    },
+    "TableDescription": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The table's name."
+        },
+        "rows": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "How many rows it has."
+        },
+        "fields": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/outputs/FieldDescription"
+          },
+          "description": "Its fields, by name."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "name",
+        "rows",
+        "fields"
+      ],
+      "description": "A table described: its rows, and its fields by name."
+    },
+    "FieldDescription": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "The field's name."
+        },
+        "kind": {
+          "$ref": "#/outputs/Kind",
+          "description": "What it holds."
+        },
+        "to": {
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "description": "The table a reference names."
+        },
+        "span": {
+          "type": [
+            "array",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "format": "double"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2,
+          "description": "The first and last coordinates a sampled field holds."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "name",
+        "kind"
+      ],
+      "description": "A field described: what it holds, the table a reference names, the coordinates samples span."
+    },
+    "Kind": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "number",
+          "description": "Numbers."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "bool",
+          "description": "Booleans."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "text",
+          "description": "Texts."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "point",
+          "description": "`[x, y]` points."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "path",
+          "description": "Paths of points."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "parts",
+          "description": "Parts: the rings of a polygon, or the paths of a multi-path."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "polygons",
+          "description": "Polygons of rings."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "reference",
+          "description": "Rows of another table, by id."
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "sampled",
+          "description": "Numbers sampled over the data's axis."
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "What a field holds."
+    },
+    "Budget": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "bytes": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes the data every view of the `Gpu` draws may take on the GPU: its pages, and each view's\nrows. A view draws a table too large for its share through the tiles the camera asks for, so\nwhat it draws always fits; pages no view draws stay cached in the room left, the least\nrecently drawn going first. By default half the device's largest storage buffer. The pool of\npages grows as data needs it, and never shrinks: set the budget before data draws."
+        },
+        "uploadPerFrame": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0,
+          "description": "Bytes uploaded per frame at most; larger data streams in over frames."
+        }
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "bytes",
+        "uploadPerFrame"
+      ],
+      "description": "How much GPU memory latkit uses."
+    },
+    "Value": {
+      "description": "A value read from a dataset: a number (`null` when not finite), boolean, or text; a geometry as nested `[x, y]` points; a reference as the id of the row it names.",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": [
+            "number",
+            "boolean",
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "number"
+          },
+          "minItems": 2,
+          "maxItems": 2
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "array"
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/schema.mjs b/npm/schema.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06138c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/schema.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+/**
+ * npm's types, written from `schema.json`: what latkit reads (`$defs`) becomes `inputs.ts`, and what
+ * it writes (`outputs`) becomes `outputs.ts`. Each definition reachable from the roots becomes a type,
+ * documented as its form is; an output an input already declares is that input's type. A schema's
+ * `tsType` names the hand-written type that stands for it, such as `ExprInput`.
+ */
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import prettier from 'prettier';
+
+/** The types npm takes as plain data; everything they are built of comes with them. */
+const INPUTS = ['Scene', 'Query', 'Camera', 'Fit', 'Budget', 'ColormapKind'];
+
+/** The types npm reads back. */
+const OUTPUTS = [
+  'ViewEvent',
+  'Stats',
+  'Work',
+  'Description',
+  'Rows',
+  'Camera',
+  'Budget',
+  'Value',
+  'Failure',
+];
+
+/** The hand-written types a `tsType` names, and the module that declares them. */
+const IMPORTS = { './scene.js': ['Color', 'ExprInput'] };
+
+/** `inputs.ts` and `outputs.ts` of `schema.json` at `file`, formatted as the repository's sources are. */
+export async function typescript(file) {
+  const schema = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8'));
+  const inputs = declare(schema.$defs, '#/$defs/', INPUTS, new Set());
+  const outputs = declare(schema.outputs, '#/outputs/', OUTPUTS, new Set(inputs.names));
+  const config = await prettier.resolveConfig(path.join(path.dirname(file), 'src/inputs.ts'));
+  const format = (source) => prettier.format(source, { ...config, parser: 'typescript' });
+  const header = (from) =>
+    `/** Written by \`node npm/build.mjs schema\` from \`npm/schema.json\`, ${from}: do not edit. */`;
+  const imports = (modules) =>
+    Object.entries(modules)
+      .filter(([, names]) => names.length)
+      .map(([module, names]) => `import type { ${names.sort().join(', ')} } from '${module}';`);
+  return {
+    inputs: await format(
+      [header('what latkit reads'), '', ...imports(IMPORTS), '', inputs.source, ''].join('\n'),
+    ),
+    outputs: await format(
+      [
+        header('what latkit writes'),
+        '',
+        ...imports({ './inputs.js': outputs.borrowed }),
+        '',
+        outputs.source,
+        '',
+      ].join('\n'),
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The declarations of the definitions `defs` that `roots` reach, refs to them starting `prefix`;
+ * `declared` names those another module declares, which these borrow.
+ */
+function declare(defs, prefix, roots, declared) {
+  const output = prefix === '#/outputs/';
+  const ref = (schema) =>
+    schema.$ref?.startsWith(prefix) ? schema.$ref.slice(prefix.length) : undefined;
+  const reached = new Set();
+  const reach = (schema) => {
+    if (schema === null || typeof schema !== 'object') return;
+    const name = ref(schema);
+    if (name !== undefined && !reached.has(name)) {
+      reached.add(name);
+      if (!declared.has(name)) reach(defs[name]);
+    }
+    for (const value of Object.values(schema)) reach(value);
+  };
+  for (const root of roots) reach({ $ref: `${prefix}${root}` });
+
+  const type = (schema) => {
+    if (schema === true || schema === undefined || Object.keys(schema).length === 0)
+      return 'unknown';
+    // An optional value that `null` also sets takes the null its schema allows.
+    if (schema.tsType)
+      return [schema.type].flat().includes('null') ? `${schema.tsType} | null` : schema.tsType;
+    const name = ref(schema);
+    if (name !== undefined) return defs[name]?.tsType ?? name;
+    if ('const' in schema) return JSON.stringify(schema.const);
+    if (schema.enum) return schema.enum.map((v) => JSON.stringify(v)).join(' | ');
+    const union = schema.anyOf ?? schema.oneOf;
+    if (union) return members(union);
+    if (Array.isArray(schema.type)) {
+      return members(schema.type.map((t) => ({ ...schema, type: t, description: undefined })));
+    }
+    switch (schema.type) {
+      case 'null':
+        return 'null';
+      case 'boolean':
+        return 'boolean';
+      case 'number':
+      case 'integer':
+        return 'number';
+      case 'string':
+        return 'string';
+      case 'array':
+        return array(schema);
+      case 'object':
+        return object(schema);
+      default:
+        return 'unknown';
+    }
+  };
+  // A member's documentation moves onto the one key of a tagged variant; elsewhere TypeScript would
+  // show it nowhere.
+  const members = (schemas) => {
+    const parts = schemas.map((s) => {
+      const keys = Object.keys(s.properties ?? {});
+      if (!s.description || keys.length !== 1 || s.properties[keys[0]].description) return type(s);
+      return type({
+        ...s,
+        properties: { [keys[0]]: { ...s.properties[keys[0]], description: s.description } },
+      });
+    });
+    return [...new Set(parts)].join(' | ');
+  };
+  const array = (schema) => {
+    if (schema.prefixItems) {
+      const items = schema.prefixItems.map(type);
+      const extra = (schema.maxItems ?? items.length) - items.length;
+      for (let i = 0; i < extra; i++) items.push(`${type(schema.items)}?`);
+      return `[${items.join(', ')}]`;
+    }
+    const item = type(schema.items);
+    if (
+      schema.minItems !== undefined &&
+      schema.minItems === schema.maxItems &&
+      schema.maxItems <= 4
+    ) {
+      return `[${Array(schema.maxItems).fill(item).join(', ')}]`;
+    }
+    return /[|&]/.test(item) ? `(${item})[]` : `${item}[]`;
+  };
+  // What latkit writes leaves an absent value out rather than writing null.
+  const absent = (schema) => {
+    if (Array.isArray(schema.type))
+      return { ...schema, type: schema.type.filter((t) => t !== 'null') };
+    const union = schema.anyOf ?? schema.oneOf;
+    if (union) {
+      const kept = union.filter((s) => s.type !== 'null');
+      return kept.length === 1
+        ? { ...kept[0], description: schema.description }
+        : { ...schema, anyOf: kept, oneOf: undefined };
+    }
+    return schema;
+  };
+  const object = (schema) => {
+    const required = new Set(schema.required ?? []);
+    const lines = Object.entries(schema.properties ?? {}).map(([key, value]) => {
+      const optional = !required.has(key);
+      const shown = output && optional ? absent(value) : value;
+      return `${value.description ? doc(value.description) : ''}${key}${optional ? '?' : ''}: ${type(shown)};`;
+    });
+    const rest = schema.additionalProperties;
+    if (rest && typeof rest === 'object') lines.push(`[name: string]: ${type(rest)};`);
+    return `{ ${lines.join('\n')} }`;
+  };
+
+  const names = [...reached].filter((name) => !declared.has(name) && !defs[name].tsType).sort();
+  const source = names
+    .map((name) => {
+      const schema = defs[name];
+      const body = type({ ...schema, description: undefined, tsType: undefined });
+      const comment = schema.description ? doc(schema.description) : '';
+      return schema.type === 'object' && schema.properties
+        ? `${comment}export interface ${name} ${body}`
+        : `${comment}export type ${name} = ${body};`;
+    })
+    .join('\n\n');
+  const code = source.replace(/\/\*\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, '');
+  const used = (name) => new RegExp(`\\b${name}\\b`).test(code);
+  return { names, source, borrowed: [...reached].filter((n) => declared.has(n) && used(n)) };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Documentation as the forms write it, wrapped anew: paragraphs kept, lines at most 96 wide, Rust's
+ * links to its own items as plain code, its `None` as the `null` JSON writes, and its examples,
+ * which are Rust, left out.
+ */
+function doc(text) {
+  const lines = [];
+  const plain = text
+    .replace(/```[\s\S]*?```/g, '')
+    .replace(/\*\//g, '*\\/')
+    .replace(/\[(`[^`]*`)\]\([^)]*\)/g, '$1')
+    .replaceAll('`None`', '`null`');
+  for (const paragraph of plain.split('\n\n').filter((p) => p.trim())) {
+    if (lines.length) lines.push('');
+    let line = '';
+    // A code span stays on one line, as TSDoc reads them.
+    const words = (paragraph.match(/(?:`[^`]*`|[^\s`])+/g) ?? []).map((w) =>
+      w.replace(/\s+/g, ' '),
+    );
+    for (const word of words) {
+      if (line && line.length + word.length + 1 > 96) {
+        lines.push(line);
+        line = word;
+      } else line = line ? `${line} ${word}` : word;
+    }
+    lines.push(line);
+  }
+  return lines.length === 1
+    ? `/** ${lines[0]} */\n`
+    : `/**\n${lines.map((l) => ` * ${l}`.trimEnd()).join('\n')}\n */\n`;
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/core.ts b/npm/src/core.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a24e2721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/core.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/** Plain data and builders for Node, browsers, and workers; no DOM or WebAssembly types required. */
+export type * from './inputs.js';
+export type * from './outputs.js';
+export * from './patch.js';
+export * from './scene.js';
diff --git a/npm/src/encoder.ts b/npm/src/encoder.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b295d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/encoder.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/**
+ * The browser's H.264 encoder, as latkit's video asks for one: NV12 pictures (BT.709, limited range)
+ * in, Annex B units out, each `[time, key, bytes]` in order. WebCodecs encodes, on the GPU's video
+ * engine where the device has one; the level is the least that holds the size and frame rate.
+ */
+
+type Unit = [time: number, key: boolean, bytes: Uint8Array];
+
+/** H.264 levels by the macroblocks a second and a frame they hold, as their codec byte. */
+const LEVELS: readonly [level: number, perSecond: number, perFrame: number][] = [
+  [0x1f, 108_000, 3_600],
+  [0x28, 245_760, 8_192],
+  [0x2a, 522_240, 8_704],
+  [0x32, 589_824, 22_080],
+  [0x33, 983_040, 36_864],
+  [0x34, 2_073_600, 36_864],
+  [0x3c, 4_177_920, 139_264],
+  [0x3d, 8_355_840, 139_264],
+  [0x3e, 16_711_680, 139_264],
+];
+
+/** Constrained Baseline forbids B pictures; the MP4 writer uses equal decode and presentation times. */
+const PROFILES = ['42e0'];
+
+/** The codec configurations to try for `width`×`height` at `fps`, best first. */
+function configurations(
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  fps: number,
+  bitrate: number,
+): VideoEncoderConfig[] {
+  const macroblocks = Math.ceil(width / 16) * Math.ceil(height / 16);
+  const level = LEVELS.find(
+    ([, second, frame]) => macroblocks <= frame && macroblocks * fps <= second,
+  );
+  const hex = (level?.[0] ?? 0x3e).toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
+  return PROFILES.flatMap((profile) =>
+    (['prefer-hardware', 'no-preference'] as const).map((hardwareAcceleration) => ({
+      codec: `avc1.${profile}${hex}`,
+      width,
+      height,
+      bitrate,
+      framerate: fps,
+      hardwareAcceleration,
+      bitrateMode: 'variable' as const,
+      latencyMode: 'quality' as const,
+      avc: { format: 'annexb' as const },
+    })),
+  );
+}
+
+/** An encoder for `width`×`height` pictures at `fps` and `bitrate` bits a second. */
+export function encoder(width: number, height: number, fps: number, bitrate: number) {
+  if (typeof VideoEncoder !== 'function')
+    throw new Error('this browser has no WebCodecs VideoEncoder');
+  const units: Unit[] = [];
+  const times: { timestamp: number; time: number }[] = [];
+  let failure: unknown;
+  const waiters = new Set<() => void>();
+  const wake = () => {
+    for (const resolve of waiters) resolve();
+    waiters.clear();
+  };
+  const video = new VideoEncoder({
+    output(chunk) {
+      const expected = times.shift();
+      if (!expected || chunk.timestamp !== expected.timestamp) {
+        failure = new Error('the encoder reordered or omitted a frame');
+        close();
+        return;
+      }
+      const bytes = new Uint8Array(chunk.byteLength);
+      chunk.copyTo(bytes);
+      units.push([expected.time, chunk.type === 'key', bytes]);
+    },
+    error(error) {
+      failure = error;
+      wake();
+    },
+  });
+  video.addEventListener('dequeue', wake);
+  function close() {
+    if (video.state !== 'closed') video.close();
+    video.removeEventListener('dequeue', wake);
+    wake();
+  }
+  let configured: Promise<void> | undefined;
+  const configure = async () => {
+    for (const config of configurations(width, height, fps, bitrate)) {
+      if ((await VideoEncoder.isConfigSupported(config)).supported) return video.configure(config);
+    }
+    throw new Error(`this browser encodes no H.264 at ${width}×${height}, ${fps} frames a second`);
+  };
+  const failed = () => {
+    if (failure || video.state === 'closed')
+      throw failure instanceof Error
+        ? failure
+        : new Error('the video encoder failed', { cause: failure });
+  };
+  return {
+    async encode(nv12: Uint8Array, time: number, key: boolean): Promise<Unit[]> {
+      await (configured ??= configure());
+      failed();
+      const timestamp = Math.round((time * 100) / 9);
+      times.push({ timestamp, time });
+      const frame = new VideoFrame(nv12, {
+        format: 'NV12',
+        codedWidth: width,
+        codedHeight: height,
+        timestamp,
+        colorSpace: { primaries: 'bt709', transfer: 'bt709', matrix: 'bt709', fullRange: false },
+      });
+      try {
+        video.encode(frame, { keyFrame: key });
+      } finally {
+        frame.close();
+      }
+      // The encoder sets the pace: a frame waits while two others are still being encoded.
+      while (video.encodeQueueSize > 2) {
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => waiters.add(resolve));
+        failed();
+      }
+      failed();
+      return units.splice(0);
+    },
+    async finish(): Promise<Unit[]> {
+      try {
+        await (configured ??= configure());
+        failed();
+        await video.flush();
+        failed();
+        if (times.length) throw new Error('the encoder omitted a frame');
+        return units.splice(0);
+      } finally {
+        close();
+      }
+    },
+    close,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/index.ts b/npm/src/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe3683d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * Scenes, expressions, and patches are plain data, usable without WebAssembly. Call loadLatkit() to
+ * read data and draw.
+ */
+export type * from './inputs.js';
+export type * from './outputs.js';
+export * from './patch.js';
+export * from './scene.js';
+export { loadLatkit, type LoadOptions, type Latkit } from './load.js';
+export type {
+  Canvas,
+  Data,
+  Envelope,
+  Gpu,
+  Image,
+  ImageFormat,
+  LatkitError,
+  Panel,
+  Shot,
+  Table,
+  Video,
+  View,
+  ViewEvents,
+} from './runtime.js';
diff --git a/npm/src/inputs.ts b/npm/src/inputs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7d22512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/inputs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1128 @@
+/** Written by `node npm/build.mjs schema` from `npm/schema.json`, what latkit reads: do not edit. */
+
+import type { Color, ExprInput } from './scene.js';
+
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as the areas a polygon field holds: parcels, states, lakes, the land and water of a
+ * map. The view cuts each row's polygons into triangles once, off the frame when they are large;
+ * on the earth they bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian. Outline areas with
+ * a `Lines` mark of the same table, which draws their rings.
+ */
+export interface Areas {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /** The polygon field each row fills: one polygon's rings, or polygons. `geometry` unless set. */
+  geometry?: string | null;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+
+/** A plot axis. */
+export interface Axis {
+  /** The axis title. */
+  label?: string | null;
+  /** Whether grid lines cross the plot at the ticks. */
+  grid?: boolean;
+  /** Whether the axis is hidden. */
+  hidden?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Ticks at these values, each a value or `[value, label]`, their values written unless labeled;
+   * round values unless set.
+   */
+  ticks?: Tick[] | null;
+  /** How tick values are written. */
+  format?: Format;
+  /**
+   * Decimals of fixed values, or of the significand of scientific and engineering ones; as many as
+   * the ticks' step needs unless set.
+   */
+  precision?: number | null;
+}
+
+/** An operation of two values. */
+export type Binary =
+  | 'add'
+  | 'sub'
+  | 'mul'
+  | 'div'
+  | 'rem'
+  | 'pow'
+  | 'min'
+  | 'max'
+  | 'lt'
+  | 'le'
+  | 'gt'
+  | 'ge'
+  | 'eq'
+  | 'ne'
+  | 'and'
+  | 'or';
+
+export interface BinaryNode {
+  op: Binary;
+  args: [ExprInput, ExprInput];
+}
+
+/** RGBA texels, straight alpha, sRGB, rows top to bottom. */
+export interface Bitmap {
+  /** Width and height in texels. */
+  size: [number, number];
+  /** `size[0] * size[1] * 4` bytes. */
+  rgba: number[];
+}
+
+/** How much GPU memory latkit uses. */
+export interface Budget {
+  /**
+   * Bytes the data every view of the `Gpu` draws may take on the GPU: its pages, and each view's
+   * rows. A view draws a table too large for its share through the tiles the camera asks for, so
+   * what it draws always fits; pages no view draws stay cached in the room left, the least recently
+   * drawn going first. By default half the device's largest storage buffer. The pool of pages grows
+   * as data needs it, and never shrinks: set the budget before data draws.
+   */
+  bytes: number;
+  /** Bytes uploaded per frame at most; larger data streams in over frames. */
+  uploadPerFrame: number;
+}
+
+/** Where a view looks. */
+export type Camera =
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Longitude, latitude, and elevation on the earth; x, y, and elevation on a plane or a diagram. In
+       * JSON, `[x, y]` looks at the ground.
+       */
+      center: [number, number] | [number, number, number];
+      /** On the earth the web mercator level; elsewhere, log₂ of pixels per unit. */
+      zoom: number;
+      /** Degrees from looking straight down, up to 75; 0 in a diagram. */
+      pitch: number;
+      /** Degrees clockwise from north, or from up on a plane; 0 in a diagram. */
+      bearing: number;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** The axis range shown. */
+      x: [number, number];
+      /** The value range shown, or none to fit what is in view. */
+      y?: [number, number] | null;
+    };
+
+export interface ColorNode {
+  /** A CSS color, such as `#ffb000` or `rebeccapurple`. */
+  color: Color;
+}
+
+/** Colors for a range of values: a catalog name, or your own colors. */
+export type Colormap = ColormapName | CustomColormap;
+
+/** How a colormap spans values. */
+export type ColormapKind = 'sequential' | 'diverging' | 'cyclic' | 'categorical';
+
+/** A colormap of the catalog. */
+export type ColormapName =
+  | 'amber'
+  | 'amp'
+  | 'batlow'
+  | 'cividis'
+  | 'crest'
+  | 'deep'
+  | 'devon'
+  | 'flare'
+  | 'grays'
+  | 'haline'
+  | 'inferno'
+  | 'lajolla'
+  | 'magma'
+  | 'mako'
+  | 'oslo'
+  | 'plasma'
+  | 'rocket'
+  | 'thermal'
+  | 'turku'
+  | 'viridis'
+  | 'balance'
+  | 'berlin'
+  | 'brbg'
+  | 'broc'
+  | 'coolwarm'
+  | 'cork'
+  | 'icefire'
+  | 'managua'
+  | 'piyg'
+  | 'puor'
+  | 'rdbu'
+  | 'spectral'
+  | 'vanimo'
+  | 'vik'
+  | 'vlag'
+  | 'phase'
+  | 'romao'
+  | 'twilight'
+  | 'dark2'
+  | 'okabeito'
+  | 'paired'
+  | 'set2'
+  | 'tab10'
+  | 'tab20'
+  | 'tableau10'
+  | 'turbo';
+
+/** `value` through `colormap`: from its `domain`, else from the extent of the values shown. */
+export interface ColormapNode {
+  colormap: Colormap;
+  value: ExprInput;
+  domain?: [low: number, high: number] | null;
+}
+
+/** Whether a text field holds the text, ignoring case: read by queries, which hold texts. */
+export interface ContainsNode {
+  contains: [field: ExprInput, text: string];
+}
+
+/**
+ * How a view answers the pointer and keyboard, and how much it moves on its own: a preset, or
+ * options over the defaults. Each mark says whether its rows pick, select, and drag; these say
+ * what the view itself does.
+ */
+export type Controls =
+  | 'none'
+  | 'inspect'
+  | {
+      /** Dragging the background moves the camera. */
+      pan?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * What zooms: the wheel and pinching, or the wheel only with Control or Meta held (as a trackpad's
+       * pinch sends it), leaving the plain wheel to scroll the page; or nothing.
+       */
+      zoom?: Zoom;
+      /** Dragging with the secondary button, or with Shift, turns and tilts a map or plane. */
+      turn?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Tab steps through the rows nearest the view's middle and arrows to the nearest row their way;
+       * Enter opens the row stepped to and Space selects it. Otherwise arrows pan, `+` and `-` zoom,
+       * Home fits, and Escape clears the selection.
+       */
+      keyboard?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * The row the user points at glows. It is hovered either way: events tell it, and `hovered()`
+       * reads it.
+       */
+      hover?: boolean;
+      /** CSS pixels around the pointer that picks reach; touch reaches 8 more. */
+      pickRadius?: number;
+      /**
+       * Dragging with Shift selects the rows in a box, instead of turning; a Shift click still toggles
+       * its row.
+       */
+      selectBox?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Dragging from a port, from a vertex with Alt, or an edge off its end draws a connection, told as
+       * `Event::Connect`.
+       */
+      connect?: boolean;
+      /** Delete and Backspace tell `Event::Delete` with the selection. */
+      delete?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Clicking again where nothing moved selects the next row under the point, nearest first, so rows
+       * drawn over one another can each be selected.
+       */
+      cycle?: boolean;
+      /**
+       * Seconds a touch or a pen held still asks for a menu, as the secondary button does; zero never
+       * does.
+       */
+      press?: number;
+      /**
+       * How much the view moves on its own: eases, flights, coasting, orbits, label fades, comets, and
+       * what reads `elapsed()`.
+       */
+      motion?: Motion;
+    };
+
+/** Your own colormap: its kind, its colors, and for a categorical map its categories' names. */
+export interface CustomColormap {
+  kind: ColormapKind;
+  /**
+   * Colors blended in OKLab, each at its `[place, color]` from 0 to 1 or evenly between its
+   * neighbors, as in a CSS gradient; a categorical map's, one per category.
+   */
+  colors: (Color | [number, Color])[];
+  /** The categories' names, in order, for a legend: a categorical map's alone. */
+  categories?: string[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * A sheet for diagrams, flat and seen from straight above: the camera pans and zooms. Positions
+ * are units with y down, and every length is a unit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0 (sizes, padding, ports,
+ * strokes, text, and the theme's), except glow, halo, and pick radius. Zooming scales one fixed
+ * picture. Only a diagram has ports, groups, nets, and orthogonal routes; it lays out blocks.
+ */
+export interface Diagram {
+  /** The grid under the marks. */
+  grid?: Grid;
+}
+
+/** A direction on screen. */
+export type Direction = 'right' | 'left' | 'down' | 'up';
+
+/** The earth: positions are longitude and latitude in degrees. */
+export interface Earth {
+  /** A flat map or a globe. */
+  projection?: Projection;
+  /** The ground's color; the theme's surface unless set. */
+  surface?: Color | null;
+  /** Whether lines of longitude and latitude cross the ground, in the theme's grid color. */
+  graticule?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Lit by the sun as it stands this many seconds after the Unix epoch, plus the view's axis
+   * coordinate when it shows one: night falls on the ground and what stands on it, down to the
+   * theme's night. Lit evenly unless set.
+   */
+  daylight?: number | null;
+  /** Whether air glows around the globe, in the theme's atmosphere color, brighter where it is day. */
+  atmosphere?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as strokes between the vertices two reference fields name: branches, links, wires. In
+ * a diagram, a row without ends is a net: it joins every vertex port whose reference field names
+ * it.
+ */
+export interface Edges {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /** The reference fields naming each row's two vertices. */
+  ends?: [from: string, to: string] | null;
+  /** A path field of points each row runs through between its ends. */
+  bends?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * How each row runs between its ends; on the earth geodesic, elsewhere straight, unless set.
+   * Orthogonal routes run around blocks, bends rounded; diagrams only.
+   */
+  route?: Route | null;
+  /** Whether each row ends in an arrowhead at its second end; a net's at each input it reaches. */
+  arrows?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Draws each row as a pole from its own vertex down to the ground beneath it, on a plane or the
+   * earth; it has no ends.
+   */
+  poles?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Draws each row as a net on a plane or the earth: it joins the vertex rows of `table` whose
+   * reference field names it, as a star from their middle to each.
+   */
+  joins?: [table: string, reference: string] | null;
+  /** CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram. */
+  width?: Size | null;
+  /** Whether each row is dashed. */
+  dash?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram, or
+   * position units where the theme's flow is in units; negative flows backward. A speed that changes
+   * carries comets on from where they are.
+   */
+  flow?: ExprInput;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+
+/** A value for every row of a mark: a constant, a field, view state, or arithmetic of them. */
+export type ExprNode =
+  | number
+  | boolean
+  | string
+  | FieldNode
+  | ColorNode
+  | StateNode
+  | MissingNode
+  | UnaryNode
+  | BinaryNode
+  | WhenNode
+  | IsNode
+  | ContainsNode
+  | ScaleNode
+  | ColormapNode;
+
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as triangles between the vertices three reference fields name: meshes, surfaces, and
+ * fields interpolated across a network. Faces are lit from the camera, so a flat mesh seen from
+ * above shows its exact colors.
+ */
+export interface Faces {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /**
+   * The reference fields naming each row's three vertices. Without a color, a face blends the colors
+   * of its corners.
+   */
+  corners?: [a: string, b: string, c: string] | null;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+
+/** A field of each row: of the mark's own table, or of another dataset's table joined by row id. */
+export interface FieldNode {
+  field: string;
+  /** The dataset and table the field is read from, joined by row id. */
+  of?: [data: string, table: string] | null;
+  /** Reads a sampled field at its last frame without interpolating. */
+  step?: boolean;
+}
+
+/** What a view's fit frames. */
+export type Fit =
+  | 'all'
+  | {
+      /** These rows. */
+      rows: Rows[];
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Brings this row into view, keeping the zoom. */
+      reveal: Row;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** The box from `min` to `max`: x, y, and elevation. */
+      bounds: {
+        /** The least corner. */
+        min: [number, number, number];
+        /** The greatest corner. */
+        max: [number, number, number];
+      };
+    };
+
+/**
+ * How comets flowing along edges and lines look: each a round head, brightest at its middle,
+ * trailing a tail that thins and fades.
+ */
+export interface Flow {
+  /** A comet's color; its alpha is how strongly a comet covers its stroke. */
+  color?: Color;
+  /** Distance between comets. */
+  spacing?: number;
+  /** How far a comet's tail trails its head. */
+  length?: number;
+  /** How wide a comet's head is, CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; never narrower than its stroke. */
+  width?: number;
+  /**
+   * Whether comets are part of the drawing: their spacing, length, and each row's flow in position
+   * units, degrees on the earth, so they zoom with the view and stay where they are on their lines.
+   * Otherwise they keep their size and speed on screen, and slide along their lines as it zooms.
+   */
+  units?: boolean;
+}
+
+/** How an axis writes its tick values. */
+export type Format = 'auto' | 'fixed' | 'scientific' | 'engineering';
+
+/** A plane's or a diagram's grid: `"off"`, `{ lines: { pitch } }`, or `{ dots: { pitch, snap } }`. */
+export type Grid =
+  | 'off'
+  | {
+      /** Lines `pitch` units apart, thinned by tens as the view zooms out. */
+      lines: {
+        /** Units between lines. */
+        pitch: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Dots `pitch` units apart; drags snap to them when `snap`. */
+      dots: {
+        /** Units between dots. */
+        pitch: number;
+        /** Whether moved vertices snap to the dots. */
+        snap?: boolean;
+      };
+    };
+
+/**
+ * A row's id: a whole number from 0, or a text. A number above 2^53 - 1 is written as its decimal
+ * text, which names the same row.
+ */
+export type Id = number | string;
+
+/** Row ids: numbers or texts (null leaves a reference unwired), or `{count}` naming rows 0..count. */
+export type Ids = (Id | null)[] | { count: number };
+
+/** How a line runs between its samples. */
+export type Interpolation = 'linear' | 'stepBefore' | 'stepAfter';
+
+/** Whether a text field equals the text. */
+export interface IsNode {
+  is: [field: ExprInput, text: string];
+}
+
+export type Label =
+  | ExprInput
+  | {
+      /** A text field. */
+      text: ExprInput;
+      /** CSS pixels, or units in a diagram; the theme's font size unless set. */
+      size?: number | null;
+      /** Each row's text color; the theme's text color unless set. */
+      color?: ExprInput | null;
+      /** Where labels would overlap, the higher shows; the mark's priority unless set. */
+      priority?: ExprInput | null;
+      /** How far a line runs before it wraps: CSS pixels, or units in a diagram. */
+      maxWidth?: number | null;
+      /** The CSS font family list its texts are set in; the theme's font unless set. */
+      font?: string | null;
+      /**
+       * The most labels shown at once, those of highest priority among the rows in view; where they
+       * would overlap, fewer.
+       */
+      max?: number | null;
+    };
+
+/** Layered drawing: vertices in ranks, edges pointing along `flow`, and nets from their outputs. */
+export interface Layered {
+  /** Where edges point. */
+  flow?: Direction;
+  /** Units between vertices of a rank. */
+  gap?: number;
+  /** Units between ranks. */
+  rankGap?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, sized, or the points of a
+ * plane or the earth, among the rows linked to them, gaps in the space's units: a name, or
+ * `{ stress | layered: options }`. A place, once given, holds: rows added later are placed around
+ * the rest, and `View::arrange` lays every row out again.
+ */
+export type Layout =
+  | 'none'
+  | 'stress'
+  | 'layered'
+  | {
+      /** Distances on the drawing follow distances in the graph. */
+      stress: Stress;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Ranks along a direction, for flows and hierarchies. */
+      layered: Layered;
+    };
+
+/**
+ * Rows drawn as lines: along a path field (roads, rivers, borders) or a polygon field's rings,
+ * outlining its areas; on a plot, through a sampled field's history across the data's axis, what a
+ * monitor shows. On the earth paths bend with the globe and stay whole across the antimeridian.
+ */
+export interface Lines {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /** The path or polygon field each row runs along; `geometry` unless set. Not on a plot. */
+  geometry?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * The sampled field each row traces across the data's axis, on a plot alone. A field not recorded
+   * yet draws nothing until its first frame.
+   */
+  trace?: string | null;
+  /** How each row runs between its samples, on a plot. */
+  interpolation?: Interpolation;
+  /** CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram. */
+  width?: Size | null;
+  /** Whether each row is dashed. */
+  dash?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Comets flowing along each row at this speed a second: CSS pixels, units in a diagram, or
+   * position units where the theme's flow is in units; negative flows backward. A speed that changes
+   * carries comets on from where they are.
+   */
+  flow?: ExprInput;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+
+/** One drawn table of a scene: `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }` as JSON. */
+export type Mark =
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as markers. */
+      vertices: Vertices;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as strokes between two vertices. */
+      edges: Edges;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as triangles between three vertices. */
+      faces: Faces;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as lines along their paths, or on a plot through their samples. */
+      lines: Lines;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Rows drawn as the areas their polygons cover. */
+      areas: Areas;
+    };
+
+/**
+ * How a vertex is drawn: a shape's name, `"block"`, or
+ * `{ shape | block | gauge | pie | icon | wgsl: options }`.
+ */
+export type Marker =
+  | 'ellipse'
+  | 'rectangle'
+  | 'rounded'
+  | 'diamond'
+  | 'block'
+  | {
+      /** A filled shape. */
+      shape: Shape;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A block: a rectangle with rounded corners of `corner` CSS pixels, sized for diagrams. */
+      block: {
+        /** Corner radius, CSS pixels; 4 unless set. */
+        corner?: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A shape's outline, filled to `fill` from 0 to 1: around a circle, up other shapes. */
+      gauge: {
+        /** How full each row's gauge is. */
+        fill: ExprInput;
+        /** The outline. */
+        shape?: Shape;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A circle cut into slices, each as large as its value. */
+      pie: {
+        /** Each slice's value. */
+        slices: ExprInput[];
+        /** Each slice's color. */
+        colors: Color[];
+        /** The hole in the middle, as a fraction of the radius. */
+        hole?: number;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /** One of `images`, fitted in the marker's box; `index` picks which for each row. */
+      icon: {
+        /** The images. */
+        images: Bitmap[];
+        /** Each row's image, from 0. */
+        index: ExprInput;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      /**
+       * A marker in WGSL: `source` defines `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor`, reading up to
+       * eight `inputs` as `f.input[i]`. It compiles once, when the view first draws it.
+       */
+      wgsl: {
+        /** The function's source. */
+        source: string;
+        /** Each row's inputs. */
+        inputs?: ExprInput[];
+      };
+    };
+
+/** A missing value: options that read one take the theme's. */
+export interface MissingNode {
+  missing: true;
+}
+
+/** How much a view moves on its own. */
+export type Motion = 'system' | 'full' | 'reduced';
+
+/** Which way a sort runs; rows a key reads nothing for come last either way. */
+export type Order = 'ascending' | 'descending';
+
+/** A plane: positions are plane units. */
+export interface Plane {
+  /** The grid under the marks. */
+  grid?: Grid;
+}
+
+/** A plot: x is the data's axis, y the values. */
+export interface Plot {
+  /** The horizontal axis. */
+  x?: Axis;
+  /** The vertical axis. */
+  y?: Axis;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A vertex's port: where a net its reference field names meets it, on one side of its marker: a
+ * side, or options. An output drives its net: layouts rank a net from its outputs, and its arrows
+ * point away from them.
+ */
+export type Port =
+  | 'left'
+  | 'right'
+  | 'top'
+  | 'bottom'
+  | {
+      /** The side it sits on. */
+      side: Side;
+      /**
+       * Its place among the ports on that side, from the top or the left; in declaration order unless
+       * set.
+       */
+      order?: number | null;
+      /** Its name, drawn beside it inside the marker. */
+      label?: string | null;
+      /** Its marker. */
+      shape?: Shape;
+      /** Whether it drives the net its reference field names; an input unless set. */
+      output?: boolean;
+    };
+
+/** How the earth is drawn. */
+export type Projection = 'mercator' | 'globe';
+
+/** The rows of a table to read back, run through the expressions marks draw with. */
+export interface Query {
+  /** The table read. */
+  of: string;
+  /**
+   * The rows read, in this order unless sorted; every row unless set. Ids that name no row are
+   * passed over.
+   */
+  ids?: Ids | null;
+  /** Keeps the rows it is true for. */
+  filter?: ExprInput | null;
+  /**
+   * Keys to sort by, each after those before it; rows a key reads nothing for come last, and rows
+   * all keys order alike keep their order.
+   */
+  sort?: [ExprInput, Order][];
+  /** The kept rows skipped first. */
+  offset?: number;
+  /** The most rows read; a limit picks them in linear time before sorting only those. */
+  limit?: number | null;
+  /** Fields to read by name: a field as it is, anything else as numbers. Every field unless set. */
+  select?: { [name: string]: ExprInput };
+  /** The axis coordinate sampled fields are read at; their last frame unless set. */
+  at?: number | null;
+}
+
+/** How an edge runs between its ends. */
+export type Route = 'straight' | 'geodesic' | 'orthogonal';
+
+/** A row of a table in a dataset. It survives any change that keeps the names and the id. */
+export interface Row {
+  /** The dataset's name. */
+  data: string;
+  /** The table's name. */
+  table: string;
+  /** The row's id in the table. */
+  id: Id;
+}
+
+/** Rows of one table in a dataset, by id: what a view selects, fits, and tells as sets of rows. */
+export interface Rows {
+  /** The dataset's name. */
+  data: string;
+  /** The table's name. */
+  table: string;
+  /** The rows' ids in the table. */
+  ids: Id[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * `value` mapped linearly onto the range `scale`, clamped: from its `domain`, else from the extent
+ * of the values shown.
+ */
+export interface ScaleNode {
+  scale: [low: number, high: number];
+  value: ExprInput;
+  domain?: [low: number, high: number] | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a view draws and how it answers input: a space, marks in drawing order, a layout, a theme,
+ * controls, how long changes ease, and the title written over it. Plain data: as JSON, each field
+ * by its name in camelCase, each mark `{ vertices | edges | faces | lines | areas: options }`.
+ */
+export interface Scene {
+  space: Space;
+  /** What the view draws, in drawing order. */
+  marks?: Mark[];
+  /**
+   * How the view places vertex rows without positions: a diagram's blocks, or points on a plane or
+   * the earth, gaps in the space's units.
+   */
+  layout?: Layout;
+  theme?: Theme;
+  controls?: Controls;
+  /** Seconds that changes ease over; 0.3 unless set. */
+  ease?: number;
+  /** Written at the view's top left, larger than the theme's text. */
+  title?: string | null;
+  /** Written under the title. */
+  subtitle?: string | null;
+}
+
+/** How marks that cast shadows cast them onto the ground and onto faces. */
+export interface Shadow {
+  /** What a shadow darkens toward; its alpha is how dark a shadow at contact gets. */
+  color?: Color;
+  /** The direction toward the light, fixed in the world: shadows fall away from it. */
+  light?: [number, number, number];
+  /** How much a shadow spreads per unit of a caster's height: the light's size. */
+  softness?: number;
+  /** CSS pixels flat marks cast from, as if raised. */
+  lift?: number;
+}
+
+/** A marker's outline. */
+export type Shape = 'ellipse' | 'rectangle' | 'rounded' | 'diamond';
+
+/** A side of a marker. */
+export type Side = 'left' | 'right' | 'top' | 'bottom';
+
+/** A size: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`. */
+export type Size = ExprInput | Units;
+
+/**
+ * The coordinate space a scene's positions are in: a name, or
+ * `{ plane | diagram | earth | plot: options }`. A diagram is a flat sheet seen from straight
+ * above: y runs down, and every length is a unit, a CSS pixel at zoom 0, except glow, halo, and
+ * pick radius. Only a diagram has ports, groups, nets, orthogonal routes, and layouts.
+ */
+export type Space =
+  | 'plane'
+  | 'diagram'
+  | 'mercator'
+  | 'globe'
+  | 'plot'
+  | {
+      /** Longitude and latitude in degrees, on a map or a globe. */
+      earth: Earth;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** Plane units with elevation: graphs and scenes the camera turns and tilts around. */
+      plane: Plane;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** The data's axis across, values up. */
+      plot: Plot;
+    }
+  | {
+      /** A sheet for diagrams: x right and y down in units, every length a unit. */
+      diagram: Diagram;
+    };
+
+/** What the view knows of each row. */
+export type State = 'selected' | 'hovered' | 'pointer' | 'elapsed' | 'zoom';
+
+/** What the view knows of each row. */
+export interface StateNode {
+  state: State;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stress majorization: each pair of vertices pulls toward its graph distance; then their boxes
+ * part, keeping a quarter of the gap clear.
+ */
+export interface Stress {
+  /** Units between adjacent vertices' centers. */
+  gap?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Colors and sizes marks take where their options read nothing, and the look of focus and motion:
+ * a base theme's name, or options over one (`base`, dark unless set). Lengths are CSS pixels; in a
+ * diagram they are units, except `glow` and `halo`.
+ */
+export type Theme =
+  | 'dark'
+  | 'light'
+  | {
+      /** Behind everything. */
+      background?: Color;
+      /** The earth's ground, and a group's container. */
+      surface?: Color;
+      /** A plane's or a diagram's grid. */
+      grid?: Color;
+      /** Vertex color. */
+      vertex?: Color;
+      /** Vertex radius. */
+      vertexRadius?: number;
+      /**
+       * Edge color; `null` blends the colors of each edge's two vertices, and in a diagram takes the
+       * text color.
+       */
+      edge?: Color | null;
+      /** Edge width. */
+      edgeWidth?: number;
+      /** Line color. */
+      line?: Color;
+      /** Line width. */
+      lineWidth?: number;
+      /** Area color. */
+      area?: Color;
+      /** How much a face turned away from the camera darkens, 0 to 1. */
+      shading?: number;
+      /** Text: labels, axis ticks, and titles. */
+      text?: Color;
+      /** The CSS font family text is set in. */
+      font?: string;
+      /** Text size. */
+      fontSize?: number;
+      /** The line a plot draws at the shown coordinate. */
+      playhead?: Color;
+      /** What a missing color reads as. */
+      missing?: Color;
+      /** The glow around hovered rows. */
+      hover?: Color;
+      /** The glow around selected rows; `null` glows in each row's own color. */
+      selected?: Color | null;
+      /** How far focus glows reach, CSS pixels. */
+      glow?: number;
+      /** The opacity of rows outside a selection. */
+      dim?: number;
+      /** How much a hovered vertex sized in CSS pixels grows. */
+      hoverScale?: number;
+      /** Length of a dash. */
+      dash?: number;
+      /** How comets flowing along edges and lines look. */
+      flow?: Flow;
+      /**
+       * In a diagram, distance between the lanes of edges joining the same two vertices, and between
+       * parallel orthogonal wires, which keep twice it apart.
+       */
+      edgeSpacing?: number;
+      /**
+       * Elsewhere, how far edges joining the same two vertices bow apart: each lane by this fraction of
+       * the edge's length at its middle. A bow is part of the drawing, so zooming never moves it.
+       */
+      laneBow?: number;
+      /** How far an arrowhead reaches past its edge's width. */
+      arrow?: number;
+      /** CSS pixels of background around label text. */
+      halo?: number;
+      /** Distance between a group's members and its outline. */
+      groupPadding?: number;
+      /** How marks that cast shadows cast them. */
+      shadow?: Shadow;
+      /** The air glowing around the globe, where the earth has an atmosphere. */
+      atmosphere?: Color;
+      /** How bright the earth's night side stays where it is lit by daylight, 0 to 1. */
+      night?: number;
+      /** The theme these options change; dark unless set. */
+      base?: 'dark' | 'light';
+    };
+
+/** A tick as written: a value, or `[value, label]`. */
+export type Tick = number | [number, string | null];
+
+/** An operation of one value. */
+export type Unary = 'neg' | 'not' | 'abs' | 'sqrt' | 'sin' | 'cos' | 'floor' | 'ln' | 'exp';
+
+export interface UnaryNode {
+  op: Unary;
+  args: [ExprInput];
+}
+
+/** A size in position units, so it scales as the view zooms, kept within CSS pixels when given. */
+export interface Units {
+  units: ExprInput;
+  /** CSS pixels it keeps at least, however far the view zooms out. */
+  atLeast?: number | null;
+  /** CSS pixels it keeps at most, however far the view zooms in. */
+  atMost?: number | null;
+}
+
+/** Rows drawn as markers: points of a map, nodes of a graph, blocks of a diagram. */
+export interface Vertices {
+  /** The dataset and table drawn. */
+  of: [data: string, table: string];
+  /**
+   * Each row's x and y. Without them, the point field `geometry` names places rows; rows without
+   * either the scene's layout places.
+   */
+  position?: [ExprInput, ExprInput] | null;
+  /** The point field placing each row where `position` is not given; `geometry` unless set. */
+  geometry?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Height above the ground: on the earth, a fraction of its radius. Not in a diagram, which is
+   * flat.
+   */
+  elevation?: ExprInput;
+  /** CSS pixels, or position units with `units`; units in a diagram. */
+  radius?: Size | null;
+  /**
+   * Width and height, for markers that are not round: CSS pixels, or position units with `units`;
+   * units in a diagram, where a block without a size fits its label and ports.
+   */
+  size?: [Size, Size] | null;
+  /** How each row is drawn. */
+  marker?: Marker;
+  /** A ring around each row's marker in this color; a missing or transparent color draws none. */
+  ring?: ExprInput | null;
+  /**
+   * A port on each row for each reference field naming a net, which an `edges` mark of the net table
+   * without ends draws. Diagrams only.
+   */
+  ports?: [reference: string, port: Port][];
+  /**
+   * Makes each row a group: it holds the rows of `table` whose reference field names it, and is
+   * drawn as a container around them, its label a title in its header. Diagrams only.
+   */
+  contains?: [table: string, reference: string] | null;
+  /** Each row's color; the theme's unless set. */
+  color?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Whether each row is drawn and picked. */
+  visible?: ExprInput;
+  /**
+   * Each row's priority, from its data alone: what matters more draws on top, stays drawn as a table
+   * too large to draw whole thins to the tiles in view, and is labeled first.
+   */
+  priority?: ExprInput | null;
+  /** Tells two marks of one table apart across scenes, and names the mark in hits. */
+  name?: string | null;
+  /**
+   * Whether rows are hovered, clicked, and probed. Unless set, rows that are things are (vertices,
+   * edges, faces, a plot's traces) and geometry is not (areas, and lines along paths: coasts,
+   * borders, roads).
+   */
+  pick?: boolean | null;
+  /** Whether a click selects a row. */
+  select?: boolean;
+  /** Whether pressing a row drags it instead of panning. */
+  drag?: boolean;
+  /** Each row's text: a text field, or a label's options. */
+  label?: Label | null;
+  /** Whether each row casts a shadow onto the ground and onto faces, away from the theme's light. */
+  shadow?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * A legend of the colors at the view's bottom right, under this title: the colormap across its
+   * domain, ticked; a cell for each category; or a swatch beside each name of a map's `categories`.
+   * The color maps through a colormap with a domain or named categories; a conditional's `otherwise`
+   * is read before its cases.
+   */
+  legend?: string | null;
+}
+
+/** The value of the first case whose condition holds, else `otherwise`. */
+export interface WhenNode {
+  when: [condition: ExprInput, value: ExprInput][];
+  otherwise: ExprInput;
+}
+
+/** What zooms a view. */
+export type Zoom = 'wheel' | 'modifier' | 'off';
diff --git a/npm/src/jobs.ts b/npm/src/jobs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46717f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/jobs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/** Shared on-demand workers. Each receives the compiled module once and owns its WASM memory. */
+interface Answer {
+  ready?: boolean;
+  bytes?: Uint8Array;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+interface Job {
+  bytes: Uint8Array;
+  resolve(bytes: Uint8Array): void;
+  reject(error: Error): void;
+}
+
+interface Slot {
+  worker: Worker;
+  ready: boolean;
+  job?: Job;
+  timer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs one job per worker. Idle workers retire after 30 seconds; startup and jobs have a one-minute
+ * deadline. Failure rejects the affected job and retires the worker; later jobs get a fresh one.
+ */
+export function jobs(
+  module: WebAssembly.Module,
+  createWorker = () => new Worker(new URL('./worker.js', import.meta.url)),
+): (bytes: Uint8Array) => Promise<Uint8Array> {
+  const size = Math.max(1, Math.min(4, (globalThis.navigator?.hardwareConcurrency || 2) - 1));
+  const queue: Job[] = [];
+  const slots = new Set<Slot>();
+
+  const retire = (slot: Slot): void => {
+    clearTimeout(slot.timer);
+    slot.worker.onmessage = null;
+    slot.worker.onerror = null;
+    slot.worker.onmessageerror = null;
+    slot.worker.terminate();
+    slots.delete(slot);
+  };
+
+  const fail = (slot: Slot, cause: unknown): void => {
+    const job = slot.job;
+    retire(slot);
+    job?.reject(cause instanceof Error ? cause : new Error(String(cause)));
+    pump();
+  };
+
+  const send = (slot: Slot): void => {
+    const job = slot.job;
+    if (!job || !slot.ready) return;
+    try {
+      slot.worker.postMessage(job.bytes, [job.bytes.buffer]);
+    } catch (error) {
+      fail(slot, error);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const start = (): Slot => {
+    const worker = createWorker();
+    const slot: Slot = { worker, ready: false };
+    slots.add(slot);
+    worker.onmessage = ({ data }: MessageEvent<Answer>) => {
+      if (!slot.ready) {
+        if (!data.ready) return fail(slot, data.error ?? 'worker initialization failed');
+        slot.ready = true;
+        send(slot);
+      } else if (slot.job) {
+        if (!(data.bytes instanceof Uint8Array))
+          return fail(slot, data.error ?? 'invalid worker answer');
+        const job = slot.job;
+        slot.job = undefined;
+        clearTimeout(slot.timer);
+        slot.timer = setTimeout(() => retire(slot), 30_000);
+        job.resolve(data.bytes);
+        pump();
+      }
+    };
+    worker.onerror = (event) => {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      fail(slot, event.message || 'worker failed');
+    };
+    worker.onmessageerror = () => fail(slot, 'could not read worker message');
+    return slot;
+  };
+
+  function pump(): void {
+    while (queue.length) {
+      let slot = [...slots].find((candidate) => !candidate.job);
+      if (!slot && slots.size >= size) return;
+      const job = queue.shift()!;
+      try {
+        slot ??= start();
+        clearTimeout(slot.timer);
+        slot.job = job;
+        const active = slot;
+        slot.timer = setTimeout(() => fail(active, 'worker job timed out'), 60_000);
+        if (slot.ready) send(slot);
+        else slot.worker.postMessage(module);
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (slot) retire(slot);
+        job.reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (bytes) =>
+    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      queue.push({ bytes, resolve, reject });
+      pump();
+    });
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/load.ts b/npm/src/load.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0307a10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/load.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/** Options for the page's shared WASM runtime. Omitted options reuse its existing configuration. */
+export interface LoadOptions {
+  /** The matching package's WASM asset, or an already compiled module. Defaults to the bundled asset. */
+  wasm?: string | URL | WebAssembly.Module;
+  /** Creates a worker running the standalone `latkit/worker` bundle. Defaults to the bundled worker. */
+  createWorker?: () => Worker;
+}
+
+/** The initialized data and rendering API. GPU devices are requested separately by `Gpu.create()`. */
+export interface Latkit {
+  Data: typeof import('./runtime.js').Data;
+  Gpu: typeof import('./runtime.js').Gpu;
+  Shot: typeof import('./runtime.js').Shot;
+  colormapCss: typeof import('./runtime.js').colormapCss;
+}
+
+let configured: LoadOptions | undefined;
+let loading: Promise<Latkit> | undefined;
+
+/**
+ * Loads the runtime once per page. Concurrent calls share one promise; a failed load can be retried.
+ * Options explicitly supplied after the first call must match that call. Importing the package alone
+ * neither initializes WASM nor requests a GPU or worker.
+ */
+export function loadLatkit(options: LoadOptions = {}): Promise<Latkit> {
+  // Snapshot URLs so a caller cannot change the configuration while it loads.
+  const wasm = options.wasm instanceof URL ? options.wasm.href : options.wasm;
+  if (loading) {
+    if (
+      (wasm !== undefined && wasm !== configured?.wasm) ||
+      (options.createWorker !== undefined && options.createWorker !== configured?.createWorker)
+    ) {
+      return Promise.reject(
+        Object.assign(new Error('latkit is already loading or loaded with different options'), {
+          code: 'io',
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    return loading;
+  }
+  configured = { wasm, createWorker: options.createWorker };
+  loading = import('./runtime.js')
+    .then((runtime) => runtime.initialize(configured!))
+    .catch((cause: unknown) => {
+      configured = undefined;
+      loading = undefined;
+      throw Object.assign(new Error('could not load latkit', { cause }), { code: 'io' });
+    });
+  return loading;
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/outputs.ts b/npm/src/outputs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9741df92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/outputs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/** Written by `node npm/build.mjs schema` from `npm/schema.json`, what latkit writes: do not edit. */
+
+import type { Camera, Id, Row, Rows } from './inputs.js';
+
+/**
+ * What a dataset holds: its tables, their rows and fields, and the axis its sampled fields are
+ * recorded over and span.
+ */
+export interface Description {
+  /** The dataset's name. */
+  name: string;
+  /** The axis's name and unit. */
+  axis: [string, string] | null;
+  /** The first and last coordinates its sampled fields hold. */
+  span: [number, number] | null;
+  /** Its tables, by name. */
+  tables: TableDescription[];
+}
+
+/** What the user acts with. */
+export type Device = 'mouse' | 'pen' | 'touch' | 'keyboard';
+
+/** A vertex a connection ends at, and its port when it has the one the connection meets. */
+export interface End {
+  /** The vertex. */
+  row: Row;
+  /** The port, by the reference field naming its net. */
+  port?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * What failed: its `code`, the message, and for invalid input the `path` to the part, such as
+ * `marks[2].vertices.color`.
+ */
+export interface Failure {
+  code: 'invalid' | 'unsupported' | 'limit' | 'io' | 'device-lost' | 'cancelled' | 'timeout';
+  message: string;
+  path?: string;
+}
+
+/** A field described: what it holds, the table a reference names, the coordinates samples span. */
+export interface FieldDescription {
+  /** The field's name. */
+  name: string;
+  /** What it holds. */
+  kind: Kind;
+  /** The table a reference names. */
+  to?: string;
+  /** The first and last coordinates a sampled field holds. */
+  span?: [number, number];
+}
+
+/** A row under a point, as the frame drew it. */
+export interface Hit {
+  /** The row. */
+  row: Row;
+  /** The name of the mark that drew it, when it has one: what tells two marks of one table apart. */
+  mark?: string;
+  /**
+   * The point of the row nearest the probe, CSS pixels from the top left: a vertex's or a port's
+   * middle, the nearest point of a stroke or a triangle.
+   */
+  point: [number, number];
+  /** That point in the space's coordinates: x, y, and elevation. */
+  position: [number, number, number];
+  /** CSS pixels from the probe to the row. */
+  distance: number;
+  /** The port hit, when a vertex's port was. */
+  port?: string;
+  /** The sample hit, when a line tracing a sampled field was. */
+  sample?: Sample;
+}
+
+/** What a field holds. */
+export type Kind =
+  'number' | 'bool' | 'text' | 'point' | 'path' | 'parts' | 'polygons' | 'reference' | 'sampled';
+
+/** Keys held during an input. */
+export interface Modifiers {
+  /** Shift. */
+  shift: boolean;
+  /** Control. */
+  control: boolean;
+  /** Alt or Option. */
+  alt: boolean;
+  /** Meta: Command or Windows. */
+  meta: boolean;
+}
+
+/** The phase of a `Drag`. */
+export type Phase = 'start' | 'move' | 'end';
+
+/** A sample of a traced field: its frame, the axis coordinate it was recorded at, and its value. */
+export interface Sample {
+  /** The frame, numbered from the first ever recorded. JSON uses a decimal string above 2^53 - 1. */
+  frame: Id;
+  /** The axis coordinate. */
+  at: number;
+  /** The value. */
+  value: number;
+}
+
+/** What a view does each frame. */
+export interface Stats {
+  /** Frames rendered. */
+  frames: number;
+  /** Rows of every mark's table. */
+  rows: number;
+  /**
+   * Rows every mark draws: every row of a table drawn whole, the rows of the tiles in view of one
+   * drawn through tiles.
+   */
+  drawn: number;
+  /** Draw calls the last frame recorded, shadows and labels with the marks. */
+  draws: number;
+  /**
+   * Instances the last frame's draws drew: points, segments, triangles, glyphs; at most, for
+   * segments the GPU culls.
+   */
+  instances: number;
+  /** Fetched tiles the view draws, of every tile source. */
+  tiles: number;
+  /** Tiles being fetched or decoded, of every tile source. */
+  tilesLoading: number;
+  /** Bytes of data waiting to upload. */
+  uploading: number;
+  /** Bytes of data pages on the GPU, for every view of its `Gpu`. */
+  resident: number;
+  /** Bytes the GPU's `Budget` lets data take. */
+  budget: number;
+  /**
+   * The work under way the last frame stood in for; nothing when it drew everything as the data,
+   * scene, and camera say: see `View::complete`.
+   */
+  waiting: Waiting;
+  /** Milliseconds the last frame took to record on the CPU. */
+  cpuMs: number;
+  /**
+   * Milliseconds the GPU takes on a frame: the median of the last frames it measured; 0 where the
+   * device cannot measure.
+   */
+  gpuMs: number;
+}
+
+/** A table described: its rows, and its fields by name. */
+export interface TableDescription {
+  /** The table's name. */
+  name: string;
+  /** How many rows it has. */
+  rows: number;
+  /** Its fields, by name. */
+  fields: FieldDescription[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where, with what keys, and with what the user acted. For keys, the point is the row they point
+ * at, else the pointer, else the view's middle.
+ */
+export interface Trigger {
+  /** CSS pixels from the top left. */
+  point: [number, number];
+  /** The keys held. */
+  modifiers: Modifiers;
+  /** What acted. */
+  device: Device;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A value read from a dataset: a number (`null` when not finite), boolean, or text; a geometry as
+ * nested `[x, y]` points; a reference as the id of the row it names.
+ */
+export type Value = number | boolean | string | null | [number, number] | unknown[][];
+
+/** What happened in a view, for the application to act on. Drain them with `View::events`. */
+export type ViewEvent =
+  | {
+      type: 'click';
+      detail: {
+        /** The row. */
+        hit: Hit;
+        /** How the user clicked it. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'open';
+      detail: {
+        /** The row. */
+        hit: Hit;
+        /** How the user opened it. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'menu';
+      detail: {
+        /** What lies under the point, nearest first. */
+        hits: Hit[];
+        /** How the user asked. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'drag';
+      detail: {
+        /** Whether the drag starts, moves, or ends. */
+        phase: Phase;
+        /** The row dragged, as it was hit. */
+        hit: Hit;
+        /**
+         * Where the row goes, in the space's coordinates: where it was hit, moved as the pointer moved
+         * since the press, at the depth the drag started; a vertex keeps where it was grabbed. On a
+         * diagram's dots when its grid snaps.
+         */
+        position: [number, number, number];
+        /** The pointer. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'connect';
+      detail: {
+        /** The end it was drawn from: for an edge, the end that stayed. */
+        from: End;
+        /** The vertex it was released over, if any. */
+        to: End | null;
+        /** The edge whose other end was dragged, which `to` replaces. */
+        edge: Row | null;
+        /** Where it was released. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'delete';
+      detail: {
+        /** The rows selected. */
+        rows: Rows[];
+        /** The key. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'hover';
+      detail: {
+        /** The row now pointed at; `null` once it left every row. */
+        hit: Hit | null;
+        /** The pointer, or the keys. */
+        trigger: Trigger;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'select';
+      detail: {
+        /** The rows selected now. */
+        rows: Rows[];
+        /** How the user changed it; `null` when the data dropped rows from it. */
+        trigger: Trigger | null;
+      };
+    }
+  | { type: 'camera'; detail: Camera }
+  | { type: 'waiting'; detail: Waiting }
+  | { type: 'error'; detail: Failure };
+
+/**
+ * Work under way a frame stands in for: pipelines the scene draws with compiling, until which the
+ * view draws nothing new (`compiling`); pages uploading or tables not yet built from them
+ * (`data`); layouts, routes, lanes, shapes, tiles, or pyramids (`derived`); a label placement or
+ * texts not yet set (`labels`); a fit due or being measured (`fit`); row regions laid out again,
+ * segment counts, or a transition beginning (`marks`). Empty once a frame is complete.
+ */
+export type Waiting = ('compiling' | 'data' | 'derived' | 'labels' | 'fit' | 'marks')[];
+
+/** What a `Gpu` did since it was made; subtract two for what happened between. */
+export interface Work {
+  /** Bytes of data pages uploaded. */
+  uploaded: number;
+  /** Bytes written besides pages: uniforms, programs, label runs, the selection, textures. */
+  written: number;
+  /** Rows whose channels the GPU evaluated. */
+  evaluated: number;
+  /**
+   * Reads back from the GPU: probes, queries, fits, label placements, segment counts, pictures; not
+   * the frame timer's, which only some devices have.
+   */
+  readbacks: number;
+  /**
+   * Jobs handed out: layouts, routes, lanes, triangulations, pyramids, tiles; to the host's workers,
+   * or done at once without a host.
+   */
+  jobs: number;
+  /** Label texts the host was asked to set. */
+  texts: number;
+  /**
+   * Pipelines compiled: in a browser, each as a view or a shot asks for it ahead, off the GPU's
+   * thread; natively, where it is first made.
+   */
+  pipelines: number;
+  /**
+   * Pipelines made without being asked for ahead, each compiled where it is first used: in a browser
+   * on the GPU's thread, holding frames back. None, unless a scene uses what it did not ask for.
+   */
+  late: number;
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/patch.ts b/npm/src/patch.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b571a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/patch.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+/**
+ * Patches as latkit's bytes, written here without WebAssembly: a page, a worker, or a server builds
+ * them alike. The layout is `crates/latkit/src/data/bytes.rs`'s: a frame of `LATK`, its length, the
+ * dataset it changes, and its operations, little endian throughout.
+ */
+
+import type { Id, Ids } from './inputs.js';
+
+/** Row ids as a patch takes them: listed, `{ count }` for rows `0..count`, or a typed array. */
+export type RowIds = Ids | readonly (Id | null)[] | Uint32Array | Float64Array;
+
+/** A point `[x, y]`, or a list of geometries one level shallower: a path, its parts, or polygons. */
+export type Geometry = readonly number[] | readonly Geometry[];
+
+/**
+ * One field's values, a value per row; `null` is missing. Typed arrays copy at once: numbers, or
+ * in a `Uint8Array` booleans, nonzero true. Booleans, texts, and geometries also as arrays.
+ */
+export type Values =
+  | Float64Array
+  | Float32Array
+  | Int32Array
+  | Uint32Array
+  | Uint8Array
+  | readonly (number | null)[]
+  | readonly (boolean | null)[]
+  | readonly (string | null)[]
+  | readonly (Geometry | null)[];
+
+/** A field naming rows of another table by id: `null` leaves a row unwired. */
+export interface Reference {
+  reference: string;
+  ids: RowIds;
+}
+
+/** Values of a field naming rows of `table` by id. */
+export function reference(table: string, ids: RowIds): Reference {
+  return { reference: table, ids };
+}
+
+/** A table's fields by name. */
+export type Fields = Readonly<Record<string, Values | Reference>>;
+
+/** A byte stream, structurally compatible with the browser and Node ReadableStream. */
+export interface ReadableBytes {
+  getReader(): {
+    read(): Promise<{ done: boolean; value?: Uint8Array }>;
+    cancel(reason?: unknown): Promise<void>;
+    releaseLock(): void;
+  };
+}
+
+const MAGIC = [0x4c, 0x41, 0x54, 0x4b]; // LATK
+/** The magic and the frame's length. */
+const HEADER = 16;
+const VERSION = 1;
+const OP = { axis: 0, replace: 1, set: 2, remove: 3, append: 4, forget: 5, frames: 6 } as const;
+/** Levels of detail kept above frames. */
+const LEVELS = 21;
+const FIELD_VALUES = 0;
+const FIELD_REFERENCE = 1;
+const STORE = { f64: 0, f32: 1, i32: 2, u32: 3, u64: 4, bool: 5, text: 6, geometry: 7 } as const;
+/** The largest whole number a JavaScript number holds exactly. */
+const SAFE = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+const utf8 = new TextEncoder();
+
+/**
+ * Changes to a dataset, applied in order and all at once by `Data.apply`: plain data, written as
+ * latkit's bytes as it is built.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const patch = Patch.to('grid')
+ *   .replace('Bus', [101, 102], { x: Float64Array.of(0, 10), name: ['North', 'South'] })
+ *   .append(0.5, 'Bus', { vm: Float32Array.of(1.01, 0.99) });
+ * ```
+ */
+export class Patch {
+  /** The dataset the patch changes, when it names one; `Data.apply` refuses it for another. */
+  readonly data: string | undefined;
+  #writer: Writer;
+  #count = 0;
+  /** Where the operations start: after the header, the name, and their count. */
+  #ops: number;
+  /** Appends of float frames to the same fields of every row of one table, waiting to be written as
+   * one: a field records its frames in one write, however many calls made them. */
+  #run: Appends | undefined;
+
+  /** An empty patch, for whichever dataset it is applied to. */
+  constructor(data?: string);
+  /** @internal */
+  constructor(data: string, owned: Uint8Array);
+  constructor(data?: string, owned?: Uint8Array) {
+    this.data = data || undefined;
+    this.#writer = new Writer(owned);
+    if (owned) {
+      this.#ops = 0;
+      return;
+    }
+    this.#writer.bytes(MAGIC);
+    this.#writer.u16(VERSION);
+    this.#writer.u16(0);
+    this.#writer.zeros(8);
+    this.#writer.str(this.data ?? '');
+    this.#writer.u32(0);
+    this.#ops = this.#writer.length;
+  }
+
+  /** An empty patch to dataset `data`. */
+  static to(data: string): Patch {
+    return new Patch(data);
+  }
+
+  /** The patch `bytes` hold: one frame, as `toBytes` or a stream writes it. */
+  static fromBytes(bytes: Uint8Array): Patch {
+    return Patch.#fromOwnedFrame(bytes.slice());
+  }
+
+  static #fromOwnedFrame(bytes: Uint8Array): Patch {
+    const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+    const length = frameLength(bytes, Infinity);
+    if (length === undefined || length !== bytes.length) throw malformed('not one whole frame');
+    const nameLength = bytes.length >= HEADER + 4 ? view.getUint32(HEADER, true) : -1;
+    const start = HEADER + 4 + nameLength + 4;
+    if (nameLength < 0 || start > bytes.length) throw malformed('truncated');
+    let name: string;
+    try {
+      name = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { fatal: true }).decode(
+        bytes.subarray(HEADER + 4, start - 4),
+      );
+    } catch {
+      throw malformed('text is not UTF-8');
+    }
+    const patch = new Patch(name, bytes);
+    patch.#count = view.getUint32(start - 4, true);
+    patch.#ops = start;
+    return patch;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The patches arriving back to back in `stream`, each as soon as its last byte does: a response
+   * body, a file, or a socket's messages. Each frame says its length up front, so a patch longer
+   * than `limit` bytes (256 MiB unless given) throws before allocating its body. The parser holds at most one frame, in addition to
+   * the input chunk and patches the caller retains. Breaking iteration cancels the reader.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * for await (const patch of Patch.stream((await fetch('/feed')).body!)) data.apply(patch);
+   * ```
+   */
+  static async *stream(
+    stream: ReadableBytes | AsyncIterable<Uint8Array>,
+    { limit = 1 << 28 }: { limit?: number } = {},
+  ): AsyncGenerator<Patch> {
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(limit) || limit < HEADER)
+      throw new RangeError(`limit must be a safe integer of at least ${HEADER} bytes`);
+    let buffer = new Uint8Array(HEADER);
+    let used = 0;
+    let length: number | undefined;
+    for await (const chunk of chunks(stream)) {
+      for (let offset = 0; offset < chunk.length;) {
+        const n = Math.min(buffer.length - used, chunk.length - offset);
+        buffer.set(chunk.subarray(offset, offset + n), used);
+        used += n;
+        offset += n;
+        if (length === undefined) {
+          length = frameLength(buffer.subarray(0, used), limit);
+          if (length === undefined) continue;
+          const frame = new Uint8Array(length);
+          frame.set(buffer);
+          buffer = frame;
+        }
+        if (used === length) {
+          const patch = Patch.#fromOwnedFrame(buffer);
+          buffer = new Uint8Array(HEADER);
+          used = 0;
+          length = undefined;
+          yield patch;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (used !== 0) throw malformed('the stream ended inside a patch');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The patch its JSON makes: a list of changes, each named by its method with its parameters by
+   * name, such as `{"set": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [1], "fields": {"kv": [345]}}}`. Slices of
+   * binary files, `{file, dtype, offset, count}`, are fetched at once relative to `base`, the
+   * document's own URL. Reading JSON takes latkit's WebAssembly, which this loads as
+   * `loadLatkit()` does.
+   */
+  static async load(json: string, base = ''): Promise<Patch> {
+    const { loadLatkit } = await import('./load.js');
+    await loadLatkit();
+    const { readPatch } = await import('./runtime.js');
+    return Patch.fromBytes(await readPatch(json, base));
+  }
+
+  /** Names the axis sampled fields are recorded over, such as `('time', 's')`. */
+  axis(name: string, unit: string): this {
+    return this.#op(OP.axis, (w) => {
+      w.str(name);
+      w.str(unit);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Replaces table `table` with these rows and fields, or adds it. */
+  replace(table: string, ids: RowIds, fields: Fields = {}): this {
+    return this.#op(OP.replace, (w) => writeTable(w, table, ids, fields));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Writes `fields` for rows `ids` of `table`: rows with known ids change, others are added, and
+   * fields left out keep their values. Adds the table when there is none of its name.
+   */
+  set(table: string, ids: RowIds, fields: Fields = {}): this {
+    return this.#op(OP.set, (w) => writeTable(w, table, ids, fields));
+  }
+
+  /** Removes the rows of `table` with `ids`. */
+  remove(table: string, ids: RowIds): this {
+    return this.#op(OP.remove, (w) => {
+      w.str(table);
+      writeIds(w, ids, table);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Records a frame at each axis coordinate of `at`: for each field, a value per row at every
+   * coordinate, frame-major; of every row of `table`, or of rows `ids`, the rest holding their last
+   * values. A field's first frame makes it sampled. Appends of float arrays to the same fields of
+   * every row, one after another, write as one change, so a frame a call costs no more than one call.
+   */
+  append(
+    at: number | readonly number[],
+    table: string,
+    fields: Readonly<Record<string, Values>>,
+    ids?: RowIds,
+  ): this {
+    const frames = typeof at === 'number' ? [at] : at;
+    const entries = Object.entries(fields);
+    const floats =
+      ids === undefined &&
+      entries.every(([, v]) => v instanceof Float64Array || v instanceof Float32Array);
+    const run = this.#run;
+    if (
+      floats &&
+      run?.table === table &&
+      run.fields.length === entries.length &&
+      entries.every(
+        ([name, v], i) =>
+          run.fields[i]!.name === name && run.fields[i]!.parts[0]!.constructor === v.constructor,
+      )
+    ) {
+      for (const t of frames) run.at.push(t);
+      entries.forEach(([, v], i) => run.fields[i]!.parts.push((v as Floats).slice()));
+      return this;
+    }
+    this.#flush();
+    if (floats) {
+      this.#run = {
+        table,
+        at: [...frames],
+        fields: entries.map(([name, v]) => ({ name, parts: [(v as Floats).slice()] })),
+      };
+      return this;
+    }
+    return this.#op(OP.append, (w) => writeAppend(w, table, ids, frames, entries));
+  }
+
+  /** Forgets every sampled field's frames before axis coordinate `before`. */
+  forget(before: number): this {
+    return this.#op(OP.forget, (w) => w.f64(before));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds a run of sampled field `field`'s entries of level `level`, numbered from `first`: what a
+   * time tile holds, as `latkit tile` writes them. At level 0 the entries are frames, each a
+   * coordinate in `at` and a value per row of `table` in `values`. At level `k` they are buckets of
+   * `8^k` frames, each its first and last frame's coordinates in `at`, and in `values` each row's
+   * least value over each bucket, then each row's greatest. NaN is missing. No entry may be held
+   * already; frames past the field's widen it.
+   */
+  frames(
+    table: string,
+    field: string,
+    { level = 0, first }: { level?: number; first: number },
+    at: Float64Array | readonly number[],
+    values: Float32Array | readonly number[],
+  ): this {
+    const path = `${table}.${field}`;
+    if (!Number.isInteger(level) || level < 0 || level > LEVELS)
+      throw invalid(path, `levels run from 0 to ${LEVELS}`);
+    const per = level === 0 ? 1 : 2;
+    const coordinates = Float64Array.from(at);
+    const numbers = values instanceof Float32Array ? values : Float32Array.from(values);
+    const entries = coordinates.length / per;
+    const rows = entries === 0 ? 0 : numbers.length / (entries * per);
+    if (!Number.isInteger(entries) || !Number.isInteger(rows))
+      throw invalid(
+        path,
+        `${coordinates.length} coordinates and ${numbers.length} values make no run`,
+      );
+    if (
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(first) ||
+      first < 0 ||
+      !Number.isSafeInteger((first + entries) * 8 ** level)
+    )
+      throw invalid(path, 'frame indexes must be nonnegative safe integers');
+    return this.#op(OP.frames, (w) => {
+      w.str(table);
+      w.str(field);
+      w.u32(rows);
+      w.u8(level);
+      w.u64(first);
+      w.u32(entries);
+      w.bytes(new Uint8Array(coordinates.buffer));
+      w.bytes(new Uint8Array(numbers.buffer, numbers.byteOffset, numbers.byteLength));
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Appends `next`'s changes, to this patch's dataset. */
+  extend(next: Patch): this {
+    this.#flush();
+    next.#flush();
+    this.#writer.bytes(next.#writer.view().subarray(next.#ops));
+    this.#count += next.#count;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** The patch as bytes: one frame, naming its dataset when it has one. */
+  toBytes(): Uint8Array {
+    return this.frame().slice();
+  }
+
+  /** @internal The frame, without copying it: read at once, before the patch changes. */
+  frame(): Uint8Array {
+    this.#flush();
+    const view = this.#writer.view();
+    const data = new DataView(view.buffer, view.byteOffset, view.byteLength);
+    data.setBigUint64(8, BigInt(view.length), true);
+    data.setUint32(this.#ops - 4, this.#count, true);
+    return view;
+  }
+
+  /** Writes the appends waiting as one, before anything after them. */
+  #flush(): void {
+    const run = this.#run;
+    if (!run) return;
+    this.#run = undefined;
+    const entries = run.fields.map(({ name, parts }): [string, Values] => [name, joined(parts)]);
+    this.#op(OP.append, (w) => writeAppend(w, run.table, undefined, run.at, entries));
+  }
+
+  /** Writes an operation, or nothing when `body` throws. */
+  #op(tag: number, body: (w: Writer) => void): this {
+    this.#flush();
+    const mark = this.#writer.length;
+    try {
+      this.#writer.u8(tag);
+      body(this.#writer);
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.#writer.length = mark;
+      throw error;
+    }
+    this.#count++;
+    return this;
+  }
+}
+
+type Floats = Float64Array | Float32Array;
+
+/** Frames of the same fields of every row of a table: coordinates, and each field's values. */
+interface Appends {
+  table: string;
+  at: number[];
+  fields: { name: string; parts: Floats[] }[];
+}
+
+/** `parts` one after another, in the first's storage. */
+function joined(parts: readonly Floats[]): Floats {
+  if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0]!;
+  const length = parts.reduce((n, p) => n + p.length, 0);
+  const out =
+    parts[0] instanceof Float32Array ? new Float32Array(length) : new Float64Array(length);
+  let at = 0;
+  for (const part of parts) {
+    out.set(part, at);
+    at += part.length;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** An append: its table, its rows or every row, its frames' coordinates, and its fields' values. */
+function writeAppend(
+  w: Writer,
+  table: string,
+  ids: RowIds | undefined,
+  frames: readonly number[],
+  entries: readonly (readonly [string, Values])[],
+): void {
+  w.str(table);
+  if (ids === undefined) w.u8(0);
+  else {
+    w.u8(1);
+    writeIds(w, ids, table);
+  }
+  w.u32(frames.length);
+  for (const t of frames) w.f64(t);
+  w.u32(entries.length);
+  for (const [name, values] of entries) {
+    w.str(name);
+    writeValues(w, values, `${table}.${name}`);
+  }
+}
+
+/** A table: its name, its ids, and its fields, each values or a reference. */
+function writeTable(w: Writer, table: string, ids: RowIds, fields: Fields): void {
+  const entries = Object.entries(fields);
+  // Room for the typed columns at once, rather than doubling past them.
+  const typed = (v: unknown) => (ArrayBuffer.isView(v) ? v.byteLength : 0);
+  w.room(entries.reduce((n, [, f]) => n + typed(isReference(f) ? f.ids : f), typed(ids)));
+  w.str(table);
+  writeIds(w, ids, table);
+  w.u32(entries.length);
+  for (const [name, field] of entries) {
+    w.str(name);
+    const path = `${table}.${name}`;
+    if (isReference(field)) {
+      w.u8(FIELD_REFERENCE);
+      w.str(field.reference);
+      writeIdValues(w, field.ids, path);
+    } else {
+      w.u8(FIELD_VALUES);
+      writeValues(w, field, path);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function isReference(field: Values | Reference): field is Reference {
+  return !ArrayBuffer.isView(field) && !Array.isArray(field) && 'reference' in field;
+}
+
+/** The length a frame's header says, once `bytes` hold it; an error for what is no frame. */
+function frameLength(bytes: Uint8Array, limit: number): number | undefined {
+  for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(bytes.length, 4); i++)
+    if (bytes[i] !== MAGIC[i]) throw malformed('not latkit bytes');
+  if (bytes.length < HEADER) return undefined;
+  const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+  if (view.getUint16(4, true) !== VERSION) throw malformed('unsupported LATK version');
+  if (view.getUint16(6, true) !== 0) throw malformed('unsupported LATK flags');
+  const encoded = view.getBigUint64(8, true);
+  if (encoded > BigInt(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+    throw malformed('frame length is not a safe integer');
+  const length = Number(encoded);
+  if (length > limit)
+    throw Object.assign(new Error(`a patch longer than ${limit} bytes`), { code: 'limit' });
+  if (length < HEADER) throw malformed('a frame shorter than its header');
+  return length;
+}
+
+function malformed(reason: string): Error {
+  return Object.assign(new Error(`bytes: ${reason}`), { code: 'invalid', path: 'bytes' });
+}
+
+function invalid(path: string, reason: string): Error {
+  return Object.assign(new Error(`${path}: ${reason}`), { code: 'invalid', path });
+}
+
+/** Rows' ids: `u8 0` and a count, or `u8 1` and their values. */
+function writeIds(w: Writer, ids: RowIds, path: string): void {
+  if (!ArrayBuffer.isView(ids) && !Array.isArray(ids) && 'count' in ids) {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(ids.count) || ids.count < 0 || ids.count > 0xffffffff)
+      throw invalid(path, 'a count of ids is a whole number from 0');
+    w.u8(0);
+    w.u32(ids.count);
+    return;
+  }
+  w.u8(1);
+  writeIdValues(w, ids, path);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ids as values: numbers as `u32` when every one fits, which latkit reads as the `u64` it keeps,
+ * else as `u64`; texts when any is one; `null` missing.
+ */
+function writeIdValues(w: Writer, ids: RowIds, path: string): void {
+  if (ids instanceof Uint32Array) {
+    w.u8(STORE.u32);
+    w.u32(ids.length);
+    w.bytes(new Uint8Array(ids.buffer, ids.byteOffset, ids.byteLength));
+    w.u8(0);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (!ArrayBuffer.isView(ids) && !Array.isArray(ids) && 'count' in ids) {
+    const counted = new Uint32Array(ids.count);
+    for (let i = 0; i < counted.length; i++) counted[i] = i;
+    return writeIdValues(w, counted, path);
+  }
+  const list = ids as ArrayLike<Id | null>;
+  const n = list.length;
+  let [texts, missing, wide] = [false, false, false];
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const id = list[i];
+    if (id === null || id === undefined) missing = true;
+    else if (typeof id === 'string') texts = true;
+    else if (!Number.isInteger(id) || id < 0 || id > SAFE)
+      throw invalid(path, `id ${id}: a numeric id is a whole number from 0 to 2^53 - 1`);
+    else if (id > 0xffffffff) wide = true;
+  }
+  if (texts) {
+    writeTexts(
+      w,
+      Array.from(list, (id) => (id === null || id === undefined ? null : String(id))),
+    );
+  } else {
+    // Each id as one little-endian word, or two, low then high.
+    const words = new Uint32Array(wide ? n * 2 : n);
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      const id = (list[i] as number | null) ?? 0;
+      if (!wide) words[i] = id;
+      else [words[i * 2], words[i * 2 + 1]] = [id >>> 0, Math.floor(id / 0x100000000)];
+    }
+    w.u8(wide ? STORE.u64 : STORE.u32);
+    w.u32(n);
+    w.bytes(new Uint8Array(words.buffer));
+  }
+  writeValidity(w, n, missing ? (i) => list[i] !== null && list[i] !== undefined : null);
+}
+
+/** Whether an array value is present: `null`, `undefined`, and an empty geometry are missing. */
+const present = (v: unknown): boolean =>
+  v !== null && v !== undefined && !(Array.isArray(v) && v.length === 0);
+
+/** Values as one storage, a validity mask after them when any is missing. */
+function writeValues(w: Writer, values: Values, path: string): void {
+  if (ArrayBuffer.isView(values)) {
+    if (values instanceof Uint8Array) {
+      w.u8(STORE.bool);
+      w.u32(values.length);
+      writeBits(w, values.length, (i) => values[i] !== 0);
+    } else {
+      const store =
+        values instanceof Float64Array
+          ? STORE.f64
+          : values instanceof Float32Array
+            ? STORE.f32
+            : values instanceof Int32Array
+              ? STORE.i32
+              : values instanceof Uint32Array
+                ? STORE.u32
+                : undefined;
+      if (store === undefined)
+        throw invalid(path, `${values.constructor.name} is not a column's typed array`);
+      w.u8(store);
+      w.u32(values.length);
+      w.bytes(new Uint8Array(values.buffer, values.byteOffset, values.byteLength));
+    }
+    w.u8(0);
+    return;
+  }
+  const list = values as readonly unknown[];
+  const n = list.length;
+  let first: unknown;
+  let missing = false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const v = list[i];
+    if (!present(v)) missing = true;
+    else if (first === undefined) first = v;
+  }
+  const kind = first === undefined ? 'number' : Array.isArray(first) ? 'geometry' : typeof first;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const v = list[i];
+    if (!present(v)) continue;
+    const k = Array.isArray(v) ? 'geometry' : typeof v;
+    if (k !== kind)
+      throw invalid(path, `a field holds one kind of value: ${kind}, not ${k} at ${i}`);
+  }
+  switch (kind) {
+    case 'number': {
+      const numbers = new Float64Array(n);
+      for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) numbers[i] = present(list[i]) ? (list[i] as number) : NaN;
+      w.u8(STORE.f64);
+      w.u32(n);
+      w.bytes(new Uint8Array(numbers.buffer));
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'boolean':
+      w.u8(STORE.bool);
+      w.u32(n);
+      writeBits(w, n, (i) => list[i] === true);
+      break;
+    case 'string':
+      writeTexts(w, list as readonly (string | null)[]);
+      break;
+    case 'geometry':
+      writeGeometry(w, list as readonly (Geometry | null)[], path);
+      break;
+    default:
+      throw invalid(path, `a field holds numbers, booleans, texts, or geometries, not ${kind}`);
+  }
+  writeValidity(w, n, missing ? (i) => present(list[i]) : null);
+}
+
+/** Texts: their byte offsets, then their UTF-8; a missing text is empty. */
+function writeTexts(w: Writer, texts: readonly (string | null)[]): void {
+  const n = texts.length;
+  let chars = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) chars += texts[i]?.length ?? 0;
+  // UTF-8 takes at most three bytes for each UTF-16 unit.
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(chars * 3);
+  const offsets = new Uint32Array(n + 1);
+  let at = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    offsets[i] = at;
+    const text = texts[i];
+    if (text) at += utf8.encodeInto(text, bytes.subarray(at)).written;
+  }
+  offsets[n] = at;
+  w.u8(STORE.text);
+  w.u32(n);
+  w.bytes(new Uint8Array(offsets.buffer));
+  w.u32(at);
+  w.bytes(bytes.subarray(0, at));
+}
+
+/** Geometries: their depth, each level's offsets into the next, then their `[x, y]` points. */
+function writeGeometry(w: Writer, rows: readonly (Geometry | null)[], path: string): void {
+  const depthOf = (g: Geometry): number =>
+    typeof g[0] === 'number' ? 0 : Array.isArray(g[0]) ? 1 + depthOf(g[0] as Geometry) : 1;
+  const first = rows.find((g) => present(g));
+  const depth = first ? depthOf(first) : 0;
+  if (depth > 3) throw invalid(path, 'geometries nest at most polygons of rings of [x, y] points');
+  const levels: number[][] = Array.from({ length: depth }, () => [0]);
+  const coords: number[] = [];
+  const push = (g: Geometry, level: number): void => {
+    if (level === depth) {
+      if (typeof g[0] !== 'number' || typeof g[1] !== 'number')
+        throw invalid(path, `geometries nest alike: ${depth} levels deep`);
+      coords.push(g[0], g[1]);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (typeof g[0] === 'number')
+      throw invalid(path, `geometries nest alike: ${depth} levels deep`);
+    for (const item of g as readonly Geometry[]) push(item, level + 1);
+    const next = level + 1 < depth ? levels[level + 1]!.length - 1 : coords.length / 2;
+    levels[level]!.push(next);
+  };
+  for (const g of rows) {
+    if (present(g)) push(g!, 0);
+    else if (depth === 0) coords.push(NaN, NaN);
+    else levels[0]!.push(levels[0]!.at(-1)!);
+  }
+  w.u8(STORE.geometry);
+  w.u32(rows.length);
+  w.u8(depth);
+  for (const offsets of levels) {
+    w.u32(offsets.length);
+    w.bytes(new Uint8Array(Uint32Array.from(offsets).buffer));
+  }
+  w.u32(coords.length / 2);
+  w.bytes(new Uint8Array(Float64Array.from(coords).buffer));
+}
+
+/** `n` bits, `bit(i)` each, in `u64` words, low bit first. */
+function writeBits(w: Writer, n: number, bit: (i: number) => boolean): void {
+  const words = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(n / 64) * 8);
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) if (bit(i)) words[i >> 3]! |= 1 << (i & 7);
+  w.bytes(words);
+}
+
+/** `u8 0`, or `u8 1` and the bits of which of `n` values are present. */
+function writeValidity(w: Writer, n: number, valid: ((i: number) => boolean) | null): void {
+  w.u8(valid ? 1 : 0);
+  if (valid) writeBits(w, n, valid);
+}
+
+/** Bytes written little endian into a buffer that doubles as it fills. */
+class Writer {
+  #buffer: Uint8Array;
+  #data: DataView;
+  length: number;
+
+  constructor(owned?: Uint8Array) {
+    this.#buffer = owned ?? new Uint8Array(1 << 12);
+    this.#data = new DataView(
+      this.#buffer.buffer,
+      this.#buffer.byteOffset,
+      this.#buffer.byteLength,
+    );
+    this.length = owned?.length ?? 0;
+  }
+
+  /** Room for `n` more bytes past the end. */
+  room(n: number): void {
+    if (this.length + n <= this.#buffer.length) return;
+    const grown = new Uint8Array(Math.max(2 * this.#buffer.length, this.length + n));
+    grown.set(this.#buffer.subarray(0, this.length));
+    this.#buffer = grown;
+    this.#data = new DataView(grown.buffer);
+  }
+
+  view(): Uint8Array {
+    return this.#buffer.subarray(0, this.length);
+  }
+
+  zeros(n: number): void {
+    this.room(n);
+    this.#buffer.fill(0, this.length, this.length + n);
+    this.length += n;
+  }
+
+  bytes(bytes: ArrayLike<number>): void {
+    this.room(bytes.length);
+    this.#buffer.set(bytes, this.length);
+    this.length += bytes.length;
+  }
+
+  u8(v: number): void {
+    this.room(1);
+    this.#data.setUint8(this.length, v);
+    this.length += 1;
+  }
+
+  u32(v: number): void {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(v) || v < 0 || v > 0xffffffff) throw new RangeError(`${v} is no u32`);
+    this.room(4);
+    this.#data.setUint32(this.length, v, true);
+    this.length += 4;
+  }
+
+  u16(v: number): void {
+    this.room(2);
+    this.#data.setUint16(this.length, v, true);
+    this.length += 2;
+  }
+
+  u64(v: number): void {
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(v) || v < 0) throw new RangeError(`${v} is no safe unsigned integer`);
+    this.room(8);
+    this.#data.setBigUint64(this.length, BigInt(v), true);
+    this.length += 8;
+  }
+
+  f64(v: number): void {
+    this.room(8);
+    this.#data.setFloat64(this.length, v, true);
+    this.length += 8;
+  }
+
+  str(s: string): void {
+    const bytes = utf8.encode(s);
+    this.u32(bytes.length);
+    this.bytes(bytes);
+  }
+}
+
+/** The chunks of a stream, read with a reader where async iteration is missing. */
+async function* chunks(
+  stream: ReadableBytes | AsyncIterable<Uint8Array>,
+): AsyncGenerator<Uint8Array> {
+  if (!('getReader' in stream)) {
+    yield* stream;
+    return;
+  }
+  const reader = stream.getReader();
+  let completed = false;
+  try {
+    for (;;) {
+      const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+      if (done) {
+        completed = true;
+        return;
+      }
+      if (!value) throw malformed('a stream chunk is missing');
+      yield value;
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (!completed) await reader.cancel().catch(() => {});
+    reader.releaseLock();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/runtime.ts b/npm/src/runtime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..592ce5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/runtime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,915 @@
+/// <reference lib="esnext.disposable" preserve="true" />
+/** WebAssembly-backed data and drawing, loaded only by loadLatkit(). */
+
+import init, * as wasm from '../pkg/latkit.js';
+import { encoder } from './encoder.js';
+import type { Budget, Camera, Colormap, Fit, Id, Query, Row, Rows, Scene } from './inputs.js';
+import { jobs } from './jobs.js';
+import type { LoadOptions } from './load.js';
+import type { Description, Failure, Hit, Stats, Value, ViewEvent, Work } from './outputs.js';
+import { Patch } from './patch.js';
+
+let run: ((bytes: Uint8Array) => Promise<Uint8Array>) | undefined;
+
+/** @internal Initializes the bindings before returning their public API. */
+export async function initialize(options: LoadOptions) {
+  await init(options.wasm === undefined ? undefined : { module_or_path: options.wasm });
+  if (options.createWorker || typeof Worker === 'function') {
+    run = jobs(wasm.module() as WebAssembly.Module, options.createWorker);
+    wasm.setJobs(run);
+  }
+  if (typeof VideoEncoder === 'function') wasm.setEncoder(encoder);
+  return Object.freeze({ Data, Gpu, Shot, colormapCss });
+}
+
+/** @internal The bytes of the patch its JSON makes, for `Patch.load`. */
+export async function readPatch(json: string, base: string): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+  return (await wasm.loadPatch(json, base)) as Uint8Array;
+}
+
+/**
+ * What latkit throws: an `Error` with a `code`, and for invalid input the `path` to the part, such
+ * as `marks[2].vertices.color`.
+ */
+export interface LatkitError extends Error {
+  code: Failure['code'];
+  path?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a view tells its listeners, by type. Intents (`click`, `open`, `menu`, `drag`, `connect`,
+ * `delete`) are told once each, in the order the user acted. Changes (`hover`, `select`, `camera`,
+ * `waiting`) tell only their latest, and their state can always be read. A view tells only what the
+ * application did not do itself: its setters change state silently.
+ */
+export type ViewEvents = {
+  [E in ViewEvent as E['type']]: E extends { type: 'error' } ? LatkitError : E['detail'];
+};
+
+/** The error `failure` describes, as latkit throws them. */
+function thrown({ code, message, path }: Failure): LatkitError {
+  return Object.assign(new Error(message), path === undefined ? { code } : { code, path });
+}
+
+/** `promise`, or a `timeout` error once `seconds` pass first. */
+function deadline<T>(promise: Promise<T>, seconds: number, what: string): Promise<T> {
+  let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
+  const late = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+    timer = setTimeout(
+      () =>
+        reject(
+          thrown({
+            code: 'timeout',
+            message: `${what} took over ${seconds} s: is the view drawn?`,
+          }),
+        ),
+      seconds * 1000,
+    );
+  });
+  return Promise.race([promise, late]).finally(() => clearTimeout(timer));
+}
+
+/**
+ * The rows a query keeps, in the forms a patch writes: numbers as a `Float64Array` (missing NaN),
+ * other values as arrays (missing `null`), a reference as its target ids.
+ */
+export interface Table {
+  table: string;
+  ids: Id[];
+  fields: Record<string, Float64Array | Value[] | { reference: string; ids: (Id | null)[] }>;
+  /** The rows the query kept before paging. */
+  total: number;
+}
+
+/** Rows' least and greatest values over spans of the axis: `at` holds one more edge than spans. */
+export interface Envelope {
+  at: Float64Array;
+  least: Float32Array;
+  greatest: Float32Array;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A named collection of tables, changed in place by patches. A snapshot keeps a version, sharing
+ * every page with it, so keeping earlier versions, as an undo history does, costs only the pages
+ * they hold apart. A view draws the version it was given until it is given another.
+ */
+export class Data {
+  #inner?: wasm.Data;
+
+  /** @internal */
+  get inner(): wasm.Data {
+    if (!this.#inner) throw new Error('this Data has been destroyed');
+    return this.#inner;
+  }
+
+  constructor(name: string);
+  /** @internal */
+  constructor(name: wasm.Data);
+  constructor(name: string | wasm.Data) {
+    this.#inner = typeof name === 'string' ? new wasm.Data(name) : name;
+  }
+
+  /** Releases this handle. Views and snapshots keep the versions they hold. */
+  destroy(): void {
+    this.#inner?.free();
+    this.#inner = undefined;
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void {
+    this.destroy();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The dataset `bytes` hold: latkit's bytes, renamed `name` when given, or GeoJSON, gzip-compressed
+   * or not, read in a worker as dataset `name`: points, line strings, and polygons as tables
+   * `points`, `lines`, and `polygons`, each with its geometry as field `geometry` and its properties
+   * as fields.
+   */
+  static async read(bytes: Uint8Array, name?: string): Promise<Data> {
+    if ([0x4c, 0x41, 0x54, 0x4b].every((b, i) => bytes[i] === b))
+      return new Data(wasm.Data.read(bytes, name));
+    if (name === undefined)
+      throw thrown({ code: 'invalid', message: 'GeoJSON is read as a named dataset' });
+    const job = wasm.geojsonJob(name, bytes);
+    const answer = run ? await run(job) : wasm.job(job);
+    if (answer.length === 0)
+      throw thrown({
+        code: 'invalid',
+        message: `${name}: the bytes are neither latkit's nor GeoJSON`,
+      });
+    return new Data(wasm.Data.read(answer, name));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The dataset its JSON document builds, `{"name": ..., "patch": [...]}`, the patch loading as
+   * `Patch.load` loads one.
+   */
+  static async load(json: string, base = ''): Promise<Data> {
+    return new Data((await wasm.Data.load(json, base)) as wasm.Data);
+  }
+
+  get name(): string {
+    return this.inner.name;
+  }
+
+  /** The names of the tables. */
+  get tables(): string[] {
+    return this.inner.tables();
+  }
+
+  /** Every row's id of `table`, in row order. */
+  ids(table: string): Id[] {
+    return this.inner.ids(table) as Id[];
+  }
+
+  /** The names of `table`'s fields. */
+  fields(table: string): string[] {
+    return this.inner.fields(table);
+  }
+
+  /** The first and last axis coordinates the sampled fields span. */
+  get span(): [number, number] | undefined {
+    const span = this.inner.span;
+    return span ? [span[0]!, span[1]!] : undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** Applies every change of `patch`, or none when one is invalid. */
+  apply(patch: Patch | Uint8Array): this {
+    this.inner.apply(patch instanceof Patch ? patch.frame() : patch);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** This version, kept while `apply` changes this one: O(1). */
+  snapshot(): Data {
+    return new Data(this.inner.snapshot());
+  }
+
+  /** The value of `field` for the row with `id` in `table`, at axis coordinate `at` when given. */
+  get(table: string, id: Id, field: string, at?: number): Value {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.get(table, id, field, at)) as Value;
+  }
+
+  /** What the dataset holds: tables, rows, fields and their kinds, the axis and its span. */
+  describe(): Description {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.describe()) as Description;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The rows of a table `query` keeps, filtered, sorted, and paged, sampled fields read at its
+   * coordinate, on the CPU through the expressions marks draw with.
+   */
+  query(query: Query): Table {
+    return this.inner.query(JSON.stringify(query)) as Table;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Each row's least and greatest value of sampled `field` of `table` over `spans` equal spans of
+   * `range`, of every row or of rows `ids`: row after row, NaN where a span holds no frame. Reads the
+   * coarsest levels of detail that fit, so a span costs a few reads however many frames it covers.
+   */
+  envelope(
+    table: string,
+    field: string,
+    range: [number, number],
+    spans: number,
+    ids?: readonly Id[],
+  ): Envelope {
+    const listed = ids === undefined ? undefined : JSON.stringify(ids);
+    return this.inner.envelope(table, field, Float64Array.from(range), spans, listed) as Envelope;
+  }
+
+  /** The dataset as latkit's bytes: the patch that builds it. */
+  toBytes(): Uint8Array {
+    return this.inner.toBytes();
+  }
+}
+
+/** The GPU device views draw with. Views of one GPU draw in one animation frame. */
+export class Gpu {
+  #inner?: wasm.Gpu;
+  #views = new Set<View>();
+  #canvases = new Set<Canvas>();
+  #listeners = new Set<() => void>();
+
+  private constructor(inner: wasm.Gpu) {
+    this.#inner = inner;
+  }
+
+  /** @internal */
+  get inner(): wasm.Gpu {
+    if (!this.#inner) throw new Error('this Gpu has been destroyed');
+    return this.#inner;
+  }
+
+  /** Requests a WebGPU device. */
+  static async create(): Promise<Gpu> {
+    return new Gpu(await wasm.Gpu.create());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A view of `scene`; its marks draw once {@link View.setData} gives their data. A {@link Canvas}
+   * shows it, and a {@link Shot} draws it with or without one.
+   */
+  view(scene: Scene): View {
+    const view: View = new View(
+      (tell) => this.inner.view(JSON.stringify(scene), tell),
+      () => this.#views.delete(view),
+    );
+    this.#views.add(view);
+    return view;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A canvas showing views in `panels` of `target`: a `<canvas>` element, which sizes itself to its
+   * CSS box and passes each view the input landing on its panel, or an `OffscreenCanvas` in a
+   * worker, which keeps the size it is given at `pixelRatio` pixels a CSS pixel. Panels are
+   * `[x, y, width, height]` fractions, one per view; by default one view fills the canvas.
+   */
+  canvas(
+    target: HTMLCanvasElement | OffscreenCanvas,
+    options: { panels?: readonly Panel[]; pixelRatio?: number } = {},
+  ): Canvas {
+    const canvas: Canvas = new Canvas(
+      this.inner.canvas(target, JSON.stringify(options.panels ?? []), options.pixelRatio),
+      () => this.#canvases.delete(canvas),
+    );
+    this.#canvases.add(canvas);
+    return canvas;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calls `listener` with the frame's timestamp every animation frame, before the views draw, so
+   * what it changes shows in that frame. Returns a function that stops it.
+   */
+  on(type: 'frame', listener: (now: number) => void): () => void {
+    const handle = this.inner.onFrame(listener);
+    const stop = (): void => {
+      if (this.#listeners.delete(stop)) handle.free();
+    };
+    this.#listeners.add(stop);
+    return stop;
+  }
+
+  /** Whether the device was lost; a new `Gpu` is needed. */
+  get lost(): boolean {
+    return this.inner.lost;
+  }
+
+  /** How much GPU memory data takes. */
+  get budget(): Budget {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.budget) as Budget;
+  }
+
+  set budget(budget: Budget) {
+    this.inner.setBudget(JSON.stringify(budget));
+  }
+
+  /** What this GPU did since it was created, counted exactly; see {@link Work}. */
+  get work(): Work {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.work) as Work;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Draws one frame now at `now`, milliseconds on the clock animation frames give: the frame
+   * listeners, then every canvas that needs a frame. From the first step no animation frames are
+   * asked for: a harness, as tests and benchmarks are, steps every frame itself, so a run draws the
+   * same frames however fast the device is.
+   */
+  step(now: number): void {
+    this.inner.step(now);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves once the GPU finished the work submitted to it, every readback landed, and every
+   * pipeline a view or shot asked for compiled: a frame stepped then draws all of it. A `timeout`
+   * error after `deadline` seconds.
+   */
+  async done({ deadline: seconds = 30 } = {}): Promise<void> {
+    await deadline(this.inner.done() as Promise<void>, seconds, 'the GPU');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves when work a view waits on lands after this call (a readback, a compile, a job, a text,
+   * a fetch), or a view asks for a frame. A `timeout` error after `deadline` seconds.
+   */
+  async landed({ deadline: seconds = 30 } = {}): Promise<void> {
+    await deadline(this.inner.landed() as Promise<void>, seconds, 'work landing');
+  }
+
+  /** Releases this GPU's canvases, views, and frame listeners. Other GPUs and data stay usable. */
+  destroy(): void {
+    if (!this.#inner) return;
+    for (const canvas of this.#canvases) canvas.destroy();
+    for (const view of this.#views) view.destroy();
+    for (const stop of this.#listeners) stop();
+    this.#inner.free();
+    this.#inner = undefined;
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void {
+    this.destroy();
+  }
+}
+
+/** A view's panel of a canvas or a picture: `[x, y, width, height]` as fractions of it. */
+export type Panel = readonly [number, number, number, number];
+
+/** Views shown in the panels of a `<canvas>` or an `OffscreenCanvas`. */
+export class Canvas {
+  #inner?: wasm.Canvas;
+
+  /** @internal */
+  constructor(
+    inner: wasm.Canvas,
+    private readonly released: () => void,
+  ) {
+    this.#inner = inner;
+  }
+
+  /** Shows `views`, one per panel, in place of those it showed. A view shows in one canvas at a time. */
+  show(views: readonly View[]): this {
+    if (!this.#inner) throw new Error('this Canvas has been destroyed');
+    this.#inner.show(views.map((v) => v.handle()));
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** Stops drawing; the views remain, and the element keeps its last frame. */
+  destroy(): void {
+    if (!this.#inner) return;
+    this.#inner.free();
+    this.#inner = undefined;
+    this.released();
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void {
+    this.destroy();
+  }
+}
+
+/** A scene drawn from data it is given by name: shown by a canvas, which passes it input, or drawn by shots. */
+export class View {
+  #listeners = new Map<keyof ViewEvents, Set<(event: never) => void>>();
+  #inner?: wasm.View;
+
+  /** @internal Makes the view with what takes its events, a JSON batch at a time, from the start. */
+  constructor(
+    make: (tell: (json: string) => void) => wasm.View,
+    private readonly released: () => void,
+  ) {
+    this.#inner = make((json) => this.#tell(json));
+  }
+
+  private get inner(): wasm.View {
+    if (!this.#inner) throw new Error('this View has been destroyed');
+    return this.#inner;
+  }
+
+  /** @internal The view, for a canvas to show or a shot to draw. */
+  handle(): wasm.Handle {
+    return this.inner.handle();
+  }
+
+  /** Draws `scene` instead; an invalid scene throws and changes nothing. */
+  show(scene: Scene): void {
+    this.inner.show(JSON.stringify(scene));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gives the view `data` as it is now, replacing the dataset of its name: give it again after
+   * applying patches. A mark it no longer fits draws nothing, and the next frame reports why as an
+   * error, unless a scene shown before then replaces the mark.
+   */
+  setData(data: Data): void {
+    this.inner.setData(data.inner);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetches the data at `url` in pieces as the view asks for them, kept as dataset `name`, which the
+   * view owns; the source's first bytes say what it is.
+   *
+   * - Time tiles, a `frames.json` manifest as `latkit tile` writes it: a dataset whose sampled
+   *   fields' histories are fetched in spans. A line tracing a field fetches the detail its plot
+   *   window draws, a mark showing one the frames about the view's coordinate, and a span still
+   *   loading draws the coarser span above it.
+   * - Vector tiles: a PMTiles archive, a TileJSON document, or a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template, fetched as
+   *   the camera asks. Each layer is a table of its features of the kind marks draw it as (areas
+   *   polygons, lines lines, vertices points), or named `layer:polygons`, `layer:lines`, or
+   *   `layer:points`.
+   */
+  setTiles(name: string, url: string): void {
+    this.inner.setTiles(name, url);
+  }
+
+  /** Stops drawing the dataset named `name`, given or fetched as tiles. */
+  removeData(name: string): void {
+    this.inner.removeData(name);
+  }
+
+  /** The dataset named `name`, as given or as the view fetched it, as a snapshot. */
+  data(name: string): Data | undefined {
+    const data = this.inner.data(name);
+    return data ? new Data(data) : undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** The axis coordinate shown: sampled fields read their last frame at or before it. */
+  get at(): number {
+    return this.inner.at;
+  }
+
+  set at(at: number) {
+    this.inner.at = at;
+  }
+
+  get camera(): Camera {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.camera) as Camera;
+  }
+
+  set camera(camera: Camera) {
+    this.inner.setCamera(JSON.stringify(camera));
+  }
+
+  /** Eases to `camera`. */
+  fly(camera: Camera): void {
+    this.inner.fly(JSON.stringify(camera));
+  }
+
+  /** Frames what `fit` names on the next frame, keeping pitch and bearing. */
+  fit(fit: Fit = 'all'): void {
+    this.inner.fit(JSON.stringify(fit));
+  }
+
+  /** Where `position` (x, y, elevation) lands on screen, CSS pixels from the top left. */
+  point(position: [number, number, number]): [number, number] | undefined {
+    const point = this.inner.point(Float64Array.from(position));
+    return point ? [point[0]!, point[1]!] : undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** The position on the ground under screen point `point`, if the view shows ground there. */
+  ground(point: [number, number]): [number, number, number] | undefined {
+    const position = this.inner.ground(Float32Array.from(point));
+    return position ? [position[0]!, position[1]!, position[2]!] : undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** CSS pixels kept clear at the top, right, bottom, and left, as when panels cover the view. */
+  get insets(): [number, number, number, number] {
+    const [top, right, bottom, left] = this.inner.insets;
+    return [top!, right!, bottom!, left!];
+  }
+
+  set insets(insets: [number, number, number, number]) {
+    this.inner.insets = Float32Array.from(insets);
+  }
+
+  /** Degrees per second a map or plane turns around its center; 0 stops it. A diagram never turns. */
+  get orbit(): number {
+    return this.inner.orbit;
+  }
+
+  set orbit(degreesPerSecond: number) {
+    this.inner.orbit = degreesPerSecond;
+  }
+
+  /** The rows selected, a set per table. */
+  get selection(): Rows[] {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.selection) as Rows[];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Selects `rows`, and no others. Like every setter it tells nothing: `select` events tell what
+   * the user and the data changed.
+   */
+  select(rows: readonly Rows[]): void {
+    this.inner.select(JSON.stringify(rows));
+  }
+
+  /** What the user points at: the row under the pointer, or the row the keys stepped to. */
+  get hovered(): Hit | null {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.hovered) as Hit | null;
+  }
+
+  /** Every mark that draws nothing because its data no longer fits it, and why. */
+  get failures(): LatkitError[] {
+    return (JSON.parse(this.inner.failures) as Failure[]).map(thrown);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Every row of a mark that picks within `radius` CSS pixels of `point`, nearest first, once a frame
+   * draws the view: a `timeout` error after `deadline` seconds without one.
+   */
+  async pick(
+    point: [number, number],
+    radius: number,
+    { deadline: seconds = 5 } = {},
+  ): Promise<Hit[]> {
+    const hits = this.inner.pick(Float32Array.from(point), radius) as Promise<string>;
+    return JSON.parse(await deadline(hits, seconds, 'a pick')) as Hit[];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Where `row` lies on screen, CSS pixels from the top left, or `null` when no mark draws it in
+   * view, once a frame draws the view: a `timeout` error after `deadline` seconds without one.
+   */
+  locate(row: Row, { deadline: seconds = 5 } = {}): Promise<[number, number] | null> {
+    const point = this.inner.locate(JSON.stringify(row)) as Promise<[number, number] | null>;
+    return deadline(point, seconds, 'locating a row');
+  }
+
+  /** The rows joined to `row`, a set per table: a vertex's neighbors across edges and nets, or an
+   * edge's or a net's vertices. */
+  neighbors(row: Row): Rows[] {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.neighbors(JSON.stringify(row))) as Rows[];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Lays every vertex row without a position out again by the scene's layout: a diagram's blocks, or
+   * points on a plane or the earth. Places a layout gave otherwise hold, so rows added later are
+   * placed around the rest. Once the layout lands, answers a patch to each dataset writing each row
+   * laid out into its mark's position fields; applied, the places are the data's own. A `timeout`
+   * error after `deadline` seconds without it.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * for (const patch of await view.arrange()) if (patch.data === data.name) data.apply(patch);
+   * ```
+   */
+  async arrange({ deadline: seconds = 60 } = {}): Promise<Patch[]> {
+    const frames = (await deadline(this.inner.arrange(), seconds, 'arranging')) as Uint8Array[];
+    return frames.map((frame) => Patch.fromBytes(frame));
+  }
+
+  get stats(): Stats {
+    return JSON.parse(this.inner.stats) as Stats;
+  }
+
+  /** Whether the view wants a frame: it changed, or work it waited on landed. */
+  get wantsFrame(): boolean {
+    return this.inner.wantsFrame;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calls `listener` with each event of `type` told while it listens; returns a function that
+   * stops it. What lasts is state to read: `hovered`, `selection`, `camera`, `stats.waiting`, and
+   * `failures`.
+   */
+  on<T extends keyof ViewEvents>(type: T, listener: (event: ViewEvents[T]) => void): () => void {
+    let set = this.#listeners.get(type);
+    if (!set) this.#listeners.set(type, (set = new Set()));
+    set.add(listener);
+    return () => set.delete(listener);
+  }
+
+  /** Hands a batch of the view's events to the listeners of each one's type. */
+  #tell(json: string): void {
+    if (this.#listeners.size === 0) return;
+    for (const told of JSON.parse(json) as ViewEvent[]) {
+      const listeners = this.#listeners.get(told.type) as Set<(event: unknown) => void> | undefined;
+      if (!listeners?.size) continue;
+      const event = told.type === 'error' ? thrown(told.detail) : told.detail;
+      for (const listener of listeners) listener(event);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Frees the view, and rejects what it was asked and has not answered; a canvas showing it keeps
+   * its last frame. */
+  destroy(): void {
+    if (!this.#inner) return;
+    for (const listeners of this.#listeners.values()) listeners.clear();
+    this.#listeners.clear();
+    this.#inner.free();
+    this.#inner = undefined;
+    this.released();
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void {
+    this.destroy();
+  }
+}
+
+type ShotSettings = Readonly<{
+  scale: number;
+  panels: readonly Panel[];
+  transparent: boolean;
+  deadline: number;
+  elapsed?: number;
+}>;
+
+/**
+ * A picture of views, each drawn into its panel of `size` pixels at `scale` pixels per CSS pixel:
+ * plain data, like a scene. A view a shot draws holds its canvas's last frame meanwhile.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const png = await (await new Shot([3840, 2160]).scale(2).image([view])).encode('png');
+ * ```
+ */
+export class Shot {
+  /** A picture with width and height in pixels. */
+  constructor(size: readonly [number, number]);
+  /** @internal */
+  constructor(size: readonly [number, number], settings: ShotSettings);
+  constructor(
+    readonly size: readonly [number, number],
+    /** @internal */
+    readonly settings: ShotSettings = { scale: 1, panels: [], transparent: false, deadline: 30 },
+  ) {}
+
+  /** Draws `scale` pixels per CSS pixel: a view lays out `size / scale` CSS pixels. */
+  scale(scale: number): Shot {
+    return new Shot(this.size, { ...this.settings, scale });
+  }
+
+  /** Where each view draws, `[x, y, width, height]` as fractions, one per view in order; by default one fills it. */
+  panels(panels: readonly Panel[]): Shot {
+    return new Shot(this.size, { ...this.settings, panels });
+  }
+
+  /** Keeps the picture's alpha: views clear to transparent where their themes' backgrounds are. */
+  transparent(): Shot {
+    return new Shot(this.size, { ...this.settings, transparent: true });
+  }
+
+  /** The shot's deadline in seconds, including readback; rejects on timeout. Defaults to 30. */
+  deadline(seconds: number): Shot {
+    return new Shot(this.size, { ...this.settings, deadline: seconds });
+  }
+
+  /** Fixes elapsed-time expressions and drawing effects at `seconds` while transitions settle. */
+  elapsed(seconds: number): Shot {
+    return new Shot(this.size, { ...this.settings, elapsed: seconds });
+  }
+
+  /** The picture of `views`, one per panel, once every one is complete and still. */
+  async image(views: readonly View[]): Promise<Image> {
+    return new Image(
+      (await wasm.image(
+        this.#config(),
+        views.map((v) => v.handle()),
+      )) as wasm.Image,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A video of these pictures at `fps` frames a second, H.264 in MP4, written to `output` as it is
+   * drawn, at `bitrate` bits a second or about 0.15 bits a pixel a frame. Width and height are
+   * multiples of 4 and 2. `signal` aborts it: the output is aborted and the views are given back.
+   */
+  video(
+    gpu: Gpu,
+    fps: number,
+    output: WritableStream<Uint8Array>,
+    options: { bitrate?: number; signal?: AbortSignal } = {},
+  ): Video {
+    options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    const writer = output.getWriter();
+    try {
+      return new Video(
+        gpu.inner.video(this.#config(), fps, options.bitrate),
+        writer,
+        fps,
+        options.signal,
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      writer.releaseLock();
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** The shot as the crate reads it: JSON, times in seconds. */
+  #config(): string {
+    return JSON.stringify({ size: [...this.size], ...this.settings });
+  }
+}
+
+/** RGBA pixels, straight alpha, rows top to bottom. */
+export class Image {
+  #inner?: wasm.Image;
+
+  /** @internal */
+  constructor(inner: wasm.Image) {
+    this.#inner = inner;
+  }
+
+  private get inner(): wasm.Image {
+    if (!this.#inner) throw new Error('this Image has been destroyed');
+    return this.#inner;
+  }
+
+  get width(): number {
+    return this.inner.width;
+  }
+
+  get height(): number {
+    return this.inner.height;
+  }
+
+  /** The pixels, copied. */
+  get rgba(): Uint8Array {
+    return this.inner.rgba;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The image as a file, written in a worker: PNG, lossless with alpha; JPEG at `quality` from 1 to
+   * 100 (90 by default), small, its alpha dropped; or WebP, lossless with alpha, smaller than PNG.
+   */
+  async encode(format: ImageFormat, options: { quality?: number } = {}): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+    const job = this.inner.encodeJob(format, options.quality);
+    const file = run ? await run(job) : wasm.job(job);
+    if (file.length === 0)
+      throw thrown({ code: 'invalid', message: `the image could not be written as ${format}` });
+    return file;
+  }
+
+  destroy(): void {
+    this.#inner?.free();
+    this.#inner = undefined;
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.dispose](): void {
+    this.destroy();
+  }
+}
+
+/** How an image is written as a file. */
+export type ImageFormat = 'png' | 'jpeg' | 'webp';
+
+/** A video being drawn, encoded, and written. */
+export class Video {
+  #inner?: wasm.Video;
+  #state: 'open' | 'finishing' | 'aborting' | 'closed' = 'open';
+  #operation?: Promise<void>;
+  #finished?: Promise<void>;
+  #aborted?: Promise<void>;
+  #reason: unknown;
+  #frames = 0;
+  #removeAbort?: () => void;
+
+  /** @internal */
+  constructor(
+    inner: wasm.Video,
+    private readonly writer: WritableStreamDefaultWriter<Uint8Array>,
+    private readonly fps: number,
+    signal?: AbortSignal,
+  ) {
+    this.#inner = inner;
+    if (signal) {
+      const abort = () => {
+        void this.abort(signal.reason);
+      };
+      signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
+      this.#removeAbort = () => signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
+      if (signal.aborted) abort();
+    }
+  }
+
+  #check(): wasm.Video {
+    if (!this.#inner || this.#state === 'aborting' || this.#state === 'closed')
+      throw Object.assign(
+        thrown({ code: 'cancelled', message: 'this Video was finished or aborted' }),
+        { cause: this.#reason },
+      );
+    return this.#inner;
+  }
+
+  /** Seconds into the video the next frame shows at; retained after completion. */
+  get time(): number {
+    return this.frames / this.fps;
+  }
+
+  /** Frames drawn or held so far; retained after completion. */
+  get frames(): number {
+    return this.#inner?.frames ?? this.#frames;
+  }
+
+  /** Draws and writes one frame, waiting for output backpressure. Only one frame may run at a time. */
+  frame(views: readonly View[]): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.#state !== 'open' || this.#operation)
+      return Promise.reject(new Error('a Video draws one frame at a time, before finish'));
+    const operation = (async () => {
+      const bytes = (await this.#check().frame(views.map((v) => v.handle()))) as Uint8Array;
+      this.#frames = this.#check().frames;
+      if (bytes.length) await this.writer.write(bytes);
+    })();
+    this.#operation = operation;
+    return operation
+      .catch(async (error: unknown) => {
+        await this.abort(error);
+        throw error;
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (this.#operation === operation) this.#operation = undefined;
+      });
+  }
+
+  /** Records until `step(time)` returns false; any step, drawing, output, or progress error aborts it. */
+  async record(
+    views: readonly View[],
+    step: (time: number) => boolean | Promise<boolean>,
+    onProgress?: (progress: { frames: number; time: number }) => void,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      while (await step(this.time)) {
+        await this.frame(views);
+        onProgress?.({ frames: this.frames, time: this.time });
+      }
+      await this.finish();
+    } catch (error) {
+      await this.abort(error);
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Finishes pending work, writes the end of the file, and closes and unlocks the output. Idempotent. */
+  finish(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.#finished) return this.#finished;
+    if (this.#state !== 'open') return Promise.reject(new Error('this Video was aborted'));
+    this.#state = 'finishing';
+    const frame = this.#operation;
+    const operation = (async () => {
+      await frame;
+      const bytes = (await this.#check().finish()) as Uint8Array;
+      this.#check();
+      if (bytes.length) await this.writer.write(bytes);
+      this.#check();
+      await this.writer.close();
+    })();
+    this.#operation = operation;
+    this.#finished = operation
+      .then(() => {
+        if (this.#state === 'finishing') this.#release();
+      })
+      .catch(async (error: unknown) => {
+        await this.abort(error);
+        throw error;
+      });
+    return this.#finished;
+  }
+
+  /** Cancels drawing and encoding, aborts the output, and unlocks it after pending writes settle. Idempotent. */
+  abort(reason?: unknown): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.#aborted) return this.#aborted;
+    if (this.#state === 'closed') return Promise.resolve();
+    this.#state = 'aborting';
+    this.#reason = reason;
+    this.#frames = this.frames;
+    this.#inner?.cancel();
+    this.#aborted = Promise.allSettled([this.#operation, this.writer.abort(reason)]).then(() =>
+      this.#release(),
+    );
+    return this.#aborted;
+  }
+
+  #release(): void {
+    this.#frames = this.frames;
+    this.#inner?.free();
+    this.#inner = undefined;
+    this.#removeAbort?.();
+    this.#removeAbort = undefined;
+    this.writer.releaseLock();
+    this.#state = 'closed';
+  }
+}
+/**
+ * A CSS gradient through `map`, a catalog name or colors of your own, for legends: the colors the
+ * GPU draws, a band each for a categorical map's categories.
+ */
+export function colormapCss(map: Colormap, direction = 'to right'): string {
+  return wasm.colormapCss(JSON.stringify(map), direction);
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/scene.ts b/npm/src/scene.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..535876ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/scene.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+/**
+ * The expression builders that write scenes' options. A scene is plain data the view reads, its
+ * types written from the forms latkit reads (`inputs.ts`); nothing here needs WebAssembly.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  Binary,
+  Colormap,
+  ExprNode,
+  FieldNode,
+  Marker,
+  Size,
+  State,
+  Unary,
+} from './inputs.js';
+
+/** A CSS color, such as `'#ffb000'` or `'rebeccapurple'`. Where an option takes an expression, a
+ * string starting with `#` is a hex color and any other string names a field. */
+export type Color = string;
+
+/** What an expression is written as: an {@link Expr}, or its JSON form. */
+export type ExprInput = Expr | ExprNode;
+
+const nodeOf = (input: ExprInput): ExprNode => (input instanceof Expr ? input.node : input);
+
+/** A value for every row of a mark: a constant, a field, view state, or arithmetic of them. */
+export class Expr {
+  /** An expression from its JSON form; use the builders for common operations. */
+  constructor(readonly node: ExprNode) {}
+
+  toJSON(): ExprNode {
+    return this.node;
+  }
+
+  /** Reads this expression's fields from `table` of dataset `data`, joined by row id. */
+  of(data: string, table: string): Expr {
+    return new Expr(mapFields(this.node, (f) => ({ ...f, of: [data, table] })));
+  }
+
+  /** Reads sampled fields at their last frame without interpolating. */
+  step(): Expr {
+    return new Expr(mapFields(this.node, (f) => ({ ...f, step: true })));
+  }
+
+  add(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('add', this, other);
+  }
+  sub(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('sub', this, other);
+  }
+  mul(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('mul', this, other);
+  }
+  div(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('div', this, other);
+  }
+  rem(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('rem', this, other);
+  }
+  pow(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('pow', this, other);
+  }
+  min(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('min', this, other);
+  }
+  max(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('max', this, other);
+  }
+  clamp(low: ExprInput, high: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return this.max(low).min(high);
+  }
+  lt(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('lt', this, other);
+  }
+  le(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('le', this, other);
+  }
+  gt(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('gt', this, other);
+  }
+  ge(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('ge', this, other);
+  }
+  eq(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('eq', this, other);
+  }
+  ne(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('ne', this, other);
+  }
+  and(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('and', this, other);
+  }
+  or(other: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return binary('or', this, other);
+  }
+  not(): Expr {
+    return unary('not', this);
+  }
+  neg(): Expr {
+    return unary('neg', this);
+  }
+  abs(): Expr {
+    return unary('abs', this);
+  }
+  sqrt(): Expr {
+    return unary('sqrt', this);
+  }
+  sin(): Expr {
+    return unary('sin', this);
+  }
+  cos(): Expr {
+    return unary('cos', this);
+  }
+  floor(): Expr {
+    return unary('floor', this);
+  }
+  ln(): Expr {
+    return unary('ln', this);
+  }
+  exp(): Expr {
+    return unary('exp', this);
+  }
+
+  /** Whether a text field equals `text`. */
+  is(text: string): Expr {
+    return new Expr({ is: [this.node, text] });
+  }
+
+  /** Whether a text field holds `text`, ignoring case. Queries read it; marks do not. */
+  contains(text: string): Expr {
+    return new Expr({ contains: [this.node, text] });
+  }
+
+  /** The value through `map`: a catalog name, or your own colors. */
+  colormap(map: Colormap): Mapped {
+    return new Mapped({ colormap: map, value: this.node });
+  }
+
+  /** The value mapped linearly onto `[low, high]`, clamped. */
+  scale(low: number, high: number): Mapped {
+    return new Mapped({ scale: [low, high], value: this.node });
+  }
+}
+
+/** A value through a colormap or onto a range, whose domain can be set. */
+export class Mapped extends Expr {
+  /** The input values that map to the ends; it fits the values shown unless set. */
+  domain(low: number, high: number): Mapped {
+    return new Mapped({ ...(this.node as MappedNode), domain: [low, high] });
+  }
+}
+
+type MappedNode = Extract<ExprNode, { value: unknown }>;
+
+const unary = (op: Unary, a: ExprInput): Expr => new Expr({ op, args: [nodeOf(a)] });
+const binary = (op: Binary, a: ExprInput, b: ExprInput): Expr =>
+  new Expr({ op, args: [nodeOf(a), nodeOf(b)] });
+
+/** `node` with every field read through `f`; a string starting with `#` is a color, not a field. */
+function mapFields(input: ExprInput, f: (field: FieldNode) => FieldNode): ExprNode {
+  const node = nodeOf(input);
+  if (typeof node === 'string') return node.startsWith('#') ? node : f({ field: node });
+  if (typeof node !== 'object') return node;
+  const map = (child: ExprInput) => mapFields(child, f);
+  if ('field' in node) return f(node);
+  if ('op' in node) return { ...node, args: node.args.map(map) } as ExprNode;
+  if ('when' in node) {
+    const cases = node.when.map(([c, v]): [ExprNode, ExprNode] => [map(c), map(v)]);
+    return { when: cases, otherwise: map(node.otherwise) };
+  }
+  if ('is' in node) return { is: [map(node.is[0]), node.is[1]] };
+  if ('contains' in node) return { contains: [map(node.contains[0]), node.contains[1]] };
+  if ('value' in node) return { ...node, value: map(node.value) };
+  return node;
+}
+
+const state = (name: State): Expr => new Expr({ state: name });
+
+/** The field `name` of each row. */
+export const field = (name: string): Expr => new Expr({ field: name });
+/** A color constant. */
+export const color = (css: Color): Expr => new Expr({ color: css });
+/** Whether the row is selected. */
+export const selected = (): Expr => state('selected');
+/** Whether the pointer is over the row. */
+export const hovered = (): Expr => state('hovered');
+/** CSS pixels from a vertex to the pointer. */
+export const pointer = (): Expr => state('pointer');
+/** Seconds since the view was created. */
+export const elapsed = (): Expr => state('elapsed');
+/** The camera's zoom: the web mercator level on the earth, log₂ CSS pixels per unit elsewhere. */
+export const zoom = (): Expr => state('zoom');
+/** A missing value: options that read one take the theme's. */
+export const missing = (): Expr => new Expr({ missing: true });
+/**
+ * A size in position units, so it scales as the view zooms, kept within `atLeast` and `atMost` CSS
+ * pixels when given: `units('r', { atLeast: 2 })` grows with the map and never vanishes. A marker
+ * keeps its proportions, its larger side held.
+ */
+export const units = (size: ExprInput, px: { atLeast?: number; atMost?: number } = {}): Size => ({
+  units: nodeOf(size),
+  ...px,
+});
+
+/** Starts a conditional: `when(c).then(a).when(d).then(b).otherwise(e)`. */
+export function when(condition: ExprInput): When {
+  return new When([], nodeOf(condition));
+}
+
+class When {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly cases: [ExprNode, ExprNode][],
+    private readonly condition: ExprNode,
+  ) {}
+  then(value: ExprInput): Then {
+    return new Then([...this.cases, [this.condition, nodeOf(value)]]);
+  }
+}
+
+class Then {
+  constructor(private readonly cases: [ExprNode, ExprNode][]) {}
+  when(condition: ExprInput): When {
+    return new When(this.cases, nodeOf(condition));
+  }
+  otherwise(value: ExprInput): Expr {
+    return new Expr({ when: this.cases, otherwise: nodeOf(value) });
+  }
+}
+
+/** Straight-alpha RGBA pixels, compatible with browser ImageData and server-produced pixels. */
+export interface RgbaImage {
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  data: Uint8ClampedArray;
+}
+
+/** An icon marker showing one of `images` for each row, picked by `index`. */
+export function icon(images: readonly RgbaImage[], index: ExprInput): Marker {
+  return {
+    icon: {
+      images: images.map((image) => ({
+        size: [image.width, image.height],
+        rgba: Array.from(image.data),
+      })),
+      index,
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/npm/src/worker.ts b/npm/src/worker.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96ea85de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/src/worker.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * A worker doing views' jobs: it instantiates the module the page posts first, then answers each
+ * job's bytes with its answer's.
+ */
+
+import { initSync, job } from '../pkg/latkit.js';
+
+const scope = globalThis as unknown as {
+  onmessage: ((event: MessageEvent<WebAssembly.Module | Uint8Array>) => void) | null;
+  postMessage(message: unknown, transfer?: Transferable[]): void;
+};
+
+let ready = false;
+scope.onmessage = ({ data }) => {
+  try {
+    if (data instanceof WebAssembly.Module) {
+      initSync({ module: data });
+      ready = true;
+      scope.postMessage({ ready: true });
+    } else {
+      if (!ready) throw new Error('worker has not received its WASM module');
+      const bytes = job(data);
+      scope.postMessage({ bytes }, [bytes.buffer]);
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    scope.postMessage({ error: String(error) });
+  }
+};
diff --git a/npm/test/consumer/assets.d.ts b/npm/test/consumer/assets.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fdf37311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/consumer/assets.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+declare module '*?url' {
+  const url: string;
+  export default url;
+}
diff --git a/npm/test/consumer/core.ts b/npm/test/consumer/core.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46ec0a5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/consumer/core.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { Patch, field, icon, type Scene } from 'latkit/core';
+const scene: Scene = {
+  space: 'plane',
+  marks: [{ vertices: { of: ['grid', 'T'], position: [field('x'), field('y')] } }],
+};
+const patch = new Patch().replace('T', [1], { x: [1], y: [2] });
+const marker = icon(
+  [{ width: 1, height: 1, data: new Uint8ClampedArray([255, 0, 0, 255]) }],
+  field('i'),
+);
+void [scene, patch.toBytes(), marker];
diff --git a/npm/test/consumer/index.html b/npm/test/consumer/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..118f49fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/consumer/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Latkit package consumer</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <canvas id="first" style="width: 256px; height: 256px"></canvas>
+    <canvas id="second" style="width: 256px; height: 256px"></canvas>
+    <canvas id="third" style="width: 256px; height: 256px"></canvas>
+    <script type="module" src="./main.ts"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/npm/test/consumer/main.ts b/npm/test/consumer/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15b04f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/consumer/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+import { loadLatkit, field, Patch, type Scene } from 'latkit';
+import { quickstart } from './quickstart';
+import wasmUrl from 'latkit/wasm?url';
+import workerUrl from 'latkit/worker?url';
+
+function check(condition: unknown, message: string): asserts condition {
+  if (!condition) throw new Error(message);
+}
+
+function destroyed(action: () => unknown): void {
+  try {
+    action();
+  } catch (error) {
+    check(
+      String(error).includes('destroyed'),
+      `unexpected disposed-handle error: ${String(error)}`,
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+  throw new Error('a destroyed handle remained usable');
+}
+
+async function until(condition: () => boolean): Promise<void> {
+  const end = performance.now() + 30_000;
+  while (!condition()) {
+    check(performance.now() < end, 'rendering did not settle');
+    await new Promise<void>((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 10));
+  }
+}
+
+const scene: Scene = {
+  space: { plane: { grid: 'off' } },
+  theme: 'dark',
+  ease: 0,
+  marks: [
+    {
+      vertices: {
+        of: ['grid', 'Bus'],
+        position: ['x', 'y'],
+        radius: field('radius'),
+        color: '#ff0000',
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+async function run(custom: boolean, compiled: boolean) {
+  let blob: string | undefined;
+  let createdWorkers = 0;
+  if (custom) {
+    blob = URL.createObjectURL(
+      new Blob([await (await fetch(workerUrl)).text()], { type: 'text/javascript' }),
+    );
+  }
+  const createWorker = () => {
+    createdWorkers++;
+    return new Worker(blob!);
+  };
+  const started = performance.now();
+  const source = compiled ? await WebAssembly.compileStreaming(fetch(wasmUrl)) : wasmUrl;
+  const loading = loadLatkit(
+    custom ? { wasm: source, createWorker } : compiled ? { wasm: source } : undefined,
+  );
+  check(loading === loadLatkit(), 'concurrent loads must share their promise');
+  const kit = await loading;
+  const initialized = performance.now();
+  check(kit === (await loadLatkit()), 'subsequent loads must reuse the API');
+  let conflict = false;
+  try {
+    await loadLatkit({ wasm: '/a-different-module.wasm' });
+  } catch {
+    conflict = true;
+  }
+  check(conflict, 'conflicting configuration must reject');
+  check(createdWorkers === 0, 'loading must not create workers');
+
+  const { Data, Gpu, Shot } = kit;
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(
+    Patch.to('grid').replace('Bus', { count: 1 }, { x: [0], y: [0], radius: [12] }),
+  );
+  const empty = new Data('grid');
+  empty.destroy();
+  empty.destroy();
+  destroyed(() => empty.name);
+  const decoded = await Data.read(data.toBytes());
+
+  // Data reads back; patches stream back to back.
+  const grid = new Data('grid').apply(
+    new Patch()
+      .axis('time', 's')
+      .replace('Branch', [7, 8, 9], { loading: [40, 120, 95] })
+      .append([0, 1, 2], 'Branch', { flow: Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) }),
+  );
+  const hot = grid.query({
+    of: 'Branch',
+    filter: field('loading').gt(90),
+    select: { flow: 'flow' },
+    at: 1,
+  });
+  check(hot.ids.join() === '8,9' && hot.total === 2, 'a query filters');
+  check((hot.fields.flow as Float64Array)[0] === 5, 'a query reads samples at its coordinate');
+  const sent = [
+    new Patch().set('Branch', [7], { loading: [1] }),
+    new Patch().remove('Branch', [8]),
+  ].flatMap((p) => [...p.toBytes()]);
+  const pieces = new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+    start(controller) {
+      for (let at = 0; at < sent.length; at += 3)
+        controller.enqueue(Uint8Array.from(sent.slice(at, at + 3)));
+      controller.close();
+    },
+  });
+  for await (const next of Patch.stream(pieces)) grid.apply(next);
+  check(
+    grid.ids('Branch').join() === '7,9' && grid.get('Branch', 7, 'loading') === 1,
+    'patches stream',
+  );
+  grid.destroy();
+  const gpu = await Gpu.create();
+  const secondGpu = await Gpu.create();
+  const deviceReady = performance.now();
+  const canvas = (id: string) => document.querySelector<HTMLCanvasElement>(`#${id}`)!;
+  const first = gpu.view(scene);
+  const second = gpu.view(scene);
+  const third = secondGpu.view(scene);
+  gpu.canvas(canvas('first')).show([first]);
+  gpu.canvas(canvas('second')).show([second]);
+  secondGpu.canvas(canvas('third')).show([third]);
+  // A view no canvas shows still draws in shots.
+  const headless = gpu.view(scene);
+  for (const view of [first, second, third, headless]) {
+    view.on('error', (error) => {
+      throw error;
+    });
+    view.setData(decoded);
+  }
+  decoded.destroy(); // views retain the data
+  await until(() =>
+    [first, second, third].every((view) => view.stats.frames > 0 && view.stats.drawn === 1),
+  );
+  const firstFrame = performance.now();
+  const picture = await new Shot([64, 64]).image([headless]);
+  check(picture.width === 64 && picture.height === 64, 'a view without a canvas draws in a shot');
+  const png = await picture.encode('png');
+  const jpeg = await picture.encode('jpeg', { quality: 80 });
+  const webp = await picture.encode('webp');
+  check(
+    png[1] === 0x50 && jpeg[0] === 0xff && webp[0] === 0x52,
+    'pictures write as PNG, JPEG, and WebP',
+  );
+  picture.destroy();
+  let videoTested = false;
+  if (
+    typeof VideoEncoder === 'function' &&
+    (
+      await VideoEncoder.isConfigSupported({
+        codec: 'avc1.42e01f',
+        width: 64,
+        height: 64,
+        framerate: 30,
+        bitrate: 100_000,
+        avc: { format: 'annexb' },
+      })
+    ).supported
+  ) {
+    videoTested = true;
+    const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
+    const output = new WritableStream<Uint8Array>({
+      write(bytes) {
+        chunks.push(bytes);
+      },
+    });
+    const video = new Shot([64, 64]).video(gpu, 30, output);
+    await video.record([headless], (time) => time < 0.1);
+    check(video.frames === 3 && !output.locked, 'video retains counters and releases its output');
+    check(
+      chunks.some((bytes) => new TextDecoder().decode(bytes).includes('ftyp')),
+      'video writes an MP4 header',
+    );
+    const cancelledOutput = new WritableStream<Uint8Array>();
+    const cancelled = new Shot([64, 64]).video(gpu, 30, cancelledOutput);
+    const pending = cancelled.frame([headless]);
+    const settled = Promise.allSettled([pending]);
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    await cancelled.abort('consumer cancellation');
+    check((await settled)[0].status === 'rejected', 'cancellation interrupts the WASM frame');
+    check(!cancelledOutput.locked, 'cancelled video releases the writer');
+    const restored = await new Shot([64, 64]).image([headless]);
+    restored.destroy();
+  }
+  headless.destroy();
+  check(
+    (() => {
+      try {
+        gpu.canvas(document.createElement('canvas')).show([second]);
+        return false;
+      } catch {
+        return true;
+      }
+    })(),
+    'a view shows in one canvas at a time',
+  );
+  const hits = await first.pick([128, 128], 8);
+  check(
+    hits.some((hit) => hit.row.table === 'Bus'),
+    'GPU picking must see the rendered vertex',
+  );
+
+  let ticks = 0;
+  const stop = gpu.on('frame', () => ticks++);
+  await until(() => ticks > 0);
+  first.destroy();
+  first.destroy();
+  destroyed(() => first.stats);
+  check(second.stats.drawn === 1, 'destroying one view must preserve its sibling');
+  const pending = Promise.allSettled([
+    second.pick([128, 128], 8),
+    second.locate({ data: 'grid', table: 'Bus', id: 0 }),
+  ]);
+  gpu.destroy();
+  gpu.destroy();
+  stop();
+  stop();
+  destroyed(() => second.stats);
+  destroyed(() => gpu.view(scene));
+  for (const answer of await pending) {
+    check(answer.status === 'rejected', 'destroying the view must cancel pending queries');
+    const error: unknown = answer.reason;
+    check(
+      error instanceof Error && 'code' in error && error.code === 'cancelled',
+      'query must reject with cancellation',
+    );
+  }
+  check(data.ids('Bus').length === 1, 'GPU cleanup must preserve independent data');
+  const stoppedTicks = ticks;
+  let otherTicks = 0;
+  const stopOther = secondGpu.on('frame', () => otherTicks++);
+  await until(() => otherTicks >= 3);
+  check(ticks === stoppedTicks, 'GPU cleanup must stop its frame listeners');
+  stopOther();
+  stopOther();
+  check(third.stats.drawn === 1, 'other GPUs must remain usable');
+
+  // Exercise the real worker, including its standalone Blob deployment in the custom case.
+  const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(
+    JSON.stringify({
+      type: 'FeatureCollection',
+      features: [
+        { type: 'Feature', properties: {}, geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [1, 2] } },
+      ],
+    }),
+  );
+  const places = await Data.read(bytes, 'places');
+  check(places.ids('points').length === 1, 'worker must decode GeoJSON');
+  if (custom) check(createdWorkers > 0, 'custom worker factory must be used');
+  places.destroy();
+  secondGpu.destroy();
+  data.destroy();
+  const exampleCanvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  exampleCanvas.width = exampleCanvas.height = 128;
+  document.body.append(exampleCanvas);
+  const example = await quickstart(exampleCanvas);
+  await until(() => example.view.stats.drawn === 2);
+  example.gpu.destroy();
+  example.data.destroy();
+  exampleCanvas.remove();
+  const transient = await Gpu.create();
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+    transient.on('frame', () => {
+      transient.destroy();
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  if (blob) URL.revokeObjectURL(blob);
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+  return {
+    videoTested,
+    initializationMs: initialized - started,
+    gpuMs: deviceReady - initialized,
+    firstFrameMs: firstFrame - started,
+  };
+}
+
+Object.assign(window, { packageConsumer: { run } });
diff --git a/npm/test/consumer/quickstart.ts b/npm/test/consumer/quickstart.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..237b64de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/consumer/quickstart.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { loadLatkit, Patch, field, type Scene } from 'latkit';
+
+/** A complete, type-checked example, also rendered by the installed-package test. */
+export async function quickstart(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
+  const { Data, Gpu } = await loadLatkit();
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(
+    new Patch().replace('Bus', [101, 102], { x: [0, 30], y: [0, 20], kv: [230, 115] }),
+  );
+  const scene: Scene = {
+    space: 'plane',
+    marks: [
+      {
+        vertices: {
+          of: ['grid', 'Bus'],
+          position: ['x', 'y'],
+          radius: 6,
+          color: field('kv').colormap('viridis'),
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+  const gpu = await Gpu.create();
+  const view = gpu.view(scene);
+  gpu.canvas(canvas).show([view]);
+  view.setData(data);
+  view.fit();
+  return { gpu, view, data };
+}
diff --git a/npm/test/consumer/tsconfig.core.json b/npm/test/consumer/tsconfig.core.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19f0bcdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/consumer/tsconfig.core.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "NodeNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "NodeNext",
+    "lib": ["ES2022"],
+    "types": [],
+    "strict": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": false,
+    "noEmit": true
+  },
+  "files": ["core.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/npm/test/consumer/tsconfig.json b/npm/test/consumer/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..786ff64b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/consumer/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM"],
+    "types": [],
+    "strict": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": false,
+    "noEmit": true
+  },
+  "include": ["*.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/npm/test/data.test.mjs b/npm/test/data.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..578a0adf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/data.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+// Patches written in TypeScript and read by latkit's WebAssembly: the two halves of the byte
+// format agree on every kind of value, and data reads back as it was written. Runs against the
+// built package (`node npm/build.mjs compile npm`) or the installed one (LATKIT_TEST_PACKAGE).
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const directory = process.env.LATKIT_TEST_PACKAGE ?? path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
+const { loadLatkit, Patch, reference, field } = await import(
+  pathToFileURL(path.join(directory, 'dist/index.js')).href
+);
+const wasm = new WebAssembly.Module(fs.readFileSync(path.join(directory, 'pkg/latkit_bg.wasm')));
+const { Data } = await loadLatkit({ wasm });
+
+/** Every chunk of `bytes`, `size` at a time, as a socket might hand them over. */
+function* pieces(bytes, size) {
+  for (let at = 0; at < bytes.length; at += size) yield bytes.subarray(at, at + size);
+}
+
+test('patches carry every kind of value through the bytes', () => {
+  const grid = new Data('grid').apply(
+    Patch.to('grid')
+      .axis('time', 's')
+      .replace('Bus', [101, 102, 103], {
+        kv: Float64Array.of(230, 115, 69),
+        vm: [1.01, null, 0.99],
+        load: Float32Array.of(1.5, 2.5, 3.5),
+        rank: Int32Array.of(-1, 0, 1),
+        zone: Uint32Array.of(7, 8, 9),
+        flag: Uint8Array.of(1, 0, 2),
+        open: [true, null, false],
+        name: ['North', null, 'Sü∂'],
+        point: [[0, 1], null, [4, 5]],
+        path: [
+          [
+            [0, 0],
+            [1, 1],
+          ],
+          [],
+          [
+            [2, 2],
+            [3, 3],
+            [4, 4],
+          ],
+        ],
+        area: [
+          [
+            [
+              [
+                [0, 0],
+                [1, 0],
+                [1, 1],
+              ],
+            ],
+          ],
+          null,
+          [
+            [
+              [
+                [5, 5],
+                [6, 5],
+                [6, 6],
+              ],
+            ],
+            [
+              [
+                [7, 7],
+                [8, 7],
+                [8, 8],
+              ],
+            ],
+          ],
+        ],
+      })
+      .replace(
+        'Branch',
+        { count: 2 },
+        {
+          from: reference('Bus', [101, 102]),
+          to: reference('Bus', [102, null]),
+        },
+      )
+      .replace('Named', ['a', 'b'], { x: [1, 2] }),
+  );
+  const get = (id, name) => grid.get('Bus', id, name);
+  assert.equal(get(101, 'kv'), 230);
+  assert.equal(get(102, 'vm'), null, 'null is missing');
+  assert.equal(get(103, 'load'), 3.5);
+  assert.equal(get(101, 'rank'), -1);
+  assert.equal(get(102, 'zone'), 8);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [get(101, 'flag'), get(102, 'flag'), get(103, 'flag')],
+    [true, false, true],
+    'a Uint8Array holds booleans',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual([get(101, 'open'), get(102, 'open'), get(103, 'open')], [true, null, false]);
+  assert.deepEqual([get(101, 'name'), get(102, 'name'), get(103, 'name')], ['North', null, 'Sü∂']);
+  assert.deepEqual(get(103, 'point'), [4, 5]);
+  assert.equal(get(102, 'point'), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(get(103, 'path'), [
+    [2, 2],
+    [3, 3],
+    [4, 4],
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(get(102, 'path'), null, 'an empty geometry is missing');
+  assert.equal(get(103, 'area').length, 2, 'two polygons');
+  assert.equal(grid.get('Branch', 0, 'from'), 101, 'a reference reads as the id it names');
+  assert.equal(grid.get('Branch', 1, 'to'), null, 'null leaves a reference unwired');
+  assert.equal(grid.get('Named', 'b', 'x'), 2);
+  const kinds = Object.fromEntries(
+    grid
+      .describe()
+      .tables.find((t) => t.name === 'Bus')
+      .fields.map((f) => [f.name, f.kind]),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [kinds.kv, kinds.open, kinds.name, kinds.point, kinds.path, kinds.area],
+    ['number', 'bool', 'text', 'point', 'path', 'polygons'],
+  );
+  // A dataset's bytes are the patch that builds it, read back alike.
+  const again = new Data('grid').apply(Patch.fromBytes(grid.toBytes()));
+  assert.deepEqual(again.describe(), grid.describe());
+  assert.deepEqual(again.get('Bus', 103, 'area'), get(103, 'area'));
+  grid.destroy();
+  again.destroy();
+});
+
+test('changes apply in place, a snapshot keeps a version, and a patch names its dataset', () => {
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(new Patch().replace('Bus', [1, 2, 3], { x: [1, 2, 3] }));
+  const before = data.snapshot();
+  data.apply(
+    new Patch()
+      .set('Bus', [3, 4], { x: [30, 40] })
+      .remove('Bus', [1])
+      .append([0, 1], 'Bus', { v: Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) })
+      .append(2, 'Bus', { v: [9] }, [4]),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(data.ids('Bus'), [2, 3, 4]);
+  assert.deepEqual(before.ids('Bus'), [1, 2, 3], 'the snapshot holds');
+  assert.equal(data.get('Bus', 4, 'x'), 40);
+  assert.equal(data.get('Bus', 4, 'v', 2), 9, 'rows named take the frame');
+  assert.equal(data.get('Bus', 2, 'v', 2), 4, 'the rest hold their last values');
+  assert.deepEqual(data.span, [0, 2]);
+  data.apply(new Patch().forget(1));
+  assert.deepEqual(data.span, [1, 2]);
+  assert.throws(() => data.apply(Patch.to('weather')), { code: 'invalid' });
+  assert.throws(() => data.apply(new Patch().set('Bus', [1], { x: ['a'] })), { code: 'invalid' });
+  assert.equal(data.get('Bus', 2, 'x'), 2, 'a failed patch changes nothing');
+  data.destroy();
+  before.destroy();
+});
+
+test('appends one after another write as one change, each frame copied at its call', () => {
+  const frame = new Float32Array(2);
+  const patch = new Patch().replace('Bus', [1, 2], { x: [1, 2] });
+  for (let f = 0; f < 4; f++) {
+    frame.set([f, 10 * f]);
+    patch.append(f, 'Bus', { v: frame });
+  }
+  const bytes = patch.toBytes();
+  const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+  // After the header and the empty name: the count of changes.
+  assert.equal(view.getUint32(20, true), 2, 'the replace, and one append of every frame');
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(patch);
+  const v = (t) => data.get('Bus', 2, 'v', t);
+  assert.deepEqual([v(0), v(1), v(2), v(3)], [0, 10, 20, 30], 'each frame as it was at its call');
+  data.destroy();
+});
+
+test('time tiles hold runs of a sampled field, holes between them', () => {
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(new Patch().replace('Bus', [1, 2], { x: [1, 2] }));
+  data.apply(
+    new Patch()
+      .frames('Bus', 'v', { first: 100 }, [100, 101], Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4))
+      .frames('Bus', 'v', { level: 1, first: 0 }, [0, 7], [0.5, 0.25, 1.5, 1.25]),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(data.span, [0, 101]);
+  assert.equal(data.get('Bus', 2, 'v', 101), 4);
+  assert.equal(data.get('Bus', 1, 'v', 50), null, 'a hole holds no frame');
+  const again = new Patch().frames('Bus', 'v', { first: 100 }, [100], [1, 2]);
+  assert.throws(() => data.apply(again), { code: 'invalid' }, 'frames held already');
+  assert.throws(() => new Patch().frames('Bus', 'v', { level: 1, first: 0 }, [0, 7, 9], [1]), {
+    code: 'invalid',
+  });
+  const back = new Data('grid').apply(Patch.fromBytes(data.toBytes()));
+  assert.deepEqual(back.describe(), data.describe());
+  assert.equal(back.get('Bus', 1, 'v', 100.5), 1);
+  data.destroy();
+  back.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a failed change leaves the patch as it was', () => {
+  const patch = new Patch().set('Bus', [1], { x: [1] });
+  const bytes = patch.toBytes();
+  assert.throws(() => patch.set('Bus', [2], { x: [1, 'two'] }), { code: 'invalid', path: 'Bus.x' });
+  assert.throws(() => patch.remove('Bus', [1.5]), { code: 'invalid' });
+  assert.deepEqual(patch.toBytes(), bytes);
+  const extended = new Patch().set('Bus', [2], { x: [2] }).extend(patch);
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(extended);
+  assert.deepEqual(data.ids('Bus'), [2, 1]);
+  data.destroy();
+});
+
+test('patches stream back to back, split anywhere, and refuse what is too long', async () => {
+  const sent = [
+    Patch.to('grid').replace('Bus', [7, 8, 9], { x: [1, 2, 3] }),
+    new Patch().set('Bus', [7], { x: [10] }),
+    new Patch().remove('Bus', [8]),
+  ];
+  const stream = new Uint8Array(sent.flatMap((p) => [...p.toBytes()]));
+  for (const size of [1, 3, 64, stream.length]) {
+    const data = new Data('grid');
+    const read = [];
+    for await (const patch of Patch.stream(pieces(stream, size))) {
+      read.push(patch.data);
+      data.apply(patch);
+    }
+    assert.deepEqual(read, ['grid', undefined, undefined]);
+    assert.deepEqual(data.ids('Bus'), [7, 9]);
+    assert.equal(data.get('Bus', 7, 'x'), 10);
+    data.destroy();
+  }
+  const long = Patch.to('grid')
+    .replace('Bus', [1], { name: ['x'.repeat(100)] })
+    .toBytes();
+  const read = (stream, options) => Array.fromAsync(Patch.stream(stream, options));
+  await assert.rejects(read(pieces(long, 16), { limit: 64 }), { code: 'limit' });
+  await assert.rejects(read(pieces(long.subarray(0, 40), 16)), /ended inside a patch/);
+  const json = new TextEncoder().encode('{"not": "latkit"}');
+  await assert.rejects(read([json]), { code: 'invalid' });
+});
+
+test('JSON, latkit bytes, and GeoJSON read as datasets', async () => {
+  const json = JSON.stringify({
+    name: 'grid',
+    patch: [{ replace: { table: 'Bus', ids: { count: 2 }, fields: { x: [1, 2] } } }],
+  });
+  const loaded = await Data.load(json);
+  assert.equal(loaded.get('Bus', 1, 'x'), 2);
+  const read = await Data.read(loaded.toBytes(), 'renamed');
+  assert.equal(read.name, 'renamed');
+  const patch = await Patch.load('[{"set": {"table": "Bus", "ids": [1], "fields": {"x": [20]}}}]');
+  assert.equal(read.apply(patch).get('Bus', 1, 'x'), 20);
+  const geojson = new TextEncoder().encode(
+    JSON.stringify({
+      type: 'FeatureCollection',
+      features: [
+        { type: 'Feature', properties: { n: 1 }, geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [1, 2] } },
+      ],
+    }),
+  );
+  const places = await Data.read(geojson, 'places');
+  assert.deepEqual(places.get('points', 0, 'geometry'), [1, 2]);
+  await assert.rejects(Data.read(geojson), { code: 'invalid' }, 'GeoJSON takes a name');
+  for (const data of [loaded, read, places]) data.destroy();
+});
+
+test('queries filter, sort, page, and count', () => {
+  const data = new Data('grid').apply(
+    new Patch().replace('Branch', [7, 8, 9], {
+      loading: [40, 120, 95],
+      name: ['Ash', 'Birch', 'Cedar'],
+    }),
+  );
+  const hot = data.query({
+    of: 'Branch',
+    filter: field('loading').gt(90),
+    sort: [[field('loading'), 'descending']],
+    select: { name: 'name', loading: 'loading' },
+    limit: 1,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(hot.ids, [8]);
+  assert.equal(hot.total, 2, 'rows kept before paging');
+  assert.ok(hot.fields.loading instanceof Float64Array);
+  const named = data.query({ of: 'Branch', filter: field('name').contains('ED') });
+  assert.deepEqual(named.ids, [9], 'contains ignores case');
+  assert.deepEqual(data.query({ of: 'Branch', ids: [9, 7] }).ids, [9, 7], 'ids keep their order');
+  data.destroy();
+});
+
+test('LATK v1 fixture and long-running sample indexes agree with Rust', () => {
+  const fixture = Buffer.from(
+    fs
+      .readFileSync(
+        new URL('../../crates/latkit/tests/fixtures/latk-v1.hex', import.meta.url),
+        'utf8',
+      )
+      .trim(),
+    'hex',
+  );
+  const patch = new Patch().frames('T', 'v', { first: 2 ** 32 + 3 }, [0, 1], [1, 2]);
+  assert.deepEqual(Buffer.from(patch.toBytes()), fixture);
+  const data = new Data('test').apply(new Patch().replace('T', { count: 1 }).extend(patch));
+  data.apply(new Patch().append(2, 'T', { v: [3] }));
+  assert.equal(data.get('T', 0, 'v'), 3);
+  assert.deepEqual(data.span, [0, 2]);
+  data.destroy();
+  const version = Uint8Array.from(fixture);
+  version[4] = 2;
+  assert.throws(() => Patch.fromBytes(version), /version/);
+  assert.throws(
+    () => new Patch().frames('T', 'v', { first: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER }, [0], [1]),
+    /safe/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('query fields preserve arbitrary names as own properties', () => {
+  const data = new Data('test').apply(
+    new Patch().replace('T', [1], { ['__proto__']: [42], constructor: [7] }),
+  );
+  const fields = data.query({ of: 'T' }).fields;
+  assert.equal(Object.getPrototypeOf(fields), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(fields), ['__proto__', 'constructor']);
+  assert.equal(fields.__proto__[0], 42);
+  data.destroy();
+});
+
+test('stream rejects oversized headers and cancels owned readers on early termination', async () => {
+  let cancelled = 0;
+  const frame = new Patch().axis('t', 's').toBytes();
+  const oversized = new Uint8Array(2 << 20);
+  oversized.set(frame);
+  new DataView(oversized.buffer).setBigUint64(8, BigInt(oversized.length), true);
+  const stream = new ReadableStream({
+    start(c) {
+      c.enqueue(oversized);
+    },
+    cancel() {
+      cancelled++;
+    },
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(async () => {
+    for await (const patch of Patch.stream(stream, { limit: 1024 })) void patch;
+  }, /longer/);
+  assert.equal(cancelled, 1);
+  assert.equal(stream.locked, false);
+  const many = new ReadableStream({
+    start(c) {
+      c.enqueue(new Uint8Array([...frame, ...frame]));
+    },
+    cancel() {
+      cancelled++;
+    },
+  });
+  for await (const patch of Patch.stream(many)) {
+    assert.equal(patch.toBytes().length, frame.length);
+    break;
+  }
+  assert.equal(cancelled, 2);
+  assert.equal(many.locked, false);
+});
diff --git a/npm/test/jobs.test.mjs b/npm/test/jobs.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebdf78d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/jobs.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const { jobs } = await import(
+  process.env.LATKIT_TEST_PACKAGE
+    ? pathToFileURL(path.join(process.env.LATKIT_TEST_PACKAGE, 'dist/jobs.js')).href
+    : new URL('../src/jobs.ts', import.meta.url).href
+);
+
+const module = new WebAssembly.Module(new Uint8Array([0, 97, 115, 109, 1, 0, 0, 0]));
+
+class Worker {
+  onmessage = null;
+  onerror = null;
+  onmessageerror = null;
+  sent = [];
+  terminated = false;
+  postMessage(message) {
+    this.sent.push(message);
+  }
+  terminate() {
+    this.terminated = true;
+  }
+  answer(data) {
+    this.onmessage?.({ data });
+  }
+}
+
+test('workers start on demand, handshake, retire when idle, and restart', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const workers = [];
+  const run = jobs(module, () => {
+    const worker = new Worker();
+    workers.push(worker);
+    return worker;
+  });
+  assert.equal(workers.length, 0);
+  const result = run(new Uint8Array([1]));
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  assert.deepEqual(worker.sent, [module]);
+  worker.answer({ ready: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(worker.sent[1], new Uint8Array([1]));
+  worker.answer({ bytes: new Uint8Array([2]) });
+  assert.deepEqual(await result, new Uint8Array([2]));
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  assert(worker.terminated);
+  const next = run(new Uint8Array([3]));
+  assert.equal(workers.length, 2);
+  workers[1].answer({ ready: true });
+  workers[1].answer({ bytes: new Uint8Array([4]) });
+  await next;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+});
+
+test('failed startup, malformed messages, and timeouts reject instead of hanging', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const workers = [];
+  const run = jobs(module, () => {
+    const worker = new Worker();
+    workers.push(worker);
+    return worker;
+  });
+  const startup = assert.rejects(run(new Uint8Array()), /bad module/);
+  workers[0].answer({ error: 'bad module' });
+  await startup;
+  assert(workers[0].terminated);
+  const message = assert.rejects(run(new Uint8Array()), /read worker/);
+  workers[1].onmessageerror();
+  await message;
+  const timeout = assert.rejects(run(new Uint8Array()), /timed out/);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000);
+  await timeout;
+  assert(workers.every((worker) => worker.terminated));
+});
+
+test('worker construction failure rejects, and later calls can recover', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const worker = new Worker();
+  let failed = false;
+  const run = jobs(module, () => {
+    if (!failed) {
+      failed = true;
+      throw new Error('blocked by CSP');
+    }
+    return worker;
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(run(new Uint8Array()), /CSP/);
+  const next = run(new Uint8Array());
+  worker.answer({ ready: true });
+  worker.answer({ bytes: new Uint8Array() });
+  await next;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+});
+
+test('queued jobs continue after a busy worker fails', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const workers = [];
+  const run = jobs(module, () => {
+    const worker = new Worker();
+    workers.push(worker);
+    return worker;
+  });
+  const answers = Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, i) => run(new Uint8Array([i])));
+  const settled = Promise.allSettled(answers);
+  const limit = workers.length;
+  assert(limit >= 1 && limit <= 4);
+  workers[0].onerror({ preventDefault() {}, message: 'lost worker' });
+  for (const worker of workers) {
+    if (worker.terminated) continue;
+    worker.answer({ ready: true });
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) worker.answer({ bytes: new Uint8Array([1]) });
+  }
+  const results = await settled;
+  assert.equal(results.filter((result) => result.status === 'rejected').length, 1);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  assert(workers.every((worker) => worker.terminated));
+});
diff --git a/npm/test/load.test.mjs b/npm/test/load.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fddae27c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/load.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+
+test('installed package imports without WASM, retries failures, and shares initialization', async (t) => {
+  const directory = process.env.LATKIT_TEST_PACKAGE;
+  assert(directory, 'run through cargo xtask package-test');
+  let requests = 0;
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => {
+    requests++;
+    if (requests === 1) return new Response('retry', { status: 503 });
+    return new Response(fs.readFileSync(path.join(directory, 'pkg/latkit_bg.wasm')), {
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/wasm' },
+    });
+  });
+  const { loadLatkit, field, Patch } = await import(
+    pathToFileURL(path.join(directory, 'dist/index.js')).href
+  );
+  assert.equal(requests, 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(field('x').toJSON(), { field: 'x' });
+  // Patches are written without WASM.
+  const patch = new Patch().replace('Node', { count: 1 }, { x: [42] });
+  assert.equal(requests, 0);
+  const first = loadLatkit({ wasm: 'https://example.invalid/latkit.wasm' });
+  assert.equal(first, loadLatkit());
+  await assert.rejects(first, { code: 'io' });
+  const retry = loadLatkit({ wasm: new URL('https://example.invalid/latkit.wasm') });
+  assert.equal(retry, loadLatkit({ wasm: 'https://example.invalid/latkit.wasm' }));
+  const kit = await retry;
+  assert.equal(kit, await loadLatkit());
+  assert.equal(requests, 2);
+  await assert.rejects(loadLatkit({ wasm: 'https://example.invalid/other.wasm' }), {
+    code: 'io',
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    loadLatkit({
+      createWorker: () => {
+        throw new Error('unused');
+      },
+    }),
+    { code: 'io' },
+  );
+  const data = new kit.Data('test').apply(patch);
+  const kept = data.snapshot();
+  data.apply(new Patch().set('Node', [0], { x: [7] }));
+  assert.equal(data.get('Node', 0, 'x'), 7);
+  data.destroy();
+  data.destroy();
+  assert.throws(() => data.name, /destroyed/);
+  assert.equal(kept.get('Node', 0, 'x'), 42, 'a snapshot outlives its source');
+  kept.destroy();
+  kept.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/npm/test/release.test.mjs b/npm/test/release.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33c29675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/release.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { ensureArtifacts, registry } from '../release.mjs';
+
+test('a partial release resumes only missing artifacts', async () => {
+  const published = new Map([
+    ['npm', 'a'],
+    ['core', 'b'],
+  ]);
+  const writes = [];
+  const artifacts = [
+    ['npm', 'a'],
+    ['core', 'b'],
+    ['cli', 'c'],
+  ].map(([name, digest]) => ({
+    name,
+    digest,
+    lookup: async () => published.get(name),
+    publish: () => {
+      writes.push(name);
+      published.set(name, digest);
+    },
+  }));
+  await ensureArtifacts(artifacts);
+  await ensureArtifacts(artifacts);
+  assert.deepEqual(writes, ['cli']);
+  await assert.rejects(ensureArtifacts([{ ...artifacts[0], digest: 'different' }]), /must match/);
+});
+
+test('registry failures never masquerade as unpublished versions', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => new Response(null, { status: 503 }));
+  await assert.rejects(registry('https://example.test'), /503/);
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => new Response(null, { status: 404 }));
+  assert.equal(await registry('https://example.test'), undefined);
+});
diff --git a/npm/test/scenes.js b/npm/test/scenes.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27a2362a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/scenes.js
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// @ts-check
+// Scenes in their JSON form, checked twice: TypeScript checks them against `Scene`, and latkit's
+// `tests/scenes.rs` decodes each one. The array below must stay JSON.
+
+/** @type {import('../src/inputs.js').Scene[]} */
+export default [
+  { "space": "plane" },
+  { "space": "mercator", "ease": 0 },
+  { "space": "globe", "theme": "light" },
+  { "space": "plot" },
+  { "space": "diagram", "layout": "stress" },
+  { "space": { "plane": { "grid": "off" } } },
+  { "space": { "diagram": { "grid": { "dots": { "pitch": 10, "snap": true } } } }, "layout": { "layered": { "flow": "down", "rankGap": 60 } } },
+  { "space": { "earth": { "projection": "globe", "surface": "#203040", "graticule": false } } },
+  {
+    "space": { "earth": { "projection": "globe", "daylight": 1782043200, "atmosphere": true } },
+    "marks": [
+      { "areas": { "of": ["base", "water"], "color": "#1d3557" } },
+      { "areas": { "of": ["city", "polygons"], "geometry": "geometry", "color": { "colormap": "tab10", "value": "use" }, "label": "name" } },
+      { "lines": { "of": ["city", "polygons"], "width": 1, "color": "#ffffff40" } },
+      { "lines": { "of": ["base", "transportation"], "width": { "op": "div", "args": ["lanes", 2] } } }
+    ],
+    "theme": { "area": "#223344", "atmosphere": "#5aa9ff88", "night": 0.35 }
+  },
+  { "space": { "plot": { "x": { "label": "Time (s)" }, "y": { "grid": false } } } },
+  {
+    "space": "globe",
+    "marks": [
+      {
+        "edges": {
+          "of": ["grid", "Branch"],
+          "ends": ["from", "to"],
+          "width": { "units": 2 },
+          "dash": { "op": "gt", "args": ["loading", 0.9] },
+          "flow": { "op": "div", "args": ["p", 20] },
+          "color": { "colormap": "amber", "value": "loading", "domain": [0, 1] },
+          "name": "branches"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "vertices": {
+          "of": ["grid", "Bus"],
+          "position": ["lon", "lat"],
+          "elevation": 0,
+          "radius": { "op": "add", "args": [{ "op": "div", "args": ["kv", 100] }, 1] },
+          "marker": "diamond",
+          "color": {
+            "when": [[{ "state": "selected" }, { "color": "#ffb000" }]],
+            "otherwise": { "colormap": "balance", "value": { "field": "vm", "step": true }, "domain": [0.95, 1.05] }
+          },
+          "visible": { "op": "and", "args": [{ "op": "ge", "args": ["kv", 115] }, { "is": ["kind", "substation"] }] }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "vertices": {
+          "of": ["grid", "Bus"],
+          "name": "load",
+          "size": [12, { "units": 4 }],
+          "marker": { "block": { "corner": 2 } },
+          "shadow": true,
+          "color": { "scale": [0, 1], "value": { "field": "load", "of": ["weather", "Station"] } }
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "theme": { "base": "dark", "vertexRadius": 5, "edge": null, "selected": "#ff8800", "shadow": { "color": "#00000055", "lift": 4 } }
+  },
+  {
+    "space": { "plane": { "grid": { "lines": { "pitch": 1 } } } },
+    "controls": { "turn": false, "pickRadius": 14 },
+    "marks": [
+      { "faces": { "of": ["mesh", "Face"], "corners": ["a", "b", "c"], "pick": false, "shadow": true } },
+      { "edges": { "of": ["mesh", "Spring"], "ends": ["a", "b"], "color": "#ffffff14" } },
+      { "vertices": { "of": ["mesh", "Vertex"], "position": ["x", "y"], "elevation": "z", "select": false, "drag": true } }
+    ],
+    "theme": { "shading": 0.7, "font": "monospace", "fontSize": 12, "playhead": "#ffe5d4" }
+  },
+  {
+    "space": { "plot": { "x": { "label": "Time (s)" } } },
+    "marks": [{ "lines": { "of": ["mesh", "Body"], "trace": "height", "color": "#66c7ff", "width": 2, "flow": 12, "shadow": true } }]
+  },
+  {
+    "space": { "plot": { "y": { "format": "engineering", "precision": 1, "ticks": [0, [0.5, "half"], 1] } } },
+    "controls": { "selectBox": true },
+    "marks": [
+      {
+        "lines": {
+          "of": ["mesh", "Body"],
+          "trace": "speed",
+          "interpolation": "stepAfter",
+          "label": { "text": "name", "size": 11, "priority": "rank", "maxWidth": 120 }
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "vertices": {
+          "of": ["grid", "Bus"],
+          "marker": { "gauge": { "fill": "load", "shape": "rounded" } },
+          "ring": { "color": "#ff0000" },
+          "label": "name",
+          "radius": { "op": "mul", "args": [{ "state": "zoom" }, 2] }
+        }
+      },
+      { "vertices": { "of": ["grid", "Plant"], "marker": { "pie": { "slices": ["coal", "gas"], "colors": ["#333333", "#88aaff"], "hole": 0.4 } } } },
+      { "vertices": { "of": ["grid", "Icon"], "marker": { "icon": { "images": [{ "size": [1, 1], "rgba": [255, 0, 0, 255] }], "index": 0 } } } },
+      { "vertices": { "of": ["grid", "Custom"], "marker": { "wgsl": { "source": "fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor { return MarkerColor(f.color, 0.0); }", "inputs": ["load"] } } } },
+      { "edges": { "of": ["grid", "Branch"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "shadow": true } }
+    ],
+    "theme": { "edgeSpacing": 5, "arrow": 8, "halo": 2, "shadow": { "light": [-1, 1, 2], "softness": 0.2 } }
+  },
+  {
+    "space": "diagram",
+    "layout": { "stress": { "gap": 50 } },
+    "controls": { "connect": true, "delete": true },
+    "marks": [
+      { "vertices": { "of": ["plant", "Area"], "contains": ["Device", "area"], "label": "name" } },
+      { "edges": { "of": ["plant", "Wire"], "ends": ["from", "to"], "bends": "path", "arrows": true } },
+      { "edges": { "of": ["plant", "Net"], "route": "orthogonal", "arrows": true } },
+      {
+        "vertices": {
+          "of": ["plant", "Device"],
+          "size": [40, 24],
+          "marker": "block",
+          "ports": [
+            ["input", "left"],
+            ["output", { "side": "right", "order": 0, "label": "out", "shape": "diamond", "output": true }]
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "theme": { "groupPadding": 16 }
+  }
+];
diff --git a/npm/test/tsconfig.json b/npm/test/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f14e801a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "strict": true,
+    "allowJs": true,
+    "checkJs": true,
+    "noEmit": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true
+  },
+  "files": ["scenes.js"]
+}
diff --git a/npm/test/video.test.mjs b/npm/test/video.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84404ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/test/video.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+
+const directory = process.env.LATKIT_TEST_PACKAGE ?? path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
+const { Video, Shot } = await import(pathToFileURL(path.join(directory, 'dist/runtime.js')).href);
+
+function recording(sink = {}, options = {}) {
+  const calls = { free: 0, cancel: 0, abort: 0, close: 0 };
+  const stream = new WritableStream({
+    abort() {
+      calls.abort++;
+    },
+    close() {
+      calls.close++;
+    },
+    ...sink,
+  });
+  const inner = {
+    frames: 0,
+    async frame() {
+      this.frames++;
+      return Uint8Array.of(1);
+    },
+    async finish() {
+      return Uint8Array.of(2);
+    },
+    free() {
+      calls.free++;
+    },
+    cancel() {
+      calls.cancel++;
+    },
+    ...options,
+  };
+  return { video: new Video(inner, stream.getWriter(), 30), stream, calls, inner };
+}
+
+test('finish retains counters and releases the output exactly once', async () => {
+  const { video, stream, calls } = recording();
+  await video.frame([]);
+  const finished = video.finish();
+  assert.equal(video.finish(), finished);
+  await finished;
+  await video.abort();
+  assert.equal(video.frames, 1);
+  assert.equal(video.time, 1 / 30);
+  assert.equal(stream.locked, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, { free: 1, cancel: 0, abort: 0, close: 1 });
+});
+
+test('record aborts and unlocks on step and progress failures', async () => {
+  for (const progress of [false, true]) {
+    const { video, stream, calls } = recording();
+    const error = new Error('record failed');
+    await assert.rejects(
+      video.record(
+        [],
+        () => {
+          if (!progress) throw error;
+          return true;
+        },
+        () => {
+          throw error;
+        },
+      ),
+      error,
+    );
+    assert.equal(stream.locked, false);
+    assert.equal(calls.free, 1);
+    assert.equal(calls.abort, 1);
+  }
+});
+
+test('write failures close the encoder and release the output lock', async () => {
+  const { video, stream, calls } = recording({
+    write() {
+      throw new Error('disk full');
+    },
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(video.frame([]), /disk full/);
+  assert.equal(stream.locked, false);
+  assert.equal(calls.free, 1);
+  assert.equal(calls.cancel, 1);
+});
+
+test('abort interrupts a pending finish and is idempotent', async () => {
+  let rejectFinish;
+  const { video, stream, calls } = recording(
+    {},
+    {
+      finish: () =>
+        new Promise((_, reject) => {
+          rejectFinish = reject;
+        }),
+      cancel() {
+        calls.cancel++;
+        rejectFinish(new Error('cancelled'));
+      },
+    },
+  );
+  const finished = video.finish();
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  const rejected = assert.rejects(finished, /cancelled/);
+  const aborted = video.abort('stop');
+  assert.equal(video.abort(), aborted);
+  await Promise.all([aborted, rejected]);
+  assert.equal(stream.locked, false);
+  assert.equal(calls.free, 1);
+});
+
+test('concurrent frames reject without disrupting the frame already drawing', async () => {
+  let resolveFrame;
+  const { video } = recording(
+    {},
+    {
+      frame: () =>
+        new Promise((resolve) => {
+          resolveFrame = resolve;
+        }),
+    },
+  );
+  const frame = video.frame([]);
+  await assert.rejects(video.frame([]), /one frame/);
+  resolveFrame(new Uint8Array());
+  await frame;
+  await video.finish();
+});
+
+test('locked outputs do not create encoders, and setup failures unlock outputs', () => {
+  const shot = new Shot([64, 64]);
+  const stream = new WritableStream();
+  const writer = stream.getWriter();
+  let created = 0;
+  const gpu = {
+    inner: {
+      video() {
+        created++;
+        throw new Error('no encoder');
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  assert.throws(() => shot.video(gpu, 30, stream));
+  assert.equal(created, 0);
+  writer.releaseLock();
+  assert.throws(() => shot.video(gpu, 30, stream), /no encoder/);
+  assert.equal(stream.locked, false);
+});
diff --git a/npm/tsconfig.json b/npm/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..765a8bf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/npm/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "ESNext.Disposable"],
+    "strict": true,
+    "declaration": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": false,
+    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,
+    "rootDir": "src",
+    "outDir": "dist",
+    "stripInternal": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 29fe2fb7..0dbbabb4 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "name": "latkit",
   "private": true,
   "type": "module",
   "packageManager": "pnpm@10.30.0",
@@ -11,38 +10,24 @@
     "node": ">=24 <25"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "pnpm -r --filter \"./packages/**\" run build",
-    "build:examples": "pnpm -r --filter \"./examples/**\" run typecheck && pnpm -r --filter \"./examples/**\" exec vite build",
     "format": "prettier --write \"**/*.{ts,tsx,js,mjs,cjs,json,md,yml,yaml,css,html}\"",
     "format:check": "prettier --check \"**/*.{ts,tsx,js,mjs,cjs,json,md,yml,yaml,css,html}\"",
     "lint": "eslint .",
-    "lint:fix": "eslint . --fix",
-    "typecheck": "pnpm -r --filter \"./packages/**\" --filter ./benchmark run typecheck",
-    "test": "vitest",
-    "test:run": "vitest run",
-    "test:coverage": "vitest run --coverage",
-    "docs:api": "pnpm build && typedoc --options typedoc.json && node scripts/normalize-typedoc-links.mjs",
-    "docs:build": "pnpm docs:api && python -m sphinx -W --keep-going -b html docs docs/_build/html",
-    "bench": "pnpm build && vitest bench --project benchmark --run",
-    "bench:update": "pnpm bench && node benchmark/gate.ts --update",
-    "bench:gate": "pnpm bench --outputJson .bench/head.json && node benchmark/gate.ts .bench/base.json .bench/head.json",
-    "quality": "pnpm format:check && pnpm build && pnpm lint && pnpm typecheck && pnpm test:run",
-    "release": "pnpm build && changeset publish"
+    "typecheck": "tsc -p npm/test && pnpm --dir npm/examples exec tsc --noEmit && pnpm --dir npm/examples exec tsc -p gate && pnpm --dir benchmark exec tsc -p .",
+    "test": "vitest run && node --test npm/test/data.test.mjs npm/test/jobs.test.mjs npm/test/release.test.mjs npm/test/video.test.mjs",
+    "version-packages": "changeset version && cargo xtask version",
+    "release": "cargo xtask release"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@changesets/cli": "^2.29.0",
     "@eslint/js": "^10.0.1",
     "@types/node": "^26.1.1",
-    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "3.2.7",
     "esbuild": "^0.28.1",
     "eslint": "^10.6.0",
     "eslint-config-prettier": "^10.1.8",
     "eslint-plugin-tsdoc": "^0.5.2",
     "globals": "^17.7.0",
     "prettier": "^3.9.4",
-    "tsup": "^8.0.0",
-    "typedoc": "^0.28.20",
-    "typedoc-plugin-markdown": "^4.12.0",
     "typescript": "^5.7.0",
     "typescript-eslint": "^8.63.0",
     "vitest": "^3.0.0"
diff --git a/packages/connect/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/connect/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 82fae7d3..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/connect
-
-## 4.1.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-  - @latkit/model@4.2.0
-
-## 4.0.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-  - @latkit/model@4.0.0
-
-## 4.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- 35b7171: One failure, one item identity, one view contract, one option vocabulary, and one memory budget, with constant CPU work per frame.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `Item`, `sameItem`, and `itemId`; `FailureCode` and `isFailure`; `createMemory`, `Memory`, `MemoryBudget`, and `MemoryStats`; `Work` and `interruptible`.
-  - gpu: the types an app names at the root, including `ViewConfig`, `ViewEvents`, `Patch`, `FrameInfo`, `Viewport`, `Composition`, `Scale`, `ColorScale`, `Position2D`, `Labels`, and the text types; `kit.resolveLimits` and `kit.clearColor`.
-  - Item views: a click in place cycles through overlapping hits and a modifier toggles the topmost; a double click or Enter reports `open`, and a double click on nothing fits the data.
-  - Compositions route pointer, wheel, menu, and key input to the view under the pointer.
-  - network: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types, and `widthPx` on edge types. diagram: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types.
-  - connect: `protocol.forward(id, bytes)` frames a received publication for another stream without encoding it again.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Every package throws model `Failure`s. A peer's error keeps a code latkit knows, and malformed peer data reports `protocol`.
-  - `kit.BaseView`: `resolve` runs once per config, `configure` receives the resolved configs, and `prepare` returns what `encode` and `submitted` receive. `kit.BaseItemView` builds `pipelines` once per variant for every view of a kind, names the view in `kit.ItemShape`, and rejects options it does not know.
-  - One memory pool bounds the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources: `createReader({ memory })`, and `gpu.stats()` and `reader.stats()` return `MemoryStats`. Its defaults are the former sums.
-  - Frames pack their uniforms into shared buffers written once; upload cache hits allocate nothing; network dash phases hold while the camera moves; diagram drags move in the shader and reroute only the wires they touch, so a drag frame costs the same at any size.
-  - `image({ format, quality })` takes `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`, and video `quality` is a number from 0 to 1, as for images.
-  - connect checks a model before it opens a socket.
-  - Internal dependencies publish as caret ranges, and every package whose types name WebGPU depends on `@webgpu/types`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `size` to `sizePx`, a radius in CSS pixels; label `size` to `sizePx`; `curve: 'linear'` to `route: 'straight'`; `focusEnds` to `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds`; `Labels` to `NetworkLabels`.
-  - diagram: edge `width` to `widthPx`; `Labels` to `DiagramLabels`.
-  - connect limits drop `max`: `messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, and `logs`.
-  - gpu: `createRenderTarget` to `createTextureTarget`; `GpuStats` and `Budget` to model `MemoryStats` and `MemoryBudget`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `GpuError`, `GpuErrorCode`, `DataHit`, `kit.Work`, `kit.wheelDelta`, `kit.createCanvasInput`, and `kit.withinBudget`.
-  - network: `focusEnabled`, `hoverAlpha`, and `selectedAlpha`; the alpha of `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` sets the halos.
-  - monitor: the `pickingBytes` limit.
-  - model: `ReaderStats`; reader `maxBytes`, `maxStagingBytes`, and `maxEntries`; `resolveRows`, `RowMapping`, `samplePages`, `copyBuffers`, `sliceColumn`, and `DEFAULT_BLOCK_BYTES`.
-  - connect: `remoteFailure`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [35b7171]
-  - @latkit/model@3.0.0
-
-## 3.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: A model is a value both sides of a connection share, and either side may dial.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Model`, `Command`, `MonitorContext`, `CommandContext`, and `Publication` in model: the contract a
-    model meets, whether used in process or across a connection.
-  - `staticFields(schema)` and `sampledFields(schema, types?)` in model.
-  - `protocol.subprotocols`: `latkit.connect` for a dialing side that offers a model, `latkit.accept`
-    for one that accepts it.
-  - An accepted model can be offered onward as it is. Publications connect received go on as the bytes
-    that arrived when they fit the onward bounds, and the onward connections close with the model.
-  - A peer that closes a socket before registering rejects with its close reason.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `connectModel(model, { url } | { socket })` and `acceptModel({ url } | { socket })`: either side
-    dials a URL or answers on a socket a server accepted. The URL is dialed exactly; nothing is
-    appended to it.
-  - An accepted model is a `ConnectedModel`, a `Model` and a `Connection`. Commands run as
-    `model.commands[name].run(values, { outputs, publish, progress, log, signal })`, with the context a
-    model's own handler receives.
-  - `monitor` is absent when a model offers no reading, and an empty selection reads nothing.
-  - A log entry that carries a `dropped` count is counted, not forwarded as an entry.
-  - `Limits` is `ConnectLimits`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `model.run(name, values, { onData, onProgress, onLog })`, `format: 'encoded'`, `MonitorOptions`,
-    `RunOptions`, `EncodedMonitorOptions`, and `EncodedRunOptions`. `EncodedPublication` is in
-    `protocol`.
-  - `Command`, `CommandContext`, `MonitorContext`, `Publication`, and `Publish` from connect; the first
-    four are in model.
-  - `protocol.subprotocol`, and the `/models/<name>` connect appended to a URL.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-  - @latkit/model@2.1.0
-
-## 2.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Move the CPU data layer from gpu into model as one bounded `Reader`, and drop the data version.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `createReader`, `Reader`, `ReadScope` in model: memoized reads, joined fields, and extents under one budget.
-  - `sampleDomain(pages)` in model.
-  - `gpu.reader`, `frame.reader`, `kit.fieldScale`, `kit.wiring`.
-  - `protocol` namespace export in connect.
-  - `pixelRatio` option for `exportVideo`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createData(schema, batches)` and `appendData(previous, batches)`.
-  - Reads yield blocks only; `RowsBlock.position` is `rowOffset`; `TableData.ids` is `ColumnPages`.
-  - `FieldInput`, `FieldBinding`, `FieldValues`, `FieldsRequest`, `FieldsBlock` (was `NativeFields`), and `ExtentRequest` live in model; `ExtentRequest` takes `{ source, from, rows, field, window }`.
-  - `frame.upload` takes a `FieldsBlock` or `EnvelopeBlock`; `GpuPage.native` is `GpuPage.block`.
-  - `BufferData` and `TextureData` report `revision`.
-  - App-facing gpu types (`CompositionConfig`, `GpuStats`, `Budget`, `ImageOptions`, `TextOptions`, `ColormapOptions`, `ShadeFrame`, …) moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Field shader header is seven words; kinds are named `FIELD_*` constants.
-  - Connect frames carry no version field; the magic is `LATK` and the opcode is u32. Binary descriptors use `type: 'float32' | …`. `connectLattice` is `connectModel`; `maxBatchBytes` is `maxBlockBytes`.
-  - `exportVideo` keeps the view's `at` when no `at` mapping is given.
-  - Monitor `fit()` with no readings fits the recorded window; following appends no longer scans every page, and cached tiles before the window are pruned as it advances.
-  - Diagram re-reads its scene for a new `at` only when a sampled field is bound, and checks edge-end indices.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Data.version`, `QueryHeader`, block `version` fields, and monitor `Reading.version`.
-  - `Gpu.query`, `Gpu.fields`, `Gpu.envelope`, `frame.query`, `frame.fields`, `frame.envelope`, `frame.extent`, `frame.values`, `frame.scale`, `kit.createNativeReader`, `kit.NativeReader`, `kit.QueryResult`.
-  - The `@latkit/connect/protocol` subpath.
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Connect sizes publications for the wire, so producers never do.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `failure(code, message, details)` in model: the shared `Failure` constructor.
-  - `sliceSamples(column, row, rows, frame, frames)` in model: a strided view of sample cells.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `publish` and monitor yields deliver in the fewest messages within the negotiated limits. A group that fits stays one atomic message; batches share a message while they fit, and a larger sample batch is cut only between whole frames, so each message appends in turn. A row batch must still fit one message. `protocol.preparePublication` remains the strict one-message primitive.
-  - `selectRows` resolves ID selections through a UTF-8 index of the ID pages instead of a retained string map.
-  - Connect raises model's typed `failure`; errors reported by a peer keep the peer's code.
-
-- b958ddc: Monitors draw streamed frames reliably: each image keeps what it has drawn and draws only what it is missing. Network picking stays fast at a million vertices.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Progress.domain`: the coordinates a run covers, carried by connect.
-  - `sampleFrames(pages, window)` in model: the frames a sample window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Monitor history draws, each frame, what an image is missing, continuing from the last frame drawn. Arrivals reach the shown image first; a new window or value range redraws behind it while the shown image stretches to the camera's axes. Fixed windows at epoch coordinates, and monitors created before any samples, now stream.
-  - Monitor fitted values come from per-page extents, so appends never read history again.
-  - Monitor limits are `{ rows, segmentsPerFrame, historyBytes, pickingBytes }`; `segmentsPerFrame` bounds the lines drawn per frame.
-  - Network `pick` and hover use a compact hit-test index, built in the background within `limits.pickingBytes`: a million vertices and two million edges fit the default, and pick takes milliseconds instead of seconds. `stats().pickingBytes` counts the index as it builds.
-  - A hover budget miss suspends automatic hover until the scene moves or the view can search faster, as when its index is built.
-  - gpu field pages bind four value buffers, which needs five storage buffers per shader stage; pages keep every frame of their rows; buffers grow with use; cache eviction takes constant time in model and gpu.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - Monitor `camera.follow`, `detail`, `autoDomain`, `limits.frameMs`, `limits.observationsPerFrame`, `stats().pendingBytes`, and pointer pan and zoom.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-  - @latkit/model@2.0.0
-
-## 1.0.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- cad562f: Fix disconnections during backlog draining by coalescing cumulative ACKs per stream through a single outbound writer. Preserve terminal ACKs and stream reservations until they are sent. Socket and credit pressure now wait without an elapsed-time deadline; cancellation remains prompt and local shutdown stays bounded. Public APIs and the wire format are unchanged.
-
-## 1.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- 5f19f4e: Replace connect with demand-driven connectLattice and acceptModel endpoints. Registration carries metadata only; bounded binary publications, cumulative credit windows, cancellation, typed command arguments, bounded diagnostics, and encoded forwarding replace snapshots and transaction event plumbing.
-
-  Make model the shared data and command vocabulary: add CommandDescription, Parameters, Arguments, Progress, Diagnostic, validateBatch, validateSelection, and selectBatches. Remove Model, Commands, Routine, DataEvent, transactions, and schema delivery limits. Read limits belong to QueryOptions; connection limits belong to connect. Update GPU/monitor consumers accordingly. This intentionally breaks the previous connection and model contracts.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-  - @latkit/model@1.0.0
diff --git a/packages/connect/PROTOCOL.md b/packages/connect/PROTOCOL.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0841da9c..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/PROTOCOL.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-# Latkit connection wire format
-
-Below, the model is the side that offers a model and the consumer is the side that accepts it;
-either may dial. The dialing side offers the WebSocket subprotocol naming its role:
-`latkit.connect` when it offers a model, `latkit.accept` when it accepts one. The answering side
-selects it, and each side fails a socket that negotiated anything else. The URL, authentication,
-routing, naming, uniqueness, sharing, storage retention, and replay are application policy.
-
-One complete binary WebSocket message contains one frame. Text, shared memory, foreign magic,
-unknown opcodes, malformed lengths, out-of-sequence publications, and credit violations fail the
-connection. JSON or layout failures found when consuming a publication fail that operation.
-
-## Frame
-
-All integers and numeric payloads are little-endian. The 24-byte header is:
-
-| Byte offset | Type | Meaning                                               |
-| ----------- | ---- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
-| 0           | u32  | Magic 0x4b54414c (LATK)                               |
-| 4           | u32  | Opcode                                                |
-| 8           | u32  | Request ID; registration/connection control uses zero |
-| 12          | u32  | Publication sequence; all other messages use zero     |
-| 16          | u32  | UTF-8 JSON metadata length                            |
-| 20          | u32  | Binary body length                                    |
-
-Metadata follows the header. Zero padding advances the body start to an 8-byte boundary. Each
-binary fragment starts at an 8-byte body offset; the last fragment needs no tail padding. Message
-length must equal `align8(24 + metadataLength) + bodyLength`. Only publication and run messages
-carry a body. Bounds cover the complete message, metadata, and decoder complexity, and are enforced
-before allocating typed views: metadata nests at most 24 levels and holds at most 8,192 values.
-Each side should cap native inbound WebSocket messages at `messageBytes`.
-
-The frame carries no version: a frame with another magic is not a latkit frame, and a changed codec
-makes older implementations obsolete.
-
-## Messages
-
-| Opcode        | Direction        | Metadata                                                      |
-| ------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| 1 register    | model → consumer | name, schema, commands, monitoring, limits                    |
-| 2 registered  | consumer → model | negotiated limits                                             |
-| 3 monitor     | consumer → model | fields, window: {bytes, messages}                             |
-| 4 run         | consumer → model | command, values, outputs, window: {bytes, messages}           |
-| 5 publication | model → consumer | batches                                                       |
-| 6 end         | model → consumer | {}                                                            |
-| 7 result      | model → consumer | value (finite JSON; missing/void handler return becomes null) |
-| 8 error       | model → consumer | code, message                                                 |
-| 9 cancel      | consumer → model | {}                                                            |
-| 10 ack        | consumer → model | sequence, terminal (boolean)                                  |
-| 11 progress   | model → consumer | completed, optional total/message/domain                      |
-| 12 log        | model → consumer | entries: [{severity, message, optional code}], dropped        |
-| 13 close      | either           | code, message                                                 |
-
-Registration occurs once and carries no field values. Its metadata must fit the receiving side's
-initial bounds. Limits are positive integers below 2^32 (`timeoutMs` below 2^31), named
-`messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streamWindowBytes`,
-`streamWindowMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, `logs`, and `timeoutMs`. `metadataBytes`
-is at least 1,024; `metadataBytes` + 1,024 ≤ `messageBytes` ≤ `streamWindowBytes` ≤
-`bufferedBytes`; and `streamWindowMessages` ≤ `bufferedMessages`. The consumer responds with the
-elementwise minimum of its limits and the offer; both sides enforce that agreement thereafter.
-
-The consumer allocates strictly increasing nonzero u32 request IDs across monitors and runs. IDs
-are never reused; exhaustion requires a new connection. A monitor or run grants a window of
-`messageBytes` to `streamWindowBytes` bytes and 1 to `streamWindowMessages` messages. At most one
-command executes: the model answers a run that arrives during another with an `error` whose code
-is `busy`. Monitors have their own streams and may continue during commands. Admission never
-queues an unbounded number of operations.
-
-Each publication sequence starts at 1 and increases by 1 within its request. The sender charges
-its complete encoded byte size and one message against the granted window. The sum of reserved
-windows is bounded by the negotiated `bufferedBytes` and `bufferedMessages`. A cumulative ack
-releases sizes through its sequence. It does not prove durable storage or command success. No more
-than one publication write may be pending per stream.
-
-An end, result, or error follows all publications for its request. It does not release data
-credit. The receiver sends a terminal ack once it has consumed or discarded all preceding data.
-The terminal ack can repeat the last acknowledged sequence, or use zero for an empty stream; it
-releases the model's stream descriptor. Ordinary acks must strictly advance. A cancel for an
-already released descriptor is ignored. Acks are cumulative state, not one receipt per
-publication: a pending ack may advance to the latest consumed sequence and become terminal. The
-receiver keeps its reservation until its terminal ack is sent, so later admission follows that
-ack. Credit and socket-drain waits have no elapsed-time deadline.
-
-Cancel aborts the model's work; the model still sends a terminal outcome. The consumer discards
-and acknowledges in-flight publications while it waits for that outcome. If none arrives within
-`timeoutMs` of sending the cancel, the consumer fails the connection. Registration, close
-notification, and cleanup are also bounded by `timeoutMs`. No retry, replay, rollback, or
-persistent execution identity is implied.
-
-Progress and logs are bounded control messages, independent of data credit. Progress is the latest
-pending state. A log message carries at most `logs` entries and reports lost entries as `dropped`.
-Commands may finish without publishing data. The consumer's publish callbacks finish before a
-command's result promise resolves. An empty field selection reads nothing.
-
-A socket closed before registration carries its reason as the WebSocket close reason, which the
-other side reports as a `disconnected` failure.
-
-## Column payloads
-
-A publication's metadata is `{batches: [...]}`, holding 1 to `publicationBatches` batches in the
-model's RowBatch/SampleBatch shape. Native binary leaves become `{type, offset, length}`
-descriptors, where length counts elements, offset counts bytes from the body start, and type is
-uint8, uint32, int32, float32, or float64. All offsets are 8-byte aligned, in range, and correctly
-typed. Total referenced bytes cannot exceed the body size. Numeric sample offset, rowStride, and
-frameStride are preserved; arrays are never serialized as JSON number lists or transposed.
-References preserve their target Index. UTF-8 text, packed validity, booleans, vectors, lists,
-IDs, and sparse row indices use the same descriptors.
-
-The encoder copies exposed typed-array views into one frame, including any addressed padding; it
-does not serialize entire underlying allocations. The decoder creates views of the received frame
-on little-endian systems, copies unaligned input when needed, and swaps arrays on big-endian
-systems. Layout and schema validation precede delivery.
-
-For storage, an `EncodedPublication.bytes` is the frame from byte 16 onward: two u32 lengths,
-JSON, alignment padding, and body, without magic, opcode, request ID, or sequence. It is not a
-whole frame; decode it with `protocol.decodePublication({bytes}, schema, bounds)`. A side serving
-a received publication onward sends those bytes unchanged behind a new 16-byte header when they
-fit the onward bounds.
-
-## Arguments
-
-File arguments are bounded attachments in a run message's body. Their metadata replaces each File
-value with `{name, mediaType, lastModified, offset, bytes}`; an array of files becomes an array of
-descriptors. The receiver validates bounds before constructing Files. Oversized attachments fail
-before file contents are read. Other arguments and results are finite JSON matching the shared
-command descriptions.
diff --git a/packages/connect/README.md b/packages/connect/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 40c60306..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/connect
-
-Carry a model across a WebSocket. One side offers a `Model` with `connectModel`, the other accepts
-it with `acceptModel`, and either side may dial.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/connect @latkit/model
-```
-
-```ts
-import { connectModel } from '@latkit/connect';
-import { selectBatches } from '@latkit/model';
-
-let data = initialData;
-
-const connection = await connectModel(
-  {
-    name: 'grid',
-    schema: data.schema,
-    monitor: (fields, { signal, maxBlockBytes }) =>
-      selectBatches(data, fields, { signal, maxBlockBytes }),
-    commands: {
-      scale: {
-        parameters: { multiplier: { type: 'number', min: 0, default: 1 } },
-        run: ({ multiplier }) => {
-          data = scaled(data, multiplier);
-          return { multiplier };
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-  { url: 'ws://localhost:3000/grid' },
-);
-await connection.closed;
-```
-
-The accepting side, here on a socket a server accepted:
-
-```ts
-import { acceptModel } from '@latkit/connect';
-
-const model = await acceptModel({ socket });
-for await (const publication of model.monitor?.([{ from: 'Bus', select: ['load'] }]) ?? [])
-  console.log(publication); // Model.Publication: readonly Data.Batch[]
-await model.commands.scale.run({ multiplier: 2 });
-await model.close();
-```
-
-[Guide](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ports-and-protocols.html) ·
-[Wire format](PROTOCOL.md) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/connect/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/connect/package.json b/packages/connect/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index be1cd410..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/connect",
-  "version": "4.1.0",
-  "description": "Demand-driven model connections with bounded binary streaming.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/connect"
-  },
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md",
-    "PROTOCOL.md"
-  ],
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:^"
-  },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@types/ws": "^8.18.2",
-    "ws": "8.21.0"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/accept.ts b/packages/connect/src/accept.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 93a246e8..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/accept.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,317 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, validateSchema } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Schema, Command, Query, Model } from '@latkit/model';
-import { decodePublication } from './columns.js';
-import {
-  deferred,
-  errorOf,
-  integer,
-  interrupt,
-  negotiate,
-  record,
-  text,
-  validProgress,
-  fromPeer,
-  peerFailure,
-} from './core.js';
-import { checkTree, Op, subprotocols } from './frame.js';
-import type { Frame } from './frame.js';
-import { definitions, encodeArguments, selections, demanded } from './parameters.js';
-import { Session } from './session.js';
-import { dial } from './socket.js';
-import type { Receiver } from './session.js';
-import type { ConnectedModel, Connection } from './types.js';
-
-/** Accept the model served at exactly `url`, or on a `socket` a server accepted. Resolves after
- *  metadata validation and registration, without requesting data. */
-export async function acceptModel(options: Connection.AcceptOptions): Promise<ConnectedModel> {
-  options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-  const socket = options.socket ?? dial(options.url, subprotocols.accept);
-  const session = new Session(socket, {
-      subprotocol: options.socket ? subprotocols.connect : subprotocols.accept,
-      limits: options.limits,
-      signal: options.signal,
-    }),
-    registered = deferred<RemoteModel>();
-  let seen = false;
-  session.onControl = (frame) => {
-    if (seen || frame.op !== Op.register || frame.id !== 0)
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Expected one registration.');
-    seen = true;
-    const m = frame.metadata,
-      name = text(m.name);
-    const issues = validateSchema(m.schema);
-    if (issues.length) throw failure('protocol', issues[0].message);
-    const schema = m.schema as Schema;
-    const commands = definitions(m.commands, schema, session.bounds.metadataBytes);
-    if (typeof m.monitoring !== 'boolean') throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid monitor capability.');
-    session.bounds = negotiate(session.bounds, m.limits);
-    const model = new RemoteModel(session, name, schema, commands, m.monitoring);
-    session.onControl = () => {
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Unexpected control message from the model.');
-    };
-    session.track(
-      session
-        .control(Op.registered, 0, { limits: session.bounds })
-        .then(() => registered.resolve(model)),
-    );
-  };
-  try {
-    await interrupt(
-      session.socket.ready.promise,
-      session.lifetime.signal,
-      session.bounds.timeoutMs,
-    );
-    return await interrupt(registered.promise, session.lifetime.signal, session.bounds.timeoutMs);
-  } catch (error) {
-    session.end(errorOf(error));
-    throw error;
-  }
-}
-
-class RemoteModel implements ConnectedModel {
-  readonly closed: Promise<void>;
-  declare readonly monitor?: ConnectedModel['monitor'];
-  readonly commands: ConnectedModel['commands'];
-  #request = 0;
-  #running = false;
-  #preparing?: ReturnType<typeof encodeArguments>;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly session: Session,
-    readonly name: string,
-    readonly schema: Schema,
-    descriptions: Readonly<Record<string, Command.Description>>,
-    monitoring: boolean,
-  ) {
-    this.closed = session.closed;
-    if (monitoring) this.monitor = (fields, context) => this.observe(fields, context);
-    this.commands = Object.freeze(
-      Object.fromEntries(
-        Object.entries(descriptions).map(([name, description]) => [
-          name,
-          Object.freeze({
-            ...description,
-            run: (
-              values:
-                Command.Arguments<Command.Parameters> | Readonly<Record<string, Command.Input>>,
-              context?: Partial<Command.Context>,
-            ) => this.execute(name, description, values, context),
-          }),
-        ]),
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-  close(reason?: { code: string; message: string }): Promise<void> {
-    return this.session.close(reason);
-  }
-  private id(): number {
-    return (this.#request = integer(this.#request + 1, 1, 0xffffffff));
-  }
-  private observe(
-    fields: readonly Query.Selection[],
-    context: Partial<Model.MonitorContext> = {},
-  ): AsyncIterableIterator<Model.Publication> {
-    context.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    checkTree(fields, this.session.bounds.metadataBytes);
-    selections(fields, this.schema);
-    // An empty selection reads nothing.
-    if (!fields.length) return (async function* () {})();
-    const checkDemand = demanded(fields);
-    const stream = this.session.receiver(this.id());
-    const sent = this.session.control(Op.monitor, stream.id, { fields, window: stream.grant });
-    void sent.catch((error) => {
-      stream.fail(errorOf(error));
-      this.session.release(stream);
-      context.signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-    });
-    const abort = () =>
-      stream.cancel(
-        errorOf(context.signal?.reason ?? failure('aborted', 'Observation cancelled.')),
-      );
-    context.signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
-    if (context.signal?.aborted) abort();
-    let finished = false;
-    const cleanup = () => {
-      finished = true;
-      context.signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-    };
-    return {
-      [Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
-        return this;
-      },
-      next: async () => {
-        if (finished) return { done: true, value: undefined };
-        try {
-          await interrupt(sent, stream.signal);
-          const next = await stream.next();
-          if (next.done) {
-            cleanup();
-            if (next.value.op === Op.error) throw peerFailure(next.value.metadata);
-            if (next.value.op !== Op.end)
-              throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid observation terminal.');
-            return { done: true, value: undefined };
-          }
-          return { done: false, value: this.publication(next.value.frame, checkDemand) };
-        } catch (error) {
-          cleanup();
-          stream.cancel(errorOf(error));
-          throw error;
-        }
-      },
-      return: () => {
-        cleanup();
-        stream.cancel();
-        return Promise.resolve({ done: true, value: undefined });
-      },
-      throw: (error: unknown) => {
-        cleanup();
-        stream.cancel(errorOf(error));
-        return Promise.reject(errorOf(error));
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  private async execute(
-    command: string,
-    description: Command.Description,
-    values: Command.Arguments<Command.Parameters> | Readonly<Record<string, Command.Input>>,
-    context: Partial<Command.Context> = {},
-  ): Promise<Command.Result> {
-    context.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    this.session.lifetime.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (this.#running || this.#preparing)
-      throw failure('busy', 'Another command is still running.');
-    const outputs = selections(context.outputs ?? [], this.schema);
-    checkTree(outputs, this.session.bounds.metadataBytes);
-    const publish = context.publish;
-    if (outputs.length && !publish)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Requested outputs require publish.');
-    const checkDemand = demanded(outputs);
-    this.#running = true;
-    let stream: Receiver | undefined;
-    const signal = context.signal
-      ? AbortSignal.any([context.signal, this.session.lifetime.signal])
-      : this.session.lifetime.signal;
-    const abort = () => stream?.cancel(errorOf(signal.reason));
-    try {
-      const preparing = (this.#preparing = encodeArguments(
-        description.parameters,
-        values,
-        this.session.bounds.messageBytes - this.session.bounds.metadataBytes - 64,
-        signal,
-      ));
-      // An aborted File read may still be running natively. Keep admission until it settles.
-      const settled = preparing.then(
-        () => {
-          this.#preparing = undefined;
-        },
-        () => {
-          this.#preparing = undefined;
-        },
-      );
-      this.session.track(settled);
-      const args = await interrupt(preparing, signal);
-      stream = this.session.receiver(this.id());
-      stream.onTelemetry = (frame) => {
-        try {
-          if (frame.op === Op.progress) notify(context.progress, progressOf(frame.metadata));
-          else {
-            const entries = frame.metadata.entries,
-              dropped = integer(frame.metadata.dropped);
-            if (!Array.isArray(entries) || entries.length > this.session.bounds.logs)
-              throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid diagnostic batch.');
-            const logs = entries.map((entry: unknown) => logOf(entry));
-            for (const entry of logs) notify(context.log, entry);
-            if (dropped)
-              notify(context.log, {
-                severity: 'warning',
-                code: 'dropped',
-                message: 'Diagnostic messages were dropped.',
-                dropped,
-              });
-          }
-        } catch (error) {
-          stream?.cancel(errorOf(error));
-        }
-      };
-      const sending = this.session.control(
-        Op.run,
-        stream.id,
-        { command, values: args.values, outputs, window: stream.grant },
-        args.chunks,
-      );
-      signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
-      if (signal.aborted) abort();
-      const requested = stream;
-      void sending.catch((error) => {
-        requested.fail(errorOf(error));
-        this.session.release(requested);
-      });
-      await interrupt(sending, signal);
-      for (;;) {
-        const next = await stream.next();
-        if (next.done) {
-          if (next.value.op === Op.error) throw peerFailure(next.value.metadata);
-          if (next.value.op !== Op.result) throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid command terminal.');
-          checkTree(next.value.metadata.value, this.session.bounds.metadataBytes);
-          return next.value.metadata.value as Command.Result;
-        }
-        if (!outputs.length || !publish) throw failure('protocol', 'Unrequested execution data.');
-        await interrupt(publish(this.publication(next.value.frame, checkDemand)), signal);
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      stream?.cancel(errorOf(error));
-      throw error;
-    } finally {
-      signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-      this.#running = false;
-    }
-  }
-  private publication(frame: Frame, checkDemand: ReturnType<typeof demanded>): Model.Publication {
-    // Validated once at the trust boundary; served onward, it goes as it arrived.
-    const batches = fromPeer(() =>
-      decodePublication({ bytes: frame.payload }, this.schema, this.session.bounds),
-    );
-    checkDemand(batches);
-    return batches;
-  }
-}
-function progressOf(m: Record<string, unknown>): Command.Progress {
-  if (!validProgress(m)) throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid progress.');
-  const domain = m.domain as Command.Progress['domain'];
-  return {
-    completed: m.completed as number,
-    ...(m.total === undefined ? {} : { total: m.total as number }),
-    ...(m.message === undefined ? {} : { message: boundedText(m.message, 1024) }),
-    ...(domain === undefined ? {} : { domain: [domain[0], domain[1]] }),
-  };
-}
-function logOf(value: unknown): Command.LogEntry {
-  const m = record(value);
-  if (!['info', 'warning', 'error'].includes(String(m.severity)))
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid diagnostic severity.');
-  return {
-    severity: m.severity as Command.LogEntry['severity'],
-    message: boundedText(m.message, 1024),
-    ...(m.code === undefined ? {} : { code: boundedText(m.code, 128) }),
-  };
-}
-
-function boundedText(value: unknown, max: number): string {
-  if (typeof value !== 'string' || value.length > max) throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid text.');
-  return value;
-}
-
-function notify<T>(callback: ((value: T) => void) | undefined, value: T): void {
-  const result: unknown = callback?.(value);
-  if (
-    result &&
-    typeof result === 'object' &&
-    'then' in result &&
-    typeof result.then === 'function'
-  ) {
-    void Promise.resolve(result).catch(() => {});
-    throw failure(
-      'invalid-input',
-      'Telemetry callbacks must be synchronous; await work in publish.',
-    );
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/columns.ts b/packages/connect/src/columns.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 01366086..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/columns.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,386 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, rowCount, sliceSamples, validateBatch } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Column, Schema, Data, Model } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer, record, text } from './core.js';
-import { align8, checkTree, forward, HEADER, Op, prepare } from './frame.js';
-import type { FrameLimits, Plan } from './frame.js';
-import type { EncodedPublication, Connection } from './types.js';
-
-const arrays = {
-  uint8: Uint8Array,
-  uint32: Uint32Array,
-  int32: Int32Array,
-  float32: Float32Array,
-  float64: Float64Array,
-};
-type ArrayType = keyof typeof arrays;
-const littleEndian = new Uint8Array(Uint16Array.of(1).buffer)[0] === 1;
-const encoder = new TextEncoder();
-const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { fatal: true });
-function swapped(input: Uint8Array, width: number): Uint8Array {
-  const output = Uint8Array.from(input);
-  for (let at = 0; at < output.length; at += width)
-    for (let j = 0; j < width; j++) output[at + j] = input[at + width - j - 1];
-  return output;
-}
-/** The limits a publication is encoded and decoded under. */
-export type PublicationLimits = FrameLimits & Pick<Connection.Limits, 'publicationBatches'>;
-
-/** The payload each publication decodePublication made arrived as. Its batches view the same
- *  storage, so remembering it costs nothing. */
-const arrived = new WeakMap<Model.Publication, Uint8Array>();
-
-/** The messages that carry `input` on stream `id`: a publication connect received goes on as it
- *  arrived when it fits `bounds`, validated once already; anything else in the fewest new messages. */
-export function publicationPlans(
-  input: Data.Batch | Model.Publication,
-  id: number,
-  schema: Schema,
-  bounds: PublicationLimits,
-): Iterable<Plan> {
-  const payload = Array.isArray(input) ? arrived.get(input as Model.Publication) : undefined;
-  if (
-    payload &&
-    16 + payload.byteLength <= bounds.messageBytes &&
-    new DataView(payload.buffer, payload.byteOffset, 4).getUint32(0, true) <=
-      bounds.metadataBytes &&
-    (input as Model.Publication).length <= bounds.publicationBatches
-  )
-    return [forward(id, payload)];
-  return preparePublications(input, id, schema, bounds);
-}
-
-/** One atomic publication message; throws when `input` does not fit the bounds. Prepares bounded
- *  metadata without copying numeric values: encode() owns the outgoing copy. */
-export function preparePublication(
-  input: Data.Batch | Model.Publication,
-  id: number,
-  schema: Schema,
-  bounds: PublicationLimits,
-): Plan {
-  const frame = new PublicationFrame(bounds);
-  for (const batch of batchesOf(input)) {
-    validate(batch, schema, bounds);
-    if (!frame.add(batch))
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Publication exceeds its message bounds.');
-  }
-  return frame.plan(id);
-}
-
-/** The fewest publication messages for `input`, in order. A group that fits is one atomic message;
- *  a sample batch beyond one message is cut between whole frames, so each piece appends in turn. */
-export function* preparePublications(
-  input: Data.Batch | Model.Publication,
-  id: number,
-  schema: Schema,
-  bounds: PublicationLimits,
-): Generator<Plan> {
-  let frame = new PublicationFrame(bounds);
-  for (const batch of batchesOf(input)) {
-    validate(batch, schema, bounds);
-    for (const piece of batch.kind === 'samples' ? framesOf(batch, bounds) : [batch]) {
-      if (frame.add(piece)) continue;
-      if (frame.size) {
-        yield frame.plan(id);
-        frame = new PublicationFrame(bounds);
-        if (frame.add(piece)) continue;
-      }
-      throw failure(
-        'resource-limit',
-        batch.kind === 'samples'
-          ? 'One sample frame exceeds the message bounds.'
-          : 'A row batch exceeds the message bounds.',
-      );
-    }
-  }
-  yield frame.plan(id);
-}
-
-/** UTF-8 bytes of the metadata of a publication without batches. */
-const EMPTY = JSON.stringify({ batches: [] }).length;
-
-/** Batches laid into one publication frame in order, each batch's binary placed as it is added. */
-class PublicationFrame {
-  private readonly chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  private readonly batches: Record<string, unknown>[] = [];
-  private body = 0;
-  private json = EMPTY;
-  constructor(private readonly bounds: PublicationLimits) {}
-
-  get size(): number {
-    return this.batches.length;
-  }
-
-  /** Adds a validated batch, or returns false and leaves the frame unchanged when a bound would be exceeded. */
-  add(batch: Data.Batch): boolean {
-    if (this.batches.length === this.bounds.publicationBatches) return false;
-    const chunks = this.chunks.length,
-      body = this.body;
-    const metadata = describe(batch, (view) => this.place(view));
-    const json =
-      this.json + encoder.encode(JSON.stringify(metadata)).length + (this.batches.length ? 1 : 0);
-    if (
-      json > this.bounds.metadataBytes ||
-      align8(HEADER + json) + this.body > this.bounds.messageBytes
-    ) {
-      this.chunks.length = chunks;
-      this.body = body;
-      return false;
-    }
-    this.batches.push(metadata);
-    this.json = json;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  plan(id: number): Plan {
-    return prepare(Op.publication, id, { batches: this.batches }, this.chunks, this.bounds);
-  }
-
-  /** Borrows the view's little-endian bytes at the next aligned body offset. */
-  private place(value: ArrayBufferView) {
-    const type: ArrayType =
-      value instanceof Float64Array
-        ? 'float64'
-        : value instanceof Float32Array
-          ? 'float32'
-          : value instanceof Int32Array
-            ? 'int32'
-            : value instanceof Uint32Array
-              ? 'uint32'
-              : 'uint8';
-    const offset = align8(this.body);
-    this.body = offset + value.byteLength;
-    const bytes = new Uint8Array(value.buffer, value.byteOffset, value.byteLength);
-    this.chunks.push(littleEndian ? bytes : swapped(bytes, arrays[type].BYTES_PER_ELEMENT));
-    return { type, offset, length: value.byteLength / arrays[type].BYTES_PER_ELEMENT };
-  }
-}
-
-/** A batch's publication metadata, each binary leaf placed by `place`. */
-function describe(
-  value: Data.Batch,
-  place: (view: ArrayBufferView) => unknown,
-): Record<string, unknown> {
-  function column(value: Column): Record<string, unknown> {
-    const common = {
-      kind: value.kind,
-      offset: value.offset,
-      length: value.length,
-      ...(value.validity && { validity: place(value.validity) }),
-    };
-    switch (value.kind) {
-      case 'numeric':
-        return {
-          ...common,
-          values: place(value.values),
-          ...('frameStride' in value
-            ? { frameStride: value.frameStride, rowStride: (value as Column.Sample).rowStride }
-            : {}),
-        };
-      case 'boolean':
-        return { ...common, values: place(value.values) };
-      case 'reference':
-        return { ...common, index: value.index, values: place(value.values) };
-      case 'text':
-        return { ...common, bytes: place(value.bytes), offsets: place(value.offsets) };
-      case 'vector':
-        return { ...common, size: value.size, values: column(value.values) };
-      case 'list':
-        return { ...common, offsets: place(value.offsets), values: column(value.values) };
-    }
-  }
-  return {
-    kind: value.kind,
-    index: value.index,
-    rows:
-      value.rows.kind === 'range'
-        ? value.rows
-        : { kind: 'indices', values: place(value.rows.values) },
-    ...(value.kind === 'samples'
-      ? { firstFrame: value.firstFrame, coordinates: place(value.coordinates) }
-      : value.ids
-        ? { ids: column(value.ids) }
-        : {}),
-    columns: Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(value.columns).map(([key, c]) => [key, column(c)])),
-  };
-}
-
-/** Plain metadata and a layout valid for `schema`. A frame bounds the message size. */
-function validate(batch: Data.Batch, schema: Schema, bounds: PublicationLimits): void {
-  checkTree(batch, bounds.metadataBytes, true);
-  const issues = validateBatch(schema, batch);
-  if (issues.length) throw failure('invalid-input', issues[0].message, { issues });
-}
-
-/** Whole-frame pieces of `batch`, each within an empty message's binary budget. Frame-major
- *  columns split as views; other layouts must fit one message whole. */
-function* framesOf(
-  batch: Data.SampleBatch,
-  bounds: PublicationLimits,
-): Generator<Data.SampleBatch> {
-  const budget = bounds.messageBytes - align8(HEADER + bounds.metadataBytes);
-  if (bodyOf(batch).bytes <= budget) {
-    yield batch;
-    return;
-  }
-  const rows = rowCount(batch.rows),
-    frames = batch.coordinates.length;
-  const piece = (from: number, count: number): Data.SampleBatch => ({
-    ...batch,
-    firstFrame: batch.firstFrame + from,
-    coordinates: batch.coordinates.subarray(from, from + count),
-    columns: Object.fromEntries(
-      Object.entries(batch.columns).map(([name, column]) => [
-        name,
-        sliceSamples(column, 0, rows, from, count),
-      ]),
-    ),
-  });
-  const fixed = bodyOf(piece(0, 0)),
-    one = bodyOf(piece(0, 1));
-  // Each view pads to 8 bytes at most once, whatever the frame count.
-  const per = Math.max(
-    1,
-    Math.floor((budget - fixed.bytes - 8 * one.views) / (one.bytes - fixed.bytes)),
-  );
-  for (let from = 0; from < frames; from += per) yield piece(from, Math.min(per, frames - from));
-}
-
-/** Binary bytes and views of a batch exactly as a frame places them. */
-function bodyOf(batch: Data.Batch): { readonly bytes: number; readonly views: number } {
-  let bytes = 0,
-    views = 0;
-  describe(batch, (view) => {
-    bytes = align8(bytes) + view.byteLength;
-    views++;
-    return null;
-  });
-  return { bytes, views };
-}
-
-function batchesOf(input: Data.Batch | Model.Publication): readonly Data.Batch[] {
-  const batches = Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input];
-  if (!batches.length)
-    throw failure('resource-limit', 'Publication batch count exceeds its bound.');
-  return batches as readonly Data.Batch[];
-}
-
-/** A connection-independent payload. Received storage is immutable and survives disconnect. */
-export function decodePublication(
-  publication: EncodedPublication,
-  schema: Schema,
-  bounds: PublicationLimits,
-): Model.Publication {
-  let payload = publication.bytes;
-  if (
-    !(payload.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer) ||
-    payload.length < 8 ||
-    payload.length > bounds.messageBytes - 16
-  )
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid publication size.');
-  if (payload.byteOffset % 8) payload = Uint8Array.from(payload);
-  const header = new DataView(payload.buffer, payload.byteOffset, payload.byteLength);
-  const metadataBytes = header.getUint32(0, true),
-    bodyBytes = header.getUint32(4, true);
-  const start = align8(8 + metadataBytes);
-  if (metadataBytes > bounds.metadataBytes || start + bodyBytes !== payload.length)
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid publication lengths.');
-  const metadata = record(JSON.parse(decoder.decode(payload.subarray(8, 8 + metadataBytes))));
-  checkTree(metadata, bounds.metadataBytes);
-  const body = payload.subarray(start);
-  if (
-    !Array.isArray(metadata.batches) ||
-    !metadata.batches.length ||
-    metadata.batches.length > bounds.publicationBatches
-  )
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid publication batch count.');
-  let referencedBytes = 0;
-  function binary(value: unknown, expected?: ArrayType): ArrayBufferView {
-    const descriptor = record(value),
-      type = text(descriptor.type) as ArrayType;
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(arrays, type) || (expected && type !== expected))
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid binary type.');
-    const ctor = arrays[type],
-      offset = integer(descriptor.offset),
-      length = integer(descriptor.length);
-    if (offset % 8 || length > Math.floor((body.length - offset) / ctor.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT))
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid binary range.');
-    referencedBytes += length * ctor.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
-    if (referencedBytes > body.length)
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Binary descriptors exceed the body budget.');
-    const absolute = body.byteOffset + offset;
-    if (!littleEndian) {
-      const bytes = swapped(
-        new Uint8Array(body.buffer, absolute, length * ctor.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT),
-        ctor.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
-      );
-      return new ctor(bytes.buffer as ArrayBuffer, bytes.byteOffset, length);
-    }
-    return new ctor(body.buffer as ArrayBuffer, absolute, length);
-  }
-  function column(value: unknown, depth = 0): Record<string, unknown> {
-    if (depth > 24) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Column nesting limit exceeded.');
-    const c = record(value),
-      kind = text(c.kind);
-    const common = {
-      kind,
-      offset: integer(c.offset),
-      length: integer(c.length),
-      ...(c.validity !== undefined && { validity: binary(c.validity, 'uint8') }),
-    };
-    switch (kind) {
-      case 'numeric':
-        return {
-          ...common,
-          values: binary(c.values),
-          ...(c.frameStride !== undefined && {
-            frameStride: integer(c.frameStride),
-            rowStride: integer(c.rowStride),
-          }),
-        };
-      case 'boolean':
-        return { ...common, values: binary(c.values, 'uint8') };
-      case 'reference':
-        return { ...common, index: c.index, values: binary(c.values, 'uint32') };
-      case 'text':
-        return { ...common, bytes: binary(c.bytes, 'uint8'), offsets: binary(c.offsets, 'int32') };
-      case 'vector':
-        return { ...common, size: integer(c.size, 1), values: column(c.values, depth + 1) };
-      case 'list':
-        return {
-          ...common,
-          offsets: binary(c.offsets, 'int32'),
-          values: column(c.values, depth + 1),
-        };
-      default:
-        throw failure('protocol', 'Unknown column kind.');
-    }
-  }
-  const decoded: Model.Publication = metadata.batches.map((value: unknown) => {
-    const m = record(value),
-      rows = record(m.rows);
-    if (
-      !['rows', 'samples'].includes(String(m.kind)) ||
-      !['range', 'indices'].includes(String(rows.kind))
-    )
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Unknown batch or row kind.');
-    const batch = {
-      kind: m.kind,
-      index: m.index,
-      rows:
-        rows.kind === 'range' ? rows : { kind: 'indices', values: binary(rows.values, 'uint32') },
-      ...(m.kind === 'samples'
-        ? { firstFrame: integer(m.firstFrame), coordinates: binary(m.coordinates, 'float64') }
-        : m.ids !== undefined
-          ? { ids: column(m.ids) }
-          : {}),
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(
-        Object.entries(record(m.columns)).map(([key, c]) => [key, column(c)]),
-      ),
-    };
-    const issues = validateBatch(schema, batch, { maxBlockBytes: bounds.messageBytes });
-    if (issues.length) throw failure('protocol', issues[0].message);
-    return batch as unknown as Data.Batch;
-  });
-  arrived.set(decoded, payload);
-  return decoded;
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/connect.ts b/packages/connect/src/connect.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 03b1a0fb..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/connect.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,362 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, validateSchema } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Command, Model } from '@latkit/model';
-import { publicationPlans } from './columns.js';
-import {
-  deferred,
-  errorOf,
-  integer,
-  interrupt,
-  negotiate,
-  reasonOf,
-  record,
-  text,
-  validProgress,
-  limits,
-} from './core.js';
-import { checkTree, Op, subprotocols } from './frame.js';
-import type { Frame } from './frame.js';
-import { argumentsOf, definitions, selections, demanded } from './parameters.js';
-import { Session } from './session.js';
-import { dial } from './socket.js';
-import type { Sender } from './session.js';
-import type { Connection } from './types.js';
-
-/**
- * Serve `model` to whoever accepts it: dial exactly `url`, or answer on a `socket` a server accepted.
- * Registers metadata only; reads and runs start when the other side asks for them. A model that is
- * itself a connection, such as one `acceptModel` returned, is served until it closes, and its
- * reason closes this connection too.
- */
-export async function connectModel<const C extends Record<string, Command.Parameters>>(
-  model: Model<C>,
-  options: Connection.Options,
-): Promise<Connection> {
-  options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-  // Everything the model describes is checked before any socket opens.
-  text(model.name);
-  const issues = validateSchema(model.schema);
-  if (issues.length) throw failure('invalid-input', issues[0].message);
-  const bounds = limits(options.limits);
-  checkTree(model.schema, bounds.metadataBytes);
-  const commands = model.commands as Readonly<Record<string, Command>> | undefined;
-  const descriptions = Object.fromEntries(
-    Object.entries(commands ?? {}).map(([name, command]) => {
-      if (typeof command.run !== 'function')
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'A command needs a run function.');
-      const { parameters, label, description } = command;
-      return [
-        name,
-        {
-          parameters,
-          ...(label === undefined ? {} : { label }),
-          ...(description === undefined ? {} : { description }),
-        },
-      ];
-    }),
-  );
-  const catalog = definitions(descriptions, model.schema, bounds.metadataBytes);
-  const socket = options.socket ?? dial(options.url, subprotocols.connect);
-  const ready = deferred<void>();
-  const session = new Session(socket, {
-    subprotocol: options.socket ? subprotocols.accept : subprotocols.connect,
-    limits: bounds,
-    signal: options.signal,
-  });
-  let lastId = 0,
-    registered = false,
-    executing = false;
-  try {
-    session.onControl = (frame) => {
-      if (frame.op === Op.registered) {
-        if (registered || frame.id)
-          throw failure('protocol', 'Unexpected registration acknowledgement.');
-        session.bounds = negotiate(session.bounds, frame.metadata.limits);
-        registered = true;
-        ready.resolve();
-        return;
-      }
-      if (!registered || (frame.op !== Op.monitor && frame.op !== Op.run))
-        throw failure('protocol', 'Unexpected request to the model.');
-      const id = integer(frame.id, lastId + 1, 0xffffffff);
-      lastId = id;
-      const grant = record(frame.metadata.window);
-      const sender = session.sender(id, grant.bytes, grant.messages);
-      if (frame.op === Op.monitor) {
-        session.track(observe(frame, sender));
-        return;
-      }
-      if (executing) {
-        session.track(
-          sender.finish(Op.error, { code: 'busy', message: 'Another command is still running.' }),
-        );
-        return;
-      }
-      executing = true;
-      session.track(
-        execute(frame, sender).finally(() => {
-          executing = false;
-        }),
-      );
-    };
-    async function report(sender: Sender, reason: unknown): Promise<void> {
-      if (session.lifetime.signal.aborted) return;
-      await sender.finish(
-        Op.error,
-        reasonOf(reason, Math.min(2048, Math.floor((session.bounds.metadataBytes - 512) / 6))),
-      );
-    }
-    const context = (sender: Sender) => ({
-      signal: sender.signal,
-      maxBlockBytes: session.bounds.messageBytes - session.bounds.metadataBytes - 64,
-    });
-    async function observe(frame: Frame, sender: Sender): Promise<void> {
-      try {
-        if (!model.monitor) throw failure('unsupported', 'This model does not offer monitoring.');
-        const fields = selections(frame.metadata.fields, model.schema);
-        const checkDemand = demanded(fields);
-        sender.signal.throwIfAborted();
-        // An empty selection reads nothing.
-        const source = fields.length ? model.monitor(fields, context(sender)) : [];
-        const iterator =
-          Symbol.asyncIterator in source
-            ? source[Symbol.asyncIterator]()
-            : source[Symbol.iterator]();
-        try {
-          for (;;) {
-            sender.signal.throwIfAborted();
-            const next = await interrupt(Promise.resolve(iterator.next()), sender.signal);
-            if (next.done) break;
-            checkDemand(next.value);
-            for (const plan of publicationPlans(
-              next.value,
-              sender.id,
-              model.schema,
-              session.bounds,
-            ))
-              await sender.write(plan);
-          }
-        } finally {
-          if (iterator.return)
-            await interrupt(
-              Promise.resolve(iterator.return()),
-              session.lifetime.signal,
-              session.bounds.timeoutMs,
-            );
-        }
-        await sender.finish(Op.end);
-      } catch (error) {
-        await report(sender, sender.signal.aborted ? sender.signal.reason : error);
-      }
-    }
-    async function execute(frame: Frame, sender: Sender): Promise<void> {
-      const telemetry = new Telemetry(session, sender);
-      let checkDemand = demanded([]);
-      let accepting = true,
-        pending: Promise<void> | undefined,
-        publishFailure: Error | undefined;
-      const publish: Command.Context['publish'] = (input) => {
-        let task: Promise<void>;
-        try {
-          sender.signal.throwIfAborted();
-          if (!accepting) throw failure('closed', 'The command has already returned.');
-          if (pending) throw failure('busy', 'Await publish before publishing again.');
-          checkDemand(input);
-          const plans = publicationPlans(input, sender.id, model.schema, session.bounds);
-          task = (async () => {
-            for (const plan of plans) await sender.write(plan);
-          })();
-          pending = task;
-        } catch (error) {
-          task = Promise.reject(errorOf(error));
-        }
-        void task.then(
-          () => {
-            if (pending === task) pending = undefined;
-          },
-          (error) => {
-            publishFailure = errorOf(error);
-            if (pending === task) pending = undefined;
-          },
-        );
-        return task;
-      };
-      try {
-        const name = text(frame.metadata.command);
-        if (!commands || !Object.hasOwn(commands, name))
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown command.');
-        const description = catalog[name] as Command.Description;
-        const values = argumentsOf(description.parameters, frame.metadata.values ?? {}, frame.body);
-        const outputs = selections(frame.metadata.outputs ?? [], model.schema);
-        checkDemand = demanded(outputs);
-        sender.signal.throwIfAborted();
-        const value = await commands[name].run(values, {
-          ...context(sender),
-          outputs,
-          publish,
-          progress: (value) => telemetry.progress(value),
-          log: (value) => telemetry.log(value),
-        });
-        accepting = false;
-        telemetry.seal();
-        if (pending) await pending;
-        if (publishFailure) throw publishFailure;
-        sender.signal.throwIfAborted();
-        await telemetry.flush();
-        checkTree(value ?? null, session.bounds.metadataBytes);
-        await sender.finish(Op.result, { value: value ?? null });
-      } catch (error) {
-        accepting = false;
-        telemetry.seal();
-        sender.cancel(errorOf(error));
-        if (pending) await pending.catch(() => {});
-        await telemetry.flush().catch(() => {});
-        await report(sender, error);
-      } finally {
-        accepting = false;
-        telemetry.close();
-      }
-    }
-    await interrupt(
-      session.socket.ready.promise,
-      session.lifetime.signal,
-      session.bounds.timeoutMs,
-    );
-    await interrupt(
-      session.control(Op.register, 0, {
-        name: model.name,
-        schema: model.schema,
-        commands: catalog,
-        monitoring: Boolean(model.monitor),
-        limits: session.bounds,
-      }),
-      session.lifetime.signal,
-      session.bounds.timeoutMs,
-    );
-    await interrupt(ready.promise, session.lifetime.signal, session.bounds.timeoutMs);
-    const source = (model as Partial<Connection>).closed;
-    if (source instanceof Promise) {
-      // Held weakly: a connection that ended first is not kept until the model closes.
-      const served = new WeakRef(session);
-      const end = (error?: unknown) =>
-        void served
-          .deref()
-          ?.close(
-            error === undefined
-              ? { code: 'closed', message: `${model.name} closed.` }
-              : reasonOf(error),
-          );
-      void source.then(() => end(), end);
-    }
-    return { closed: session.closed, close: (reason) => session.close(reason) };
-  } catch (error) {
-    session.end(errorOf(error));
-    throw error;
-  }
-}
-
-/** At most one latest progress update and a fixed diagnostic ring per execution. */
-class Telemetry {
-  #progress?: Command.Progress;
-  #logs: Command.LogEntry[] = [];
-  #dropped = 0;
-  #timer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
-  #sending?: Promise<void>;
-  #closed = false;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly session: Session,
-    private readonly sender: Sender,
-  ) {}
-  progress(value: Command.Progress): void {
-    if (this.#closed || this.sender.signal.aborted) return;
-    if (!validProgress(value as unknown as Record<string, unknown>))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid progress.');
-    this.#progress = {
-      completed: value.completed,
-      ...(value.total === undefined ? {} : { total: value.total }),
-      ...(value.domain === undefined ? {} : { domain: [value.domain[0], value.domain[1]] }),
-      ...(value.message === undefined
-        ? {}
-        : {
-            message: value.message.slice(
-              0,
-              Math.min(1024, Math.floor((this.session.bounds.metadataBytes - 512) / 6)),
-            ),
-          }),
-    };
-    this.schedule();
-  }
-  log(value: Command.LogEntry): void {
-    if (this.#closed || this.sender.signal.aborted) return;
-    if (!['info', 'warning', 'error'].includes(value.severity) || typeof value.message !== 'string')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid diagnostic.');
-    // Losses reported upstream stay a count, so a model served onward reports them as its own.
-    if (value.dropped) {
-      this.#dropped = Math.min(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, this.#dropped + value.dropped);
-      this.schedule();
-      return;
-    }
-    if (this.#logs.length >= this.session.bounds.logs) {
-      this.#dropped = Math.min(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, this.#dropped + 1);
-      return;
-    }
-    this.#logs.push({
-      severity: value.severity,
-      message: value.message.slice(
-        0,
-        Math.min(1024, Math.floor((this.session.bounds.metadataBytes - 512) / 6)),
-      ),
-      ...(value.code === undefined ? {} : { code: value.code.slice(0, 64) }),
-    });
-    this.schedule();
-  }
-  private schedule(): void {
-    if (this.#timer || this.#sending) return;
-    this.#timer = setTimeout(() => {
-      this.#timer = undefined;
-      void this.flush().catch((error) => this.session.end(errorOf(error)));
-    }, 16);
-  }
-  flush(): Promise<void> {
-    clearTimeout(this.#timer);
-    this.#timer = undefined;
-    if (this.#sending) return this.#sending;
-    const drain = async () => {
-      while (
-        !this.session.lifetime.signal.aborted &&
-        (this.#progress || this.#logs.length || this.#dropped)
-      ) {
-        const progress = this.#progress;
-        this.#progress = undefined;
-        if (progress) await this.session.control(Op.progress, this.sender.id, { ...progress });
-        // Split diagnostics by encoded metadata size, retaining at most one ring plus one message.
-        const entries: Command.LogEntry[] = [];
-        let cost = 64;
-        while (this.#logs.length) {
-          const entry = this.#logs[0];
-          const size = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(entry)).length + 1;
-          if (cost + size > this.session.bounds.metadataBytes) break;
-          cost += size;
-          entries.push(this.#logs.shift()!);
-        }
-        const dropped = this.#dropped;
-        this.#dropped = 0;
-        if (entries.length || dropped)
-          await this.session.control(Op.log, this.sender.id, { entries, dropped });
-      }
-    };
-    this.#sending = drain().finally(() => {
-      this.#sending = undefined;
-    });
-    return this.#sending;
-  }
-  seal(): void {
-    this.#closed = true;
-    clearTimeout(this.#timer);
-  }
-  close(): void {
-    this.#closed = true;
-    clearTimeout(this.#timer);
-    this.#logs = [];
-    this.#progress = undefined;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/core.ts b/packages/connect/src/core.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index fd896523..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/core.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, isFailure, type Failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Connection } from './types.js';
-/** Every Failure code, so a peer's report keeps the codes latkit knows. */
-const CODES: Readonly<Record<Failure.Code, true>> = {
-  'invalid-input': true,
-  'resource-limit': true,
-  conflict: true,
-  unsupported: true,
-  busy: true,
-  aborted: true,
-  closed: true,
-  unavailable: true,
-  'device-lost': true,
-  precision: true,
-  disconnected: true,
-  protocol: true,
-  timeout: true,
-  io: true,
-  internal: true,
-};
-/**
- * Read what a peer sent. Data that fails a check is the peer breaking the protocol, not invalid
- * input from whoever reads it.
- */
-export function fromPeer<T>(read: () => T): T {
-  try {
-    return read();
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (isFailure(error, 'invalid-input'))
-      throw failure('protocol', error.message, { cause: error });
-    throw error;
-  }
-}
-/** A failure a peer reported: its own code when latkit knows it, otherwise `internal` naming it. */
-export function peerFailure(metadata: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>): Failure {
-  return fromPeer(() => {
-    const code = text(metadata.code, 128),
-      message = text(metadata.message, 4096);
-    return Object.hasOwn(CODES, code)
-      ? failure(code as Failure.Code, message)
-      : failure('internal', code + ': ' + message);
-  });
-}
-export function errorOf(value: unknown): Error {
-  return value instanceof Error ? value : new Error(String(value));
-}
-/** The code and message an error crosses a connection with, within `messageLength` characters. */
-export function reasonOf(value: unknown, messageLength = 2048): { code: string; message: string } {
-  const error = errorOf(value);
-  return {
-    code: 'code' in error && typeof error.code === 'string' ? error.code.slice(0, 64) : 'internal',
-    message: error.message.slice(0, messageLength) || 'Operation failed.',
-  };
-}
-export function record(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected an object.');
-  return value as Record<string, unknown>;
-}
-export function integer(value: unknown, min = 0, max = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER): number {
-  if (typeof value !== 'number' || !Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < min || value > max)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a bounded integer.');
-  return value;
-}
-export function text(value: unknown, max = 1024): string {
-  if (typeof value !== 'string' || !value.length || value.length > max)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected bounded nonempty text.');
-  return value;
-}
-/** What both ends require of progress: a count, a total at least as large, and a coordinate domain. */
-export function validProgress(value: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>): boolean {
-  const { completed, total, domain } = value;
-  return (
-    typeof completed === 'number' &&
-    Number.isFinite(completed) &&
-    completed >= 0 &&
-    (total === undefined ||
-      (typeof total === 'number' && Number.isFinite(total) && total >= completed)) &&
-    (domain === undefined ||
-      (Array.isArray(domain) &&
-        domain.length === 2 &&
-        domain.every((n) => typeof n === 'number' && Number.isFinite(n)) &&
-        domain[0] <= domain[1]))
-  );
-}
-export const defaults: Connection.Limits = Object.freeze({
-  messageBytes: 1024 * 1024,
-  metadataBytes: 64 * 1024,
-  bufferedBytes: 16 * 1024 * 1024,
-  bufferedMessages: 1024,
-  streamWindowBytes: 4 * 1024 * 1024,
-  streamWindowMessages: 256,
-  streams: 32,
-  publicationBatches: 64,
-  logs: 32,
-  timeoutMs: 30000,
-});
-export function limits(input: Partial<Connection.Limits> = {}): Connection.Limits {
-  for (const key of Object.keys(input))
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(defaults, key)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown limit: ' + key);
-  const result = { ...defaults, ...input };
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(result))
-    integer(value, 1, key === 'timeoutMs' ? 0x7fffffff : 0xffffffff);
-  if (
-    result.metadataBytes < 1024 ||
-    result.metadataBytes + 1024 > result.messageBytes ||
-    result.messageBytes > result.streamWindowBytes ||
-    result.streamWindowBytes > result.bufferedBytes ||
-    result.streamWindowMessages > result.bufferedMessages
-  )
-    throw failure(
-      'invalid-input',
-      'Metadata, message, stream and connection bounds are inconsistent.',
-    );
-  return Object.freeze(result);
-}
-export function negotiate(local: Connection.Limits, remote: unknown): Connection.Limits {
-  return fromPeer(() => {
-    const offered = record(remote),
-      result = { ...local };
-    for (const key of Object.keys(defaults) as (keyof Connection.Limits)[])
-      result[key] = Math.min(
-        local[key],
-        integer(offered[key], 1, key === 'timeoutMs' ? 0x7fffffff : 0xffffffff),
-      );
-    return limits(result);
-  });
-}
-export function deferred<T>() {
-  let resolve!: (value: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void, reject!: (reason?: unknown) => void;
-  const promise = new Promise<T>((yes, no) => {
-    resolve = yes;
-    reject = no;
-  });
-  void promise.catch(() => {});
-  return { promise, resolve, reject };
-}
-/** Stop waiting without pretending that arbitrary application code can be forcibly stopped. */
-export function interrupt<T>(
-  work: Promise<T>,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-  timeoutMs?: number,
-): Promise<T> {
-  if (signal.aborted) {
-    void work.catch(() => {});
-    return Promise.reject(errorOf(signal.reason));
-  }
-  return new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const cleanup = () => {
-      signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-      clearTimeout(timer);
-    };
-    const abort = () => {
-      cleanup();
-      reject(errorOf(signal.reason));
-    };
-    const timer =
-      timeoutMs === undefined
-        ? undefined
-        : setTimeout(() => {
-            cleanup();
-            reject(failure('timeout', 'The operation exceeded its deadline.'));
-          }, timeoutMs);
-    signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
-    work.then(
-      (value) => {
-        cleanup();
-        resolve(value);
-      },
-      (error) => {
-        cleanup();
-        reject(errorOf(error));
-      },
-    );
-  });
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/frame.ts b/packages/connect/src/frame.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c4121a7a..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/frame.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer, record } from './core.js';
-import type { Connection } from './types.js';
-
-/** The WebSocket subprotocol a dialing side offers, named for what it does: `connect` when it
- *  connects a model, `accept` when it accepts one. The answering side selects it. */
-export const subprotocols = Object.freeze({
-  connect: 'latkit.connect',
-  accept: 'latkit.accept',
-} as const);
-export const Op = Object.freeze({
-  register: 1,
-  registered: 2,
-  monitor: 3,
-  run: 4,
-  publication: 5,
-  end: 6,
-  result: 7,
-  error: 8,
-  cancel: 9,
-  ack: 10,
-  progress: 11,
-  log: 12,
-  close: 13,
-});
-export type Opcode = (typeof Op)[keyof typeof Op];
-export interface Frame {
-  readonly op: Opcode;
-  readonly id: number;
-  readonly sequence: number;
-  readonly metadata: Record<string, unknown>;
-  readonly body: Uint8Array;
-  readonly payload: Uint8Array;
-}
-export interface Plan {
-  readonly bytes: number;
-  encode(sequence?: number): Uint8Array;
-}
-export type FrameLimits = Pick<Connection.Limits, 'metadataBytes' | 'messageBytes'>;
-const encoder = new TextEncoder();
-const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { fatal: true });
-const MAGIC = 0x4b54414c; // LATK
-/** Bytes before a frame's metadata. */
-export const HEADER = 24;
-export const align8 = (n: number): number => Math.ceil(n / 8) * 8;
-
-/** Bound traversal and string allocation before JSON serialization. Binary views are optional leaves. */
-export function checkTree(value: unknown, bound: number, binary = false): void {
-  let cost = 0,
-    nodes = 0;
-  const seen = new Set<object>();
-  function visit(item: unknown, depth: number): void {
-    if (++nodes > 8192 || depth > 24)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Metadata complexity limit exceeded.');
-    if (item === null || typeof item === 'boolean') cost += 5;
-    else if (typeof item === 'number') {
-      if (!Number.isFinite(item))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Metadata numbers must be finite.');
-      cost += 24;
-    } else if (typeof item === 'string') cost += 2 + item.length * 6;
-    else if (item && typeof item === 'object') {
-      if (binary && ArrayBuffer.isView(item)) {
-        if (!(item.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer))
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Shared buffers cannot be published.');
-        return;
-      }
-      if (seen.has(item)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Cyclic metadata.');
-      if (
-        !Array.isArray(item) &&
-        Object.getPrototypeOf(item) !== Object.prototype &&
-        Object.getPrototypeOf(item) !== null
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Metadata must contain plain values.');
-      if (Object.hasOwn(item, 'toJSON'))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Custom metadata serialization is unsupported.');
-      seen.add(item);
-      cost += 2;
-      if (Array.isArray(item)) {
-        if (item.length > 8192) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Metadata array limit exceeded.');
-        for (let i = 0; i < item.length; i++) {
-          const descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(item, i);
-          if (descriptor && !('value' in descriptor))
-            throw failure('invalid-input', 'Metadata accessors are unsupported.');
-          const value: unknown = descriptor?.value;
-          visit(value ?? null, depth + 1);
-        }
-      } else
-        for (const key in item) {
-          if (!Object.hasOwn(item, key)) continue;
-          const descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(item, key)!;
-          if (!('value' in descriptor))
-            throw failure('invalid-input', 'Metadata accessors are unsupported.');
-          const value: unknown = descriptor.value;
-          if (value === undefined) continue;
-          cost += key.length * 6 + 4;
-          visit(value, depth + 1);
-          if (cost > bound * 6) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Metadata budget exceeded.');
-        }
-      seen.delete(item);
-    } else throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unsupported metadata value.');
-    if (cost > bound * 6) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Metadata budget exceeded.');
-  }
-  visit(value, 0);
-}
-
-/** Body fragments are borrowed until encode returns; each is aligned independently. */
-export function prepare(
-  op: Opcode,
-  id: number,
-  metadata: Record<string, unknown>,
-  chunks: readonly Uint8Array[],
-  bounds: FrameLimits,
-): Plan {
-  integer(op, 1, 13);
-  integer(id, 0, 0xffffffff);
-  checkTree(metadata, bounds.metadataBytes);
-  const json = encoder.encode(JSON.stringify(metadata));
-  if (json.length > bounds.metadataBytes) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Metadata is too large.');
-  if (chunks.length > 8192) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many binary fragments.');
-  let bodyBytes = 0;
-  for (const chunk of chunks) {
-    bodyBytes = align8(bodyBytes) + chunk.byteLength;
-    if (bodyBytes > bounds.messageBytes)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Binary payload is too large.');
-  }
-  const start = align8(HEADER + json.length),
-    bytes = start + bodyBytes;
-  if (bytes > bounds.messageBytes) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Message is too large.');
-  return {
-    bytes,
-    encode(sequence = 0) {
-      integer(sequence, 0, 0xffffffff);
-      const output = new Uint8Array(bytes),
-        view = new DataView(output.buffer);
-      view.setUint32(0, MAGIC, true);
-      view.setUint32(4, op, true);
-      view.setUint32(8, id, true);
-      view.setUint32(12, sequence, true);
-      view.setUint32(16, json.length, true);
-      view.setUint32(20, bodyBytes, true);
-      output.set(json, HEADER);
-      let offset = start;
-      for (const chunk of chunks) {
-        offset = align8(offset);
-        output.set(chunk, offset);
-        offset += chunk.length;
-      }
-      return output;
-    },
-  };
-}
-/** A publication frame for stream `id` around a received publication's `payload` (a frame from byte
- *  16 on): only the first 16 bytes are new, so a publication goes on without being encoded again. */
-export function forward(id: number, payload: Uint8Array): Plan {
-  integer(id, 0, 0xffffffff);
-  const bytes = 16 + payload.byteLength;
-  return {
-    bytes,
-    encode(sequence = 0) {
-      integer(sequence, 0, 0xffffffff);
-      const output = new Uint8Array(bytes),
-        view = new DataView(output.buffer);
-      view.setUint32(0, MAGIC, true);
-      view.setUint32(4, Op.publication, true);
-      view.setUint32(8, id, true);
-      view.setUint32(12, sequence, true);
-      output.set(payload, 16);
-      return output;
-    },
-  };
-}
-/** Retains stable incoming storage, copying only to correct an unaligned base address. */
-export function decode(input: Uint8Array, bounds: FrameLimits): Frame {
-  if (!(input.buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer))
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Shared frame storage is unsupported.');
-  if (input.byteLength < HEADER || input.byteLength > bounds.messageBytes)
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid frame length.');
-  const bytes = input.byteOffset % 8 ? Uint8Array.from(input) : input;
-  const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
-  if (view.getUint32(0, true) !== MAGIC) throw failure('protocol', 'Not a latkit frame.');
-  const op = integer(view.getUint32(4, true), 1, 13);
-  const size = view.getUint32(16, true),
-    bodySize = view.getUint32(20, true),
-    start = align8(HEADER + size);
-  if (size > bounds.metadataBytes || start + bodySize !== bytes.length)
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Inconsistent frame lengths.');
-  // Publications are decoded only when consumed. The socket path validates framing and credit
-  // without parsing column metadata twice or allocating wrappers for queued payloads.
-  let metadata: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
-  return {
-    op: op as Opcode,
-    id: view.getUint32(8, true),
-    sequence: view.getUint32(12, true),
-    get metadata() {
-      if (!metadata) {
-        metadata = record(JSON.parse(decoder.decode(bytes.subarray(HEADER, HEADER + size))));
-        checkTree(metadata, bounds.metadataBytes);
-      }
-      return metadata;
-    },
-    body: bytes.subarray(start),
-    payload: bytes.subarray(16),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/index.ts b/packages/connect/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a937217..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-/** Carry a model across a socket: one side connects it, the other accepts it, and either may dial. */
-export { connectModel } from './connect.js';
-export { acceptModel } from './accept.js';
-export type { Connection, ConnectedModel } from './types.js';
-/** The wire codec, for storage and gateways: frames, publications, and subprotocols. */
-export * as protocol from './protocol.js';
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/outbound.ts b/packages/connect/src/outbound.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4eb41210..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/outbound.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-import { deferred, errorOf } from './core.js';
-import type { Socket } from './socket.js';
-
-interface Write {
-  readonly bytes: number;
-  readonly encode: () => Uint8Array;
-  readonly done: ReturnType<typeof deferred<void>>;
-}
-
-/** One FIFO writer. Callers retain admission until their final write completes:
- * one publication per sender, one ACK per receiver, and bounded lifecycle/telemetry controls.
- * Queue size depends on admitted streams, never publication count or stall duration.
- */
-export class Outbound {
-  readonly #queue = new Set<Write>();
-  #running = false;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly socket: Socket,
-    private readonly signal: AbortSignal,
-    private readonly failed: (error: Error) => void,
-  ) {
-    signal.addEventListener('abort', () => this.reject(errorOf(signal.reason)), { once: true });
-  }
-  write(bytes: number, encode: () => Uint8Array): Promise<void> {
-    this.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    const done = deferred<void>();
-    this.#queue.add({ bytes, encode, done });
-    if (!this.#running) {
-      this.#running = true;
-      void this.drain();
-    }
-    return done.promise;
-  }
-  private async drain(): Promise<void> {
-    try {
-      for (const item of this.#queue) {
-        await this.socket.waitForCapacity(item.bytes, this.signal);
-        // ACK state is read after waiting, immediately before the synchronous send.
-        this.socket.send(item.encode());
-        this.#queue.delete(item);
-        item.done.resolve();
-      }
-    } catch (cause) {
-      const error = errorOf(cause);
-      this.reject(error);
-      if (!this.signal.aborted) this.failed(error);
-    } finally {
-      this.#running = false;
-    }
-  }
-  private reject(error: Error): void {
-    for (const item of this.#queue) item.done.reject(error);
-    this.#queue.clear();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/parameters.ts b/packages/connect/src/parameters.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 07b3a321..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/parameters.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, validateSelection } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Schema, Command, Query, Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { checkTree } from './frame.js';
-import { integer, record, text } from './core.js';
-
-export function definitions(
-  input: unknown,
-  schema: Schema,
-  bound: number,
-): Readonly<Record<string, Command.Description>> {
-  checkTree(input, bound);
-  const commands = record(input);
-  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(commands)) {
-    text(name);
-    const command = record(value),
-      parameters = record(command.parameters);
-    if (command.label !== undefined) text(command.label);
-    if (command.description !== undefined) text(command.description, 4096);
-    for (const [key, definition] of Object.entries(parameters)) {
-      text(key);
-      const p = record(definition);
-      for (const label of ['label', 'description', 'unit'])
-        if (p[label] !== undefined) text(p[label], label === 'description' ? 4096 : 1024);
-      if (!['number', 'text', 'boolean', 'choice', 'reference', 'file'].includes(String(p.type)))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown parameter type.');
-      for (const flag of ['optional', 'multiple', 'integer'])
-        if (p[flag] !== undefined && typeof p[flag] !== 'boolean')
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid parameter flag.');
-      if (
-        p.type === 'number' &&
-        ((p.min !== undefined && !Number.isFinite(p.min)) ||
-          (p.max !== undefined && !Number.isFinite(p.max)) ||
-          (typeof p.min === 'number' && typeof p.max === 'number' && p.min > p.max))
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid numeric bounds.');
-      if (
-        p.type === 'choice' &&
-        (!Array.isArray(p.choices) ||
-          !p.choices.length ||
-          p.choices.some((v) => typeof v !== 'string') ||
-          new Set(p.choices).size !== p.choices.length)
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid choices.');
-      if (
-        p.type === 'reference' &&
-        (typeof p.to !== 'string' || !Object.hasOwn(schema.types, p.to))
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown reference type.');
-      if (
-        p.type === 'file' &&
-        p.accept !== undefined &&
-        (!Array.isArray(p.accept) || p.accept.some((v) => typeof v !== 'string'))
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid file accept list.');
-      if (p.default !== undefined)
-        parameter(p as unknown as Command.Parameter, p.default, (file) => file);
-    }
-  }
-  return commands as unknown as Readonly<Record<string, Command.Description>>;
-}
-function parameter(
-  p: Command.Parameter,
-  input: unknown,
-  file: (value: unknown) => unknown,
-): unknown {
-  const scalar = (value: unknown): unknown => {
-    if (p.type === 'number') {
-      if (
-        typeof value !== 'number' ||
-        !Number.isFinite(value) ||
-        (p.integer && !Number.isSafeInteger(value)) ||
-        (p.min !== undefined && value < p.min) ||
-        (p.max !== undefined && value > p.max)
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid numeric argument.');
-    } else if (p.type === 'boolean') {
-      if (typeof value !== 'boolean')
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a boolean argument.');
-    } else if (p.type === 'file') {
-      const result = file(value);
-      if (!(result instanceof File)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a File argument.');
-      if (
-        p.accept?.length &&
-        !p.accept.some((accept) =>
-          accept.startsWith('.')
-            ? result.name.toLowerCase().endsWith(accept.toLowerCase())
-            : accept.endsWith('/*')
-              ? result.type.startsWith(accept.slice(0, -1))
-              : result.type === accept,
-        )
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'File type is not accepted.');
-      return result;
-    } else {
-      if (typeof value !== 'string' || (p.type === 'reference' && !value.length))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a string argument.');
-      if (p.type === 'choice' && !p.choices.includes(value))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown choice.');
-    }
-    return value;
-  };
-  if (p.multiple) {
-    if (!Array.isArray(input)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected an array argument.');
-    return Object.freeze(input.map(scalar));
-  }
-  return scalar(input);
-}
-export function argumentsOf(
-  parameters: Command.Parameters,
-  input: unknown,
-  body?: Uint8Array,
-): Command.Arguments<Command.Parameters> {
-  const supplied = record(input),
-    result: Record<string, unknown> = Object.create(null) as Record<string, unknown>;
-  let fileBytes = 0;
-  const file = (value: unknown): File => {
-    if (!body) {
-      if (!(value instanceof File)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a File argument.');
-      return value;
-    }
-    const descriptor = record(value),
-      name = text(descriptor.name),
-      offset = integer(descriptor.offset),
-      bytes = integer(descriptor.bytes);
-    fileBytes += bytes;
-    if (offset > body.length || bytes > body.length - offset || fileBytes > body.length)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'File arguments exceed their body budget.');
-    const mediaType =
-      descriptor.mediaType === undefined || descriptor.mediaType === ''
-        ? ''
-        : text(descriptor.mediaType, 256);
-    const lastModified = integer(descriptor.lastModified, Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER);
-    return new File(
-      [new Uint8Array(body.buffer as ArrayBuffer, body.byteOffset + offset, bytes)],
-      name,
-      { type: mediaType, lastModified },
-    );
-  };
-  for (const key of Object.keys(supplied))
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(parameters, key)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown argument: ' + key);
-  for (const [name, definition] of Object.entries(parameters)) {
-    const value = Object.hasOwn(supplied, name)
-      ? supplied[name]
-      : 'default' in definition
-        ? definition.default
-        : undefined;
-    if (value === undefined) {
-      if (!definition.optional) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Missing argument: ' + name);
-      result[name] = undefined;
-    } else result[name] = parameter(definition, value, file);
-  }
-  return Object.freeze(result) as Command.Arguments<Command.Parameters>;
-}
-/** Files are bounded command attachments, not arbitrary serializable stream objects. */
-export async function encodeArguments(
-  parameters: Command.Parameters,
-  values: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>,
-  maxBytes: number,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<{ values: Record<string, unknown>; chunks: Uint8Array[] }> {
-  signal.throwIfAborted();
-  let nodes = 0;
-  for (const value of Object.values(values)) {
-    nodes += Array.isArray(value) ? value.length + 1 : 1;
-    if (nodes > 8192) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many command arguments.');
-  }
-  const checked = argumentsOf(parameters, values),
-    chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  let bytes = 0;
-  // Preflight every file before reading any of them.
-  for (const value of Object.values(checked))
-    for (const item of Array.isArray(value) ? value : [value])
-      if (item instanceof File) {
-        bytes = Math.ceil(bytes / 8) * 8 + item.size;
-        if (bytes > maxBytes)
-          throw failure('resource-limit', 'Command files exceed the message bound.');
-      }
-  bytes = 0;
-  const encode = async (value: unknown): Promise<unknown> => {
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (value instanceof File) {
-      const offset = Math.ceil(bytes / 8) * 8;
-      bytes = offset + value.size;
-      const contents = await value.arrayBuffer();
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      chunks.push(new Uint8Array(contents));
-      return {
-        name: value.name,
-        mediaType: value.type,
-        lastModified: value.lastModified,
-        offset,
-        bytes: value.size,
-      };
-    }
-    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
-      const result: unknown[] = [];
-      for (const item of value) result.push(await encode(item));
-      return result;
-    }
-    return value;
-  };
-  const result: Record<string, unknown> = Object.create(null) as Record<string, unknown>;
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(checked))
-    if (value !== undefined) result[key] = await encode(value);
-  return { values: result, chunks };
-}
-export function selections(value: unknown, schema: Schema): readonly Query.Selection[] {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.length > 256)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected bounded field selections.');
-  for (const item of value) {
-    const selection = record(item);
-    if (
-      selection.rows !== undefined &&
-      !['ids', 'range'].includes(String(record(selection.rows).kind))
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Remote rows must use IDs or ranges.');
-    const issues = validateSelection(schema, item);
-    if (issues.length) throw failure('invalid-input', issues[0].message);
-  }
-  return value as Query.Selection[];
-}
-
-/** Compile field demand once; each publication checks only its own column names. */
-export function demanded(
-  fields: readonly Query.Selection[],
-): (batches: Data.Batch | readonly Data.Batch[]) => void {
-  const selected = new Map<string, Set<string>>();
-  for (const field of fields) {
-    let names = selected.get(field.from);
-    if (!names) selected.set(field.from, (names = new Set()));
-    for (const name of field.select) names.add(name);
-  }
-  return (input) => {
-    for (const batch of (Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input]) as readonly Data.Batch[]) {
-      const names = selected.get(batch.index.type);
-      if (!names || Object.keys(batch.columns).some((name) => !names.has(name)))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Publication contains unrequested fields.');
-    }
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/protocol.ts b/packages/connect/src/protocol.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c2c1de7c..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/protocol.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-/** The wire codec, for storage, gateways, and hosts, without coupling application code to stream IDs. */
-export { subprotocols, Op, prepare, decode, forward } from './frame.js';
-export type { Frame, FrameLimits, Opcode, Plan } from './frame.js';
-export { preparePublication, decodePublication } from './columns.js';
-export type { PublicationLimits } from './columns.js';
-export type { EncodedPublication } from './types.js';
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/session.ts b/packages/connect/src/session.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4643cafe..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/session.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,490 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import {
-  defaults,
-  deferred,
-  errorOf,
-  fromPeer,
-  integer,
-  interrupt,
-  limits,
-  peerFailure,
-} from './core.js';
-import { decode, Op, prepare } from './frame.js';
-import type { Frame, Opcode, Plan } from './frame.js';
-import { Socket } from './socket.js';
-import { Outbound } from './outbound.js';
-import type { Connection } from './types.js';
-
-const ACK_BYTES = prepare(
-  Op.ack,
-  0xffffffff,
-  { sequence: 0xffffffff, terminal: false },
-  [],
-  defaults,
-).bytes;
-
-export interface Delivery {
-  readonly frame: Frame;
-  release(): void;
-}
-export interface Terminal {
-  readonly op: Opcode;
-  readonly metadata: Record<string, unknown>;
-}
-
-/** One shared session for both endpoints. Buffers, request routing and cancellation live here. */
-export class Session {
-  readonly lifetime = new AbortController();
-  readonly #done = deferred<void>();
-  readonly closed = this.#done.promise;
-  readonly socket: Socket;
-  readonly outbound: Outbound;
-  bounds: Connection.Limits;
-  onControl: (frame: Frame) => void = () => {
-    throw failure('protocol', 'Unexpected control message.');
-  };
-  readonly receivers = new Map<number, Receiver>();
-  readonly senders = new Map<number, Sender>();
-  #reservedBytes = 0;
-  #reservedMessages = 0;
-  #closing?: Promise<void>;
-  #ended = false;
-  #tasks = new Set<Promise<unknown>>();
-  #cleanup?: Promise<void>;
-  #external?: AbortSignal;
-  readonly #abort = () => this.end();
-  /** A session over `peer`, which must have negotiated `subprotocol`. */
-  constructor(
-    peer: Connection.Socket,
-    options: { subprotocol: string; limits?: Partial<Connection.Limits>; signal?: AbortSignal },
-  ) {
-    this.bounds = limits(options.limits);
-    this.socket = new Socket(
-      peer,
-      options.subprotocol,
-      () => this.bounds,
-      (bytes) => this.receive(bytes),
-      (error) => this.end(error),
-    );
-    this.outbound = new Outbound(this.socket, this.lifetime.signal, (error) => this.end(error));
-    this.#external = options.signal;
-    options.signal?.addEventListener('abort', this.#abort, { once: true });
-    if (options.signal?.aborted) this.end();
-  }
-  track(task: Promise<unknown>): void {
-    this.#tasks.add(task);
-    void task.then(
-      () => this.#tasks.delete(task),
-      (error) => {
-        this.#tasks.delete(task);
-        this.end(errorOf(error));
-      },
-    );
-  }
-  async control(
-    op: Opcode,
-    id: number,
-    metadata: Record<string, unknown> = {},
-    chunks: readonly Uint8Array[] = [],
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    this.lifetime.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    const plan = prepare(op, id, metadata, chunks, this.bounds);
-    await this.outbound.write(plan.bytes, () => plan.encode());
-  }
-
-  receiver(id: number): Receiver {
-    this.lifetime.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (this.receivers.size >= this.bounds.streams || this.receivers.has(id))
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many observation streams.');
-    const bytes = Math.min(
-      this.bounds.streamWindowBytes,
-      this.bounds.bufferedBytes - this.#reservedBytes,
-    );
-    const messages = Math.min(
-      this.bounds.streamWindowMessages,
-      this.bounds.bufferedMessages - this.#reservedMessages,
-    );
-    if (bytes < this.bounds.messageBytes || messages < 1)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Receive windows exhaust the connection budget.');
-    const stream = new Receiver(this, id, bytes, messages);
-    this.#reservedBytes += bytes;
-    this.#reservedMessages += messages;
-    this.receivers.set(id, stream);
-    return stream;
-  }
-  release(stream: Receiver): void {
-    if (!this.receivers.delete(stream.id)) return;
-    this.#reservedBytes -= stream.windowBytes;
-    this.#reservedMessages -= stream.windowMessages;
-  }
-  sender(id: number, bytes: unknown, messages: unknown): Sender {
-    if (this.senders.size >= this.bounds.streams || this.senders.has(id))
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many producer streams.');
-    const reserved = [...this.senders.values()].reduce((sum, s) => sum + s.windowBytes, 0);
-    if (reserved + integer(bytes, 1) > this.bounds.bufferedBytes)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Producer windows exhaust the connection budget.');
-    const reservedMessages = [...this.senders.values()].reduce(
-      (sum, s) => sum + s.windowMessages,
-      0,
-    );
-    if (reservedMessages + integer(messages, 1) > this.bounds.bufferedMessages)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Producer message windows exhaust the connection budget.');
-    const stream = new Sender(
-      this,
-      id,
-      integer(bytes, this.bounds.messageBytes, this.bounds.streamWindowBytes),
-      integer(messages, 1, this.bounds.streamWindowMessages),
-    );
-    this.senders.set(id, stream);
-    return stream;
-  }
-  private receive(bytes: Uint8Array): void {
-    if (this.#ended) return;
-    fromPeer(() => this.handle(bytes));
-  }
-  private handle(bytes: Uint8Array): void {
-    const frame = decode(bytes, this.bounds);
-    if (frame.op === Op.publication) {
-      const stream = this.receivers.get(frame.id);
-      if (!stream) throw failure('protocol', 'Publication for an unknown stream.');
-      stream.push(frame, bytes.byteLength);
-      return;
-    }
-    if (frame.sequence !== 0) throw failure('protocol', 'Control sequence must be zero.');
-    if (frame.op !== Op.run && frame.body.length)
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Unexpected control body.');
-    if (frame.op === Op.ack) {
-      const stream = this.senders.get(frame.id);
-      if (!stream) throw failure('protocol', 'Acknowledgement for an unknown stream.');
-      stream.acknowledge(
-        integer(frame.metadata.sequence, frame.metadata.terminal === true ? 0 : 1),
-        frame.metadata.terminal === true,
-      );
-      return;
-    }
-    if (frame.op === Op.end || frame.op === Op.result || frame.op === Op.error) {
-      const receiver = this.receivers.get(frame.id);
-      if (receiver) {
-        receiver.finish(frame);
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-    if (frame.op === Op.progress || frame.op === Op.log) {
-      const receiver = this.receivers.get(frame.id);
-      if (!receiver) throw failure('protocol', 'Telemetry for an unknown operation.');
-      receiver.onTelemetry?.(frame);
-      return;
-    }
-    if (frame.op === Op.cancel) {
-      const sender = this.senders.get(frame.id);
-      if (sender) sender.cancel();
-      // A cancellation may cross the terminal acknowledgement. IDs are never reused.
-      return;
-    }
-    if (frame.op === Op.close) {
-      this.end(peerFailure(frame.metadata));
-      return;
-    }
-    this.onControl(frame);
-  }
-  close(reason?: { code: string; message: string }): Promise<void> {
-    return (this.#closing ??= this.shutdown(reason));
-  }
-  private async shutdown(reason?: { code: string; message: string }): Promise<void> {
-    if (!this.#ended && reason) {
-      try {
-        await interrupt(
-          this.control(Op.close, 0, reason),
-          this.lifetime.signal,
-          this.bounds.timeoutMs,
-        );
-      } catch {
-        /* A best-effort reason must not prevent local teardown. */
-      }
-    }
-    this.end();
-    await this.#cleanup;
-  }
-  end(error?: Error): void {
-    if (this.#ended) return;
-    this.#ended = true;
-    const reason = error ?? failure('closed', 'The session closed.');
-    this.#external?.removeEventListener('abort', this.#abort);
-    this.lifetime.abort(reason);
-    for (const receiver of this.receivers.values()) receiver.fail(reason);
-    for (const sender of this.senders.values()) sender.cancel(reason);
-    this.receivers.clear();
-    this.senders.clear();
-    this.socket.close();
-    this.#cleanup = interrupt(
-      Promise.allSettled([...this.#tasks]).then(() => undefined),
-      new AbortController().signal,
-      this.bounds.timeoutMs,
-    );
-    void this.#cleanup.then(
-      () => {
-        if (error) this.#done.reject(error);
-        else this.#done.resolve();
-      },
-      (cause) => this.#done.reject(error ?? errorOf(cause)),
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-/** One consumer; one credit release per next() or completed onData callback. */
-export class Receiver {
-  readonly #stop = new AbortController();
-  readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-  #queue: (Delivery | undefined)[] = [];
-  #head = 0;
-  #held?: Delivery;
-  #changed = deferred<void>();
-  #terminal?: Terminal;
-  #error?: Error;
-  #cancelled = false;
-  #pulling = false;
-  #sequence = 0;
-  #released = 0;
-  #bytes = 0;
-  #messages = 0;
-  #ackRunning = false;
-  readonly #retired = deferred<void>();
-  #acknowledged = 0;
-  #terminalAcknowledged = false;
-  #timer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
-  onTelemetry?: (frame: Frame) => void;
-  constructor(
-    readonly session: Session,
-    readonly id: number,
-    readonly windowBytes: number,
-    readonly windowMessages: number,
-  ) {
-    this.signal = AbortSignal.any([this.#stop.signal, session.lifetime.signal]);
-  }
-  get grant(): Record<string, number> {
-    return { bytes: this.windowBytes, messages: this.windowMessages };
-  }
-  push(frame: Frame, bytes: number): void {
-    if (this.#terminal || frame.sequence !== this.#sequence + 1)
-      throw failure('protocol', 'Publication sequence is invalid.');
-    this.#sequence = frame.sequence;
-    this.#bytes += bytes;
-    this.#messages++;
-    if (this.#bytes > this.windowBytes || this.#messages > this.windowMessages)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'The producer exceeded receive credit.');
-    let released = false;
-    const item: Delivery = {
-      frame,
-      release: () => {
-        if (released) return;
-        released = true;
-        this.#bytes -= bytes;
-        this.#messages--;
-        this.#released = frame.sequence;
-        this.acknowledge();
-      },
-    };
-    if (this.#cancelled) item.release();
-    else this.#queue.push(item);
-    this.wake();
-  }
-  finish(frame: Frame): void {
-    if (this.#terminal || frame.sequence) throw failure('protocol', 'Duplicate terminal message.');
-    this.#terminal = { op: frame.op, metadata: frame.metadata };
-    clearTimeout(this.#timer);
-    this.acknowledge();
-    this.wake();
-  }
-  fail(error: Error): void {
-    this.#retired.reject(error);
-    this.#stop.abort(error);
-    this.#error = error;
-    this.#cancelled = true;
-    this.discard();
-    clearTimeout(this.#timer);
-    this.wake();
-  }
-  private wake(): void {
-    this.#changed.resolve();
-    this.#changed = deferred<void>();
-  }
-  private get needsAck(): boolean {
-    return (
-      !this.#terminalAcknowledged &&
-      (this.#released > this.#acknowledged || Boolean(this.#terminal && this.#messages === 0))
-    );
-  }
-  private acknowledge(): void {
-    if (this.#ackRunning || !this.needsAck || this.session.lifetime.signal.aborted) return;
-    this.#ackRunning = true;
-    void this.flushAck();
-  }
-  private async flushAck(): Promise<void> {
-    try {
-      while (this.needsAck) {
-        let sequence = 0,
-          terminal = false;
-        await this.session.outbound.write(ACK_BYTES, () => {
-          sequence = this.#released;
-          terminal = Boolean(this.#terminal && this.#messages === 0);
-          return prepare(Op.ack, this.id, { sequence, terminal }, [], this.session.bounds).encode();
-        });
-        // Only a completed native send advances state. Later consumption gets the next turn.
-        this.#acknowledged = sequence;
-        this.#terminalAcknowledged = terminal;
-        if (terminal) {
-          this.session.release(this);
-          this.#retired.resolve();
-        }
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.#retired.reject(error);
-      if (!this.session.lifetime.signal.aborted) this.session.end(errorOf(error));
-    } finally {
-      this.#ackRunning = false;
-    }
-  }
-  private discard(): void {
-    this.#held?.release();
-    this.#held = undefined;
-    for (let i = this.#head; i < this.#queue.length; i++) this.#queue[i]?.release();
-    this.#queue = [];
-    this.#head = 0;
-  }
-  cancel(error: Error = failure('aborted', 'The operation was cancelled.')): void {
-    if (this.#cancelled) return;
-    this.#cancelled = true;
-    this.#stop.abort(error);
-    this.#error = error;
-    this.onTelemetry = undefined;
-    this.discard();
-    this.wake();
-    if (this.#terminal) {
-      this.acknowledge();
-      return;
-    }
-    if (!this.session.lifetime.signal.aborted) {
-      void this.session
-        .control(Op.cancel, this.id)
-        .then(() => {
-          // Waiting for socket capacity is not evidence of an uncooperative producer.
-          if (this.#terminal || this.session.lifetime.signal.aborted) return;
-          this.#timer = setTimeout(
-            () => this.session.end(failure('timeout', 'The producer did not finish cancellation.')),
-            this.session.bounds.timeoutMs,
-          );
-        })
-        .catch((cause) => this.session.end(errorOf(cause)));
-    }
-  }
-  async next(): Promise<IteratorResult<Delivery, Terminal>> {
-    if (this.#pulling) throw failure('busy', 'Concurrent pulls are unsupported.');
-    this.#pulling = true;
-    try {
-      this.#held?.release();
-      this.#held = undefined;
-      for (;;) {
-        if (this.#error) throw this.#error;
-        if (this.#head < this.#queue.length) {
-          const item = this.#queue[this.#head]!;
-          this.#queue[this.#head++] = undefined;
-          if (this.#head === this.#queue.length) {
-            this.#queue = [];
-            this.#head = 0;
-          }
-          if (this.#head > 128 && this.#head * 2 >= this.#queue.length) {
-            this.#queue = this.#queue.slice(this.#head);
-            this.#head = 0;
-          }
-          this.#held = item;
-          return { done: false, value: item };
-        }
-        if (this.#terminal) {
-          this.acknowledge();
-          await interrupt(this.#retired.promise, this.signal);
-          return { done: true, value: this.#terminal };
-        }
-        await this.#changed.promise;
-      }
-    } finally {
-      this.#pulling = false;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/** Per-stream credits isolate slow consumers. Only size counters survive a send. */
-export class Sender {
-  readonly controller = new AbortController();
-  readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-  #entries = new Map<number, number>();
-  #sequence = 0;
-  #acknowledged = 0;
-  #bytes = 0;
-  #changed = deferred<void>();
-  #writing = false;
-  #terminal = false;
-  constructor(
-    readonly session: Session,
-    readonly id: number,
-    readonly windowBytes: number,
-    readonly windowMessages: number,
-  ) {
-    this.signal = AbortSignal.any([this.controller.signal, session.lifetime.signal]);
-  }
-  async write(plan: Plan): Promise<void> {
-    if (this.#writing) throw failure('busy', 'Await publish before publishing again.');
-    this.#writing = true;
-    try {
-      this.signal.throwIfAborted();
-      if (this.#terminal) throw failure('closed', 'The operation has finished.');
-      if (plan.bytes > this.windowBytes)
-        throw failure('resource-limit', 'Publication exceeds its stream window.');
-      while (
-        this.#bytes + plan.bytes > this.windowBytes ||
-        this.#entries.size >= this.windowMessages
-      )
-        await interrupt(this.#changed.promise, this.signal);
-      this.signal.throwIfAborted();
-      const sequence = integer(this.#sequence + 1, 1, 0xffffffff);
-      this.#sequence = sequence;
-      this.#entries.set(sequence, plan.bytes);
-      this.#bytes += plan.bytes;
-      try {
-        await this.session.outbound.write(plan.bytes, () => plan.encode(sequence));
-      } catch (error) {
-        this.session.end(errorOf(error));
-        throw error;
-      }
-    } finally {
-      this.#writing = false;
-    }
-  }
-  acknowledge(sequence: number, terminal = false): void {
-    integer(sequence, terminal ? this.#acknowledged : this.#acknowledged + 1, this.#sequence);
-    for (const [id, bytes] of this.#entries) {
-      if (id > sequence) break;
-      this.#bytes -= bytes;
-      this.#entries.delete(id);
-    }
-    this.#acknowledged = sequence;
-    this.#changed.resolve();
-    this.#changed = deferred<void>();
-    if (terminal) {
-      if (!this.#terminal || this.#entries.size)
-        throw failure('protocol', 'Invalid terminal acknowledgement.');
-      this.session.senders.delete(this.id);
-    }
-  }
-  cancel(reason: Error = failure('aborted', 'The operation was cancelled.')): void {
-    this.controller.abort(reason);
-    this.#changed.resolve();
-  }
-  async finish(op: Opcode, metadata: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Promise<void> {
-    if (this.#terminal || this.session.lifetime.signal.aborted) return;
-    // Invalid results must still permit a small error terminal; validate before committing state.
-    prepare(op, this.id, metadata, [], this.session.bounds);
-    this.#terminal = true;
-    await this.session.control(op, this.id, metadata);
-    // The bounded descriptor remains until consumption or cancellation; idle consumers do not kill unrelated streams.
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/socket.ts b/packages/connect/src/socket.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 24c35149..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/socket.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { deferred, errorOf, interrupt } from './core.js';
-import type { Connection } from './types.js';
-
-/** A WebSocket to exactly `url`, offering `subprotocol`. The platform turns HTTP(S) into WS(S). */
-export function dial(url: string | URL, subprotocol: string): Connection.Socket {
-  try {
-    return new WebSocket(url, subprotocol);
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw failure('invalid-input', errorOf(error).message);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Synchronous binary receive dispatch. All application queues live in Session. */
-export class Socket {
-  readonly ready = deferred<void>();
-  #stopped = false;
-  readonly #message = (event: { data: unknown }) => {
-    if (this.#stopped) return;
-    try {
-      if (!(event.data instanceof ArrayBuffer) || event.data.byteLength > this.bounds.messageBytes)
-        throw failure('protocol', 'Expected a bounded binary message.');
-      this.receive(new Uint8Array(event.data));
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.ended(errorOf(error));
-    }
-  };
-  readonly #open = () => {
-    if (this.peer.protocol !== this.subprotocol) {
-      const error = failure(
-        'protocol',
-        `The peer must negotiate the ${this.subprotocol} subprotocol.`,
-      );
-      this.ready.reject(error);
-      this.ended(error);
-    } else this.ready.resolve();
-  };
-  /** The peer's close reason, when it gave one, says why: a server can turn a socket away with it. */
-  readonly #end = (event?: { readonly reason?: string }) => {
-    const error = failure('disconnected', event?.reason || 'The model socket closed.');
-    this.ready.reject(error);
-    if (!this.#stopped) this.ended(error);
-  };
-  constructor(
-    private readonly peer: Connection.Socket,
-    private readonly subprotocol: string,
-    private readonly getBounds: () => Connection.Limits,
-    private readonly receive: (bytes: Uint8Array) => void,
-    private readonly ended: (error: Error) => void,
-  ) {
-    peer.binaryType = 'arraybuffer';
-    peer.addEventListener('message', this.#message);
-    peer.addEventListener('open', this.#open);
-    peer.addEventListener('error', this.#end);
-    peer.addEventListener('close', this.#end);
-    if (peer.readyState === 1) queueMicrotask(this.#open);
-    else if (peer.readyState > 1) queueMicrotask(this.#end);
-  }
-  private get bounds(): Connection.Limits {
-    return this.getBounds();
-  }
-  async waitForCapacity(bytes: number, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
-    // Called only by the session's single writer: one poller and no competing reservations.
-    for (;;) {
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      if (this.#stopped || this.peer.readyState !== 1)
-        throw failure('closed', 'The socket is closed.');
-      if (this.peer.bufferedAmount + bytes <= this.bounds.bufferedBytes) return;
-      await interrupt(new Promise<void>((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 4)), signal);
-    }
-  }
-  send(bytes: Uint8Array): void {
-    if (this.#stopped || this.peer.readyState !== 1)
-      throw failure('closed', 'The socket is closed.');
-    // Browser/Node native send copies; ws may borrow. Encoded frames are never mutated.
-    this.peer.send(bytes as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>);
-  }
-  close(): void {
-    if (this.#stopped) return;
-    this.#stopped = true;
-    this.ready.reject(failure('closed', 'The session closed.'));
-    this.peer.removeEventListener('message', this.#message);
-    this.peer.removeEventListener('open', this.#open);
-    // Remove the close/error listeners once native teardown finishes.
-    const cleanup = () => {
-      this.peer.removeEventListener('error', this.#end);
-      this.peer.removeEventListener('close', this.#end);
-      this.peer.removeEventListener('close', cleanup);
-    };
-    if (this.peer.readyState === 3) cleanup();
-    else {
-      this.peer.addEventListener('close', cleanup);
-      this.peer.close(1000);
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/src/types.ts b/packages/connect/src/types.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 62b47df0..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/src/types.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-import type { Command, Query, Model } from '@latkit/model';
-
-/** A publication as it travels: the frame from byte 16 on (two lengths, metadata, padding, body). */
-export interface EncodedPublication {
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-}
-interface Endpoint {
-  readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-  readonly limits?: Partial<Connection.Limits>;
-}
-export interface Connection {
-  readonly closed: Promise<void>;
-  close(reason?: { readonly code: string; readonly message: string }): Promise<void>;
-}
-export declare namespace Connection {
-  /** Dial exactly `url`, or answer on a `socket` a server accepted. */
-  type Options = Endpoint &
-    (
-      | { readonly url: string | URL; readonly socket?: never }
-      | { readonly socket: Socket; readonly url?: never }
-    );
-  /** Dial exactly `url`, or answer on a `socket` a server accepted. */
-  type AcceptOptions = Options;
-  interface Limits {
-    readonly messageBytes: number;
-    readonly metadataBytes: number;
-    readonly bufferedBytes: number;
-    readonly bufferedMessages: number;
-    readonly streamWindowBytes: number;
-    readonly streamWindowMessages: number;
-    readonly streams: number;
-    readonly publicationBatches: number;
-    readonly logs: number;
-    /** Registration, cancellation response, close notification and cleanup deadlines; never a flow-control timeout. */
-    readonly timeoutMs: number;
-  }
-  /** Structural subset shared by browser, Node built-in, and ws WebSockets. */
-  interface Socket {
-    readonly readyState: number;
-    readonly protocol: string;
-    readonly bufferedAmount: number;
-    binaryType: string;
-    send(data: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>): void;
-    close(code?: number, reason?: string): void;
-    addEventListener(type: 'message', listener: (event: { data: unknown }) => void): void;
-    addEventListener(type: 'close', listener: (event: { readonly reason?: string }) => void): void;
-    addEventListener(type: 'open' | 'error', listener: () => void): void;
-    removeEventListener(type: 'message', listener: (event: { data: unknown }) => void): void;
-    removeEventListener(
-      type: 'close',
-      listener: (event: { readonly reason?: string }) => void,
-    ): void;
-    removeEventListener(type: 'open' | 'error', listener: () => void): void;
-  }
-}
-/** The model a connection carries. Reading and running it go over the socket; connectModel serves
- *  it onward as it is. */
-export interface ConnectedModel extends Model, Connection {
-  /** Absent when the model offers no reading. An empty selection reads nothing. */
-  readonly monitor?: (
-    fields: readonly Query.Selection[],
-    context?: Partial<Model.MonitorContext>,
-  ) => AsyncIterableIterator<Model.Publication>;
-  /** Each run goes to the model, its values checked against the command's parameters; whoever runs
-   *  it supplies `publish` for the outputs it asks for, and may supply `progress`, `log`, and
-   *  `signal`. */
-  readonly commands: Readonly<
-    Record<
-      string,
-      Command.Description & {
-        run(
-          values: Command.Arguments<Command.Parameters> | Readonly<Record<string, Command.Input>>,
-          context?: Partial<Command.Context>,
-        ): Promise<Command.Result>;
-      }
-    >
-  >;
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/boundaries.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/boundaries.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c0e903a8..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/boundaries.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { isFailure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { connectModel, protocol } from '../src/index.js';
-import { defaults, negotiate, peerFailure } from '../src/core.js';
-import { batch, schema } from './fixture.js';
-
-afterEach(() => vi.unstubAllGlobals());
-
-it('checks a model before it opens a socket', async () => {
-  let opened = 0;
-  vi.stubGlobal(
-    'WebSocket',
-    class {
-      constructor() {
-        opened++;
-      }
-    },
-  );
-  const model = {
-    name: 'grid',
-    schema,
-    commands: { step: { parameters: {}, run: 'not a function' } },
-  } as unknown as Parameters<typeof connectModel>[0];
-  await expect(connectModel(model, { url: 'ws://127.0.0.1:1' })).rejects.toMatchObject({
-    code: 'invalid-input',
-  });
-  await expect(
-    connectModel({ name: 'grid', schema }, { url: 'ws://127.0.0.1:1', limits: { streams: 0 } }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  expect(opened).toBe(0);
-});
-
-it('reports what a peer sends wrongly as a protocol failure', () => {
-  expect(() => negotiate(defaults, { ...defaults, messageBytes: 'many' })).toThrow(
-    expect.objectContaining({ code: 'protocol' }) as Error,
-  );
-  expect(() => negotiate(defaults, null)).toThrow(
-    expect.objectContaining({ code: 'protocol' }) as Error,
-  );
-});
-
-it("keeps a peer's failure codes that latkit knows, and names the rest", () => {
-  const busy = peerFailure({ code: 'busy', message: 'Another command is running.' });
-  expect(isFailure(busy, 'busy')).toBe(true);
-  expect(busy.message).toBe('Another command is running.');
-  const custom = peerFailure({ code: 'solver-diverged', message: 'No convergence.' });
-  expect(isFailure(custom, 'internal')).toBe(true);
-  expect(custom.message).toBe('solver-diverged: No convergence.');
-  expect(() => peerFailure({ code: 7, message: 'x' })).toThrow(
-    expect.objectContaining({ code: 'protocol' }) as Error,
-  );
-});
-
-it('forwards a received publication to another stream without encoding it again', () => {
-  const sent = protocol.preparePublication(batch(), 3, schema, defaults).encode(1),
-    received = protocol.decode(sent, defaults);
-  const relayed = protocol.forward(9, received.payload).encode(4),
-    frame = protocol.decode(relayed, defaults);
-  expect([frame.op, frame.id, frame.sequence]).toEqual([protocol.Op.publication, 9, 4]);
-  expect(frame.payload).toEqual(received.payload);
-  expect(protocol.decodePublication({ bytes: frame.payload }, schema, defaults)).toEqual(
-    protocol.decodePublication({ bytes: received.payload }, schema, defaults),
-  );
-});
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/connection.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/connection.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b096f9a4..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/connection.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, expect, expectTypeOf, it } from 'vitest';
-import { defaults, deferred } from '../src/core.js';
-import { pair, batch, fields, schema, pause, collect, PATH } from './fixture.js';
-import type { Command, Model } from '@latkit/model';
-import { connectModel } from '../src/index.js';
-
-const cleanup: (() => Promise<void>)[] = [];
-afterEach(async () => {
-  for (const close of cleanup.splice(0)) await close();
-});
-it('dials exactly its URL, registers metadata only, then serves explicitly selected publications', async () => {
-  let calls = 0;
-  const p = await pair({
-    monitor: function* (selection, context) {
-      calls++;
-      expect(selection).toEqual(fields);
-      expect(context.maxBlockBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-      yield batch();
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  expect(p.path).toBe(PATH);
-  expect(p.model.name).toBe('a model');
-  expect(calls).toBe(0);
-  const received = await collect(p.model.monitor!(fields));
-  expect(calls).toBe(1);
-  expect(received).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(received[0][0]).toEqual(batch());
-  expect(Object.keys(p.connection).sort()).toEqual(['close', 'closed']);
-  expect(p.model).not.toHaveProperty('snapshot');
-});
-it('keeps received values after disconnect, viewing the storage they arrived in', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    monitor: function* () {
-      yield batch(32, 9);
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  const received = await collect(p.model.monitor!(fields));
-  await p.close();
-  cleanup.pop();
-  expect(received[0][0]).toEqual(batch(32, 9));
-});
-it('runs typed commands with selected data, coalesced progress, bounded logs and terminal results', async () => {
-  const progress: Command.Progress[] = [],
-    logs: Command.LogEntry[] = [];
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      solve: {
-        parameters: { count: { type: 'number', integer: true, min: 1, default: 3 } },
-        async run({ count }, ctx) {
-          expectTypeOf(count).toEqualTypeOf<number>();
-          expect(ctx.outputs).toEqual(fields);
-          expect(() => ctx.progress({ completed: 0, domain: [2, 1] })).toThrow('Invalid progress');
-          for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-            ctx.progress({ completed: i, total: 100, domain: [0, 10] });
-            ctx.log({ severity: 'info', message: '' + i });
-          }
-          await ctx.publish(batch(count));
-          return { count };
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  const received: Model.Publication[] = [];
-  const result = await p.model.commands.solve.run(
-    {},
-    {
-      outputs: fields,
-      publish: async (data) => void received.push(data as Model.Publication),
-      progress: (p) => progress.push(p),
-      log: (log) => logs.push(log),
-    },
-  );
-  expect(result).toEqual({ count: 3 });
-  expect(received).toEqual([[batch(3)]]);
-  expect(progress.at(-1)).toMatchObject({ completed: 99, domain: [0, 10] });
-  expect(logs.filter((l) => l.code !== 'dropped')).toHaveLength(defaults.logs);
-  expect(logs.at(-1)?.dropped).toBe(100 - defaults.logs);
-});
-it('awaits publish before resolving the command result', async () => {
-  const gate = deferred<void>(),
-    entered = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      solve: {
-        parameters: {},
-        async run(_, ctx) {
-          await ctx.publish(batch());
-          return 42;
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  let done = false;
-  const run = p.model.commands.solve
-    .run(
-      {},
-      {
-        outputs: fields,
-        publish: async () => {
-          entered.resolve();
-          await gate.promise;
-        },
-      },
-    )
-    .then((v) => {
-      done = true;
-      return v;
-    });
-  await entered.promise;
-  await pause();
-  expect(done).toBe(false);
-  gate.resolve();
-  expect(await run).toBe(42);
-});
-it('validates parameters and transfers bounded file arguments', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      load: {
-        parameters: {
-          file: { type: 'file', accept: ['.txt'] },
-          mode: { type: 'choice', choices: ['a', 'b'], default: 'a' },
-          note: { type: 'text', optional: true },
-        },
-        async run({ file, mode, note }) {
-          return { text: await file.text(), mode, note: note ?? null };
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  const { load } = p.model.commands;
-  await expect(load.run({ file: new File(['hello'], 'input.txt') })).resolves.toEqual({
-    text: 'hello',
-    mode: 'a',
-    note: null,
-  });
-  await expect(load.run({ file: new File(['hello'], 'input.png') })).rejects.toThrow(/accepted/);
-  await expect(load.run({ file: new File(['hello'], 'input.txt'), mode: 'bad' })).rejects.toThrow(
-    /choice/,
-  );
-});
-it('cancels a pending monitor pull and finalizes the source', async () => {
-  const started = deferred<void>(),
-    finalized = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair({
-    monitor: async function* (_, { signal }) {
-      try {
-        started.resolve();
-        await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-          signal.addEventListener('abort', () => resolve(), { once: true }),
-        );
-        signal.throwIfAborted();
-        yield batch();
-      } finally {
-        finalized.resolve();
-      }
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  const abort = new AbortController(),
-    stream = p.model.monitor!(fields, { signal: abort.signal });
-  const pull = stream.next();
-  const rejected = expect(pull).rejects.toThrow();
-  await started.promise;
-  abort.abort();
-  await rejected;
-  await finalized.promise;
-  expect((await stream.next()).done).toBe(true);
-});
-it('releases finished observation admission on consumption and early return', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    limits: { streams: 1 },
-    monitor: function* () {
-      yield batch();
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
-    const stream = p.model.monitor!(fields);
-    await stream.next();
-    await stream.return!();
-    await pause(2);
-  }
-  expect(await collect(p.model.monitor!(fields))).toHaveLength(1);
-});
-it('rejects unsolicited command data without poisoning later executions', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      solve: {
-        parameters: {},
-        async run(_, ctx) {
-          await ctx.publish(batch());
-          return null;
-        },
-      },
-      ping: { parameters: {}, run: () => 'pong' },
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  await expect(p.model.commands.solve.run({})).rejects.toThrow(/requested/);
-  await expect(p.model.commands.ping.run({})).resolves.toBe('pong');
-});
-it('surfaces command errors, callback failures and cancellation without leaking monitor capacity', async () => {
-  const started = deferred<void>(),
-    stopped = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      wait: {
-        parameters: {},
-        async run(_, { signal }) {
-          started.resolve();
-          await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-            signal.addEventListener('abort', () => resolve(), { once: true }),
-          );
-          stopped.resolve();
-          signal.throwIfAborted();
-        },
-      },
-      fail: {
-        parameters: {},
-        run() {
-          throw new Error('model failed');
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    monitor: function* () {
-      yield batch();
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  await expect(p.model.commands.fail.run({})).rejects.toThrow('model failed');
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-  const running = p.model.commands.wait.run({}, { signal: controller.signal });
-  const rejection = expect(running).rejects.toThrow();
-  await started.promise;
-  controller.abort();
-  await rejection;
-  await stopped.promise;
-  expect(await collect(p.model.monitor!(fields))).toHaveLength(1);
-});
-it('rejects already-aborted connection setup', async () => {
-  await expect(
-    connectModel(
-      { name: 'test', schema },
-      { url: 'http://localhost', signal: AbortSignal.abort() },
-    ),
-  ).rejects.toThrow();
-});
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/fixture.ts b/packages/connect/tests/fixture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d83db9b6..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/fixture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-import { WebSocketServer, type WebSocket } from 'ws';
-import { acceptModel, connectModel } from '../src/index.js';
-import { deferred } from '../src/core.js';
-import type { ConnectedModel, Connection } from '../src/types.js';
-import type { Schema, Model, Command, Data } from '@latkit/model';
-
-export const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: {
-    Node: {
-      fields: {
-        value: { type: 'float64' },
-        output: { type: 'float64', sampled: true },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-export const fields = [{ from: 'Node', select: ['value'] }] as const;
-export function batch(count = 8, value = 1): Data.RowBatch {
-  return {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    index: { source: 'test', type: 'Node', version: 'rows' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-    columns: {
-      value: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: count,
-        values: new Float64Array(count).fill(value),
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-/** Where `pair` dials: connect dials exactly this, path and query included. */
-export const PATH = '/a%20model?from=test';
-/** A server on a free port, each socket it accepts handed to `accepted`. */
-export async function listen(
-  accepted: (socket: WebSocket, path: string) => void,
-  maxPayload = 1 << 20,
-) {
-  const server = new WebSocketServer({
-    port: 0,
-    host: '127.0.0.1',
-    maxPayload,
-    perMessageDeflate: false,
-  });
-  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-    server.once('listening', resolve);
-    server.once('error', reject);
-  });
-  server.on('connection', (peer, request) => accepted(peer, request.url!));
-  const address = server.address();
-  if (typeof address !== 'object' || !address) throw new Error('Missing address');
-  return {
-    server,
-    url: 'http://127.0.0.1:' + address.port,
-    async close() {
-      for (const peer of server.clients) peer.terminate();
-      await new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.close(() => resolve()));
-    },
-  };
-}
-/** A model of `schema` named "a model", connected over a real socket and accepted at the server. */
-export async function pair<const C extends Record<string, Command.Parameters>>(
-  model: Omit<Model<C>, 'name' | 'schema'> & { readonly limits?: Partial<Connection.Limits> } = {},
-  host: { readonly limits?: Partial<Connection.Limits> } = {},
-  modelSchema: Schema = schema,
-) {
-  const accepted = deferred<ConnectedModel>();
-  let socket!: WebSocket;
-  let path = '';
-  const server = await listen((peer, url) => {
-    socket = peer;
-    path = url;
-    void acceptModel({ socket: peer, limits: host.limits }).then(accepted.resolve, accepted.reject);
-  }, host.limits?.messageBytes);
-  let connection: Connection | undefined;
-  try {
-    const { limits, ...rest } = model;
-    connection = await connectModel(
-      { ...rest, name: 'a model', schema: modelSchema },
-      { url: server.url + PATH, limits },
-    );
-    const accept = await accepted.promise;
-    return {
-      connection,
-      model: accept,
-      socket,
-      path,
-      async close() {
-        await connection!.close();
-        await accept.close();
-        await server.close();
-      },
-    };
-  } catch (error) {
-    await connection?.close();
-    await server.close();
-    throw error;
-  }
-}
-export const pause = (ms = 10): Promise<void> => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
-export async function collect<T>(values: AsyncIterable<T>): Promise<T[]> {
-  const result: T[] = [];
-  for await (const value of values) result.push(value);
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/flow.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/flow.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b9bf748..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/flow.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,396 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { appendData, createData, type Model, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { pair, fields, batch, pause, collect, schema } from './fixture.js';
-import { deferred } from '../src/core.js';
-import { Op } from '../src/frame.js';
-
-it('stops producer pulls at the credit window plus one pending publication while other operations remain usable', async () => {
-  let produced = 0;
-  const filled = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair({
-    limits: { streamWindowMessages: 4 },
-    monitor: function* () {
-      for (let n = 0; n < 100; n++) {
-        produced++;
-        if (produced === 5) filled.resolve();
-        yield batch();
-      }
-    },
-    commands: { ping: { parameters: {}, run: () => 'pong' } },
-  });
-  const stream = p.model.monitor!(fields);
-  try {
-    await filled.promise;
-    await pause(30);
-    expect(produced).toBe(5);
-    await expect(p.model.commands.ping.run({})).resolves.toBe('pong');
-    expect((await stream.next()).done).toBe(false);
-    await pause(10);
-    expect(produced).toBe(5);
-    await stream.next();
-    await pause(20);
-    expect(produced).toBe(6);
-  } finally {
-    await stream.return!();
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-it('delivers an oversized sample publish and monitor yield as whole-frame messages', async () => {
-  const frames = 2000,
-    rows = 4,
-    values = Float64Array.from({ length: frames * rows }, (_, i) => i);
-  const samples: Data.SampleBatch = {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index: batch().index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: rows },
-    firstFrame: 0,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.from({ length: frames }, (_, i) => i),
-    columns: {
-      output: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: values.length,
-        values,
-        frameStride: rows,
-        rowStride: 1,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const p = await pair({
-    limits: { messageBytes: 16 << 10, metadataBytes: 4 << 10 },
-    monitor: () => [samples],
-    commands: { stream: { parameters: {}, run: (_, context) => context.publish(samples) } },
-  });
-  const output = [{ from: 'Node', select: ['output'] }];
-  try {
-    const published: Model.Publication[] = [];
-    await p.model.commands.stream.run(
-      {},
-      { outputs: output, publish: async (data) => void published.push(data as Model.Publication) },
-    );
-    for (const publications of [published, await collect(p.model.monitor!(output))]) {
-      expect(publications.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
-      let data = createData(schema, []);
-      for (const publication of publications)
-        data = appendData(data, publication as Data.SampleBatch[]);
-      const received = publications.flat() as Data.SampleBatch[];
-      expect(received.reduce((n, piece) => n + piece.coordinates.length, 0)).toBe(frames);
-    }
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-it('rejects concurrent publishes and sends only selected fields', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      bad: {
-        parameters: {},
-        async run(_, ctx) {
-          const first = ctx.publish(batch());
-          await expect(ctx.publish(batch())).rejects.toThrow(/Await publish/);
-          await first;
-        },
-      },
-      extra: {
-        parameters: {},
-        async run(_, ctx) {
-          await ctx.publish(batch());
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  try {
-    await expect(
-      p.model.commands.bad.run({}, { outputs: fields, publish: async () => {} }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow(/Await publish/);
-    await expect(
-      p.model.commands.extra.run(
-        {},
-        { outputs: [{ from: 'Node', select: ['output'] }], publish: async () => {} },
-      ),
-    ).rejects.toThrow(/unrequested/);
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-it('aborts an in-progress data callback promptly and retains the producer slot until cooperative exit', async () => {
-  const entered = deferred<void>(),
-    blocked = deferred<void>(),
-    finished = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      work: {
-        parameters: {},
-        async run(_, ctx) {
-          await ctx.publish(batch());
-          await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-            ctx.signal.addEventListener('abort', () => resolve(), { once: true }),
-          );
-          finished.resolve();
-          ctx.signal.throwIfAborted();
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    monitor: function* () {
-      yield batch();
-    },
-  });
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-  try {
-    const task = p.model.commands.work.run(
-      {},
-      {
-        signal: controller.signal,
-        outputs: fields,
-        publish: async () => {
-          entered.resolve();
-          await blocked.promise;
-        },
-      },
-    );
-    const rejection = expect(task).rejects.toThrow();
-    await entered.promise;
-    controller.abort();
-    await rejection;
-    await finished.promise;
-    expect(await collect(p.model.monitor!(fields))).toHaveLength(1);
-  } finally {
-    blocked.resolve();
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-it('keeps repeated empty and failed streams bounded', async () => {
-  let calls = 0;
-  const p = await pair({
-    limits: { streams: 1 },
-    monitor: () => {
-      if (calls++ % 2) throw new Error('source failed');
-      return [];
-    },
-  });
-  try {
-    for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
-      const task = collect(p.model.monitor!(fields));
-      if (i % 2) await expect(task).rejects.toThrow('source failed');
-      else expect(await task).toEqual([]);
-    }
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-it('propagates abrupt socket failure to a pending consumer', async () => {
-  const started = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair({
-    monitor: async function* (_, { signal }) {
-      started.resolve();
-      await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-        signal.addEventListener('abort', () => resolve(), { once: true }),
-      );
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      yield batch();
-    },
-  });
-  try {
-    const next = p.model.monitor!(fields).next(),
-      rejected = expect(next).rejects.toThrow();
-    await started.promise;
-    p.socket.terminate();
-    await rejected;
-    await expect(p.connection.closed).rejects.toThrow();
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-
-it('returns bounded errors for oversized results and releases unsent command reservations', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    limits: { metadataBytes: 1024, streams: 1 },
-    commands: {
-      echo: {
-        parameters: { text: { type: 'text' } },
-        run: ({ text }) => {
-          if (typeof text !== 'string') throw new Error('Expected text');
-          return text;
-        },
-      },
-      large: { parameters: {}, run: () => 'x'.repeat(1020) },
-      ping: { parameters: {}, run: () => 'pong' },
-    },
-  });
-  try {
-    await expect(p.model.commands.large.run({})).rejects.toThrow(/large|budget/);
-    for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++)
-      await expect(p.model.commands.echo.run({ text: 'x'.repeat(4096) })).rejects.toThrow(
-        /large|budget/,
-      );
-    await expect(p.model.commands.ping.run({})).resolves.toBe('pong');
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-it('bounds worst-case escaped diagnostics under minimum metadata limits', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    limits: { metadataBytes: 1024 },
-    commands: {
-      log: {
-        parameters: {},
-        run(_, ctx) {
-          for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-            ctx.log({ severity: 'warning', message: '\0'.repeat(4096), code: '\0'.repeat(128) });
-          return true;
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  let logs = 0,
-    dropped = 0;
-  try {
-    await expect(
-      p.model.commands.log.run(
-        {},
-        {
-          log: (entry) => {
-            logs++;
-            dropped += entry.dropped ?? 0;
-          },
-        },
-      ),
-    ).resolves.toBe(true);
-    expect(logs).toBe(33);
-    expect(dropped).toBe(68);
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-
-it('bounds cancellation and close when a handler ignores its signal', async () => {
-  const entered = deferred<void>(),
-    release = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair({
-    limits: { timeoutMs: 100 },
-    commands: {
-      stuck: {
-        parameters: {},
-        async run() {
-          entered.resolve();
-          await release.promise;
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const stop = new AbortController();
-  try {
-    const run = p.model.commands.stuck.run({}, { signal: stop.signal });
-    const cancelled = expect(run).rejects.toThrow();
-    const closed = expect(p.model.closed).rejects.toThrow(/cancellation/);
-    await entered.promise;
-    stop.abort();
-    await cancelled;
-    await closed;
-  } finally {
-    release.resolve();
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-it('fails asynchronous telemetry callbacks explicitly without unhandled rejections', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: {
-      status: {
-        parameters: {},
-        run(_, ctx) {
-          ctx.progress({ completed: 1 });
-          return true;
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  try {
-    await expect(
-      p.model.commands.status.run(
-        {},
-        {
-          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-misused-promises -- Exercise a JavaScript caller violating the synchronous callback contract.
-          progress: async () => {
-            throw new Error('callback failed');
-          },
-        },
-      ),
-    ).rejects.toThrow(/synchronous/);
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-
-it('does not accumulate native File reads when callers abort preparation', async () => {
-  const started = deferred<void>(),
-    release = deferred<ArrayBuffer>();
-  class SlowFile extends File {
-    override arrayBuffer() {
-      started.resolve();
-      return release.promise;
-    }
-  }
-  const p = await pair({
-    commands: { load: { parameters: { file: { type: 'file' } }, run: () => true } },
-  });
-  const stop = new AbortController(),
-    file = new SlowFile(['x'], 'x');
-  try {
-    const run = p.model.commands.load.run({ file }, { signal: stop.signal });
-    const rejected = expect(run).rejects.toThrow();
-    await started.promise;
-    stop.abort();
-    await rejected;
-    await expect(p.model.commands.load.run({ file })).rejects.toThrow(/running/);
-    release.resolve(new ArrayBuffer(1));
-    await pause();
-    await expect(p.model.commands.load.run({ file: new File(['x'], 'x') })).resolves.toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    release.resolve(new ArrayBuffer(1));
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
-
-it('cancels queued requests promptly without releasing their reservations before terminal ACKs', async () => {
-  const p = await pair({
-    monitor: () => [],
-    commands: { ping: { parameters: {}, run: () => 'pong' } },
-    limits: { streams: 2, timeoutMs: 100 },
-  });
-  const writes = vi.spyOn(p.socket, 'send');
-  const stop = new AbortController();
-  Object.defineProperty(p.socket, 'bufferedAmount', {
-    configurable: true,
-    get: () => 16 * 1024 ** 2,
-  });
-  try {
-    const run = p.model.commands.ping.run({}, { signal: stop.signal });
-    const rejectedRun = expect(run).rejects.toThrow();
-    const stream = p.model.monitor!(fields);
-    const rejectedPull = expect(stream.next()).rejects.toThrow();
-    await pause();
-    stop.abort();
-    await stream.return!();
-    await Promise.all([rejectedRun, rejectedPull]);
-    expect(() => p.model.monitor!(fields)).toThrow(/streams/);
-    await pause(150);
-    expect(writes).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    Reflect.deleteProperty(p.socket, 'bufferedAmount');
-    await expect
-      .poll(
-        () =>
-          writes.mock.calls.filter(
-            ([data]) =>
-              data instanceof Uint8Array &&
-              new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength).getUint32(4, true) ===
-                Op.ack,
-          ).length,
-      )
-      .toBe(2);
-    await expect(p.model.commands.ping.run({})).resolves.toBe('pong');
-  } finally {
-    Reflect.deleteProperty(p.socket, 'bufferedAmount');
-    writes.mockRestore();
-    await p.close();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/host.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/host.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 692a4686..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/host.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { deferred } from '../src/core.js';
-import { Op } from '../src/frame.js';
-import { pair, batch, fields } from './fixture.js';
-
-it('drains more than 128 publications and 64 MiB in order after consumer pressure', async () => {
-  const count = 160,
-    elements = 65536;
-  const arrived = deferred<void>();
-  const p = await pair(
-    {
-      limits: { streamWindowBytes: 96 * 1024 ** 2, bufferedBytes: 96 * 1024 ** 2 },
-      monitor: function* () {
-        const value = batch(elements);
-        const column = value.columns.value;
-        if (column.kind !== 'numeric') throw new Error('Expected numeric');
-        for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-          column.values.fill(i);
-          yield value;
-        }
-      },
-      commands: { ping: { parameters: {}, run: () => 'pong' } },
-    },
-    { limits: { streamWindowBytes: 96 * 1024 ** 2, bufferedBytes: 96 * 1024 ** 2 } },
-  );
-  let received = 0;
-  p.socket.on('message', (data) => {
-    if (data instanceof Buffer && data.readUInt16LE(6) === Op.publication && ++received === count)
-      arrived.resolve();
-    else if (
-      data instanceof ArrayBuffer &&
-      new DataView(data).getUint32(4, true) === Op.publication &&
-      ++received === count
-    )
-      arrived.resolve();
-  });
-  try {
-    const stream = p.model.monitor!(fields);
-    await arrived.promise;
-    let consumed = 0;
-    for await (const publication of stream) {
-      const column = publication[0].columns.value;
-      if (column.kind !== 'numeric') throw new Error('Expected numeric');
-      expect(column.values[0]).toBe(consumed);
-      expect(column.values[elements - 1]).toBe(consumed);
-      consumed++;
-    }
-    expect(consumed).toBe(count);
-    await expect(p.model.commands.ping.run({})).resolves.toBe('pong');
-  } finally {
-    await p.close();
-  }
-}, 15000);
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/protocol.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/protocol.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b679271c..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/protocol.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,213 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  appendData,
-  createData,
-  textColumn,
-  type Schema,
-  type Data,
-  type Column,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { preparePublication, preparePublications, decodePublication } from '../src/columns.js';
-import { decode, prepare, Op } from '../src/frame.js';
-import { defaults } from '../src/core.js';
-import { batch, schema } from './fixture.js';
-
-it('round trips native arrays, sparse rows and strided sample tiles without JSON numeric arrays', () => {
-  const values = Float64Array.of(99, 1, 2, 88, 3, 4);
-  const sample: Data.Batch = {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index: batch().index,
-    rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(1, 5) },
-    firstFrame: 2 ** 40,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.of(0, 1),
-    columns: {
-      output: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 1, length: 5, values, rowStride: 1, frameStride: 3 },
-    },
-  };
-  const plan = preparePublication(sample, 27, schema, defaults),
-    sent = plan.encode(3),
-    frame = decode(sent, defaults);
-  expect(frame.metadata).not.toHaveProperty('values');
-  const result = decodePublication({ bytes: frame.payload }, schema, defaults)[0];
-  expect(result).toEqual(sample);
-  const column = result.columns.output;
-  if (column.kind === 'numeric') expect(column.values.buffer).toBe(sent.buffer);
-  values.fill(77);
-  expect(result).not.toEqual(sample);
-});
-it('supports every nested static column form and non-ASCII IDs', () => {
-  const s: Schema = {
-    types: {
-      Node: {
-        fields: {
-          text: { type: 'text' },
-          flag: { type: 'boolean' },
-          vector: { type: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, items: 'float32' } },
-          list: { type: { kind: 'list', items: 'int32' } },
-          ref: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Node' } },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const value: Data.Batch = {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    index: batch().index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-    ids: textColumn(['東京', 'é']),
-    columns: {
-      text: textColumn(['hello', '世界']),
-      flag: { kind: 'boolean', offset: 0, length: 2, values: Uint8Array.of(1) },
-      vector: {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 2,
-        size: 2,
-        values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 4, values: Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4) },
-      },
-      list: {
-        kind: 'list',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 2,
-        offsets: Int32Array.of(0, 1, 3),
-        values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 3, values: Int32Array.of(1, 2, 3) },
-      },
-      ref: {
-        kind: 'reference',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 2,
-        index: batch().index,
-        values: Uint32Array.of(1, 0),
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const frame = decode(preparePublication(value, 1, s, defaults).encode(1), defaults);
-  expect(decodePublication({ bytes: frame.payload }, s, defaults)).toEqual([value]);
-});
-it('copies unaligned Buffer slices before making typed views', () => {
-  const frame = preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, defaults).encode(1);
-  const storage = Buffer.alloc(frame.length + 1);
-  storage.set(frame, 1);
-  const decoded = decode(storage.subarray(1), defaults);
-  expect(decoded.body.byteOffset % 8).toBe(0);
-  expect(decodePublication({ bytes: decoded.payload }, schema, defaults)).toEqual([batch()]);
-});
-it('rejects truncated, foreign, oversized and aliased malicious payloads', () => {
-  const encoded = preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, defaults).encode(1);
-  expect(() => decode(encoded.subarray(0, encoded.length - 1), defaults)).toThrow();
-  const foreign = Uint8Array.from(encoded);
-  foreign[3] = 0x31;
-  expect(() => decode(foreign, defaults)).toThrow(/Not a latkit frame/);
-  expect(() => preparePublication(batch(200_000), 1, schema, defaults)).toThrow();
-  const frame = decode(encoded, defaults);
-  const m = frame.metadata as { batches: { columns: Record<string, unknown> }[] };
-  m.batches[0].columns.output = m.batches[0].columns.value;
-  const duplicate = decode(
-    prepare(Op.publication, 1, m, [frame.body], defaults).encode(1),
-    defaults,
-  );
-  expect(() => decodePublication({ bytes: duplicate.payload }, schema, defaults)).toThrow();
-});
-it('rejects cycles, accessors, shared storage and excessive metadata before encoding', () => {
-  const cycle: Record<string, unknown> = {};
-  cycle.self = cycle;
-  expect(() => prepare(Op.run, 1, cycle, [], defaults)).toThrow(/Cyclic/);
-  let accessed = false;
-  const getter = {
-    get value() {
-      accessed = true;
-      return 1;
-    },
-  };
-  expect(() => prepare(Op.run, 1, getter, [], defaults)).toThrow(/accessors/);
-  expect(accessed).toBe(false);
-  expect(() =>
-    prepare(Op.run, 1, { long: 'x'.repeat(defaults.metadataBytes) }, [], defaults),
-  ).toThrow(/budget|large/);
-  const value = {
-    ...batch(),
-    columns: {
-      value: {
-        kind: 'numeric' as const,
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 8,
-        values: new Float64Array(new SharedArrayBuffer(64)),
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  expect(() => preparePublication(value, 1, schema, defaults)).toThrow(/Shared/);
-});
-
-it('rejects sparse-array allocation bombs and nonenumerable JSON hooks before invoking them', () => {
-  let invoked = false;
-  const hook = Object.defineProperty({}, 'toJSON', {
-    value: () => {
-      invoked = true;
-      return 'x';
-    },
-  });
-  expect(() => prepare(Op.run, 1, { hook }, [], defaults)).toThrow(/serialization/);
-  const items = new Array(100_000_000);
-  expect(() => prepare(Op.run, 1, { items }, [], defaults)).toThrow(/array limit/);
-  const hidden = Object.defineProperty([], '0', {
-    get: () => {
-      invoked = true;
-      return 1;
-    },
-  });
-  expect(() => prepare(Op.run, 1, { hidden }, [], defaults)).toThrow(/accessors/);
-  expect(invoked).toBe(false);
-});
-
-const small = { ...defaults, messageBytes: 8192, metadataBytes: 2048 };
-function samples(frames: number, rows = 4, firstFrame = 0): Data.SampleBatch {
-  const values = Float64Array.from({ length: frames * rows }, (_, i) => firstFrame * rows + i);
-  return {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index: batch().index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: rows },
-    firstFrame,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.from({ length: frames }, (_, i) => firstFrame + i),
-    columns: {
-      output: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: values.length,
-        values,
-        frameStride: rows,
-        rowStride: 1,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-/** Each message `preparePublications` makes, as a host decodes it. */
-function received(input: Data.Batch | readonly Data.Batch[], bounds = small) {
-  return Array.from(preparePublications(input, 1, schema, bounds), (plan) => {
-    const bytes = plan.encode(1);
-    expect(bytes.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(bounds.messageBytes);
-    return decodePublication({ bytes: decode(bytes, bounds).payload }, schema, bounds);
-  });
-}
-it('cuts a sample batch beyond one message between whole frames, each piece appending in turn', () => {
-  const original = samples(400);
-  const messages = received(original);
-  expect(messages.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
-  let data = createData(schema, []);
-  for (const publication of messages) data = appendData(data, publication as Data.SampleBatch[]);
-  const pieces = messages.flat() as Data.SampleBatch[];
-  const values = (piece: Data.SampleBatch) => [...(piece.columns.output as Column.Sample).values];
-  expect(pieces.flatMap((piece) => [...piece.coordinates])).toEqual([...original.coordinates]);
-  expect(pieces.flatMap(values)).toEqual(values(original));
-  expect(() => preparePublication(original, 1, schema, small)).toThrow(/message bounds/);
-});
-it('packs batches that fit into one atomic message, within the batch count and metadata bounds', () => {
-  expect(received([samples(2, 4, 0), samples(2, 4, 2)]).map((m) => m.length)).toEqual([2]);
-  const tiny = Array.from({ length: 70 }, (_, i) => samples(1, 1, i));
-  expect(received(tiny, defaults).map((m) => m.length)).toEqual([64, 6]);
-  const tight = received(tiny, { ...defaults, metadataBytes: 1024 });
-  expect(tight.length).toBeGreaterThan(2);
-  expect(tight.flat()).toHaveLength(70);
-});
-it('rejects one sample frame or a row batch beyond a message', () => {
-  expect(() => received(samples(1, 2000))).toThrow(/sample frame exceeds/);
-  expect(() => received(batch(2000))).toThrow(/row batch exceeds/);
-});
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/public-api.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/public-api.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index abee32b6..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/public-api.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, expectTypeOf, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Model } from '@latkit/model';
-import * as api from '../src/index.js';
-import type { ConnectedModel } from '../src/index.js';
-import { schema } from './fixture.js';
-it('exports the two connection entry points and the wire codec', () => {
-  expect(Object.keys(api).sort()).toEqual(['acceptModel', 'connectModel', 'protocol']);
-  expect(Object.keys(api.protocol).sort()).toEqual([
-    'Op',
-    'decode',
-    'decodePublication',
-    'forward',
-    'prepare',
-    'preparePublication',
-    'subprotocols',
-  ]);
-  expect(api.protocol.subprotocols).toEqual({ connect: 'latkit.connect', accept: 'latkit.accept' });
-});
-function usage() {
-  return api.connectModel(
-    {
-      name: 'test',
-      schema,
-      commands: {
-        echo: { parameters: { text: { type: 'text' } }, run: ({ text }) => text },
-        typed: {
-          parameters: {
-            text: { type: 'text' },
-            n: { type: 'number' },
-            b: { type: 'boolean' },
-            choice: { type: 'choice', choices: ['a', 'b'] },
-            files: { type: 'file', multiple: true },
-            optional: { type: 'number', optional: true },
-            defaulted: { type: 'number', optional: true, default: 1 },
-          },
-          run(args) {
-            expectTypeOf(args.text).toEqualTypeOf<string>();
-            expectTypeOf(args.n).toEqualTypeOf<number>();
-            expectTypeOf(args.b).toEqualTypeOf<boolean>();
-            expectTypeOf(args.choice).toEqualTypeOf<'a' | 'b'>();
-            expectTypeOf(args.files).toEqualTypeOf<readonly File[]>();
-            expectTypeOf(args.optional).toEqualTypeOf<number | undefined>();
-            expectTypeOf(args.defaulted).toEqualTypeOf<number>();
-            return null;
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    { url: 'http://localhost' },
-  );
-}
-function relay(accepted: ConnectedModel, socket: api.Connection.Socket) {
-  // An accepted model is a Model, served onward as it is.
-  expectTypeOf(accepted).toExtend<Model>();
-  return api.connectModel(accepted, { socket });
-}
-void usage;
-void relay;
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/roles.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/roles.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 80f13e24..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/roles.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { WebSocket } from 'ws';
-import type { Command, Model } from '@latkit/model';
-import { acceptModel, connectModel } from '../src/index.js';
-import type { ConnectedModel } from '../src/index.js';
-import { deferred } from '../src/core.js';
-import { Op } from '../src/frame.js';
-import { batch, collect, fields, listen, pair, schema } from './fixture.js';
-
-const cleanup: (() => Promise<unknown>)[] = [];
-afterEach(async () => {
-  for (const close of cleanup.splice(0).reverse()) await close();
-});
-
-const grid: Model = {
-  name: 'grid',
-  schema,
-  monitor: function* () {
-    yield batch(4, 2);
-  },
-  commands: {
-    solve: {
-      parameters: {},
-      async run(_, ctx) {
-        ctx.log({ severity: 'info', message: 'solving' });
-        await ctx.publish(batch(16, 3));
-        return 'solved';
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-
-/** A server that offers `model` on every socket it accepts, and the URL to dial it at. */
-async function offering(model: Model) {
-  const sockets: WebSocket[] = [];
-  const server = await listen((socket) => {
-    sockets.push(socket);
-    void connectModel(model, { socket }).catch(() => {});
-  });
-  cleanup.push(server.close);
-  return { url: server.url + '/grid', sockets };
-}
-
-/** The publication frames a socket sent, from byte 16 on. */
-function sentPayloads(socket: WebSocket): Uint8Array[] {
-  const payloads: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  const send = socket.send.bind(socket);
-  socket.send = ((data: Uint8Array, ...rest: never[]) => {
-    const view = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
-    if (view.getUint32(4, true) === Op.publication)
-      payloads.push(Uint8Array.from(data.subarray(16)));
-    return send(data, ...rest);
-  }) as typeof socket.send;
-  return payloads;
-}
-
-it('accepts a model by dialing it, offered on the socket a server accepted', async () => {
-  const { url } = await offering(grid);
-  const model = await acceptModel({ url });
-  cleanup.push(() => model.close());
-  expect(model.name).toBe('grid');
-  expect(await collect(model.monitor!(fields))).toEqual([[batch(4, 2)]]);
-  const received: Model.Publication[] = [];
-  await expect(
-    model.commands.solve.run(
-      {},
-      {
-        outputs: fields,
-        publish: async (publication) => void received.push(publication as Model.Publication),
-      },
-    ),
-  ).resolves.toBe('solved');
-  expect(received).toEqual([[batch(16, 3)]]);
-});
-
-it('serves an accepted model onward as it is, sending publications on as the bytes that arrived', async () => {
-  const p = await pair(grid);
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  const arrived: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  p.socket.on('message', (data: ArrayBuffer) => {
-    if (new DataView(data).getUint32(4, true) === Op.publication)
-      arrived.push(new Uint8Array(data.slice(16)));
-  });
-  const { url, sockets } = await offering(p.model);
-  const page = await acceptModel({ url });
-  cleanup.push(() => page.close());
-  const onward = sentPayloads(sockets[0]);
-  const logs: Command.LogEntry[] = [];
-  const received: Model.Publication[] = [];
-  expect(await collect(page.monitor!(fields))).toEqual([[batch(4, 2)]]);
-  await expect(
-    page.commands.solve.run(
-      {},
-      {
-        outputs: fields,
-        publish: async (publication) => void received.push(publication as Model.Publication),
-        log: (entry) => logs.push(entry),
-      },
-    ),
-  ).resolves.toBe('solved');
-  expect(received).toEqual([[batch(16, 3)]]);
-  expect(logs.map(({ message }) => message)).toEqual(['solving']);
-  expect(onward).toHaveLength(2);
-  expect(onward).toEqual(arrived);
-});
-
-it('closes the connections serving a model when it closes, with its reason', async () => {
-  const p = await pair(grid);
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  const { url } = await offering(p.model);
-  const page = await acceptModel({ url });
-  cleanup.push(() => page.close());
-  const closed = expect(page.closed).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'disconnected' });
-  await p.connection.close();
-  await closed;
-});
-
-it('fails with the reason a server gives when it turns a socket away', async () => {
-  const server = await listen((socket) => socket.close(4404, 'No model named grid is connected.'));
-  cleanup.push(server.close);
-  await expect(acceptModel({ url: server.url + '/grid' })).rejects.toMatchObject({
-    code: 'disconnected',
-    message: 'No model named grid is connected.',
-  });
-});
-
-it('reads nothing for an empty selection, and has no monitor when the model offers none', async () => {
-  let reads = 0;
-  const p = await pair({
-    monitor: function* () {
-      reads++;
-      yield batch();
-    },
-  });
-  cleanup.push(p.close);
-  expect(await collect(p.model.monitor!([]))).toEqual([]);
-  expect(reads).toBe(0);
-  const silent = await pair({ commands: { ping: { parameters: {}, run: () => 'pong' } } });
-  cleanup.push(silent.close);
-  expect(silent.model.monitor).toBeUndefined();
-  await expect(silent.model.commands.ping.run({})).resolves.toBe('pong');
-});
-
-it('refuses a socket that negotiated the other role', async () => {
-  const accepted = deferred<ConnectedModel>();
-  // A server accepting what it should connect: both sides wait to be offered a model.
-  const server = await listen((socket) => {
-    void acceptModel({ socket, limits: { timeoutMs: 200 } }).then(
-      accepted.resolve,
-      accepted.reject,
-    );
-  });
-  cleanup.push(server.close);
-  await expect(acceptModel({ url: server.url, limits: { timeoutMs: 200 } })).rejects.toThrow();
-  await expect(accepted.promise).rejects.toThrow(/latkit.connect/);
-});
diff --git a/packages/connect/tests/session.test.ts b/packages/connect/tests/session.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c4753329..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tests/session.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,343 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { Session } from '../src/session.js';
-import { defaults } from '../src/core.js';
-import { Op, decode, prepare } from '../src/frame.js';
-import type { Connection } from '../src/types.js';
-import { batch, schema, pause } from './fixture.js';
-import { preparePublication } from '../src/columns.js';
-
-class Socket implements Connection.Socket {
-  readyState = 1;
-  protocol = 'latkit.connect';
-  binaryType = 'arraybuffer';
-  bufferedAmount = 0;
-  sent: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  listeners = new Map<string, Set<(event: { data: unknown; reason?: string }) => void>>();
-  peer?: Socket;
-  addEventListener(type: string, listener: (event: { data: unknown; reason?: string }) => void) {
-    let set = this.listeners.get(type);
-    if (!set) this.listeners.set(type, (set = new Set()));
-    set.add(listener);
-  }
-  removeEventListener(type: string, listener: (event: { data: unknown; reason?: string }) => void) {
-    this.listeners.get(type)?.delete(listener);
-  }
-  send(data: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>) {
-    this.sent.push(data);
-    const copy = Uint8Array.from(data);
-    queueMicrotask(() => this.peer?.emit('message', copy.buffer));
-  }
-  emit(type: string, data: unknown = undefined) {
-    for (const listener of this.listeners.get(type) ?? []) listener({ data });
-  }
-  close() {
-    if (this.readyState === 3) return;
-    this.readyState = 3;
-    queueMicrotask(() => this.emit('close'));
-  }
-}
-function sessions(overrides: Partial<Connection.Limits> = {}) {
-  const a = new Socket(),
-    b = new Socket();
-  a.peer = b;
-  b.peer = a;
-  const bounds = {
-    messageBytes: 8192,
-    metadataBytes: 1024,
-    bufferedBytes: 16384,
-    streamWindowBytes: 8192,
-    streamWindowMessages: 2,
-    bufferedMessages: 4,
-    timeoutMs: 100,
-    ...overrides,
-  };
-  return {
-    a,
-    b,
-    producer: new Session(a, { subprotocol: 'latkit.connect', limits: bounds }),
-    host: new Session(b, { subprotocol: 'latkit.connect', limits: bounds }),
-  };
-}
-it('pipelines up to credit, holds one pending publish, and acknowledges consumption once', async () => {
-  const p = sessions(),
-    receiver = p.host.receiver(1),
-    sender = p.producer.sender(1, receiver.windowBytes, receiver.windowMessages);
-  try {
-    const plan = preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, p.producer.bounds);
-    await sender.write(plan);
-    await sender.write(plan);
-    let completed = false;
-    const third = sender.write(plan).then(() => {
-      completed = true;
-    });
-    await pause(5);
-    expect(completed).toBe(false);
-    expect(p.b.sent).toHaveLength(0);
-    await receiver.next();
-    await pause(2);
-    expect(completed).toBe(false);
-    await receiver.next();
-    await third;
-    expect(completed).toBe(true);
-    await sender.finish(Op.end);
-    expect((await receiver.next()).done).toBe(false);
-    expect((await receiver.next()).done).toBe(true);
-    await pause(5);
-    expect(p.producer.senders.size).toBe(0);
-    expect(p.host.receivers.size).toBe(0);
-    const acks = p.b.sent.map((v) => decode(v, defaults)).filter((f) => f.op === Op.ack);
-    expect(acks.filter((f) => f.metadata.terminal)).toHaveLength(1);
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-  }
-});
-it('reserves a global byte and message budget across streams', async () => {
-  const p = sessions();
-  try {
-    p.host.receiver(1);
-    p.host.receiver(2);
-    expect(() => p.host.receiver(3)).toThrow(/budget/);
-    p.producer.sender(1, 8192, 2);
-    p.producer.sender(2, 8192, 2);
-    expect(() => p.producer.sender(3, 8192, 2)).toThrow(/budget/);
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-  }
-});
-it('rejects over-credit data and out-of-order sequences at the receiving boundary', async () => {
-  for (const sequence of [3, 1]) {
-    const p = sessions();
-    p.host.receiver(1);
-    const rejected = expect(p.host.closed).rejects.toThrow();
-    const frame = preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, p.host.bounds);
-    p.b.emit('message', frame.encode(sequence).buffer);
-    if (sequence === 1) p.b.emit('message', frame.encode(1).buffer);
-    await rejected;
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-  }
-});
-it('orders bounded controls when the socket is stalled and wakes on disconnect', async () => {
-  const p = sessions();
-  p.a.bufferedAmount = 16384;
-  p.host.onControl = () => {};
-  const first = p.producer.control(Op.monitor, 1, { order: 1 });
-  const second = p.producer.control(Op.cancel, 1);
-  await pause(5);
-  expect(p.a.sent).toHaveLength(0);
-  p.a.bufferedAmount = 0;
-  await Promise.all([first, second]);
-  expect(p.a.sent.map((b) => decode(b, defaults).op)).toEqual([Op.monitor, Op.cancel]);
-  await p.producer.close();
-  await p.host.close();
-});
-it('rejects malformed messages and missing negotiation', async () => {
-  const socket = new Socket();
-  socket.protocol = '';
-  const session = new Session(socket, { subprotocol: 'latkit.connect' });
-  await expect(session.closed).rejects.toThrow(/subprotocol/);
-  const p = sessions();
-  const rejected = expect(p.host.closed).rejects.toThrow();
-  p.b.emit('message', prepare(Op.end, 1, {}, [], defaults).encode().buffer);
-  await rejected;
-  await p.producer.close();
-  await p.host.close();
-});
-
-it('fails a peer that sends more sequential publications than granted message credit', async () => {
-  const p = sessions();
-  p.host.receiver(1);
-  const rejected = expect(p.host.closed).rejects.toThrow(/receive credit/);
-  const plan = preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, p.host.bounds);
-  for (let sequence = 1; sequence <= 3; sequence++)
-    p.b.emit('message', plan.encode(sequence).buffer);
-  await rejected;
-  await p.producer.close();
-  await p.host.close();
-});
-
-it('coalesces a stalled ACK to the latest sequence and preserves its terminal upgrade', async () => {
-  const p = sessions({
-    bufferedBytes: 1024 * 1024,
-    streamWindowBytes: 1024 * 1024,
-    streamWindowMessages: 1024,
-    bufferedMessages: 1024,
-    streams: 1,
-  });
-  const receiver = p.host.receiver(1);
-  const sender = p.producer.sender(1, receiver.windowBytes, receiver.windowMessages);
-  const queued = vi.spyOn(p.host.outbound, 'write');
-  try {
-    const plan = preparePublication(batch(1), 1, schema, p.producer.bounds);
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1024; i++) await sender.write(plan);
-    p.b.bufferedAmount = p.host.bounds.bufferedBytes;
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1024; i++) expect((await receiver.next()).done).toBe(false);
-    expect(queued).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    await sender.finish(Op.end);
-    let finished = false;
-    const last = receiver.next().then((value) => {
-      finished = true;
-      return value;
-    });
-    await pause(5);
-    expect(finished).toBe(false);
-    expect(queued).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    expect(p.b.sent).toHaveLength(0);
-    expect(() => p.host.receiver(2)).toThrow(/streams/);
-    p.b.bufferedAmount = 0;
-    expect((await last).done).toBe(true);
-    const acks = p.b.sent.map((v) => decode(v, defaults));
-    expect(acks.map((f) => f.metadata)).toEqual([{ sequence: 1024, terminal: true }]);
-    expect(p.host.receivers.size).toBe(0);
-    expect(p.producer.senders.size).toBe(0);
-    // Reusing the only slot cannot overtake its predecessor's terminal ACK.
-    const second = p.host.receiver(2);
-    const nextSender = p.producer.sender(2, second.windowBytes, second.windowMessages);
-    await nextSender.finish(Op.end);
-    expect((await second.next()).done).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-  }
-});
-
-it('keeps credit and socket waits alive beyond 30 seconds, then drains in order', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers();
-  const p = sessions();
-  try {
-    const receiver = p.host.receiver(1);
-    const sender = p.producer.sender(1, receiver.windowBytes, receiver.windowMessages);
-    const plan = preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, p.producer.bounds);
-    await sender.write(plan);
-    await sender.write(plan);
-    let sent = false;
-    const third = sender.write(plan).then(() => {
-      sent = true;
-    });
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(31000);
-    expect(sent).toBe(false);
-    expect(sender.signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-    p.b.bufferedAmount = p.host.bounds.bufferedBytes;
-    await receiver.next();
-    await receiver.next();
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(31000);
-    expect(p.host.lifetime.signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-    expect(sent).toBe(false);
-    p.b.bufferedAmount = 0;
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(4);
-    await third;
-    await sender.finish(Op.end);
-    expect((await receiver.next()).done).toBe(false);
-    expect((await receiver.next()).done).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-    vi.useRealTimers();
-  }
-});
-
-it('starts cancellation deadlines after sending and retires an empty terminal ACK', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers();
-  const p = sessions();
-  try {
-    const receiver = p.host.receiver(1);
-    const sender = p.producer.sender(1, receiver.windowBytes, receiver.windowMessages);
-    p.b.bufferedAmount = p.host.bounds.bufferedBytes;
-    receiver.cancel();
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(31000);
-    expect(p.host.lifetime.signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-    expect(sender.signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-    p.b.bufferedAmount = 0;
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(4);
-    expect(sender.signal.aborted).toBe(true);
-    await sender.finish(Op.end);
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200);
-    expect(p.host.receivers.size).toBe(0);
-    expect(p.producer.senders.size).toBe(0);
-    expect(p.host.lifetime.signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-    expect(decode(p.b.sent.at(-1)!, defaults).metadata).toEqual({ sequence: 0, terminal: true });
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-    vi.useRealTimers();
-  }
-});
-
-it('bounds and deduplicates close even when its reason cannot drain', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers();
-  const p = sessions();
-  try {
-    p.a.bufferedAmount = p.producer.bounds.bufferedBytes;
-    const pending = p.producer.control(Op.monitor, 1);
-    const rejected = expect(pending).rejects.toThrow(/closed/);
-    const close = p.producer.close({ code: 'shutdown', message: 'Closing' });
-    expect(p.producer.close({ code: 'again', message: 'Again' })).toBe(close);
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(101);
-    await close;
-    await rejected;
-    expect(p.a.sent).toHaveLength(0);
-    expect(p.producer.lifetime.signal.aborted).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-    vi.useRealTimers();
-  }
-});
-
-it('aborts both credit and outbound waits on teardown', async () => {
-  const p = sessions();
-  try {
-    const receiver = p.host.receiver(1);
-    const sender = p.producer.sender(1, receiver.windowBytes, receiver.windowMessages);
-    const plan = preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, p.producer.bounds);
-    await sender.write(plan);
-    await sender.write(plan);
-    const blocked = expect(sender.write(plan)).rejects.toThrow(/closed/);
-    p.a.bufferedAmount = p.producer.bounds.bufferedBytes;
-    const control = expect(p.producer.control(Op.progress, 1, { completed: 1 })).rejects.toThrow(
-      /closed/,
-    );
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await Promise.all([blocked, control]);
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-  }
-});
-
-it('preserves an already queued publication before cancellation terminal and serves other streams fairly', async () => {
-  const p = sessions();
-  try {
-    const r1 = p.host.receiver(1),
-      r2 = p.host.receiver(2);
-    const s1 = p.producer.sender(1, r1.windowBytes, r1.windowMessages);
-    const s2 = p.producer.sender(2, r2.windowBytes, r2.windowMessages);
-    p.a.bufferedAmount = p.producer.bounds.bufferedBytes;
-    const first = s1.write(preparePublication(batch(), 1, schema, p.producer.bounds));
-    const second = s2.write(preparePublication(batch(), 2, schema, p.producer.bounds));
-    s1.cancel();
-    const terminal = s1.finish(Op.end);
-    p.a.bufferedAmount = 0;
-    await Promise.all([first, second, terminal]);
-    expect(
-      p.a.sent.map((v) => {
-        const f = decode(v, defaults);
-        return [f.id, f.op];
-      }),
-    ).toEqual([
-      [1, Op.publication],
-      [2, Op.publication],
-      [1, Op.end],
-    ]);
-    expect((await r1.next()).done).toBe(false);
-    expect((await r1.next()).done).toBe(true);
-    await s2.finish(Op.end);
-    expect((await r2.next()).done).toBe(false);
-    expect((await r2.next()).done).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    await p.producer.close();
-    await p.host.close();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/packages/connect/tsconfig.json b/packages/connect/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 90da8127..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": { "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM"], "types": ["node"], "noEmit": true },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/connect/tsup.config.ts b/packages/connect/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 77a94516..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: true,
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  splitting: false,
-});
diff --git a/packages/connect/vitest.config.ts b/packages/connect/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a87a10ed..00000000
--- a/packages/connect/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-export default defineConfig({ test: { name: '@latkit/connect', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] } });
diff --git a/packages/diagram/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/diagram/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9863d31a..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,770 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/diagram
-
-## 0.12.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: A geography package draws the earth alone or beneath a network, and network edges curve over the globe and pick on every projection.
-
-  Added
-
-  - geography: `createGeography` draws the ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data, `geojson()`, or `tiles()`, flat or on a globe. Data prepares in workers, simplified alike along shared borders, and each frame draws what is in view at the detail it shows.
-  - geography: `geojson()` reads a URL, as a string or a `URL`, as `tiles()` does; a Blob such as a local file; or bytes, gzipped or not; decoded and parsed in a worker.
-  - geography: `tiles()` reads vector tiles from a PMTiles archive by URL, as a local file, or as bytes; a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template; or TileJSON. A feature with an id is one item in every tile and zoom that holds it. `info.schema` holds each layer's fields as the tiles' metadata declares them.
-  - geography: tiles decode only the layers and properties records read, and every tile carries each field read, typed as declared, so a name no feature of a tile holds reads as empty there instead of failing the frame. Tiles share one schema, so what reads them plans once.
-  - geography: a record whose `visible` is false draws its labels alone; nothing of it hovers or picks.
-  - geography: lines take `dash` and `flowPx` as network edges do, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - network: `ground` draws a view beneath the graph, such as a geography, in its pass. Its sun lights the graph, and a gesture the graph leaves reaches it unless its `input` is `'none'`.
-  - network: the `mercator` projection, for geographic data.
-  - network: edges curve over the globe on the GPU, in as many pieces as the screen needs; geodesics also draw on flat and mercator maps.
-  - gpu: `Labels` takes `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx`, for every view that labels in CSS pixels.
-  - gpu: `ProjectedCamera`; `kit.Projector` and `kit.projectionShader`, one projection in TypeScript and WGSL; `kit.layerOf` and the `Layer` types, which draw one view beneath another; `stroke_comet` in `kit.strokeShader`; and `BaseView.paused`, called as a view pauses.
-  - model: `Work` takes a `Work.Priority`; `'background'` work yields to everything else.
-  - model: a `geographic` field may hold lists of positions, as polylines, and lists of those, as rings.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `grid` and `gridColor` draw lines of the data's x and y beneath the graph, as before longitude and latitude for geographic data and now also a plain plane's, the nicest step at least `gridMinSpacingPx` apart; over a ground, the ground's own `grid` draws instead.
-  - network: an edge's `route` defaults to `geodesic` on the globe and `straight` on flat maps.
-  - network: geographic positions start on the mercator plane, as a geography does.
-  - network: picking and hover query hit-test indexes on every projection, built in the background once the positions and the camera hold still. Only rows raised by `z` scan.
-  - network: a dashed edge picks along its whole length, gaps included.
-  - network: a camera move uploads no draw parameters, and a frame draws edges in one render pass.
-  - gpu: `ItemView.Config` holds no `source`; each view's config declares its own.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network: `paths`, `PathOptions`, and `LineOptions`. Draw lines that join no vertices as a geography's `lines`.
-  - network: `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight`, `sunTime`, `nightFloor`, `surfaceNightFloor`, `terminatorWidth`, `pathColor`, and `pathWidthPx`. Set `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight` (a time, `'now'`, or `false`), `nightFloor`, and `terminatorWidth` on a geography, and its `grid` for lines of longitude and latitude.
-  - network: `Camera` and `Projection`. Import `ProjectedCamera` from `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - network: `NetworkLabels`. Its `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx` are `Labels` options now.
-
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.19.0
-  - @latkit/model@4.2.0
-
-## 0.11.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 6ebb914: Selected and hovered items glow in every view, picks answer with what the frame draws, and a network draws its selection over the rest, so a crowded region never hides it.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `itemKey(item, ...qualifiers)`, the identity every view's selection builds on.
-  - gpu: `unselectedAlpha` for every view, `glowAlpha` and `stroke_nearest` in the kit shaders, and a view's `detail` hook.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - gpu: `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` color a glow, and `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`, now 6 and 8, set its reach. `'none'` glows in each item's own color.
-  - gpu: clicks, double clicks, and menus answer with what the presented frame draws; a later one supersedes one still finding its hits. Clicking again in place cycles only while the same items lie there.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.touch` takes several ranges as one revision.
-  - network: selected and hovered rows, and the ends of a focused edge, draw over everything but labels. Picks keep one hit per item and take `limit`.
-  - diagram: selected, hovered, and targeted items glow. Selecting a row of another row space throws `conflict`.
-  - monitor: pick and hover hit a line anywhere it draws, one reading per row, and a reading selects its row. A selected trace glows, and a lone sample between gaps draws as a dot.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: its own `unselectedAlpha`, now every view's, and the selected traces' minimum width.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [6ebb914]
-  - @latkit/model@4.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.18.0
-
-## 0.10.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [d36979c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.17.0
-
-## 0.10.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 7e03209: A diagram lays out, packs, and routes each connected part on its own, so a case of many separate parts reads as a grid of them; motion is drawn on the GPU at any size; and `set` keeps what a patch repeats.
-
-  Added
-
-  - diagram: `aspect` in `LayoutOptions`, the shape of the rows parts pack into.
-  - gpu: `replace` in `SetOptions`: the patch is the whole config, and what it leaves out resets.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - diagram: vertices that edges join form a part. Each part is arranged alone, and the parts nothing pins pack into rows below the pinned ones; a group is arranged inside first and then moves as one vertex of its part. The 2,000-bus Texas case routes in 0.16 s rather than 1.4 s, its wires a 26th as long; 10,000 buses route in 0.46 s rather than 27 s.
-  - diagram: a `LayoutStrategy` arranges one part at a time, and its vertices are vertex rows or groups. Every vertex the layout places moves by whole grid steps, a strategy's included.
-  - diagram: a vertex with `x` and `y` is always pinned, and the layout places only the rest. Positions are read apart from the structure, so new positions alone reread nothing else: accepting a move at 10,000 blocks takes about half as long.
-  - diagram: a move proposal's `positions` hold each dragged vertex and each the layout placed, so writing them keeps the drawing as shown.
-  - diagram: transitions ease vertices on the GPU and fade wires between their routes, at any size, so no frame reroutes; picking holds the target, as it holds accepted positions during a drag.
-  - diagram: a part that did not change keeps its wires and labels, and edges keep their routes by row identity, so a row read earlier no longer routes every later one again.
-  - diagram: labels slide along their wire to a spot clear of blocks and group titles, and the layout leaves room for a tag's label at each end.
-  - gpu: a patch value equal to the one held keeps the held one, so a view rebuilds nothing from it, and a patch that changes nothing does nothing, `animate` included. Plain objects compare by what they hold; data under a `source` compares as itself.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - diagram: `'manual'` layout, now that positions pin; the `layout` string shorthand and the `Layout` type; `MoveProposal.moves`; `animationMaxVertices`.
-  - gpu: `ConfigShape.shorthands`.
-
-- 7e03209: Every view places vertices without a position through one layout: a network spreads them among the vertices they join, where it drew them on a circle, and a diagram ranks them as before.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `LayoutOptions`, `LayoutStrategy`, `LayoutPart`, `LayoutItem`, and `Positions`, shared by the views; `kit.Graph`, `kit.place`, and `kit.layoutOptions`, which place a graph's vertices part by part; `kit.channelValues`, a channel's value at every row of a fields block in one pass.
-  - gpu: the `'stress'` layout, which keeps each part's graph distances, an edge `vertexGap` long, with pinned vertices fixed. It is linear in the part: a 100,000-bus network without positions draws its first frame in under half a second.
-  - network: `layout` in the config, `layoutMs` in `limits`, and `arrange`, which places a network's vertices without drawing: positions by vertex type.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: a type without `x` or `y`, and each row whose position reads no number, is placed by `'stress'` among the positioned vertices it joins, each edge as long as theirs; parts nothing positions pack below. Geographic data may hold such rows. Placed vertices stay where they were as the data changes, until the layout options do, and a network that positions every vertex reads nothing more.
-  - diagram: a `LayoutStrategy` arranges a `LayoutPart`: its vertices and edges by index into a graph, with columns of pins, sizes, end directions, ports, and label room. It returns two numbers a vertex.
-  - diagram: in a group, flow runs from the outputs inside it, so a net whose source is outside orders its other ends only by their own directions.
-  - diagram: layout takes about a tenth less time, and `neighborhood` and drags read each vertex's own edges rather than every edge.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - diagram: `LayoutOptions`, `LayoutStrategy`, and `Positions`, now in `@latkit/gpu`; `LayoutGraph`, `LayoutVertex`, `LayoutEdge`, and `LayoutPort`, which `LayoutPart` replaces.
-  - network: placement on a circle, and the error for geographic data with vertices that have no position.
-
-- 7e03209: A network draws each vertex with a marker: a shape, gauge, pie, or icon, or WGSL of your own, in CSS pixels. Animated changes ease on the GPU, flow moves as comets, and every view that zooms navigates the same way.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `shape`, `gauge`, `pie`, and `icon`, with the `Marker`, `MarkerImage`, and `Shape` types; `pulse`, a shade for rows whose `shade` is positive.
-  - gpu: `kit.checkMarker`, `kit.markerShader`, `kit.shapeShader`, `kit.markerAtlas`, `kit.SHAPES`, and `kit.MARKER_INPUTS`; `kit.readRows`; `kit.Grab`, which a view's `grab` returns to take a press before navigation.
-  - gpu: marker WGSL: `MarkerFragment` and `MarkerColor`, and the shared `shapeDistance`, `filled`, `over`, `gaugeMarker`, `pieMarker`, and `markerImage`. A marker's layers carry their own coverage; its distance is its outline, which halos and shadows follow.
-  - network: a vertex type's `marker`; `flowPx` on edges and paths, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`; `shadows`, `hoverScale`, and `labelHaloPx`.
-  - network: `edgeSpacingPx`, which draws edges joining the same two vertices apart, straight or geodesic, in drawing, picking, and labels; a type with `bends` follows its own routes.
-  - Every view that zooms: a touch held in place opens the context menu, and two pointers pinch.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `set(…, { animate: true })` eases positions, colors, sizes, widths, flow, and marker inputs over `animationMs`, on the GPU, the short way round a globe; labels follow as the GPU mixes. Rows new to the drawing ease in from nothing, and a transition the GPU budget cannot hold steps. Per-frame CPU work stays the same.
-  - network: labels' halo takes the color of the ground they lie on, `surfaceColor`, in place of `background`.
-  - network: on a globe, the surface no longer cuts markers and labels where it bulges toward the camera across them.
-  - network: a marker's shade colors what the row draws, and its hover and selected halos draw over that, as a diagram's do; a line's do too.
-  - network: hover grows a vertex's marker by `hoverScale`, 1.25 by default.
-  - network: a vertex's label sits in the widest gap between its edges.
-  - diagram: blocks draw with the shared shapes and shadow, and drag through the views' `grab`.
-  - monitor: a fit leaves `fitPaddingPx` clear around the values, in pixels, as every view's fit does. The monitor has no pointer navigation, so the page keeps wheel and touch scrolling.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: `domainPadding`; use `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - diagram: `Shape`, now in `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - gpu: `clicks` in a view's definition; a view takes the presses it handles with `grab`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.16.0
-
-## 0.9.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- df714d5: Every per-row option is a channel: one value for every row, a field, or a field through a scale. Positions are `x`, `y`, and `z` channels, every view reads its channels through one shader struct, and a view's defaults are named after the channels they stand in for.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `Channel` and `ColorChannel`; `component` on `Scale` and `ColorScale`, and `missing` on both.
-  - gpu: `kit.bindChannels`, `kit.resolveChannels`, `kit.resolveChannel`, `kit.channelValue`, `kit.channelOn`, `kit.writeChannel`, and `kit.resolveLabels`; `LatkitChannel`, `channelNumber`, `channelOn`, `channelColor`, and `finiteValue` in `kit.fieldShader`.
-  - gpu: `stride` on `BufferData.update`, which compares whole records.
-  - network: `x`, `y`, and `z` on vertices; `x` and `y` on a net, where its star meets; `dash` and `shade` on paths; `pathColor` and `pathWidthPx`; `LineOptions`, the options edges and paths share.
-  - diagram: `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height` on vertices; `Positions`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `y`; `traceColor` and `traceWidthPx`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network, diagram, and monitor: `radiusPx`, `widthPx`, `flowPx`, `visible`, `shade`, `dash`, and `status` each take one value, a field name, or a scale. A `widthPx` field draws each network and monitor line at its own width, and spans 1 to 4 CSS pixels in every view.
-  - `color` takes one color for every row, in place of `baseColor`; a scale's `missing` fills rows its field leaves empty.
-  - A boolean channel is on where it reads true or positive in every view; the diagram and monitor showed negative values.
-  - `null` in a config means unset everywhere: options that used it as a value take `'ends'`, `'now'`, or `'none'`.
-  - A view keeps a field name as given: `config` holds `color: 'load'`, not `{ field: 'load' }`.
-  - diagram: `arrange` and a move proposal's `positions` give each type's `{ x, y }`, to spread into its options.
-  - gpu: `revealPaddingPx` takes insets, like `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - gpu: the views of a composition keep their memoized work apart.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update` records one revision for all it changed, so a consumer uploads those ranges rather than everything.
-  - network: positions that change keep the drawn topology; only a type moving between circle, plane, and geographic placement rebuilds it.
-  - network: each page's uniform stays on the GPU between frames, and a frame uploads only the pages that changed; a frame where nothing moved uploads about an eighth of what it did at a million buses.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `height` to `z`, `sizePx` to `radiusPx`, and an edge's `junction` to `x` and `y`; `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor` (`'ends'` for `null`), `heightScale` to `zScale`, and `graticule` to `grid`; a label's `sizePx` to `fontSizePx`.
-  - diagram: `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor`, `flow` to `flowPx`, and a label's `size` to `fontSize`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `field` to `y`; the camera's `window` and `values` to `x` and `y`; `coordinateAxis` and `valueAxis` to `xAxis` and `yAxis`.
-  - gpu: `selectedColor: null` to `'none'`; network `sunTime: null` to `'now'`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network and diagram: `position` and `baseColor`. diagram: `size`, now `width` and `height`. monitor: `baseColor`.
-  - gpu: `Position2D`, `kit.Expanded`, `ConfigShape.fields` and `nested`, and `kit.scaleParameters`; `LatkitScale`, `scaleMapped`, `fieldNumber`, `fieldScaled`, and `fieldColor` in shaders.
-  - diagram: `DiagramEvents.open`, which every item view's events already carry.
-
-- df714d5: One text system, spatial index, memo, and change test for every view; schemas state facts and views bind every field; diagram styles on the GPU.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `samePages`; `fieldDefinition`; `geographic` on a position field; `ReadScope.recording` and `ReadScope.hold`, with `ReadRecord`.
-  - gpu: `gpu.layoutText`; `kit.BoxIndex`, `kit.Occupancy`, `kit.sameValues`, and `kit.sameRecords`; `kit.fieldShader({ colormap })` adds `fieldColor`, and the field shader carries the scale WGSL.
-  - gpu: `frame.memo(slot, deps, build)`, reused until its deps, the coordinate of a sampled read, a bound buffer, or held memory change.
-  - gpu: `kit.TextBank`, `kit.textOrigin`, and `kit.textBox`, with `TextCandidate` and `TextPlacement`; `TextAlign` and `TextBaseline`; `align` on `TextLayoutInput`; `baseline`, `lineHeight`, `capHeight`, and `align` on `TextLayout`; `latkitAnchor` and a pixel halo in `kit.textShader`.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update(values)`, which marks only the words that changed.
-  - monitor: `coordinateAt(point)`, the coordinate under a canvas point of the drawn plot.
-  - network: `repeatSpacingPx` on labels.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: positions are bound like every other field; without them, rows sit on a circle. Whether they are longitude and latitude comes from the bound fields' `geographic`.
-  - Text draws from one glyph atlas, one SDF per font and grapheme, and repeated layouts are cached. Lines are the font's ascent and descent tall, so every string of a font shares one baseline, and titles, port names, wire labels, and axis ticks center by their capitals.
-  - Every view draws its labels through `kit.TextBank`: a label's glyphs are prepared once, and frames move or hide only its anchor.
-  - `TextBitmap.ascent` and `descent` are the font's line metrics; the rasterizer reports `fontBoundingBox` values.
-  - `textColor(uv, color, halo, haloPx)` in `kit.textShader` takes a halo.
-  - network: labels try right, left, above, and below a marker, never over another marker, with a halo over lines; line labels center on their line.
-  - network and diagram: field reads, scales, style passes, and scene geometry are memoized, so a frame where nothing changed reads and uploads nothing.
-  - diagram: bound colors, widths, flow, shade, and status are written on the GPU, so restyling or playing them never rereads or reroutes the scene, and styles keep playing during a drag.
-  - diagram: wires route as net trees with separated tracks and rounded bends; ports, arrowheads, and junctions scale with the blocks; blocks draw a header band, outline, status ring, and shadow; titles read on any fill; picking holds typed arrays.
-  - diagram: `msaa` defaults to `1`, since every shape antialiases in its shader.
-  - monitor: a null visibility shows the trace; shade defaults to `0`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - diagram: `portSizePx` to `portSize` and `portFontSizePx` to `portFontSize`, in diagram units.
-  - gpu: `kit.BoxIndex.query` to `kit.BoxIndex.some`, which visits until told to stop and allocates nothing.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - model: `TypeDefinition.spatial`. A position field says whether it is `geographic`, and a view binds its positions itself. Schemas cross connect, so peers upgrade together.
-  - gpu: `TextLayout.ascent` and `descent`; `kit.scaleShader` (in `kit.fieldShader`), `kit.defaultShade`, and `kit.localPoint`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-  - @latkit/model@4.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.15.0
-
-## 0.8.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 35b7171: One failure, one item identity, one view contract, one option vocabulary, and one memory budget, with constant CPU work per frame.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `Item`, `sameItem`, and `itemId`; `FailureCode` and `isFailure`; `createMemory`, `Memory`, `MemoryBudget`, and `MemoryStats`; `Work` and `interruptible`.
-  - gpu: the types an app names at the root, including `ViewConfig`, `ViewEvents`, `Patch`, `FrameInfo`, `Viewport`, `Composition`, `Scale`, `ColorScale`, `Position2D`, `Labels`, and the text types; `kit.resolveLimits` and `kit.clearColor`.
-  - Item views: a click in place cycles through overlapping hits and a modifier toggles the topmost; a double click or Enter reports `open`, and a double click on nothing fits the data.
-  - Compositions route pointer, wheel, menu, and key input to the view under the pointer.
-  - network: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types, and `widthPx` on edge types. diagram: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types.
-  - connect: `protocol.forward(id, bytes)` frames a received publication for another stream without encoding it again.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Every package throws model `Failure`s. A peer's error keeps a code latkit knows, and malformed peer data reports `protocol`.
-  - `kit.BaseView`: `resolve` runs once per config, `configure` receives the resolved configs, and `prepare` returns what `encode` and `submitted` receive. `kit.BaseItemView` builds `pipelines` once per variant for every view of a kind, names the view in `kit.ItemShape`, and rejects options it does not know.
-  - One memory pool bounds the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources: `createReader({ memory })`, and `gpu.stats()` and `reader.stats()` return `MemoryStats`. Its defaults are the former sums.
-  - Frames pack their uniforms into shared buffers written once; upload cache hits allocate nothing; network dash phases hold while the camera moves; diagram drags move in the shader and reroute only the wires they touch, so a drag frame costs the same at any size.
-  - `image({ format, quality })` takes `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`, and video `quality` is a number from 0 to 1, as for images.
-  - connect checks a model before it opens a socket.
-  - Internal dependencies publish as caret ranges, and every package whose types name WebGPU depends on `@webgpu/types`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `size` to `sizePx`, a radius in CSS pixels; label `size` to `sizePx`; `curve: 'linear'` to `route: 'straight'`; `focusEnds` to `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds`; `Labels` to `NetworkLabels`.
-  - diagram: edge `width` to `widthPx`; `Labels` to `DiagramLabels`.
-  - connect limits drop `max`: `messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, and `logs`.
-  - gpu: `createRenderTarget` to `createTextureTarget`; `GpuStats` and `Budget` to model `MemoryStats` and `MemoryBudget`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `GpuError`, `GpuErrorCode`, `DataHit`, `kit.Work`, `kit.wheelDelta`, `kit.createCanvasInput`, and `kit.withinBudget`.
-  - network: `focusEnabled`, `hoverAlpha`, and `selectedAlpha`; the alpha of `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` sets the halos.
-  - monitor: the `pickingBytes` limit.
-  - model: `ReaderStats`; reader `maxBytes`, `maxStagingBytes`, and `maxEntries`; `resolveRows`, `RowMapping`, `samplePages`, `copyBuffers`, `sliceColumn`, and `DEFAULT_BLOCK_BYTES`.
-  - connect: `remoteFailure`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [35b7171]
-  - @latkit/model@3.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.14.0
-
-## 0.7.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: Exports never change a view, item views check every option the same way, and views stop cleanly with their Gpu.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `gpu.signal`: aborts when the Gpu stops, with `device-lost` or `closed`.
-  - `FrameInfo.presented` and `RenderView.presented`: video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, render frames that are not presented.
-  - `kit.ItemShape`: an item view describes its framed camera keys, input modes, and style defaults once.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, draw the view as it is and change nothing: its camera, hover, selection, and picking stay as presented. A monitor draws them into history of its own. A view with neither presents in its images.
-  - Unknown camera and input options, and input modes a view does not have, throw `invalid-input` in every view, and the patch changes nothing.
-  - A mode shorthand merges like the option it names: `set({ input: 'inspect' })` keeps `wheel` and `keyboard`.
-  - The `frame` event reports the frame's `FrameInfo` and nothing it borrowed.
-  - A right click opens the context menu where the button comes up; a right drag never opens it.
-  - Views stop drawing when their Gpu stops: device loss reports one `device-lost` error per view, and destroying the Gpu reports none. The Gpu no longer keeps destroyed views alive.
-  - `image()` and `exportVideo` wait for a canvas frame that cannot stop at once, instead of failing `busy`.
-  - `view.config` is typed without `camera`, which lives on `view.camera`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView` takes `(gpu, config, shape)`; `compileShade` receives the `msaa` to compile for; `kit.BaseView`'s `moveCamera` hook is `cameraMove`, which validates before a patch applies.
-  - Network: `pick`, clicks, and context menus wait for the background hit-test index, starting it at once, instead of building it on the main thread.
-  - Video: an export ends with the Gpu's `device-lost` error.
-  - Model: `sliceColumn` returns exactly its kind's keys, so a point read of a sampled field is a plain column however its pages lie; `selectRows` encodes each requested ID into one reused buffer.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Gpu.lost`; use `gpu.signal`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`'s `framed` and `inputMode` members; use `kit.ItemShape`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-  - @latkit/model@2.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.13.0
-
-## 0.6.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Move the CPU data layer from gpu into model as one bounded `Reader`, and drop the data version.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `createReader`, `Reader`, `ReadScope` in model: memoized reads, joined fields, and extents under one budget.
-  - `sampleDomain(pages)` in model.
-  - `gpu.reader`, `frame.reader`, `kit.fieldScale`, `kit.wiring`.
-  - `protocol` namespace export in connect.
-  - `pixelRatio` option for `exportVideo`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createData(schema, batches)` and `appendData(previous, batches)`.
-  - Reads yield blocks only; `RowsBlock.position` is `rowOffset`; `TableData.ids` is `ColumnPages`.
-  - `FieldInput`, `FieldBinding`, `FieldValues`, `FieldsRequest`, `FieldsBlock` (was `NativeFields`), and `ExtentRequest` live in model; `ExtentRequest` takes `{ source, from, rows, field, window }`.
-  - `frame.upload` takes a `FieldsBlock` or `EnvelopeBlock`; `GpuPage.native` is `GpuPage.block`.
-  - `BufferData` and `TextureData` report `revision`.
-  - App-facing gpu types (`CompositionConfig`, `GpuStats`, `Budget`, `ImageOptions`, `TextOptions`, `ColormapOptions`, `ShadeFrame`, …) moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Field shader header is seven words; kinds are named `FIELD_*` constants.
-  - Connect frames carry no version field; the magic is `LATK` and the opcode is u32. Binary descriptors use `type: 'float32' | …`. `connectLattice` is `connectModel`; `maxBatchBytes` is `maxBlockBytes`.
-  - `exportVideo` keeps the view's `at` when no `at` mapping is given.
-  - Monitor `fit()` with no readings fits the recorded window; following appends no longer scans every page, and cached tiles before the window are pruned as it advances.
-  - Diagram re-reads its scene for a new `at` only when a sampled field is bound, and checks edge-end indices.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Data.version`, `QueryHeader`, block `version` fields, and monitor `Reading.version`.
-  - `Gpu.query`, `Gpu.fields`, `Gpu.envelope`, `frame.query`, `frame.fields`, `frame.envelope`, `frame.extent`, `frame.values`, `frame.scale`, `kit.createNativeReader`, `kit.NativeReader`, `kit.QueryResult`.
-  - The `@latkit/connect/protocol` subpath.
-
-- b958ddc: Network, monitor, and diagram build on one item-view base, so camera, selection, picking, hover, style, input, and events behave the same in each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `ItemView`, `ItemViewConfig`, `ItemEvents`, `ViewCamera`, `ViewInput`, `PickOptions`, `ViewStats`, `ViewStyle`, `viewStyle`, and `Point` in gpu.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`, `kit.resolveViewStyle`, `kit.Attachments`, `kit.Work`, `kit.Expanded`, and `kit.HoverSearch`.
-  - `gpu.shaderModule(code, label)`: validated shader modules, shared by identical code.
-  - `stats()` on every view, with frames, preparation time, draw calls, picking bytes, and hover state and time; `pick(point, { radiusPx, limit, signal })` on every item view.
-  - `selectedColor: null`, which keeps each selected item's own color.
-  - `benchmark/`, with `pnpm bench`, `pnpm bench:update`, `pnpm bench:gate`, and a CI gate.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - One set of shared style options and defaults: `background` (was `backgroundColor`), `hoverWidthPx`, `selectedWidthPx`, `selectedColor`, `msaa`, `hover`, `hoverBudgetMs`, `pickRadiusPx`, `fitPaddingPx`, `revealPaddingPx`, `animationMs`, `motion`, `font`, `fontSizePx`, and `textColor`.
-  - `pick` returns hits nearest first, topmost breaking ties, at most 16 by default.
-  - `fit(items)` frames once; `fit()` and `set({ camera: null })` follow all the data. Moving a framed camera key turns `fit` off.
-  - Events arrive together after each frame, in order: `frame`, `camera`, `hover`, `select`.
-  - Unknown options and limits, and invalid cameras, throw `invalid-input`.
-  - `SetOptions`, `DataHit`, `ContextMenu`, `Modifiers`, and `HoverState` moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Network: `showVertices`, `showEdges`, `showPoles`, `showGraticule`, `showEarthAxis` → `markers`, `lines`, `poles`, `graticule`, `earthAxis`; `graticuleColor` → `gridColor`; `vertexHoverPx`/`edgeHoverPx` → `hoverWidthPx`; `vertexSelectedPx`/`edgeSelectedPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limits `maxVertices`, `maxSegments`, `cpuBytes` → `vertices`, `segments`, `geometryBytes`, `pickingBytes`. Items compare by kind, index, and row.
-  - Diagram: `selectionWidthPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limit `prepareMs` → `layoutMs`.
-  - Monitor: `focusColor` → `selectedColor`; `stats().traces` → `rows`; selection survives appends.
-  - Model: a sampled field bound both by name and as a binding to the request's own source is read once; such reads no longer stall under a frames window.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `kit.HoverOptions`, `NetworkInput`, `MonitorInput`, and monitor `PickOptions`; use `ViewStyle`, `ViewInput`, and `PickOptions`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-  - @latkit/model@2.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.12.0
-
-## 0.5.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-  - @latkit/model@1.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.1
-
-## 0.5.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- dc8b6a0: Replace renderer prepare/encode hooks with captured and prepared frame contracts. Ordinary
-  invalidation schedules the latest state without cancelling valid work; canvas playback coalesces
-  requests without adding an extra animation-frame wait. Compositions capture every child before
-  preparation, and images and video share submission and discard behavior.
-
-  Monitor append progress survives cancelled frames and tracks independently sampled fields.
-  Bounded camera-independent tiles reuse geometry and exact bounds for domain changes, with local
-  refinement at summary boundaries and local rereads on cache misses. Models and transport remain
-  free of observation retention and replay.
-
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [70030a4]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.15.0
-
-## 0.5.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 145a02d: Breaking change: remove model retention and historical reads. Models publish one-pass passive
-  transactions, commands are a separate optional capability, and applications own immutable
-  columnar Data. Views consume Data directly and accept updates with set({ source: nextData }).
-  Local read computes rows, samples, aggregates, and envelopes without contacting a producer.
-  Connect protocol 3 removes queryable roots, retained reference trees, and remote exports;
-  upgrade both peers together. Delivered values survive unsubscribe and disconnect. Shared
-  unchanged pages preserve local read caching and GPU uploads.
-- 145a02d: A renderer is its own view: `createX(gpu, config)` draws on the config's canvas, handles its input,
-  and shares one API with every other view.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `View`: `config`, `set(patch, { animate })`, `image(options)`, `on`, `destroy`. Networks,
-    monitors, diagrams, and compositions add `camera`, `selection`, `select(items)`, `pick(point)`,
-    `locate`, `fit(items?)`, `reveal`, and `stats`.
-  - Config keys every view shares: `canvas`, `at`, `paused`, `input`, `camera`, `shade`, `limits`.
-  - `set` merges keyed records per entry, `camera`/`input`/`limits`/`layout` per option, and removes
-    with `null`.
-  - `frame`, `camera`, and `error` events; `select` reports arrays everywhere.
-  - Shorthands: `color: 'load'`, `labels: 'name'`, `colormap: 'viridis'`, `layout: 'layered'`,
-    `valueAxis: 'Temperature'`.
-  - Networks halo any number of selected items.
-  - `kit`: the renderer-authoring namespace of `@latkit/gpu`, with `kit.BaseView`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createNetwork(gpu, config)`, `createMonitor(gpu, config)`, `createDiagram(gpu, config)`,
-    `createComposition(gpu, { views: [{ view, region: [x, y, w, h] }] })`,
-    `exportVideo(view, options)`, and `arrange(gpu, config, { signal })`.
-  - Style options sit on the config; the `data` and `options` buckets are gone.
-  - `pick` is asynchronous everywhere.
-  - Network camera: `center: [x, y]`, plus `fit` and `orbit`. Diagram camera: `{ center, scale, fit }`.
-    Monitor camera: `{ window, values, fit, follow }`, holding the former `data.window`,
-    `valueDomain`, and `follow`.
-  - `@latkit/gpu` exports only the app surface; renderer plumbing moved under `kit`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Network `vertices`/`edges`/`poles`/`graticule`/`earthAxis` options → `showVertices`/`showEdges`/
-    `showPoles`/`showGraticule`/`showEarthAxis`.
-  - `hitTest` → `pick`.
-  - `Limits` → `NetworkLimits`, `MonitorLimits`, `DiagramLimits`; `InputOptions` → `NetworkInput`,
-    `MonitorInput`, `DiagramInput`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `createCanvasView` and `attachNetworkInput`/`attachMonitorInput`/`attachDiagramInput`: views own
-    their canvas and input.
-  - Every `set*` method, `getCamera`, `panBy`/`rotateBy`/`zoomBy`, `orbit()`, `setPointer`, `toData`,
-    and `toDiagram`.
-  - `invalidate`, `fit`, `orbit`, `window`, and `valueDomain` events.
-  - `PROJECTIONS` and the `Options` exports.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-  - @latkit/model@0.14.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.10.0
-
-## 0.4.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- Diagram is a public runtime over the shared GPU lifecycle.
-
-  Added
-
-  - Diagram: native fields, headless `arrange`, measured labels, orthogonal routing, groups,
-    editing proposals, and indexed picking.
-  - GPU: `createNativeReader`, a bounded, device-independent native read session for headless
-    consumers.
-
-- 1ade156: Topology is data: a reference field wires each row to a row of another type, and views draw
-  those types as vertices and edges.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Schema.types` with `TypeDefinition`, and `ReferenceColumn`: row numbers under the referenced
-    type's `Index`, read like any field. `numberAt` reads them.
-  - `direction: 'in' | 'out'` on reference fields.
-  - `ends` on network and diagram edges: the two reference fields a row joins. Without `ends` an edge
-    type is a net, joining the vertices whose references name each row.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `spatial.system` is `'geographic' | 'cartesian'`; the network reads its coordinates from it.
-  - Diagram ports are the reference fields that name a drawn net; `arrows` is a boolean.
-  - `ConnectProposal.replaces` names the net and the port leaving it.
-  - A `reference` parameter takes `to`; problem targets are `row` and `field` with a type.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Diagram: `components`/`connections` → `vertices`/`edges`, `setComponent`/`setConnection` →
-    `setVertex`/`setEdge`, item kinds `component`/`connection` → `vertex`/`edge`,
-    `ComponentOptions`/`ConnectionOptions` → `VertexOptions`/`EdgeOptions`, `EntityRef` → `RowRef`,
-    `ConnectionGesture` → `ConnectProposal`, `RouteEndpoint` → `RouteEnd`, `LayoutNode` →
-    `LayoutVertex`, `Group.components` → `Group.vertices`.
-  - Diagram options and limits: `nodePadding`, `nodeGap`, `componentBaseColor`, `connectionBaseColor`,
-    `connectionWidthPx`, `animationMaxComponents`, `connectionRadiusPx` → `vertexPadding`,
-    `vertexGap`, `vertexBaseColor`, `edgeBaseColor`, `edgeWidthPx`, `animationMaxVertices`,
-    `connectRadiusPx`; `components`/`connections`/`endpoints` → `vertices`/`edges`/`ends`.
-  - Network `focusEndpointMode` → `focusEnds`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `components`, `connections`, and `tables`, with `ComponentDefinition`, `ComponentPort`,
-    `ConnectionDefinition`, `ConnectionRole`, and `TableDefinition`.
-  - The `endpoints` and `links` queries and blocks.
-  - Network `coordinates` and `connectivity`; diagram roles and end ordinals.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies
-- Updated dependencies [1ade156]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.9.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.13.0
-
-## 0.3.3
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [01975bd]
-  - @latkit/model@0.12.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.8.0
-
-## 0.3.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [be20b0b]
-  - @latkit/model@0.11.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.7.1
-
-## 0.3.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- f694ea4: Render Monitor ticks, labels, gridlines, and playheads on the GPU, with serializable axis formatting and custom ticks. Live views and video exports share one plot assembly, including layout and captured glyphs. Add `Monitor.seek()` and `Monitor.toData()`; axes are enabled by default and can be hidden with null axis options.
-
-  Move Diagram's SDF glyph infrastructure into GPU's root API. Textures track their own upload revisions, snapshots preserve glyph appearance across realms, and bounded atlases fail explicitly on exhaustion. Diagram retains its anchor-based glyph positioning and culling.
-
-  Reuse Monitor upload buffers, bound folded-history carry storage, coalesce hover requests, and cache the latest sampled frame within a byte budget. Keep retained-image remapping during resize and enforce texture and buffer limits. Offscreen preparation uses the same awaitable sampling scheduler as interactive rendering.
-
-  Add opt-in drag/pinch/wheel navigation, anchored `zoom`, CSS-pixel `pan`, and `fit` to Monitor.
-  Retained textures respond immediately; the latest view refines after gestures settle, with exact
-  readings against displayed ranges. Add asynchronous `setShade` composition with the same host
-  uniform and snapshot conventions as Network and Diagram. Share shader failure diagnostics
-  through GPU and preserve animated WGSL in video exports without rereading history.
-
-- Updated dependencies [f694ea4]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.7.0
-
-## 0.3.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- Add renderer-owned scene snapshots and deterministic worker video exports. `@latkit/video` composes network, diagram, and monitor views on the GPU, reads pinned series through bounded port requests, and encodes MP4 or WebM with cancellation, progress, and optional streamed output. Shared render targets and awaitable channel preparation reuse existing renderer engines. Diagram snapshots retain layout and glyphs; monitor exports reuse history rendering and add a synchronized playhead.
-
-  Validate series state before publishing it, preserve failed connection errors, and reject malformed sample blocks before transport. Video cancellation releases resources even when a destination stalls.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.6.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.10.1
-
-## 0.2.3
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [ff717f0]
-  - @latkit/model@0.10.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.5.3
-
-## 0.2.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies
-  - @latkit/model@0.9.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.5.2
-
-## 0.2.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependency: `@latkit/gpu@0.5.1`.
-- Updated dependency: `@latkit/model@0.8.0`.
-
-## 0.2.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- da58150: Make the model the API as a few classes a format, an engine, and an editor subclass, share one channel binder, open every lazy thing from a source, and give every package one entrypoint.
-
-  - Added: `Model` in `@latkit/model`, the class a format subclasses, immutable. It describes a case to the constructor, which checks it once, and gives each class's `values` when asked, the case's `bytes`, and, for a format that edits, its `document`. Every question about a case is a method: `class`, `load`, `elementAt`, `itemOf`, `fields`, `field` for a number column, `grid` for the class as a table, and `source`.
-  - Added: `Engine`, the class an engine subclasses, which records any model it is given: `parse` checks an input, and `execute` records the model for one through an `Engine.Recorder`, whose `append(time, values)` commits frames for every recorded class at once, `values` keyed by class id. `engine.record(model, input, { id, label })` checks the input at once and returns a `Recording` that waits its turn, then fills; `engine.record(model, input, recorder)` records into any recorder, which is how a port forwards one. An engine records as many as its `concurrency` allows and queues the rest, telling each how many wait before it.
-  - Added: `Recording`, every class an engine records for one model on one clock. `model` is the model it records, for good; `state` publishes `status` (`waiting`, `recording`, `complete`, `stopped`, or `failed`), `ahead`, `frameCount`, `timeRange`, and `error` together; `span`, `expectedFrames`, and `log` are what its engine declared and said; `frameAt` and `timeAt` read the clock, `series(classId)` is each class's history, `field(ref)` resolves a signal it records or a column of its model, `grid(classId, time)` tables a class with its signals at a time, and `stop()` keeps what it has.
-  - Added: `Document`, the class a format that edits subclasses. `apply(...operations)` makes `Document.Operation`s, in the model's identities, true as one step; `undo`, `redo`, and `history` keep one history of the last 200 steps; `schematic` is the case as a diagram draws it, with `elementAt`, `partOf`, `portAt`, and `portOf` between its parts and the case, and `drivers(ref)` the element of a field that drives each net; and `model()` opens the model of the case as it stands once asked, however many changes came between. An edit it refuses throws `Refusal`, saying why and what it is about.
-  - Added: fields, a number column or a recorded signal as the `{ series, signal }` every renderer binds, with its label, unit, live `domain`, and `at(time)`: `model.field(ref)` resolves a column and `recording.field(ref)` a signal too. `field.gather(elements)` is the field over other items, such as a diagram's nets over `document.drivers(ref)`, keeping its clock and domain. A column is a sealed series of one frame, and one reference resolves to one series.
-  - Added: `model.source()` and `Model.from(source)`, and `recording.source()` and `Recording.from(model, source)`: a model or a recording held elsewhere, in a file or across a port, opens from its source and reads what it holds on demand, a series in windows of at most 1 MiB. A recording opens against the model it records, which refuses one that does not fit, and a model opened from packs serves them again as they came.
-  - Added: `Series.create`, a history in memory to `append({ time, values })` to and `seal()`. A source of samples held anywhere else subclasses `Series`.
-  - Added: `RGBA`, `Colormap`, and `validateRgba` in `@latkit/colormaps`, beside the `COLORMAPS` catalog, `colormap`, `gradient`, and `parseColor`, so the color vocabulary has one home; `@latkit/colormaps` no longer depends on `@latkit/model`.
-  - Added: `createChannels` in `@latkit/gpu`, the channel binder the network and the diagram now share: a slot per channel, domains, and series followed around a playhead with their frames resident on the GPU. `bakeColormap`, `COLORMAP_LUT_SIZE`, and `createEmitter` live there too.
-  - Added: a `series` field on every `CHANNELS` entry of `@latkit/diagram`, as on the network's: whether the channel can follow a series.
-  - Added: `serveModel` and `connectModel` in `@latkit/port`, a model served across a port, its classes loading as they are asked for; `serveEngine` and `connectEngine`, an engine served across a port that records any model a peer gives it, one its realm serves where it lives and any other through the source the peer lends, each recording forwarded call by call, its frames handed over without a copy; and `serveRecording` and `connectRecording`, a recording opened from its source on the far side, against the model it records. A connected side is a `Remote<T>`.
-  - Added: `check` in `@latkit/port`, the checks a protocol runs on every request. Each throws a `TypeError` naming what is wrong, so a refused request says why, and the compiler keeps every field's check the field's type. `loopback()` joins the transports.
-  - Added: `loadBorders` and `spotlight` in `@latkit/network`, and `arrange` in `@latkit/diagram`, whose one entrypoint loads in a worker without a DOM or a device.
-  - Changed: `Model` and `Series` are classes, and every other type lives under the class that speaks it: `Model.Topology`, `Model.Item`, `Model.Element` for `ElementRef`, `Model.Class` for `ClassSpec`, `Model.Data` for `ClassData`, `Model.Column`, `Model.Signal`, `Model.FieldRef`, `Model.Field`, `Model.Grid`, `Model.GridSort`, and `Model.Source`; `Document.Netlist` and `Document.Part`; `Engine.Recorder`; `Recording.State` and `Recording.Source`; and `Series.State`, `Series.Window`, and `Series.Block`.
-  - Changed: a model's `vendor` is `format`, and `FieldRef.source` is `kind`. Each class declares its `columns` before any values load, and `values` gives labels and column values in that order.
-  - Changed: a `Series` names its signals in `signals` in place of `signalCount`, adds `state.live`, and emits `change` on an append or the seal.
-  - Changed: `vertexHeight` bound without a domain pads a constant extent, as a field's `domain` does.
-  - Changed: `Monitor.load` takes `{ series, signal }`, the binding `setChannel` takes, so a field loads as it is, and null clears it. `latkit-monitor` JSON names its signals in `signals`, and the `signal` attribute names one by id.
-  - Changed: a protocol takes a `check` in place of a guard.
-  - Changed: a pack's core declares each class's columns and signals, a shard holds only their values, and the container carries no version or flags. A pack made by an earlier release does not open; pack the model again.
-  - Removed: `@latkit/remote`; serve a model and its recordings with `@latkit/port`.
-  - Removed: `createModel`, for subclassing `Model`; `openModel` and `sourceOf`, for `Model.from` and `model.source()`; `elementAt`, `itemOf`, `fieldsOf`, and `createGrid`, for the model's methods; `createSeries`, for `Series.create`; `sample`, for `field.at`; `fieldKey`; `position`, for `field.gather` and a channel's playback; and `Runner`, `RunUpdate`, `RunFrames`, `Results`, `collect`, and `Progress`, for `Engine` and `Recording`.
-  - Removed: `RGBA`, `Colormap`, `validateRgba`, `bakeColormap`, `COLORMAP_LUT_SIZE`, and `createEmitter` from `@latkit/model`; import them from `@latkit/colormaps` and `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - Removed: every subpath. Use `check` and `loopback` from `@latkit/port` for `@latkit/port/guard` and `@latkit/port/testing`, the network and diagram roots for `@latkit/network/borders`, `@latkit/network/shades`, and `@latkit/diagram/layout`, and `register()` for `@latkit/embed/register`. `embed.js` stays a page script.
-  - Removed: `Monitor.setSignal` and `Monitor.clear`; load another signal of the series, or null.
-
-- da58150: Give each view one camera value a host keeps and restores, and one pointer contract.
-
-  - Added: `getCamera()` and `setCamera(camera, animate?)` on `Network`: the camera as one value, `{ projection, centerX, centerY, pitch, bearing, scale, fit }`, where `scale` is CSS pixels per world unit at the view anchor and `fit` says it follows the fit view. `setCamera` moves it in one step, a projection switch keeping the pose it is given, and returns false for a projection the topology cannot show; before a topology loads only a projection applies, and while no canvas has a size the placement waits for the first frame that does.
-  - Added: `getCamera()` and `setCamera(camera, animate?)` on `Diagram`, the same value without a projection: `{ centerX, centerY, scale, fit }`, `fit: true` fitting the diagram.
-  - Added: a `contextmenu` event on `Monitor`, as the network and the diagram emit: the native menu suppressed, and the sample under the pointer, resolved against the series shown when it was asked, or for the keyboard the sample last hovered.
-  - Changed: `@latkit/monitor` selects on the primary button alone.
-  - Removed: `getPose`, `setPose`, `setProjection`, and the `Pose` type from `@latkit/network`, for the camera value; a projection the topology cannot show no longer falls back, since `projections` says ahead which it can. `projection` stays, naming the projection shown before a canvas has a size.
-  - Removed: `getPose`, `setPose`, and the `Pose` type from `@latkit/diagram`, for the camera value, whose `scale` is the pose's `zoom`.
-
-- da58150: Keep the monitor's image on screen through repaints, and make NaN mean no value in every channel.
-
-  - Changed: `@latkit/monitor` keeps its last complete image on screen, rescaled into the current time and value ranges, while a resize or a new mapping repaints behind it. The repaint starts once the canvas size settles, and `valueRange` reports at once.
-  - Changed: `@latkit/monitor`'s automatic value range keeps a tenth of the recorded span to spare on each side and only grows until another series or signal loads, across detach and device loss.
-  - Changed: `@latkit/monitor` emits `hover` once per sample under the pointer, and `rendered` once no newer update waits.
-  - Changed: in `@latkit/network` and `@latkit/diagram`, an item whose color, height, size, status, flow, or dash value is NaN draws and picks as if the channel were unbound. Diagram visibility channels show only values above zero, as the network's do.
-  - Changed: `setChannel` in both renderers takes a `Float32Array` or a `Float64Array`, stores float32, and throws a `TypeError` for anything else. Clearing an unbound channel, or setting the borders already set, schedules no frame.
-  - Changed: `@latkit/network` advances `orbit` from its frame loop, so `pause()` and a hidden page hold it.
-  - Changed: `@latkit/diagram` redraws its glyphs when a web font finishes loading.
-  - Changed: reads of a `Series.create` history yield to the event loop without the 4 ms timer clamp.
-  - Removed: `Part` from `@latkit/diagram`; name `Document.Part` from `@latkit/model`.
-  - Removed: the `quantize` option of `createFrameLoop`. Every loop quantizes while a resize is in flight, and `settled` means the size has held.
-
-- da58150: Share one attach lifecycle across every controller, let network channels follow recorded series, draw long monitor histories at canvas resolution, and drop what no consumer uses.
-
-  - Added: `createAttachment` in `@latkit/gpu`, the attach lifecycle every controller now shares: supersession, joining a repeat attach, and recovery from device loss.
-  - Added: a `canvas` getter on `Network`, `Diagram`, and `Monitor`: the canvas bound or binding.
-  - Added: `setChannel` on `Network` and `Diagram` takes `{ series, signal }` to follow one signal of a `Series`, and `seek(time)` shows every such channel at a playhead. The frames around it stay resident on the GPU, shared by the channels following one signal, and the next ones load as it plays or the series appends, so a seek within them rewrites one word per channel. A null domain follows the signal's recorded range as a field's `domain` reports it, padded while the signal is constant, and both emit `error` with the channel when a series read fails. Every channel can follow a series but `vertexPosition`, `blockPosition`, `blockVisible`, and `netVisible`.
-  - Added: `parseColor` in `@latkit/colormaps`, reading hex, `rgb()`, `oklab()`, `oklch()`, `color(srgb)`, and `transparent`; with an element it resolves any color the element computes, custom properties included.
-  - Added: a `label` on every `OPTIONS` entry of the network, the diagram, and the monitor, and `min` and `max` on bounded numbers.
-  - Changed: `attach` resolves `true` once bound, or `false` at once when a newer attach or a detach takes over, instead of rejecting with `AbortError`. Attaching the canvas already bound, binding, or recovering from a lost device joins that attach, and `detach(canvas)` detaches only while that canvas is the current one.
-  - Changed: `@latkit/monitor` draws a history repaint over more than two frames per device pixel as each pixel column's extremes, in the order they occurred, and paces repaints by a few milliseconds of work per frame. Appends, the selected trace, and readings stay exact.
-  - Changed: `PROJECTIONS` is a frozen record of `{ label }` keyed by mode, like `CHANNELS`; iterate `Object.keys(PROJECTIONS)`.
-  - Changed: `nightFloor` and `surfaceNightFloor` reject values outside `[0, 1]`, and `terminatorWidth`, `hoverAlpha`, `selectedAlpha`, and the monitor's `unselectedAlpha` values above 1.
-  - Changed: `@latkit/embed` color attributes take four decimals or any color `parseColor` reads, resolved on the element.
-  - Removed: `frameAt` from `@latkit/model`.
-  - Removed: the `Interaction` and `Insets` types from `@latkit/network`, and `Interaction` from `@latkit/diagram`; name `Options['interaction']` and `Options['fitPaddingPx']` instead.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [da58150]
-- Updated dependencies [da58150]
-- Updated dependencies [da58150]
-- Updated dependencies [da58150]
-  - @latkit/model@0.7.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.5.0
-  - @latkit/colormaps@0.3.0
-
-## 0.1.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b2631b8: Add `@latkit/diagram`, a WebGPU block-diagram renderer and editor surface, and its netlist in `@latkit/model`.
-
-  - Added: `Netlist` in `@latkit/model`, a block diagram's structure as columns: blocks, the ports each block owns, and the nets that join ports, with optional kinds, sides, tag-drawn nets, groups, keys, and labels. `validateNetlist` checks offsets, ranges, one driver and one kind per net, one net per port, unique keys, and label lengths, and throws an `Error` naming the first invalid field.
-  - Added: `createDiagram(options)` in `@latkit/diagram`, a durable controller with the lifecycle of `Network` and `Monitor`: it takes neither a device nor a canvas, `attach` leases a device from the shared pool, `detach` keeps every state, a lost device is recovered in place, and `destroy` forgets the netlist and gives back the memory derived from it. `CHANNELS` and `OPTIONS` name what it speaks, and `validateOptions` checks an option patch before a device exists.
-  - Added: automatic layout in layers along the signal flow with feedback returning underneath, one layout per unit shape, units packed six grid steps apart, right-angle wire routing with trunks, junctions, and arrows, and in-canvas text from a runtime glyph atlas. Every size derives from the `gridPitch` option, and blocks grow until no text collides.
-  - Added: channels for block placement, block and net color and visibility, block and port status, dashes marching along nets, and shade values. The `blockPosition` channel places blocks, and a NaN pair hands a block back to its automatic position.
-  - Added: `load` keeps every block whose `blockKey` survives where it was, with its placement and selection, lands new blocks beside what they connect to, and fades out removed ones. Every other channel clears.
-  - Added: `fit(parts)` and `reveal(part, { neighbors })` frame some parts without redefining the fit view the `fit` event reports on.
-  - Added: editing proposals. Under `interaction: 'edit'`, drawing a wire emits `connect`, dragging or nudging blocks emits `move`, and Delete emits `delete`; the diagram never edits its netlist, and a host loads the result it accepts.
-  - Added: a `Shade` fragment hook for the block, port, wire, and group passes, reading `u.host` and `u.pointer_px`.
-  - Added: `@latkit/diagram/layout` exports `arrange(netlist, { gridPitch })`, the same pure, deterministic layout without a device or a DOM, for a worker.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [b2631b8]
-- Updated dependencies [b2631b8]
-  - @latkit/model@0.6.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.4.0
diff --git a/packages/diagram/README.md b/packages/diagram/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index bcc01567..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/diagram
-
-Draw a model as blocks and wires with WebGPU: vertices with ports, edges, and groups, laid out,
-routed, and editable.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/gpu @latkit/diagram
-```
-
-```ts
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createDiagram } from '@latkit/diagram';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const diagram = createDiagram(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  input: 'edit',
-  source: model,
-  vertices: { Task: { labels: 'name' } },
-  edges: { Dependency: { ends: ['from', 'to'], arrows: true } },
-});
-diagram.on('move', ({ positions }) => savePositions(positions));
-```
-
-[Guide](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/diagram-quickstart.html) ·
-[Views](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/views.html) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/diagram/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/diagram/package.json b/packages/diagram/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e4a50cb..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/diagram",
-  "version": "0.12.0",
-  "description": "WebGPU block-diagram renderer and editor surface for Latkit.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/diagram"
-  },
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md"
-  ],
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --project @latkit/diagram",
-    "test:browser": "pnpm --filter @latkit/diagram... build && esbuild tests/fixture.ts --format=esm --outfile=../../output/diagram-fixture.js && node tests/browser/run.mjs"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:^",
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:^",
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71"
-  },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/config.ts b/packages/diagram/src/config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b82c347..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,213 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type RGBA, type ItemView } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { DiagramData } from './data.js';
-import { structure } from './read.js';
-import { checkStyle } from './styles.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-export type Style = Required<Diagram.Style> & kit.ResolvedViewStyle;
-/** Every new option must declare the work it invalidates. */
-export const STYLE_EFFECTS = {
-  gridPitch: 'scene',
-  grid: 'frame',
-  snap: 'frame',
-  labels: 'scene',
-  junctions: 'frame',
-  vertexPadding: 'scene',
-  cornerRadius: 'scene',
-  outlineWidthPx: 'frame',
-  portSize: 'route',
-  portMarker: 'scene',
-  portLabels: 'scene',
-  portFontSize: 'scene',
-  edgeWidthPx: 'frame',
-  gridMinSpacingPx: 'frame',
-  detail: 'frame',
-  portSpacing: 'scene',
-  routeClearance: 'route',
-  vertexColor: 'frame',
-  edgeColor: 'frame',
-  outlineColor: 'frame',
-  gridColor: 'frame',
-  groupColor: 'frame',
-  background: 'frame',
-  msaa: 'frame',
-  hover: 'frame',
-  hoverBudgetMs: 'frame',
-  pickRadiusPx: 'frame',
-  fitPaddingPx: 'frame',
-  revealPaddingPx: 'frame',
-  animationMs: 'frame',
-  motion: 'frame',
-  hoverColor: 'frame',
-  selectedColor: 'frame',
-  hoverWidthPx: 'frame',
-  selectedWidthPx: 'frame',
-  unselectedAlpha: 'frame',
-  font: 'scene',
-  fontSizePx: 'scene',
-  textColor: 'scene',
-  dashPeriodPx: 'frame',
-  flowColor: 'frame',
-  flowSpacingPx: 'frame',
-} as const satisfies Record<keyof Style, 'frame' | 'route' | 'scene'>;
-/** A wire being drawn dashes finer than a network's edges. */
-export const DEFAULTS: Required<Diagram.Style> = Object.freeze({
-  ...kit.lineStyle,
-  ...kit.gridStyle,
-  dashPeriodPx: 10,
-  gridPitch: 8,
-  grid: true,
-  snap: true,
-  labels: true,
-  junctions: true,
-  vertexPadding: 10,
-  cornerRadius: 6,
-  outlineWidthPx: 1,
-  portSize: 8,
-  portMarker: 'directional',
-  portLabels: true,
-  portFontSize: 11,
-  edgeWidthPx: 1.5,
-  gridMinSpacingPx: 12,
-  detail: 'auto',
-  portSpacing: 22,
-  routeClearance: 16,
-  vertexColor: [0.16, 0.19, 0.25, 1] as RGBA,
-  edgeColor: [0.6, 0.65, 0.73, 1] as RGBA,
-  outlineColor: [0.4, 0.47, 0.58, 1] as RGBA,
-  gridColor: [0.5, 0.55, 0.65, 0.2] as RGBA,
-  groupColor: [0.45, 0.55, 0.7, 0.1] as RGBA,
-});
-/** Every geometry is antialiased in its shader, so multisampling adds nothing but bandwidth. */
-export const VIEW_DEFAULTS: Partial<kit.ResolvedViewStyle> = Object.freeze({ msaa: 1 });
-export const LIMITS: Required<Diagram.Limits> = Object.freeze({
-  vertices: 100000,
-  edges: 200000,
-  ends: 1000000,
-  geometryBytes: 128 * 1024 ** 2,
-  pickingBytes: 32 * 1024 ** 2,
-  routePoints: 2000000,
-  layoutMs: 30000,
-});
-export function fail(message: string): never {
-  throw failure('invalid-input', message);
-}
-export function positive(value: number, name: string, zero = false): number {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value) || (zero ? value < 0 : value <= 0)) fail('Invalid ' + name);
-  return value;
-}
-/** Sizes take more than zero, but corners may be square, outlines absent, and wires still. */
-const RULES: kit.StyleRules<Required<Diagram.Style>> = {
-  detail: ['auto', 'full'],
-  portMarker: ['directional', 'circle', 'diamond'],
-  gridPitch: 'positive',
-  vertexPadding: 'positive',
-  portSize: 'positive',
-  portFontSize: 'positive',
-  edgeWidthPx: 'positive',
-  portSpacing: 'positive',
-  routeClearance: 'positive',
-  dashPeriodPx: 'positive',
-};
-/** The style a config describes: its own options over the defaults, on the shared view style. */
-export function resolveStyle(
-  config: Diagram.Style = {},
-  view: kit.ResolvedViewStyle = kit.viewStyle,
-): Style {
-  return kit.resolveStyle(config, DEFAULTS, RULES, view);
-}
-/** Diagram.Limits over their defaults; `layoutMs` may be fractional. */
-export function resolveLimits(value?: Diagram.Limits): Required<Diagram.Limits> {
-  return kit.resolveLimits(value, LIMITS, 'diagram');
-}
-/** Throw on the diagram's own input options the gestures cannot use; return the shared rest. */
-export function checkInput(input: Diagram.Input): ItemView.Input {
-  const {
-    backgroundDrag,
-    dragThresholdPx,
-    touchDragThresholdPx,
-    connectRadiusPx,
-    autoPan,
-    autoPanMarginPx,
-    autoPanSpeedPx,
-    canConnect,
-    ...shared
-  } = input;
-  if (backgroundDrag !== undefined && !['pan', 'select'].includes(backgroundDrag))
-    fail('Invalid backgroundDrag');
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries({
-    dragThresholdPx,
-    touchDragThresholdPx,
-    autoPanSpeedPx,
-  }))
-    if (value !== undefined) positive(value, key, true);
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries({ connectRadiusPx, autoPanMarginPx }))
-    if (value !== undefined) positive(value, key);
-  if (autoPan !== undefined && typeof autoPan !== 'boolean') fail('Invalid autoPan');
-  if (canConnect !== undefined && typeof canConnect !== 'function') fail('Invalid canConnect');
-  return shared;
-}
-/** A type's labels and channels: what it reads, and how it draws. */
-function binding(value: Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions, edge: boolean) {
-  const labels = kit.resolveLabels(value.labels);
-  if (labels) {
-    if (labels.fontSize !== undefined) positive(labels.fontSize, 'label font size');
-    if (labels.maxWidth !== undefined) positive(labels.maxWidth, 'label width');
-    if (labels.overflow && !['wrap', 'ellipsis'].includes(labels.overflow))
-      fail('Invalid label overflow');
-  }
-  structure(value, edge);
-  checkStyle(value, edge);
-}
-export function data(value: DiagramData): DiagramData {
-  if (!value.source?.schema || !value.source.tables) fail('A Data source is required');
-  if (!value.vertices) fail('Vertex bindings are required');
-  for (const vertex of Object.values(value.vertices)) {
-    binding(vertex, false);
-    if (vertex.cornerRadius !== undefined) positive(vertex.cornerRadius, 'cornerRadius', true);
-    if (vertex.labelPosition && !['header', 'center'].includes(vertex.labelPosition))
-      fail('Invalid labelPosition');
-    if (vertex.shape && !['rectangle', 'rounded', 'ellipse', 'diamond'].includes(vertex.shape))
-      fail('Invalid shape');
-    for (const port of Object.values(vertex.ports ?? {})) {
-      if (port.marker && !['directional', 'circle', 'diamond'].includes(port.marker))
-        fail('Invalid port marker');
-      if (port.side && !['left', 'right', 'top', 'bottom'].includes(port.side))
-        fail('Invalid port side');
-      if (port.order !== undefined && !Number.isFinite(port.order)) fail('Invalid port order');
-    }
-  }
-  for (const [type, edge] of Object.entries(value.edges ?? {})) {
-    binding(edge, true);
-    if (
-      edge.ends &&
-      (edge.ends.length !== 2 ||
-        !edge.ends.every((end) => typeof end === 'string') ||
-        edge.ends[0] === edge.ends[1])
-    )
-      fail('Edge ends must be two distinct fields: ' + type);
-    if (edge.arrows !== undefined && typeof edge.arrows !== 'boolean') fail('Invalid arrows');
-    if (
-      edge.route &&
-      typeof edge.route === 'string' &&
-      !['straight', 'orthogonal'].includes(edge.route)
-    )
-      fail('Invalid route');
-    if (edge.route && typeof edge.route === 'object' && typeof edge.route.route !== 'function')
-      fail('Invalid routing strategy');
-    if (edge.appearance && !['wire', 'tag'].includes(edge.appearance))
-      fail('Invalid edge appearance');
-  }
-  for (const [id, group] of Object.entries(value.groups ?? {})) {
-    const seen = new Set([id]);
-    let parent = group.parent;
-    while (parent) {
-      if (seen.has(parent)) fail('Cyclic group parents');
-      seen.add(parent);
-      const entry = value.groups?.[parent];
-      if (!entry) fail('Unknown parent group: ' + parent);
-      parent = entry.parent;
-    }
-  }
-  return value;
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/connect.ts b/packages/diagram/src/connect.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cf685ef..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/connect.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-import type { Point, SceneItem } from './data.js';
-import { itemKey, rowOf } from './data.js';
-import type { Port, Scene } from './scene.js';
-import type { Style } from './config.js';
-import { Routing } from './route.js';
-import { rootEnd } from './layout.js';
-
-export type ConnectStart = Pick<Diagram.ConnectProposal, 'from' | 'replaces'>;
-/** A vertex or edge row, whichever kind names it. */
-const identity = (item: Exclude<Diagram.Item, { kind: 'group' }>) =>
-  itemKey({ ...item, kind: 'vertex' });
-
-/** One immutable topology lookup per gesture; pointer moves only query nearby candidates. */
-export class ConnectSession {
-  readonly start: ConnectStart;
-  readonly compatible: readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  private vertices = new Map<string, number>();
-  private edges = new Map<string, Scene['edges'][number]>();
-  private source: number;
-  private port?: Port;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly scene: Scene,
-    hit: Exclude<Diagram.Item, { kind: 'group' }>,
-    private readonly options: Style,
-  ) {
-    scene.vertices.forEach((vertex, i) => this.vertices.set(identity(vertex.hit), i));
-    for (const edge of scene.edges) this.edges.set(identity(edge.hit), edge);
-    let source = this.vertices.get(identity(hit))!;
-    let port =
-      hit.kind === 'port'
-        ? scene.vertices[source].ports.find((p) => p.name === hit.port)
-        : undefined;
-    this.start = { from: endOf(scene.vertices[source].hit, port?.name) };
-    // Dragging a wired input moves it: the new wiring starts from its net's source.
-    if (port?.direction === 'in') {
-      const moved = endOf(scene.vertices[source].hit, port.name) as Diagram.Port;
-      for (const edge of scene.edges) {
-        const end = edge.ends.find((e) => e.vertex === source && e.port === moved.port);
-        const root = edge.ends[rootEnd(edge)];
-        if (!end || !root || root === end) continue;
-        source = root.vertex;
-        port = scene.vertices[source].ports.find((p) => p.name === root.port);
-        this.start = {
-          from: endOf(scene.vertices[source].hit, root.port ?? undefined),
-          replaces: { edge: rowOf(edge.hit), end: moved },
-        };
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    this.source = source;
-    this.port = port;
-    const compatible: Diagram.Item[] = [];
-    for (const vertex of scene.vertices)
-      if (vertex.visible)
-        for (const candidate of vertex.ports) {
-          const item = { ...vertex.hit, kind: 'port' as const, port: candidate.name };
-          if (this.accepts(item)) compatible.push(item);
-        }
-    for (const edge of scene.edges)
-      if (edge.visible && this.accepts(edge.hit)) compatible.push(edge.hit);
-    this.compatible = compatible;
-  }
-  accepts(item: Diagram.Item): boolean {
-    if (item.kind === 'group') return false;
-    if (item.kind === 'edge') {
-      // Moving an end between nets requires an explicit application merge command.
-      if (this.start.replaces) return false;
-      // A port joins a net of the type it references, once.
-      const edge = this.edges.get(identity(item));
-      return (
-        !!edge &&
-        !!this.port &&
-        edge.hit.index.type === this.port.to &&
-        !edge.ends.some((end) => end.vertex === this.source && end.port === this.port!.name)
-      );
-    }
-    const index = this.vertices.get(identity(item)),
-      vertex = index === undefined ? undefined : this.scene.vertices[index];
-    if (!vertex || !vertex.visible) return false;
-    const port = item.kind === 'port' ? vertex.ports.find((p) => p.name === item.port) : undefined;
-    if (index === this.source && port === this.port) return false;
-    if (item.kind === 'port' && !port) return false;
-    // Two ports wire together through a net they both reference, and never input to input.
-    const a = this.port,
-      b = port;
-    if (a && b && (a.to !== b.to || (a.direction && a.direction === b.direction))) return false;
-    if (this.start.replaces) {
-      const edge = this.edges.get(identity(this.start.replaces.edge))!;
-      if (edge.ends.some((end) => end.vertex === index && end.port === (port?.name ?? null)))
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  proposal(item: Diagram.Item | null, position: Point, point: Point): Diagram.ConnectProposal {
-    return {
-      ...this.start,
-      position,
-      point,
-      to: item && item.kind !== 'group' ? item : null,
-    };
-  }
-  /** The wire as it would route: out of its start, around the blocks, into the target. */
-  preview(point: Point, target: Diagram.Item | null, signal: AbortSignal): readonly Point[] {
-    const route = new Routing(this.scene, this.options, signal),
-      clearance = this.options.routeClearance,
-      index =
-        target && target.kind !== 'edge' && target.kind !== 'group'
-          ? this.vertices.get(identity(target))
-          : undefined,
-      port = target?.kind === 'port' ? target.port : null;
-    const a = route.end({ vertex: this.source, port: this.port?.name ?? null }, point, false);
-    const b =
-      index === undefined ? undefined : route.end({ vertex: index, port }, a.position, false);
-    const ap: Point = [
-      a.position[0] + a.normal[0] * clearance,
-      a.position[1] + a.normal[1] * clearance,
-    ];
-    if (!b) return [a.position, ap, ...route.between(ap, point).slice(1)];
-    const bp: Point = [
-      b.position[0] + b.normal[0] * clearance,
-      b.position[1] + b.normal[1] * clearance,
-    ];
-    return [a.position, ...route.between(ap, bp), b.position];
-  }
-  get detached(): string | undefined {
-    return this.start.replaces ? itemKey(this.start.replaces.edge) : undefined;
-  }
-}
-/** Where wiring starts or ends: a vertex, or one of its ports. */
-function endOf(vertex: SceneItem, port: string | undefined): Diagram.Row | Diagram.Port {
-  return port === undefined
-    ? { kind: 'vertex', source: vertex.source, index: vertex.index, row: vertex.row }
-    : { kind: 'port', source: vertex.source, index: vertex.index, row: vertex.row, port };
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/data.ts b/packages/diagram/src/data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d443121..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import { itemKey as rowKey, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Point, Shape } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-export type { Point, Shape };
-/** The item a scene vertex or edge draws, with the id its layout and labels key on. */
-export interface SceneItem extends Diagram.Row {
-  readonly id: string;
-}
-/** A scene row as a public item, without the id its layout keys on. */
-export function rowOf(hit: SceneItem): Diagram.Row {
-  return { kind: hit.kind, source: hit.source, index: hit.index, row: hit.row };
-}
-/** One string per item: its row space and row, then its kind and port; or its group. */
-export function itemKey(item: Diagram.Item): string {
-  return item.kind === 'group'
-    ? JSON.stringify(['group', item.id])
-    : rowKey(item, item.kind, item.kind === 'port' ? item.port : '');
-}
-
-/** What the renderer draws. */
-export interface DiagramData {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly vertices: Readonly<Record<string, Diagram.VertexOptions>>;
-  readonly edges?: Readonly<Record<string, Diagram.EdgeOptions>>;
-  readonly groups?: Readonly<Record<string, Diagram.GroupOptions>>;
-}
-/** The drawn records of a config. */
-export function diagramData({ source, vertices, edges, groups }: DiagramData): DiagramData {
-  return { source, vertices, edges, groups };
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/diagram.ts b/packages/diagram/src/diagram.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bdabda96..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/diagram.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,933 +0,0 @@
-import { Work, failure, sameIndex, type Data, type Index, type Item } from '@latkit/model';
-import {
-  kit,
-  type Gpu,
-  type ItemView,
-  type Shade,
-  type FrameInfo,
-  type Viewport,
-  type View,
-  type Layout,
-  type Channel,
-  type Labels,
-  type RGBA,
-  type Shape,
-} from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { DiagramData, Point } from './data.js';
-import { diagramData, itemKey, rowOf } from './data.js';
-import {
-  DEFAULTS,
-  VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-  STYLE_EFFECTS,
-  checkInput,
-  data as checkedData,
-  fail,
-  positive,
-  resolveLimits,
-  resolveStyle,
-  type Style,
-} from './config.js';
-import { place, layoutOptions } from './layout.js';
-import {
-  readPlacement,
-  readScene,
-  sampledStructure,
-  samePlacement,
-  sameStructure,
-} from './read.js';
-import { dragWires, geometry } from './geometry.js';
-import { dragMarks, moved, type DragDraw, type DragMarks } from './drag.js';
-import { itemSlots, positions, sceneGraph, sceneRows, union, type Scene } from './scene.js';
-import { flowing, widestPx } from './styles.js';
-import { Picking } from './picking.js';
-import { Painter, pipelines, type Paint, type Overlay, type Pipelines } from './painter.js';
-import { listen, type Controls, type Gestures } from './input.js';
-/** A row of the model, which each of the view's items is; named apart from the view's own Item. */
-type ModelItem = Item;
-/** The labels every view takes, named apart from the diagram's own Labels. */
-type ViewLabels = Labels;
-type Records = 'vertices' | 'edges' | 'groups';
-type Merged = 'camera' | 'input' | 'limits' | 'layout';
-export interface Diagram extends ItemView<
-  Diagram.Config,
-  Diagram.Item,
-  Diagram.Item,
-  Diagram.Camera,
-  Diagram.Events
-> {
-  /** `animate` eases vertices to new positions and the camera to a new place. */
-  set(patch: View.Patch<Diagram.Config, Records, Merged>, options?: View.SetOptions): void;
-  /** The item, its wires, and what they join. */
-  neighborhood(item: Diagram.Item): readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  stats(): Diagram.Stats;
-}
-export declare namespace Diagram {
-  interface Config extends ItemView.Config, Style {
-    /** Borrowed: destroy never closes it. */
-    readonly source: Data;
-    /** Drawn types by model type name. */
-    readonly vertices: Readonly<Record<string, VertexOptions>>;
-    readonly edges?: Readonly<Record<string, EdgeOptions>>;
-    readonly groups?: Readonly<Record<string, GroupOptions>>;
-    /** How vertices without a position are placed. */
-    readonly layout?: Layout;
-    /** Where the camera starts; `diagram.camera` is where it is. Fits the diagram by default. */
-    readonly camera?: Partial<Camera>;
-    /** Pointer and keyboard control of the canvas; `navigate` by default. */
-    readonly input?: Input | NonNullable<Input['mode']>;
-    readonly limits?: Limits;
-  }
-  interface Events extends ItemView.Events<Item, Item, Camera> {
-    readonly connect: ConnectProposal;
-    readonly move: MoveProposal;
-    /** Delete or Backspace in edit mode: the selected vertex and edge rows. */
-    readonly delete: readonly Row[];
-  }
-  interface Stats extends View.Stats {
-    readonly vertices: number;
-    readonly edges: number;
-    readonly ends: number;
-    readonly geometryBytes: number;
-  }
-  interface Camera extends ItemView.Camera {
-    /** Diagram units at the canvas center. */
-    readonly center: Point;
-    /** Pixels per diagram unit. */
-    readonly scale: number;
-  }
-  /** A wiring the user drew; the application decides which references change. */
-  interface ConnectProposal {
-    /** Where the wiring starts: a vertex, or one of its ports. */
-    readonly from: Row | Port;
-    /** What it was dropped on: a vertex or its port, a net to join, or empty canvas. */
-    readonly to: Row | Port | null;
-    /** Dragging a wired input moves it: the net it leaves, and the port leaving it. */
-    readonly replaces?: { readonly edge: Row; readonly end: Port };
-    readonly position: Point;
-    readonly point: Point;
-  }
-  /** Where the drawing stands after a drag; write the positions to the model to accept it. */
-  interface MoveProposal {
-    /**
-     * By vertex type, to spread into its options: each dragged vertex, and each the layout placed,
-     * so the drawing stays as shown once they are written.
-     */
-    readonly positions: Readonly<Record<string, Layout.Positions>>;
-  }
-  /** What a diagram selects, hovers, and picks: a row, a port, or a group of the config. */
-  type Item = Row | Port | { readonly kind: 'group'; readonly id: string };
-  /** A drawn row, as a vertex or an edge. */
-  interface Row extends ModelItem {
-    readonly kind: 'vertex' | 'edge';
-  }
-  /** A vertex's port: the vertex row and the reference field the port draws. */
-  interface Port extends ModelItem {
-    readonly kind: 'port';
-    readonly port: string;
-  }
-  /**
-   * How a type's vertices draw. Each channel takes one value for every row, a field, or a scale:
-   * `color: 'load'`, `width: 120`. A field name labels by that field.
-   */
-  interface VertexOptions {
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    /** Where each block's top-left corner sits, in diagram units; the layout places rows without. */
-    readonly x?: Channel;
-    readonly y?: Channel;
-    /** A block's size in diagram units; it fits its title and ports without one. */
-    readonly width?: Channel;
-    readonly height?: Channel;
-    readonly shape?: Shape;
-    readonly cornerRadius?: number;
-    /** Automatic sizing reserves room around the title. Default: center. */
-    readonly labelPosition?: 'header' | 'center';
-    /** `vertexColor` by default. */
-    readonly color?: Channel.Color;
-    /** A ring around the block. */
-    readonly status?: Channel.Color;
-    /** Shown where true or positive; every row by default. */
-    readonly visible?: Channel<boolean>;
-    readonly shade?: Channel;
-    readonly labels?: string | Labels | null;
-    /** Keyed by reference field. Each field naming a drawn net is a port. */
-    readonly ports?: Readonly<Record<string, PortOptions>>;
-  }
-  interface EdgeOptions {
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    /**
-     * Two reference fields naming the vertices each row joins, such as a dependency's two tasks.
-     * Omitted, the type is a net: each row joins the ports whose references name it.
-     */
-    readonly ends?: readonly [source: string, target: string];
-    readonly route?: 'orthogonal' | 'straight' | RouteStrategy;
-    readonly appearance?: 'wire' | 'tag';
-    /** `edgeColor` by default. */
-    readonly color?: Channel.Color;
-    /** Line width in CSS pixels; a field spans 1 to 4. `edgeWidthPx` by default. */
-    readonly widthPx?: Channel;
-    /** How far dashes move along the wire each second, in CSS pixels; a field spans 0 to 40. */
-    readonly flowPx?: Channel;
-    /** Shown where true or positive; every row by default. */
-    readonly visible?: Channel<boolean>;
-    readonly shade?: Channel;
-    readonly labels?: string | Labels | null;
-    /** Arrowheads where flow arrives: a row's target end, or a net's input ports. */
-    readonly arrows?: boolean;
-  }
-  interface PortOptions {
-    readonly side?: 'left' | 'right' | 'top' | 'bottom';
-    readonly order?: number;
-    readonly marker?: 'directional' | 'circle' | 'diamond';
-    readonly label?: string;
-    readonly color?: Channel.Color;
-    readonly status?: Channel.Color;
-  }
-  /** Labels on a type's items, sized in diagram units so they zoom with the diagram. */
-  interface Labels extends Omit<ViewLabels, 'fontSizePx' | 'repeatSpacingPx'> {
-    /** In diagram units; the shared `fontSizePx` by default. */
-    readonly fontSize?: number;
-    readonly maxWidth?: number;
-    readonly overflow?: 'wrap' | 'ellipsis';
-  }
-  interface GroupOptions {
-    readonly label?: string;
-    readonly vertices: Readonly<Record<string, Index.Selection>>;
-    readonly collapsed?: boolean;
-    readonly parent?: string;
-  }
-  interface RouteStrategy {
-    /** Return one path per branch. Coordinates are diagram units. */
-    route(request: RouteRequest): readonly (readonly Point[])[];
-  }
-  interface RouteRequest {
-    readonly ends: readonly RouteEnd[];
-    readonly clearance: number;
-    readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-    readonly obstacles: readonly (readonly [number, number, number, number])[];
-  }
-  interface RouteEnd {
-    readonly position: Point;
-    readonly normal: Point;
-    readonly direction?: 'in' | 'out';
-  }
-  /**
-   * How a diagram draws, beyond the shared view style; every option has a default. Sizes without a
-   * `Px` suffix are diagram units and zoom with the blocks; `Px` sizes stay constant on screen.
-   */
-  interface Style extends kit.LineStyle, kit.GridStyle {
-    /** The grid's finest step, in diagram units, which blocks snap to; its dots draw at this times a power of 4. */
-    readonly gridPitch?: number;
-    readonly snap?: boolean;
-    readonly labels?: boolean;
-    readonly junctions?: boolean;
-    readonly vertexPadding?: number;
-    /** The radius of every corner: blocks, groups, and wire bends; a vertex type's own overrides it. */
-    readonly cornerRadius?: number;
-    readonly outlineWidthPx?: number;
-    /** Port markers, arrowheads, and junctions. */
-    readonly portSize?: number;
-    readonly portMarker?: 'directional' | 'circle' | 'diamond';
-    readonly portLabels?: boolean;
-    readonly portFontSize?: number;
-    readonly edgeWidthPx?: number;
-    readonly detail?: 'auto' | 'full';
-    readonly portSpacing?: number;
-    /** Space wires keep from blocks, and the length of the stub out of each port. */
-    readonly routeClearance?: number;
-    readonly vertexColor?: RGBA;
-    readonly edgeColor?: RGBA;
-    readonly outlineColor?: RGBA;
-    readonly groupColor?: RGBA;
-  }
-  interface Limits {
-    readonly vertices?: number;
-    readonly edges?: number;
-    readonly ends?: number;
-    readonly geometryBytes?: number;
-    readonly pickingBytes?: number;
-    readonly routePoints?: number;
-    /** Time for reading, layout, and routing one scene. */
-    readonly layoutMs?: number;
-  }
-  interface Input extends ItemView.Input {
-    /** Primary mouse drag on empty canvas. Touch continues to pan. Default: select in edit mode. */
-    readonly backgroundDrag?: 'pan' | 'select';
-    readonly dragThresholdPx?: number;
-    readonly touchDragThresholdPx?: number;
-    readonly connectRadiusPx?: number;
-    readonly autoPan?: boolean;
-    readonly autoPanMarginPx?: number;
-    readonly autoPanSpeedPx?: number;
-    /** Additional application policy, after native port type/direction checks. Must be synchronous. */
-    readonly canConnect?: (proposal: ConnectProposal) => boolean;
-  }
-}
-/** Draw a model as a block diagram: vertices, ports, wires, and groups, on a canvas or offscreen. */
-export function createDiagram(gpu: Gpu, config: Diagram.Config): Diagram {
-  return new DiagramView(gpu, config);
-}
-interface Presented {
-  /** Wires pick within this width, the widest they may draw. */
-  readonly widthPx: number;
-  readonly ports: boolean;
-  readonly scene: Scene;
-  readonly picking: Picking;
-  readonly camera: kit.Camera2D;
-  readonly viewport: Viewport;
-  /** The scene's revision, or -1 when the next frame must read it again. */
-  readonly revision: number;
-  readonly structureRevision: number;
-  readonly placementRevision: number;
-  readonly at?: number;
-  /** A drag drawn over the scene. */
-  readonly drag?: DragDraw;
-  /** Where each slot drew from its place, which `locate` follows: offsets that `motion` scales. */
-  readonly offsets: Float32Array | null;
-  readonly motion: Point;
-}
-/** A prepared frame: what it shows, and what it draws. */
-interface Staged extends Presented {
-  readonly paint: Paint;
-}
-/** What a config means to the diagram: its data, limits, layout, and style. */
-interface Resolved {
-  readonly config: Diagram.Config;
-  readonly data: DiagramData;
-  /** Whether the scene reads sampled fields; otherwise it is the same at every coordinate. */
-  readonly sampled: boolean;
-  /** Whether a wire's flow moves, so frames keep coming. */
-  readonly flowing: boolean;
-  readonly limits: Required<Diagram.Limits>;
-  readonly layout: Required<Layout>;
-  readonly style: Style;
-}
-function point(x: number, y: number): Point {
-  return Object.freeze([x, y]) as unknown as Point;
-}
-const DEFAULT_CAMERA: Diagram.Camera = Object.freeze({ center: point(0, 0), scale: 1, fit: true });
-function camera2d(camera: Diagram.Camera): kit.Camera2D {
-  return { center: camera.center, scale: [camera.scale, camera.scale], yDirection: 'down' };
-}
-function inside(p: Point, viewport: Viewport): boolean {
-  return p[0] >= 0 && p[1] >= 0 && p[0] <= viewport.width && p[1] <= viewport.height;
-}
-/** Ports are picked once they are large enough to aim at. */
-function portsShown(style: Style, camera: kit.Camera2D): boolean {
-  return style.detail === 'full' || camera.scale[0] > 0.2;
-}
-const KINDS = new Set(['vertex', 'edge', 'port']);
-/** Whether a vertex both scenes draw stands somewhere else in the second. */
-function moves(from: Scene, to: Scene): boolean {
-  const before = sceneRows(from).vertices;
-  for (const [key, i] of sceneRows(to).vertices) {
-    const was = from.vertices[before.get(key) ?? -1],
-      vertex = to.vertices[i];
-    if (was && (was.x !== vertex.x || was.y !== vertex.y)) return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-class DiagramView
-  extends kit.BaseItemView<
-    Diagram.Config,
-    Diagram.Item,
-    Diagram.Item,
-    Diagram.Camera,
-    Diagram.Events,
-    Resolved,
-    Staged,
-    Pipelines,
-    Records,
-    Merged
-  >
-  implements Diagram
-{
-  private readonly painter: Painter;
-  private revision = 0;
-  private structureRevision = 0;
-  private placementRevision = 0;
-  /** The latest drawn frame: what pick, locate, selection, and drags see. */
-  private shown?: Presented;
-  private overlay: Overlay | null = null;
-  private counts = { vertices: 0, edges: 0, ends: 0, geometryBytes: 0, drawCalls: 0 };
-  private transitionRequested = false;
-  /** Vertices easing from where a scene drew them to where the shown one has them. */
-  private transition?: {
-    readonly from: Scene;
-    readonly revision: number;
-    readonly at?: number;
-    readonly start: number;
-  };
-  /** A drag in progress: the items it started with, what they move, and how far. */
-  private drag?: {
-    readonly items: readonly Diagram.Item[];
-    readonly keys: ReadonlySet<string>;
-    readonly delta: Point;
-  };
-  /** What the drag moves in the scene it draws over, found once per drag and scene. */
-  private dragged?: {
-    readonly keys: ReadonlySet<string>;
-    readonly scene: Scene;
-    readonly marks: DragMarks;
-  };
-  private relayout = false;
-  private gestures?: Gestures;
-  private readonly controls: Controls = {
-    emit: (event, value) => this.emit(event, value),
-    selection: () => this.selection,
-    choose: (items) => this.choose(items),
-    click: (p, modifiers, touch) =>
-      void this.click(p, modifiers, { touch }).catch((error: unknown) => this.fail(error)),
-    revision: () => this.revision,
-    scene: () => this.shown?.scene,
-    options: () => this.style,
-    world: (p) => (this.shown ? kit.worldPoint(this.shown.camera, p, this.shown.viewport) : null),
-    marquee: (a, b) =>
-      this.shown?.picking.marquee([
-        Math.min(a[0], b[0]),
-        Math.min(a[1], b[1]),
-        Math.max(a[0], b[0]),
-        Math.max(a[1], b[1]),
-      ]) ?? [],
-    preview: (items, delta) => this.preview(items, delta),
-    move: (items, delta) => this.move(items, delta),
-    overlay: (value) => {
-      if (this.defer('overlay', () => this.controls.overlay(value))) return;
-      this.overlay = value;
-      this.invalidate();
-    },
-    hits: (p, radiusPx = this.viewStyle.pickRadiusPx) => this.hits(p, radiusPx),
-    pan: (dx, dy) => this.pan(dx, dy),
-    stay: () => {
-      if (this.camera.fit) this.moveCamera({ fit: false }, {});
-    },
-    reveal: (item) => this.reveal(item),
-    invalidated: (listener) => this.onInvalidate(listener),
-  };
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: Diagram.Config) {
-    super(gpu, config, {
-      name: 'diagram',
-      style: VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-      records: ['vertices', 'edges', 'groups'],
-      merged: ['camera', 'input', 'limits', 'layout'],
-      options: Object.keys(DEFAULTS),
-      framed: ['center', 'scale'],
-      modes: ['navigate', 'edit', 'inspect', 'none'],
-      // Presses drag, wire, and marquee here; the gestures select through `click`.
-    });
-    this.painter = new Painter(gpu);
-    this.start();
-  }
-  private get data(): DiagramData {
-    return this.resolved.data;
-  }
-  private get style(): Style {
-    return this.resolved.style;
-  }
-  private get limits(): Required<Diagram.Limits> {
-    return this.resolved.limits;
-  }
-
-  neighborhood(item: Diagram.Item): readonly Diagram.Item[] {
-    const scene = this.shown?.scene;
-    if (!scene) return [];
-    const result = new Map<string, Diagram.Item>([[itemKey(item), item]]),
-      graph = sceneGraph(scene),
-      slots = itemSlots(scene),
-      add = (row: Diagram.Row) => result.set(itemKey(row), row),
-      edge = (e: number) => {
-        add(rowOf(scene.edges[e].hit));
-        for (const v of graph.endsOf(e)) add(rowOf(scene.vertices[v].hit));
-      };
-    if (item.kind === 'edge') {
-      const slot = slots.get(itemKey(item));
-      if (slot !== undefined) edge(slot - scene.slots.edges);
-      return [...result.values()];
-    }
-    // A group's own vertices, or the vertex of a row or port.
-    const slot =
-        item.kind === 'group'
-          ? undefined
-          : slots.get(
-              itemKey({ kind: 'vertex', source: item.source, index: item.index, row: item.row }),
-            ),
-      vertices =
-        item.kind === 'group'
-          ? (scene.groups.find((group) => group.id === item.id)?.members ?? [])
-          : slot === undefined
-            ? []
-            : [slot];
-    for (const v of vertices) {
-      for (const e of graph.edgesOf(v)) edge(e);
-      add(rowOf(scene.vertices[v].hit));
-    }
-    return [...result.values()];
-  }
-  stats(): Diagram.Stats {
-    return {
-      ...super.stats(),
-      ...this.counts,
-      pickingBytes: this.shown?.picking.bytes ?? 0,
-    };
-  }
-
-  protected defaultCamera(): Diagram.Camera {
-    return DEFAULT_CAMERA;
-  }
-  protected resolveCamera(camera: Diagram.Camera): Diagram.Camera {
-    const { center, scale, fit } = camera;
-    if (!Array.isArray(center) || center.length !== 2 || !center.every(Number.isFinite))
-      fail('Invalid camera center');
-    positive(scale, 'camera scale');
-    if (typeof fit !== 'boolean') fail('Invalid camera fit');
-    return Object.freeze({ center: point(center[0], center[1]), scale, fit });
-  }
-  /** The camera that frames items in a scene, or the whole scene; undefined before anything draws. */
-  private framing(
-    scene: Scene,
-    picking: Picking,
-    items: readonly Diagram.Item[] | undefined,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): Partial<Diagram.Camera> | undefined {
-    const boxes = items ? picking.bounds(items) : [];
-    if (!boxes.length && !picking.drawn) return undefined;
-    const fitted = kit.fitCamera(
-      boxes.length ? union(boxes) : scene.bounds,
-      viewport,
-      this.style.fitPaddingPx,
-      { yDirection: 'down' },
-    );
-    return { center: point(fitted.center[0], fitted.center[1]), scale: fitted.scale[0] };
-  }
-  protected interpolate(from: Diagram.Camera, to: Diagram.Camera, t: number): Diagram.Camera {
-    return Object.freeze({
-      center: point(
-        from.center[0] + (to.center[0] - from.center[0]) * t,
-        from.center[1] + (to.center[1] - from.center[1]) * t,
-      ),
-      scale: from.scale + (to.scale - from.scale) * t,
-      fit: to.fit,
-    });
-  }
-  protected panned(camera: Diagram.Camera, dx: number, dy: number): Diagram.Camera {
-    return {
-      ...camera,
-      center: point(camera.center[0] - dx / camera.scale, camera.center[1] - dy / camera.scale),
-    };
-  }
-  protected zoomed(
-    camera: Diagram.Camera,
-    factor: number,
-    anchor: Point,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): Diagram.Camera {
-    const zoomed = kit.zoomCamera(camera2d(camera), factor, anchor, viewport);
-    return {
-      ...camera,
-      center: point(zoomed.center[0], zoomed.center[1]),
-      scale: Math.max(1e-12, Math.min(1e12, zoomed.scale[0])),
-    };
-  }
-  protected position(item: Diagram.Item): Point | null {
-    const p = this.shown;
-    const at = p?.picking.locate(item);
-    if (!p || !at) return null;
-    // An item draws where a drag or a transition has it.
-    const slot = p.offsets ? itemSlots(p.scene).get(itemKey(item)) : undefined,
-      drawn: Point =
-        slot === undefined
-          ? at
-          : [
-              at[0] + p.offsets![slot * 2] * p.motion[0],
-              at[1] + p.offsets![slot * 2 + 1] * p.motion[1],
-            ];
-    return kit.cameraPoint(p.camera, drawn, p.viewport);
-  }
-  protected identify(item: Diagram.Item): string {
-    return itemKey(item);
-  }
-  protected accept(item: Diagram.Item): void {
-    if (
-      !item ||
-      (item.kind === 'group'
-        ? typeof item.id !== 'string'
-        : !KINDS.has(item.kind) ||
-          typeof item.index?.type !== 'string' ||
-          !Number.isSafeInteger(item.row) ||
-          (item.kind === 'port' && typeof item.port !== 'string'))
-    )
-      fail('Invalid diagram item');
-    // A row names its row space, which the source must hold, as another view's does.
-    if (item.kind !== 'group') {
-      const table = this.data.source.tables[item.index.type];
-      if (!table || !sameIndex(table.index, item.index))
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Selection belongs to another source');
-    }
-  }
-  protected contains(item: Diagram.Item): boolean {
-    return this.shown?.picking.has(item) ?? false;
-  }
-  protected hits(
-    p: Point,
-    radiusPx: number,
-    options: { readonly limit?: number } = {},
-  ): readonly Diagram.Item[] {
-    const shown = this.shown;
-    if (!shown || !inside(p, shown.viewport)) return [];
-    const hits = shown.picking.hit(
-        p,
-        shown.camera,
-        shown.viewport,
-        radiusPx,
-        shown.ports,
-        undefined,
-        shown.widthPx,
-      ),
-      limit = options.limit ?? Infinity;
-    return hits.length > limit ? hits.slice(0, limit) : hits;
-  }
-  protected pipelines(format: GPUTextureFormat, msaa: 1 | 4, shade: Shade): Promise<Pipelines> {
-    return pipelines(this.gpu, format, msaa, shade.wgsl);
-  }
-  protected checkInput(input: Diagram.Input): void {
-    super.checkInput(checkInput(input));
-  }
-  protected listen(
-    canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
-    input: kit.CanvasInput,
-    mode: NonNullable<ItemView.Input['mode']>,
-  ): () => void {
-    const gestures = listen(
-      canvas,
-      input,
-      mode,
-      (this.config.input ?? {}) as Diagram.Input,
-      this.controls,
-    );
-    this.gestures = gestures;
-    return () => {
-      gestures.detach();
-      if (this.gestures === gestures) this.gestures = undefined;
-    };
-  }
-  protected grab(event: PointerEvent, point: Point): kit.Grab | undefined {
-    return this.gestures?.grab(event, point);
-  }
-  protected key(event: KeyboardEvent): boolean {
-    return this.gestures?.key(event) ?? false;
-  }
-  protected cancel(): boolean {
-    return this.gestures?.cancel() ?? false;
-  }
-
-  protected resolve(config: Diagram.Config): Resolved {
-    const data = checkedData(diagramData(config));
-    return {
-      config,
-      data,
-      sampled: sampledStructure(data),
-      flowing: Object.values(data.edges ?? {}).some(flowing),
-      limits: resolveLimits(config.limits),
-      layout: layoutOptions(config.layout),
-      style: resolveStyle(config, this.sharedStyle(config)),
-    };
-  }
-  protected configure(resolved: Resolved, before: Resolved, options: View.SetOptions): void {
-    const { config: next } = resolved,
-      { config: previous } = before;
-    const animate = options.animate === true;
-    if (!sameStructure(before.data, resolved.data) || previous.limits !== next.limits) {
-      this.reread(animate);
-      this.pruneSelection();
-    } else if (!samePlacement(before.data, resolved.data)) this.reposition(animate);
-    if (previous.layout !== next.layout) {
-      this.reread(animate);
-      this.relayout = true;
-    }
-    const changed = (Object.keys(resolved.style) as (keyof Style)[]).filter((key) => {
-      const a = resolved.style[key],
-        b = before.style[key];
-      return Array.isArray(a) && Array.isArray(b)
-        ? a.length !== b.length || a.some((v, i) => v !== b[i])
-        : a !== b;
-    });
-    const effects = new Set(changed.map((key) => STYLE_EFFECTS[key]));
-    if (effects.has('scene')) this.reread(false);
-    else if (effects.has('route')) {
-      this.revision++;
-      this.transition = undefined;
-      this.drag = undefined;
-    }
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return (
-      !this.closed &&
-      (super.animating ||
-        !!this.transition ||
-        (this.resolved.flowing &&
-          !!this.shown &&
-          !this.reducedMotion &&
-          this.style.flowSpacingPx > 0))
-    );
-  }
-
-  private reread(animate: boolean): void {
-    this.transitionRequested = animate;
-    this.transition = undefined;
-    this.revision++;
-    this.structureRevision++;
-    this.drag = undefined;
-  }
-  /** Draw new positions on the scene as it stands: the next frame reads them and nothing else. */
-  private reposition(animate: boolean): void {
-    this.transitionRequested = animate;
-    this.transition = undefined;
-    this.revision++;
-    this.placementRevision++;
-    this.drag = undefined;
-  }
-  /** Draw dragged vertices offset from their accepted positions, or stop with null. */
-  private preview(items: readonly Diagram.Item[], delta: Point | null): void {
-    if (this.defer('preview', () => this.preview(items, delta))) return;
-    // A drag starts from accepted positions, so a transition under way ends where it was going.
-    this.transition = undefined;
-    this.transitionRequested = false;
-    const drag = this.drag;
-    this.drag = delta
-      ? { items, keys: drag?.items === items ? drag.keys : this.movingKeys(items), delta }
-      : undefined;
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  private movingKeys(items: readonly Diagram.Item[]): Set<string> {
-    const keys = new Set(items.map(itemKey));
-    const scene = this.shown?.scene;
-    if (!scene) return keys;
-    const groups = new Map(scene.groups.map((g) => [g.id, g]));
-    const selected = new Set(items.filter((i) => i.kind === 'group').map((i) => i.id));
-    for (const vertex of scene.vertices)
-      for (let group = vertex.group; group; group = groups.get(group)?.parent)
-        if (selected.has(group)) {
-          keys.add(itemKey(vertex.hit));
-          break;
-        }
-    return keys;
-  }
-  private move(items: readonly Diagram.Item[], delta: Point): Diagram.MoveProposal | undefined {
-    const scene = this.shown?.scene;
-    if (!scene) return;
-    const keys = this.movingKeys(items),
-      moving = new Set<number>(),
-      vertices = scene.vertices.map((vertex, i) => {
-        if (!keys.has(itemKey(vertex.hit))) return vertex;
-        moving.add(i);
-        return { ...vertex, x: vertex.x + delta[0], y: vertex.y + delta[1] };
-      });
-    if (!moving.size) return;
-    return { positions: positions(vertices, (vertex, i) => moving.has(i) || !vertex.placed) };
-  }
-  protected async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation): Promise<Staged> {
-    this.live();
-    // Compile while the scene reads.
-    const compiling = this.framePipelines(frame);
-    void compiling.catch(() => {});
-    const { data, style, limits, layout } = this.resolved,
-      work = new Work(frame.signal, limits.layoutMs),
-      revision = this.revision,
-      structureRevision = this.structureRevision,
-      placementRevision = this.placementRevision,
-      motion = !this.reducedMotion,
-      at = this.resolved.sampled ? frame.at : undefined;
-    const base = this.shown,
-      // An exported frame draws transitions at their targets and changes none of them.
-      presented = frame.presented;
-    let scene: Scene,
-      picking: Picking,
-      drag: DragDraw | null = null,
-      drawnAt = at;
-    if (this.drag && base && base.revision === revision) {
-      // A drag draws over the accepted scene, even while the coordinate plays on; only what it
-      // moves is placed and routed again.
-      scene = base.scene;
-      picking = base.picking;
-      drawnAt = base.at;
-      drag = this.dragDraw(scene, this.drag, style, frame.signal);
-    } else if (base && base.revision === revision && base.at === at && !this.drag) {
-      scene = base.scene;
-      picking = base.picking;
-    } else {
-      if (base && base.structureRevision === structureRevision && base.at === at) {
-        scene = {
-          ...base.scene,
-          vertices: base.scene.vertices.map((vertex) => ({
-            ...vertex,
-            ports: vertex.ports.map((port) => ({ ...port })),
-          })),
-          edges: base.scene.edges.map((edge) => ({ ...edge })),
-          groups: base.scene.groups.map((group) => ({ ...group })),
-        };
-        if (base.placementRevision !== placementRevision)
-          await readPlacement(scene, data, frame.reader, work);
-      } else {
-        scene = await readScene(
-          data,
-          frame.reader,
-          style,
-          limits,
-          (input) => this.gpu.layoutText(input, { signal: work.signal }),
-          work,
-        );
-        await place(scene, layout, style, work, this.relayout ? undefined : base?.scene);
-      }
-      await geometry(scene, style, this.limits, frame.signal, base?.scene, work);
-      picking = new Picking(scene, this.limits.pickingBytes);
-      const retained = new Set([scene, base?.scene, this.transition?.from]);
-      if (picking.bytes + (base?.picking.bytes ?? 0) > this.limits.pickingBytes)
-        throw failure('resource-limit', 'Retained picking exceeds budget');
-      if (
-        [...retained].reduce((n, value) => n + (value?.bytes ?? 0), 0) > this.limits.geometryBytes
-      )
-        throw failure('resource-limit', 'Retained geometry exceeds budget');
-    }
-    if (
-      presented &&
-      this.transition &&
-      (this.transition.revision !== revision || this.transition.at !== at)
-    )
-      this.transition = undefined;
-    // The first presented frame of an animated change eases from what was shown.
-    if (
-      presented &&
-      this.transitionRequested &&
-      base &&
-      scene !== base.scene &&
-      !this.drag &&
-      motion &&
-      style.animationMs > 0 &&
-      base.scene.bytes + scene.bytes <= this.limits.geometryBytes &&
-      moves(base.scene, scene)
-    )
-      this.transition = { from: base.scene, revision, at, start: frame.timeMs };
-    if (presented) this.transitionRequested = false;
-    const transition = this.transition,
-      rest =
-        presented && transition && !this.drag && motion && style.animationMs > 0
-          ? (1 - Math.min(1, Math.max(0, (frame.timeMs - transition.start) / style.animationMs))) **
-            3
-          : 0;
-    frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    this.live();
-    const widthPx = Math.max(
-      style.edgeWidthPx,
-      ...Object.values(data.edges ?? {}).map((edge) => widestPx(edge, style.edgeWidthPx)),
-    );
-    const framed = scene,
-      found = picking;
-    const camera = await this.frameCamera(frame, (items, _, viewport) =>
-      this.framing(framed, found, items, viewport),
-    );
-    const drawn = camera2d(camera),
-      viewport = frame.viewport,
-      ports = portsShown(style, drawn);
-    const hover = this.hoverFrame(
-      frame,
-      (p, radius, { check }) =>
-        inside(p, viewport)
-          ? found.nearest(p, drawn, viewport, radius, ports, check, widthPx)
-          : null,
-      !!this.drag || rest > 0,
-    );
-    const paint = await this.painter.prepare(frame, {
-      scene,
-      data,
-      style,
-      camera: drawn,
-      selection: this.selection,
-      hover,
-      pipelines: await work.wait(compiling),
-      shade: this.shadeFrame(frame),
-      overlay: this.overlay,
-      drag,
-      transition: rest > 0 ? { from: transition!.from, rest } : null,
-      motion,
-    });
-    work.check();
-    this.live();
-    return {
-      scene,
-      widthPx,
-      ports,
-      picking,
-      camera: drawn,
-      viewport,
-      revision,
-      structureRevision,
-      placementRevision,
-      at: drawnAt,
-      drag: drag ?? undefined,
-      offsets: paint.offsets,
-      motion: paint.motion,
-      paint,
-    };
-  }
-  /** The drag drawn over a scene: what it moves, found once, and the wires it reroutes. */
-  private dragDraw(
-    scene: Scene,
-    drag: { readonly keys: ReadonlySet<string>; readonly delta: Point },
-    style: Style,
-    signal: AbortSignal,
-  ): DragDraw {
-    let dragged = this.dragged;
-    if (dragged?.keys !== drag.keys || dragged.scene !== scene)
-      this.dragged = dragged = { keys: drag.keys, scene, marks: dragMarks(scene, drag.keys) };
-    const { marks } = dragged;
-    return {
-      marks,
-      delta: drag.delta,
-      wires: dragWires(scene, marks.edges, moved(scene, marks, drag.delta), style, signal),
-    };
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: kit.Encoding, staged: Staged): void {
-    this.live();
-    this.painter.encode(frame, staged.paint);
-  }
-  protected submitted(frame: FrameInfo, next: Staged): void {
-    if (this.closed) return;
-    // An exported frame leaves what pick, locate, drags, and layout start from.
-    if (!frame.presented) return;
-    this.shown = {
-      widthPx: next.widthPx,
-      ports: next.ports,
-      scene: next.scene,
-      picking: next.picking,
-      camera: next.camera,
-      viewport: next.viewport,
-      revision: next.revision,
-      structureRevision: next.structureRevision,
-      placementRevision: next.placementRevision,
-      at: next.at,
-      drag: next.drag,
-      offsets: next.offsets,
-      motion: next.motion,
-    };
-    if (
-      this.transition &&
-      (this.reducedMotion || frame.timeMs >= this.transition.start + this.style.animationMs)
-    )
-      this.transition = undefined;
-    this.relayout = false;
-    this.counts = {
-      vertices: next.scene.vertices.length,
-      edges: next.scene.edges.length,
-      ends: next.scene.ends,
-      geometryBytes: next.scene.bytes,
-      drawCalls: next.paint.drawCalls,
-    };
-  }
-  protected release(): void {
-    this.shown = undefined;
-    this.transition = undefined;
-    this.transitionRequested = false;
-    this.painter.destroy();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/drag.ts b/packages/diagram/src/drag.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ef5a721e..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/drag.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-import type { Point } from './data.js';
-import { itemKey } from './data.js';
-import type { Moved } from './route.js';
-import { itemSlots, sceneGraph, type Edge, type Scene, type Vertex, type Wire } from './scene.js';
-
-/** What a drag moves in one scene, found once when it starts. */
-export interface DragMarks {
-  readonly vertices: readonly number[];
-  /** Groups that move with their vertices: the dragged ones and the groups inside them. */
-  readonly groups: ReadonlySet<string>;
-  /** Edges with an end on a moving vertex, which the drag reroutes. */
-  readonly edges: readonly number[];
-  /** Slots drawn offset by the drag: its vertices, their ports, and its groups. */
-  readonly moving: ReadonlySet<number>;
-  /** Slots of the rerouted edges, hidden while their new wires draw. */
-  readonly rerouted: ReadonlySet<number>;
-}
-/** A rerouted wire, its edge's slot, and where its label goes. */
-export type DragWire = Wire & {
-  readonly edge: Edge;
-  readonly slot: number;
-  readonly labels: readonly Point[];
-};
-/** A drag drawn over a still scene: what moves, how far, and the wires it reroutes. */
-export interface DragDraw {
-  readonly marks: DragMarks;
-  readonly delta: Point;
-  readonly wires: readonly DragWire[];
-}
-
-/** Find what dragging the items with these keys moves. */
-export function dragMarks(scene: Scene, keys: ReadonlySet<string>): DragMarks {
-  const parents = new Map(scene.groups.map((group) => [group.id, group.parent])),
-    groups = new Set<string>(),
-    moving = new Set<number>();
-  scene.groups.forEach((group, i) => {
-    for (let id: string | undefined = group.id; id; id = parents.get(id))
-      if (keys.has(itemKey({ kind: 'group', id }))) {
-        groups.add(group.id);
-        moving.add(scene.slots.groups + i);
-        break;
-      }
-  });
-  // The dragged vertices by their slots, and the edges at them by the scene's graph.
-  const slots = itemSlots(scene),
-    graph = sceneGraph(scene),
-    vertices: number[] = [],
-    at = new Set<number>();
-  for (const key of keys) {
-    const slot = slots.get(key);
-    if (slot !== undefined && slot < scene.slots.ports) vertices.push(slot);
-  }
-  vertices.sort((a, b) => a - b);
-  for (const i of vertices) {
-    const vertex = scene.vertices[i];
-    moving.add(i);
-    for (let k = 0; k < vertex.ports.length; k++) moving.add(vertex.portSlot + k);
-    for (const e of graph.edgesOf(i)) at.add(e);
-  }
-  const edges = [...at].sort((a, b) => a - b),
-    rerouted = new Set(edges.map((e) => scene.slots.edges + e));
-  return { vertices, groups, edges, moving, rerouted };
-}
-
-/** The moving vertices where the drag has taken them. */
-export function moved(scene: Scene, marks: DragMarks, delta: Point): Moved {
-  return {
-    vertices: new Map(marks.vertices.map((i) => [i, translated(scene.vertices[i], delta)])),
-    groups: marks.groups,
-    delta,
-  };
-}
-function translated(vertex: Vertex, delta: Point): Vertex {
-  return {
-    ...vertex,
-    x: vertex.x + delta[0],
-    y: vertex.y + delta[1],
-    ports: vertex.ports.map((port) => ({
-      ...port,
-      position: [port.position[0] + delta[0], port.position[1] + delta[1]],
-    })),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/geometry.ts b/packages/diagram/src/geometry.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e7d78dbc..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/geometry.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,513 +0,0 @@
-import { Work, failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Point } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Scene, Vertex, Rect, Edge, End, Wire, Part } from './scene.js';
-import type { DragWire } from './drag.js';
-import type { Style } from './config.js';
-import { rect, union, expand, groupFrame, intersects, sceneRows } from './scene.js';
-import { rootEnd } from './layout.js';
-import { Routing, obstacles, routeEdge, separate, draw, type Moved, type Route } from './route.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-export function boundary(
-  vertex: Pick<Vertex, 'x' | 'y' | 'width' | 'height' | 'shape' | 'radius'>,
-  toward: Point,
-): Point {
-  const cx = vertex.x + vertex.width / 2,
-    cy = vertex.y + vertex.height / 2,
-    dx = toward[0] - cx,
-    dy = toward[1] - cy;
-  const rx = vertex.width / 2,
-    ry = vertex.height / 2;
-  const factor =
-    vertex.shape === 'ellipse'
-      ? 1 / Math.sqrt((dx / rx) ** 2 + (dy / ry) ** 2)
-      : vertex.shape === 'diamond'
-        ? 1 / (Math.abs(dx) / rx + Math.abs(dy) / ry)
-        : 1 / Math.max(Math.abs(dx) / rx, Math.abs(dy) / ry);
-  if (vertex.shape === 'rounded' && Number.isFinite(factor)) {
-    const radius = Math.min(vertex.radius, rx, ry),
-      px = dx * factor,
-      py = dy * factor;
-    if (Math.abs(px) > rx - radius && Math.abs(py) > ry - radius) {
-      const x = Math.sign(dx) * (rx - radius),
-        y = Math.sign(dy) * (ry - radius),
-        a = dx * dx + dy * dy,
-        p = dx * x + dy * y;
-      const d = p * p - a * (x * x + y * y - radius * radius);
-      if (d >= 0) {
-        const t = (p + Math.sqrt(d)) / a;
-        return [cx + dx * t, cy + dy * t];
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return Number.isFinite(factor) ? [cx + dx * factor, cy + dy * factor] : [cx + rx, cy];
-}
-export function contains(vertex: Vertex, p: Point): boolean {
-  const x = Math.abs((p[0] - vertex.x - vertex.width / 2) / (vertex.width / 2)),
-    y = Math.abs((p[1] - vertex.y - vertex.height / 2) / (vertex.height / 2));
-  if (vertex.shape === 'rounded') {
-    const radius = Math.min(vertex.radius, vertex.width / 2, vertex.height / 2),
-      qx = Math.abs(p[0] - vertex.x - vertex.width / 2) - vertex.width / 2 + radius,
-      qy = Math.abs(p[1] - vertex.y - vertex.height / 2) - vertex.height / 2 + radius;
-    return Math.hypot(Math.max(0, qx), Math.max(0, qy)) + Math.min(Math.max(qx, qy), 0) <= radius;
-  }
-  return vertex.shape === 'ellipse'
-    ? x * x + y * y <= 1
-    : vertex.shape === 'diamond'
-      ? x + y <= 1
-      : x <= 1 && y <= 1;
-}
-export function distance(p: Point, a: Point, b: Point): number {
-  const dx = b[0] - a[0],
-    dy = b[1] - a[1],
-    length = dx * dx + dy * dy;
-  const t = length
-    ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, ((p[0] - a[0]) * dx + (p[1] - a[1]) * dy) / length))
-    : 0;
-  return Math.hypot(p[0] - a[0] - dx * t, p[1] - a[1] - dy * t);
-}
-/** Spread each side's ports evenly along it, below a title band. */
-export function portPositions(vertex: Vertex): void {
-  for (const side of ['left', 'right', 'top', 'bottom'] as const) {
-    const ports = vertex.ports
-      .filter((p) => p.side === side)
-      .sort((a, b) => a.order - b.order || a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
-    ports.forEach((p, i) => {
-      const t = (i + 1) / (ports.length + 1),
-        y = vertex.y + vertex.header + (vertex.height - vertex.header) * t;
-      p.position =
-        side === 'left'
-          ? [vertex.x, y]
-          : side === 'right'
-            ? [vertex.x + vertex.width, y]
-            : side === 'top'
-              ? [vertex.x + vertex.width * t, vertex.y]
-              : [vertex.x + vertex.width * t, vertex.y + vertex.height];
-      p.normal =
-        side === 'left' ? [-1, 0] : side === 'right' ? [1, 0] : side === 'top' ? [0, -1] : [0, 1];
-      if (vertex.shape === 'ellipse' || vertex.shape === 'diamond')
-        p.position = boundary(vertex, p.position);
-    });
-  }
-}
-/** Whether an edge draws wires between these ends: two or more, not all inside one collapsed group. */
-function routed(edge: Edge, ends: readonly End[], proxy: ReadonlyMap<number, string>): boolean {
-  if (!edge.visible || ends.length < 2) return false;
-  const first = proxy.get(ends[0].vertex);
-  return !first || !ends.every((e) => proxy.get(e.vertex) === first);
-}
-/** The style a scene's routes and labels were made with; another one routes everything again. */
-function routing(options: Style): string {
-  return [options.routeClearance, options.portSize, options.gridPitch, +options.labels].join();
-}
-
-/**
- * Place a scene's ports, frame its groups, and route and label its edges, part by part. A part
- * that did not change keeps its wires and labels from `previous`; in one that did, edges whose ends
- * and neighbourhood did not change keep their routes, and tracks and labels are placed anew.
- */
-export async function geometry(
-  scene: Scene,
-  options: Style,
-  limits: Required<Diagram.Limits>,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-  previous?: Scene,
-  work: Work = new Work(signal, limits.layoutMs),
-): Promise<void> {
-  scene.portSize = options.portSize;
-  scene.bytes -= scene.routeBytes;
-  scene.routeBytes = 0;
-  for (const vertex of scene.vertices) {
-    vertex.visible = vertex.sourceVisible;
-    portPositions(vertex);
-  }
-  const groups = new Map(scene.groups.map((g) => [g.id, g]));
-  const depth = (id: string): number => {
-    let n = 0;
-    for (let p = groups.get(id)?.parent; p; p = groups.get(p)?.parent) n++;
-    return n;
-  };
-  for (const group of [...scene.groups].sort((a, b) => depth(b.id) - depth(a.id))) {
-    const boxes = group.members
-      .filter((i) => scene.vertices[i].visible)
-      .map((i) => rect(scene.vertices[i]));
-    for (const child of scene.groups)
-      if (child.parent === group.id && child.bounds[0] !== child.bounds[2])
-        boxes.push(child.bounds);
-    group.bounds = boxes.length
-      ? groupFrame(union(boxes), group, options.vertexPadding)
-      : [0, 0, 0, 0];
-  }
-  const hidden = new Set<number>(),
-    hiddenGroups = new Set<string>();
-  for (let i = 0; i < scene.vertices.length; i++)
-    for (let g = scene.vertices[i].group; g; g = groups.get(g)?.parent)
-      if (groups.get(g)?.collapsed) hidden.add(i);
-  for (const group of scene.groups)
-    for (let p = group.parent; p; p = groups.get(p)?.parent)
-      if (groups.get(p)?.collapsed) hiddenGroups.add(group.id);
-  for (const id of hiddenGroups) groups.get(id)!.bounds = [0, 0, 0, 0];
-  scene.obstacles = obstacles(scene, hidden);
-  const route = new Routing(scene, options, signal),
-    kept = previous?.routing === routing(options) ? new Kept(scene, previous, options) : undefined;
-  for (const edge of scene.edges) clear(edge);
-  let points = 0;
-  for (const [k, part] of scene.parts.entries()) {
-    await work.step();
-    const old = kept?.part(part, k);
-    if (old) adopt(scene, part, previous!, old);
-    else {
-      const routes: (Route | null)[] = [];
-      for (const e of part.edges) {
-        await work.step();
-        const edge = scene.edges[e],
-          ends = edge.ends.filter((end) => scene.vertices[end.vertex].visible);
-        edge.route = routed(edge, ends, scene.obstacles.proxy)
-          ? (kept?.route(e) ?? routeEdge(edge, ends, route, rootEnd(edge)))
-          : null;
-        routes.push(edge.route);
-      }
-      const frames = part.groups
-        .map((g) => scene.groups[g])
-        .filter((g) => !g.collapsed && g.bounds[0] !== g.bounds[2])
-        .map((g) => g.bounds);
-      const wires = separate(
-        routes.map((r, k) => (scene.edges[part.edges[k]].options.appearance === 'tag' ? null : r)),
-        route,
-        frames,
-      );
-      part.edges.forEach((e, k) => {
-        const edge = scene.edges[e],
-          r = routes[k];
-        if (r) Object.assign(edge, edge.options.appearance === 'tag' ? tag(r) : wires[k]);
-      });
-      label(scene, part, options, route);
-    }
-    for (const e of part.edges) points += scene.edges[e].route?.points ?? 0;
-    if (points > limits.routePoints) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many route points');
-  }
-  for (const i of hidden) scene.vertices[i].visible = false;
-  scene.bounds = union([
-    ...scene.vertices.filter((n) => n.visible).map(rect),
-    ...scene.edges.filter((e) => e.visible && e.paths.length).map((e) => e.bounds),
-    ...scene.groups.filter((g) => g.bounds[0] !== g.bounds[2]).map((g) => g.bounds),
-  ]);
-  scene.routing = routing(options);
-  scene.routeBytes = points * 24 + scene.obstacles.index.bytes + scene.obstacles.boxes.byteLength;
-  scene.bytes += scene.routeBytes;
-  work.check();
-  if (scene.bytes > limits.geometryBytes)
-    throw failure('resource-limit', 'Route geometry exceeds budget');
-}
-/** An edge with nothing drawn. */
-function clear(edge: Edge): void {
-  edge.route = null;
-  edge.paths = [];
-  edge.offsets = [];
-  edge.junctions = [];
-  edge.arrows = [];
-  edge.bounds = [0, 0, 0, 0];
-  edge.labels = [];
-}
-/** An unchanged part's wires and labels, as the previous scene drew them. */
-function adopt(scene: Scene, part: Part, previous: Scene, old: Part): void {
-  part.edges.forEach((e, k) => {
-    const { route, paths, offsets, junctions, arrows, bounds, labels } =
-      previous.edges[old.edges[k]];
-    Object.assign(scene.edges[e], { route, paths, offsets, junctions, arrows, bounds, labels });
-  });
-}
-/** What of the previous scene still holds: where its rows went, and what moved since. */
-class Kept {
-  /** Each vertex's and edge's index in the previous scene; -1 when new. */
-  private readonly was: Int32Array;
-  private readonly edgeWas: Int32Array;
-  private readonly changed: Uint8Array;
-  /** Previous edges near anything that moved. */
-  private readonly affected = new Set<number>();
-  /** Whether every group frames and hides what it did, so proxies route as they did. */
-  private readonly groups: boolean;
-  /** A copy of the previous scene, which numbers its rows and parts alike. */
-  private readonly copy: boolean;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly scene: Scene,
-    private readonly previous: Scene,
-    options: Style,
-  ) {
-    this.groups =
-      scene.groups.length === previous.groups.length &&
-      scene.groups.every((group, i) => {
-        const before = previous.groups[i];
-        return (
-          group.id === before.id &&
-          group.collapsed === before.collapsed &&
-          group.bounds.every((v, j) => v === before.bounds[j])
-        );
-      });
-    this.copy = scene.parts === previous.parts;
-    const now = this.copy ? undefined : sceneRows(scene),
-      then = this.copy ? undefined : sceneRows(previous);
-    this.was = indices(scene.vertices.length, now?.vertices, then?.vertices);
-    this.edgeWas = indices(scene.edges.length, now?.edges, then?.edges);
-    const seen = new Uint8Array(previous.vertices.length),
-      by = options.routeClearance * 2,
-      moved: Rect[] = [];
-    this.changed = new Uint8Array(scene.vertices.length);
-    scene.vertices.forEach((vertex, i) => {
-      const at = this.was[i],
-        before = previous.vertices[at];
-      if (at >= 0) seen[at] = 1;
-      if (before && sameVertex(vertex, before)) return;
-      this.changed[i] = 1;
-      moved.push(expand(rect(vertex), by));
-      if (before) moved.push(expand(rect(before), by));
-    });
-    previous.vertices.forEach((vertex, i) => {
-      if (!seen[i]) moved.push(expand(rect(vertex), by));
-    });
-    if (moved.length && previous.edges.length) {
-      const near = kit.BoxIndex.of(previous.edges.length, union(moved), (i, box) =>
-        box.set(expand(previous.edges[i].bounds, options.routeClearance)),
-      );
-      for (const box of moved)
-        near.some(box, (i) => {
-          this.affected.add(i);
-        });
-    }
-  }
-  /** The previous route of an edge whose ends and neighbourhood did not change. */
-  route(e: number): Route | undefined {
-    const at = this.edgeWas[e],
-      before = this.previous.edges[at];
-    return this.groups &&
-      before?.route &&
-      this.same(e, at) &&
-      !this.scene.edges[e].ends.some((end) => this.changed[end.vertex])
-      ? before.route
-      : undefined;
-  }
-  /** The previous part, when nothing in it or near it changed. */
-  part(part: Part, k: number): Part | undefined {
-    const { scene, previous } = this,
-      old = this.copy
-        ? previous.parts[k]
-        : previous.parts[sceneRows(previous).parts.get(part.key)!];
-    if (
-      !old ||
-      old.vertices.length !== part.vertices.length ||
-      old.edges.length !== part.edges.length ||
-      old.groups.length !== part.groups.length ||
-      part.vertices.some((v, j) => this.changed[v] || this.was[v] !== old.vertices[j]) ||
-      part.edges.some((e, j) => this.edgeWas[e] !== old.edges[j] || !this.same(e, old.edges[j])) ||
-      part.groups.some((g, j) => {
-        const group = scene.groups[g],
-          before = previous.groups[old.groups[j]];
-        return (
-          group.id !== before.id ||
-          group.collapsed !== before.collapsed ||
-          group.bounds.some((v, i) => v !== before.bounds[i])
-        );
-      })
-    )
-      return undefined;
-    return old;
-  }
-  /** Whether an edge draws as it did: the same ends, options, and label, and nothing moved near it. */
-  private same(e: number, at: number): boolean {
-    const edge = this.scene.edges[e],
-      before = this.previous.edges[at];
-    return (
-      !!before &&
-      edge.visible === before.visible &&
-      edge.options.route === before.options.route &&
-      edge.options.arrows === before.options.arrows &&
-      edge.options.appearance === before.options.appearance &&
-      edge.label.width === before.label.width &&
-      edge.label.height === before.label.height &&
-      edge.ends.length === before.ends.length &&
-      edge.ends.every(
-        (end, i) =>
-          this.was[end.vertex] === before.ends[i].vertex &&
-          end.port === before.ends[i].port &&
-          end.direction === before.ends[i].direction,
-      ) &&
-      !this.affected.has(at)
-    );
-  }
-}
-/** Each row's index in another scene: itself in a copy, else found by key; -1 when it is new. */
-function indices(
-  count: number,
-  now?: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,
-  then?: ReadonlyMap<string, number>,
-): Int32Array {
-  const out = new Int32Array(count);
-  if (!now || !then) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) out[i] = i;
-    return out;
-  }
-  out.fill(-1);
-  for (const [key, i] of now) out[i] = then.get(key) ?? -1;
-  return out;
-}
-/** Whether a vertex routes as it did: the same box, shape, visibility, and ports. */
-function sameVertex(a: Vertex, b: Vertex): boolean {
-  return (
-    a.sourceVisible === b.sourceVisible &&
-    a.x === b.x &&
-    a.y === b.y &&
-    a.width === b.width &&
-    a.height === b.height &&
-    a.shape === b.shape &&
-    a.radius === b.radius &&
-    a.ports.length === b.ports.length &&
-    a.ports.every((port, j) => {
-      const before = b.ports[j];
-      return (
-        port.name === before.name &&
-        port.position[0] === before.position[0] &&
-        port.position[1] === before.position[1] &&
-        port.normal[0] === before.normal[0] &&
-        port.normal[1] === before.normal[1]
-      );
-    })
-  );
-}
-/** A tag edge draws only each end's stub, out from its port; its label names the net at each. */
-function tag(route: Route): Wire {
-  const wire = draw(route);
-  if (route.paths) return wire;
-  const stubs: Point[][] = [];
-  for (let j = 0; j < route.x.length; j++) {
-    if (route.kind[j] !== 1) continue;
-    const out = route.parent[j] >= 0 ? route.parent[j] : route.parent.indexOf(j);
-    if (out >= 0)
-      stubs.push([
-        [route.x[j], route.y[j]],
-        [route.x[out], route.y[out]],
-      ]);
-  }
-  return { ...wire, paths: stubs, offsets: stubs.map(() => 0), junctions: [] };
-}
-/** Room kept between a label and its wire, and around its text inside its pill. */
-const GAP = 4,
-  MARGIN = 3;
-/** The pill a label with its origin here fills: its text's box and margin. */
-export function labelBox(edge: Edge, at: Point): Rect {
-  return kit.textBox(edge.label, at, MARGIN);
-}
-/**
- * The room an edge's labels take between its ends, for layout to keep: its wire's label, or a
- * tag's past the stub at each end.
- */
-export function labelRoom(edge: Edge, options: Style): Point {
-  const { width, height, runs } = edge.label;
-  if (!options.labels || !runs.length) return [0, 0];
-  if (edge.options.appearance !== 'tag') return [width, height];
-  const stub = options.routeClearance + GAP + MARGIN * 2;
-  return [(width + stub) * 2, (height + stub) * 2];
-}
-/** How many steps a label may slide each way from a run's middle: half its length, or a quarter of the run. */
-const SLIDES = 16;
-/**
- * Where an edge's label may go, best first and made only when asked for: above or below the middle
- * of its longest level runs, else beside its longest upright runs, then sliding out along them; a
- * tag's past each stub.
- */
-function* spots(edge: Edge, paths: readonly (readonly Point[])[]): Generator<Point[], void> {
-  const text = edge.label,
-    at = (x: number, y: number, align: kit.TextAlign, baseline: kit.TextBaseline) =>
-      kit.textOrigin(text, [x, y], align, baseline);
-  if (edge.options.appearance === 'tag') {
-    yield paths.map(([a, b]) =>
-      b[0] >= a[0]
-        ? at(b[0] + GAP + MARGIN, b[1], 'start', 'middle')
-        : at(b[0] - GAP - MARGIN, b[1], 'end', 'middle'),
-    );
-    return;
-  }
-  const runs = paths
-    .flatMap((path) => path.slice(1).map((b, i) => [path[i], b] as const))
-    .map(([a, b]) => ({
-      a,
-      b,
-      level: a[1] === b[1],
-      length: Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]),
-    }))
-    .sort((u, v) => +v.level - +u.level || v.length - u.length)
-    .slice(0, 4);
-  for (let k = 0; k <= SLIDES; k++)
-    for (const { a, b, level, length } of runs) {
-      const step = Math.min((level ? text.width : text.height) / 2 + MARGIN, length / 4),
-        reach = k ? (k * step) / length : 0;
-      if (k && !(step > 0 && reach <= 0.5)) continue;
-      for (const t of k ? [0.5 - reach, 0.5 + reach] : [0.5]) {
-        const x = a[0] + (b[0] - a[0]) * t,
-          y = a[1] + (b[1] - a[1]) * t;
-        if (level) {
-          yield [at(x, y - GAP - MARGIN, 'center', 'bottom')];
-          yield [at(x, y + GAP + MARGIN, 'center', 'top')];
-        } else {
-          yield [at(x + GAP + MARGIN, y, 'start', 'middle')];
-          yield [at(x - GAP - MARGIN, y, 'end', 'middle')];
-        }
-      }
-    }
-}
-/**
- * Place each label of a part at its best spot clear of blocks, group titles, and its other labels,
- * else clear of blocks and titles, else at its best spot. Spots are tried in one pass, best first.
- */
-function label(scene: Scene, part: Part, options: Style, route: Routing): void {
-  const placed = new kit.Occupancy(64),
-    titles = part.groups
-      .map((g) => scene.groups[g])
-      .filter((group) => !group.collapsed && group.bounds[0] !== group.bounds[2])
-      .map((group): Rect => {
-        const b = group.bounds;
-        return [b[0], b[1], b[2], b[1] + group.header];
-      }),
-    clear = (box: Rect) =>
-      !route.some(box, 0, () => true) && !titles.some((title) => intersects(title, box));
-  for (const e of part.edges) {
-    const edge = scene.edges[e];
-    edge.labels = [];
-    if (!edge.visible || !options.labels || !edge.label.runs.length || !edge.paths.length) continue;
-    let chosen: Point[] | undefined, unblocked: Point[] | undefined, first: Point[] | undefined;
-    for (const points of spots(edge, edge.paths)) {
-      first ??= points;
-      const boxes = points.map((p) => labelBox(edge, p));
-      if (!boxes.every(clear)) continue;
-      if (boxes.every((box) => placed.free(box))) {
-        chosen = points;
-        break;
-      }
-      unblocked ??= points;
-    }
-    chosen ??= unblocked ?? first!;
-    for (const p of chosen) placed.add(labelBox(edge, p));
-    edge.labels = chosen;
-    edge.bounds = union([edge.bounds, ...chosen.map((p) => labelBox(edge, p))]);
-  }
-}
-/** The wires a drag reroutes: each edge touching what moves, routed where it is going. */
-export function dragWires(
-  scene: Scene,
-  edges: readonly number[],
-  moved: Moved,
-  options: Style,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-): DragWire[] {
-  const route = new Routing(scene, options, signal, moved),
-    proxy = scene.obstacles!.proxy,
-    out: DragWire[] = [];
-  for (const i of edges) {
-    const edge = scene.edges[i],
-      ends = edge.ends.filter((e) => scene.vertices[e.vertex].sourceVisible);
-    if (!routed(edge, ends, proxy)) continue;
-    const r = routeEdge(edge, ends, route, rootEnd(edge));
-    const wire = edge.options.appearance === 'tag' ? tag(r) : draw(r),
-      [best] = options.labels && edge.label.runs.length ? spots(edge, wire.paths) : [];
-    out.push({ ...wire, edge, slot: scene.slots.edges + i, labels: best ?? [] });
-  }
-  return out;
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/index.ts b/packages/diagram/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c8788d95..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-/** Draw a model as a block diagram: vertices with ports, wires, and groups, laid out or placed. */
-export { createDiagram } from './diagram.js';
-export type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-export { arrange } from './layout.js';
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/input.ts b/packages/diagram/src/input.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 57a52ce6..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/input.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,345 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type ItemView } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-import type { Point } from './data.js';
-import { itemKey } from './data.js';
-import type { Style } from './config.js';
-import { ConnectSession } from './connect.js';
-import type { Scene } from './scene.js';
-import type { Overlay } from './painter.js';
-
-type Mode = NonNullable<ItemView.Input['mode']>;
-/** What a diagram's own gestures drive; the view implements it. */
-export interface Controls {
-  emit<K extends 'connect' | 'move' | 'delete'>(event: K, value: Diagram.Events[K]): void;
-  selection(): readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  /** Select as the user did, reporting a change. */
-  choose(items: readonly Diagram.Item[]): void;
-  /** Select what a click hits, as every item view does. */
-  click(point: Point, modifiers: ItemView.Modifiers, touch: boolean): void;
-  revision(): number;
-  scene(): Scene | undefined;
-  options(): Style;
-  world(point: Point): Point | null;
-  marquee(a: Point, b: Point): readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  preview(items: readonly Diagram.Item[], delta: Point | null): void;
-  move(items: readonly Diagram.Item[], delta: Point): Diagram.MoveProposal | undefined;
-  overlay(value: Overlay | null): void;
-  /** Hits near a canvas point, nearest first. */
-  hits(point: Point, radiusPx?: number): readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  pan(dx: number, dy: number): void;
-  /** Stop fitting: the camera stays where it is shown. */
-  stay(): void;
-  reveal(item: Diagram.Item): void;
-  invalidated(listener: () => void): () => void;
-}
-/** A diagram's gestures on one canvas: the view forwards presses, keys, and Escape to them. */
-export interface Gestures {
-  /** Take a press that moves, wires, or marquee-selects; the view clicks, pans, and pinches the rest. */
-  grab(event: PointerEvent, point: Point): kit.Grab | undefined;
-  /** Handle a key before the shared ones; true when handled. */
-  key(event: KeyboardEvent): boolean;
-  /** End a gesture in progress; true when one ended. */
-  cancel(): boolean;
-  detach(): void;
-}
-interface Drag {
-  id: number;
-  start: Point;
-  last: Point;
-  world: Point;
-  kind: 'move' | 'marquee' | 'connect';
-  moved: boolean;
-  threshold: number;
-  additive: boolean;
-  /** How the press began, for the click it makes if it never moves. */
-  modifiers: ItemView.Modifiers;
-  touch: boolean;
-  hit?: Diagram.Item;
-  selection: readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  revision: number;
-  session?: ConnectSession;
-  target: Diagram.Item | null;
-  blocked: boolean;
-}
-/**
- * Drag moves, wires, or marquee-selects. Clicks, pans, pinches, hover, wheel, double clicks, context
- * menus, and the shared keys belong to the view.
- */
-export function listen(
-  canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
-  input: kit.CanvasInput,
-  mode: Mode,
-  options: Diagram.Input,
-  api: Controls,
-): Gestures {
-  const threshold = options.dragThresholdPx ?? 4,
-    touchThreshold = options.touchDragThresholdPx ?? 8,
-    targetRadius = options.connectRadiusPx ?? 18,
-    margin = options.autoPanMarginPx ?? 32,
-    speed = options.autoPanSpeedPx ?? 480;
-  const view = canvas.ownerDocument.defaultView!;
-  const { signal } = input;
-  const originalCursor = canvas.style.cursor;
-  let drag: Drag | undefined,
-    space = false,
-    closed = false;
-  let raf = 0,
-    lastPan = 0;
-  const merge = (a: readonly Diagram.Item[], b: readonly Diagram.Item[]) => [
-    ...new Map([...a, ...b].map((item) => [itemKey(item), item])).values(),
-  ];
-  /** End any gesture; true when one was in progress. */
-  const cancel = () => {
-    if (raf) view.cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
-    raf = 0;
-    lastPan = 0;
-    const current = drag;
-    drag = undefined;
-    if (current?.kind === 'move' && current.moved) api.preview([], null);
-    api.overlay(null);
-    canvas.style.cursor = originalCursor;
-    if (current) input.release(current.id);
-    return !!current;
-  };
-  const snapped = (point: Point): Point => {
-    const { snap, gridPitch } = api.options();
-    return snap
-      ? [Math.round(point[0] / gridPitch) * gridPitch, Math.round(point[1] / gridPitch) * gridPitch]
-      : point;
-  };
-  const follow = () => {
-    const current = drag,
-      world = current && api.world(current.last);
-    if (!current?.moved || !world) return;
-    if (current.kind === 'move') {
-      api.preview(
-        current.selection,
-        snapped([world[0] - current.world[0], world[1] - current.world[1]]),
-      );
-    } else if (current.kind === 'marquee') {
-      api.overlay({
-        box: [
-          Math.min(current.world[0], world[0]),
-          Math.min(current.world[1], world[1]),
-          Math.max(current.world[0], world[0]),
-          Math.max(current.world[1], world[1]),
-        ],
-      });
-    } else if (current.kind === 'connect' && current.session) {
-      const session = current.session;
-      const hits = api.hits(current.last, Math.max(targetRadius, current.threshold * 2));
-      const ports = hits.filter((hit) => hit.kind === 'port');
-      const candidates = ports.length ? ports : hits;
-      const target =
-        candidates.find(
-          (hit) =>
-            session.accepts(hit) &&
-            (options.canConnect?.(session.proposal(hit, snapped(world), current.last)) ?? true),
-        ) ?? null;
-      current.target = target;
-      current.blocked = !target && hits.some((hit) => hit.kind !== 'group');
-      canvas.style.cursor = current.blocked ? 'not-allowed' : 'crosshair';
-      api.overlay({
-        wire: session.preview(snapped(world), target, signal),
-        compatible: session.compatible,
-        target,
-        muted: session.detached,
-        invalid: current.blocked,
-      });
-    }
-  };
-  const velocity = (p: number, size: number) => {
-    const zone = Math.min(margin, size / 3);
-    if (p < zone) return speed * Math.min(1, (zone - p) / zone);
-    if (p > size - zone) return -speed * Math.min(1, (p - size + zone) / zone);
-    return 0;
-  };
-  const panAtEdge = (now: number) => {
-    raf = 0;
-    const current = drag;
-    if (
-      !current?.moved ||
-      !['move', 'marquee', 'connect'].includes(current.kind) ||
-      options.autoPan === false
-    )
-      return;
-    const dx = velocity(current.last[0], canvas.clientWidth),
-      dy = velocity(current.last[1], canvas.clientHeight);
-    if (!dx && !dy) {
-      lastPan = 0;
-      return;
-    }
-    const dt = lastPan ? Math.min(32, Math.max(0, now - lastPan)) / 1000 : 0;
-    lastPan = now;
-    if (dt) {
-      api.pan(dx * dt, dy * dt);
-      follow();
-    }
-    raf = view.requestAnimationFrame(panAtEdge);
-  };
-  /** A press the diagram drags itself: on a port to wire, on a block to move, or to marquee-select. */
-  const grab = (event: PointerEvent, p: Point): kit.Grab | undefined => {
-    if (mode === 'inspect' || event.button !== 0 || space || drag) return undefined;
-    const world = api.world(p);
-    if (!world) return undefined;
-    const touch = event.pointerType === 'touch';
-    const hit = api.hits(p, touch ? 22 : undefined)[0];
-    const kind: Drag['kind'] | undefined =
-      mode === 'edit' && (hit?.kind === 'port' || (event.altKey && hit?.kind === 'vertex'))
-        ? 'connect'
-        : mode === 'edit' && (hit?.kind === 'vertex' || hit?.kind === 'group')
-          ? 'move'
-          : !touch &&
-              (event.shiftKey ||
-                (mode === 'edit' && (options.backgroundDrag ?? 'select') === 'select'))
-            ? 'marquee'
-            : undefined;
-    if (!kind) return undefined;
-    const current: Drag = {
-      id: event.pointerId,
-      start: p,
-      last: p,
-      world,
-      kind,
-      moved: false,
-      threshold: touch ? touchThreshold : threshold,
-      additive: event.shiftKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey,
-      modifiers: kit.inputModifiers(event),
-      touch,
-      hit,
-      selection: api.selection(),
-      revision: api.revision(),
-      target: null,
-      blocked: false,
-    };
-    drag = current;
-    return {
-      move: (p) => {
-        if (drag !== current) return;
-        if (
-          !current.moved &&
-          Math.hypot(p[0] - current.start[0], p[1] - current.start[1]) > current.threshold
-        ) {
-          current.moved = true;
-          api.stay();
-          if (current.kind === 'move' && current.hit) {
-            if (!current.selection.some((item) => itemKey(item) === itemKey(current.hit!)))
-              current.selection = current.additive
-                ? merge(current.selection, [current.hit])
-                : [current.hit];
-            api.choose(current.selection);
-          }
-          if (
-            current.kind === 'connect' &&
-            current.hit &&
-            current.hit.kind !== 'group' &&
-            api.scene()
-          )
-            current.session = new ConnectSession(api.scene()!, current.hit, api.options());
-          canvas.style.cursor = current.kind === 'move' ? 'grabbing' : 'crosshair';
-        }
-        if (!current.moved) return;
-        current.last = p;
-        follow();
-        if (!raf) raf = view.requestAnimationFrame(panAtEdge);
-      },
-      end: (p) => {
-        if (drag !== current) return;
-        if (!p) {
-          cancel();
-          return;
-        }
-        current.last = p;
-        follow();
-        const world = api.world(p);
-        cancel();
-        if (!current.moved) api.click(p, current.modifiers, current.touch);
-        else if (
-          current.kind === 'connect' &&
-          current.session &&
-          world &&
-          !current.blocked &&
-          p[0] >= 0 &&
-          p[1] >= 0 &&
-          p[0] <= canvas.clientWidth &&
-          p[1] <= canvas.clientHeight
-        ) {
-          const proposal = current.session.proposal(current.target, snapped(world), p);
-          if (options.canConnect?.(proposal) ?? true) api.emit('connect', proposal);
-        } else if (current.kind === 'move' && world) {
-          const delta = snapped([world[0] - current.world[0], world[1] - current.world[1]]);
-          if (delta[0] || delta[1]) {
-            const proposal = api.move(current.selection, delta);
-            if (proposal) api.emit('move', proposal);
-          }
-        } else if (current.kind === 'marquee' && world) {
-          const items = api.marquee(current.world, world);
-          api.choose(current.additive ? merge(current.selection, items) : items);
-        }
-      },
-    };
-  };
-  if (options.keyboard !== false) {
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'keyup',
-      (event) => {
-        if (event.key === ' ') space = false;
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'blur',
-      () => {
-        space = false;
-        cancel();
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-  }
-  const off = api.invalidated(() => {
-    if (drag && api.revision() !== drag.revision) cancel();
-  });
-  /** Space pans; Delete proposes removal; Tab visits; arrows nudge or pan. */
-  const key = (event: KeyboardEvent): boolean => {
-    const items = api.selection(),
-      key = event.key;
-    if (key === ' ') space = true;
-    else if ((key === 'Delete' || key === 'Backspace') && mode === 'edit')
-      api.emit(
-        'delete',
-        items.filter((item): item is Diagram.Row => item.kind === 'vertex' || item.kind === 'edge'),
-      );
-    else if (key === 'Tab') {
-      const vertices = api.scene()?.vertices.filter((n) => n.visible) ?? [],
-        at = vertices.findIndex((n) => items[0] && itemKey(n.hit) === itemKey(items[0])),
-        next =
-          vertices[
-            at < 0 ? (event.shiftKey ? vertices.length - 1 : 0) : at + (event.shiftKey ? -1 : 1)
-          ];
-      if (!next) return false;
-      api.choose([next.hit]);
-      api.reveal(next.hit);
-    } else if (['ArrowLeft', 'ArrowRight', 'ArrowUp', 'ArrowDown'].includes(key)) {
-      const step = api.options().gridPitch * (event.shiftKey ? 4 : 1),
-        dx = key === 'ArrowLeft' ? -step : key === 'ArrowRight' ? step : 0,
-        dy = key === 'ArrowUp' ? -step : key === 'ArrowDown' ? step : 0;
-      if (mode === 'edit' && items.some((i) => i.kind === 'vertex' || i.kind === 'group')) {
-        const proposal = api.move(items, [dx, dy]);
-        if (proposal) api.emit('move', proposal);
-      } else if (mode !== 'inspect') api.pan(-dx * 4, -dy * 4);
-      else return false;
-    } else return false;
-    return true;
-  };
-  return {
-    grab,
-    key,
-    cancel,
-    detach() {
-      if (closed) return;
-      closed = true;
-      off();
-      cancel();
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/layout.ts b/packages/diagram/src/layout.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b01f246..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/layout.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,306 +0,0 @@
-import { Work } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Gpu, type Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { diagramData, rowOf } from './data.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-import {
-  data as checkedData,
-  resolveLimits,
-  resolveStyle,
-  VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-  type Style,
-} from './config.js';
-import { readScene } from './read.js';
-import {
-  positions,
-  groupFrame,
-  sceneGraph,
-  sceneKey,
-  sceneRows,
-  union,
-  type Part,
-  type Scene,
-  type Vertex,
-} from './scene.js';
-import { labelRoom, portPositions } from './geometry.js';
-
-/** Layout options over the diagram's defaults: ranks along the flow, with room for blocks. */
-export function layoutOptions(layout?: Layout): Required<Layout> {
-  return kit.layoutOptions(layout, { algorithm: 'layered', vertexGap: 24, rankGap: 64 });
-}
-/** Place a diagram's vertices as its layout would, without drawing: positions by vertex type. */
-export async function arrange(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  config: Diagram.Config,
-  options: { readonly signal?: AbortSignal } = {},
-): Promise<Readonly<Record<string, Layout.Positions>>> {
-  const data = checkedData(diagramData(config)),
-    limits = resolveLimits(config.limits),
-    style = resolveStyle(config, kit.resolveViewStyle(config, VIEW_DEFAULTS));
-  const reader = gpu.reader.open({ signal: options.signal, at: config.at ?? undefined });
-  try {
-    const work = new Work(reader.signal, limits.layoutMs);
-    const scene = await readScene(
-      data,
-      reader,
-      style,
-      limits,
-      (input) => gpu.layoutText(input, { signal: reader.signal }),
-      work,
-    );
-    await place(scene, layoutOptions(config.layout), style, work);
-    work.check();
-    return positions(scene.vertices);
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-  }
-}
-/** The end flow leaves from: the first output, else the first end. */
-export function rootEnd(edge: {
-  readonly ends: readonly { readonly direction?: 'in' | 'out' }[];
-}): number {
-  return Math.max(
-    0,
-    edge.ends.findIndex((e) => e.direction === 'out'),
-  );
-}
-/**
- * Place every vertex nothing pins, and find the scene's parts. Each group is arranged inside first
- * and then moves as one vertex of its parent; vertices drawn in `previous` stay where they were.
- */
-export async function place(
-  scene: Scene,
-  layout: Required<Layout>,
-  style: Style,
-  work: Work,
-  previous?: Scene,
-): Promise<void> {
-  work.check();
-  keep(scene, previous);
-  const placement = new Placement(scene, layout, style, work),
-    { pieces, graph } = await placement.arrange(levels(scene));
-  scene.parts = placement.parts(pieces, graph);
-}
-/** Pin each vertex drawn before where it was, so a new scene places only what is new. */
-function keep(scene: Scene, previous?: Scene): void {
-  if (!previous) return;
-  const drawn = sceneRows(previous).vertices;
-  for (const vertex of scene.vertices)
-    if (!vertex.pinned) {
-      const before = previous.vertices[drawn.get(sceneKey(vertex.hit)) ?? -1];
-      if (before) {
-        vertex.x = before.x;
-        vertex.y = before.y;
-        vertex.pinned = true;
-      }
-    }
-}
-/** The scene, or one of its groups, as layout descends it. */
-interface Level {
-  readonly group?: number;
-  readonly vertices: number[];
-  readonly children: Level[];
-}
-function levels(scene: Scene): Level {
-  const root: Level = { vertices: [], children: [] },
-    groups = new Map<string, Level>(
-      scene.groups.map((group, g) => [group.id, { group: g, vertices: [], children: [] }]),
-    );
-  for (const group of scene.groups)
-    ((group.parent && groups.get(group.parent)) || root).children.push(groups.get(group.id)!);
-  scene.vertices.forEach((vertex, i) =>
-    ((vertex.group && groups.get(vertex.group)) || root).vertices.push(i),
-  );
-  return root;
-}
-type Box = [number, number, number, number];
-/** What layout moves as one: a vertex, or a group with everything inside it. */
-interface Piece {
-  readonly item: Layout.Vertex;
-  /** The scene vertex it is; a group is none. */
-  readonly vertex?: Vertex;
-  /** Its first scene vertex in read order, which orders its level. */
-  readonly first: number;
-  readonly members: readonly number[];
-  readonly groups: readonly number[];
-  readonly pinned: boolean;
-  /** The vertex's box, or the group's frame. */
-  readonly bounds: Box;
-  move(dx: number, dy: number): void;
-}
-class Placement {
-  /** Each scene vertex's piece in the level being arranged; -1 outside it. */
-  private readonly owner: Int32Array;
-  /** The level that last took each edge, so each level takes it once. */
-  private readonly taken: Int32Array;
-  private readonly graph: kit.Graph;
-  private level = 0;
-  private readonly snap: (value: number) => number;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly scene: Scene,
-    private readonly layout: Required<Layout>,
-    private readonly style: Style,
-    private readonly work: Work,
-  ) {
-    this.owner = new Int32Array(scene.vertices.length).fill(-1);
-    this.taken = new Int32Array(scene.edges.length);
-    this.graph = sceneGraph(scene);
-    this.snap = (value) => Math.round(value / style.gridPitch) * style.gridPitch;
-  }
-  /** Arrange a level's pieces, each group's inside first; the graph joins them. */
-  async arrange(level: Level): Promise<{ pieces: Piece[]; graph: kit.Graph }> {
-    const pieces = level.vertices.map((i) => this.vertex(i));
-    for (const child of level.children) {
-      const inside = (await this.arrange(child)).pieces;
-      if (inside.length) pieces.push(this.group(child.group!, inside));
-    }
-    // In read order, so parts number and pack by their first vertices.
-    pieces.sort((a, b) => a.first - b.first);
-    const { graph, input } = this.lift(pieces),
-      at = await kit.place(graph, input, this.layout, this.work);
-    pieces.forEach((piece, p) => {
-      // Everything moves by whole grid steps, so what was on the grid stays on it.
-      if (!piece.pinned)
-        piece.move(
-          this.snap(at[p * 2] - piece.bounds[0]),
-          this.snap(at[p * 2 + 1] - piece.bounds[1]),
-        );
-    });
-    return { pieces, graph };
-  }
-  /** The scene's parts from its own level's: every vertex, edge, and group inside each. */
-  parts(pieces: readonly Piece[], graph: kit.Graph): Part[] {
-    const { count, vertices: runs } = graph.parts,
-      { scene } = this,
-      out: Part[] = [];
-    for (let k = 0; k < count; k++) {
-      const inside = [...runs.items.subarray(runs.offsets[k], runs.offsets[k + 1])].map(
-          (p) => pieces[p],
-        ),
-        vertices = inside.flatMap((piece) => piece.members).sort((a, b) => a - b),
-        edges = new Set<number>();
-      for (const v of vertices) for (const e of this.graph.edgesOf(v)) edges.add(e);
-      out.push({
-        key: sceneKey(scene.vertices[vertices[0]].hit),
-        vertices,
-        edges: [...edges].sort((a, b) => a - b),
-        groups: inside.flatMap((piece) => piece.groups).sort((a, b) => a - b),
-      });
-    }
-    return out;
-  }
-  private vertex(i: number): Piece {
-    const vertex = this.scene.vertices[i],
-      bounds: Box = [vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.x + vertex.width, vertex.y + vertex.height];
-    portPositions(vertex);
-    return {
-      item: rowOf(vertex.hit),
-      vertex,
-      first: i,
-      members: [i],
-      groups: [],
-      pinned: vertex.pinned,
-      bounds,
-      move(dx, dy) {
-        vertex.x += dx;
-        vertex.y += dy;
-        shift(bounds, dx, dy);
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  private group(g: number, inside: readonly Piece[]): Piece {
-    const group = this.scene.groups[g],
-      frame = groupFrame(
-        union(inside.map((piece) => piece.bounds)),
-        group,
-        this.style.vertexPadding,
-      ),
-      bounds: Box = [frame[0], frame[1], frame[2], frame[3]];
-    return {
-      item: { kind: 'group', id: group.id },
-      first: inside.reduce((first, piece) => Math.min(first, piece.first), Infinity),
-      members: inside.flatMap((piece) => piece.members),
-      groups: [g, ...inside.flatMap((piece) => piece.groups)],
-      pinned: inside.some((piece) => piece.pinned),
-      bounds,
-      move(dx, dy) {
-        for (const piece of inside) piece.move(dx, dy);
-        shift(bounds, dx, dy);
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * A level's pieces as layout reads them: the edges joining two or more, each end at the piece
-   * holding its vertex, meeting a vertex at its port and a group at its center.
-   */
-  private lift(pieces: readonly Piece[]): { graph: kit.Graph; input: Layout.Input } {
-    const { owner, taken, scene, style, graph } = this,
-      level = ++this.level,
-      found: number[] = [];
-    pieces.forEach((piece, p) => {
-      for (const v of piece.members) {
-        owner[v] = p;
-        for (const e of graph.edgesOf(v))
-          if (taken[e] !== level) {
-            taken[e] = level;
-            found.push(e);
-          }
-      }
-    });
-    const offsets = [0],
-      ends: number[] = [],
-      directions: number[] = [],
-      ports: number[] = [],
-      rooms: number[] = [];
-    for (const e of found.sort((a, b) => a - b)) {
-      const edge = scene.edges[e],
-        first = ends.length;
-      let joins = false;
-      for (const end of edge.ends) {
-        const p = owner[end.vertex];
-        if (p < 0) continue;
-        joins ||= p !== ends[first];
-        ends.push(p);
-        directions.push(end.direction === 'out' ? 1 : end.direction === 'in' ? -1 : 0);
-        const vertex = pieces[p].vertex,
-          port = end.port === null ? undefined : vertex?.ports.find((q) => q.name === end.port);
-        if (port) ports.push(port.position[0] - vertex!.x, port.position[1] - vertex!.y);
-        else ports.push(NaN, NaN);
-      }
-      if (!joins) {
-        ends.length = directions.length = first;
-        ports.length = first * 2;
-        continue;
-      }
-      offsets.push(ends.length);
-      rooms.push(...labelRoom(edge, style));
-    }
-    for (const piece of pieces) for (const v of piece.members) owner[v] = -1;
-    const pinned = new Float64Array(pieces.length * 2).fill(NaN),
-      sizes = new Float32Array(pieces.length * 2);
-    pieces.forEach(({ pinned: fixed, bounds }, p) => {
-      if (fixed) pinned.set([bounds[0], bounds[1]], p * 2);
-      sizes.set([bounds[2] - bounds[0], bounds[3] - bounds[1]], p * 2);
-    });
-    return {
-      graph: new kit.Graph(pieces.length, {
-        offsets: Uint32Array.from(offsets),
-        items: Uint32Array.from(ends),
-      }),
-      input: {
-        pinned,
-        sizes,
-        directions: Int8Array.from(directions),
-        ports: Float32Array.from(ports),
-        labelRooms: Float32Array.from(rooms),
-        grid: style.gridPitch,
-        item: (p) => pieces[p].item,
-      },
-    };
-  }
-}
-function shift(box: Box, dx: number, dy: number): void {
-  box[0] += dx;
-  box[1] += dy;
-  box[2] += dx;
-  box[3] += dy;
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/painter.ts b/packages/diagram/src/painter.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e4a4226..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/painter.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,800 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Gpu, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { DiagramData, Point } from './data.js';
-import { itemKey } from './data.js';
-import type { Scene, Rect, Vertex, Wire } from './scene.js';
-import { intersects, itemSlots, sceneKey, sceneRows } from './scene.js';
-import type { Style } from './config.js';
-import type { DragDraw } from './drag.js';
-import { labelBox } from './geometry.js';
-import { Styles, type StyleFrame } from './styles.js';
-import shader from './painter.wgsl';
-import styleShader from './styles.wgsl';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-/** What each instance draws; the shader branches on it. */
-const KIND = {
-  block: 0,
-  group: 1,
-  segment: 2,
-  corner: 3,
-  arrow: 4,
-  port: 5,
-  junction: 6,
-  label: 7,
-  box: 8,
-  preview: 9,
-} as const;
-/** Words per instance: two vec4s of geometry, its kind, and its slot. */
-const WORDS = 12;
-/** Instances per page: a page's own origin keeps its float32 positions precise. */
-const PAGE = 16384;
-/** No item: overlay and preview instances, which no focus or style reaches. */
-const NONE = 0xffffffff;
-/** Up to a page of instances about one origin, and the box they cover for culling. */
-interface InstancePage {
-  bounds: Rect;
-  origin: Point;
-  data: kit.BufferData;
-  count: number;
-}
-interface Geometry {
-  instances: InstancePage[];
-  text: readonly kit.TextBankPage[];
-  focus: kit.BufferData;
-  /** Each slot's flags, as last written. */
-  states: Map<number, number>;
-}
-export interface Pipelines {
-  shapes: GPURenderPipeline;
-  text: GPURenderPipeline;
-  grid: GPURenderPipeline;
-  styles: GPUComputePipeline;
-  layout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  styleLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-}
-export interface Overlay {
-  readonly box?: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-  readonly wire?: readonly Point[];
-  readonly compatible?: readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  readonly target?: Diagram.Item | null;
-  readonly muted?: string;
-  readonly invalid?: boolean;
-}
-/** What one frame draws. */
-export interface DrawState {
-  readonly scene: Scene;
-  readonly data: DiagramData;
-  readonly style: Style;
-  readonly camera: kit.Camera2D;
-  /** Replaced whenever it changes. */
-  readonly selection: readonly Diagram.Item[];
-  readonly hover: Diagram.Item | null;
-  readonly pipelines: Pipelines;
-  /** The shade's uniforms for this frame. */
-  readonly shade: GPUBufferBinding;
-  readonly overlay: Overlay | null;
-  /** A drag drawn over the scene: what it moves, how far, and its rerouted wires. */
-  readonly drag: DragDraw | null;
-  /** A transition from another scene, and how much of the way is left: 1 at its start. */
-  readonly transition: { readonly from: Scene; readonly rest: number } | null;
-  /** Flow animates; false under reduced motion. */
-  readonly motion: boolean;
-}
-export interface Paint {
-  pipelines: Pipelines;
-  restyle: StyleFrame;
-  shapes: { group: GPUBindGroup; count: number }[];
-  text: { group: GPUBindGroup; pages: readonly kit.TextPage[] }[];
-  grid: GPUBindGroup;
-  msaa?: GPUTextureView;
-  background: RGBA;
-  drawCalls: number;
-  /** Each slot's offset, two values a slot, which `motion` scales; null when nothing moves. */
-  offsets: Float32Array | null;
-  motion: Point;
-}
-/** How one draw binds: what it labels, its flags, offsets, and styles, and how its wires show. */
-interface DrawBinding {
-  readonly anchors?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  readonly textSize?: number;
-  readonly flags?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  readonly offsets?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  readonly styles?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  readonly opacity?: number;
-  /** Only wires draw, as a transition leaves them. */
-  readonly fading?: boolean;
-}
-/** The kinds as WGSL constants, ahead of the shader that branches on them. */
-const kinds = Object.entries(KIND)
-  .map(([name, value]) => `const ${name.toUpperCase()}: u32 = ${value}u;`)
-  .join('\n');
-/** Instances written straight into typed storage, a page at a time. */
-class Instances {
-  readonly pages: InstancePage[] = [];
-  private readonly f = new Float32Array(WORDS * PAGE);
-  private readonly u = new Uint32Array(this.f.buffer);
-  private used = 0;
-  private origin: Point = [0, 0];
-  private bounds = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-  constructor(
-    private readonly label: string,
-    private readonly previous?: readonly InstancePage[],
-  ) {}
-  /**
-   * An instance: `a` and `b` in diagram units, its first point (and a segment's second) made
-   * relative to the page's origin, and the box it covers for culling.
-   */
-  push(kind: number, slot: number, a: readonly number[], b: readonly number[], box: Rect): void {
-    if (this.used === PAGE) this.flush();
-    if (!this.used) this.origin = this.previous?.[this.pages.length]?.origin ?? [a[0], a[1]];
-    const at = this.used++ * WORDS,
-      [ox, oy] = this.origin,
-      two = kind === KIND.segment || kind === KIND.preview;
-    this.f[at] = a[0] - ox;
-    this.f[at + 1] = a[1] - oy;
-    this.f[at + 2] = two ? a[2] - ox : a[2];
-    this.f[at + 3] = two ? a[3] - oy : a[3];
-    this.f[at + 4] = b[0] ?? 0;
-    this.f[at + 5] = b[1] ?? 0;
-    this.f[at + 6] = b[2] ?? 0;
-    this.f[at + 7] = b[3] ?? 0;
-    this.u[at + 8] = kind;
-    this.u[at + 9] = slot;
-    const r = this.bounds;
-    r[0] = Math.min(r[0], box[0]);
-    r[1] = Math.min(r[1], box[1]);
-    r[2] = Math.max(r[2], box[2]);
-    r[3] = Math.max(r[3], box[3]);
-  }
-  /** The pages written; a page that holds what it held before uploads nothing. */
-  flush(): InstancePage[] {
-    if (this.used) {
-      const data =
-        this.previous?.[this.pages.length]?.data ??
-        new kit.BufferData({ size: 4, label: this.label });
-      data.update(this.u.subarray(0, this.used * WORDS));
-      this.pages.push({
-        origin: this.origin,
-        bounds: this.bounds as unknown as Rect,
-        data,
-        count: this.used,
-      });
-      this.used = 0;
-      this.bounds = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-    }
-    return this.pages;
-  }
-}
-/** A wire's instances: segments that end where their bends' arcs begin, arrows, and junctions. */
-function wire(instances: Instances, slot: number, drawn: Wire, radius: number): void {
-  drawn.paths.forEach((path, p) => {
-    let along = drawn.offsets[p] ?? 0,
-      from = path[0];
-    const segment = (a: Point, b: Point) => {
-      const length = Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
-      if (length > 1e-9)
-        instances.push(
-          KIND.segment,
-          slot,
-          [a[0], a[1], b[0], b[1]],
-          [along],
-          [Math.min(a[0], b[0]), Math.min(a[1], b[1]), Math.max(a[0], b[0]), Math.max(a[1], b[1])],
-        );
-      along += length;
-    };
-    for (let i = 1; i < path.length - 1; i++) {
-      const a = path[i - 1],
-        b = path[i],
-        c = path[i + 1],
-        ab = Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]),
-        bc = Math.hypot(c[0] - b[0], c[1] - b[1]),
-        r = Math.min(radius, ab / 2, bc / 2);
-      if (!(r > 1e-6)) continue;
-      const into: Point = [(b[0] - a[0]) / ab, (b[1] - a[1]) / ab],
-        onward: Point = [(c[0] - b[0]) / bc, (c[1] - b[1]) / bc],
-        enter: Point = [b[0] - into[0] * r, b[1] - into[1] * r],
-        leave: Point = [b[0] + onward[0] * r, b[1] + onward[1] * r];
-      segment(from, enter);
-      const center: Point = [enter[0] + leave[0] - b[0], enter[1] + leave[1] - b[1]];
-      instances.push(
-        KIND.corner,
-        slot,
-        [center[0], center[1], r, along],
-        [-onward[0], -onward[1], into[0], into[1]],
-        [center[0] - r, center[1] - r, center[0] + r, center[1] + r],
-      );
-      along += (r * Math.PI) / 2;
-      from = leave;
-    }
-    segment(from, path[path.length - 1]);
-  });
-  for (const { point: p, direction: d } of drawn.arrows)
-    instances.push(KIND.arrow, slot, [p[0], p[1], d[0], d[1]], [], [p[0], p[1], p[0], p[1]]);
-  for (const p of drawn.junctions)
-    instances.push(KIND.junction, slot, [p[0], p[1], 0, 0], [], [p[0], p[1], p[0], p[1]]);
-}
-/** Where a vertex's title sits: centered by its capitals in its band, or on the vertex. */
-function titleAt(vertex: Vertex, style: Style): Point {
-  const x = vertex.x + vertex.width / 2;
-  if (vertex.options.labelPosition !== 'header')
-    return kit.textOrigin(vertex.label, [x, vertex.y + vertex.height / 2], 'center', 'middle');
-  const top = vertex.ports.some((p) => p.side === 'top') ? style.portFontSize * 1.5 : 0,
-    inset =
-      vertex.shape === 'diamond'
-        ? vertex.height / 4
-        : vertex.shape === 'ellipse'
-          ? (vertex.height * (1 - Math.SQRT1_2)) / 2
-          : 0;
-  return kit.textOrigin(
-    vertex.label,
-    [x, vertex.y + inset + top + (vertex.header - top) / 2],
-    'center',
-    'middle',
-  );
-}
-/** Where a port's name sits: inside its vertex, a marker's half and a gap from the port. */
-function portNameAt(vertex: Vertex, port: Vertex['ports'][number], style: Style): Point {
-  const label = port.label,
-    [x, y] = port.position,
-    gap = style.portSize / 2 + 4,
-    slant =
-      vertex.shape === 'diamond'
-        ? ((label.width + gap * 2) * vertex.height) / (2 * vertex.width)
-        : 0;
-  return port.side === 'left'
-    ? kit.textOrigin(label, [x + gap, y], 'start', 'middle')
-    : port.side === 'right'
-      ? kit.textOrigin(label, [x - gap, y], 'end', 'middle')
-      : port.side === 'top'
-        ? kit.textOrigin(label, [x, y + gap + slant], 'center', 'top')
-        : kit.textOrigin(label, [x, y - gap - slant], 'center', 'bottom');
-}
-/** Build the pipelines for one target format, MSAA, and shade; the view caches each variant. */
-export async function pipelines(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  format: GPUTextureFormat,
-  msaa: 1 | 4,
-  shade: string,
-): Promise<Pipelines> {
-  const d = gpu.device,
-    V = GPUShaderStage.VERTEX,
-    F = GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT;
-  const layout = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      { binding: 0, visibility: V | F, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      { binding: 1, visibility: F, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      { binding: 2, visibility: V | F, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-      { binding: 3, visibility: V | F, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-      { binding: 4, visibility: V, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-      { binding: 5, visibility: V | F, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-      { binding: 6, visibility: V, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-    ],
-  });
-  const styleLayout = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'storage' } },
-    ],
-  });
-  const [module, compute] = await Promise.all([
-    gpu.shaderModule(
-      kit.shadeShader({ group: 0, binding: 1 }) +
-        kit.textShader({ group: 1 }) +
-        kit.outputShader() +
-        kit.shapeShader() +
-        kit.strokeShader() +
-        kinds +
-        '\n' +
-        shader +
-        shade,
-      'diagram',
-    ),
-    gpu.shaderModule(kit.fieldShader({ group: 0, colormap: 2 }) + styleShader, 'diagram styles'),
-  ]);
-  const pipe = (vertex: string, fragment: string, text = false) =>
-    gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({
-        bindGroupLayouts: text ? [layout, gpu.textLayout] : [layout],
-      }),
-      vertex: { module, entryPoint: vertex },
-      fragment: {
-        module,
-        entryPoint: fragment,
-        targets: [{ format, blend: kit.premultipliedBlend }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
-      multisample: { count: msaa },
-    });
-  const [shapes, text, grid, styles] = await Promise.all([
-    pipe('shape_vertex', 'shape_fragment'),
-    pipe('text_vertex', 'text_fragment', true),
-    pipe('grid_vertex', 'grid_fragment'),
-    gpu.computePipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({
-        bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, styleLayout, gpu.colormapLayout],
-      }),
-      compute: { module: compute, entryPoint: 'style_main' },
-    }),
-  ]);
-  return { shapes, text, grid, styles, layout, styleLayout };
-}
-export class Painter {
-  private focused?: {
-    readonly geometry: Geometry;
-    readonly selection: readonly Diagram.Item[];
-    readonly hover: Diagram.Item | null;
-    readonly overlay: Overlay | null;
-    readonly drag: DragDraw['marks'] | null;
-  };
-  private readonly attachments: kit.Attachments;
-  private readonly styles: Styles;
-  private readonly empty = new kit.BufferData({ size: 16, label: 'diagram empty' });
-  private gesture?: readonly InstancePage[];
-  private dragged?: readonly InstancePage[];
-  /** Every label, by the slot it names: a scene that keeps its text only moves anchors. */
-  private readonly text = new kit.TextBank({ label: 'diagram text', local: true });
-  /** The labels of rerouted wires a drag draws. */
-  private readonly dragText = new kit.TextBank({ label: 'diagram drag text', local: true });
-  /** Each slot's offset, written when what moves changes, never per frame. */
-  private readonly offsets = new kit.BufferData({ size: 16, label: 'diagram offsets' });
-  private shifted?: {
-    readonly scene: Scene;
-    readonly drag: DragDraw['marks'] | null;
-    readonly from: Scene | null;
-    readonly values: Float32Array;
-  };
-  /** The wires a transition leaves, built once as it starts. */
-  private faded?: {
-    readonly from: Scene;
-    readonly scene: Scene;
-    readonly pages: readonly InstancePage[];
-    readonly styled: boolean;
-  };
-  constructor(private readonly gpu: Gpu) {
-    this.attachments = new kit.Attachments(gpu);
-    this.styles = new Styles(gpu);
-  }
-  private build(scene: Scene, style: Style, previous?: Geometry): Geometry {
-    const instances = new Instances('diagram instances', previous?.instances),
-      text = this.text;
-    text.hide();
-    scene.groups.forEach((group, i) => {
-      const b = group.bounds;
-      if (b[0] === b[2]) return;
-      instances.push(
-        KIND.group,
-        scene.slots.groups + i,
-        [b[0], b[1], b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]],
-        [style.cornerRadius, group.header, +group.collapsed],
-        b,
-      );
-      const slot = scene.slots.groups + i;
-      text.add(
-        slot,
-        group.label,
-        kit.textOrigin(
-          group.label,
-          [b[0] + style.vertexPadding, b[1] + group.header / 2],
-          'start',
-          'middle',
-        ),
-        { slot },
-      );
-    });
-    scene.edges.forEach((edge, i) => {
-      if (edge.visible && edge.paths.length)
-        wire(instances, scene.slots.edges + i, edge, style.cornerRadius);
-    });
-    scene.edges.forEach((edge, i) => {
-      if (!edge.visible || !edge.paths.length || !style.labels) return;
-      const slot = scene.slots.edges + i;
-      edge.labels.forEach((at, k) => {
-        const b = labelBox(edge, at);
-        instances.push(
-          KIND.label,
-          slot,
-          [b[0], b[1], b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]],
-          [+(edge.options.appearance === 'tag')],
-          b,
-        );
-        text.add(slot + ':' + k, edge.label, at, { slot });
-      });
-    });
-    scene.vertices.forEach((vertex, i) => {
-      if (!vertex.visible) return;
-      const box: Rect = [vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.x + vertex.width, vertex.y + vertex.height];
-      instances.push(
-        KIND.block,
-        i,
-        [vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.width, vertex.height],
-        [vertex.radius, vertex.header, kit.SHAPES.indexOf(vertex.shape)],
-        box,
-      );
-      text.add(i, vertex.label, titleAt(vertex, style), { slot: i });
-      vertex.ports.forEach((port, k) => {
-        const p = port.position,
-          slot = vertex.portSlot + k,
-          sign = port.direction === 'in' ? -1 : 1;
-        instances.push(
-          KIND.port,
-          slot,
-          [p[0], p[1], port.normal[0] * sign, port.normal[1] * sign],
-          [
-            port.marker === 'diamond'
-              ? 2
-              : port.marker === 'directional' && port.direction !== undefined
-                ? 1
-                : 0,
-            +port.connected,
-          ],
-          [p[0], p[1], p[0], p[1]],
-        );
-        // A port's name sits on its block: it follows the block's drag and reads on its fill.
-        text.add(slot, port.label, portNameAt(vertex, port, style), { slot: i });
-      });
-    });
-    const reuse = previous?.focus.size === Math.max(4, scene.slots.count * 4);
-    return {
-      instances: instances.flush(),
-      text: text.flush(),
-      focus: reuse
-        ? previous.focus
-        : new kit.BufferData({ size: Math.max(4, scene.slots.count * 4), label: 'diagram focus' }),
-      states: reuse ? previous.states : new Map<number, number>(),
-    };
-  }
-  async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation, state: DrawState): Promise<Paint> {
-    const { scene, style, camera, pipelines, shade: effect, overlay } = state;
-    // A scene's instances and labels, built once; a new scene writes only what changed.
-    const geometry = await frame.memo('geometry', [scene], (_, previous: Geometry | undefined) =>
-      this.build(scene, style, previous),
-    );
-    this.focus(scene, geometry, state);
-    const restyle = await this.styles.prepare(frame, scene, state.data, pipelines.styleLayout),
-      focus = frame.buffer(geometry.focus),
-      empty = frame.buffer(this.empty),
-      accent = style.selectedColor === 'none' ? style.hoverColor : style.selectedColor,
-      { transition, drag } = state,
-      rest = transition?.rest ?? 0,
-      shifts = this.shifts(scene, drag?.marks ?? null, rest > 0 ? transition!.from : null),
-      offsets = shifts ? frame.buffer(this.offsets) : empty,
-      motion: Point = drag ? drag.delta : [rest, rest];
-    const group = (
-      origin: Point,
-      data: GPUBufferBinding,
-      {
-        anchors = empty,
-        textSize = 0,
-        flags = focus,
-        offsets: shifting = offsets,
-        styles = restyle.styles,
-        opacity = 1 - rest,
-        fading = false,
-      }: DrawBinding = {},
-    ) =>
-      this.gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipelines.layout,
-        entries: [
-          {
-            binding: 0,
-            resource: frame.uniforms(
-              Float32Array.of(
-                origin[0] - camera.center[0],
-                origin[1] - camera.center[1],
-                camera.scale[0],
-                camera.scale[1] * (camera.yDirection === 'down' ? 1 : -1),
-                frame.viewport.width,
-                frame.viewport.height,
-                frame.viewport.pixelRatio,
-                frame.timeMs,
-                style.gridPitch,
-                +style.grid,
-                +state.motion,
-                textSize,
-                ...accent,
-                ...style.hoverColor,
-                ...style.gridColor,
-                style.outlineWidthPx,
-                style.selectedWidthPx,
-                style.hoverWidthPx,
-                // The rest's opacity while something is selected, plus one; negative when selected
-                // items glow in their own color.
-                (style.selectedColor === 'none' ? -1 : 1) *
-                  (1 + (state.selection.length ? style.unselectedAlpha : 1)),
-                ...style.background,
-                +(style.detail === 'auto'),
-                style.gridMinSpacingPx,
-                style.portSize,
-                style.edgeWidthPx,
-                ...motion,
-                opacity,
-                +fading,
-                +style.junctions,
-                scene.slots.ports,
-                scene.slots.edges,
-                scene.slots.groups,
-                ...style.vertexColor,
-                ...style.edgeColor,
-                ...style.outlineColor,
-                ...style.groupColor,
-                ...style.flowColor,
-                style.flowSpacingPx,
-                style.dashPeriodPx,
-                0,
-                0,
-              ),
-            ),
-          },
-          { binding: 1, resource: effect },
-          { binding: 2, resource: data },
-          { binding: 3, resource: flags },
-          { binding: 4, resource: anchors },
-          { binding: 5, resource: styles },
-          { binding: 6, resource: shifting },
-        ],
-      });
-    // Culling keeps the rims, shadows, and markers of what lies just off the canvas.
-    const reach = 16 + style.portSize * camera.scale[0],
-      dx = (frame.viewport.width / 2 + reach) / camera.scale[0],
-      dy = (frame.viewport.height / 2 + reach) / camera.scale[1],
-      visible: Rect = [
-        camera.center[0] - dx,
-        camera.center[1] - dy,
-        camera.center[0] + dx,
-        camera.center[1] + dy,
-      ];
-    const shapes: Paint['shapes'] = [],
-      text: Paint['text'] = [];
-    const draw = (pages: readonly InstancePage[], binding?: DrawBinding) => {
-      for (const page of pages)
-        if (intersects(page.bounds, visible))
-          shapes.push({
-            group: group(page.origin, frame.buffer(page.data), binding),
-            count: page.count,
-          });
-    };
-    // Text too small to read is left out.
-    const write = async (pages: readonly kit.TextBankPage[], binding?: DrawBinding) => {
-      for (const page of pages)
-        if (intersects(page.bounds, visible) && page.maxSize * camera.scale[0] >= 3)
-          text.push({
-            group: group(page.origin, frame.buffer(this.empty), {
-              ...binding,
-              anchors: frame.buffer(page.anchors),
-              textSize: page.maxSize,
-            }),
-            pages: await frame.text({ runs: page.runs }),
-          });
-    };
-    // Above nothing moves; drawn things stay where they are.
-    const still: DrawBinding = { flags: empty, offsets: empty };
-    if (rest > 0) {
-      // The wires a transition leaves fade out as the new ones fade in.
-      const faded = this.fades(transition!.from, scene, style);
-      draw(faded.pages, {
-        ...still,
-        styles: faded.styled ? restyle.styles : empty,
-        opacity: rest,
-        fading: true,
-      });
-    }
-    draw(geometry.instances);
-    await write(geometry.text);
-    if (state.drag?.wires.length) {
-      // Rerouted wires draw as they will be, past the focus that hides their old routes.
-      const moving = new Instances('diagram drag', this.dragged),
-        named = this.dragText;
-      named.hide();
-      for (const dragged of state.drag.wires) {
-        wire(moving, dragged.slot, dragged, style.cornerRadius);
-        dragged.labels.forEach((at, k) => {
-          const b = labelBox(dragged.edge, at);
-          moving.push(KIND.label, dragged.slot, [b[0], b[1], b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]], [], b);
-          named.add(dragged.slot + ':' + k, dragged.edge.label, at, { slot: dragged.slot });
-        });
-      }
-      this.dragged = moving.flush();
-      draw(this.dragged, still);
-      await write(named.flush(), still);
-    }
-    if (overlay?.box || overlay?.wire) {
-      const gesture = new Instances('diagram gesture', this.gesture);
-      if (overlay.box) {
-        const b = overlay.box;
-        gesture.push(KIND.box, NONE, [b[0], b[1], b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]], [], b);
-      }
-      let along = 0;
-      for (let i = 1; i < (overlay.wire?.length ?? 0); i++) {
-        const a = overlay.wire![i - 1],
-          b = overlay.wire![i];
-        gesture.push(
-          KIND.preview,
-          NONE,
-          [a[0], a[1], b[0], b[1]],
-          [along, +!!overlay.invalid],
-          [Math.min(a[0], b[0]), Math.min(a[1], b[1]), Math.max(a[0], b[0]), Math.max(a[1], b[1])],
-        );
-        along += Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
-      }
-      this.gesture = gesture.flush();
-      draw(this.gesture, still);
-    }
-    const msaa = this.attachments.prepare(frame, { msaa: style.msaa }).color;
-    const level = Math.max(
-      0,
-      Math.ceil(
-        Math.log(Math.max(1, style.gridMinSpacingPx / (style.gridPitch * camera.scale[0]))) /
-          Math.log(4),
-      ),
-    );
-    const period = style.gridPitch * 4 ** (level + 1);
-    return {
-      pipelines,
-      restyle,
-      shapes,
-      text,
-      grid: group(
-        [
-          Math.floor(camera.center[0] / period) * period,
-          Math.floor(camera.center[1] / period) * period,
-        ],
-        empty,
-      ),
-      msaa,
-      background: style.background,
-      drawCalls: 1 + shapes.length + text.reduce((n, page) => n + page.pages.length, 0),
-      offsets: shifts,
-      motion,
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Each slot's offset while something moves: (1, 1) for a drag's slots, which its delta scales,
-   * or where each vertex, port, and group was before a transition. Written once for each.
-   */
-  private shifts(
-    scene: Scene,
-    drag: DragDraw['marks'] | null,
-    from: Scene | null,
-  ): Float32Array | null {
-    if (!drag && !from) return null;
-    const last = this.shifted;
-    if (last?.scene === scene && last.drag === drag && last.from === from) return last.values;
-    const values = new Float32Array(Math.max(4, scene.slots.count * 2)),
-      set = (slot: number, dx: number, dy: number) => {
-        values[slot * 2] = dx;
-        values[slot * 2 + 1] = dy;
-      };
-    if (drag) for (const slot of drag.moving) set(slot, 1, 1);
-    else if (from) {
-      const before = sceneRows(from).vertices;
-      for (const [key, i] of sceneRows(scene).vertices) {
-        const vertex = scene.vertices[i],
-          was = from.vertices[before.get(key) ?? -1];
-        if (!was || (was.x === vertex.x && was.y === vertex.y)) continue;
-        const dx = was.x - vertex.x,
-          dy = was.y - vertex.y;
-        set(i, dx, dy);
-        for (let k = 0; k < vertex.ports.length; k++) set(vertex.portSlot + k, dx, dy);
-      }
-      const frames = new Map(from.groups.map((group) => [group.id, group.bounds]));
-      scene.groups.forEach((group, g) => {
-        const was = frames.get(group.id);
-        if (was && was[0] !== was[2] && group.bounds[0] !== group.bounds[2])
-          set(scene.slots.groups + g, was[0] - group.bounds[0], was[1] - group.bounds[1]);
-      });
-    }
-    this.offsets.update(values);
-    this.shifted = { scene, drag, from, values };
-    return values;
-  }
-  /**
-   * The wires of a scene a transition leaves, and whether they keep their own styles: they do when
-   * the scene it goes to holds the same edges in the same slots.
-   */
-  private fades(from: Scene, scene: Scene, style: Style): NonNullable<Painter['faded']> {
-    if (this.faded?.from !== from || this.faded.scene !== scene) {
-      const instances = new Instances('diagram fading', this.faded?.pages);
-      from.edges.forEach((edge, i) => {
-        if (edge.visible && edge.paths.length)
-          wire(instances, from.slots.edges + i, edge, style.cornerRadius);
-      });
-      const styled =
-        from.slots.edges === scene.slots.edges &&
-        from.edges.length === scene.edges.length &&
-        from.edges.every((edge, i) => sceneKey(edge.hit) === sceneKey(scene.edges[i].hit));
-      this.faded = { from, scene, pages: instances.flush(), styled };
-    }
-    return this.faded;
-  }
-  encode(frame: kit.Encoding, paint: Paint): void {
-    this.styles.encode(frame.encoder, paint.pipelines.styles, paint.restyle);
-    const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: paint.msaa ?? frame.target,
-          resolveTarget: paint.msaa ? frame.target : undefined,
-          loadOp: 'clear',
-          storeOp: 'store',
-          clearValue: kit.clearColor(paint.background),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-    pass.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.grid);
-    pass.setBindGroup(0, paint.grid);
-    pass.draw(3);
-    pass.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.shapes);
-    for (const shape of paint.shapes) {
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, shape.group);
-      pass.draw(6, shape.count);
-    }
-    pass.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.text);
-    for (const label of paint.text) {
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, label.group);
-      for (const page of label.pages) {
-        pass.setBindGroup(1, page.bindGroup);
-        pass.draw(6, page.count);
-      }
-    }
-    pass.end();
-  }
-  /** Write each slot's selection, hover, and gesture flags where they changed. */
-  private focus(scene: Scene, geometry: Geometry, state: DrawState): void {
-    const { selection, hover, overlay } = state,
-      drag = state.drag?.marks ?? null,
-      last = this.focused;
-    if (
-      last?.geometry === geometry &&
-      last.selection === selection &&
-      last.hover === hover &&
-      last.overlay === overlay &&
-      last.drag === drag
-    )
-      return;
-    this.focused = { geometry, selection, hover, overlay, drag };
-    const slots = itemSlots(scene),
-      states = new Map<number, number>();
-    const flag = (slot: number | undefined, bit: number) => {
-      if (slot !== undefined) states.set(slot, (states.get(slot) ?? 0) | bit);
-    };
-    /** A selected or hovered item, and its ports when it is a block, which stay lit with it. */
-    const focus = (slot: number | undefined, bit: number) => {
-      flag(slot, bit);
-      const vertex =
-        slot !== undefined && slot < scene.slots.ports ? scene.vertices[slot] : undefined;
-      if (vertex) for (let k = 0; k < vertex.ports.length; k++) flag(vertex.portSlot + k, 16);
-    };
-    for (const item of selection) focus(slots.get(itemKey(item)), 1);
-    if (hover && !overlay?.wire) focus(slots.get(itemKey(hover)), 2);
-    for (const item of overlay?.compatible ?? []) flag(slots.get(itemKey(item)), 4);
-    if (overlay?.target) flag(slots.get(itemKey(overlay.target)), 8);
-    if (overlay?.muted) flag(slots.get(overlay.muted), 32);
-    for (const slot of drag?.moving ?? []) flag(slot, 64);
-    for (const slot of drag?.rerouted ?? []) flag(slot, 128);
-    const words = new Uint32Array(
-      geometry.focus.bytes.buffer,
-      geometry.focus.bytes.byteOffset,
-      geometry.focus.size / 4,
-    );
-    const edited: { offset: number; size: number }[] = [];
-    const write = (slot: number, value: number) => {
-      if (slot < words.length && words[slot] !== value) {
-        words[slot] = value;
-        edited.push({ offset: slot * 4, size: 4 });
-      }
-    };
-    for (const slot of geometry.states.keys()) if (!states.has(slot)) write(slot, 0);
-    for (const [slot, value] of states) write(slot, value);
-    if (edited.length) geometry.focus.touch(edited);
-    geometry.states = states;
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.attachments.destroy();
-    this.styles.destroy();
-    this.focused = undefined;
-    this.dragged = undefined;
-    this.gesture = undefined;
-    this.shifted = undefined;
-    this.faded = undefined;
-    this.text.clear();
-    this.dragText.clear();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/painter.wgsl b/packages/diagram/src/painter.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b376490..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/painter.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,296 +0,0 @@
-// Blocks, groups, wires, ports, labels, and the grid of a diagram, from one instance buffer.
-// The kind constants come first, from `KIND` in painter.ts.
-struct View {
-  /** The page's origin from the camera center, and pixels per diagram unit. */
-  camera: vec4f,
-  /** Canvas size in CSS pixels, pixel ratio, and time in milliseconds. */
-  viewport: vec4f,
-  /** Grid pitch, grid shown, motion, and the text size of the page. */
-  grid: vec4f,
-  selected: vec4f,
-  hovered: vec4f,
-  dots: vec4f,
-  /**
-   * The outline's width, and how far the selection's and hover's glow reach, in pixels; then the
-   * rest's opacity while something is selected, plus one: negative when selected items glow in
-   * their own color.
-   */
-  metrics: vec4f,
-  background: vec4f,
-  /** Detail fades, the grid's least spacing, port size, and the default edge width. */
-  detail: vec4f,
-  /** What scales each slot's offset on each axis, the wires' opacity, and whether only wires draw. */
-  motion: vec4f,
-  /** Junctions shown, then the first port, edge, and group slots; below the first port, blocks. */
-  slots: vec4f,
-  vertexColor: vec4f,
-  edgeColor: vec4f,
-  outline: vec4f,
-  group: vec4f,
-  /** The comets' color. */
-  flow: vec4f,
-  /** How far apart comets run, and how far a dash and its gap run, in CSS pixels. */
-  lines: vec4f,
-}
-struct Item { a: vec4f, b: vec4f, kind: u32, slot: u32, unused: vec2u }
-struct Style { color: vec4f, status: vec4f, width: f32, flow: f32, shade: f32 }
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> view: View;
-@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> items: array<Item>;
-@group(0) @binding(3) var<storage, read> focus: array<u32>;
-/** Each label's anchor, as a text bank writes it: its origin, and the slot of the item it labels. */
-@group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> anchors: array<vec4f>;
-@group(0) @binding(5) var<storage, read> styles: array<vec4u>;
-/** Each slot's offset, which `motion` scales: (1, 1) where a drag moves, or from minus to. */
-@group(0) @binding(6) var<storage, read> offsets: array<vec2f>;
-struct Out {
-  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-  @location(0) uv: vec2f,
-  @location(1) @interpolate(flat) index: u32,
-  @location(2) @interpolate(flat) size: vec4f,
-  @location(3) color: vec4f,
-}
-fn screen(p: vec2f) -> vec2f { return (p + view.camera.xy) * view.camera.zw + view.viewport.xy * 0.5; }
-fn clip(p: vec2f) -> vec4f { return vec4f(p / view.viewport.xy * vec2f(2., -2.) + vec2f(-1., 1.), 0., 1.); }
-fn corner(v: u32) -> vec2f {
-  return array<vec2f, 6>(vec2f(0, 0), vec2f(1, 0), vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(1, 0), vec2f(1, 1))[v];
-}
-/** Coverage of an edge `d` CSS pixels away, over one device pixel. */
-fn aa(d: f32) -> f32 { return clamp(0.5 - d * view.viewport.z, 0., 1.); }
-fn scale() -> f32 { return abs(view.camera.z); }
-fn flagsOf(slot: u32) -> u32 { if (slot >= arrayLength(&focus)) { return 0u; } return focus[slot]; }
-/** A slot's style; a zero color is the view's base color for the kind. */
-fn styleOf(slot: u32, kind: u32) -> Style {
-  var s = vec4u(0u, 0u, 0xbc00u, 0u);
-  if (slot < arrayLength(&styles)) { s = styles[slot]; }
-  let wf = unpack2x16float(s.z);
-  var color = unpack4x8unorm(s.x);
-  if (s.x == 0u) { color = select(view.edgeColor, view.vertexColor, kind == BLOCK); }
-  return Style(color, unpack4x8unorm(s.y), select(view.detail.w, wf.x, wf.x >= 0.), wf.y, bitcast<f32>(s.w));
-}
-fn chosen(color: vec4f) -> vec4f { return select(view.selected, color, view.metrics.w < 0.); }
-/** The opacity of what is not lit while something is selected. */
-fn others() -> f32 { return abs(view.metrics.w) - 1.; }
-/** Selected and hovered items, a block's ports with it, and a gesture's marks: what stays lit. */
-fn lit(flags: u32) -> bool { return (flags & 31u) != 0u; }
-/** How far a fading mark shows at a size in pixels; detail 'full' always shows it. */
-fn fold(px: f32) -> f32 { return select(1., smoothstep(1., 3., px), view.detail.x != 0.); }
-/** Where an item draws from its place: following a drag, or easing in from where it was. */
-fn shifted(slot: u32) -> vec2f {
-  if (slot >= arrayLength(&offsets)) { return vec2f(0.); }
-  return offsets[slot] * view.motion.xy;
-}
-fn wired(k: u32) -> bool { return k == SEGMENT || k == CORNER || k == ARROW || k == JUNCTION; }
-fn hidden(i: u32) -> Out { return Out(vec4f(2., 2., 2., 1.), vec2f(0.), i, vec4f(0.), vec4f(0.)); }
-/** How far past a shape its quad reaches: its glow when lit, and always its rings. */
-fn rim(flags: u32) -> f32 {
-  var reach = 4.;
-  if ((flags & 9u) != 0u) { reach = max(reach, view.metrics.y); }
-  if ((flags & 2u) != 0u) { reach = max(reach, view.metrics.z); }
-  return reach + 2.;
-}
-@vertex fn shape_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v: u32, @builtin(instance_index) i: u32) -> Out {
-  let item = items[i];
-  let c = corner(v);
-  let flags = flagsOf(item.slot);
-  let k = item.kind;
-  // Rerouted wires hide while their new ones draw; wires a transition leaves draw alone.
-  if ((flags & 128u) != 0u || (view.motion.w != 0. && !wired(k))) { return hidden(i); }
-  let offset = shifted(item.slot);
-  let pad = rim(flags);
-  if (k == SEGMENT || k == PREVIEW) {
-    let a = screen(item.a.xy + offset);
-    let b = screen(item.a.zw + offset);
-    let span = max(distance(a, b), 0.0001);
-    let dir = (b - a) / span;
-    let half = styleOf(item.slot, k).width * 0.5 + pad;
-    let uv = vec2f(mix(-half, span + half, c.x), mix(-half, half, c.y));
-    return Out(clip(a + dir * uv.x + vec2f(-dir.y, dir.x) * uv.y), uv, i, vec4f(span, 0., 0., 0.), vec4f(0.));
-  }
-  if (k == CORNER) {
-    let center = screen(item.a.xy + offset);
-    let reach = item.a.z * scale() + styleOf(item.slot, k).width * 0.5 + pad;
-    let uv = (item.b.xy * c.x + item.b.zw * c.y) * reach;
-    return Out(clip(center + uv), uv, i, vec4f(item.a.z * scale(), 0., 0., 0.), vec4f(0.));
-  }
-  if (k == ARROW) {
-    let tip = screen(item.a.xy + offset);
-    let dir = item.a.zw;
-    let span = view.detail.z * scale();
-    let half = span * 0.4;
-    let uv = vec2f(mix(-pad, span + pad, c.x), mix(-half - pad, half + pad, c.y));
-    return Out(clip(tip - dir * uv.x + vec2f(-dir.y, dir.x) * uv.y), uv, i, vec4f(span, half, 0., 0.), vec4f(0.));
-  }
-  if (k == PORT || k == JUNCTION) {
-    let center = screen(item.a.xy + offset);
-    let half = view.detail.z * scale() * select(0.5, 0.32, k == JUNCTION);
-    let uv = (c * 2. - 1.) * (half + pad);
-    return Out(clip(center + uv), uv, i, vec4f(half, 0., 0., 0.), vec4f(0.));
-  }
-  // A box: a block, a group, a label, or the marquee.
-  let half = item.a.zw * scale() * 0.5;
-  let center = screen(item.a.xy + item.a.zw * 0.5 + offset);
-  let uv = (c * 2. - 1.) * (half + pad + select(0., 10., k == BLOCK));
-  return Out(clip(center + uv), uv, i, vec4f(half, 0., 0.), vec4f(0.));
-}
-/**
- * How much of a flowing wire's comets cover a pixel, as in every view: moving with motion, and
- * holding still, pointing the way they flow, without it.
- */
-fn comets(along: f32, across: f32, slot: u32, width: f32, flow: f32) -> f32 {
-  if (flow == 0. || view.lines.x <= 0.) { return 0.; }
-  let moved = select(0., view.viewport.w * 0.001 * flow, view.grid.z != 0.);
-  let head = max(width * 0.8, 2.);
-  return stroke_comet(along, across, slot, flow, moved, head, view.lines.x, 0.5 / view.viewport.z) * view.flow.a;
-}
-@fragment fn shape_fragment(v: Out) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  let item = items[v.index];
-  let k = item.kind;
-  let flags = flagsOf(item.slot);
-  let style = styleOf(item.slot, k);
-  let selected = (flags & 1u) != 0u;
-  let hovered = (flags & 2u) != 0u;
-  let compatible = (flags & 4u) != 0u;
-  let targeted = (flags & 8u) != 0u;
-  let wire = wired(k);
-  // The rest fade while something is selected.
-  var opacity = select(1., 0.22, (flags & 32u) != 0u) * select(1., view.motion.z, wire || k == LABEL) *
-    select(others(), 1., lit(flags) || k == BOX || k == PREVIEW);
-  var color = style.color;
-  var d = 0.;
-  var shadow = 0.;
-  var flow = 0.;
-  if (k == SEGMENT || k == CORNER || k == PREVIEW) {
-    var along = 0.;
-    var across = 0.;
-    if (k == CORNER) {
-      // A quarter arc owns the pixels its two radii bound; the segments on either side own the
-      // rest, so each pixel draws once and a translucent wire never darkens at a bend.
-      let toward = dot(v.uv, item.b.xy);
-      let onward = dot(v.uv, item.b.zw);
-      if (toward <= 0. || onward < 0.) { discard; }
-      across = length(v.uv) - v.size.x;
-      along = item.a.w * scale() + v.size.x * atan2(onward, toward);
-    } else {
-      if (v.uv.x < 0. || v.uv.x >= v.size.x) { discard; }
-      across = v.uv.y;
-      along = item.b.x * scale() + v.uv.x;
-    }
-    if (k == PREVIEW) {
-      color = select(view.selected, vec4f(0.95, 0.3, 0.24, 1.), item.b.y != 0.);
-      d = abs(across) - 0.75;
-      if (!stroke_dash(along, view.lines.y)) { discard; }
-    } else {
-      // A drawn wire's target widens and takes the selection's color; what is selected glows.
-      let extra = select(0., 1., targeted);
-      d = abs(across) - style.width * 0.5 - extra;
-      if (targeted) { color = chosen(color); }
-      flow = comets(along, across, item.slot, style.width, style.flow);
-    }
-  } else if (k == ARROW) {
-    let slope = v.size.y / v.size.x;
-    d = max((abs(v.uv.y) - v.uv.x * slope) / sqrt(1. + slope * slope), v.uv.x - v.size.x);
-    opacity *= fold(v.size.x);
-    if (targeted) { color = chosen(color); }
-  } else if (k == JUNCTION) {
-    d = length(v.uv) - v.size.x;
-    opacity *= fold(v.size.x * 2.) * view.slots.x;
-    if (targeted) { color = chosen(color); }
-  } else if (k == PORT) {
-    let half = v.size.x;
-    let n = item.a.zw;
-    let q = vec2f(dot(v.uv, n), dot(v.uv, vec2f(-n.y, n.x)));
-    if (item.b.x == 1.) { d = max(abs(q.y) * 0.894427 + (q.x - half) * 0.447214, -q.x - half); }
-    else if (item.b.x == 2.) { d = (abs(v.uv.x) + abs(v.uv.y) - half) * 0.707107; }
-    else { d = length(v.uv) - half; }
-    // An unwired port is hollow.
-    if (item.b.y == 0.) { color = mix(view.background, color, smoothstep(-1.8, -0.8, d)); }
-    if (style.status.a > 0.) { color = mix(color, style.status, aa(abs(d - 1.5) - 1.) * style.status.a); }
-    opacity *= fold(half * 2.);
-  } else {
-    let half = v.size.xy;
-    if (k == BLOCK) {
-      let radius = min(item.b.x * scale(), min(half.x, half.y));
-      let shape = u32(item.b.z);
-      d = shapeDistance(shape, v.uv, half, radius);
-      let header = item.b.y * scale();
-      if (header > 0. && shape <= 1u) {
-        // The title band, and the rule under it.
-        if (v.uv.y < header - half.y) { color = mix(color, view.outline, 0.16); }
-        color = mix(color, view.outline, aa(abs(v.uv.y - header + half.y) - 0.5) * 0.8);
-      }
-      color = mix(color, view.outline, 1. - aa(d + view.metrics.x));
-      if (style.status.a > 0.) {
-        color = mix(color, style.status, aa(abs(d + view.metrics.x + 1.5) - 1.) * style.status.a);
-      }
-      // A soft shadow below the block, once it is large enough to cast one.
-      shadow = shadowAlpha(shapeDistance(shape, v.uv - vec2f(0., 2.), half, radius)) *
-        smoothstep(0.3, 0.6, scale());
-      if ((flags & 64u) != 0u) { opacity *= 0.88; }
-    } else if (k == GROUP) {
-      d = rectangleDistance(v.uv, half, min(item.b.x * scale(), min(half.x, half.y)));
-      let header = item.b.y * scale();
-      color = view.group;
-      if (item.b.z != 0. || v.uv.y < header - half.y) { color.a = min(1., color.a * select(2.2, 4., item.b.z != 0.)); }
-      color = mix(color, vec4f(view.outline.rgb, view.outline.a * 0.55), 1. - aa(d + 1.));
-    } else if (k == LABEL) {
-      d = rectangleDistance(v.uv, half, min(half.y, 6.));
-      color = vec4f(view.background.rgb, view.background.a * 0.92);
-      if (item.b.x != 0.) { color = mix(color, style.color, 1. - aa(d + 1.)); }
-    } else {
-      d = rectangleDistance(v.uv, half, 2.);
-      color = mix(vec4f(view.selected.rgb, 0.12), view.selected, 1. - aa(d + 1.));
-    }
-  }
-  // A flowing wire's comets, in their color over its own.
-  color = vec4f(mix(color.rgb, view.flow.rgb, flow), mix(color.a, 1., flow));
-  let shaded = shade(ShadeFragment(color, v.position.xy / view.viewport.z, style.shade));
-  var result = outputColor(shaded, max(aa(d), flow));
-  if (shadow > 0.) { result = result + vec4f(0., 0., 0., shadow * (1. - aa(d))) * (1. - result.a); }
-  // Beneath it, a glow: soft for the ports a drawn wire can reach, whole for what is selected or
-  // targeted, in its own color for `none`, and for what is hovered.
-  var accent = chosen(style.color);
-  var ring = 0.;
-  if (compatible) { ring = 0.28 * (1. - smoothstep(0., 5., d)); }
-  if (selected || targeted) { ring = max(ring, glowAlpha(d, view.metrics.y)); }
-  else if (hovered) { accent = view.hovered; ring = max(ring, glowAlpha(d, view.metrics.z)); }
-  result = result + outputColor(accent, ring) * (1. - result.a);
-  return result * opacity;
-}
-/** A block's title in its own color where that reads on the block's fill, else dark or light. */
-fn legible(color: vec4f, slot: u32) -> vec4f {
-  if (slot >= u32(view.slots.y)) { return color; }
-  let luma = vec3f(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722);
-  let fill = dot(styleOf(slot, BLOCK).color.rgb, luma);
-  if (abs(dot(color.rgb, luma) - fill) >= 0.4) { return color; }
-  return vec4f(select(vec3f(0.96), vec3f(0.08), fill > 0.5), color.a);
-}
-@vertex fn text_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v: u32, @builtin(instance_index) i: u32) -> Out {
-  let t = textVertex(v, i);
-  let anchor = latkitAnchor(anchors[t.anchor]);
-  let flags = flagsOf(anchor.slot);
-  if (!anchor.shown || (flags & 128u) != 0u) { return hidden(i); }
-  // A wire's label fades with its wire.
-  let wire = anchor.slot >= u32(view.slots.z) && anchor.slot < u32(view.slots.w);
-  var color = legible(t.color, anchor.slot);
-  color.a *= select(1., view.motion.z, wire) * select(others(), 1., lit(flags));
-  return Out(clip(screen(t.position + anchor.position + shifted(anchor.slot))), t.uv, i, vec4f(0.), color);
-}
-@fragment fn text_fragment(v: Out) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  return textColor(v.uv, v.color, vec4f(0.), 0.) * smoothstep(4., 8., view.grid.w * scale());
-}
-@vertex fn grid_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v: u32) -> Out {
-  let p = vec2f(f32((v << 1u) & 2u), f32(v & 2u));
-  return Out(vec4f(p * vec2f(2., -2.) + vec2f(-1., 1.), 0., 1.), p * view.viewport.xy, 0u, vec4f(0.), vec4f(0.));
-}
-fn dots(world: vec2f, pitch: f32) -> f32 {
-  let q = abs(fract(world / pitch + 0.5) - 0.5) * pitch * abs(view.camera.zw);
-  return 1. - smoothstep(0.4, 1.15, length(q));
-}
-@fragment fn grid_fragment(v: Out) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  if (view.grid.y == 0.) { discard; }
-  let level = max(ceil(log2(view.detail.y / (view.grid.x * scale())) / 2.), 0.);
-  let pitch = view.grid.x * exp2(level * 2.);
-  let world = (v.uv - view.viewport.xy * 0.5) / view.camera.zw - view.camera.xy;
-  let fade = smoothstep(view.detail.y, view.detail.y * 2., pitch * scale());
-  return outputColor(view.dots, max(dots(world, pitch) * fade * 0.7, dots(world, pitch * 4.) * 0.7));
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/picking.ts b/packages/diagram/src/picking.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 01c733e3..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/picking.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Viewport } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Point } from './data.js';
-import { itemKey } from './data.js';
-import type { Scene, Rect } from './scene.js';
-import { expand, union, edgeAnchor, itemAt, itemSlots } from './scene.js';
-import { contains, distance, labelBox } from './geometry.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-/** What a pickable piece is, in draw order: a later piece draws over an earlier one. */
-const GROUP = 0,
-  SEGMENT = 1,
-  LABEL = 2,
-  VERTEX = 3,
-  PORT = 4;
-interface Match {
-  readonly slot: number;
-  readonly distance: number;
-  readonly order: number;
-}
-const unchecked = () => {};
-/** Nearest first; what draws later is on top, so it wins ties. */
-function compare(a: Match, b: Match): number {
-  return a.distance - b.distance || b.order - a.order;
-}
-/**
- * Every pickable piece of a scene in typed storage, draw order kept: a box, a segment, or a port's
- * point in four numbers, its kind, and its slot. About 60 bytes a piece with its index.
- */
-export class Picking {
-  readonly spatial: kit.BoxIndex;
-  /** Visible vertices, which the data framing needs. */
-  readonly drawn: number;
-  private readonly kinds: Uint8Array;
-  private readonly slots: Uint32Array;
-  private readonly shapes: Float64Array;
-  /** Each slot's anchor: where locate and reveal find it; NaN for one not drawn. */
-  private readonly anchors: Float64Array;
-  constructor(
-    readonly scene: Scene,
-    maxBytes: number,
-  ) {
-    const wired = (edge: Scene['edges'][number]) => edge.visible && edge.paths.length > 0;
-    let count = 0;
-    for (const g of scene.groups) if (g.bounds[0] !== g.bounds[2]) count++;
-    for (const edge of scene.edges)
-      if (wired(edge)) {
-        for (const path of edge.paths) count += path.length - 1;
-        count += edge.labels.length;
-      }
-    for (const vertex of scene.vertices) if (vertex.visible) count += 1 + vertex.ports.length;
-    if (Picking.bytes(count, scene.slots.count) > maxBytes)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Picking exceeds budget');
-    const kinds = (this.kinds = new Uint8Array(count)),
-      slots = (this.slots = new Uint32Array(count)),
-      s = (this.shapes = new Float64Array(count * 4)),
-      anchors = (this.anchors = new Float64Array(scene.slots.count * 2).fill(NaN));
-    let n = 0;
-    const add = (kind: number, slot: number, a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number) => {
-      kinds[n] = kind;
-      slots[n] = slot;
-      const at = n++ * 4;
-      s[at] = a;
-      s[at + 1] = b;
-      s[at + 2] = c;
-      s[at + 3] = d;
-    };
-    const anchor = (slot: number, x: number, y: number) => {
-      anchors[slot * 2] = x;
-      anchors[slot * 2 + 1] = y;
-    };
-    scene.groups.forEach(({ bounds: [x0, y0, x1, y1], header }, i) => {
-      if (x0 === x1) return;
-      add(GROUP, scene.slots.groups + i, x0, y0, x1, y1);
-      anchor(scene.slots.groups + i, (x0 + x1) / 2, y0 + header / 2);
-    });
-    scene.edges.forEach((edge, i) => {
-      if (!wired(edge)) return;
-      const slot = scene.slots.edges + i,
-        [x, y] = edgeAnchor(edge);
-      anchor(slot, x, y);
-      for (const path of edge.paths)
-        for (let k = 1; k < path.length; k++)
-          add(SEGMENT, slot, path[k - 1][0], path[k - 1][1], path[k][0], path[k][1]);
-    });
-    scene.edges.forEach((edge, i) => {
-      if (wired(edge))
-        for (const at of edge.labels) add(LABEL, scene.slots.edges + i, ...labelBox(edge, at));
-    });
-    let drawn = 0;
-    scene.vertices.forEach((vertex, i) => {
-      if (!vertex.visible) return;
-      drawn++;
-      add(VERTEX, i, vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.x + vertex.width, vertex.y + vertex.height);
-      anchor(i, vertex.x + vertex.width / 2, vertex.y + vertex.height / 2);
-      vertex.ports.forEach(({ position: [x, y] }, k) => {
-        add(PORT, vertex.portSlot + k, x, y, x, y);
-        anchor(vertex.portSlot + k, x, y);
-      });
-    });
-    this.drawn = drawn;
-    const box = (i: number, out: Float64Array) => {
-      out[0] = Math.min(s[i * 4], s[i * 4 + 2]);
-      out[1] = Math.min(s[i * 4 + 1], s[i * 4 + 3]);
-      out[2] = Math.max(s[i * 4], s[i * 4 + 2]);
-      out[3] = Math.max(s[i * 4 + 1], s[i * 4 + 3]);
-    };
-    this.spatial = kit.BoxIndex.of(count, expand(scene.bounds, 1), box);
-  }
-  static bytes(pieces: number, slots: number): number {
-    return pieces * 37 + kit.BoxIndex.bytes(pieces) + slots * 16;
-  }
-  get bytes(): number {
-    return Picking.bytes(this.kinds.length, this.scene.slots.count);
-  }
-  has(item: Diagram.Item): boolean {
-    return itemSlots(this.scene).has(itemKey(item));
-  }
-  locate(item: Diagram.Item): Point | null {
-    const slot = itemSlots(this.scene).get(itemKey(item));
-    return slot === undefined || Number.isNaN(this.anchors[slot * 2])
-      ? null
-      : [this.anchors[slot * 2], this.anchors[slot * 2 + 1]];
-  }
-  /** Every item within the radius, nearest first and topmost breaking ties. */
-  hit(
-    point: Point,
-    camera: kit.Camera2D,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-    radius: number,
-    ports = true,
-    check: () => void = unchecked,
-    widthPx = 1.5,
-  ): readonly Diagram.Item[] {
-    const matches = new Map<number, Match>();
-    this.scan(point, camera, viewport, radius, ports, check, widthPx, (match) => {
-      const old = matches.get(match.slot);
-      if (!old || compare(match, old) < 0) matches.set(match.slot, match);
-    });
-    return [...matches.values()].sort(compare).map((match) => itemAt(this.scene, match.slot)!);
-  }
-  /** The nearest item, without collecting the rest; `check` bounds the search. */
-  nearest(
-    point: Point,
-    camera: kit.Camera2D,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-    radius: number,
-    ports: boolean,
-    check: () => void,
-    widthPx: number,
-  ): Diagram.Item | null {
-    let best: Match | undefined;
-    this.scan(point, camera, viewport, radius, ports, check, widthPx, (match) => {
-      if (!best || compare(match, best) < 0) best = match;
-    });
-    return best ? itemAt(this.scene, best.slot) : null;
-  }
-  marquee(box: Rect): readonly Diagram.Item[] {
-    const out: Diagram.Item[] = [];
-    this.spatial.some(box, (i) => {
-      if (this.kinds[i] === VERTEX) out.push(this.scene.vertices[this.slots[i]].hit);
-    });
-    return out;
-  }
-  bounds(items?: readonly Diagram.Item[]): Rect[] {
-    if (!items) return [this.scene.bounds];
-    const slots = itemSlots(this.scene),
-      wanted = new Set(items.map((item) => slots.get(itemKey(item)))),
-      out: Rect[] = [],
-      s = this.shapes;
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.kinds.length; i++)
-      if (wanted.has(this.slots[i]))
-        out.push(
-          expand(
-            union([
-              [s[i * 4], s[i * 4 + 1], s[i * 4], s[i * 4 + 1]],
-              [s[i * 4 + 2], s[i * 4 + 3], s[i * 4 + 2], s[i * 4 + 3]],
-            ]),
-            2,
-          ),
-        );
-    return out;
-  }
-  private scan(
-    point: Point,
-    camera: kit.Camera2D,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-    radius: number,
-    ports: boolean,
-    check: () => void,
-    widthPx: number,
-    found: (match: Match) => void,
-  ): void {
-    const world = kit.worldPoint(camera, point, viewport),
-      portRadius = (this.scene.portSize ?? 8) / 2,
-      dx = (radius + widthPx / 2) / camera.scale[0] + portRadius,
-      dy = (radius + widthPx / 2) / camera.scale[1] + portRadius,
-      s = this.shapes;
-    this.spatial.some(
-      [world[0] - dx, world[1] - dy, world[0] + dx, world[1] + dy],
-      (i) => {
-        check();
-        const kind = this.kinds[i],
-          at = i * 4;
-        let d = Infinity;
-        if (kind === PORT) {
-          if (!ports) return;
-          const p = kit.cameraPoint(camera, [s[at], s[at + 1]], viewport);
-          d = Math.max(
-            0,
-            Math.hypot(point[0] - p[0], point[1] - p[1]) - portRadius * camera.scale[0],
-          );
-        } else if (kind === SEGMENT)
-          d = Math.max(
-            0,
-            distance(
-              point,
-              kit.cameraPoint(camera, [s[at], s[at + 1]], viewport),
-              kit.cameraPoint(camera, [s[at + 2], s[at + 3]], viewport),
-            ) -
-              widthPx / 2,
-          );
-        else if (kind === VERTEX) {
-          if (contains(this.scene.vertices[this.slots[i]], world)) d = 0;
-        } else if (
-          world[0] >= s[at] &&
-          world[0] <= s[at + 2] &&
-          world[1] >= s[at + 1] &&
-          world[1] <= s[at + 3]
-        )
-          d = 0;
-        if (d <= radius) found({ slot: this.slots[i], distance: d, order: i });
-      },
-      check,
-    );
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/read.ts b/packages/diagram/src/read.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7886e1bb..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/read.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,622 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  Work,
-  failure,
-  fieldDefinition,
-  assertIndex,
-  bitAt,
-  textAt,
-  rowAt,
-  rowCount,
-  type Column,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Index,
-  type Reader,
-  type Schema,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { DiagramData } from './data.js';
-import type { Scene, Vertex, Edge, Port } from './scene.js';
-import { emptyLabel } from './scene.js';
-import type { Style } from './config.js';
-import { fail } from './config.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-export type Layout = (input: kit.TextLayoutInput) => Promise<kit.TextLayout>;
-function text(column: Column | undefined, row: number): string {
-  if (!column) return '';
-  if (column.kind !== 'text') fail('Expected a text label field');
-  return textAt(column, row) ?? '';
-}
-/** What a vertex's structure reads: its size, and whether it shows. */
-const VERTEX_SHAPE = {
-  width: 'raw',
-  height: 'raw',
-  visible: 'raw',
-} as const satisfies Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-const EDGE_SHAPE = { visible: 'raw' } as const satisfies Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-/** Where a vertex sits: read apart from its structure, so moving one rereads nothing else. */
-const VERTEX_PLACE = { x: 'raw', y: 'raw' } as const satisfies Readonly<
-  Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>
->;
-type ShapeName = keyof typeof VERTEX_SHAPE;
-type PlaceName = keyof typeof VERTEX_PLACE;
-/** Rows without a value: unplaced, sized to fit, and shown. */
-const UNPLACED = { x: NaN, y: NaN, width: NaN, height: NaN, visible: 1 } as const;
-interface Bindings<K extends string> {
-  readonly channels: kit.BoundChannels<K>;
-  /** The channels' fields, and for a structure the labels' text as `label`. */
-  readonly fields: Readonly<Record<string, FieldInput>>;
-}
-const structures = new WeakMap<object, Bindings<ShapeName>>(),
-  placements = new WeakMap<object, Bindings<PlaceName>>();
-/** What a type's structure reads, bound once per options object. */
-export function structure(
-  option: Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions,
-  edge: boolean,
-): Bindings<ShapeName> {
-  let found = structures.get(option);
-  if (!found) {
-    const channels = kit.bindChannels(
-      option,
-      (edge ? EDGE_SHAPE : VERTEX_SHAPE) as Readonly<Record<ShapeName, kit.ChannelKind>>,
-    );
-    const labels = kit.resolveLabels(option.labels);
-    found = {
-      channels,
-      fields: { ...channels.fields, ...(labels ? { label: labels.field } : {}) },
-    };
-    structures.set(option, found);
-  }
-  return found;
-}
-/** Where a vertex type's rows sit, bound once per options object. */
-function placement(option: Diagram.VertexOptions): Bindings<PlaceName> {
-  let found = placements.get(option);
-  if (!found) {
-    const channels = kit.bindChannels(option, VERTEX_PLACE);
-    found = { channels, fields: channels.fields };
-    placements.set(option, found);
-  }
-  return found;
-}
-/** Every drawn type's options, and whether it is an edge type. */
-function types(
-  data: DiagramData,
-): [string, Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions, boolean][] {
-  return [
-    ...Object.entries(data.vertices).map(([type, option]) => [type, option, false] as const),
-    ...Object.entries(data.edges ?? {}).map(([type, option]) => [type, option, true] as const),
-  ] as [string, Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions, boolean][];
-}
-/** Whether a binding reads a sampled field, so it depends on the read coordinate. */
-function sampled(data: DiagramData, type: string, input: FieldInput): boolean {
-  return fieldDefinition(data.source, type, input)?.sampled === true;
-}
-/** Only sampled positions, geometry, visibility, and text invalidate the scene. */
-export function sampledStructure(data: DiagramData): boolean {
-  return types(data).some(([type, options, edge]) =>
-    [
-      ...Object.values(structure(options, edge).fields),
-      ...(edge ? [] : Object.values(placement(options).fields)),
-    ].some((input) => sampled(data, type, input)),
-  );
-}
-/** What a scene is made of in each entry; every other option is a style the GPU reads. */
-const VERTEX = [
-  'rows',
-  'width',
-  'height',
-  'shape',
-  'cornerRadius',
-  'labelPosition',
-  'visible',
-  'labels',
-] as const satisfies readonly (keyof Diagram.VertexOptions)[];
-const PORT = [
-  'side',
-  'order',
-  'marker',
-  'label',
-] as const satisfies readonly (keyof Diagram.PortOptions)[];
-const EDGE = [
-  'rows',
-  'ends',
-  'route',
-  'arrows',
-  'appearance',
-  'visible',
-  'labels',
-] as const satisfies readonly (keyof Diagram.EdgeOptions)[];
-const PLACE = ['x', 'y'] as const satisfies readonly (keyof Diagram.VertexOptions)[];
-/** Whether two diagrams have one structure, so only positions and styles changed between them. */
-export function sameStructure(a: DiagramData, b: DiagramData): boolean {
-  return (
-    kit.sameRecords(a.vertices, b.vertices, VERTEX) &&
-    Object.keys(a.vertices).every((type) =>
-      kit.sameRecords(a.vertices[type].ports, b.vertices[type].ports, PORT),
-    ) &&
-    kit.sameRecords(a.edges, b.edges, EDGE) &&
-    a.groups === b.groups &&
-    (a.source === b.source ||
-      (local(a) && local(b) && kit.sameValues(a.source, b.source, structural(b))))
-  );
-}
-/** Whether two diagrams of one structure place their vertices alike. */
-export function samePlacement(a: DiagramData, b: DiagramData): boolean {
-  if (!kit.sameRecords(a.vertices, b.vertices, PLACE)) return false;
-  if (a.source === b.source) return true;
-  const named = new Map<string, string[]>();
-  for (const [type, option] of Object.entries(b.vertices))
-    named.set(
-      type,
-      Object.values(placement(option).fields).filter(
-        (input): input is string => typeof input === 'string',
-      ),
-    );
-  return kit.sameValues(a.source, b.source, (type) => named.get(type) ?? []);
-}
-/** The fields of each type a scene reads, by name in the drawn source, for change detection. */
-export function structural(data: DiagramData): (type: string, definition: Schema.Type) => string[] {
-  const named = new Map<string, Set<string>>();
-  const add = (type: string, input: FieldInput) => {
-    if (typeof input !== 'string') return;
-    let fields = named.get(type);
-    if (!fields) named.set(type, (fields = new Set()));
-    fields.add(input);
-  };
-  for (const [type, option, edge] of types(data))
-    for (const input of Object.values(structure(option, edge).fields)) add(type, input);
-  return (type, definition) => [
-    ...(named.get(type) ?? []),
-    ...Object.keys(definition.fields).filter((field) => {
-      const kind = definition.fields[field].type;
-      return typeof kind === 'object' && kind.kind === 'reference';
-    }),
-  ];
-}
-/**
- * Read where a scene's vertices sit again, its structure standing: a vertex its data places moves
- * there, and one without stays where it was drawn.
- */
-export async function readPlacement(
-  scene: Scene,
-  data: DiagramData,
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<void> {
-  for (const [type, option] of Object.entries(data.vertices)) {
-    const first = scene.types.vertices.get(type)?.first;
-    if (first === undefined) continue;
-    const { channels, fields } = placement(option),
-      read = await kit.resolveChannels(
-        reader,
-        { source: data.source, from: type, rows: option.rows },
-        channels,
-        UNPLACED,
-      );
-    let i = first;
-    for await (const tile of reader.fields({
-      source: data.source,
-      from: type,
-      rows: option.rows,
-      fields,
-    })) {
-      await work.step();
-      for (let k = 0; k < rowCount(tile.rows); k++, i++) {
-        const vertex = scene.vertices[i];
-        if (vertex?.index.type !== type || vertex.row !== rowAt(tile.rows, k))
-          throw failure('conflict', 'Rows changed without the structure');
-        const x = kit.channelValue(read.x, tile, k),
-          y = kit.channelValue(read.y, tile, k);
-        vertex.placed = Number.isFinite(x) && Number.isFinite(y);
-        if (vertex.placed) {
-          vertex.x = x;
-          vertex.y = y;
-        }
-        vertex.pinned = true;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-/** Whether the structure reads only the drawn source, so its tables say when it changed. */
-export function local(data: DiagramData): boolean {
-  return types(data).every(([, option, edge]) =>
-    Object.values(structure(option, edge).fields).every((input) => typeof input === 'string'),
-  );
-}
-function label(
-  value: string,
-  config: Diagram.Labels | null | undefined,
-  options: Style,
-  layout: Layout,
-  defaults: Partial<kit.TextLayoutInput> = {},
-): Promise<kit.TextLayout> | kit.TextLayout {
-  if (!value) return emptyLabel;
-  return layout({
-    text: value,
-    font: config?.font ?? defaults.font ?? options.font,
-    size: config?.fontSize ?? defaults.size ?? options.fontSizePx,
-    color: config?.color ?? defaults.color ?? options.textColor,
-    maxWidth: config?.maxWidth,
-    overflow: config?.overflow,
-  });
-}
-/** Read a diagram's structure: its vertices, their ports and text, edges, ends, and groups. */
-export async function readScene(
-  data: DiagramData,
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  options: Style,
-  limits: Required<Diagram.Limits>,
-  layout: Layout,
-  work: Work = new Work(reader.signal, limits.layoutMs),
-): Promise<Scene> {
-  const check = () => work.check();
-  const scene: Scene = {
-    data,
-    vertices: [],
-    edges: [],
-    groups: [],
-    parts: [],
-    bounds: [0, 0, 0, 0],
-    bytes: 0,
-    routeBytes: 0,
-    ends: 0,
-    slots: { ports: 0, edges: 0, groups: 0, count: 0 },
-    types: { vertices: new Map(), edges: new Map() },
-  };
-  const { schema } = data.source;
-  const charge = (bytes: number) => {
-    scene.bytes += bytes;
-    if (scene.bytes > limits.geometryBytes)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Diagram geometry exceeds budget');
-  };
-  for (const type of Object.keys(data.vertices))
-    if (!schema.types[type]) fail('Unknown vertex type: ' + type);
-  const wirings = kit.wiring(schema, Object.keys(data.vertices), data.edges ?? {});
-  const byType = new Map<string, Map<number, number>>(),
-    indices = new Map<string, Index>();
-  /** Each vertex type's ports and the net each names. */
-  const portsOf = new Map<string, (kit.Port & { net: string })[]>();
-  /** Each port wired to a net row: its vertex and port, by net type. */
-  const wired = new Map<
-    string,
-    { index?: Index; vertex: number[]; port: string[]; row: number[] }
-  >();
-  for (const [net, wiring] of wirings) {
-    if (wiring.kind !== 'net') continue;
-    wired.set(net, { vertex: [], port: [], row: [] });
-    for (const port of wiring.ports)
-      portsOf.set(port.type, [...(portsOf.get(port.type) ?? []), { ...port, net }]);
-  }
-  // Titles are set a step bolder than the text beside them; port names quieter.
-  const title = { font: { ...options.font, weight: 600 } },
-    quiet = {
-      size: options.portFontSize,
-      color: [
-        options.textColor[0],
-        options.textColor[1],
-        options.textColor[2],
-        options.textColor[3] * 0.66,
-      ] as const,
-    };
-  let portSlots = 0;
-  for (const [type, option] of Object.entries(data.vertices)) {
-    const definition = schema.types[type],
-      order = Object.keys(definition.fields);
-    const ports = (portsOf.get(type) ?? []).sort(
-      (a, b) => order.indexOf(a.field) - order.indexOf(b.field),
-    );
-    for (const name of Object.keys(option.ports ?? {}))
-      if (!ports.some((port) => port.field === name)) fail('Unknown port: ' + type + '.' + name);
-    const start = scene.vertices.length,
-      texts: string[] = [];
-    scene.types.vertices.set(type, {
-      first: start,
-      ports: portSlots,
-      names: ports.map((port) => port.field),
-    });
-    const shape = structure(option, false),
-      place = placement(option),
-      scope = { source: data.source, from: type, rows: option.rows },
-      read = await kit.resolveChannels(reader, scope, shape.channels, UNPLACED),
-      at = await kit.resolveChannels(reader, scope, place.channels, UNPLACED);
-    const rows = new Map<number, number>();
-    byType.set(type, rows);
-    for await (const tile of reader.fields({
-      ...scope,
-      fields: { ...shape.fields, ...place.fields },
-      ids: true,
-    })) {
-      if (!tile.ids) fail('Vertex IDs were not returned');
-      indices.set(type, tile.index);
-      await work.step();
-      for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(tile.rows); i++) {
-        check();
-        if (scene.vertices.length >= limits.vertices)
-          throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many diagram vertices');
-        charge(512 + ports.length * 192);
-        const row = rowAt(tile.rows, i);
-        if (rows.has(row)) fail('Duplicate vertex row');
-        const id = textAt(tile.ids, i);
-        if (id === null) fail('Missing vertex identity');
-        const x = kit.channelValue(at.x, tile, i),
-          y = kit.channelValue(at.y, tile, i),
-          width = kit.channelValue(read.width, tile, i),
-          height = kit.channelValue(read.height, tile, i),
-          placed = Number.isFinite(x) && Number.isFinite(y);
-        if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) fail('Vertex size must be positive');
-        const shown = kit.channelOn(read.visible, tile, i);
-        texts.push(text(tile.columns.label, i));
-        const vertex: Vertex = {
-          hit: { kind: 'vertex', id, source: data.source, index: tile.index, row },
-          index: tile.index,
-          row,
-          x: placed ? x : 0,
-          y: placed ? y : 0,
-          width: width || 0,
-          height: height || 0,
-          header: 0,
-          placed,
-          pinned: placed,
-          shape: option.shape ?? 'rounded',
-          radius: option.cornerRadius ?? options.cornerRadius,
-          visible: shown,
-          sourceVisible: shown,
-          label: emptyLabel,
-          ports: [],
-          portSlot: portSlots,
-          options: option,
-        };
-        for (const { field: name, net, direction } of ports) {
-          const p = option.ports?.[name];
-          vertex.ports.push({
-            name,
-            to: net,
-            ...(direction ? { direction } : {}),
-            marker: p?.marker ?? options.portMarker,
-            connected: false,
-            order: p?.order ?? vertex.ports.length,
-            side: p?.side ?? (direction === 'in' ? 'left' : 'right'),
-            label: emptyLabel,
-            position: [0, 0],
-            normal: [0, 0],
-          });
-        }
-        portSlots += ports.length;
-        rows.set(row, scene.vertices.length);
-        scene.vertices.push(vertex);
-      }
-    }
-    if (ports.length)
-      for await (const block of reader.read(data.source, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: type,
-        rows: option.rows,
-        select: ports.map((port) => port.field),
-      })) {
-        await work.step();
-        const columns = ports.map(({ field: name, net: to }) => {
-          const column = block.columns[name];
-          if (column?.kind !== 'reference') fail('Expected a reference column: ' + name);
-          const net = wired.get(to)!;
-          if (net.index) assertIndex(net.index, column.index);
-          else net.index = column.index;
-          return { name, column, net };
-        });
-        // A net's ends follow vertex order, then port order.
-        for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(block.rows); i++) {
-          const vertex = rows.get(rowAt(block.rows, i));
-          if (vertex === undefined) continue;
-          for (const { name, column, net } of columns) {
-            const at = column.offset + i;
-            if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) continue;
-            net.vertex.push(vertex);
-            net.port.push(name);
-            net.row.push(column.values[at]);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    const portLabels = new Map<string, kit.TextLayout>();
-    for (const port of options.portLabels ? ports : []) {
-      const text = option.ports?.[port.field]?.label ?? definition.fields[port.field].label;
-      portLabels.set(port.field, await label(text ?? port.field, null, options, layout, quiet));
-    }
-    const labels = kit.resolveLabels(option.labels),
-      maxCount = labels?.maxCount ?? Infinity;
-    for (let i = start; i < scene.vertices.length; i++) {
-      const vertex = scene.vertices[i];
-      if (i - start < maxCount)
-        vertex.label = await label(texts[i - start], labels, options, layout, title);
-      for (const port of vertex.ports) port.label = portLabels.get(port.name) ?? emptyLabel;
-      size(vertex, options);
-      charge(vertex.label.runs.length * 128);
-      check();
-    }
-  }
-  scene.slots.ports = scene.vertices.length;
-  for (const vertex of scene.vertices) vertex.portSlot += scene.slots.ports;
-  for (const at of scene.types.vertices.values()) at.ports += scene.slots.ports;
-  const end = (edge: Edge, vertex: number, port: string | null, direction?: 'in' | 'out') => {
-    if (++scene.ends > limits.ends) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many edge ends');
-    charge(48);
-    edge.ends.push({ vertex, port, ...(direction ? { direction } : {}) });
-  };
-  for (const [type, option] of Object.entries(data.edges ?? {})) {
-    const wiring = wirings.get(type)!;
-    const edgeRows = new Map<number, Edge>(),
-      start = scene.edges.length,
-      texts: string[] = [];
-    scene.types.edges.set(type, { first: start });
-    let index: Index | undefined;
-    const { channels, fields } = structure(option, true),
-      read = await kit.resolveChannels(
-        reader,
-        { source: data.source, from: type, rows: option.rows },
-        channels,
-        UNPLACED,
-      );
-    for await (const tile of reader.fields({
-      source: data.source,
-      from: type,
-      rows: option.rows,
-      fields,
-      ids: true,
-    })) {
-      if (!tile.ids) fail('Edge IDs were not returned');
-      index = tile.index;
-      await work.step();
-      for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(tile.rows); i++) {
-        check();
-        if (scene.edges.length >= limits.edges)
-          throw failure('resource-limit', 'Too many diagram edges');
-        charge(384);
-        const row = rowAt(tile.rows, i),
-          id = textAt(tile.ids, i);
-        if (id === null || edgeRows.has(row)) fail('Missing or duplicate edge identity');
-        texts.push(text(tile.columns.label, i));
-        const edge: Edge = {
-          hit: { kind: 'edge', id, source: data.source, index: tile.index, row },
-          ends: [],
-          visible: kit.channelOn(read.visible, tile, i),
-          label: emptyLabel,
-          options: option,
-          paths: [],
-          offsets: [],
-          arrows: [],
-          junctions: [],
-          bounds: [0, 0, 0, 0],
-          route: null,
-          labels: [],
-        };
-        edgeRows.set(row, edge);
-        scene.edges.push(edge);
-      }
-    }
-    if (wiring.kind === 'ends') {
-      // A row's own ends, ordered source to target.
-      for await (const block of reader.read(data.source, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: type,
-        rows: option.rows,
-        select: wiring.ends.map((e) => e.field),
-      })) {
-        await work.step();
-        const columns = wiring.ends.map(({ field, type: to }) => {
-          const column = block.columns[field];
-          if (column?.kind !== 'reference') fail('Expected a reference column: ' + field);
-          const target = indices.get(to);
-          if (target) assertIndex(target, column.index);
-          return { column, rows: byType.get(to)! };
-        });
-        for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(block.rows); i++) {
-          check();
-          const edge = edgeRows.get(rowAt(block.rows, i));
-          if (!edge) fail('Ends name an unselected edge row');
-          columns.forEach(({ column, rows }, side) => {
-            const at = column.offset + i;
-            if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) return;
-            const vertex = rows.get(column.values[at]);
-            if (vertex !== undefined) end(edge, vertex, null, side ? 'in' : 'out');
-          });
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      const net = wired.get(type)!;
-      if (index && net.index) assertIndex(index, net.index);
-      for (let i = 0; i < net.vertex.length; i++) {
-        check();
-        const edge = edgeRows.get(net.row[i]);
-        if (!edge) continue;
-        const vertex = net.vertex[i],
-          port = scene.vertices[vertex].ports.find((p) => p.name === net.port[i])!;
-        port.connected = true;
-        end(edge, vertex, port.name, port.direction);
-      }
-    }
-    const labels = kit.resolveLabels(option.labels),
-      maxCount = labels?.maxCount ?? Infinity;
-    for (let i = start; i < Math.min(scene.edges.length, start + maxCount); i++) {
-      scene.edges[i].label = await label(texts[i - start], labels, options, layout, {
-        size: options.portFontSize,
-      });
-      charge(scene.edges[i].label.runs.length * 128);
-    }
-  }
-  scene.slots.edges = scene.vertices.length + portSlots;
-  for (const [id, group] of Object.entries(data.groups ?? {})) {
-    const members: number[] = [];
-    for (const [type, selection] of Object.entries(group.vertices)) {
-      if (!byType.has(type)) fail('Unknown group vertex type: ' + type);
-      for await (const block of reader.read(data.source, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: type,
-        rows: selection,
-        select: [],
-      })) {
-        await work.step();
-        for (let at = 0; at < rowCount(block.rows); at++) {
-          const i = byType.get(type)?.get(rowAt(block.rows, at));
-          if (i === undefined) continue;
-          const vertex = scene.vertices[i];
-          assertIndex(vertex.index, block.index);
-          if (vertex.group) fail('A vertex may belong to only one direct group');
-          vertex.group = id;
-          members.push(i);
-          charge(8);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    charge(256 + (group.label?.length ?? id.length) * 2);
-    const text = await label(group.label ?? id, null, options, layout, title);
-    scene.groups.push({
-      id,
-      label: text,
-      bounds: [0, 0, 0, 0],
-      header: text.height + options.vertexPadding * 1.5,
-      collapsed: group.collapsed ?? false,
-      members,
-      parent: group.parent,
-    });
-  }
-  scene.slots.groups = scene.slots.edges + scene.edges.length;
-  scene.slots.count = scene.slots.groups + scene.groups.length;
-  return scene;
-}
-/** Size a vertex without an explicit size around its title and ports, on the grid. */
-function size(vertex: Vertex, options: Style): void {
-  const pad = options.vertexPadding,
-    side = (name: Port['side']) => vertex.ports.filter((p) => p.side === name),
-    widest = (ports: Port[]) => ports.reduce((m, p) => Math.max(m, p.label.width), 0);
-  const across = Math.max(side('top').length, side('bottom').length) * options.portSpacing,
-    along = Math.max(side('left').length, side('right').length) * options.portSpacing,
-    header = vertex.options.labelPosition === 'header',
-    scale = vertex.shape === 'diamond' ? 2 : vertex.shape === 'ellipse' ? Math.SQRT2 : 1;
-  const top = side('top').length ? options.portFontSize * 1.5 : 0,
-    bottom = side('bottom').length ? options.portFontSize * 1.5 : 0;
-  vertex.header = header ? vertex.label.height + pad * 2 + top : 0;
-  const autoWidth = !vertex.width,
-    autoHeight = !vertex.height;
-  // A centered title sits between the port names, a padding clear of each side's.
-  vertex.width ||= Math.max(
-    96,
-    (vertex.label.width + pad * 2) * scale,
-    widest(side('left')) +
-      widest(side('right')) +
-      pad * 3 +
-      (header ? 0 : vertex.label.width + pad * 2),
-    across + pad * 2,
-  );
-  vertex.height ||=
-    scale *
-    Math.max(
-      40,
-      vertex.label.height + pad * 2 + top + bottom,
-      vertex.header + Math.max(along, options.portSpacing) + pad + bottom,
-    );
-  const grid = options.gridPitch;
-  if (autoWidth) {
-    if (vertex.shape === 'ellipse') vertex.width = Math.max(vertex.width, vertex.height * 1.4);
-    if (vertex.shape === 'diamond') vertex.width = Math.max(vertex.width, vertex.height * 1.25);
-    vertex.width = Math.ceil(vertex.width / grid) * grid;
-  }
-  if (autoHeight) vertex.height = Math.ceil(vertex.height / grid) * grid;
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/route.ts b/packages/diagram/src/route.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ddf022d5..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/route.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,974 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Point } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Arrow, Edge, End, GroupBox, Rect, Scene, Vertex, Wire } from './scene.js';
-import { union } from './scene.js';
-import { boundary } from './geometry.js';
-import type { Style } from './config.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-/** A scene's obstacles: its drawn vertices and collapsed groups, kept so a drag reroutes. */
-export interface Obstacles {
-  readonly index: kit.BoxIndex;
-  /** Four per owner: each vertex, then each collapsed group; NaN for an owner not drawn. */
-  readonly boxes: Float64Array;
-  readonly count: number;
-  /** The collapsed group that stands in for each hidden vertex. */
-  readonly proxy: ReadonlyMap<number, string>;
-  readonly proxyOwner: ReadonlyMap<string, number>;
-  /** The group of each proxy owner, past the vertices. */
-  readonly proxyGroups: readonly string[];
-  readonly groups: ReadonlyMap<string, GroupBox>;
-}
-/** Vertices and groups a drag moves by one delta, routed where they are going. */
-export interface Moved {
-  readonly vertices: ReadonlyMap<number, Vertex>;
-  readonly groups: ReadonlySet<string>;
-  readonly delta: Point;
-}
-/** An end as routing reads it: where its wire meets it, the way out, and what it belongs to. */
-interface Terminal extends Diagram.RouteEnd {
-  readonly owner: number;
-  /** The port itself, or the boundary point, which the wire reaches through `position`. */
-  readonly anchor: Point;
-  readonly port: boolean;
-  readonly arrow: boolean;
-}
-/**
- * One edge's route before tracks set it apart from other nets: a tree of joints, each segment
- * running to its parent, or a strategy's own paths. Unchanged edges keep it between scenes.
- */
-export interface Route {
-  readonly x: Float64Array;
-  readonly y: Float64Array;
-  readonly parent: Int32Array;
-  /** 1 a port or end point, which never moves; 2 a stub end, whose stub only grows. */
-  readonly kind: Uint8Array;
-  /** Each stub end's port. */
-  readonly stub: Int32Array;
-  readonly arrows: readonly Arrow[];
-  /** Paths drawn as given, without a tree: straight wires and strategies. */
-  readonly paths?: readonly (readonly Point[])[];
-  /** Route points, for the route budget. */
-  readonly points: number;
-}
-
-export function obstacles(scene: Scene, hidden: ReadonlySet<number>): Obstacles {
-  const groups = new Map(scene.groups.map((g) => [g.id, g])),
-    proxy = new Map<number, string>(),
-    proxyOwner = new Map<string, number>(),
-    proxyGroups: string[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < scene.vertices.length; i++) {
-    let collapsed: string | undefined;
-    for (let group = scene.vertices[i].group; group; group = groups.get(group)?.parent)
-      if (groups.get(group)?.collapsed) collapsed = group;
-    if (collapsed) proxy.set(i, collapsed);
-  }
-  for (const group of scene.groups)
-    if (group.collapsed && group.bounds[0] !== group.bounds[2]) {
-      proxyOwner.set(group.id, scene.vertices.length + proxyGroups.length);
-      proxyGroups.push(group.id);
-    }
-  const count = scene.vertices.length + proxyGroups.length,
-    boxes = new Float64Array(count * 4).fill(NaN);
-  const extent = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-  for (let owner = 0; owner < count; owner++) {
-    const vertex = scene.vertices[owner];
-    const box: Rect | null =
-      owner < scene.vertices.length
-        ? vertex.visible && !hidden.has(owner)
-          ? [vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.x + vertex.width, vertex.y + vertex.height]
-          : null
-        : groups.get(proxyGroups[owner - scene.vertices.length])!.bounds;
-    if (!box) continue;
-    boxes.set(box, owner * 4);
-    extent[0] = Math.min(extent[0], box[0]);
-    extent[1] = Math.min(extent[1], box[1]);
-    extent[2] = Math.max(extent[2], box[2]);
-    extent[3] = Math.max(extent[3], box[3]);
-  }
-  const index = kit.BoxIndex.of(count, extent as unknown as Rect, (i, box) =>
-    box.set(boxes.subarray(i * 4, i * 4 + 4)),
-  );
-  return { index, boxes, count, proxy, proxyOwner, proxyGroups, groups };
-}
-
-/** What routing reads of a scene, with what a drag moves where it is going. */
-export class Routing {
-  private readonly shifted: readonly Rect[];
-  constructor(
-    readonly scene: Scene,
-    readonly options: Style,
-    readonly signal: AbortSignal,
-    private readonly moved?: Moved,
-  ) {
-    const o = scene.obstacles!,
-      shifted: Rect[] = [];
-    if (moved)
-      for (let owner = 0; owner < o.count; owner++)
-        if (this.moves(owner) && Number.isFinite(o.boxes[owner * 4]))
-          shifted.push(this.box(owner)!);
-    this.shifted = shifted;
-  }
-  vertex(index: number): Vertex {
-    return this.moved?.vertices.get(index) ?? this.scene.vertices[index];
-  }
-  private moves(owner: number): boolean {
-    const { moved } = this;
-    if (!moved) return false;
-    const count = this.scene.vertices.length;
-    return owner < count
-      ? moved.vertices.has(owner)
-      : moved.groups.has(this.scene.obstacles!.proxyGroups[owner - count]);
-  }
-  /** An owner's box where the drag has it; undefined for one not drawn. */
-  box(owner: number): Rect | undefined {
-    const b = this.scene.obstacles!.boxes,
-      at = owner * 4;
-    if (!Number.isFinite(b[at])) return undefined;
-    const d = this.moves(owner) ? this.moved!.delta : [0, 0];
-    return [b[at] + d[0], b[at + 1] + d[1], b[at + 2] + d[0], b[at + 3] + d[1]];
-  }
-  /** One box the visits below reuse. */
-  private readonly scratch: [number, number, number, number] = [0, 0, 0, 0];
-  /**
-   * Visit the obstacle boxes meeting a region, grown by `by`, until `visit` returns true; whether
-   * it did. The box passed is reused: copy it to keep it.
-   */
-  some(region: Rect, by: number, visit: (box: Rect) => boolean | void): boolean {
-    const b = this.scene.obstacles!.boxes,
-      box = this.scratch;
-    const grown = (x0: number, y0: number, x1: number, y1: number) => {
-      if (x0 > region[2] || x1 < region[0] || y0 > region[3] || y1 < region[1]) return false;
-      box[0] = x0 - by;
-      box[1] = y0 - by;
-      box[2] = x1 + by;
-      box[3] = y1 + by;
-      return visit(box) === true;
-    };
-    if (
-      this.scene.obstacles!.index.some(region, (owner) => {
-        if (this.moved && this.moves(owner)) return false;
-        const at = owner * 4;
-        return grown(b[at], b[at + 1], b[at + 2], b[at + 3]);
-      })
-    )
-      return true;
-    for (const s of this.shifted) if (grown(s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3])) return true;
-    return false;
-  }
-  /** Obstacle boxes meeting a region, grown by `by`. */
-  query(region: Rect, by: number): Rect[] {
-    const out: Rect[] = [];
-    this.some(region, by, (box) => void out.push([box[0], box[1], box[2], box[3]]));
-    return out;
-  }
-  /** The way between two points around the obstacles, keeping as much clearance as it can. */
-  between(a: Point, b: Point): Point[] {
-    const clearance = this.options.routeClearance;
-    for (const by of [clearance, clearance / 2, 0]) {
-      const path = search(a, b, [], this, by, clearance * 2);
-      if (path) return path;
-    }
-    return simplify([a, [b[0], a[1]], b]);
-  }
-  /** Whether an axis-aligned segment keeps out of every obstacle grown by `by`. */
-  clear(a: Point, b: Point, by: number): boolean {
-    const x0 = Math.min(a[0], b[0]),
-      y0 = Math.min(a[1], b[1]),
-      x1 = Math.max(a[0], b[0]),
-      y1 = Math.max(a[1], b[1]);
-    return !this.some([x0 - by, y0 - by, x1 + by, y1 + by], by, (box) => crosses(a, b, box));
-  }
-  /** Where an end's wire meets it, the way out, and its owner, leaving toward a point. */
-  end(e: End, toward: Point, arrows: boolean): Terminal {
-    const o = this.scene.obstacles!,
-      half = this.options.portSize / 2,
-      group = o.proxy.get(e.vertex),
-      arrow = arrows && e.direction === 'in';
-    if (group && o.groups.get(group)) {
-      const owner = o.proxyOwner.get(group)!,
-        b = this.box(owner)!,
-        box = {
-          x: b[0],
-          y: b[1],
-          width: b[2] - b[0],
-          height: b[3] - b[1],
-          shape: 'rectangle' as const,
-        },
-        p = boundary({ ...this.vertex(e.vertex), ...box }, toward);
-      return terminal(p, side(box, p), e, owner, p, false, arrow);
-    }
-    const n = this.vertex(e.vertex),
-      port = e.port ? n.ports.find((p) => p.name === e.port) : undefined;
-    if (port) {
-      // The wire meets the marker's outer edge: an input's marker is its arrowhead.
-      const edge: Point = [
-        port.position[0] + port.normal[0] * half,
-        port.position[1] + port.normal[1] * half,
-      ];
-      return terminal(edge, port.normal, e, e.vertex, port.position, true, false);
-    }
-    const p = boundary(n, toward);
-    return terminal(p, side(n, p), e, e.vertex, p, false, arrow);
-  }
-}
-function terminal(
-  position: Point,
-  normal: Point,
-  e: End,
-  owner: number,
-  anchor: Point,
-  port: boolean,
-  arrow: boolean,
-): Terminal {
-  return {
-    position,
-    normal,
-    owner,
-    anchor,
-    port,
-    arrow,
-    ...(e.direction ? { direction: e.direction } : {}),
-  };
-}
-/** The axis normal of a vertex's side nearest a boundary point. */
-function side(vertex: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number }, p: Point): Point {
-  const dx = p[0] - vertex.x - vertex.width / 2,
-    dy = p[1] - vertex.y - vertex.height / 2;
-  return Math.abs(dx / vertex.width) > Math.abs(dy / vertex.height)
-    ? [Math.sign(dx) || 1, 0]
-    : [0, Math.sign(dy) || 1];
-}
-/** Whether an axis-aligned segment passes through a box's interior. */
-function crosses(a: Point, b: Point, box: Rect): boolean {
-  const e = 1e-6;
-  if (a[0] === b[0])
-    return (
-      a[0] > box[0] + e &&
-      a[0] < box[2] - e &&
-      Math.max(a[1], b[1]) > box[1] + e &&
-      Math.min(a[1], b[1]) < box[3] - e
-    );
-  return (
-    a[1] > box[1] + e &&
-    a[1] < box[3] - e &&
-    Math.max(a[0], b[0]) > box[0] + e &&
-    Math.min(a[0], b[0]) < box[2] - e
-  );
-}
-const manhattan = (a: Point, b: Point) => Math.abs(a[0] - b[0]) + Math.abs(a[1] - b[1]);
-
-/** A net while it is planned: joints, each joined to its parent by an axis-aligned segment. */
-class Tree {
-  readonly x: number[] = [];
-  readonly y: number[] = [];
-  readonly parent: number[] = [];
-  readonly kind: number[] = [];
-  readonly stub: number[] = [];
-  add(p: Point, parent: number, kind = 0): number {
-    const j = this.x.push(p[0]) - 1;
-    this.y.push(p[1]);
-    this.parent.push(parent);
-    this.kind.push(kind);
-    this.stub.push(-1);
-    return j;
-  }
-  point(j: number): Point {
-    return [this.x[j], this.y[j]];
-  }
-  /** A joint on the segment from `child` to its parent. */
-  split(child: number, p: Point): number {
-    const j = this.add(p, this.parent[child]);
-    this.parent[child] = j;
-    return j;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Where a reader may join, nearest `toward` first: each joint off a port, and each segment's
-   * nearest point to `toward`. Segments into ports are stubs, which no branch joins.
-   */
-  joins(toward: Point): { point: Point; child: number; interior: boolean }[] {
-    const out: { point: Point; child: number; interior: boolean }[] = [];
-    for (let j = 1; j < this.x.length; j++) {
-      const p = this.parent[j],
-        a = this.point(p),
-        b = this.point(j);
-      const stub = this.kind[p] === 1 || this.kind[j] === 1;
-      if (this.kind[p] !== 1) out.push({ point: a, child: j, interior: false });
-      if (this.kind[j] !== 1) out.push({ point: b, child: j, interior: false });
-      if (stub) continue;
-      const q: Point =
-        a[0] === b[0]
-          ? [a[0], Math.min(Math.max(toward[1], Math.min(a[1], b[1])), Math.max(a[1], b[1]))]
-          : [Math.min(Math.max(toward[0], Math.min(a[0], b[0])), Math.max(a[0], b[0])), a[1]];
-      if (manhattan(q, a) > 1e-9 && manhattan(q, b) > 1e-9)
-        out.push({ point: q, child: j, interior: true });
-    }
-    return out.sort((u, v) => manhattan(u.point, toward) - manhattan(v.point, toward));
-  }
-  seal(arrows: readonly Arrow[], paths?: readonly (readonly Point[])[]): Route {
-    return {
-      x: Float64Array.from(this.x),
-      y: Float64Array.from(this.y),
-      parent: Int32Array.from(this.parent),
-      kind: Uint8Array.from(this.kind),
-      stub: Int32Array.from(this.stub),
-      arrows,
-      ...(paths ? { paths } : {}),
-      points: paths ? paths.reduce((n, p) => n + p.length, 0) : this.x.length,
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-/** Route one edge between its visible ends, from the end its flow leaves. */
-export function routeEdge(
-  edge: Edge,
-  ends: readonly End[],
-  route: Routing,
-  rootIndex: number,
-): Route {
-  const { options } = route,
-    clearance = options.routeClearance,
-    arrows = !!edge.options.arrows;
-  const preferred = edge.ends[rootIndex],
-    root = ends.includes(preferred) ? preferred : ends[0],
-    center = (e: End): Point => {
-      const n = route.vertex(e.vertex);
-      return [n.x + n.width / 2, n.y + n.height / 2];
-    };
-  const targets = ends.filter((e) => e !== root),
-    start = route.end(root, center(targets[0]), arrows),
-    readers = targets.map((e) => route.end(e, center(root), arrows)),
-    all = [start, ...readers];
-  if (typeof edge.options.route === 'object' || edge.options.route === 'straight') {
-    const paths =
-      typeof edge.options.route === 'object'
-        ? edge.options.route.route({
-            ends: all,
-            obstacles: route.query(
-              union(all.map((e) => [...e.position, ...e.position] as Rect)),
-              0,
-            ),
-            clearance,
-            signal: route.signal,
-          })
-        : readers.map((reader) => [start.position, reader.position]);
-    if (paths.some((path) => path.some((p) => p.length !== 2 || !p.every(Number.isFinite))))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Router returned invalid points');
-    const marks: Arrow[] = [],
-      drawn = paths.map((path, i) => {
-        const end = all[Math.min(i + 1, all.length - 1)];
-        return end.arrow ? trim(path, options.portSize, marks) : [...path];
-      });
-    return new Tree().seal(marks, drawn);
-  }
-  const tree = new Tree(),
-    marks: Arrow[] = [];
-  const terminal = (end: Terminal, parent: number) => {
-    let tip = end.position;
-    if (end.arrow) {
-      // An arrowhead fills the last stretch: the wire ends at its base.
-      const base: Point = [
-        tip[0] + end.normal[0] * options.portSize,
-        tip[1] + end.normal[1] * options.portSize,
-      ];
-      marks.push({ point: tip, direction: [-end.normal[0], -end.normal[1]] });
-      tip = base;
-    }
-    return parent < 0 ? tree.add(tip, -1, 1) : tree.add(tip, parent, 1);
-  };
-  const origin = terminal(start, -1),
-    exit = tree.add(stub(start, route, clearance), origin, 2);
-  tree.stub[exit] = origin;
-  const order = readers
-    .map((reader) => reader)
-    .sort((a, b) => manhattan(a.position, start.position) - manhattan(b.position, start.position));
-  for (const reader of order) {
-    const end = stub(reader, route, clearance),
-      path = join(tree, end, reader, start, route, clearance);
-    let parent: number;
-    if (path.interior) parent = tree.split(path.child, path.points[0]);
-    else
-      parent =
-        manhattan(path.points[0], tree.point(path.child)) < 1e-9
-          ? path.child
-          : tree.parent[path.child];
-    for (let k = 1; k < path.points.length - 1; k++) parent = tree.add(path.points[k], parent);
-    const s = tree.add(end, parent, 2);
-    tree.stub[s] = terminal(reader, s);
-  }
-  return tree.seal(marks);
-}
-/** Where an end's stub ends: clear of its owner by the clearance, or halfway to a neighbor. */
-function stub(end: Terminal, route: Routing, clearance: number): Point {
-  const own = route.box(end.owner),
-    axis = end.normal[0] ? 0 : 1,
-    sign = end.normal[axis],
-    from = end.arrow ? end.position[axis] + sign * route.options.portSize : end.position[axis];
-  const exit = own ? Math.max(0, ((sign > 0 ? own[axis + 2] : own[axis]) - from) * sign) : 0;
-  let length = exit + clearance;
-  const far = from + sign * length,
-    lo = Math.min(from, far),
-    hi = Math.max(from, far),
-    across = end.position[1 - axis];
-  const region: Rect = axis === 0 ? [lo, across, hi, across] : [across, lo, across, hi];
-  route.some(region, 0, (box) => {
-    const near = ((sign > 0 ? box[axis] : box[axis + 2]) - from) * sign;
-    if (near > exit + 1e-6 && near < length) length = Math.max(exit + 1, (exit + near) / 2);
-  });
-  const p: [number, number] = [end.position[0], end.position[1]];
-  p[axis] = from + sign * length;
-  return p;
-}
-interface Join {
-  readonly points: readonly Point[];
-  readonly child: number;
-  readonly interior: boolean;
-}
-/** The cheapest clear way from the tree to a reader's stub end; the shortest elbow without one. */
-function join(
-  tree: Tree,
-  end: Point,
-  reader: Terminal,
-  root: Terminal,
-  route: Routing,
-  clearance: number,
-): Join {
-  const bend = clearance * 2,
-    joins = tree.joins(end).slice(0, 8),
-    into: Point = [-reader.normal[0], -reader.normal[1]];
-  let best: Join | undefined,
-    cost = Infinity;
-  const consider = (points: readonly Point[], child: number, interior: boolean, check = true) => {
-    const path = simplify(points);
-    if (!fits(path, into, interior, tree, child)) return;
-    let total = (path.length - 2) * bend;
-    for (let i = 1; i < path.length; i++) {
-      total += manhattan(path[i - 1], path[i]);
-      if (total >= cost || (check && !route.clear(path[i - 1], path[i], clearance - 1e-6))) return;
-    }
-    cost = total;
-    best = { points: path, child, interior };
-  };
-  for (const { point: a, child, interior } of joins) {
-    const b = end,
-      mx = (a[0] + b[0]) / 2,
-      my = (a[1] + b[1]) / 2;
-    consider([a, [b[0], a[1]], b], child, interior);
-    consider([a, [a[0], b[1]], b], child, interior);
-    consider([a, [mx, a[1]], [mx, b[1]], b], child, interior);
-    consider([a, [a[0], my], [b[0], my], b], child, interior);
-  }
-  if (best) return best;
-  const owners = [route.box(reader.owner), route.box(root.owner)].filter((box) => !!box) as Rect[];
-  for (const by of [clearance, clearance / 2, 0]) {
-    for (const { point, child, interior } of joins.slice(0, 3)) {
-      const path = search(point, end, owners, route, by, bend);
-      if (path) consider(path, child, interior, false);
-    }
-    if (best) return best;
-  }
-  const first = joins[0] ?? { point: tree.point(0), child: 1, interior: false };
-  return {
-    points: simplify([first.point, [end[0], first.point[1]], end]),
-    child: first.child,
-    interior: first.interior,
-  };
-}
-/**
- * Whether a path from the tree to a reader's stub end turns well: it never doubles back along the
- * stub, and leaves a segment it joins inside across it, not along it.
- */
-function fits(
-  path: readonly Point[],
-  into: Point,
-  interior: boolean,
-  tree: Tree,
-  child: number,
-): boolean {
-  const n = path.length;
-  if (n < 2) return n === 1;
-  const a = path[n - 2],
-    b = path[n - 1];
-  if (Math.sign(b[0] - a[0]) === -into[0] && Math.sign(b[1] - a[1]) === -into[1]) return false;
-  const p = tree.point(tree.parent[child]),
-    c = tree.point(child);
-  if (interior) {
-    const along = p[0] === c[0] ? 1 : 0;
-    return path[1][along] === path[0][along];
-  }
-  // At a joint, it leaves along none of the segments already there.
-  const d = [Math.sign(path[1][0] - path[0][0]), Math.sign(path[1][1] - path[0][1])],
-    joint = manhattan(path[0], p) < 1e-9 ? tree.parent[child] : child;
-  for (let k = 0; k < tree.x.length; k++) {
-    if (k !== tree.parent[joint] && tree.parent[k] !== joint) continue;
-    const q = tree.point(k === tree.parent[joint] ? tree.parent[joint] : k);
-    if (Math.sign(q[0] - path[0][0]) === d[0] && Math.sign(q[1] - path[0][1]) === d[1])
-      return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-/** Points without repeats or in-line middles. */
-function simplify(path: readonly Point[]): Point[] {
-  const out: Point[] = [];
-  for (const p of path) {
-    const b = out.at(-1),
-      a = out.at(-2);
-    if (b && p[0] === b[0] && p[1] === b[1]) continue;
-    if (a && b && ((a[0] === b[0] && b[0] === p[0]) || (a[1] === b[1] && b[1] === p[1]))) out.pop();
-    out.push(p);
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** Scratch every search shares; grown, never shrunk. */
-let costs = new Float64Array(0),
-  from = new Int32Array(0),
-  blockedX = new Uint8Array(0),
-  blockedY = new Uint8Array(0);
-/**
- * The cheapest orthogonal path between two points around obstacles grown by `by`, on the lines
- * their sides make: A* over a local visibility grid whose blocked steps are swept once. Null when
- * either point is inside an obstacle or the window holds no way.
- */
-function search(
-  a: Point,
-  b: Point,
-  around: readonly Rect[],
-  route: Routing,
-  by: number,
-  bend: number,
-): Point[] | null {
-  route.signal.throwIfAborted();
-  const margin = route.options.routeClearance * 2,
-    frame = union([[...a, ...a] as Rect, [...b, ...b] as Rect, ...around]);
-  const region: Rect = [frame[0] - margin, frame[1] - margin, frame[2] + margin, frame[3] + margin];
-  const boxes = route.query(region, by);
-  if (boxes.some((box) => inside(a, box) || inside(b, box))) return null;
-  const lines = (axis: 0 | 1) => {
-    const values = [a[axis], b[axis], region[axis], region[axis + 2]];
-    for (const box of boxes) values.push(box[axis], box[axis + 2]);
-    return Float64Array.from(new Set(values)).sort();
-  };
-  const xs = lines(0),
-    ys = lines(1),
-    w = xs.length,
-    h = ys.length,
-    cells = w * h;
-  if (cells > 1 << 20) return null;
-  if (costs.length < cells * 2) {
-    costs = new Float64Array(cells * 2);
-    from = new Int32Array(cells * 2);
-  }
-  if (blockedX.length < cells) {
-    blockedX = new Uint8Array(cells);
-    blockedY = new Uint8Array(cells);
-  }
-  costs.fill(Infinity, 0, cells * 2);
-  blockedX.fill(0, 0, cells);
-  blockedY.fill(0, 0, cells);
-  const at = (values: Float64Array, v: number) => {
-    let lo = 0,
-      hi = values.length;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-      const mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
-      if (values[mid] < v) lo = mid + 1;
-      else hi = mid;
-    }
-    return lo;
-  };
-  // A step is blocked inside a box: along rows strictly between its sides, and across columns.
-  for (const box of boxes) {
-    const x0 = at(xs, box[0]),
-      x1 = at(xs, box[2]),
-      y0 = at(ys, box[1]),
-      y1 = at(ys, box[3]);
-    for (let j = y0 + 1; j < y1; j++) blockedX.fill(1, j * w + x0, j * w + x1);
-    for (let i = x0 + 1; i < x1; i++) blockedY.fill(1, i * h + y0, i * h + y1);
-  }
-  const start = at(ys, a[1]) * w + at(xs, a[0]),
-    goal = at(ys, b[1]) * w + at(xs, b[0]);
-  const heap = new Heap();
-  // A state is a cell and the axis of the step that reached it.
-  for (const axis of [0, 1]) {
-    costs[start * 2 + axis] = 0;
-    from[start * 2 + axis] = -1;
-    heap.push(start * 2 + axis, manhattan(a, b));
-  }
-  let visits = 0;
-  while (heap.size) {
-    const state = heap.pop(),
-      cell = state >> 1,
-      axis = state & 1,
-      cost = costs[state];
-    if (cell === goal) {
-      const path: Point[] = [];
-      for (let s = state; s >= 0; s = from[s]) {
-        const c = s >> 1;
-        path.push([xs[c % w], ys[Math.floor(c / w)]]);
-      }
-      return simplify(path.reverse());
-    }
-    if ((++visits & 1023) === 0) route.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (visits > 65536) return null;
-    const i = cell % w,
-      j = (cell - i) / w;
-    for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
-      const di = k === 0 ? -1 : k === 1 ? 1 : 0,
-        dj = k === 2 ? -1 : k === 3 ? 1 : 0,
-        ni = i + di,
-        nj = j + dj;
-      if (ni < 0 || nj < 0 || ni >= w || nj >= h) continue;
-      if (di ? blockedX[j * w + Math.min(i, ni)] : blockedY[i * h + Math.min(j, nj)]) continue;
-      const step = di ? 0 : 1,
-        s = (ni + nj * w) * 2 + step,
-        value =
-          cost +
-          Math.abs(xs[ni] - xs[i]) +
-          Math.abs(ys[nj] - ys[j]) +
-          (from[state] >= 0 && step !== axis ? bend : 0);
-      if (value >= costs[s]) continue;
-      costs[s] = value;
-      from[s] = state;
-      heap.push(s, value + Math.abs(b[0] - xs[ni]) + Math.abs(b[1] - ys[nj]));
-    }
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-function inside(p: Point, box: Rect): boolean {
-  return (
-    p[0] > box[0] + 1e-6 && p[0] < box[2] - 1e-6 && p[1] > box[1] + 1e-6 && p[1] < box[3] - 1e-6
-  );
-}
-class Heap {
-  private ids: number[] = [];
-  private keys: number[] = [];
-  get size(): number {
-    return this.ids.length;
-  }
-  push(id: number, key: number): void {
-    const { ids, keys } = this;
-    let i = ids.length;
-    ids.push(id);
-    keys.push(key);
-    while (i) {
-      const p = (i - 1) >> 1;
-      if (keys[p] <= key) break;
-      ids[i] = ids[p];
-      keys[i] = keys[p];
-      i = p;
-    }
-    ids[i] = id;
-    keys[i] = key;
-  }
-  pop(): number {
-    const { ids, keys } = this,
-      top = ids[0],
-      id = ids.pop()!,
-      key = keys.pop()!;
-    if (ids.length) {
-      let i = 0;
-      for (;;) {
-        let c = i * 2 + 1;
-        if (c >= ids.length) break;
-        if (c + 1 < ids.length && keys[c + 1] < keys[c]) c++;
-        if (keys[c] >= key) break;
-        ids[i] = ids[c];
-        keys[i] = keys[c];
-        i = c;
-      }
-      ids[i] = id;
-      keys[i] = key;
-    }
-    return top;
-  }
-}
-/** End a path an arrowhead short of its tip, and add the arrowhead. */
-function trim(path: readonly Point[], length: number, arrows: Arrow[]): Point[] {
-  const out = [...path],
-    b = out[out.length - 1],
-    a = out[out.length - 2];
-  if (!a) return out;
-  const d = Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
-  if (!d) return out;
-  const u: Point = [(b[0] - a[0]) / d, (b[1] - a[1]) / d],
-    cut = Math.min(length, d);
-  arrows.push({ point: b, direction: u });
-  out[out.length - 1] = [b[0] - u[0] * cut, b[1] - u[1] * cut];
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** A route as drawn: its paths, each from the root or a branch to a leaf, with marks and bounds. */
-export function draw(route: Route, x = route.x, y = route.y): Wire {
-  if (route.paths)
-    return outline(
-      route.paths,
-      route.paths.map(() => 0),
-      [],
-      route.arrows,
-    );
-  const n = x.length,
-    children = new Int32Array(n).fill(-1),
-    siblings = new Int32Array(n).fill(-1);
-  for (let j = n - 1; j > 0; j--) {
-    const parent = route.parent[j];
-    if (parent < 0) continue;
-    siblings[j] = children[parent];
-    children[parent] = j;
-  }
-  const along = new Float64Array(n),
-    paths: Point[][] = [],
-    offsets: number[] = [],
-    junctions: Point[] = [],
-    stack = [0];
-  const point = (j: number): Point => [x[j], y[j]];
-  while (stack.length) {
-    const start = stack.pop()!;
-    const firstChild = children[start];
-    if (
-      firstChild >= 0 &&
-      siblings[firstChild] >= 0 &&
-      (start !== 0 || siblings[siblings[firstChild]] >= 0)
-    )
-      junctions.push(point(start));
-    for (let first = firstChild; first >= 0; first = siblings[first]) {
-      const path: Point[] = [point(start)];
-      let prev = start,
-        j = first;
-      for (;;) {
-        along[j] = along[prev] + Math.abs(x[j] - x[prev]) + Math.abs(y[j] - y[prev]);
-        path.push(point(j));
-        if (children[j] < 0 || siblings[children[j]] >= 0) break;
-        prev = j;
-        j = children[j];
-      }
-      paths.push(simplify(path));
-      offsets.push(along[start]);
-      if (children[j] >= 0) stack.push(j);
-    }
-  }
-  return outline(paths, offsets, junctions, route.arrows);
-}
-function outline(
-  paths: readonly (readonly Point[])[],
-  offsets: readonly number[],
-  junctions: readonly Point[],
-  arrows: readonly Arrow[],
-): Wire {
-  let minX = Infinity,
-    minY = Infinity,
-    maxX = -Infinity,
-    maxY = -Infinity;
-  const include = (p: Point) => {
-    minX = Math.min(minX, p[0]);
-    minY = Math.min(minY, p[1]);
-    maxX = Math.max(maxX, p[0]);
-    maxY = Math.max(maxY, p[1]);
-  };
-  for (const path of paths) for (const p of path) include(p);
-  for (const arrow of arrows) include(arrow.point);
-  return {
-    paths,
-    offsets,
-    junctions,
-    arrows,
-    bounds: minX <= maxX ? [minX, minY, maxX, maxY] : [0, 0, 0, 0],
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * Set apart the runs of different nets that share a line: each takes its own track, a grid pitch
- * apart where the corridor between obstacles has room, ordered by where its ends turn so runs
- * nest rather than cross. A run carries its joints, so branches stay joined; ports never move,
- * stubs only grow, and group frames hold their lines like a fixed run.
- */
-export function separate(
-  routes: readonly (Route | null)[],
-  route: Routing,
-  frames: readonly Rect[],
-): (Wire | null)[] {
-  const gap = route.options.gridPitch,
-    xs = routes.map((r) => (r && !r.paths ? Float64Array.from(r.x) : null)),
-    ys = routes.map((r) => (r && !r.paths ? Float64Array.from(r.y) : null));
-  for (const axis of [0, 1] as const) {
-    const coords = axis === 0 ? xs : ys,
-      other = axis === 0 ? ys : xs;
-    const runs = collect(routes, coords, other);
-    for (const frame of frames)
-      for (const fixed of [frame[axis], frame[axis + 2]])
-        runs.push({
-          net: -1,
-          joints: [],
-          fixed,
-          lo: frame[1 - axis],
-          hi: frame[3 - axis],
-          turn: 0,
-          low: fixed,
-          high: fixed,
-        });
-    runs.sort((a, b) => a.fixed - b.fixed || a.lo - b.lo);
-    for (let i = 0; i < runs.length;) {
-      let k = i + 1,
-        hi = runs[i].hi;
-      while (k < runs.length && runs[k].fixed - runs[i].fixed < 0.5 && runs[k].lo < hi)
-        hi = Math.max(hi, runs[k++].hi);
-      if (k - i < 2) {
-        i = k;
-        continue;
-      }
-      const cluster = runs.slice(i, k),
-        line = runs[i].fixed,
-        lo = Math.min(...cluster.map((run) => run.lo));
-      i = k;
-      if (new Set(cluster.map((run) => run.net)).size < 2) continue;
-      // The corridor: the free stretch about the line between the nearest obstacles' sides.
-      const reach = gap * (cluster.length + 2);
-      let low = line - reach,
-        high = line + reach;
-      route.some(
-        axis === 0 ? [line - reach, lo, line + reach, hi] : [lo, line - reach, hi, line + reach],
-        0,
-        (box) => {
-          if (box[axis + 2] <= line + 1e-6) low = Math.max(low, box[axis + 2] + gap / 2);
-          else if (box[axis] >= line - 1e-6) high = Math.min(high, box[axis] - gap / 2);
-        },
-      );
-      cluster.sort(
-        (a, b) =>
-          a.turn - b.turn ||
-          (a.turn > 0 ? a.hi - a.lo - (b.hi - b.lo) : b.hi - b.lo - (a.hi - a.lo)) ||
-          a.lo - b.lo,
-      );
-      const fixed = cluster.findIndex((run) => run.low === run.high),
-        step = Math.min(gap, Math.max(0, high - low) / Math.max(1, cluster.length - 1));
-      let base = fixed >= 0 ? line - fixed * step : line - ((cluster.length - 1) * step) / 2;
-      base = Math.max(
-        Math.min(low, line),
-        Math.min(base, Math.max(high, line) - (cluster.length - 1) * step),
-      );
-      cluster.forEach((run, order) => {
-        if (run.low === run.high) return;
-        const at = Math.max(run.low, Math.min(run.high, base + order * step)),
-          values = coords[run.net]!;
-        for (const j of run.joints) values[j] = at;
-      });
-    }
-  }
-  return routes.map((r, net) => (r ? draw(r, xs[net] ?? r.x, ys[net] ?? r.y) : null));
-}
-interface Run {
-  readonly net: number;
-  readonly joints: readonly number[];
-  readonly fixed: number;
-  readonly lo: number;
-  readonly hi: number;
-  /** Where its ends turn: below zero toward the low side, above toward the high. */
-  readonly turn: number;
-  /** How far tracks may move it; equal for a run holding a port. */
-  readonly low: number;
-  readonly high: number;
-}
-/** Every net's runs on lines of one axis: maximal collinear chains of segments through joints. */
-function collect(
-  routes: readonly (Route | null)[],
-  coords: readonly (Float64Array | null)[],
-  other: readonly (Float64Array | null)[],
-): Run[] {
-  const runs: Run[] = [];
-  // Reuse compact adjacency storage across nets instead of allocating arrays per joint.
-  let component = new Int32Array(0),
-    head = new Int32Array(0),
-    neighbor = new Int32Array(0),
-    next = new Int32Array(0);
-  routes.forEach((route, net) => {
-    const c = coords[net],
-      o = other[net];
-    if (!route || !c || !o) return;
-    const n = c.length;
-    if (component.length < n) {
-      component = new Int32Array(n);
-      head = new Int32Array(n);
-      neighbor = new Int32Array(n * 2);
-      next = new Int32Array(n * 2);
-    }
-    component.fill(-1, 0, n);
-    head.fill(-1, 0, n);
-    // Reverse insertion preserves the original ascending segment order at each joint.
-    for (let j = n - 1; j > 0; j--) {
-      const parent = route.parent[j];
-      if (parent < 0) continue;
-      const at = j * 2;
-      neighbor[at] = parent;
-      next[at] = head[j];
-      head[j] = at;
-      neighbor[at + 1] = j;
-      next[at + 1] = head[parent];
-      head[parent] = at + 1;
-    }
-    for (let seed = 0; seed < n; seed++) {
-      if (component[seed] >= 0) continue;
-      let incident = head[seed];
-      while (
-        incident >= 0 &&
-        (c[seed] !== c[neighbor[incident]] || o[seed] === o[neighbor[incident]])
-      )
-        incident = next[incident];
-      if (incident < 0) continue;
-      const joints: number[] = [],
-        stack = [seed];
-      component[seed] = seed;
-      while (stack.length) {
-        const j = stack.pop()!;
-        joints.push(j);
-        for (let at = head[j]; at >= 0; at = next[at]) {
-          const k = neighbor[at];
-          if (component[k] < 0 && c[j] === c[k] && o[j] !== o[k]) {
-            component[k] = seed;
-            stack.push(k);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      let lo = Infinity,
-        hi = -Infinity,
-        first = joints[0],
-        last = joints[0],
-        low = -Infinity,
-        high = Infinity;
-      for (const j of joints) {
-        if (o[j] < lo) {
-          lo = o[j];
-          first = j;
-        }
-        if (o[j] > hi) {
-          hi = o[j];
-          last = j;
-        }
-        if (route.kind[j] === 1) low = high = c[j];
-        else if (route.kind[j] === 2) {
-          // A stub only grows: its end stays a marker's length out from its port.
-          const port = route.stub[j],
-            sign = Math.sign(c[j] - c[port]);
-          if (sign > 0) low = Math.max(low, c[port] + 1);
-          else if (sign < 0) high = Math.min(high, c[port] - 1);
-        }
-      }
-      const turn = (j: number) => {
-        let t = 0;
-        for (let at = head[j]; at >= 0; at = next[at]) {
-          const k = neighbor[at];
-          if (component[k] !== seed) t += Math.sign(c[k] - c[j]);
-        }
-        return t;
-      };
-      runs.push({
-        net,
-        joints,
-        fixed: c[seed],
-        lo,
-        hi,
-        turn: turn(first) + turn(last),
-        low: Math.min(low, c[seed]),
-        high: Math.max(high, c[seed]),
-      });
-    }
-  });
-  return runs;
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/scene.ts b/packages/diagram/src/scene.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 954c4855..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/scene.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,287 +0,0 @@
-import type { Index, FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Point, type Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { DiagramData, SceneItem, Shape } from './data.js';
-import { itemKey } from './data.js';
-import type { Obstacles, Route } from './route.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-export type Rect = readonly [number, number, number, number];
-/** A reference field wiring its vertex to a drawn net. */
-export interface Port {
-  name: string;
-  /** The net type it references. */
-  to: string;
-  direction?: 'in' | 'out';
-  label: kit.TextLayout;
-  side: 'left' | 'right' | 'top' | 'bottom';
-  order: number;
-  marker: 'directional' | 'circle' | 'diamond';
-  connected: boolean;
-  /** Where the port meets its vertex's edge, and the way out of it. */
-  position: Point;
-  normal: Point;
-}
-export interface Vertex {
-  hit: SceneItem;
-  index: Index;
-  row: number;
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-  /** The title band's height; zero for a centered title. */
-  header: number;
-  /** Whether its data gives its position. */
-  placed: boolean;
-  /** Whether layout keeps it where it is: placed, or drawn there before. */
-  pinned: boolean;
-  shape: Shape;
-  radius: number;
-  visible: boolean;
-  sourceVisible: boolean;
-  label: kit.TextLayout;
-  ports: Port[];
-  /** The slot of the first port; the others follow in order. */
-  portSlot: number;
-  options: Diagram.VertexOptions;
-  group?: string;
-}
-/** One vertex an edge joins: through a port for a net, or directly for a row's own end. */
-export interface End {
-  vertex: number;
-  port: string | null;
-  direction?: 'in' | 'out';
-}
-export interface Arrow {
-  readonly point: Point;
-  readonly direction: Point;
-}
-/** An edge's wire: polylines from its root, the distance along at each start, and its marks. */
-export interface Wire {
-  readonly paths: readonly (readonly Point[])[];
-  readonly offsets: readonly number[];
-  readonly junctions: readonly Point[];
-  readonly arrows: readonly Arrow[];
-  readonly bounds: Rect;
-}
-export interface Edge extends Wire {
-  hit: SceneItem;
-  ends: End[];
-  visible: boolean;
-  label: kit.TextLayout;
-  options: Diagram.EdgeOptions;
-  paths: readonly (readonly Point[])[];
-  offsets: readonly number[];
-  junctions: readonly Point[];
-  arrows: readonly Arrow[];
-  bounds: Rect;
-  /** The route before tracks set it apart from other nets: what an unchanged edge keeps. */
-  route: Route | null;
-  /** Where its label draws, its top-left; empty without one. */
-  labels: readonly Point[];
-}
-export interface GroupBox {
-  id: string;
-  label: kit.TextLayout;
-  bounds: Rect;
-  /** The title band's height. */
-  header: number;
-  collapsed: boolean;
-  members: readonly number[];
-  parent?: string;
-}
-/** A connected part of a scene: no edge joins it to another, so it lays out and routes alone. */
-export interface Part {
-  /** Its first vertex's key, which finds the same part in another scene. */
-  readonly key: string;
-  readonly vertices: readonly number[];
-  readonly edges: readonly number[];
-  readonly groups: readonly number[];
-}
-export interface Scene {
-  data: DiagramData;
-  vertices: Vertex[];
-  edges: Edge[];
-  groups: GroupBox[];
-  /** Its parts, as layout found them. */
-  parts: readonly Part[];
-  bounds: Rect;
-  bytes: number;
-  routeBytes: number;
-  /** The style its routes and labels were made with. */
-  routing?: string;
-  portSize?: number;
-  ends: number;
-  /** First slot of each kind: vertices from zero, then every port, edges, and groups. */
-  slots: { ports: number; edges: number; groups: number; count: number };
-  /** Where each type's rows start among its kind, in read order; a vertex type's first port slot. */
-  types: {
-    vertices: Map<string, { first: number; ports: number; names: readonly string[] }>;
-    edges: Map<string, { first: number }>;
-  };
-  /** What the routes avoid, once routed. */
-  obstacles?: Obstacles;
-  /** Each item's slot by its key, built on first use. */
-  keys?: Map<string, number>;
-  /** Each vertex, edge, and part by its `sceneKey`, built on first use. */
-  rows?: SceneRows;
-  /** Its vertices and the vertices each edge joins, end by end, built on first use. */
-  graph?: kit.Graph;
-}
-export interface SceneRows {
-  readonly vertices: ReadonlyMap<string, number>;
-  readonly edges: ReadonlyMap<string, number>;
-  readonly parts: ReadonlyMap<string, number>;
-}
-export const emptyLabel: kit.TextLayout = Object.freeze({
-  runs: [],
-  width: 0,
-  height: 0,
-  baseline: 0,
-  lineHeight: 0,
-  capHeight: 0,
-  align: 'start',
-});
-/** A row's type and id, which find it in every scene of its model. */
-export function sceneKey(hit: SceneItem): string {
-  return hit.index.type + '\u0000' + hit.id;
-}
-/** Where each row of a scene is, by its key: built once, and shared by the copies of a scene. */
-export function sceneRows(scene: Scene): SceneRows {
-  return (scene.rows ??= {
-    vertices: new Map(scene.vertices.map((vertex, i) => [sceneKey(vertex.hit), i])),
-    edges: new Map(scene.edges.map((edge, i) => [sceneKey(edge.hit), i])),
-    parts: new Map(scene.parts.map((part, i) => [part.key, i])),
-  });
-}
-/** The vertices each edge joins, end by end: built once, and shared by the copies of a scene. */
-export function sceneGraph(scene: Scene): kit.Graph {
-  if (scene.graph) return scene.graph;
-  const { vertices, edges } = scene,
-    offsets = new Uint32Array(edges.length + 1);
-  edges.forEach((edge, e) => (offsets[e + 1] = offsets[e] + edge.ends.length));
-  const ends = new Uint32Array(offsets[edges.length]);
-  edges.forEach((edge, e) => edge.ends.forEach((end, k) => (ends[offsets[e] + k] = end.vertex)));
-  return (scene.graph = new kit.Graph(vertices.length, { offsets, items: ends }));
-}
-export function rect(vertex: Vertex): Rect {
-  return [vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.x + vertex.width, vertex.y + vertex.height];
-}
-/** A stable point on the longest segment, for locate and reveal. */
-export function edgeAnchor(edge: Edge): Point {
-  let point: Point = [0, 0],
-    longest = -1;
-  for (const path of edge.paths)
-    for (let i = 1; i < path.length; i++) {
-      const a = path[i - 1],
-        b = path[i],
-        length = Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
-      if (length > longest) {
-        point = [(a[0] + b[0]) / 2, (a[1] + b[1]) / 2];
-        longest = length;
-      }
-    }
-  return point;
-}
-export function intersects(a: Rect, b: Rect): boolean {
-  return a[0] <= b[2] && a[2] >= b[0] && a[1] <= b[3] && a[3] >= b[1];
-}
-export function union(rectangles: Iterable<Rect>): Rect {
-  let x = Infinity,
-    y = Infinity,
-    r = -Infinity,
-    b = -Infinity;
-  for (const q of rectangles) {
-    x = Math.min(x, q[0]);
-    y = Math.min(y, q[1]);
-    r = Math.max(r, q[2]);
-    b = Math.max(b, q[3]);
-  }
-  return x <= r ? [x, y, r, b] : [0, 0, 0, 0];
-}
-export function expand(r: Rect, n: number): Rect {
-  return [r[0] - n, r[1] - n, r[2] + n, r[3] + n];
-}
-/** A group's frame about the boxes inside it, padded under its title band; collapsed, its title alone. */
-export function groupFrame(inside: Rect, group: GroupBox, padding: number): Rect {
-  const box = expand(inside, padding),
-    top = box[1] - group.header;
-  return group.collapsed
-    ? [
-        box[0],
-        top,
-        box[0] + Math.max(120, group.label.width + padding * 2),
-        top + Math.max(group.header + padding * 2, 56),
-      ]
-    : [box[0], top, box[2], box[3]];
-}
-/** The item a slot draws. */
-export function itemAt(scene: Scene, slot: number): Diagram.Item | null {
-  const { slots, vertices } = scene;
-  if (slot < slots.ports) return vertices[slot]?.hit ?? null;
-  if (slot < slots.edges) {
-    // Ports are numbered in vertex order, so a binary search finds the vertex.
-    let lo = 0,
-      hi = vertices.length - 1;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-      const mid = (lo + hi + 1) >> 1;
-      if (vertices[mid].portSlot <= slot) lo = mid;
-      else hi = mid - 1;
-    }
-    const vertex = vertices[lo],
-      port = vertex?.ports[slot - vertex.portSlot];
-    return port ? { ...vertex.hit, kind: 'port', port: port.name } : null;
-  }
-  if (slot < slots.groups) return scene.edges[slot - slots.edges]?.hit ?? null;
-  const group = scene.groups[slot - slots.groups];
-  return group ? { kind: 'group', id: group.id } : null;
-}
-/** The shared lookup at API boundaries; geometry uses the scene's numeric slots directly. */
-export function itemSlots(scene: Scene): ReadonlyMap<string, number> {
-  if (!scene.keys) {
-    const keys = new Map<string, number>();
-    scene.vertices.forEach((vertex, slot) => {
-      keys.set(itemKey(vertex.hit), slot);
-      vertex.ports.forEach((port, i) =>
-        keys.set(itemKey({ ...vertex.hit, kind: 'port', port: port.name }), vertex.portSlot + i),
-      );
-    });
-    scene.edges.forEach((edge, i) => keys.set(itemKey(edge.hit), scene.slots.edges + i));
-    scene.groups.forEach((group, i) =>
-      keys.set(itemKey({ kind: 'group', id: group.id }), scene.slots.groups + i),
-    );
-    scene.keys = keys;
-  }
-  return scene.keys;
-}
-/** Where vertices sit, by type: x and y values to spread into each type's options. */
-export function positions(
-  vertices: readonly Vertex[],
-  only: (vertex: Vertex, i: number) => boolean = () => true,
-): Readonly<Record<string, Layout.Positions>> {
-  const grouped = new Map<string, Vertex[]>();
-  vertices.forEach((vertex, i) => {
-    if (only(vertex, i)) {
-      const type = vertex.index.type;
-      const entries = grouped.get(type) ?? [];
-      entries.push(vertex);
-      grouped.set(type, entries);
-    }
-  });
-  return Object.fromEntries(
-    [...grouped].map(([type, entries]) => {
-      const rows = { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.from(entries, (v) => v.row) } as const;
-      const axis = (values: Float64Array): FieldInput.Values => ({
-        index: entries[0].index,
-        rows,
-        values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-      });
-      return [
-        type,
-        {
-          x: axis(Float64Array.from(entries, (v) => v.x)),
-          y: axis(Float64Array.from(entries, (v) => v.y)),
-        },
-      ];
-    }),
-  );
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/styles.ts b/packages/diagram/src/styles.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f76ac75..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/styles.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,358 +0,0 @@
-import { rowCount } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Gpu, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { DiagramData } from './data.js';
-import type { Scene } from './scene.js';
-import type { Diagram } from './diagram.js';
-// Each slot's style is four words: its color and status, packed; its width and flow as two halves;
-// and its shade. A zero color draws the view's base color for the item's kind, and a negative width
-// its default. A scene writes every constant into the base words once; styles.wgsl writes the
-// channels bound to fields on the GPU.
-
-/** Line widths in CSS pixels that a `widthPx` field spans, and speeds a `flowPx` field spans. */
-const WIDTH_RANGE = [1, 4] as const,
-  FLOW_RANGE = [0, 40] as const;
-/** Each options object's style channels, by the port names they bind. */
-const styles = new WeakMap<object, Map<string, kit.BoundChannels<string>>>();
-/** A type's style channels: its own, and each port's color and status as `color:name`. */
-function typeStyle(
-  options: Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions,
-  edge: boolean,
-  ports: readonly string[] = [],
-): kit.BoundChannels<string> {
-  let byPorts = styles.get(options);
-  if (!byPorts) styles.set(options, (byPorts = new Map<string, kit.BoundChannels<string>>()));
-  const key = ports.join(','),
-    found = byPorts.get(key);
-  if (found) return found;
-  const values: Record<string, unknown> = { color: options.color, shade: options.shade },
-    kinds: Record<string, kit.ChannelKind> = { color: 'color', shade: 'raw' };
-  if (edge) {
-    const { widthPx, flowPx } = options as Diagram.EdgeOptions;
-    Object.assign(values, { widthPx, flowPx });
-    Object.assign(kinds, { widthPx: WIDTH_RANGE, flowPx: FLOW_RANGE });
-  } else {
-    const vertex = options as Diagram.VertexOptions;
-    values.status = vertex.status;
-    kinds.status = 'color';
-    for (const name of ports) {
-      values['color:' + name] = vertex.ports?.[name]?.color;
-      values['status:' + name] = vertex.ports?.[name]?.status;
-      kinds['color:' + name] = kinds['status:' + name] = 'color';
-    }
-  }
-  const bound = kit.bindChannels(values, kinds);
-  byPorts.set(key, bound);
-  return bound;
-}
-/** Check a type's style channels, so a config with an invalid one is rejected when set. */
-export function checkStyle(
-  options: Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions,
-  edge: boolean,
-): void {
-  typeStyle(
-    options,
-    edge,
-    edge ? [] : Object.keys((options as Diagram.VertexOptions).ports ?? {}).sort(),
-  );
-}
-/** Whether a type's wires flow: a flow field, or a nonzero speed. */
-export function flowing(options: Diagram.EdgeOptions): boolean {
-  const flow = typeStyle(options, true).channels.flowPx;
-  return flow.field !== undefined || (typeof flow.constant === 'number' && flow.constant !== 0);
-}
-/** The widest a type's wires draw, in CSS pixels. */
-export function widestPx(options: Diagram.EdgeOptions, fallback: number): number {
-  const width = kit.resolveChannel(typeStyle(options, true).channels.widthPx, null, fallback);
-  return width.scale ? Math.max(...width.scale.range) : width.fallback;
-}
-
-const float = new Float32Array(1),
-  bits = new Uint32Array(float.buffer);
-/** A number's float16 bits, as WGSL's pack2x16float writes them. */
-function half(value: number): number {
-  float[0] = value;
-  const x = bits[0],
-    sign = (x >>> 16) & 0x8000,
-    exponent = ((x >>> 23) & 0xff) - 112,
-    mantissa = x & 0x7fffff;
-  if (exponent >= 31) return sign | 0x7c00;
-  if (exponent <= 0)
-    return exponent < -10
-      ? sign
-      : sign | ((((mantissa | 0x800000) >> (1 - exponent)) + 0x1000) >> 13);
-  return (sign | (exponent << 10)) + ((mantissa + 0x1000) >> 13);
-}
-/** A constant color packed as unorm bytes; zero, the view's base color, without one. */
-function packed(channel: kit.BoundChannel | undefined): number {
-  const color = channel?.constant;
-  if (!Array.isArray(color)) return 0;
-  return (
-    (Math.round(color[0] * 255) |
-      (Math.round(color[1] * 255) << 8) |
-      (Math.round(color[2] * 255) << 16) |
-      (Math.round(color[3] * 255) << 24)) >>>
-    0
-  );
-}
-function constant(channel: kit.BoundChannel | undefined, fallback: number): number {
-  return typeof channel?.constant === 'number' ? channel.constant : fallback;
-}
-/** The base words: every slot's constants, and the view's defaults where it has none. */
-function baseWords(scene: Scene): kit.BufferData {
-  const words = new Uint32Array(Math.max(4, scene.slots.count * 4)),
-    floats = new Float32Array(words.buffer);
-  const write = (slot: number, channels: Readonly<Record<string, kit.BoundChannel>>) => {
-    words[slot * 4] = packed(channels.color);
-    words[slot * 4 + 1] = packed(channels.status);
-    // Width -1 and flow 0, as two halves, unless the type sets them.
-    words[slot * 4 + 2] =
-      half(constant(channels.widthPx, -1)) | (half(constant(channels.flowPx, 0)) << 16);
-    floats[slot * 4 + 3] = constant(channels.shade, 0);
-  };
-  for (let slot = 0; slot < scene.slots.count; slot++) words[slot * 4 + 2] = 0x0000bc00;
-  // Each type's rows run from its first to the next type's.
-  const vertices = [...scene.types.vertices],
-    edges = [...scene.types.edges];
-  vertices.forEach(([type, at], t) => {
-    const { channels } = typeStyle(scene.data.vertices[type], false, at.names),
-      end = vertices[t + 1]?.[1].first ?? scene.vertices.length;
-    for (let i = at.first; i < end; i++) {
-      write(i, channels);
-      const slot = scene.vertices[i].portSlot;
-      at.names.forEach((name, k) =>
-        write(slot + k, { color: channels['color:' + name], status: channels['status:' + name] }),
-      );
-    }
-  });
-  edges.forEach(([type, at], t) => {
-    const { channels } = typeStyle(scene.data.edges![type], true),
-      end = edges[t + 1]?.[1].first ?? scene.edges.length;
-    for (let i = at.first; i < end; i++) write(scene.slots.edges + i, channels);
-  });
-  const buffer = new kit.BufferData({ size: words.byteLength, label: 'diagram styles' });
-  buffer.write({ data: words });
-  return buffer;
-}
-
-/** One pass over a type's rows: the channels it writes, and where. */
-interface Pass {
-  /** The color channel it writes, if any; into the status word when `status`. */
-  readonly color?: string;
-  readonly status: boolean;
-  /** Whether it writes the widths and flows, and the shades. */
-  readonly lines: boolean;
-  readonly shade: boolean;
-  readonly first: number;
-  readonly stride: number;
-}
-/** Every pass a type's fields need, over the slots its rows hold. */
-function passes(
-  bound: kit.BoundChannels<string>,
-  first: number,
-  ports?: { readonly first: number; readonly names: readonly string[] },
-): Pass[] {
-  const field = (name: string) => bound.channels[name]?.field !== undefined,
-    out: Pass[] = [];
-  const own: Pass = {
-    ...(field('color') ? { color: 'color' } : {}),
-    status: false,
-    lines: field('widthPx') || field('flowPx'),
-    shade: field('shade'),
-    first,
-    stride: 1,
-  };
-  if (own.color || own.lines || own.shade) out.push(own);
-  const only = (color: string, status: boolean, first: number, stride: number): Pass => ({
-    color,
-    status,
-    lines: false,
-    shade: false,
-    first,
-    stride,
-  });
-  if (field('status')) out.push(only('status', true, first, 1));
-  ports?.names.forEach((name, k) => {
-    const at = ports.first + k,
-      stride = ports.names.length;
-    if (field('color:' + name)) out.push(only('color:' + name, false, at, stride));
-    if (field('status:' + name)) out.push(only('status:' + name, true, at, stride));
-  });
-  return out;
-}
-interface Dispatch {
-  readonly fields: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly colors: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly count: number;
-}
-/** The words a frame's shapes read, and how its encoder fills them. */
-export interface StyleFrame {
-  readonly styles: GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** Base words to copy in first, when they changed since the buffer last held them. */
-  readonly seed: { readonly from: GPUBufferBinding; readonly words: kit.BufferData } | null;
-  readonly dispatches: readonly Dispatch[];
-}
-/** Words of each pass's parameters: where it writes, the missing color, and four channels. */
-const PARAMETERS = 8 + 4 * 8;
-const UNSET: kit.ResolvedChannel = { component: 0, fallback: 0 };
-/** A pass's color for rows without one: zero draws the view's. */
-const CLEAR: RGBA = [0, 0, 0, 0];
-
-/**
- * The style words of one scene under one set of bindings, and the passes that write them. The
- * passes write a buffer of the view's own, since uploads share buffers with the field pages they
- * read; it is seeded from the uploaded base words whenever those change. Words and passes are
- * kept until the scene, the bindings, or a sampled field's coordinate change, and a frame whose
- * passes already ran runs none.
- */
-export class Styles {
-  private target?: { readonly buffer: kit.BufferResource; holds?: kit.BufferData };
-  /** Each pass's parameters, rewritten only when the passes are built again. */
-  private readonly parameters: kit.BufferData[] = [];
-  /** The passes the words last ran, so an unchanged frame runs none. */
-  private encoded?: readonly Dispatch[];
-  constructor(private readonly gpu: Gpu) {}
-  /** This frame's words, and its passes: each bound type's pages of fields at the frame's coordinate. */
-  async prepare(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    scene: Scene,
-    data: DiagramData,
-    layout: GPUBindGroupLayout,
-  ): Promise<StyleFrame> {
-    const words = await frame.memo('style words', [scene, data.vertices, data.edges], () =>
-      baseWords(scene),
-    );
-    if (this.target?.buffer.buffer.size !== words.size) {
-      this.target?.buffer.destroy();
-      this.target = {
-        buffer: this.gpu.buffer({
-          size: words.size,
-          usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-          label: 'diagram styles',
-        }),
-      };
-    }
-    const target = this.target,
-      styles = frame.buffer(target.buffer),
-      seed = target.holds === words ? null : { from: frame.buffer(words), words },
-      dispatches = await frame.memo(
-        'style passes',
-        [scene, data.source, data.vertices, data.edges, target.buffer, layout],
-        (f) => this.dispatches(f, scene, data, styles, layout),
-      );
-    return { styles, seed, dispatches };
-  }
-  private async dispatches(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    scene: Scene,
-    data: DiagramData,
-    styles: GPUBufferBinding,
-    layout: GPUBindGroupLayout,
-  ): Promise<readonly Dispatch[]> {
-    const out: Dispatch[] = [];
-    const types = [
-      ...[...scene.types.vertices].map(([type, at]) => ({
-        type,
-        options: data.vertices[type] as Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions,
-        bound: typeStyle(data.vertices[type], false, at.names),
-        first: at.first,
-        ports: { first: at.ports, names: at.names },
-      })),
-      ...[...scene.types.edges].map(([type, at]) => ({
-        type,
-        options: data.edges![type] as Diagram.VertexOptions | Diagram.EdgeOptions,
-        bound: typeStyle(data.edges![type], true),
-        first: scene.slots.edges + at.first,
-        ports: undefined,
-      })),
-    ];
-    for (const { type, options, bound, first, ports } of types) {
-      const list = passes(bound, first, ports);
-      if (!list.length) continue;
-      const reads = await kit.resolveChannels(
-        frame.reader,
-        { source: data.source, from: type, rows: options.rows },
-        bound,
-        { widthPx: -1 },
-      );
-      for await (const tile of frame.reader.fields({
-        source: data.source,
-        from: type,
-        rows: options.rows,
-        fields: bound.fields,
-      }))
-        for (const page of frame.upload(tile, {
-          select: Object.keys(bound.fields),
-          float64: 'relative',
-        }))
-          for (const pass of list) {
-            const words = new Uint32Array(PARAMETERS),
-              floats = new Float32Array(words.buffer);
-            words.set(
-              [
-                rowCount(page.rows),
-                pass.first + page.rowOffset * pass.stride,
-                pass.stride,
-                pass.status ? 1 : 0,
-              ],
-              0,
-            );
-            const color = pass.color === undefined ? undefined : bound.channels[pass.color];
-            floats.set(Array.isArray(color?.missing) ? color.missing : CLEAR, 4);
-            kit.writeChannel(words, 8, pass.color ? reads[pass.color] : UNSET, page);
-            kit.writeChannel(words, 16, pass.lines ? reads.widthPx : UNSET, page);
-            kit.writeChannel(words, 24, pass.lines ? reads.flowPx : UNSET, page);
-            kit.writeChannel(words, 32, pass.shade ? reads.shade : UNSET, page);
-            const parameters = (this.parameters[out.length] ??= new kit.BufferData({
-              size: PARAMETERS * 4,
-              usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-              label: 'diagram style pass',
-            }));
-            parameters.write({ data: words });
-            out.push({
-              fields: page.bindGroup,
-              colors: frame.colormap(color?.colormap),
-              group: this.gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-                layout,
-                entries: [
-                  { binding: 0, resource: frame.buffer(parameters) },
-                  { binding: 1, resource: styles },
-                ],
-              }),
-              count: rowCount(page.rows),
-            });
-          }
-    }
-    return out;
-  }
-  /** Seed the words if they changed, then run the passes, before any shape reads them. */
-  encode(encoder: GPUCommandEncoder, pipeline: GPUComputePipeline, frame: StyleFrame): void {
-    if (frame.seed) {
-      const { from, words } = frame.seed;
-      encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
-        from.buffer,
-        from.offset ?? 0,
-        frame.styles.buffer,
-        frame.styles.offset ?? 0,
-        words.size,
-      );
-      if (this.target) this.target.holds = words;
-    }
-    if (!frame.dispatches.length || (!frame.seed && frame.dispatches === this.encoded)) return;
-    this.encoded = frame.dispatches;
-    const pass = encoder.beginComputePass({ label: 'diagram styles' });
-    pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-    for (const dispatch of frame.dispatches) {
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, dispatch.fields);
-      pass.setBindGroup(1, dispatch.group);
-      pass.setBindGroup(2, dispatch.colors);
-      pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(dispatch.count / 64));
-    }
-    pass.end();
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.target?.buffer.destroy();
-    this.target = undefined;
-    this.encoded = undefined;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/styles.wgsl b/packages/diagram/src/styles.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index b71b481d..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/styles.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-// Each bound type's style words, written from its field pages; after the field shader.
-struct Page {
-  /** Rows, first slot, slot stride, and the color word: 0 the color, 1 the status. */
-  place: vec4u,
-  /** The color of rows the field leaves without one; zero draws the view's. */
-  missing: vec4f,
-  color: LatkitChannel,
-  width: LatkitChannel,
-  flow: LatkitChannel,
-  shade: LatkitChannel,
-}
-@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> page: Page;
-@group(1) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> styles: array<vec4u>;
-@compute @workgroup_size(64) fn style_main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
-  let row = id.x;
-  if (row >= page.place.x) { return; }
-  let at = page.place.y + row * page.place.z;
-  if (page.color.slot != 0xffffffffu) {
-    let color = pack4x8unorm(channelColor(page.color, row, 0u, page.missing));
-    if (page.place.w == 0u) { styles[at].x = color; } else { styles[at].y = color; }
-  }
-  if (page.width.slot != 0xffffffffu || page.flow.slot != 0xffffffffu) {
-    styles[at].z = pack2x16float(vec2f(channelNumber(page.width, row, 0u), channelNumber(page.flow, row, 0u)));
-  }
-  if (page.shade.slot != 0xffffffffu) {
-    styles[at].w = bitcast<u32>(channelNumber(page.shade, row, 0u));
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/src/wgsl.d.ts b/packages/diagram/src/wgsl.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d374483..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/src/wgsl.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-declare module '*.wgsl' {
-  const source: string;
-  export default source;
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/check.html b/packages/diagram/tests/browser/check.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 94cd7324..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/check.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <meta charset="utf-8" /><title>Latkit diagram</title>
-  <style>
-    body {
-      margin: 0;
-      background: #0e121b;
-      color: #eef2fa;
-      font: 15px system-ui;
-    }
-    header {
-      padding: 20px 28px;
-      border-bottom: 1px solid #303744;
-    }
-    h1 {
-      font-size: 22px;
-      margin: 0 0 6px;
-    }
-    p {
-      margin: 0;
-      color: #a8b3c8;
-    }
-    canvas {
-      display: block;
-      width: 1000px;
-      height: 620px;
-    }
-    #result {
-      padding: 20px;
-      white-space: pre-wrap;
-    }
-  </style>
-  <header>
-    <h1>Native diagram renderer</h1>
-    <p>Measured labels · port routing · shared GPU pipeline</p>
-  </header>
-  <canvas id="diagram"></canvas>
-  <pre id="result">Checking…</pre>
-  <script type="importmap">
-    {
-      "imports": {
-        "culori/fn": "/packages/gpu/node_modules/culori/src/index-fn.js",
-        "@latkit/gpu": "/packages/gpu/dist/index.js",
-        "@latkit/model": "/packages/model/dist/index.js"
-      }
-    }
-  </script>
-  <script type="module" src="./check.js"></script>
-</html>
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/check.js b/packages/diagram/tests/browser/check.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 53d62e94..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/check.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,339 +0,0 @@
-/* global document, PointerEvent, KeyboardEvent, MouseEvent, WheelEvent, OffscreenCanvas, createImageBitmap, requestAnimationFrame */
-import { createGpu, createComposition, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { rowAt, rowCount } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createDiagram } from '../../dist/index.js';
-import { Source, data, vertex, port as portOf } from '/output/diagram-fixture.js';
-const assert = (condition, message) => {
-  if (!condition) throw new Error(message);
-};
-/** Whether an item draws the fixture row an id names, as `n2` for a task or `e0` for a dependency. */
-const is = (item, id) =>
-  !!item &&
-  item.kind !== 'group' &&
-  item.index.type === (id[0] === 'n' ? 'Task' : 'Dependency') &&
-  item.row === Number(id.slice(1));
-/** The rows a move proposes for a type. */
-const rows = (positions) =>
-  Array.from({ length: rowCount(positions.x.rows) }, (_, i) => rowAt(positions.x.rows, i));
-/** Views report events on a microtask; let them arrive. */
-const settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-/** An image's RGBA bytes, row by row. */
-async function decode(blob) {
-  const bitmap = await createImageBitmap(blob),
-    context = new OffscreenCanvas(bitmap.width, bitmap.height).getContext('2d');
-  context.drawImage(bitmap, 0, 0);
-  return context.getImageData(0, 0, bitmap.width, bitmap.height).data;
-}
-globalThis.diagramCheck = (async () => {
-  const errors = [];
-  const gpu = await createGpu();
-  gpu.device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (e) => errors.push(e.error.message));
-  const source = new Source(5);
-  source.names = ['Load data', 'Validate α', 'Transform', 'Compute', 'Publish'];
-  // One output fans out to three inputs; a second net leaves n1 for n3.
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 4, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  const config = data(source);
-  const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas');
-  const diagram = createDiagram(gpu, { ...config, canvas, input: 'edit', msaa: 4 });
-  let failure;
-  diagram.on('error', (error) => {
-    failure = error;
-  });
-  /** Wait for the canvas to present a frame after the given count. */
-  const presented = async (after) => {
-    while (diagram.stats().frames <= after) {
-      if (failure) throw failure;
-      await new Promise((resolve) => requestAnimationFrame(resolve));
-    }
-  };
-  /** Shades compile asynchronously; the diagram invalidates once one applies. */
-  const applied = () =>
-    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const offs = [
-        kit.rendererOf(diagram).on('invalidate', () => {
-          offs.forEach((off) => off());
-          resolve();
-        }),
-        diagram.on('error', (error) => {
-          offs.forEach((off) => off());
-          reject(error);
-        }),
-      ];
-    });
-  await presented(0);
-  await gpu.idle();
-  const ref = vertex(source, 'n0'),
-    point = diagram.locate(ref);
-  assert(point && (await diagram.pick(point)).some((h) => is(h, 'n0')), 'Presented picking failed');
-  const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-  const pointer = (type, p, modifiers = {}) =>
-    canvas.dispatchEvent(
-      new PointerEvent(type, {
-        bubbles: true,
-        pointerId: 1,
-        button: 0,
-        buttons: type === 'pointerup' ? 0 : 1,
-        clientX: rect.left + p[0],
-        clientY: rect.top + p[1],
-        pointerType: 'mouse',
-        ...modifiers,
-      }),
-    );
-  let selections = 0;
-  let selection = [];
-  diagram.on('select', (items) => {
-    selections++;
-    selection = items;
-  });
-  pointer('pointerdown', point);
-  pointer('pointerup', point);
-  await settle();
-  assert(selections > 0, 'Input selection failed');
-  const another = diagram.locate(vertex(source, 'n2'));
-  for (const modifiers of [{ shiftKey: true }, { ctrlKey: true }, { metaKey: true }]) {
-    pointer('pointerdown', another, modifiers);
-    pointer('pointerup', another, modifiers);
-    await settle();
-    assert(
-      selection.length === 2 && selection.some((item) => is(item, 'n2')),
-      'Additive click did not add exactly once',
-    );
-    pointer('pointerdown', another, modifiers);
-    pointer('pointerup', another, modifiers);
-    await settle();
-    assert(
-      selection.length === 1 && is(selection[0], 'n0'),
-      'Additive click did not remove exactly once',
-    );
-  }
-  pointer('pointerdown', point);
-  pointer('pointermove', [point[0] + 1, point[1] + 1]);
-  pointer('pointerup', [point[0] + 1, point[1] + 1]);
-  let moved,
-    moveCount = 0;
-  diagram.on('move', (proposal) => {
-    moved = proposal;
-    moveCount++;
-    for (const [type, positions] of Object.entries(proposal.positions))
-      diagram.set({ vertices: { [type]: positions } });
-  });
-  pointer('pointerdown', point);
-  pointer('pointermove', [point[0], point[1] + 32]);
-  pointer('pointerup', [point[0], point[1] + 32]);
-  await settle();
-  // The layout placed every block, so the first move proposes them all.
-  assert(moved && rows(moved.positions.Task).length === 5, 'Move proposal failed');
-  // The canvas stops presenting; each step below renders an image at the canvas's size.
-  diagram.set({ paused: true });
-  const render = () => diagram.image({ width: 1000, height: 620, pixelRatio: 1 });
-  await render();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  const port = (id, name) => {
-    const point = diagram.locate(portOf(source, id, name));
-    assert(point, 'Missing port ' + id + '.' + name);
-    return point;
-  };
-  const wires = [];
-  diagram.on('connect', (proposal) => wires.push(proposal));
-  const wire = async (a, b) => {
-    pointer('pointerdown', a);
-    pointer('pointermove', b);
-    pointer('pointerup', b);
-    await settle();
-  };
-  await wire(port('n1', 'output'), port('n1', 'output'));
-  assert(wires.length === 0, 'Port click unexpectedly proposed a wire');
-  await wire(port('n1', 'output'), port('n4', 'input'));
-  assert(
-    wires.length === 1 && is(wires[0].from, 'n1') && is(wires[0].to, 'n4'),
-    'Connect proposal failed',
-  );
-  await wire(port('n1', 'input'), port('n3', 'input'));
-  assert(
-    wires.length === 2 &&
-      is(wires[1].from, 'n0') &&
-      is(wires[1].replaces.edge, 'e0') &&
-      is(wires[1].replaces.end, 'n1') &&
-      wires[1].replaces.end.port === 'input',
-    'Input reconnection failed',
-  );
-  await wire(port('n0', 'output'), port('n2', 'output'));
-  assert(wires.length === 2, 'Incompatible output ports accepted');
-  const key = (value) =>
-    canvas.dispatchEvent(
-      new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
-        bubbles: true,
-        key: value,
-      }),
-    );
-  let current = diagram.locate(ref);
-  const camera = () => JSON.stringify([diagram.camera.center, diagram.camera.scale]);
-  const cameraBeforeDrag = camera();
-  pointer('pointerdown', current);
-  pointer('pointermove', [current[0], current[1] + 16]);
-  await render();
-  assert(camera() === cameraBeforeDrag, 'Auto-fit moved the camera during a drag');
-  // Escape ends the drag in progress without committing it.
-  key('Escape');
-  pointer('pointerup', [current[0], current[1] + 16]);
-  await settle();
-  assert(moveCount === 1, 'Escape committed a cancelled movement');
-  await render();
-  current = diagram.locate(ref);
-  pointer('pointerdown', current);
-  pointer('pointermove', [current[0], current[1] + 16]);
-  diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: { shape: 'rounded' } } });
-  pointer('pointerup', [current[0], current[1] + 16]);
-  await settle();
-  assert(moveCount === 1, 'Data replacement committed a stale gesture');
-  diagram.select([ref]);
-  key('ArrowDown');
-  await settle();
-  assert(moveCount === 2 && rows(moved.positions.Task).includes(0), 'Keyboard movement failed');
-  let opened, removed;
-  diagram.on('open', (item) => {
-    opened = item;
-  });
-  diagram.on('delete', (items) => {
-    removed = items;
-  });
-  key('Enter');
-  key('Delete');
-  await settle();
-  assert(is(opened, 'n0') && is(removed?.[0], 'n0'), 'Keyboard action proposals failed');
-  key('Escape');
-  await render();
-  diagram.set({ input: { canConnect: () => false } });
-  await wire(port('n1', 'output'), port('n4', 'input'));
-  assert(wires.length === 2, 'Application connect policy was ignored');
-  // A composition presents its views, so the diagram leaves its canvas until the end.
-  diagram.set({ canvas: null, input: { canConnect: null } });
-  const before = diagram.stats().frames;
-  for (const shape of ['rectangle', 'rounded', 'ellipse', 'diamond']) {
-    diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: { shape } } });
-    await render();
-  }
-  diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: { shape: 'rectangle', shade: 'weight' } }, grid: false });
-  const shaded = await decode(await render()),
-    sample = diagram.locate(ref),
-    at = (Math.floor(sample[1]) * 1000 + Math.floor(sample[0])) * 4;
-  assert(
-    shaded[at] + shaded[at + 1] + shaded[at + 2] > 100,
-    'Shade values must not implicitly change opacity',
-  );
-  diagram.set({
-    shade: {
-      wgsl: 'fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f { return vec4f(mix(f.color.rgb, vec3f(0.2, 0.8, 0.5), f.value), f.color.a); }',
-    },
-  });
-  await applied();
-  await render();
-  diagram.set({ shade: null, grid: true, vertices: { Task: { shade: null } } });
-  await applied();
-  const second = createDiagram(gpu, config);
-  const composition = createComposition(gpu, {
-    views: [
-      { view: diagram, region: [0, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-      { view: second, region: [0.5, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-    ],
-  });
-  // Read actual offscreen pixels; a non-background image must have been drawn.
-  const pixels = await decode(await composition.image({ width: 1000, height: 620, pixelRatio: 1 }));
-  composition.destroy();
-  second.destroy();
-  let bright = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < pixels.length; i += 4)
-    if (pixels[i] > 90 || pixels[i + 1] > 90 || pixels[i + 2] > 90) bright++;
-  assert(bright > 1000, 'Diagram contains no visible geometry');
-  assert(diagram.stats().frames >= before + 5, 'Frame lifecycle failed');
-  const frames = diagram.stats().frames;
-  diagram.set({ canvas, paused: false, vertices: { Task: { shape: 'rounded' } } });
-  diagram.fit();
-  await presented(frames);
-  // The shared input: hover, the context menu, wheel zoom, and Home.
-  const once = (event, accept = () => true) =>
-    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-        off();
-        reject(new Error('No ' + event + ' event'));
-      }, 5000);
-      const off = diagram.on(event, (value) => {
-        if (!accept(value)) return;
-        clearTimeout(timer);
-        off();
-        resolve(value);
-      });
-    });
-  diagram.set({ hover: 'on' });
-  const target = diagram.locate(ref),
-    client = { clientX: rect.left + target[0], clientY: rect.top + target[1] };
-  const hovered = once('hover', (item) => item !== null);
-  pointer('pointermove', target, { buttons: 0 });
-  assert(is(await hovered, 'n0'), 'Hover missed the vertex');
-  const menu = once('contextmenu');
-  canvas.dispatchEvent(
-    new MouseEvent('contextmenu', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, ...client }),
-  );
-  const opened2 = await menu;
-  assert(
-    opened2.trigger === 'pointer' && is(opened2.items[0], 'n0'),
-    'Context menu missed the vertex',
-  );
-  const scale = diagram.camera.scale;
-  canvas.dispatchEvent(
-    new WheelEvent('wheel', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true, deltaY: -120, ...client }),
-  );
-  assert(diagram.camera.scale > scale && !diagram.camera.fit, 'Wheel did not zoom');
-  key('Home');
-  assert(diagram.camera.fit, 'Home did not fit');
-  const fitted = diagram.stats().frames;
-  await presented(fitted);
-  await gpu.idle();
-  if (failure) throw failure;
-  assert(errors.length === 0, errors.join('\n'));
-  const result = {
-    status: 'passed',
-    vertices: diagram.stats().vertices,
-    edges: diagram.stats().edges,
-    ends: diagram.stats().ends,
-    brightPixels: bright,
-    drawCalls: diagram.stats().drawCalls,
-    input: true,
-    gestures: [
-      'select',
-      'additive click',
-      'drag threshold',
-      'move',
-      'connect',
-      'reconnect',
-      'port click',
-      'connect policy',
-      'cancel',
-      'replace',
-      'keyboard',
-      'hover',
-      'context menu',
-      'wheel',
-      'home',
-    ],
-    shapes: 4,
-    shade: true,
-    composition: true,
-    errors,
-  };
-  document.querySelector('#result').textContent = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
-  // Keep the final canvas for the runner's screenshot.
-  globalThis.diagramFixture = { gpu, diagram, source };
-  return result;
-})();
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/gallery.html b/packages/diagram/tests/browser/gallery.html
deleted file mode 100644
index c4d538bc..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/gallery.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <meta charset="utf-8" /><title>Diagram gallery</title>
-  <style>
-    body {
-      margin: 0;
-      background: #0e121b;
-      color: #eef2fa;
-      font: 15px system-ui;
-    }
-    header {
-      padding: 20px 28px;
-      border-bottom: 1px solid #303744;
-    }
-    h1 {
-      font-size: 22px;
-      margin: 0 0 6px;
-    }
-    p {
-      margin: 0;
-      color: #a8b3c8;
-    }
-    canvas {
-      display: block;
-      width: 1000px;
-      height: 620px;
-    }
-    #result {
-      padding: 20px;
-      white-space: pre-wrap;
-    }
-  </style>
-  <header>
-    <h1>Diagram gallery</h1>
-    <p>Every layout edge case, rendered; a transition in progress below</p>
-  </header>
-  <canvas id="diagram"></canvas>
-  <pre id="result">Checking…</pre>
-  <script type="importmap">
-    {
-      "imports": {
-        "culori/fn": "/packages/gpu/node_modules/culori/src/index-fn.js",
-        "@latkit/gpu": "/packages/gpu/dist/index.js",
-        "@latkit/model": "/packages/model/dist/index.js"
-      }
-    }
-  </script>
-  <script type="module" src="./gallery.js"></script>
-</html>
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/gallery.js b/packages/diagram/tests/browser/gallery.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 39b30e30..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/gallery.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
-/* global document, FileReader, OffscreenCanvas, createImageBitmap, requestAnimationFrame */
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createDiagram } from '../../dist/index.js';
-import { Source, clusters, unplace, data, vertex } from '/output/diagram-fixture.js';
-const assert = (condition, message) => {
-  if (!condition) throw new Error(message);
-};
-/** Reject a step that takes longer than its budget, naming it. */
-const within = (ms, step, promise) =>
-  Promise.race([
-    promise,
-    new Promise((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(step + ' timed out')), ms)),
-  ]);
-const isolated = (count) => Object.assign(new Source(count), { ends: [] });
-function fan() {
-  const source = new Source(9);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      ...Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, i) => ({ vertex: i + 1, port: 'input' })),
-    ],
-  ];
-  return source;
-}
-function tangled() {
-  const source = new Source(6);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 4, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [{ vertex: 4, port: 'output' }],
-    [
-      { vertex: 5, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 5, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  return source;
-}
-const ids = (...rows) => ({ Task: { kind: 'ids', ids: rows.map((row) => 'n' + row) } });
-const edges = (d, options) => ({ Dependency: { ...d.edges.Dependency, ...options } });
-/** A case's source, how it is drawn, and the rows to frame; all of it without them. */
-const drawn = (source, options = {}, framed) => [
-  source,
-  { ...data(source, options.position), ...options.config },
-  framed,
-];
-const wires = (options) => ({ config: { edges: edges(data(), options) } });
-/** Each case, by the name its image is saved under. */
-const CASES = {
-  'grid case': () => drawn(clusters(334)),
-  'grid case, close': () => drawn(clusters(334), {}, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]),
-  'isolated vertices': () => drawn(isolated(60)),
-  'fan-out': () => drawn(fan()),
-  'cycles and self-loops': () => drawn(tangled()),
-  'parts flowing down': () => drawn(clusters(12), { config: { layout: { direction: 'down' } } }),
-  'parts flowing left': () => drawn(clusters(12), { config: { layout: { direction: 'left' } } }),
-  tags: () => drawn(clusters(12), wires({ appearance: 'tag' })),
-  'straight wires': () => drawn(clusters(6), wires({ route: 'straight' })),
-  'nested and collapsed groups': () =>
-    drawn(clusters(6), {
-      config: {
-        groups: {
-          outer: { label: 'Outer', vertices: ids(0) },
-          inner: { label: 'Inner', parent: 'outer', vertices: ids(4, 5) },
-          apart: { label: 'Apart', vertices: ids(8, 9, 10, 11) },
-          shut: { label: 'Shut', collapsed: true, vertices: ids(12, 13, 14) },
-        },
-      },
-    }),
-  'pinned and loose parts': () =>
-    drawn(unplace(clusters(8), [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]), { position: true }),
-  'an empty diagram': () => drawn(new Source(0)),
-};
-/** An image as a data URL. */
-const url = (blob) =>
-  new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    const reader = new FileReader();
-    reader.onload = () => resolve(reader.result);
-    reader.onerror = () => reject(reader.error);
-    reader.readAsDataURL(blob);
-  });
-async function bright(blob) {
-  const bitmap = await createImageBitmap(blob),
-    context = new OffscreenCanvas(bitmap.width, bitmap.height).getContext('2d');
-  context.drawImage(bitmap, 0, 0);
-  const pixels = context.getImageData(0, 0, bitmap.width, bitmap.height).data;
-  let count = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < pixels.length; i += 4)
-    if (pixels[i] > 90 || pixels[i + 1] > 90 || pixels[i + 2] > 90) count++;
-  return count;
-}
-/**
- * Check a screenshot taken mid-transition: the moving block covers where `locate` says it draws,
- * and the canvas shows only its background where the block was and where it goes.
- */
-globalThis.diagramTransitionCheck = async (url) => {
-  const { left, top, start, drawn, target } = globalThis.diagramTransition,
-    bitmap = await createImageBitmap(await (await fetch(url)).blob()),
-    context = new OffscreenCanvas(bitmap.width, bitmap.height).getContext('2d');
-  context.drawImage(bitmap, 0, 0);
-  /** The median color of a 5 × 5 patch about a canvas point, which a grid dot cannot sway. */
-  const at = ([x, y]) => {
-    const pixels = context.getImageData(
-        Math.round(left + x) - 2,
-        Math.round(top + y) - 2,
-        5,
-        5,
-      ).data,
-      channel = (c) =>
-        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-          .flatMap((r) => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].map((k) => pixels[(r * 5 + k) * 4 + c]))
-          .sort((a, b) => a - b)[12];
-    return [channel(0), channel(1), channel(2)];
-  };
-  const background = at([6, 6]),
-    plain = (point) => at(point).every((v, c) => Math.abs(v - background[c]) < 12);
-  const result = { block: !plain(drawn), left: plain(start), arrived: !plain(target) };
-  assert(result.block, 'The moving block does not draw where locate says');
-  assert(result.left, 'The moving block still draws where it was');
-  assert(!result.arrived, 'The moving block already draws where it goes');
-  return result;
-};
-globalThis.diagramGallery = (async () => {
-  const errors = [];
-  const gpu = await within(10000, 'GPU', createGpu());
-  gpu.device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (e) => errors.push(e.error.message));
-  const cases = [],
-    images = {};
-  for (const [name, make] of Object.entries(CASES)) {
-    const [source, config, framed] = make(),
-      diagram = createDiagram(gpu, config),
-      size = { width: 1400, height: 900, pixelRatio: 1 };
-    try {
-      let image = await within(30000, name, diagram.image(size));
-      if (framed) {
-        diagram.fit(framed.map((row) => vertex(source, 'n' + row)));
-        image = await within(30000, name + ' framed', diagram.image(size));
-      }
-      const stats = diagram.stats(),
-        lit = await bright(image);
-      if (stats.vertices) assert(lit > 2000, name + ' drew nothing visible');
-      cases.push({ name, vertices: stats.vertices, edges: stats.edges, brightPixels: lit });
-      images[name] = await url(image);
-    } finally {
-      diagram.destroy();
-    }
-  }
-  // A transition on the canvas, slow enough that the runner's screenshot finds it between its ends:
-  // every block moves down, and the screenshot must show the first where `locate` says it draws.
-  const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas'),
-    moving = clusters(2);
-  const diagram = createDiagram(gpu, {
-    ...data(moving, true),
-    canvas,
-    animationMs: 8000,
-    motion: 'full',
-  });
-  const frames = async (count) => {
-    const start = diagram.stats().frames;
-    await within(
-      20000,
-      'canvas frames',
-      (async () => {
-        while (diagram.stats().frames < start + count)
-          await new Promise((resolve) => requestAnimationFrame(resolve));
-      })(),
-    );
-  };
-  await frames(1);
-  diagram.set({ camera: { fit: false } });
-  await frames(1);
-  const ref = vertex(moving, 'n0'),
-    start = diagram.locate(ref),
-    scale = diagram.camera.scale;
-  moving.xy.forEach((_, i) => (moving.xy[i] += i % 2 ? 180 : 0));
-  moving.update();
-  diagram.set(data(moving, true), { animate: true });
-  await within(10000, 'transition', new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2400)));
-  const drawn = diagram.locate(ref),
-    target = [start[0], start[1] + 180 * scale],
-    box = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-  assert(
-    drawn && drawn[1] > start[1] + 40 && drawn[1] < target[1] - 40,
-    'The moving block is not between its ends',
-  );
-  globalThis.diagramTransition = { left: box.left, top: box.top, start, drawn, target };
-  await gpu.idle();
-  assert(errors.length === 0, errors.join('\n'));
-  const result = { status: 'passed', cases, errors };
-  document.querySelector('#result').textContent = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
-  globalThis.diagramGalleryFixture = { gpu, diagram };
-  return { ...result, images };
-})();
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/run.mjs b/packages/diagram/tests/browser/run.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index 783b1f78..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/browser/run.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-import { createServer } from 'node:http';
-import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
-import { readFile, writeFile, mkdtemp, mkdir, rm } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
-import path from 'node:path';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-
-const root = fileURLToPath(new URL('../../../../', import.meta.url));
-const executable =
-  process.env.LATKIT_BROWSER ??
-  [
-    'C:/Program Files/Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe',
-    'C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft/Edge/Application/msedge.exe',
-    '/usr/bin/chromium',
-    '/usr/bin/google-chrome',
-    '/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome',
-  ].find(existsSync);
-if (!executable) throw new Error('Set LATKIT_BROWSER to a Chromium executable');
-const headed = process.argv.includes('--headed'),
-  keepOpen = process.argv.includes('--keep-open');
-if (keepOpen && !headed) throw new Error('--keep-open requires --headed');
-const profile = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'latkit-diagram-'));
-const server = createServer(async (request, response) => {
-  try {
-    const requested = decodeURIComponent(new URL(request.url, 'http://localhost').pathname);
-    const filename = path.resolve(root, '.' + requested);
-    if (!filename.startsWith(path.resolve(root) + path.sep)) throw new Error('Outside repository');
-    response.setHeader(
-      'content-type',
-      filename.endsWith('.html') ? 'text/html' : 'text/javascript',
-    );
-    response.end(await readFile(filename));
-  } catch {
-    response.statusCode = 404;
-    response.end('not found');
-  }
-});
-await new Promise((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
-const port = server.address().port;
-const child = spawn(
-  executable,
-  [
-    ...(headed ? ['--new-window', '--window-size=1440,1100'] : ['--headless=new']),
-    '--no-first-run',
-    '--no-default-browser-check',
-    '--enable-unsafe-webgpu',
-    '--enable-unsafe-swiftshader',
-    '--remote-debugging-port=0',
-    '--user-data-dir=' + profile,
-    'about:blank',
-  ],
-  { stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'pipe'], windowsHide: !headed },
-);
-let stderr = '';
-child.stderr.on('data', (chunk) => {
-  stderr = (stderr + chunk).slice(-16000);
-});
-let socket;
-const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
-try {
-  let debugging;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    try {
-      debugging = (await readFile(path.join(profile, 'DevToolsActivePort'), 'utf8')).split('\n')[0];
-      break;
-    } catch {
-      await sleep(50);
-    }
-  }
-  if (!debugging) throw new Error('Browser did not start: ' + stderr);
-  const tabs = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:' + debugging + '/json/list')).json();
-  socket = new WebSocket(tabs.find((tab) => tab.type === 'page').webSocketDebuggerUrl);
-  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    socket.addEventListener('open', resolve, { once: true });
-    socket.addEventListener('error', reject, { once: true });
-  });
-  let next = 0;
-  const calls = new Map();
-  socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
-    const message = JSON.parse(event.data);
-    if (message.method === 'Runtime.exceptionThrown') console.error(JSON.stringify(message.params));
-    if (message.method === 'Log.entryAdded') console.error(JSON.stringify(message.params));
-    const pending = calls.get(message.id);
-    if (pending) {
-      calls.delete(message.id);
-      message.error ? pending.reject(message.error) : pending.resolve(message.result);
-    }
-  });
-  const call = (method, params = {}) =>
-    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const id = ++next;
-      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
-        calls.delete(id);
-        reject(new Error('CDP timeout: ' + method));
-      }, 60000);
-      calls.set(id, {
-        resolve: (result) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          resolve(result);
-        },
-        reject: (error) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          reject(error);
-        },
-      });
-      socket.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }));
-    });
-  await call('Page.enable');
-  await call('Runtime.enable');
-  /**
-   * Load a page, await the global its script sets, and keep its result and a screenshot, taken at
-   * once; `check` names a function of the page that then judges the screenshot.
-   */
-  const run = async (page, global, name, check) => {
-    await call('Page.navigate', {
-      url: 'http://127.0.0.1:' + port + '/packages/diagram/tests/browser/' + page,
-    });
-    let ready = false;
-    for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-      const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-        expression: 'typeof globalThis.' + global + ' !== "undefined"',
-        returnByValue: true,
-      });
-      if (result.result.value) {
-        ready = true;
-        break;
-      }
-      await sleep(50);
-    }
-    if (!ready) throw new Error('Browser fixture did not load: ' + page);
-    const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-      expression: 'globalThis.' + global,
-      awaitPromise: true,
-      returnByValue: true,
-    });
-    if (result.exceptionDetails)
-      throw new Error(
-        result.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? JSON.stringify(result.exceptionDetails),
-      );
-    const screenshot = await call('Page.captureScreenshot', {
-      format: 'png',
-      captureBeyondViewport: true,
-    });
-    const { images = {}, ...value } = result.result.value;
-    if (check) {
-      const judged = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-        expression:
-          'globalThis.' +
-          check +
-          '(' +
-          JSON.stringify('data:image/png;base64,' + screenshot.data) +
-          ')',
-        awaitPromise: true,
-        returnByValue: true,
-      });
-      if (judged.exceptionDetails)
-        throw new Error(
-          judged.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? JSON.stringify(judged.exceptionDetails),
-        );
-      value.screenshot = judged.result.value;
-    }
-    await mkdir(path.join(root, 'output/playwright'), { recursive: true });
-    await writeFile(
-      path.join(root, 'output/' + name + '.json'),
-      JSON.stringify(value, null, 2) + '\n',
-    );
-    console.log(JSON.stringify(value, null, 2));
-    if (Object.keys(images).length) {
-      const folder = path.join(root, 'output', name);
-      await mkdir(folder, { recursive: true });
-      for (const [title, data] of Object.entries(images))
-        await writeFile(
-          path.join(folder, title.replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/gi, '-').toLowerCase() + '.png'),
-          Buffer.from(data.slice(data.indexOf(',') + 1), 'base64'),
-        );
-    }
-    await writeFile(
-      path.join(root, 'output/playwright/' + name + '.png'),
-      Buffer.from(screenshot.data, 'base64'),
-    );
-  };
-  await run('check.html', 'diagramCheck', 'diagram-browser');
-  await run('gallery.html', 'diagramGallery', 'diagram-gallery', 'diagramTransitionCheck');
-  if (keepOpen) {
-    console.log(
-      'Visible GPU fixture: http://127.0.0.1:' +
-        port +
-        '/packages/diagram/tests/browser/check.html',
-    );
-    console.log('Browser debugging port: ' + debugging);
-    await new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve));
-  }
-} finally {
-  socket?.close();
-  child.kill();
-  await Promise.race([new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve)), sleep(2000)]);
-  await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
-  if (
-    path.dirname(path.resolve(profile)) === path.resolve(tmpdir()) &&
-    path.basename(profile).startsWith('latkit-diagram-')
-  )
-    await rm(profile, { recursive: true, force: true, maxRetries: 10, retryDelay: 100 });
-  else console.error('Refusing to remove unexpected browser profile path');
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/contract.ts b/packages/diagram/tests/contract.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a9b8fbcb..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/contract.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-import { createDiagram, arrange, type Diagram } from '../src/index.js';
-import type { Gpu, Scale, Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { itemId, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-export async function usage(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  model: Data,
-  remove: (ids: readonly string[]) => Promise<void>,
-  canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
-  color: Scale.Color,
-): Promise<Diagram> {
-  const config = {
-    source: model,
-    vertices: { vertex: { color, labels: 'name' } },
-    edges: { link: { route: 'orthogonal' as const } },
-  };
-  const positions = await arrange(gpu, config);
-  const diagram = createDiagram(gpu, {
-    ...config,
-    canvas,
-    input: 'edit',
-    vertices: { vertex: { ...config.vertices.vertex, ...positions.vertex } },
-  });
-  // Rows name what to delete; their ids are how an application writes the change back.
-  diagram.on('delete', (rows) => {
-    void remove(rows.map(itemId));
-  });
-  diagram.on('move', ({ positions }) => {
-    const fields: Readonly<Record<string, Layout.Positions>> = positions;
-    void fields;
-  });
-  diagram.set({ layout: { direction: 'down' }, camera: { scale: 2 } }, { animate: true });
-  // @ts-expect-error The diagram never owns document mutation.
-  void diagram.edit;
-  return diagram;
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/engine.test.ts b/packages/diagram/tests/engine.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b70caab..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/engine.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,479 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { Work, createReader } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Gpu, Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { arrange, layoutOptions, place, rootEnd } from '../src/layout.js';
-import { readScene } from '../src/read.js';
-import { geometry, contains, boundary, labelBox } from '../src/geometry.js';
-import { resolveStyle, resolveLimits } from '../src/config.js';
-import { data, edge as edgeOf, port, Source, layoutText } from './fixture.js';
-/** Arrangement only reads and measures text. */
-const gpu = { reader: createReader(), layoutText } as unknown as Gpu;
-import { Routing } from '../src/route.js';
-import { rect, itemAt, itemSlots } from '../src/scene.js';
-import { Picking } from '../src/picking.js';
-async function scene(source = new Source(), position = false) {
-  const reader = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const result = await readScene(
-      data(source, position),
-      reader,
-      resolveStyle(),
-      resolveLimits(),
-      layoutText,
-    );
-    await place(result, layoutOptions(), resolveStyle(), new Work(reader.signal));
-    await geometry(result, resolveStyle(), resolveLimits(), reader.signal);
-    return result;
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-  }
-}
-it('arranges native rows deterministically without GPU or DOM', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(12),
-    config = data(source);
-  const a = await arrange(gpu, config),
-    b = await arrange(gpu, config);
-  expect(a).toEqual(b);
-  expect(a.Task.x.index).toEqual(source.index('Task'));
-  expect(a.Task.y.values.kind).toBe('numeric');
-  const result = await scene(source);
-  for (let i = 0; i < result.vertices.length; i++)
-    for (let j = i + 1; j < result.vertices.length; j++) {
-      const a = result.vertices[i],
-        b = result.vertices[j];
-      expect(
-        a.x + a.width <= b.x ||
-          b.x + b.width <= a.x ||
-          a.y + a.height <= b.y ||
-          b.y + b.height <= a.y,
-      ).toBe(true);
-    }
-});
-it('numbers vertices, ports, edges, and groups in disjoint scene slots', async () => {
-  const result = await scene();
-  const slots = itemSlots(result);
-  expect(new Set(slots.values()).size).toBe(result.slots.count);
-  for (let i = 0; i < result.slots.count; i++) expect(itemAt(result, i)).not.toBeNull();
-  result.vertices.forEach((vertex, i) => {
-    expect(itemAt(result, i)).toBe(vertex.hit);
-    vertex.ports.forEach((port, j) =>
-      expect(itemAt(result, vertex.portSlot + j)).toMatchObject({
-        kind: 'port',
-        row: vertex.row,
-        port: port.name,
-      }),
-    );
-  });
-});
-it('joins every port whose reference names a net', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(5);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      ...Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, i) => ({ vertex: i + 1, port: 'input' as const })),
-    ],
-  ];
-  const result = await scene(source);
-  expect(result.edges[0].ends.map((e) => e.vertex)).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
-  expect(result.edges[0].ends.map((e) => e.direction)).toEqual(['out', 'in', 'in', 'in', 'in']);
-  expect(result.edges[0].ends.slice(1).every((e) => e.port === 'input')).toBe(true);
-  expect(result.edges[0].arrows).toHaveLength(0);
-});
-it('draws each row between the vertices its two references name', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(3),
-    reader = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const d = data(source);
-    const result = await readScene(
-      { ...d, edges: { Dependency: { ...d.edges!.Dependency, ends: ['from', 'to'] } } },
-      reader,
-      resolveStyle(),
-      resolveLimits(),
-      layoutText,
-    );
-    await place(result, layoutOptions(), resolveStyle(), new Work(reader.signal));
-    await geometry(result, resolveStyle(), resolveLimits(), reader.signal);
-    expect(result.edges.map((edge) => edge.ends)).toEqual([
-      [
-        { vertex: 0, port: null, direction: 'out' },
-        { vertex: 1, port: null, direction: 'in' },
-      ],
-      [
-        { vertex: 1, port: null, direction: 'out' },
-        { vertex: 2, port: null, direction: 'in' },
-      ],
-    ]);
-    // No net is drawn, so no reference field is a port.
-    expect(result.vertices.every((vertex) => !vertex.ports.length)).toBe(true);
-    expect(result.edges.every((edge) => edge.arrows.length === 1)).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-  }
-});
-it('rejects ends numbered against another row space than their vertices', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(3);
-  source.staleEnds = true;
-  const d = data(source);
-  await expect(
-    arrange(gpu, { ...d, edges: { Dependency: { ...d.edges!.Dependency, ends: ['from', 'to'] } } }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'conflict' });
-});
-it('rejects ports that are not reference columns', async () => {
-  const source = new Source();
-  source.malformed = true;
-  await expect(scene(source)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-});
-it('honors sparse row selections and returns physical row identities', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(),
-    d = data(source);
-  const result = await arrange(gpu, {
-    ...d,
-    vertices: { Task: { rows: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['n3', 'n1'] }, labels: 'name' } },
-  });
-  expect(result.Task.x.rows).toEqual({ kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(3, 1) });
-});
-it('handles cycles and self-loops', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(4);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  const result = await scene(source);
-  expect(result.edges.every((e) => e.paths.length > 0)).toBe(true);
-});
-it('routes around obstacles', async () => {
-  const result = await scene(new Source(1), true),
-    [x0, y0, x1, y1] = rect(result.vertices[0]),
-    y = (y0 + y1) / 2;
-  const path = new Routing(result, resolveStyle(), new AbortController().signal).between(
-    [x0 - 60, y],
-    [x1 + 60, y],
-  );
-  expect(path.length).toBeGreaterThan(2);
-  for (let i = 1; i < path.length; i++) {
-    const a = path[i - 1],
-      b = path[i];
-    expect(a[0] === b[0] || a[1] === b[1]).toBe(true);
-    if (a[1] === b[1] && Math.min(a[0], b[0]) < x1 && Math.max(a[0], b[0]) > x0)
-      expect(a[1] <= y0 || a[1] >= y1).toBe(true);
-  }
-});
-it('uses identical geometry for shape boundaries and picking', async () => {
-  const result = await scene(new Source(1));
-  const vertex = result.vertices[0];
-  vertex.shape = 'diamond';
-  expect(contains(vertex, [vertex.x, vertex.y])).toBe(false);
-  expect(boundary(vertex, [vertex.x + vertex.width * 2, vertex.y + vertex.height / 2])).toEqual([
-    vertex.x + vertex.width,
-    vertex.y + vertex.height / 2,
-  ]);
-  const picking = new Picking(result, 1e6),
-    camera = {
-      center: [vertex.x + vertex.width / 2, vertex.y + vertex.height / 2] as const,
-      scale: [1, 1] as const,
-      yDirection: 'down' as const,
-    };
-  expect(
-    picking.hit([200, 150], camera, { width: 400, height: 300, pixelRatio: 2 }, 8)[0],
-  ).toMatchObject({ kind: 'vertex', row: 0 });
-});
-it('arranges each part with a custom strategy, then packs the parts', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(2),
-    d = data(source);
-  const result = await arrange(gpu, {
-    ...d,
-    layout: {
-      algorithm: { arrange: (part) => Array.from(part.vertices).flatMap((_, i) => [i * 500, 123]) },
-    },
-  });
-  const lane = (axis: 'x' | 'y') => {
-    const values = result.Task[axis].values;
-    return values.kind === 'numeric' ? [...values.values] : [];
-  };
-  // The strategy places within its part, on the 8-unit grid; packing puts the part at the origin.
-  expect([lane('x'), lane('y')]).toEqual([
-    [0, 504],
-    [0, 0],
-  ]);
-});
-it('bounds memory and honors cancellation', async () => {
-  await expect(arrange(gpu, { ...data(new Source(10)), limits: { vertices: 2 } })).rejects.toThrow(
-    /vertices/,
-  );
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-  controller.abort();
-  await expect(arrange(gpu, data(), { signal: controller.signal })).rejects.toMatchObject({
-    name: 'AbortError',
-  });
-});
-it('keeps explicit positions and sizes', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(3);
-  const result = await scene(source, true);
-  expect(result.vertices.map((n) => [n.x, n.y])).toEqual([
-    [0, 0],
-    [240, 0],
-    [480, 0],
-  ]);
-});
-it('collapses groups into proxies for their external ends', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(3),
-    reader = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const d = {
-      ...data(source, true),
-      groups: {
-        box: {
-          label: 'Pair',
-          collapsed: true,
-          vertices: { Task: { kind: 'ids' as const, ids: ['n0', 'n1'] } },
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    const result = await readScene(d, reader, resolveStyle(), resolveLimits(), layoutText);
-    await place(result, layoutOptions(), resolveStyle(), new Work(reader.signal));
-    await geometry(result, resolveStyle(), resolveLimits(), reader.signal);
-    expect(result.vertices.map((n) => n.visible)).toEqual([false, false, true]);
-    expect(result.edges[0].paths).toHaveLength(0);
-    expect(result.edges[1].paths.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(result.groups[0].bounds[2] - result.groups[0].bounds[0]).toBeLessThan(200);
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-  }
-});
-
-it('keeps labels apart when a net fans out beside other edges', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(4);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  const result = await scene(source);
-  for (let i = 0; i < result.edges.length; i++)
-    for (let j = i + 1; j < result.edges.length; j++) {
-      const a = result.edges[i],
-        b = result.edges[j];
-      if (!a.paths.length || !b.paths.length) continue;
-      const ax = a.labels[0][0],
-        ay = a.labels[0][1],
-        bx = b.labels[0][0],
-        by = b.labels[0][1];
-      expect(
-        ax + a.label.width <= bx ||
-          bx + b.label.width <= ax ||
-          ay + a.label.height <= by ||
-          by + b.label.height <= ay,
-      ).toBe(true);
-    }
-});
-it('prepares a thousand-vertex graph with bounded geometry and queries', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(1000),
-    result = await scene(source);
-  expect(result.vertices.length).toBe(1000);
-  expect(result.edges.length).toBe(999);
-  expect(result.bytes).toBeLessThan(8 * 1024 ** 2);
-  expect(source.queries).toBeLessThan(12);
-});
-it('cancels a large arrangement between CPU slices', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(10000),
-    controller = new AbortController();
-  const promise = arrange(gpu, data(source), { signal: controller.signal });
-  setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 0);
-  await expect(promise).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'AbortError' });
-});
-
-it('enforces one preparation deadline across native reads and custom layout', async () => {
-  const now = vi.spyOn(performance, 'now').mockReturnValue(0);
-  try {
-    await expect(
-      arrange(gpu, {
-        ...data(new Source()),
-        limits: { layoutMs: 10 },
-        layout: {
-          algorithm: {
-            arrange: (part) => {
-              now.mockReturnValue(11);
-              return Array.from(part.vertices).flatMap((_, i) => [i * 200, 0]);
-            },
-          },
-        },
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'resource-limit' });
-  } finally {
-    now.mockRestore();
-  }
-});
-
-it('spreads feedback cycles across ranks, rooted at their outputs', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(4);
-  source.ends.push([
-    { vertex: 3, port: 'output' },
-    { vertex: 0, port: 'input' },
-  ]);
-  const result = await scene(source);
-  expect(new Set(result.vertices.map((vertex) => vertex.x)).size).toBe(4);
-  const feedback = result.edges.at(-1)!;
-  expect(feedback.ends.map((end) => end.vertex)).toEqual([0, 3]);
-  expect(feedback.ends[rootEnd(feedback)].vertex).toBe(3);
-});
-it('passes ports, hyperedges, labels, and groups as vertices to a custom layout', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(3);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  const parts: Layout.Part[] = [];
-  const algorithm = {
-    arrange: vi.fn((part: Layout.Part) => {
-      parts.push(part);
-      return Array.from(part.vertices).flatMap((_, i) => [i * 240, 0]);
-    }),
-  };
-  await arrange(gpu, {
-    ...data(source),
-    groups: { pair: { vertices: { Task: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['n0', 'n1'] } } } },
-    layout: { algorithm },
-  });
-  /** An edge's ends: each one's vertex, direction, and where it meets its vertex. */
-  const ends = (part: Layout.Part, e: number) => {
-    const { offsets, items } = part.graph.ends,
-      { directions, ports } = part.input;
-    return Array.from({ length: offsets[e + 1] - offsets[e] }, (_, k) => {
-      const end = offsets[e] + k;
-      return [items[end], directions![end], ports![end * 2], ports![end * 2 + 1]];
-    });
-  };
-  // The group's inside is one part, wired port to port; outside, the group is one vertex.
-  const [inside, outside] = parts;
-  expect(Array.from(inside.vertices, (v) => inside.item(v))).toMatchObject([
-    { kind: 'vertex', row: 0 },
-    { kind: 'vertex', row: 1 },
-  ]);
-  const [output, input] = ends(inside, inside.edges[0]);
-  expect(output.slice(0, 3)).toEqual([0, 1, inside.input.sizes![0]]);
-  expect(input.slice(0, 3)).toEqual([1, -1, 0]);
-  expect(inside.input.labelRooms![inside.edges[0] * 2]).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  // Outside, in read order: the group, whose first member reads first, then the third vertex.
-  expect(Array.from(outside.vertices, (v) => outside.item(v))).toMatchObject([
-    { kind: 'group', id: 'pair' },
-    { kind: 'vertex', row: 2 },
-  ]);
-  // The net's three ends meet the group once for each of its two members, at its center.
-  expect(ends(outside, outside.edges[0]).map(([v, direction, x]) => [v, direction, x])).toEqual([
-    [0, 1, NaN],
-    [0, -1, NaN],
-    [1, -1, 0],
-  ]);
-  expect(algorithm.arrange).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-});
-it('orients flow toward targets even when a wire runs left', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(2);
-  source.xy = Float64Array.of(400, 0, 0, 160);
-  const result = await scene(source, true),
-    edge = result.edges[0];
-  const port = result.vertices[0].ports.find((port) => port.name === 'output')!;
-  const start = port.position.map((v, i) => v + (port.normal[i] * resolveStyle().portSize) / 2);
-  const first = edge.paths[edge.offsets.indexOf(0)];
-  expect(first[0]).toEqual(start);
-  expect(edge.paths.some((path) => path.some((p, i) => i > 0 && path[i - 1][0] > p[0]))).toBe(true);
-  expect(edge.offsets.every((distance) => distance >= 0)).toBe(true);
-});
-it('reconnects a wired input from the source of its net and rejects duplicate ends', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(4);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  const result = await scene(source, true);
-  const { ConnectSession } = await import('../src/connect.js');
-  const gesture = new ConnectSession(
-    result,
-    { ...result.vertices[1].hit, kind: 'port', port: 'input' },
-    resolveStyle(),
-  );
-  expect(gesture.start.from).toEqual(port(source, 'n0', 'output'));
-  expect(gesture.start.replaces).toEqual({
-    edge: edgeOf(source, 'e0'),
-    end: port(source, 'n1', 'input'),
-  });
-  expect(gesture.accepts(port(source, 'n2', 'input'))).toBe(false);
-  expect(gesture.accepts(port(source, 'n3', 'input'))).toBe(true);
-  expect(gesture.accepts(port(source, 'n3', 'output'))).toBe(false);
-  // The preview leaves its port where a routed wire does.
-  const preview = gesture.preview([400, 200], null, new AbortController().signal),
-    out = result.vertices[0].ports.find((port) => port.name === 'output')!;
-  expect(preview[0]).toEqual(
-    out.position.map((v, i) => v + (out.normal[i] * resolveStyle().portSize) / 2),
-  );
-});
-
-it('picks nearest first, the topmost item breaking ties', async () => {
-  const result = await scene(new Source(2), true),
-    port = result.vertices[0].ports.find((p) => p.name === 'output')!.position;
-  const picking = new Picking(result, resolveLimits().pickingBytes),
-    camera = { center: port, scale: [1, 1] as const, yDirection: 'down' as const },
-    viewport = { width: 400, height: 300, pixelRatio: 1 };
-  // Inside the vertex, beside its port: the vertex is nearer.
-  const beside = picking.hit([192, 150], camera, viewport, 8).map((hit) => hit.kind);
-  expect(beside.slice(0, 2)).toEqual(['vertex', 'port']);
-  // On the port everything touches; the port draws over its vertex, which draws over the wire.
-  const on = picking.hit([200, 150], camera, viewport, 8).map((hit) => hit.kind);
-  expect(on[0]).toBe('port');
-  expect(on.indexOf('vertex')).toBeLessThan(on.indexOf('edge'));
-  expect(picking.nearest([200, 150], camera, viewport, 8, true, () => {}, 1.5)?.kind).toBe('port');
-  expect(picking.hit([200, 150], camera, viewport, 8, false)[0].kind).not.toBe('port');
-});
-it('rejects unknown limits', async () => {
-  await expect(
-    arrange(gpu, { ...data(), limits: { prepareMs: 10 } as never }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  expect(resolveLimits({ layoutMs: 5 }).layoutMs).toBe(5);
-});
-it('arranges headlessly with channels bound to fields', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(3),
-    d = data(source);
-  const result = await arrange(gpu, {
-    ...d,
-    vertices: { Task: { labels: 'name', color: 'weight', ports: { input: { color: 'weight' } } } },
-  });
-  expect(result.Task.y.rows).toEqual({ kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(0, 1, 2) });
-});
-it('picks edge labels using their rendered bounds', async () => {
-  const result = await scene(),
-    edge = result.edges[0],
-    box = labelBox(edge, edge.labels[0]);
-  const picking = new Picking(result, resolveLimits().pickingBytes);
-  const hit = picking.hit(
-    [50, 50],
-    { center: [(box[0] + box[2]) / 2, (box[1] + box[3]) / 2], scale: [1, 1], yDirection: 'down' },
-    { width: 100, height: 100, pixelRatio: 1 },
-    0,
-  );
-  expect(hit.some((item) => item.kind === 'edge' && item.row === edge.hit.row)).toBe(true);
-});
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/fixture.ts b/packages/diagram/tests/fixture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c97df55..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/fixture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,274 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, read, type Data, type Query, type Block, type Index } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Schema, Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { DiagramData } from '../src/data.js';
-import type { Diagram } from '../src/diagram.js';
-/** One task port wired to a dependency net. */
-export interface End {
-  vertex: number;
-  port: 'input' | 'output';
-}
-export class Source {
-  indexVersion = 'rows1';
-  queries = 0;
-  names: string[];
-  xy: Float64Array;
-  weights: Float32Array;
-  /** Each dependency net's ends; a task port references the net that lists it. */
-  ends: End[][];
-  /** Serve the input port as numbers rather than references. */
-  malformed = false;
-  /** Number each dependency's own ends against an outdated task row space. */
-  staleEnds = false;
-  schema: Schema = {
-    types: {
-      Task: {
-        fields: {
-          name: { type: 'text' },
-          position: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-          weight: { type: 'float32' },
-          input: {
-            type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Dependency' },
-            nullable: true,
-            direction: 'in',
-          },
-          output: {
-            type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Dependency' },
-            nullable: true,
-            direction: 'out',
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      Dependency: {
-        fields: {
-          name: { type: 'text' },
-          weight: { type: 'float32' },
-          from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Task' }, nullable: true },
-          to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Task' }, nullable: true },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  constructor(readonly count = 4) {
-    this.names = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => 'Task ' + i);
-    this.xy = Float64Array.from({ length: count * 2 }, (_, i) =>
-      i % 2 ? Math.floor((i >> 1) / 4) * 160 : ((i >> 1) % 4) * 240,
-    );
-    this.weights = Float32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i / Math.max(1, count - 1));
-    this.ends = Array.from({ length: Math.max(0, count - 1) }, (_, i) => [
-      { vertex: i, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: i + 1, port: 'input' },
-    ]);
-  }
-  index(type: string) {
-    return { source: 'diagram-fixture', type, version: this.indexVersion };
-  }
-  update(): void {
-    this.cached = undefined;
-  }
-  private cached?: Data;
-  get data(): Data {
-    if (this.cached) return this.cached;
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [];
-    for (const [from, type] of Object.entries(this.schema.types))
-      for (const block of this.blocks({
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from,
-        select: Object.keys(type.fields),
-        ids: true,
-      }))
-        batches.push({
-          kind: 'rows',
-          index: block.index,
-          rows: block.rows,
-          columns: block.columns,
-          ids: block.ids,
-        });
-    return (this.cached = createData(this.schema, batches));
-  }
-  selection(type: string, rows?: Index.Selection): number[] {
-    const count = type === 'Task' ? this.count : this.ends.length;
-    if (rows?.kind === 'ids') return rows.ids.map((id) => Number(id.slice(1)));
-    if (rows?.kind === 'indices') return [...rows.values];
-    return Array.from({ length: rows?.count ?? count }, (_, i) => i + (rows?.offset ?? 0));
-  }
-  query<Q extends Query>(query: Q, options?: Query.Options) {
-    return read(this.data, query, options);
-  }
-  private *blocks(q: Query, o?: Query.Options): Generator<Block.Rows> {
-    this.queries++;
-    o?.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    const rows = this.selection(q.from, 'rows' in q ? q.rows : undefined);
-    if (q.kind === 'rows') {
-      const ports = new Map<string, Map<number, number>>();
-      if (q.from === 'Task')
-        this.ends.forEach((ends, net) => {
-          for (const end of ends) {
-            let vertices = ports.get(end.port);
-            if (!vertices) ports.set(end.port, (vertices = new Map<number, number>()));
-            vertices.set(end.vertex, net);
-          }
-        });
-      const chosen = rows.slice(
-        q.offset ?? 0,
-        q.limit === undefined ? undefined : (q.offset ?? 0) + q.limit,
-      );
-      for (let first = 0; first < chosen.length; first += 32) {
-        const selected = chosen.slice(first, first + 32),
-          columns: Record<string, Column> = {};
-        for (const field of q.select) {
-          if (field === 'name')
-            columns[field] = texts(
-              selected.map((i) => (q.from === 'Task' ? this.names[i] : 'Flow ' + i)),
-            );
-          else if (field === 'from' || field === 'to') {
-            // A dependency's own ends: its output task and its first input task.
-            const port = field === 'from' ? 'output' : 'input';
-            const tasks = selected.map((net) => this.ends[net].find((end) => end.port === port));
-            const validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(selected.length / 8));
-            tasks.forEach((task, at) => {
-              if (task) validity[at >>> 3] |= 1 << (at & 7);
-            });
-            columns[field] = {
-              kind: 'reference',
-              index: this.staleEnds
-                ? { ...this.index('Task'), version: 'stale' }
-                : this.index('Task'),
-              offset: 0,
-              length: selected.length,
-              values: Uint32Array.from(tasks, (task) => task?.vertex ?? 0),
-              validity,
-            };
-          } else if (field === 'input' || field === 'output') {
-            const nets = new Uint32Array(selected.length),
-              validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(selected.length / 8));
-            selected.forEach((vertex, at) => {
-              const net = ports.get(field)?.get(vertex);
-              if (net === undefined) return;
-              nets[at] = net;
-              validity[at >>> 3] |= 1 << (at & 7);
-            });
-            columns[field] =
-              this.malformed && field === 'input'
-                ? { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: selected.length, values: nets }
-                : {
-                    kind: 'reference',
-                    index: this.index('Dependency'),
-                    offset: 0,
-                    length: selected.length,
-                    values: nets,
-                    validity,
-                  };
-          } else if (field === 'position') {
-            const values = Float64Array.from(
-              selected.flatMap((i) => [this.xy[i * 2], this.xy[i * 2 + 1]]),
-            );
-            columns[field] = {
-              kind: 'vector',
-              offset: 0,
-              length: selected.length,
-              size: 2,
-              values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-            };
-          } else
-            columns[field] = {
-              kind: 'numeric',
-              offset: 0,
-              length: selected.length,
-              values: Float32Array.from(selected, (i) => this.weights[i % this.weights.length]),
-            };
-        }
-        yield {
-          kind: 'rows',
-          index: this.index(q.from),
-          rows: selected.every((row, i) => row === selected[0] + i)
-            ? { kind: 'range', offset: selected[0] ?? 0, count: selected.length }
-            : { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.from(selected) },
-          rowOffset: first,
-          columns,
-          ...(q.ids
-            ? { ids: texts(selected.map((i) => (q.from === 'Task' ? 'n' : 'e') + i)) }
-            : {}),
-        };
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-export function texts(values: readonly string[]): import('@latkit/model').Column.Text {
-  const parts = values.map((v) => new TextEncoder().encode(v)),
-    offsets = new Int32Array(parts.length + 1);
-  parts.forEach((p, i) => (offsets[i + 1] = offsets[i] + p.length));
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(offsets.at(-1)!);
-  parts.forEach((p, i) => bytes.set(p, offsets[i]));
-  return { kind: 'text', offset: 0, length: values.length, offsets, bytes };
-}
-/** The item an app finds for an id: fixture ids name their row, as `n2` for a task or `e0` for a dependency. */
-export function vertex(source: Source, id: string): Diagram.Row {
-  return {
-    kind: 'vertex',
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('Task'),
-    row: Number(id.slice(1)),
-  };
-}
-export function edge(source: Source, id: string): Diagram.Row {
-  return {
-    kind: 'edge',
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('Dependency'),
-    row: Number(id.slice(1)),
-  };
-}
-export function port(source: Source, id: string, name: string): Diagram.Port {
-  return { ...vertex(source, id), kind: 'port', port: name };
-}
-/**
- * Parts of `size` tasks wired around a cycle, as a generator and its controllers are in a grid
- * case: one part per cluster, and no wire between parts.
- */
-export function clusters(count: number, size = 4): Source {
-  const source = new Source(count * size);
-  source.ends = [];
-  for (let c = 0; c < count; c++)
-    for (let k = 0; k < size; k++)
-      source.ends.push([
-        { vertex: c * size + k, port: 'output' },
-        { vertex: c * size + ((k + 1) % size), port: 'input' },
-      ]);
-  return source;
-}
-/** Leave the given tasks without a position, so the layout places them among the rest. */
-export function unplace(source: Source, tasks: Iterable<number>): Source {
-  for (const task of tasks) source.xy[task * 2] = source.xy[task * 2 + 1] = NaN;
-  source.update();
-  return source;
-}
-export function data(source = new Source(), position = false): DiagramData {
-  return {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: {
-      Task: {
-        labels: { field: 'name' },
-        ...(position ? { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } : {}),
-      },
-    },
-    edges: {
-      Dependency: { route: 'orthogonal', arrows: true, labels: { field: 'name' } },
-    },
-  };
-}
-export const layoutText = (
-  input: import('@latkit/gpu').kit.TextLayoutInput,
-): Promise<import('@latkit/gpu').kit.TextLayout> => {
-  const size = input.size ?? 12;
-  return Promise.resolve({
-    runs: [
-      { text: input.text, font: input.font, color: input.color, size, position: [0, size * 0.8] },
-    ],
-    width: [...input.text].length * 0.6 * size,
-    height: size,
-    baseline: size * 0.8,
-    lineHeight: size,
-    capHeight: size * 0.7,
-    align: input.align ?? 'start',
-  });
-};
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/layout.test.ts b/packages/diagram/tests/layout.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 835e87d5..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/layout.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,521 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { Work, createReader } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Gpu, type Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { arrange, layoutOptions, place } from '../src/layout.js';
-import { readScene } from '../src/read.js';
-import { geometry, labelBox } from '../src/geometry.js';
-import { resolveStyle, resolveLimits } from '../src/config.js';
-import { rect, union, type Rect, type Scene } from '../src/scene.js';
-import type { DiagramData } from '../src/data.js';
-import { clusters, data, layoutText, unplace, Source } from './fixture.js';
-import type { Diagram } from '../src/diagram.js';
-/** Arrangement only reads and measures text. */
-const gpu = { reader: createReader(), layoutText } as unknown as Gpu;
-const style = resolveStyle();
-/** A diagram and the layout that places it. */
-type Built = DiagramData & { readonly layout?: Layout };
-/** Read, place, and route a diagram as a view would, after `previous` when given. */
-async function build(d: Built, previous?: Scene): Promise<Scene> {
-  const reader = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const work = new Work(reader.signal),
-      scene = await readScene(d, reader, style, resolveLimits(), layoutText, work);
-    await place(scene, layoutOptions(d.layout), style, work, previous);
-    await geometry(scene, style, resolveLimits(), reader.signal, previous, work);
-    return scene;
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-  }
-}
-const grouped = (groups: Record<string, Diagram.GroupOptions>, d: DiagramData = data()): Built => ({
-  ...d,
-  groups,
-});
-const ids = (...rows: number[]) => ({
-  Task: { kind: 'ids' as const, ids: rows.map((r) => 'n' + r) },
-});
-const width = (r: Rect) => r[2] - r[0],
-  height = (r: Rect) => r[3] - r[1];
-/** Whether an axis-aligned segment passes through a box's inside, a unit in from its edges. */
-function crosses(a: readonly number[], b: readonly number[], box: Rect): boolean {
-  const [x0, y0, x1, y1] = [box[0] + 1, box[1] + 1, box[2] - 1, box[3] - 1];
-  if (a[0] === b[0])
-    return a[0] > x0 && a[0] < x1 && Math.max(a[1], b[1]) > y0 && Math.min(a[1], b[1]) < y1;
-  return a[1] > y0 && a[1] < y1 && Math.max(a[0], b[0]) > x0 && Math.min(a[0], b[0]) < x1;
-}
-const overlap = (a: Rect, b: Rect) => a[0] < b[2] && b[0] < a[2] && a[1] < b[3] && b[1] < a[3];
-/**
- * What every laid out and routed scene holds: no block over another, parts that hold each vertex
- * and edge once, wires that keep out of blocks they do not end at, labels off blocks, and group
- * frames about their members and no others.
- */
-function clean(scene: Scene): void {
-  const shown = scene.vertices.map((vertex, i) => ({ vertex, i })).filter((v) => v.vertex.visible),
-    boxes = shown.map(({ vertex }) => rect(vertex));
-  const order = shown.map((_, k) => k).sort((a, b) => boxes[a][0] - boxes[b][0]);
-  for (let p = 0; p < order.length; p++)
-    for (let q = p + 1; q < order.length && boxes[order[q]][0] < boxes[order[p]][2]; q++)
-      expect(overlap(boxes[order[p]], boxes[order[q]]), 'blocks overlap').toBe(false);
-  const partOf = new Int32Array(scene.vertices.length).fill(-1);
-  scene.parts.forEach((part, k) =>
-    part.vertices.forEach((v) => {
-      expect(partOf[v], 'a vertex in two parts').toBe(-1);
-      partOf[v] = k;
-    }),
-  );
-  expect(
-    [...partOf].every((k) => k >= 0),
-    'a vertex in no part',
-  ).toBe(true);
-  scene.edges.forEach((edge, e) => {
-    const parts = new Set(edge.ends.map((end) => partOf[end.vertex]));
-    expect(parts.size, 'an edge across parts').toBeLessThanOrEqual(1);
-    for (const k of parts) expect(scene.parts[k].edges).toContain(e);
-  });
-  if (!boxes.length) return;
-  const index = kit.BoxIndex.of(boxes.length, union(boxes), (k, box) => box.set(boxes[k]));
-  for (const edge of scene.edges) {
-    const own = new Set(edge.ends.map((end) => end.vertex));
-    // A straight wire takes the shortest way, through whatever is there.
-    if (edge.options.route !== 'straight')
-      for (const path of edge.paths)
-        for (let k = 1; k < path.length; k++) {
-          const a = path[k - 1],
-            b = path[k];
-          index.some(
-            [
-              Math.min(a[0], b[0]),
-              Math.min(a[1], b[1]),
-              Math.max(a[0], b[0]),
-              Math.max(a[1], b[1]),
-            ],
-            (j) => {
-              if (!own.has(shown[j].i))
-                expect(crosses(a, b, boxes[j]), 'a wire through a block').toBe(false);
-            },
-          );
-        }
-    for (const at of edge.labels) {
-      index.some(labelBox(edge, at), (j) => {
-        expect(overlap(labelBox(edge, at), boxes[j]), 'a label over a block').toBe(false);
-      });
-      for (const group of scene.groups) {
-        const b = group.bounds;
-        if (group.collapsed || b[0] === b[2]) continue;
-        expect(
-          overlap(labelBox(edge, at), [b[0], b[1], b[2], b[1] + group.header]),
-          'a label over a group title',
-        ).toBe(false);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  for (const group of scene.groups) {
-    if (group.bounds[0] === group.bounds[2]) continue;
-    const b = group.bounds;
-    shown.forEach(({ i }, k) => {
-      const within = !!scene.vertices[i].group && inside(scene, scene.vertices[i].group!, group.id);
-      if (within)
-        expect(
-          boxes[k][0] >= b[0] && boxes[k][1] >= b[1] && boxes[k][2] <= b[2] && boxes[k][3] <= b[3],
-          'a member outside its group',
-        ).toBe(true);
-      else expect(overlap(boxes[k], b), 'a block inside a group it is not in').toBe(false);
-    });
-  }
-}
-/** Whether a group lies within another, at any depth. */
-function inside(scene: Scene, id: string, outer: string): boolean {
-  const groups = new Map(scene.groups.map((g) => [g.id, g]));
-  for (let g: string | undefined = id; g; g = groups.get(g)?.parent) if (g === outer) return true;
-  return false;
-}
-/** Each part's box: its vertices' union. */
-const partBoxes = (scene: Scene) =>
-  scene.parts.map((part) => union(part.vertices.map((v) => rect(scene.vertices[v]))));
-
-const fanOut = () => {
-  const source = new Source(9);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      ...Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, i) => ({ vertex: i + 1, port: 'input' as const })),
-    ],
-  ];
-  return source;
-};
-const tangled = () => {
-  const source = new Source(6);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    // A net back into its own vertex, and one with a single end.
-    [
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 4, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [{ vertex: 4, port: 'output' }],
-    [
-      { vertex: 5, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 5, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  return source;
-};
-/** Cycles of one to six tasks, two of each. */
-const mixed = () => {
-  const source = new Source(42);
-  source.ends = [];
-  let first = 0;
-  for (const size of [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) {
-    for (let k = 0; k < size; k++)
-      source.ends.push([
-        { vertex: first + k, port: 'output' },
-        { vertex: first + ((k + 1) % size), port: 'input' },
-      ]);
-    first += size;
-  }
-  return source;
-};
-const isolated = (count: number) => {
-  const source = new Source(count);
-  source.ends = [];
-  return source;
-};
-
-it.each<[string, () => Built]>([
-  ['an empty diagram', () => data(new Source(0))],
-  ['one vertex', () => data(isolated(1))],
-  ['isolated vertices', () => data(isolated(60))],
-  ['a chain', () => data(new Source(12))],
-  ['a fan-out net', () => data(fanOut())],
-  ['cycles, self-loops, and a net with one end', () => data(tangled())],
-  ['many parts, as in a grid case', () => data(clusters(60))],
-  ['parts of one vertex wired to itself', () => data(clusters(12, 1))],
-  ['parts of every size', () => data(mixed())],
-  ['a downward layout', () => ({ ...data(clusters(10)), layout: { direction: 'down' } })],
-  ['a leftward layout', () => ({ ...data(new Source(8)), layout: { direction: 'left' } })],
-  ['an upward layout', () => ({ ...data(fanOut()), layout: { direction: 'up' } })],
-  [
-    'tags',
-    () => {
-      const d = data(clusters(6));
-      return { ...d, edges: { Dependency: { ...d.edges!.Dependency, appearance: 'tag' } } };
-    },
-  ],
-  [
-    'straight wires',
-    () => {
-      const d = data(clusters(6));
-      return { ...d, edges: { Dependency: { ...d.edges!.Dependency, route: 'straight' } } };
-    },
-  ],
-  ['a group', () => grouped({ pair: { label: 'Pair', vertices: ids(1, 2) } })],
-  [
-    'nested groups across parts',
-    () =>
-      grouped(
-        {
-          outer: { label: 'Outer', vertices: ids(0) },
-          inner: { label: 'Inner', parent: 'outer', vertices: ids(4, 5) },
-          apart: { label: 'Apart', vertices: ids(8, 9, 10, 11) },
-        },
-        data(clusters(4)),
-      ),
-  ],
-  [
-    'a collapsed group',
-    () =>
-      grouped(
-        { shut: { label: 'Shut', collapsed: true, vertices: ids(0, 1, 2) } },
-        data(clusters(3)),
-      ),
-  ],
-  ['an empty group', () => grouped({ none: { label: 'None', vertices: {} } })],
-  [
-    'pinned and loose parts',
-    () => data(unplace(clusters(6), [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]), true),
-  ],
-  [
-    'vertices pinned on top of one another',
-    () => {
-      const source = clusters(2);
-      source.xy.fill(0);
-      source.update();
-      return data(unplace(source, [4, 5, 6, 7]), true);
-    },
-  ],
-])('lays out and routes %s cleanly', async (_, make) => {
-  const d = make(),
-    scene = await build(d);
-  // Pinned vertices may overlap where their data puts them; only placed ones must not.
-  if (!scene.vertices.some((vertex) => vertex.placed)) clean(scene);
-  else {
-    const loose = scene.vertices.filter((vertex) => !vertex.placed);
-    for (const a of loose)
-      for (const b of scene.vertices)
-        if (a !== b) expect(overlap(rect(a), rect(b)), 'a placed block over another').toBe(false);
-  }
-  // The same diagram arranges the same way every time.
-  expect((await build(d)).vertices.map((v) => [v.x, v.y])).toEqual(
-    scene.vertices.map((v) => [v.x, v.y]),
-  );
-});
-
-it('packs a grid case into rows of like parts, with every wire inside its part', async () => {
-  const scene = await build(data(clusters(334)));
-  clean(scene);
-  expect(scene.parts).toHaveLength(334);
-  const [x0, y0, x1, y1] = scene.bounds,
-    aspect = (x1 - x0) / (y1 - y0);
-  expect(aspect).toBeGreaterThan(16 / 9 / 2);
-  expect(aspect).toBeLessThan((16 / 9) * 2);
-  // Blocks fill a fair share of the drawing, rather than a strip of long wires.
-  const area = scene.vertices.reduce((sum, v) => sum + v.width * v.height, 0);
-  expect(area / ((x1 - x0) * (y1 - y0))).toBeGreaterThan(0.15);
-  const boxes = partBoxes(scene);
-  for (let a = 0; a < boxes.length; a++)
-    for (let b = a + 1; b < boxes.length; b++)
-      expect(overlap(boxes[a], boxes[b]), 'parts overlap').toBe(false);
-  scene.parts.forEach((part, k) => {
-    const near = [boxes[k][0] - 64, boxes[k][1] - 64, boxes[k][2] + 64, boxes[k][3] + 64];
-    for (const e of part.edges) {
-      const b = scene.edges[e].bounds;
-      expect(b[0] >= near[0] && b[1] >= near[1] && b[2] <= near[2] && b[3] <= near[3]).toBe(true);
-    }
-  });
-  // Equal parts line up in a grid, in read order.
-  const rows = new Set(boxes.map((box) => box[1]));
-  expect(rows.size).toBeGreaterThan(5);
-  expect(boxes[1][0]).toBeGreaterThan(boxes[0][0]);
-});
-
-it('packs isolated vertices into rows near the aspect, which the layout sets', async () => {
-  const square = await build({ ...data(isolated(100)), layout: { aspect: 1 } }),
-    wide = await build({ ...data(isolated(100)), layout: { aspect: 4 } });
-  const ratio = (s: Scene) => width(s.bounds) / height(s.bounds);
-  expect(ratio(square)).toBeGreaterThan(0.5);
-  expect(ratio(square)).toBeLessThan(2);
-  expect(ratio(wide)).toBeGreaterThan(ratio(square) * 2);
-  clean(square);
-  clean(wide);
-});
-
-it('packs the tallest parts first, then parts in read order', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(7);
-  // A chain of two, a lone vertex, and a fan of four whose inputs stack in one rank.
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    [
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 4, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 5, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 6, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  const scene = await build({ ...data(source), layout: { aspect: 100 } }),
-    tops = scene.parts.map((part) => part.vertices[0]),
-    lefts = partBoxes(scene).map((box) => box[0]);
-  expect(tops).toEqual([0, 2, 3]);
-  // One row: the fan first, then the chain and the lone vertex in read order.
-  expect(lefts[2]).toBeLessThan(lefts[0]);
-  expect(lefts[0]).toBeLessThan(lefts[1]);
-});
-
-it('keeps pinned parts where they are and packs loose ones below them', async () => {
-  const source = unplace(clusters(4), [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]),
-    scene = await build(data(source, true));
-  const pinned = scene.vertices.filter((v) => v.placed);
-  pinned.forEach((v, i) => expect([v.x, v.y]).toEqual([source.xy[i * 2], source.xy[i * 2 + 1]]));
-  const bottom = Math.max(...pinned.map((v) => v.y + v.height));
-  for (const v of scene.vertices.filter((v) => !v.placed))
-    expect(v.y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(bottom + layoutOptions().rankGap - 8);
-});
-
-it('places a new vertex beside the pinned one that drives it', async () => {
-  const source = unplace(new Source(3), [2]);
-  source.xy.set([0, 0, 240, 0]);
-  source.update();
-  const scene = await build(data(source, true)),
-    [, b, c] = scene.vertices;
-  expect(c.x).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(b.x + b.width);
-  expect(c.x).toBeLessThan(b.x + b.width + 200);
-  expect(Math.abs(c.y - b.y)).toBeLessThan(b.height);
-});
-
-it('keeps what the previous scene drew and places only what is new', async () => {
-  const before = await build(data(clusters(3))),
-    after = await build(data(clusters(4)), before);
-  before.vertices.forEach((v, i) =>
-    expect([after.vertices[i].x, after.vertices[i].y]).toEqual([v.x, v.y]),
-  );
-  const bottom = Math.max(...before.vertices.map((v) => v.y + v.height));
-  for (const v of after.vertices.slice(12)) expect(v.y).toBeGreaterThan(bottom);
-  clean(after);
-});
-
-it('arranges a group inside first and moves it as one vertex', async () => {
-  const scene = await build(
-    grouped(
-      {
-        apart: { label: 'Apart', vertices: ids(0, 1, 6, 7) },
-        inner: { label: 'Inner', parent: 'apart', vertices: ids(4) },
-      },
-      data(clusters(4, 2)),
-    ),
-  );
-  clean(scene);
-  const apart = scene.groups.find((g) => g.id === 'apart')!,
-    inner = scene.groups.find((g) => g.id === 'inner')!;
-  // The inner group sits inside the outer one, and the outer one holds two parts packed apart.
-  expect(inner.bounds[0]).toBeGreaterThan(apart.bounds[0]);
-  expect(inner.bounds[2]).toBeLessThan(apart.bounds[2]);
-  expect(scene.parts).toHaveLength(2);
-});
-
-it('stacks groups a net from outside reaches alike in one rank', async () => {
-  // A dispatcher feeds three units inside a station, and each unit's plant feeds a meter.
-  const source = new Source(8);
-  source.ends = [
-    [
-      { vertex: 0, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 1, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 3, port: 'input' },
-      { vertex: 5, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-    ...[1, 3, 5].map((c) => [
-      { vertex: c, port: 'output' as const },
-      { vertex: c + 1, port: 'input' as const },
-    ]),
-    [
-      { vertex: 2, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 4, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 6, port: 'output' },
-      { vertex: 7, port: 'input' },
-    ],
-  ];
-  const scene = await build(
-    grouped(
-      {
-        station: { label: 'Station', vertices: {} },
-        one: { label: 'Unit 1', parent: 'station', vertices: ids(1, 2) },
-        two: { label: 'Unit 2', parent: 'station', vertices: ids(3, 4) },
-        three: { label: 'Unit 3', parent: 'station', vertices: ids(5, 6) },
-      },
-      data(source),
-    ),
-  );
-  clean(scene);
-  const [one, two, three] = ['one', 'two', 'three'].map(
-    (id) => scene.groups.find((g) => g.id === id)!.bounds,
-  );
-  expect(new Set([one[0], two[0], three[0]]).size).toBe(1);
-  expect(two[1]).toBeGreaterThan(one[3]);
-  expect(three[1]).toBeGreaterThan(two[3]);
-});
-
-it('calls a custom strategy once per part, with pinned vertices where they are', async () => {
-  const source = unplace(clusters(3), [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]),
-    parts: Layout.Part[] = [];
-  const pinned = (part: Layout.Part, v: number) => Number.isFinite(part.input.pinned[v * 2]);
-  const algorithm = {
-    arrange: vi.fn((part: Layout.Part) => {
-      parts.push(part);
-      return Array.from(part.vertices).flatMap((v, i) =>
-        pinned(part, v) ? [part.input.pinned[v * 2], part.input.pinned[v * 2 + 1]] : [i * 200, 0],
-      );
-    }),
-  };
-  // The pinned part needs no arranging.
-  await arrange(gpu, { ...data(source, true), layout: { algorithm } });
-  expect(parts.map((part) => part.vertices.length)).toEqual([4, 4]);
-  expect(parts.every((part) => part.vertices.every((v) => !pinned(part, v)))).toBe(true);
-  const invalid: number[][] = [
-    [0, 0],
-    [NaN, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
-  ];
-  for (const result of invalid)
-    await expect(
-      arrange(gpu, { ...data(clusters(1)), layout: { algorithm: { arrange: () => result } } }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-});
-
-it('rejects invalid layout options', async () => {
-  for (const layout of [
-    'manual',
-    { aspect: 0 },
-    { aspect: -1 },
-    { aspect: Infinity },
-    { sweeps: 13 },
-    { direction: 'sideways' },
-    { algorithm: 'manual' },
-    { rankGap: -1 },
-  ])
-    expect(() => layoutOptions(layout as Layout)).toThrow();
-});
-
-it('routes again only the parts that changed, matching rows by identity', async () => {
-  // Three parts, a row each, far apart; the first vertex moves up and away from the rest.
-  const source = clusters(3);
-  source.xy.forEach(
-    (_, i) => (source.xy[i] = i % 2 ? Math.floor(i / 8) * 600 : ((i >> 1) % 4) * 240),
-  );
-  source.update();
-  const before = await build(data(source, true));
-  source.xy[1] = -300;
-  source.update();
-  const after = await build(data(source, true), before);
-  clean(after);
-  const [moved, ...still] = after.parts;
-  for (const part of still)
-    for (const e of part.edges) {
-      expect(after.edges[e].paths).toBe(before.edges[e].paths);
-      expect(after.edges[e].labels).toBe(before.edges[e].labels);
-    }
-  // In the part that moved, a wire away from the moved vertex keeps its route.
-  const away = moved.edges.find((e) => !after.edges[e].ends.some((end) => end.vertex === 0))!;
-  expect(after.edges[away].route).toBe(before.edges[away].route);
-  expect(after.edges[moved.edges[0]].paths).not.toBe(before.edges[moved.edges[0]].paths);
-  // A row selected first shifts every index, and rows keep their routes by identity.
-  const all = data(source, true),
-    selected = (rows: number[]) => ({
-      ...all,
-      vertices: { Task: { ...all.vertices.Task, rows: ids(...rows).Task } },
-    });
-  const fewer = await build(selected([4, 5, 6, 7])),
-    more = await build(selected([0, 4, 5, 6, 7]), fewer);
-  const routes = (s: Scene) => new Set(s.edges.map((edge) => edge.route).filter(Boolean));
-  expect([...routes(fewer)].every((route) => routes(more).has(route))).toBe(true);
-});
-
-it('routes collapsed groups afresh, to their frames', async () => {
-  const d = grouped({ shut: { label: 'Shut', vertices: ids(0, 1) } }, data(clusters(2), true)),
-    open = await build(d),
-    shut = await build(
-      grouped({ shut: { label: 'Shut', collapsed: true, vertices: ids(0, 1) } }, d),
-      open,
-    );
-  const frame = shut.groups[0].bounds,
-    wire = shut.edges.find(
-      (edge) => edge.ends.some((end) => end.vertex === 1) && edge.paths.length,
-    )!;
-  expect(wire.route).not.toBe(open.edges[shut.edges.indexOf(wire)].route);
-  expect(
-    wire.paths
-      .flat()
-      .some((p) => p[0] >= frame[0] && p[0] <= frame[2] && p[1] >= frame[1] && p[1] <= frame[3]),
-  ).toBe(true);
-});
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tests/render.test.ts b/packages/diagram/tests/render.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 40ca1532..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tests/render.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,968 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.js';
-import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createData, numberAt, rowAt, rowCount, type Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu, createComposition, kit, type Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createDiagram, type Diagram } from '../src/diagram.js';
-import type { Controls } from '../src/input.js';
-import type { DragDraw } from '../src/drag.js';
-import { Source, data, vertex as vertexOf } from './fixture.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-function device() {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  fake.device.createPipelineLayout = vi.fn(() => ({}) as GPUPipelineLayout);
-  fake.device.createRenderPipelineAsync = vi.fn(() =>
-    Promise.resolve({ getBindGroupLayout: () => ({}) } as unknown as GPURenderPipeline),
-  );
-  const original = fake.device.createCommandEncoder.bind(fake.device);
-  fake.device.createCommandEncoder = vi.fn(() => {
-    const encoder = original();
-    encoder.beginRenderPass = vi.fn(
-      () =>
-        ({
-          setPipeline: vi.fn(),
-          setBindGroup: vi.fn(),
-          draw: vi.fn(),
-          end: vi.fn(),
-          setViewport: vi.fn(),
-        }) as unknown as GPURenderPassEncoder,
-    );
-    encoder.beginComputePass = vi.fn(
-      () =>
-        ({
-          setPipeline: vi.fn(),
-          setBindGroup: vi.fn(),
-          dispatchWorkgroups: vi.fn(),
-          end: vi.fn(),
-        }) as unknown as GPUComputePassEncoder,
-    );
-    return encoder;
-  });
-  return fake;
-}
-/** Whether a write since the last clear holds this value for every task: a style page's field. */
-function wrote(fake: ReturnType<typeof device>, count: number, value: number): boolean {
-  return fake.queue.writeBuffer.mock.calls.some(([, , data]) => {
-    const bytes = ArrayBuffer.isView(data) ? data : new Uint8Array(data);
-    const floats = new Float32Array(
-      bytes.buffer.slice(bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteOffset + (bytes.byteLength & ~3)),
-    );
-    return floats.filter((v) => v === value).length >= count;
-  });
-}
-/** What input drives, without a canvas. */
-const interaction = (diagram: Diagram) => (diagram as unknown as { controls: Controls }).controls;
-/** The drag the latest frame drew over its scene. */
-const dragOf = (diagram: Diagram) =>
-  (diagram as unknown as { shown?: { drag?: DragDraw } }).shown?.drag;
-const animating = (diagram: Diagram) => kit.rendererOf(diagram).animating;
-/** Each row of a type's positions with its x and y. */
-function lanes({ x, y }: Layout.Positions): number[][] {
-  return Array.from({ length: rowCount(x.rows) }, (_, i) => [
-    rowAt(x.rows, i),
-    numberAt(x.values as Column.Numeric, i)!,
-    numberAt(y.values as Column.Numeric, i)!,
-  ]);
-}
-const presentedOf = (diagram: Diagram) =>
-  (
-    diagram as unknown as {
-      shown: {
-        scene: import('../src/scene.js').Scene;
-        picking: import('../src/picking.js').Picking;
-        widthPx: number;
-        camera: kit.Camera2D;
-        viewport: import('@latkit/gpu').Viewport;
-      };
-    }
-  ).shown;
-async function fixture() {
-  const fake = device(),
-    source = new Source();
-  const gpu = await createGpu({
-    device: fake.device,
-    text: {
-      rasterizer: {
-        rasterize: (input) =>
-          Promise.resolve({
-            advance: input.text.length * 0.6,
-            ascent: 0.8,
-            descent: 0.2,
-            width: 8,
-            height: 8,
-            left: 0,
-            top: -0.8,
-            coverage: new Uint8Array(64).fill(255),
-          }),
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 800, height: 600 }),
-    diagram = createDiagram(gpu, data(source));
-  const draw = () =>
-    gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(diagram), target }], timeMs: 0 });
-  return { fake, source, gpu, target, diagram, draw };
-}
-/** Each task's load, sampled at coordinates 0 and 1. */
-function load(source: Source) {
-  const n = source.count;
-  return createData(
-    {
-      axis: { name: 'time' },
-      types: { Task: { fields: { load: { type: 'float32', sampled: true } } } },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'samples',
-        index: source.index('Task'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: n },
-        firstFrame: 0,
-        coordinates: Float64Array.of(0, 1),
-        columns: {
-          load: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: n * 2,
-            values: Float32Array.from({ length: n * 2 }, (_, i) => (i < n ? 0.25 : 0.75)),
-            rowStride: 1,
-            frameStride: n,
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-}
-afterEach(() => vi.restoreAllMocks());
-it('restyles widths without reads, geometry uploads, or stale hit-test radii', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set({ labels: false, edgeWidthPx: 1 });
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    const before = presentedOf(f.diagram),
-      counts = f.gpu.stats();
-    const edge = before.scene.edges[0];
-    const segments = edge.paths
-      .flatMap((path) => path.slice(1).map((b, i) => ({ a: path[i], b })))
-      .sort(
-        (u, v) =>
-          Math.hypot(v.b[0] - v.a[0], v.b[1] - v.a[1]) -
-          Math.hypot(u.b[0] - u.a[0], u.b[1] - u.a[1]),
-      );
-    const { a, b } = segments[0];
-    const point = kit.cameraPoint(
-      before.camera,
-      [(a[0] + b[0]) / 2, (a[1] + b[1]) / 2],
-      before.viewport,
-    );
-    const length = Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
-    const beside: readonly [number, number] = [
-      point[0] - ((b[1] - a[1]) / length) * 5,
-      point[1] + ((b[0] - a[0]) / length) * 5,
-    ];
-    const hits = () => {
-      const p = presentedOf(f.diagram);
-      return p.picking
-        .hit(beside, p.camera, p.viewport, 0, true, undefined, p.widthPx)
-        .some((item) => item.kind === 'edge' && item.row === edge.hit.row);
-    };
-    expect(hits()).toBe(false);
-    f.diagram.set({ edgeWidthPx: 16, vertexColor: [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1] });
-    expect(hits()).toBe(false); // Pending configuration cannot change presented picking.
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    const after = presentedOf(f.diagram);
-    expect(after.scene).toBe(before.scene);
-    expect(after.picking).toBe(before.picking);
-    expect(hits()).toBe(true);
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(counts.queries);
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().queryHits).toBe(counts.queryHits);
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - counts.uploadedBytes).toBeLessThan(4096);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('reroutes clearance changes without rereading fields or changing accepted positions', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const before = presentedOf(f.diagram),
-      counts = f.gpu.stats();
-    f.diagram.set({ routeClearance: 32 });
-    await f.draw();
-    const after = presentedOf(f.diagram);
-    expect(after.scene).not.toBe(before.scene);
-    expect(after.scene.vertices.map(({ x, y }) => [x, y])).toEqual(
-      before.scene.vertices.map(({ x, y }) => [x, y]),
-    );
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(counts.queries);
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().queryHits).toBe(counts.queryHits);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('keeps structural geometry when identical data is republished and reacquires evicted uploads', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    const before = presentedOf(f.diagram);
-    f.source.update();
-    f.diagram.set({ source: f.source.data });
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    expect(presentedOf(f.diagram).scene).toBe(before.scene);
-    expect(presentedOf(f.diagram).picking).toBe(before.picking);
-    f.gpu.trim();
-    const uploads = f.gpu.stats().uploads;
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().uploads).toBeGreaterThan(uploads);
-    expect(presentedOf(f.diagram).scene).toBe(before.scene);
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'))).not.toBeNull();
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('renders through the unified owner and publishes picking after submission', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'))).toBeNull();
-    await f.draw();
-    const point = f.diagram.locate(vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'))!;
-    expect((await f.diagram.pick(point))[0]).toMatchObject({ kind: 'vertex', id: 'n0', row: 0 });
-    expect(f.diagram.stats().frames).toBe(1);
-    expect(f.fake.queue.submit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('reuses geometry and uploads on camera and focus changes', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    const reads = f.source.queries;
-    const before = f.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-    interaction(f.diagram).pan(10, 20);
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    expect(f.source.queries).toBe(reads);
-    // Uniforms change, but the geometry and text are resident.
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - before).toBeLessThan(4096);
-    f.diagram.select([vertexOf(f.source, 'n0')]);
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.source.queries).toBe(reads);
-    // A row of another row space belongs to another source, as in every view.
-    const vertex = vertexOf(f.source, 'n0');
-    expect(() =>
-      f.diagram.select([{ ...vertex, index: { ...vertex.index, version: 'elsewhere' } }]),
-    ).toThrow('Selection belongs to another source');
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('preserves presented picking when a sibling fails to encode', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const before = f.diagram.locate(vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'));
-    interaction(f.diagram).pan(100, 0);
-    const bad = {
-      ...snapshotRenderer(
-        () => Promise.resolve(),
-        () => {
-          throw new Error('sibling failed');
-        },
-      ),
-    };
-    const target = kit.createTextureTarget(f.gpu, { width: 10, height: 10 });
-    await expect(
-      f.gpu.render({
-        views: [
-          { renderer: kit.rendererOf(f.diagram), target: f.target },
-          { renderer: bad, target },
-        ],
-        timeMs: 0,
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow('sibling failed');
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'))).toEqual(before);
-    target.destroy();
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('keeps drag previews separate from accepted positions', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const ref = vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'),
-      api = interaction(f.diagram),
-      accepted = api.scene()!;
-    const before = accepted.vertices[0].x,
-      at = f.diagram.locate(ref)!,
-      scale = f.diagram.camera.scale;
-    api.preview([ref], [24, 0]);
-    await f.draw();
-    // The preview draws over the accepted scene and leaves it as it is; locate follows the drag.
-    expect(api.scene()).toBe(accepted);
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(ref)![0]).toBeCloseTo(at[0] + 24 * scale);
-    api.preview([ref], [40, 0]);
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(ref)![0]).toBeCloseTo(at[0] + 40 * scale);
-    api.preview([], null);
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(ref)).toEqual(at);
-    expect(api.scene()!.vertices[0].x).toBe(before);
-    // The layout placed every vertex, so the proposal holds them all, the dragged one moved.
-    const { Task } = api.move([ref], [24, 8])!.positions;
-    expect(lanes(Task)).toEqual(
-      api
-        .scene()!
-        .vertices.map((vertex, i) =>
-          i ? [vertex.row, vertex.x, vertex.y] : [0, before + 24, vertex.y + 8],
-        ),
-    );
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('supports composition and independent renderer views', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  const second = createDiagram(f.gpu, data(f.source)),
-    composed = createComposition(f.gpu, {
-      views: [
-        { view: f.diagram, region: [0, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-        { view: second, region: [0.5, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-      ],
-    });
-  try {
-    await f.gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(composed), target: f.target }],
-      timeMs: 0,
-    });
-    expect(second.stats().frames).toBe(1);
-  } finally {
-    composed.destroy();
-    second.destroy();
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('leaves application data usable after releasing GPU resources', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  await f.draw();
-  const value = f.source.data;
-  f.diagram.destroy();
-  f.diagram.destroy();
-  f.target.destroy();
-  f.gpu.destroy();
-  expect(f.source.data).toBe(value);
-  expect(Object.keys(value.tables).length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-});
-
-it('proposes the laid out drawing on a move, and only what moved once positions are written', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const api = interaction(f.diagram),
-      ref = vertexOf(f.source, 'n1');
-    const first = api.move([ref], [0, 16])!.positions.Task;
-    expect(lanes(first).map(([row]) => row)).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3]);
-    // Written back, every position pins its vertex, and the next move proposes just its own.
-    f.diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: first } });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(api.scene()!.vertices.every((vertex) => vertex.placed)).toBe(true);
-    expect(lanes(api.move([ref], [0, 16])!.positions.Task)).toEqual([
-      [1, api.scene()!.vertices[1].x, api.scene()!.vertices[1].y + 16],
-    ]);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('moves vertices on the scene as it stands, drawing what a fresh diagram draws', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true));
-    await f.draw();
-    const api = interaction(f.diagram),
-      before = api.scene()!;
-    // The last task moves down; its wire routes again, and the others keep theirs.
-    f.source.xy[6] = 720;
-    f.source.xy[7] = 320;
-    f.source.update();
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true));
-    await f.draw();
-    const after = api.scene()!;
-    expect(after.parts).toBe(before.parts);
-    expect(after.vertices[3].label).toBe(before.vertices[3].label);
-    expect([after.vertices[3].x, after.vertices[3].y]).toEqual([720, 320]);
-    expect(after.edges[0].route).toBe(before.edges[0].route);
-    const fresh = createDiagram(f.gpu, data(f.source, true));
-    try {
-      await f.gpu.render({
-        views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(fresh), target: f.target }],
-        timeMs: 0,
-      });
-      const again = interaction(fresh).scene()!;
-      expect(after.vertices.map((v) => [v.x, v.y, v.placed])).toEqual(
-        again.vertices.map((v) => [v.x, v.y, v.placed]),
-      );
-      expect(after.edges.map((e) => [e.paths, e.labels])).toEqual(
-        again.edges.map((e) => [e.paths, e.labels]),
-      );
-    } finally {
-      fresh.destroy();
-    }
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('keeps its scene when a whole config replaces one equal to it', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const scene = interaction(f.diagram).scene(),
-      reads = f.source.queries;
-    // A fresh config built the same way, as an application builds one on every change.
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source), { replace: true });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).scene()).toBe(scene);
-    expect(f.source.queries).toBe(reads);
-    // What it leaves out resets: the arrows go, and the wires route again.
-    const d = data(f.source);
-    f.diagram.set(
-      { ...d, edges: { Dependency: { ...d.edges!.Dependency, arrows: undefined } } },
-      { replace: true },
-    );
-    expect(f.diagram.config.edges!.Dependency).not.toHaveProperty('arrows');
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(
-      interaction(f.diagram)
-        .scene()!
-        .edges.every((edge) => !edge.arrows.length),
-    ).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('accepts sparse movement without moving uncovered vertices', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const api = interaction(f.diagram),
-      before = api.scene()!.vertices.map((n) => [n.x, n.y]);
-    const proposal = api.move([vertexOf(f.source, 'n0')], [0, 24])!;
-    f.diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: proposal.positions.Task } });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(
-      api
-        .scene()!
-        .vertices.slice(1)
-        .map((n) => [n.x, n.y]),
-    ).toEqual(before.slice(1));
-    expect(api.scene()!.vertices[0].y).toBe(before[0][1] + 24);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('patches movement buffers and keeps shaped text resident', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    const before = f.gpu.stats(),
-      reads = f.source.queries,
-      api = interaction(f.diagram);
-    api.preview([vertexOf(f.source, 'n0')], [0, 8]);
-    await f.draw();
-    await f.gpu.idle();
-    expect(f.source.queries).toBe(reads);
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - before.uploadedBytes).toBeLessThan(4096);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('moves nested collapsed groups without losing routes or accumulating geometry', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set({
-      ...data(f.source),
-      groups: {
-        outer: { label: 'Outer', vertices: {}, collapsed: true },
-        inner: {
-          label: 'Inner',
-          parent: 'outer',
-          vertices: { Task: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['n0', 'n1'] } },
-        },
-      },
-    });
-    await f.draw();
-    const api = interaction(f.diagram),
-      base = api.scene()!;
-    const bounds = [...base.groups.find((g) => g.id === 'outer')!.bounds];
-    const refs = [{ kind: 'group' as const, id: 'outer' }, vertexOf(f.source, 'n0')];
-    expect(lanes(api.move(refs, [0, 24])!.positions.Task)).toEqual(
-      base.vertices.map((vertex, i) => [vertex.row, vertex.x, vertex.y + (i < 2 ? 24 : 0)]),
-    );
-    api.preview(refs, [0, 24]);
-    await f.draw();
-    // The groups move with their vertices, and the wires leaving them reroute where they go; the
-    // accepted scene stays as it is, so no geometry accumulates.
-    const drag = dragOf(f.diagram)!;
-    expect(api.scene()).toBe(base);
-    expect([...drag.marks.groups].sort()).toEqual(['inner', 'outer']);
-    expect(base.vertices.map((vertex) => vertex.visible)).toEqual([false, false, true, true]);
-    const wire = drag.wires.find((w) => w.edge === base.edges[1])!;
-    expect(wire.paths.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    // The wire now leaves the group's box where the drag has taken it.
-    expect(
-      wire.paths.some((path) =>
-        path.some((p) => p[1] >= bounds[1] + 24 - 1e-9 && p[1] <= bounds[3] + 24 + 1e-9),
-      ),
-    ).toBe(true);
-    api.preview(refs, [0, 48]);
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(dragOf(f.diagram)!.delta).toEqual([0, 48]);
-    expect(api.scene()).toBe(base);
-    api.preview([], null);
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(dragOf(f.diagram)).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(api.scene()!.groups.find((g) => g.id === 'outer')!.bounds).toEqual(bounds);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('preserves surviving selection and removes deleted identities only after submission', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const refs = [0, 3].map((n) => vertexOf(f.source, 'n' + n));
-    f.diagram.select(refs);
-    const changes = vi.fn();
-    f.diagram.on('select', changes);
-    f.diagram.set(data(new Source(2)));
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).selection()).toEqual(refs);
-    await f.draw();
-    await Promise.resolve();
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).selection()).toEqual(refs.slice(0, 1));
-    expect(changes).toHaveBeenCalledWith(refs.slice(0, 1));
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('invalidates routes when shapes, port anchors, or routing clearance change', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const api = interaction(f.diagram);
-    const original = api.scene()!.edges[0].paths;
-    f.diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: { shape: 'diamond' } } });
-    await f.draw();
-    const changed = api.scene()!;
-    expect(changed.edges[0].paths).not.toBe(original);
-    const output = changed.vertices[0].ports.find((port) => port.name === 'output')!;
-    const end = output.position.map((v, i) => v + (output.normal[i] * changed.portSize!) / 2);
-    expect(
-      changed.edges[0].paths.flat().some((point) => point[0] === end[0] && point[1] === end[1]),
-    ).toBe(true);
-    f.diagram.set({
-      vertices: {
-        Task: { shape: 'rounded', ports: { input: { side: 'right' }, output: { side: 'left' } } },
-      },
-    });
-    await f.draw();
-    const rewired = api.scene()!;
-    for (const edge of rewired.edges)
-      for (const end of edge.ends) {
-        const port = rewired.vertices[end.vertex].ports.find((p) => p.name === end.port)!;
-        expect(
-          edge.paths
-            .flat()
-            .some(
-              (point) =>
-                point[0] === port.position[0] + (port.normal[0] * rewired.portSize!) / 2 &&
-                point[1] === port.position[1] + (port.normal[1] * rewired.portSize!) / 2,
-            ),
-        ).toBe(true);
-      }
-    const before = rewired.edges[0].paths;
-    f.diagram.set({ routeClearance: 32 });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(api.scene()!.edges[0].paths).not.toBe(before);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('updates uniform-only presentation without querying or rebuilding geometry', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const reads = f.source.queries,
-      scene = interaction(f.diagram).scene();
-    f.diagram.set({
-      grid: false,
-      gridMinSpacingPx: 18,
-      selectedColor: [0.3, 0.6, 1, 1],
-      outlineWidthPx: 2,
-      detail: 'full',
-    });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.source.queries).toBe(reads);
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).scene()).toBe(scene);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('eases accepted positions on the GPU while the scene, picking, and reads hold the target', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  const render = (timeMs: number) =>
-    f.gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(f.diagram), target: f.target }], timeMs });
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set({ animationMs: 200, motion: 'full' });
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true));
-    await render(0);
-    f.diagram.set({ camera: { fit: false } });
-    const ref = vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'),
-      api = interaction(f.diagram),
-      before = api.scene()!.vertices[0].y,
-      [x, y] = f.diagram.locate(ref)!,
-      scale = f.diagram.camera.scale;
-    f.source.xy[1] += 80;
-    f.source.update();
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true), { animate: true });
-    await render(20);
-    // The scene holds the target at once; the vertex draws where it was.
-    const target = api.scene()!,
-      reads = f.source.queries,
-      uploaded = f.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-    expect(target.vertices[0].y).toBe(before + 80);
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(ref)![1]).toBeCloseTo(y);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(true);
-    await render(120);
-    const between = f.diagram.locate(ref)![1];
-    expect(between).toBeGreaterThan(y + 1);
-    expect(between).toBeLessThan(y + 80 * scale - 1);
-    // A frame between reads, places, routes, and uploads nothing but its uniforms.
-    expect(api.scene()).toBe(target);
-    expect(f.source.queries).toBe(reads);
-    expect(f.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - uploaded).toBeLessThan(8192);
-    // Picking holds the target, as it holds accepted positions during a drag.
-    expect(
-      (await f.diagram.pick([x, y + 80 * scale])).some(
-        (hit) => hit.kind === 'vertex' && hit.row === 0,
-      ),
-    ).toBe(true);
-    await render(220);
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(ref)![1]).toBeCloseTo(y + 80 * scale);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(false);
-    f.diagram.set({ motion: 'reduce' });
-    f.source.xy[1] += 80;
-    f.source.update();
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true), { animate: true });
-    await render(240);
-    expect(f.diagram.locate(ref)![1]).toBeCloseTo(y + 160 * scale);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(false);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('exports a transition at its target positions without starting or ending it', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  const render = (timeMs: number, presented = true) =>
-    f.gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(f.diagram), target: f.target, presented }],
-      timeMs,
-    });
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set({ animationMs: 200, motion: 'full' });
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true));
-    await render(0);
-    f.diagram.set({ camera: { fit: false } });
-    const ref = vertexOf(f.source, 'n0'),
-      drawn = () => f.diagram.locate(ref)![1],
-      before = drawn(),
-      scale = f.diagram.camera.scale;
-    f.source.xy[1] += 80;
-    f.source.update();
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true), { animate: true });
-    await render(20, false);
-    expect(drawn()).toBe(before);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(false);
-    // The first presented frame starts the transition the export left waiting.
-    await render(20);
-    expect(drawn()).toBeCloseTo(before);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(true);
-    await render(120, false);
-    expect(drawn()).toBeCloseTo(before);
-    await render(120);
-    expect(drawn()).toBeGreaterThan(before + 1);
-    expect(drawn()).toBeLessThan(before + 80 * scale - 1);
-    await render(220);
-    expect(drawn()).toBeCloseTo(before + 80 * scale);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('restores accepted positions when a drag interrupts and cancels a layout transition', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  const render = (timeMs: number) =>
-    f.gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(f.diagram), target: f.target }], timeMs });
-  try {
-    const api = interaction(f.diagram),
-      ref = vertexOf(f.source, 'n0');
-    f.diagram.set({ motion: 'full', animationMs: 200 });
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true));
-    await render(0);
-    f.source.xy[1] = 80;
-    f.source.update();
-    f.diagram.set(data(f.source, true), { animate: true });
-    await render(20);
-    await render(100);
-    api.preview([ref], [0, 8]);
-    await render(120);
-    api.preview([], null);
-    await render(140);
-    expect(api.scene()!.vertices[0].y).toBe(80);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(false);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('animates a diagram of any size, and settles at once without motion', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture(),
-    source = new Source(1200);
-  const render = (timeMs: number) =>
-    f.gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(f.diagram), target: f.target }], timeMs });
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set({ ...data(source, true), animationMs: 200, motion: 'full' });
-    await render(0);
-    source.xy.forEach((_, i) => (source.xy[i] += i % 2 ? 40 : 0));
-    source.update();
-    f.diagram.set(data(source, true), { animate: true });
-    await render(10);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(true);
-    const scene = interaction(f.diagram).scene();
-    await render(100);
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).scene()).toBe(scene);
-    await render(300);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(false);
-    f.diagram.set({ animationMs: 0 });
-    source.xy[1] = 80;
-    source.update();
-    f.diagram.set(data(source, true), { animate: true });
-    await render(320);
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).scene()!.vertices[0].y).toBe(80);
-    expect(animating(f.diagram)).toBe(false);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('merges layout and camera patches, and reports the presented camera', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    const cameras = vi.fn();
-    f.diagram.on('camera', cameras);
-    f.diagram.set({ layout: { algorithm: 'layered' } });
-    f.diagram.set({ layout: { direction: 'down' } });
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ layout: 'manual' as never })).toThrow(/layout/);
-    expect(f.diagram.config.layout).toEqual({ algorithm: 'layered', direction: 'down' });
-    await f.draw();
-    await Promise.resolve();
-    expect(cameras).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ fit: true }));
-    f.diagram.set({ camera: { scale: 2 } });
-    expect(f.diagram.camera.fit).toBe(false);
-    await f.draw();
-    await Promise.resolve();
-    expect(cameras).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ scale: 2, fit: false }));
-    f.diagram.set({ camera: null });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.diagram.camera.fit).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('fits items once and follows all the data otherwise', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    await f.draw();
-    const all = f.diagram.camera;
-    expect(all.fit).toBe(true);
-    f.diagram.fit([vertexOf(f.source, 'n0')]);
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.diagram.camera.fit).toBe(false);
-    expect(f.diagram.camera.scale).toBeGreaterThan(all.scale);
-    f.diagram.fit([]);
-    expect(f.diagram.camera.fit).toBe(true);
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.diagram.camera).toEqual(all);
-    f.diagram.set({ camera: { center: [10, 10] } });
-    expect(f.diagram.camera.fit).toBe(false);
-    f.diagram.set({ camera: null });
-    expect(f.diagram.camera.fit).toBe(true);
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ camera: { scale: 0 } })).toThrow('camera scale');
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ camera: { zoom: 2 } as never })).toThrow('Unknown camera');
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('binds channels to fields in entries and their ports, as given', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set({
-      vertices: { Task: { color: 'weight', ports: { input: { color: 'weight', side: 'top' } } } },
-      edges: { Dependency: { widthPx: 'weight' } },
-    });
-    const task = f.diagram.config.vertices.Task;
-    expect(task.color).toBe('weight');
-    expect(task.ports?.input.color).toBe('weight');
-    expect(task.ports?.input.side).toBe('top');
-    await f.draw();
-    // Wires pick within the widest a bound width draws.
-    expect(presentedOf(f.diagram).widthPx).toBe(4);
-    // A constant width is the widest.
-    f.diagram.set({ edges: { Dependency: { widthPx: 6 } } });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(presentedOf(f.diagram).widthPx).toBe(6);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('shares the view style, stats, and limits', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  try {
-    f.diagram.set({ selectedWidthPx: 4, background: [0, 0, 0, 1], selectedColor: 'none' });
-    await f.draw();
-    expect(f.diagram.stats()).toMatchObject({ frames: 1, hover: 'idle', hoverMs: 0 });
-    expect(f.diagram.stats().pickingBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ selectionWidthPx: 2 } as never)).toThrow('Unknown diagram option');
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ backgroundColor: [0, 0, 0, 1] } as never)).toThrow(
-      'Unknown diagram option',
-    );
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ limits: { prepareMs: 1 } } as never)).toThrow(
-      'Unknown diagram limit',
-    );
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ input: { dragThresholdPx: -1 } })).toThrow('dragThresholdPx');
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ input: { dragHandle: 1 } as never })).toThrow(
-      'Unknown input option',
-    );
-    expect(() => f.diagram.set({ input: { mode: 'drag' } as never })).toThrow(
-      'Unsupported input mode',
-    );
-    f.diagram.set({ input: 'edit' });
-    expect(f.diagram.config.input).toEqual({ mode: 'edit' });
-    f.diagram.set({ limits: { layoutMs: 1000 } });
-    expect(f.diagram.config.limits).toEqual({ layoutMs: 1000 });
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('restyles at a new coordinate on the GPU, rereading the scene only for sampled structure', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  const render = (at: number) => {
-    f.fake.queue.writeBuffer.mockClear();
-    return f.gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(f.diagram), target: f.target, at }],
-      timeMs: 0,
-    });
-  };
-  try {
-    await render(0);
-    const still = interaction(f.diagram).scene();
-    await render(1);
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).scene()).toBe(still);
-    f.diagram.set({
-      vertices: { Task: { shade: { source: load(f.source), from: 'Task', field: 'load' } } },
-    });
-    await render(0);
-    const before = interaction(f.diagram).scene()!;
-    expect(wrote(f.fake, f.source.count, 0.25)).toBe(true);
-    await render(1);
-    expect(interaction(f.diagram).scene()).toBe(before);
-    expect(wrote(f.fake, f.source.count, 0.75)).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('freezes sampled structure throughout a drag while its styles play on', async () => {
-  const f = await fixture();
-  const render = (at: number) => {
-    f.fake.queue.writeBuffer.mockClear();
-    return f.gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(f.diagram), target: f.target, at }],
-      timeMs: 0,
-    });
-  };
-  try {
-    const field = { source: load(f.source), from: 'Task', field: 'load' };
-    f.diagram.set({ vertices: { Task: { visible: field, shade: field } } });
-    await render(0);
-    const before = presentedOf(f.diagram);
-    interaction(f.diagram).preview([before.scene.vertices[0].hit], [8, 0]);
-    await render(1);
-    expect(presentedOf(f.diagram).scene).toBe(before.scene);
-    expect(wrote(f.fake, f.source.count, 0.75)).toBe(true);
-    interaction(f.diagram).preview([], null);
-    await render(1);
-    expect(presentedOf(f.diagram).scene).not.toBe(before.scene);
-  } finally {
-    f.diagram.destroy();
-    f.target.destroy();
-    f.gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tsconfig.json b/packages/diagram/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index c7737367..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types"],
-    "noEmit": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "vitest.config.ts", "tsup.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/diagram/tsup.config.ts b/packages/diagram/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d2fa4282..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: { banner: '/// <reference types="@webgpu/types" />' },
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  platform: 'browser',
-  splitting: false,
-  loader: { '.wgsl': 'text' },
-});
diff --git a/packages/diagram/vitest.config.ts b/packages/diagram/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b159c4a7..00000000
--- a/packages/diagram/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-import { wgsl } from '../../vitest.wgsl';
-export default defineConfig({
-  plugins: [wgsl],
-  test: { name: '@latkit/diagram', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] },
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/geography/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e9eb6ea9..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/geography
-
-## 0.1.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: A geography package draws the earth alone or beneath a network, and network edges curve over the globe and pick on every projection.
-
-  Added
-
-  - geography: `createGeography` draws the ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data, `geojson()`, or `tiles()`, flat or on a globe. Data prepares in workers, simplified alike along shared borders, and each frame draws what is in view at the detail it shows.
-  - geography: `geojson()` reads a URL, as a string or a `URL`, as `tiles()` does; a Blob such as a local file; or bytes, gzipped or not; decoded and parsed in a worker.
-  - geography: `tiles()` reads vector tiles from a PMTiles archive by URL, as a local file, or as bytes; a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template; or TileJSON. A feature with an id is one item in every tile and zoom that holds it. `info.schema` holds each layer's fields as the tiles' metadata declares them.
-  - geography: tiles decode only the layers and properties records read, and every tile carries each field read, typed as declared, so a name no feature of a tile holds reads as empty there instead of failing the frame. Tiles share one schema, so what reads them plans once.
-  - geography: a record whose `visible` is false draws its labels alone; nothing of it hovers or picks.
-  - geography: lines take `dash` and `flowPx` as network edges do, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - network: `ground` draws a view beneath the graph, such as a geography, in its pass. Its sun lights the graph, and a gesture the graph leaves reaches it unless its `input` is `'none'`.
-  - network: the `mercator` projection, for geographic data.
-  - network: edges curve over the globe on the GPU, in as many pieces as the screen needs; geodesics also draw on flat and mercator maps.
-  - gpu: `Labels` takes `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx`, for every view that labels in CSS pixels.
-  - gpu: `ProjectedCamera`; `kit.Projector` and `kit.projectionShader`, one projection in TypeScript and WGSL; `kit.layerOf` and the `Layer` types, which draw one view beneath another; `stroke_comet` in `kit.strokeShader`; and `BaseView.paused`, called as a view pauses.
-  - model: `Work` takes a `Work.Priority`; `'background'` work yields to everything else.
-  - model: a `geographic` field may hold lists of positions, as polylines, and lists of those, as rings.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `grid` and `gridColor` draw lines of the data's x and y beneath the graph, as before longitude and latitude for geographic data and now also a plain plane's, the nicest step at least `gridMinSpacingPx` apart; over a ground, the ground's own `grid` draws instead.
-  - network: an edge's `route` defaults to `geodesic` on the globe and `straight` on flat maps.
-  - network: geographic positions start on the mercator plane, as a geography does.
-  - network: picking and hover query hit-test indexes on every projection, built in the background once the positions and the camera hold still. Only rows raised by `z` scan.
-  - network: a dashed edge picks along its whole length, gaps included.
-  - network: a camera move uploads no draw parameters, and a frame draws edges in one render pass.
-  - gpu: `ItemView.Config` holds no `source`; each view's config declares its own.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network: `paths`, `PathOptions`, and `LineOptions`. Draw lines that join no vertices as a geography's `lines`.
-  - network: `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight`, `sunTime`, `nightFloor`, `surfaceNightFloor`, `terminatorWidth`, `pathColor`, and `pathWidthPx`. Set `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight` (a time, `'now'`, or `false`), `nightFloor`, and `terminatorWidth` on a geography, and its `grid` for lines of longitude and latitude.
-  - network: `Camera` and `Projection`. Import `ProjectedCamera` from `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - network: `NetworkLabels`. Its `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx` are `Labels` options now.
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.19.0
-  - @latkit/model@4.2.0
diff --git a/packages/geography/README.md b/packages/geography/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 04ad1e9b..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/geography
-
-Draw the earth and what lies on it with WebGPU: ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data,
-GeoJSON, or vector tiles, flat or on a globe, alone or beneath a network.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/gpu @latkit/geography
-```
-
-```ts
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createGeography, tiles } from '@latkit/geography';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const geography = createGeography(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source: tiles('https://tiles.openfreemap.org/planet'),
-  areas: { water: { color: [0.05, 0.1, 0.17, 1] } },
-  lines: { boundary: { widthPx: 1, dash: true } },
-  camera: { projection: 'globe' },
-});
-```
-
-[Guide](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/geography-quickstart.html) ·
-[Views](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/views.html) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/geography/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/geography/package.json b/packages/geography/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index f0e6b298..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/geography",
-  "version": "0.1.0",
-  "description": "The earth and what lies on it, over the shared Latkit GPU pipeline: ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data, GeoJSON, or vector tiles.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/geography"
-  },
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md"
-  ],
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --project @latkit/geography"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:^",
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:^",
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "earcut": "^3.2.4"
-  },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/geography.ts b/packages/geography/src/geography.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c4f9938..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/geography.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,719 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  kit,
-  type Gpu,
-  type ItemView,
-  type Point,
-  type ProjectedCamera,
-  type Shade,
-  type FrameInfo,
-  type Viewport,
-  type View,
-  type Channel,
-  type RGBA,
-  type Labels,
-} from '@latkit/gpu';
-import {
-  failure,
-  itemKey,
-  type Data,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Item,
-  type Schema,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import {
-  AREA,
-  DEFAULTS,
-  LINE,
-  VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-  checkRecord,
-  isData,
-  lightOf,
-  resolveStyle,
-  shapeField,
-  strokesRings,
-  type Style,
-} from './options.js';
-import { pick, positionIn, type Drawn } from './picking.js';
-import { declaredSchema, isTiles, type TileSet, type Tiles } from './tiles.js';
-import { Labels as SceneLabels, type LabelSource } from './scene/labels.js';
-import { RecordStyles } from './scene/records.js';
-import { Sources, type Prepared, type VectorTileData } from './scene/sources.js';
-import type { Placed } from './scene/pyramid.js';
-import {
-  levelFor,
-  pixelsPerDegree,
-  visibleRanges,
-  visibleRegion,
-  type Region,
-} from './scene/visible.js';
-import type { VectorFieldType, VectorLayerRequest } from './sources/vector.js';
-import { Painter, type Paint, type ShapeDraw } from './rendering/painter.js';
-import { pipelines, type Pipelines } from './rendering/pipelines.js';
-import { warm } from './prepare/client.js';
-
-/** A row of the model, which each of the view's items is; named apart from the view's own Item. */
-type ModelItem = Item;
-const { Projector } = kit;
-const NONE = 0xffffffff;
-
-const DEFAULT_LIMITS: Required<Geography.Limits> = Object.freeze({
-  tileBytes: 64 * 1024 ** 2,
-  tileRequests: 8,
-});
-type Records = 'areas' | 'lines';
-type Merged = 'camera' | 'input' | 'limits';
-export interface Geography extends ItemView<
-  Geography.Config,
-  Geography.Item,
-  Geography.Item,
-  ProjectedCamera,
-  Geography.Events
-> {
-  set(patch: View.Patch<Geography.Config, Records, Merged>, options?: View.SetOptions): void;
-  stats(): Geography.Stats;
-}
-export declare namespace Geography {
-  interface Config extends ItemView.Config, Style {
-    /**
-     * Where areas and lines read their shapes and fields: Data, or tiles. A record may name its own.
-     * Borrowed: destroy never closes it.
-     */
-    readonly source?: Data | Tiles;
-    /** Filled regions by type, drawn in order over the ground. */
-    readonly areas?: Readonly<Record<string, AreaOptions>>;
-    /** Polylines by type, drawn in order over areas: coasts, borders, rivers, an area type's outline. */
-    readonly lines?: Readonly<Record<string, LineOptions>>;
-    /** Where the camera starts; `geography.camera` is where it is. Fits the shapes by default. */
-    readonly camera?: Partial<ProjectedCamera>;
-    readonly limits?: Limits;
-  }
-  type Events = ItemView.Events<Item, Item, ProjectedCamera>;
-  interface Stats extends View.Stats {
-    /** Tiles loaded, and still loading. */
-    readonly tiles: number;
-    readonly loading: number;
-    /** Vertices the latest frame drew, three a triangle and two a line point, and its triangles. */
-    readonly vertices: number;
-    readonly triangles: number;
-    /** GPU bytes the shapes and tiles hold. */
-    readonly geometryBytes: number;
-  }
-  interface Limits {
-    /** GPU bytes loaded tiles may hold, each source, before the least recently drawn go. */
-    readonly tileBytes?: number;
-    /** Tile requests in flight at once, each source. */
-    readonly tileRequests?: number;
-  }
-  /** An item a geography draws: a row of an area or line type. */
-  interface Item extends ModelItem {
-    readonly kind: 'area' | 'line';
-  }
-  /**
-   * How the earth draws, beyond the shared view style; every option has a default. Its grid is lines
-   * of longitude and latitude.
-   */
-  interface Style extends kit.LineStyle, kit.ProjectedStyle, kit.GridStyle {
-    /** The ground beneath everything. */
-    readonly surfaceColor?: RGBA;
-    /** Light by the sun at a time in milliseconds, at the current time, or not at all; a hosting network is lit too. */
-    readonly daylight?: number | 'now' | false;
-    /** How bright night stays, from 0 to 1, for the ground and everything on it. */
-    readonly nightFloor?: number;
-    /** How wide the band from day to night is. */
-    readonly terminatorWidth?: number;
-    /** A glow around the globe's rim. */
-    readonly atmosphere?: boolean;
-    readonly atmosphereColor?: RGBA;
-    /** The axis the globe turns on, through its poles. */
-    readonly earthAxis?: boolean;
-    readonly earthAxisColor?: RGBA;
-    /** The color of areas their `color` leaves unset. */
-    readonly areaColor?: RGBA;
-    /** The color of lines their `color` leaves unset. */
-    readonly lineColor?: RGBA;
-    /** The width of lines their `widthPx` leaves unset. */
-    readonly lineWidthPx?: number;
-  }
-  /** What areas and lines share: where their shapes and values come from, and their channels. */
-  interface ShapeOptions {
-    /** Where the shapes come from: Data, or tiles; the config's `source` by default. */
-    readonly source?: Data | Tiles;
-    /**
-     * Rows of the same type, matched to the shapes' rows by id, that the channels read: a run's
-     * results coloring a static map. The shapes' own rows by default.
-     */
-    readonly values?: Data;
-    /** `areaColor` or `lineColor` by default. */
-    readonly color?: Channel.Color;
-    readonly visible?: Channel<boolean>;
-    /** The value the view's `shade` reads. */
-    readonly shade?: Channel;
-    /** Text at each row's anchor: an area's widest point, a line's middle. */
-    readonly labels?: string | Labels | null;
-  }
-  interface AreaOptions extends ShapeOptions {
-    /** Rings of longitude and latitude; a hole winds opposite its outline. `rings` by default. */
-    readonly rings?: FieldInput;
-  }
-  interface LineOptions extends ShapeOptions {
-    /** Points, or lists of them; an area type's `rings` draw its outline. `points` by default. */
-    readonly points?: FieldInput;
-    /**
-     * How a line between geographic points runs over the earth: `straight` in longitude and
-     * latitude, or `geodesic` along the great circle. `straight` by default, as maps record their
-     * features: a border along a parallel stays on it.
-     */
-    readonly route?: 'straight' | 'geodesic';
-    /** `lineWidthPx` by default. */
-    readonly widthPx?: Channel;
-    readonly dash?: Channel<boolean>;
-    /**
-     * How far comets move along the line each second, in CSS pixels, from its first point toward its
-     * last; negative runs the other way, and 0 draws none. A field spans 0 to 40.
-     */
-    readonly flowPx?: Channel;
-  }
-  interface GeoJsonOptions {
-    /** The type features become: one name for all, or a name per feature from its properties. 'Feature' by default. */
-    readonly type?: string | ((properties: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>) => string);
-    /** A property holding each feature's id; the feature's own `id`, else its type and place, by default. */
-    readonly id?: string;
-    /** The Index source name rows are numbered under; a fresh one by default. */
-    readonly source?: string;
-    /** Stops reading and parsing; the promise rejects. */
-    readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Draw the earth and what lies on it: on a canvas, offscreen, or beneath a network. */
-export function createGeography(gpu: Gpu, config: Geography.Config = {}): Geography {
-  return new GeographyView(gpu, config);
-}
-
-interface Resolved {
-  readonly config: Geography.Config;
-  readonly style: Style;
-  readonly limits: Required<Geography.Limits>;
-  /** Whether any line type moves comets along itself. */
-  readonly flowing: boolean;
-}
-/** A record this frame resolved: what it draws from, before its look. */
-interface Planned {
-  readonly kind: 'area' | 'line';
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly options: Geography.AreaOptions | Geography.LineOptions;
-  readonly data: Data;
-  readonly prepared: Prepared;
-  /** A tile's shapes draw whole; Data's by what is in view. */
-  readonly whole: boolean;
-}
-interface Frame {
-  readonly paint: Paint;
-  readonly projector: kit.Projector;
-  readonly drawn: readonly Drawn[];
-  readonly commits: readonly (() => void)[];
-  readonly live: Parameters<Sources['keep']>[0];
-  readonly counts: {
-    readonly vertices: number;
-    readonly triangles: number;
-    readonly drawCalls: number;
-  };
-}
-
-/** What a frame's records want of a tile layer: its rings, its lines, and the fields they read. */
-interface LayerWants {
-  rings: boolean;
-  lines: boolean;
-  readonly fields: Map<string, VectorFieldType>;
-}
-const byName = (a: string, b: string) => (a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0);
-/**
- * The fields of a tile layer a record reads: its channels', unless its `values` hold them, typed as
- * the tiles declare them or else as numbers; and its labels', as text, which a number or a boolean
- * reads as too.
- */
-function wantFields(
-  into: Map<string, VectorFieldType>,
-  declared: Schema.Type | undefined,
-  options: Geography.AreaOptions | Geography.LineOptions,
-  bound: kit.BoundChannels<string>,
-): void {
-  const typeOf = (name: string, fallback: VectorFieldType): VectorFieldType => {
-    const type =
-      declared && Object.hasOwn(declared.fields, name) ? declared.fields[name].type : null;
-    return type === 'float64' || type === 'boolean' || type === 'text' ? type : fallback;
-  };
-  if (!options.values)
-    for (const field of Object.values(bound.fields))
-      if (typeof field === 'string') into.set(field, typeOf(field, 'float64'));
-  const label = kit.resolveLabels(options.labels)?.field;
-  if (typeof label === 'string' && !into.has(label)) into.set(label, 'text');
-}
-/** Shapes prepare in workers: they start as a config names any, so its first frame finds them running. */
-function warmFor(config: Geography.Config): void {
-  if (Object.keys(config.areas ?? {}).length || Object.keys(config.lines ?? {}).length) warm();
-}
-class GeographyView
-  extends kit.ProjectedView<
-    Geography.Config,
-    Geography.Item,
-    Geography.Item,
-    Geography.Events,
-    Resolved,
-    Frame,
-    Pipelines,
-    Records,
-    Merged
-  >
-  implements Geography
-{
-  private readonly records: RecordStyles;
-  private readonly painter: Painter;
-  private readonly sources: Sources;
-  private readonly labels = new SceneLabels();
-  /** The latest drawn frame: what pick, locate, and selection see. */
-  private shown?: Frame;
-  /** The selection's rows in each drawn Data, a bit per row, made as frames first draw them. */
-  private selectionBits?: {
-    readonly selection: readonly Geography.Item[];
-    readonly bits: WeakMap<Data, Map<string, kit.BufferData | null>>;
-  };
-  private counts = { vertices: 0, triangles: 0, drawCalls: 0 };
-  /** When comets began to move, in the frames' clock. */
-  private clock?: number;
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: Geography.Config) {
-    super(gpu, config, {
-      name: 'geography',
-      records: ['areas', 'lines'],
-      merged: ['camera', 'input', 'limits'],
-      options: [...Object.keys(DEFAULTS), 'limits'],
-      style: VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-    });
-    this.records = new RecordStyles(gpu);
-    this.painter = new Painter(gpu, this.records);
-    this.sources = new Sources(gpu, {
-      invalidate: () => {
-        if (!this.closed) {
-          this.refreshHover();
-          this.invalidate();
-        }
-      },
-      fail: (error) => {
-        if (!this.closed) this.fail(error);
-      },
-      signal: this.signal,
-      limits: () => this.resolved.limits,
-    });
-    this.start();
-    warmFor(config);
-  }
-  protected get style(): Style {
-    return this.resolved.style;
-  }
-  stats(): Geography.Stats {
-    const tiles = this.sources.tiles;
-    return {
-      ...super.stats(),
-      ...this.counts,
-      tiles: tiles.held,
-      loading: tiles.loading,
-      geometryBytes: this.sources.bytes,
-    };
-  }
-
-  protected checkSource(source: unknown): void {
-    if (source != null && !isData(source) && !isTiles(source))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'A geography source is Data or tiles');
-  }
-  protected defaultCamera(): ProjectedCamera {
-    return { ...Projector.camera, projection: 'mercator' };
-  }
-  /** Where the drawn records hold an item: each record, and the item's place in its rows. */
-  private placements(item: Geography.Item): { readonly record: Drawn; readonly at: number }[] {
-    const out: { record: Drawn; at: number }[] = [];
-    for (const record of this.shown?.drawn ?? [])
-      if (record.kind === item.kind && record.type === item.index.type) {
-        const at = positionIn(record.source, record.type, item);
-        if (at >= 0 && at < record.shapes.rows) out.push({ record, at });
-      }
-    return out;
-  }
-  protected position(item: Geography.Item): Point | null {
-    const shown = this.shown;
-    for (const { record, at } of this.placements(item)) {
-      const x = record.shapes.anchors[at * 2],
-        y = record.shapes.anchors[at * 2 + 1];
-      if (!Number.isFinite(x) || !shown) continue;
-      const p = shown.projector.project(x, y);
-      if (p.visible) return [p.x, p.y];
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-  protected identify(item: Geography.Item): string {
-    return itemKey(item, item.kind);
-  }
-  protected contains(item: Geography.Item): boolean {
-    return this.placements(item).length > 0;
-  }
-  protected hits(
-    point: Point,
-    radiusPx: number,
-    options: { readonly limit: number },
-  ): readonly Geography.Item[] {
-    const shown = this.shown;
-    return shown ? pick(shown.drawn, shown.projector, point, radiusPx, options.limit) : [];
-  }
-  protected pipelines(format: GPUTextureFormat, msaa: 1 | 4, shade: Shade): Promise<Pipelines> {
-    return pipelines(this.gpu, format, msaa, shade.wgsl);
-  }
-
-  protected resolve(config: Geography.Config): Resolved {
-    for (const [type, options] of Object.entries(config.areas ?? {}))
-      checkRecord('area', type, options, isTiles);
-    for (const [type, options] of Object.entries(config.lines ?? {}))
-      checkRecord('line', type, options, isTiles);
-    return {
-      config,
-      style: resolveStyle(config, this.sharedStyle(config)),
-      limits: kit.resolveLimits(config.limits, DEFAULT_LIMITS, 'geography'),
-      flowing: Object.values(config.lines ?? {}).some(
-        (line) => line.flowPx != null && line.flowPx !== 0,
-      ),
-    };
-  }
-  protected configure(next: Resolved, previous: Resolved): void {
-    if (
-      next.config.source !== previous.config.source ||
-      next.config.areas !== previous.config.areas ||
-      next.config.lines !== previous.config.lines
-    )
-      this.pruneSelection();
-    warmFor(next.config);
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  protected get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    return this.sources.pending;
-  }
-  /** Comets move, unless motion is reduced. */
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return super.animating || (this.moving && this.style.flowSpacingPx > 0);
-  }
-  private get moving(): boolean {
-    return this.resolved.flowing && !this.reducedMotion;
-  }
-  protected layerLook(): kit.LayerLook {
-    return { light: lightOf(this.style), fill: this.style.surfaceColor };
-  }
-
-  /** How the shapes, or some items, frame: all of what has loaded, or the items' rows. */
-  private framing(
-    items: readonly Geography.Item[] | undefined,
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): Partial<ProjectedCamera> | undefined {
-    let w = Infinity,
-      s = Infinity,
-      e = -Infinity,
-      n = -Infinity;
-    const add = (box: ArrayLike<number>, at = 0) => {
-      if (!(box[at] <= box[at + 2])) return;
-      w = Math.min(w, box[at]);
-      s = Math.min(s, box[at + 1]);
-      e = Math.max(e, box[at + 2]);
-      n = Math.max(n, box[at + 3]);
-    };
-    if (items) {
-      // A feature split across tiles frames whole.
-      for (const item of items)
-        for (const { record, at } of this.placements(item)) add(record.shapes.bounds, at * 4);
-    } else {
-      for (const record of this.shown?.drawn ?? []) add(record.shapes.extent);
-      const { config } = this.resolved;
-      for (const tiles of this.tileSets(config)) {
-        const source = this.sources.opened(tiles);
-        if (source) add(source.bounds);
-      }
-    }
-    return w <= e ? this.fitted(camera, [w, s, e, n], viewport) : undefined;
-  }
-  private tileSets(config: Geography.Config): TileSet[] {
-    const out = new Set<TileSet>();
-    const add = (source: unknown) => {
-      if (isTiles(source)) out.add(source);
-    };
-    add(config.source);
-    for (const options of [
-      ...Object.values(config.areas ?? {}),
-      ...Object.values(config.lines ?? {}),
-    ])
-      add(options.source);
-    return [...out];
-  }
-
-  protected async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation): Promise<Frame> {
-    this.live();
-    const camera = await this.frameCamera(frame, (items, current, viewport) =>
-      this.framing(items, current, viewport),
-    );
-    return this.render(frame, this.orbited(frame, camera), this.style.msaa);
-  }
-  /** A frame drawn beneath a host: its camera, its samples, and its scene block, bound as this frame's own. */
-  protected async prepareLayer(frame: kit.Preparation, scene: kit.LayerScene): Promise<Frame> {
-    this.live();
-    this.followCamera(frame, scene.camera);
-    return this.render(frame, scene.camera, scene.msaa, scene.scene);
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: kit.Encoding, prepared: Frame): void {
-    this.painter.encode(frame, prepared.paint, this.style.background);
-  }
-  protected encodeLayer(frame: kit.Encoding, prepared: Frame): void {
-    this.painter.compute(frame.encoder, prepared.paint);
-  }
-  protected drawLayer(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder, prepared: Frame): void {
-    this.painter.draw(pass, prepared.paint);
-  }
-  protected submitted(frame: FrameInfo, prepared: Frame): void {
-    for (const commit of prepared.commits) commit();
-    if (!frame.presented) return;
-    this.shown = prepared;
-    this.counts = prepared.counts;
-    this.records.presented();
-    this.sources.keep(prepared.live);
-  }
-  protected release(): void {
-    this.shown = undefined;
-    this.painter.destroy();
-    this.sources.destroy();
-    this.records.destroy();
-  }
-
-  /** Each record's shapes this frame, from Data, or the vector tiles over the region in view. */
-  private plan(
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    region: Region,
-    config: Geography.Config,
-    live: Frame['live'],
-  ): Planned[] {
-    const planned: Planned[] = [],
-      requests = new Map<TileSet, Map<string, LayerWants>>();
-    type Entry = readonly [
-      kind: 'area' | 'line',
-      type: string,
-      options: Geography.AreaOptions | Geography.LineOptions,
-    ];
-    const entries: Entry[] = [
-      ...Object.entries(config.areas ?? {}).map(([type, o]) => ['area', type, o] as Entry),
-      ...Object.entries(config.lines ?? {}).map(([type, o]) => ['line', type, o] as Entry),
-    ];
-    const closedOf = ([kind, type, options]: Entry) =>
-      kind === 'area' || strokesRings(options as Geography.LineOptions, config.areas?.[type]);
-    // Vector tiles decode the layers every record of theirs names, and the fields they read, once.
-    for (const entry of entries) {
-      const [kind, type, options] = entry,
-        source = options.source ?? config.source,
-        opened = isTiles(source) ? this.sources.opened(source) : undefined;
-      if (!opened) continue;
-      let layers = requests.get(source as TileSet);
-      if (!layers) requests.set(source as TileSet, (layers = new Map<string, LayerWants>()));
-      let layer = layers.get(type);
-      if (!layer) layers.set(type, (layer = { rings: false, lines: false, fields: new Map() }));
-      if (closedOf(entry)) layer.rings = true;
-      else layer.lines = true;
-      const declared = declaredSchema(opened).types;
-      wantFields(
-        layer.fields,
-        Object.hasOwn(declared, type) ? declared[type] : undefined,
-        options,
-        this.records.bind(options, kind === 'area' ? AREA : LINE),
-      );
-    }
-    const placed = new Map<TileSet, Placed<VectorTileData>[]>();
-    for (const [tiles, layers] of requests) {
-      const request: VectorLayerRequest[] = [...layers]
-        .sort(([a], [b]) => byName(a, b))
-        .map(([name, { rings, lines, fields }]) => ({
-          name,
-          rings,
-          lines,
-          fields: Object.fromEntries([...fields].sort(([a], [b]) => byName(a, b))),
-        }));
-      const pyramid = this.sources.vector(tiles, request),
-        seen = new Set<string>(),
-        tilesDrawn: Placed<VectorTileData>[] = [];
-      // An ancestor standing in for several tiles draws once.
-      for (const tile of pyramid.frame(projector, region)) {
-        const key = `${tile.from.z}/${tile.from.x}/${tile.from.y}`;
-        if (seen.has(key)) continue;
-        seen.add(key);
-        tilesDrawn.push(tile);
-      }
-      placed.set(tiles, tilesDrawn);
-      (live.vectors as Set<TileSet>).add(tiles);
-    }
-    for (const entry of entries) {
-      const [kind, type, options] = entry,
-        source = options.source ?? config.source;
-      if (!source) continue;
-      const closed = closedOf(entry),
-        field = shapeField(kind, options);
-      if (isData(source)) {
-        const prepared = this.sources.shapes(
-          source,
-          type,
-          field,
-          closed,
-          kind === 'line' && (options as Geography.LineOptions).route === 'geodesic',
-        );
-        if (prepared) {
-          (live.shapes as Set<unknown>).add(prepared.shapes);
-          planned.push({ kind, type, options, data: source, prepared, whole: false });
-        }
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (!isTiles(source)) continue;
-      for (const tile of placed.get(source) ?? []) {
-        const layer = tile.data.layers.get(type),
-          prepared = closed ? layer?.rings : layer?.lines;
-        if (prepared)
-          planned.push({ kind, type, options, data: tile.data.data, prepared, whole: true });
-      }
-    }
-    // Areas draw beneath lines, each kind in its records' order.
-    return [
-      ...planned.filter((p) => p.kind === 'area'),
-      ...planned.filter((p) => p.kind === 'line'),
-    ];
-  }
-  /** The selection's rows among a Data's rows of a type, as bits; made once per selection. */
-  private selected(data: Data, type: string): kit.BufferData | undefined {
-    const selection = this.selection;
-    if (!selection.length) return undefined;
-    if (this.selectionBits?.selection !== selection)
-      this.selectionBits = { selection, bits: new WeakMap() };
-    const { bits } = this.selectionBits;
-    let byType = bits.get(data);
-    if (!byType) bits.set(data, (byType = new Map<string, kit.BufferData | null>()));
-    if (!byType.has(type)) {
-      const places = selection.map((item) => positionIn(data, type, item)).filter((at) => at >= 0);
-      if (!places.length) byType.set(type, null);
-      else {
-        const words = new Uint32Array(Math.max(4, Math.ceil((Math.max(...places) + 1) / 32)));
-        for (const at of places) words[at >>> 5] |= 1 << (at & 31);
-        const buffer = new kit.BufferData({ size: words.byteLength, label: 'geography selection' });
-        buffer.write({ data: words });
-        byType.set(type, buffer);
-      }
-    }
-    return byType.get(type) ?? undefined;
-  }
-
-  /** Prepare a frame at a camera: what each record draws, its look, the hover, and the labels. */
-  private async render(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    msaa: 1 | 4,
-    hosted?: GPUBufferBinding,
-  ): Promise<Frame> {
-    const { config, style } = this.resolved,
-      pipeline = await this.framePipelines(frame, msaa),
-      projector = new Projector(camera, frame.viewport),
-      region = visibleRegion(projector),
-      pixels = pixelsPerDegree(projector),
-      live: Frame['live'] = { shapes: new Set(), vectors: new Set() };
-    const planned = this.plan(projector, region, config, live),
-      // A record hidden whole draws its labels alone: nothing of it hovers or picks.
-      drawn: Drawn[] = planned.flatMap((p) => {
-        const constant = this.records.constant(
-          this.records.bind(p.options, p.kind === 'area' ? AREA : LINE),
-          style.lineColor,
-          style.lineWidthPx,
-        );
-        return constant.visible
-          ? [
-              {
-                kind: p.kind,
-                source: p.data,
-                type: p.type,
-                shapes: p.prepared.shapes,
-                halfWidth: p.kind === 'line' ? constant.width / 2 : 0,
-              },
-            ]
-          : [];
-      });
-    const hover = this.hoverFrame(
-      frame,
-      (point, radius, { check }) => pick(drawn, projector, point, radius, 1, check)[0] ?? null,
-    );
-    const shapes: ShapeDraw[] = [],
-      commits: (() => void)[] = [],
-      labels: LabelSource[] = [];
-    for (const p of planned) {
-      const { kind, type, options, data, prepared } = p,
-        level = p.whole ? 0 : levelFor(prepared.shapes, pixels),
-        which = kind === 'area' ? 'triangles' : 'strips',
-        ranges = p.whole
-          ? [0, prepared.shapes.levels[0][which].length]
-          : visibleRanges(prepared.shapes, level, region, which);
-      if (!ranges.length || !ranges.some((v, i) => i % 2 === 1 && v > 0)) continue;
-      const values = options.values ?? data,
-        joined = values === data ? undefined : this.sources.join(data, values, type),
-        kinds = kind === 'area' ? AREA : LINE,
-        color = kind === 'area' ? style.areaColor : style.lineColor,
-        // Until the join lands, rows draw their type's look.
-        styled =
-          values !== data && !joined
-            ? this.records.waiting(options, kinds, color, style.lineWidthPx)
-            : await this.records.prepare(frame, {
-                values,
-                type,
-                options,
-                kinds,
-                color,
-                width: style.lineWidthPx,
-                layout: pipeline.page,
-              });
-      commits.push(styled.commit);
-      const bits = this.selected(data, type),
-        at = hover && hover.kind === kind ? positionIn(data, type, hover) : -1,
-        hovered = at >= 0 ? at : NONE;
-      shapes.push({
-        kind,
-        type,
-        prepared,
-        level,
-        ranges,
-        styled,
-        map: joined && frame.buffer(joined),
-        selection: bits && frame.buffer(bits),
-        hovered,
-      });
-      if (options.labels)
-        labels.push({ data, type, shapes: prepared.shapes, labels: options.labels });
-    }
-    const batches = labels.length
-      ? await this.labels.prepare(frame, this.gpu, labels, projector, region, pixels, style)
-      : [];
-    const paint = await this.painter.prepare(frame, {
-      projector,
-      style,
-      light: lightOf(style),
-      selected: this.selection.length > 0,
-      shapes,
-      labels: batches,
-      pipelines: pipeline,
-      shade: this.shadeFrame(frame),
-      hosted,
-      seconds: this.moving ? (frame.timeMs - (this.clock ??= frame.timeMs)) / 1000 : 0,
-    });
-    this.live();
-    frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    return {
-      paint,
-      projector,
-      drawn,
-      commits,
-      live,
-      counts: { ...paint.drawn, drawCalls: paint.drawCalls },
-    };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/geojson.ts b/packages/geography/src/geojson.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 83affa06..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/geojson.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, failure, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { geojsonBatches } from './sources/geojson.js';
-import type { Geography } from './geography.js';
-import { run } from './prepare/client.js';
-import { parseJson } from './prepare/jobs.js';
-
-/**
- * Rows from GeoJSON: a FeatureCollection, a Feature, or a bare geometry. Polygons give `rings`,
- * lines give `points`, a point gives `position`, and properties become fields. A URL to fetch, as a
- * string or a URL; a Blob such as a local file; or bytes, gzipped or not, are decoded and parsed in a
- * worker, off the page's thread. An object is already parsed; JSON text in hand reads as
- * `new Blob([text])`.
- */
-export async function geojson(
-  from: string | URL | Blob | ArrayBuffer | ArrayBufferView | object,
-  options: Geography.GeoJsonOptions = {},
-): Promise<Data> {
-  const { signal, type, id, source } = options;
-  signal?.throwIfAborted();
-  // Bytes fetched or read here are this call's own, so they move to the worker without a copy.
-  let owned: Uint8Array | undefined;
-  if (typeof from === 'string' || from instanceof URL) {
-    const response = await fetch(from, { signal });
-    if (!response.ok) throw failure('io', `GeoJSON could not be read from ${String(from)}`);
-    owned = new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer());
-  } else if (typeof Blob !== 'undefined' && from instanceof Blob)
-    owned = new Uint8Array(await from.arrayBuffer());
-  const bytes =
-    owned ??
-    (from instanceof ArrayBuffer
-      ? new Uint8Array(from)
-      : ArrayBuffer.isView(from)
-        ? new Uint8Array(from.buffer, from.byteOffset, from.byteLength)
-        : undefined);
-  if (bytes && typeof type !== 'function') {
-    const { schema, batches } = await run(
-      { kind: 'geojson', bytes, options: { type, id, source } },
-      owned ? [owned.buffer as ArrayBuffer] : [],
-      signal,
-    );
-    return createData(schema, batches);
-  }
-  // A type named per feature by a function parses here, where the function runs.
-  const parsed = bytes ? await parseJson(bytes) : from;
-  const { schema, batches } = geojsonBatches(parsed, { type, id, source });
-  return createData(schema, batches);
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/index.ts b/packages/geography/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 209fe48f..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-/** The earth and what lies on it: ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data or vector tiles. */
-export { createGeography } from './geography.js';
-export type { Geography } from './geography.js';
-export { geojson } from './geojson.js';
-export { tiles } from './tiles.js';
-export type { Tiles } from './tiles.js';
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/options.ts b/packages/geography/src/options.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5292fc56..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/options.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Data, type FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Geography } from './geography.js';
-export type Style = Required<Geography.Style> & kit.ResolvedViewStyle;
-/** A map looks straight down when it fits, and dashes finer than a network's edges. */
-export const DEFAULTS: Required<Geography.Style> = Object.freeze({
-  ...kit.lineStyle,
-  ...kit.projectedStyle,
-  ...kit.gridStyle,
-  dashPeriodPx: 8,
-  fitPitch: 0,
-  surfaceColor: [0.07, 0.1, 0.15, 1] as RGBA,
-  daylight: false,
-  nightFloor: 0.3,
-  terminatorWidth: 0.12,
-  atmosphere: true,
-  atmosphereColor: [0.36, 0.62, 0.95, 0.55] as RGBA,
-  earthAxis: false,
-  earthAxisColor: [0.6, 0.75, 0.86, 0.65] as RGBA,
-  areaColor: [0.16, 0.21, 0.27, 1] as RGBA,
-  lineColor: [0.52, 0.6, 0.68, 0.6] as RGBA,
-  lineWidthPx: 1,
-});
-/** Shared style the earth draws differently: hover and selection tint what they cover. */
-export const VIEW_DEFAULTS: Partial<kit.ResolvedViewStyle> = Object.freeze({
-  hoverColor: [1, 0.72, 0.28, 0.45] as RGBA,
-  selectedColor: [1, 0.4, 0.24, 0.6] as RGBA,
-});
-/** Line widths in CSS pixels that a `widthPx` field spans by default. */
-export const WIDTH_RANGE: readonly [number, number] = [0.5, 4];
-/** Speeds in CSS pixels a second that a `flowPx` field spans by default, as in a network. */
-export const FLOW_RANGE: readonly [number, number] = [0, 40];
-
-/** What areas read per row, and how. */
-export const AREA = {
-  color: 'color',
-  visible: 'raw',
-  shade: 'raw',
-} as const satisfies Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-/** What lines read per row, and how. */
-export const LINE = {
-  color: 'color',
-  visible: 'raw',
-  shade: 'raw',
-  widthPx: WIDTH_RANGE,
-  dash: 'raw',
-  flowPx: FLOW_RANGE,
-} as const satisfies Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-export type ChannelName = keyof typeof LINE;
-
-const AREA_KEYS = new Set(['source', 'values', 'color', 'visible', 'shade', 'labels', 'rings']);
-const LINE_KEYS = new Set([
-  'source',
-  'values',
-  'color',
-  'visible',
-  'shade',
-  'labels',
-  'points',
-  'widthPx',
-  'route',
-  'dash',
-  'flowPx',
-]);
-
-/** The field a record draws from: its own, or the kind's default. */
-export function shapeField(
-  kind: 'area' | 'line',
-  options: Geography.AreaOptions | Geography.LineOptions,
-): FieldInput {
-  return kind === 'area'
-    ? ((options as Geography.AreaOptions).rings ?? 'rings')
-    : ((options as Geography.LineOptions).points ?? 'points');
-}
-/** Whether a line record strokes rings, which close: an area type's own `rings`. */
-export function strokesRings(
-  options: Geography.LineOptions,
-  area: Geography.AreaOptions | undefined,
-): boolean {
-  const field = options.points ?? 'points';
-  return field === 'rings' || (area !== undefined && field === (area.rings ?? 'rings'));
-}
-/** A field input as a key: a field name, or its JSON. */
-export function fieldKey(field: FieldInput): string {
-  return typeof field === 'string' ? field : JSON.stringify(field);
-}
-/** Whether a value is model Data. */
-export function isData(value: unknown): value is Data {
-  const data = value as Data | undefined;
-  return !!data && typeof data === 'object' && !!data.schema && !!data.tables;
-}
-/** Throw unless a record's options are ones it knows, with valid channels and labels. */
-export function checkRecord(
-  kind: 'area' | 'line',
-  type: string,
-  options: Geography.AreaOptions | Geography.LineOptions,
-  isTiles: (value: unknown) => boolean,
-): void {
-  if (!options || typeof options !== 'object')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Invalid ${kind} options: ${type}`);
-  const known = kind === 'area' ? AREA_KEYS : LINE_KEYS;
-  for (const key of Object.keys(options))
-    if (!known.has(key)) throw failure('invalid-input', `Unknown ${kind} option: ${key}`);
-  if (options.source != null && !isData(options.source) && !isTiles(options.source))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `A ${kind} source is Data or tiles: ${type}`);
-  if (options.values != null && !isData(options.values))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Values are Data: ${type}`);
-  const line = options as Geography.LineOptions;
-  if (line.route != null && line.route !== 'straight' && line.route !== 'geodesic')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Invalid route: ${type}`);
-  kit.bindChannels(options, kind === 'area' ? AREA : LINE);
-  kit.resolveLabels(options.labels);
-}
-const RULES: kit.StyleRules<Required<Geography.Style>> = {
-  daylight: (value) => value === false || value === 'now' || Number.isFinite(value),
-  nightFloor: 'unit',
-  terminatorWidth: 'unit',
-};
-/** The style a config describes: its own options over the defaults, on the shared view style. */
-export function resolveStyle(config: Geography.Style, view: kit.ResolvedViewStyle): Style {
-  return kit.resolveStyle(config, DEFAULTS, RULES, view);
-}
-/** The sun a style lights the scene with, or none: at its time, or at the moment it draws. */
-export function lightOf(style: Style): kit.Light | null {
-  if (style.daylight === false) return null;
-  return {
-    sun: kit.Projector.sun(style.daylight === 'now' ? Date.now() : style.daylight),
-    nightFloor: style.nightFloor,
-    terminatorWidth: style.terminatorWidth,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/picking.ts b/packages/geography/src/picking.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5314670f..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/picking.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
-import { rowAt, sameIndex, type Data, type Item } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { kit, Point } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { cutEdge, type Shapes } from './prepare/shapes.js';
-import { piecesNear } from './scene/visible.js';
-import type { Geography } from './geography.js';
-/** A record as a frame drew it, which picking searches: topmost last. */
-export interface Drawn {
-  readonly kind: 'area' | 'line';
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly shapes: Shapes;
-  /** Half the width lines draw at, in CSS pixels, which counts as on the line. */
-  readonly halfWidth: number;
-}
-interface Hit {
-  readonly item: Geography.Item;
-  readonly distance: number;
-  readonly order: number;
-}
-
-/** Each set of shapes' vertices as words, to read their rows. */
-const words = new WeakMap<Shapes, Uint32Array>();
-/** A vertex's longitude and latitude: its row's origin, rejoined, plus its offset. */
-function pointOf(shapes: Shapes, v: number): [number, number] {
-  let view = words.get(shapes);
-  if (!view)
-    words.set(
-      shapes,
-      (view = new Uint32Array(
-        shapes.vertices.buffer,
-        shapes.vertices.byteOffset,
-        shapes.vertices.length,
-      )),
-    );
-  const row = view[v * 3 + 2],
-    o = shapes.origins;
-  return [
-    o[row * 4] + o[row * 4 + 2] + shapes.vertices[v * 3],
-    o[row * 4 + 1] + o[row * 4 + 3] + shapes.vertices[v * 3 + 1],
-  ];
-}
-/** The parts of a piece, as first and end vertices. */
-function* partsOf(shapes: Shapes, piece: number): Generator<readonly [number, number]> {
-  const first = shapes.pieces[piece * 3 + 1],
-    count = shapes.pieces[piece * 3 + 2];
-  for (let k = 0; k < count; k++) {
-    const part = shapes.pieceParts[first + k];
-    yield [shapes.parts[part], shapes.parts[part + 1]];
-  }
-}
-/** Whether a point lies in a piece's polygon, by the even-odd rule over its rings. */
-function inside(shapes: Shapes, piece: number, x: number, y: number): boolean {
-  let within = false;
-  for (const [first, end] of partsOf(shapes, piece)) {
-    let [bx, by] = pointOf(shapes, end - 1);
-    for (let v = first; v < end; v++) {
-      const [ax, ay] = pointOf(shapes, v);
-      if (ay > y !== by > y && x < ((bx - ax) * (y - ay)) / (by - ay) + ax) within = !within;
-      bx = ax;
-      by = ay;
-    }
-  }
-  return within;
-}
-/** The distance in CSS pixels from a canvas point to a segment between two projected points. */
-function segmentDistance(p: Point, a: kit.Projected, b: kit.Projected): number {
-  const dx = b.x - a.x,
-    dy = b.y - a.y,
-    length = dx * dx + dy * dy,
-    t = length > 0 ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, ((p[0] - a.x) * dx + (p[1] - a.y) * dy) / length)) : 0;
-  return Math.hypot(p[0] - (a.x + dx * t), p[1] - (a.y + dy * t));
-}
-/** Each axis of rows by number, to find a row's place at once. */
-const places = new WeakMap<Uint32Array, Map<number, number>>();
-/**
- * Where an item's row lies among a Data's rows of a type, or -1 where they number another row
- * space or hold none of it: tiles holding one feature each find it at their own place.
- */
-export function positionIn(data: Data, type: string, item: Item): number {
-  const table = data.tables[type];
-  if (!table || !sameIndex(table.index, item.index)) return -1;
-  const rows = table.rows;
-  if (rows.kind === 'range') {
-    const at = item.row - rows.offset;
-    return at >= 0 && at < rows.count ? at : -1;
-  }
-  let place = places.get(rows.values);
-  if (!place) {
-    place = new Map<number, number>();
-    rows.values.forEach((row, i) => place!.set(row, i));
-    places.set(rows.values, place);
-  }
-  return place.get(item.row) ?? -1;
-}
-/** A row's item. */
-export function itemOf(
-  kind: 'area' | 'line',
-  source: Data,
-  type: string,
-  position: number,
-): Geography.Item {
-  const table = source.tables[type];
-  return { kind, source, index: table.index, row: rowAt(table.rows, position) };
-}
-/** The CSS pixels a degree spans each way at a point, at least a little. */
-function pixelsAt(projector: kit.Projector, x: number, y: number): readonly [number, number] {
-  const step = 0.01,
-    p = projector.project(x, y),
-    east = projector.project(x + step, y),
-    north = projector.project(x, Math.min(90, y + step));
-  const fallback = projector.camera.scale;
-  if (!p.visible || !east.visible || !north.visible) return [fallback, fallback];
-  return [
-    Math.max(1e-9, Math.hypot(east.x - p.x, east.y - p.y) / step),
-    Math.max(1e-9, Math.hypot(north.x - p.x, north.y - p.y) / step),
-  ];
-}
-
-/**
- * The rows near a canvas point in what a frame drew: an area holding it, or a line within the
- * radius. Nearest first, the topmost breaking ties; a point on a line's stroke is on it.
- */
-export function pick(
-  drawn: readonly Drawn[],
-  projector: kit.Projector,
-  point: Point,
-  radiusPx: number,
-  limit: number,
-  check?: () => void,
-): Geography.Item[] {
-  const at = projector.unproject(point);
-  if (!at) return [];
-  const [x, y] = at,
-    [px, py] = pixelsAt(projector, x, y),
-    hits = new Map<string, Hit>();
-  const keep = (item: Geography.Item, distance: number, order: number) => {
-    const key = `${order}:${item.row}`,
-      before = hits.get(key);
-    if (!before || distance < before.distance) hits.set(key, { item, distance, order });
-  };
-  drawn.forEach((record, order) => {
-    const { shapes, kind, source, type } = record;
-    if (kind === 'area') {
-      for (const piece of piecesNear(shapes, x, y, x, y)) {
-        check?.();
-        if (inside(shapes, piece, x, y))
-          keep(itemOf(kind, source, type, shapes.pieces[piece * 3]), 0, order);
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-    const reach = radiusPx + record.halfWidth,
-      dx = reach / px,
-      dy = reach / py;
-    for (const piece of piecesNear(shapes, x - dx, y - dy, x + dx, y + dy)) {
-      check?.();
-      let best = Infinity;
-      for (const [first, end] of partsOf(shapes, piece)) {
-        const count = shapes.closed ? end - first + 1 : end - first;
-        let [ax, ay] = pointOf(shapes, first),
-          pa: kit.Projected | undefined;
-        for (let k = 1; k < count; k++) {
-          const [bx, by] = pointOf(shapes, first + (k % (end - first)));
-          const near =
-            Math.min(ax, bx) <= x + dx &&
-            Math.max(ax, bx) >= x - dx &&
-            Math.min(ay, by) <= y + dy &&
-            Math.max(ay, by) >= y - dy;
-          if (near && !(shapes.closed && cutEdge(ax, ay, bx, by))) {
-            pa ??= projector.project(ax, ay);
-            const pb = projector.project(bx, by);
-            if (pa.visible && pb.visible) best = Math.min(best, segmentDistance(point, pa, pb));
-            pa = pb;
-          } else pa = undefined;
-          ax = bx;
-          ay = by;
-        }
-      }
-      if (best <= reach)
-        keep(
-          itemOf(kind, source, type, shapes.pieces[piece * 3]),
-          Math.max(0, best - record.halfWidth),
-          order,
-        );
-    }
-  });
-  return [...hits.values()]
-    .sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance || b.order - a.order)
-    .slice(0, limit)
-    .map((hit) => hit.item);
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/prepare/client.ts b/packages/geography/src/prepare/client.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 19aa992b..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/prepare/client.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import source from './worker.ts?worker';
-import { runJob, type Job, type JobResults } from './jobs.js';
-
-interface Pending {
-  readonly resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
-  readonly reject: (error: unknown) => void;
-  readonly job: Job;
-  readonly transfer: readonly Transferable[];
-}
-interface Thread {
-  readonly worker: Worker;
-  readonly pending: Map<number, Pending>;
-  /** Jobs waiting for the worker to start: their buffers stay here until it has. */
-  readonly waiting: number[];
-  ready: boolean;
-}
-type Reply = {
-  ready?: true;
-  id?: number;
-  result?: unknown;
-  error?: { code: string; message: string };
-};
-/** At most this many workers: preparing and decoding run in parallel, up to the cores spared. */
-const MAX_THREADS = 4;
-let threads: Thread[] | null | undefined;
-let serial = 0;
-let url: string | undefined;
-
-/** Run a job inline, on a later task, so a caller never runs it synchronously. */
-function inline(job: Job): Promise<unknown> {
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
-    setTimeout(() => {
-      runJob(job).then(({ result }) => resolve(result), reject);
-    }, 0),
-  );
-}
-/** The workers, started once; null where the page cannot start them, which runs jobs inline. */
-function pool(): Thread[] | null {
-  if (threads !== undefined) return threads;
-  if (typeof Worker === 'undefined' || typeof Blob === 'undefined' || typeof URL === 'undefined')
-    return (threads = null);
-  try {
-    url ??= URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([source], { type: 'text/javascript' }));
-    const count = Math.max(
-      1,
-      Math.min(MAX_THREADS, (globalThis.navigator?.hardwareConcurrency ?? 2) - 1),
-    );
-    threads = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) threads.push(start());
-  } catch {
-    threads = null;
-  }
-  return threads;
-}
-function start(): Thread {
-  const worker = new Worker(url!, { name: 'latkit geography' }),
-    thread: Thread = { worker, pending: new Map(), waiting: [], ready: false };
-  worker.onmessage = (event: MessageEvent<Reply>) => {
-    const { ready, id, result, error } = event.data;
-    if (ready) {
-      thread.ready = true;
-      for (const waiting of thread.waiting.splice(0)) post(thread, waiting);
-      return;
-    }
-    const pending = thread.pending.get(id!);
-    if (!pending) return;
-    thread.pending.delete(id!);
-    if (error) pending.reject(failure(error.code as Failure.Code, error.message));
-    else pending.resolve(result);
-  };
-  worker.onerror = (event) => {
-    event.preventDefault();
-    // A worker refused by a content security policy without `worker-src blob:`, or one that dies:
-    // jobs not yet sent, and every later one, run inline.
-    const all = threads ?? [];
-    threads = null;
-    for (const t of all) {
-      t.worker.terminate();
-      for (const [id, pending] of t.pending)
-        if (t.waiting.includes(id)) inline(pending.job).then(pending.resolve, pending.reject);
-        else pending.reject(failure('unavailable', 'The geography worker stopped'));
-    }
-  };
-  return thread;
-}
-/** Start the workers ahead of their first job, so they boot while the view sets up. */
-export function warm(): void {
-  pool();
-}
-function post(thread: Thread, id: number): void {
-  const pending = thread.pending.get(id);
-  if (pending)
-    thread.worker.postMessage({ id, job: pending.job }, pending.transfer as Transferable[]);
-}
-
-/**
- * Run a job in a worker, transferring `transfer` to it; inline where workers cannot start. An
- * aborted signal rejects at once, and the worker's result is dropped.
- */
-export function run<K extends Job['kind']>(
-  job: Job & { kind: K },
-  transfer: readonly Transferable[] = [],
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<JobResults[K]> {
-  signal?.throwIfAborted();
-  const workers = pool();
-  const done = workers
-    ? new Promise<JobResults[K]>((resolve, reject) => {
-        let thread = workers[0];
-        for (const t of workers) if (t.pending.size < thread.pending.size) thread = t;
-        const id = ++serial;
-        thread.pending.set(id, {
-          resolve: resolve as (value: unknown) => void,
-          reject,
-          job,
-          transfer,
-        });
-        if (thread.ready) post(thread, id);
-        else thread.waiting.push(id);
-      })
-    : (inline(job) as Promise<JobResults[K]>);
-  if (!signal) return done;
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    const abort = () => reject(signal.reason as Error);
-    signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
-    done.then(
-      (value) => {
-        signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-        resolve(value);
-      },
-      (error: unknown) => {
-        signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-        reject(error as Error);
-      },
-    );
-  });
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/prepare/geometry.ts b/packages/geography/src/prepare/geometry.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b378d94..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/prepare/geometry.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,867 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import earcut from 'earcut';
-import { Heap } from './heap.js';
-
-/** Polylines or rings: x, y pairs, with the first pair of each part followed by the total pair count. */
-export interface Parts {
-  readonly coordinates: Float64Array;
-  readonly parts: Uint32Array;
-}
-/** Cut parts, and for each the input part it came from. */
-export interface CutParts extends Parts {
-  readonly from: Uint32Array;
-}
-
-/** Polylines cut where they cross the antimeridian (consecutive longitudes more than 180° apart), each cut ending exactly at ±180 with the crossing latitude interpolated. */
-export function cutLines(lines: Parts): CutParts {
-  const count = checkParts(lines),
-    { coordinates: xy, parts } = lines,
-    out = new Builder(count + 16, parts.length + 16);
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < parts.length; p++) {
-    const first = parts[p],
-      end = parts[p + 1];
-    out.source = p;
-    if (!crosses(xy, first, end, false)) {
-      out.copy(xy, first, end);
-      continue;
-    }
-    out.point(xy[2 * first], xy[2 * first + 1]);
-    for (let i = first + 1; i < end; i++) {
-      const direction = crossing(xy, i - 1, i);
-      if (direction !== 0) {
-        const y = crossingLatitude(xy, i - 1, i, direction);
-        out.point(180 * direction, y);
-        out.end(2, false);
-        out.point(-180 * direction, y);
-      }
-      out.point(xy[2 * i], xy[2 * i + 1]);
-    }
-    out.end(2, false);
-  }
-  return out.finish();
-}
-
-/** Rings cut at the antimeridian into closed pieces on each side, the cut edges running along ±180; rings that do not cross are returned as they are. Polygons covering a pole (e.g. Antarctica, where the ring wraps the whole longitude range) close along the pole latitude (±90) instead. */
-export function cutRings(rings: Parts): CutParts {
-  const count = checkParts(rings),
-    { coordinates: xy, parts } = rings,
-    out = new Builder(count + 64, parts.length + 16),
-    chains = new Chains();
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < parts.length; p++) {
-    const first = parts[p],
-      end = parts[p + 1];
-    out.source = p;
-    if (end - first < 2 || !crosses(xy, first, end, true)) out.copy(xy, first, end);
-    else cutRing(xy, first, end, chains, out);
-  }
-  return out.finish();
-}
-
-/**
- * Topology-preserving simplification levels. Points shared by several parts (by exact coordinates)
- * split parts into arcs; each distinct arc (an arc and its reverse are the same arc) is ranked once
- * with Visvalingam–Whyatt effective area, so neighboring rings simplify identically along shared
- * borders and never crack. Endpoints of arcs (junctions) and the endpoints of open polylines are
- * always kept; a ring keeps at least 3 points (its largest-area points) at every level.
- * Returns, per point of the input, the area at which it disappears (Infinity for kept-forever
- * points), in squared degrees. A level with tolerance t keeps the points whose area exceeds t.
- */
-export function simplificationAreas(parts: Parts, closed: boolean): Float64Array {
-  const count = checkParts(parts),
-    { coordinates: xy, parts: starts } = parts,
-    ids = coordinateIds(xy, count),
-    junction = junctions(ids, starts, closed),
-    byId = new Float64Array(count).fill(-1);
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) if (junction[ids[i]]) byId[ids[i]] = Infinity;
-  const ranker = new Ranker(xy, ids, byId);
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < starts.length; p++)
-    rankPart(starts[p], starts[p + 1], ids, junction, closed, ranker);
-  if (closed)
-    for (let p = 0; p + 1 < starts.length; p++) keepThree(starts[p], starts[p + 1], ids, byId);
-  const areas = new Float64Array(count);
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const area = byId[ids[i]];
-    areas[i] = area < 0 ? Infinity : area;
-  }
-  return areas;
-}
-
-/** The parts with only the points whose area exceeds `tolerance`, dropping parts left with fewer than 2 points (lines) or 3 (rings). Also returns, per output point, its index in the input. */
-export function simplified(
-  parts: Parts,
-  areas: Float64Array,
-  tolerance: number,
-  closed: boolean,
-): Parts & { readonly source: Uint32Array } {
-  const count = checkParts(parts),
-    { coordinates: xy, parts: starts } = parts,
-    minimum = closed ? 3 : 2;
-  if (areas.length !== count)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Expected ${count} areas, one per point, not ${areas.length}.`);
-  let points = 0,
-    kept = 0;
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < starts.length; p++) {
-    const k = keptIn(areas, starts[p], starts[p + 1], tolerance);
-    if (k < minimum) continue;
-    points += k;
-    kept++;
-  }
-  const coordinates = new Float64Array(2 * points),
-    outStarts = new Uint32Array(kept + 1),
-    source = new Uint32Array(points);
-  let n = 0,
-    part = 0;
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < starts.length; p++) {
-    const first = starts[p],
-      end = starts[p + 1];
-    if (keptIn(areas, first, end, tolerance) < minimum) continue;
-    outStarts[part++] = n;
-    for (let i = first; i < end; i++) {
-      if (!(areas[i] > tolerance)) continue;
-      coordinates[2 * n] = xy[2 * i];
-      coordinates[2 * n + 1] = xy[2 * i + 1];
-      source[n++] = i;
-    }
-  }
-  outStarts[part] = n;
-  return { coordinates, parts: outStarts, source };
-}
-
-/** Triangles of one polygon (outer ring then holes) as indices into its own points, via earcut; empty for degenerate input. */
-export function triangulate(polygon: Parts, first: number, count: number): Uint32Array {
-  checkRange(polygon, first, count);
-  if (count === 0) return new Uint32Array(0);
-  const { coordinates, parts } = polygon,
-    start = parts[first],
-    holes: number[] = [];
-  for (let r = first + 1; r < first + count; r++) holes.push(parts[r] - start);
-  const points = coordinates.subarray(2 * start, 2 * parts[first + count]);
-  return Uint32Array.from(earcut(points, holes.length > 0 ? holes : null));
-}
-
-/** Rings grouped into polygons: each counter-clockwise (positive area) ring starts a polygon, and clockwise rings that follow are its holes. Returns per polygon the index of its first ring and, after the last, the ring count. */
-export function polygonsOf(rings: Parts): Uint32Array {
-  checkParts(rings);
-  const { coordinates: xy, parts } = rings,
-    ringCount = parts.length - 1,
-    firsts: number[] = [];
-  for (let r = 0; r < ringCount; r++)
-    if (r === 0 || shoelace(xy, parts[r], parts[r + 1]) > 0) firsts.push(r);
-  firsts.push(ringCount);
-  return Uint32Array.from(firsts);
-}
-
-/** The signed shoelace area of a part (positive counter-clockwise, y up). */
-export function ringArea(parts: Parts, part: number): number {
-  checkRange(parts, part, 1);
-  return shoelace(parts.coordinates, parts.parts[part], parts.parts[part + 1]);
-}
-
-/** The pole of inaccessibility of a polygon (Mapbox polylabel's algorithm), for placing its label: within `precision` degrees. */
-export function labelPoint(
-  polygon: Parts,
-  first: number,
-  count: number,
-  precision: number,
-): readonly [number, number] {
-  checkRange(polygon, first, count);
-  if (!(precision > 0) || !Number.isFinite(precision))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Label precision must be a positive number, not ${precision}.`);
-  const { coordinates: xy, parts } = polygon;
-  if (count === 0 || parts[first + 1] === parts[first])
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'A polygon needs an outer ring with points.');
-  const shape: Shape = { xy, parts, first, count };
-  let minX = Infinity,
-    minY = Infinity,
-    maxX = -Infinity,
-    maxY = -Infinity;
-  for (let i = parts[first]; i < parts[first + 1]; i++) {
-    minX = Math.min(minX, xy[2 * i]);
-    maxX = Math.max(maxX, xy[2 * i]);
-    minY = Math.min(minY, xy[2 * i + 1]);
-    maxY = Math.max(maxY, xy[2 * i + 1]);
-  }
-  const width = maxX - minX,
-    height = maxY - minY,
-    size = Math.min(width, height),
-    centroid = centroidCell(shape),
-    middle = cellAt(shape, minX + width / 2, minY + height / 2, 0);
-  let best = middle.d > centroid.d ? middle : centroid;
-  if (size <= precision) return [best.x, best.y];
-  const cells: Cell[] = [],
-    queue = new Heap(16, () => false),
-    probe = (x: number, y: number, h: number) => {
-      const cell = cellAt(shape, x, y, h);
-      if (cell.max > best.d + precision) queue.push(cells.push(cell) - 1, -cell.max);
-      if (cell.d > best.d) best = cell;
-    };
-  const half = size / 2;
-  for (let x = minX; x < maxX; x += size)
-    for (let y = minY; y < maxY; y += size) probe(x + half, y + half, half);
-  while (queue.size > 0) {
-    const cell = cells[queue.pop()];
-    if (cell.max - best.d <= precision) break;
-    const h = cell.h / 2;
-    probe(cell.x - h, cell.y - h, h);
-    probe(cell.x + h, cell.y - h, h);
-    probe(cell.x - h, cell.y + h, h);
-    probe(cell.x + h, cell.y + h, h);
-  }
-  return [best.x, best.y];
-}
-
-/** The pair count of well-formed parts; throws invalid-input otherwise. */
-function checkParts({ coordinates, parts }: Parts): number {
-  if (coordinates.length % 2 !== 0)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Coordinates must be x, y pairs.');
-  const count = coordinates.length / 2;
-  if (parts.length === 0 || parts[0] !== 0 || parts[parts.length - 1] !== count)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Parts must start at 0 and end at the pair count, ${count}.`);
-  for (let i = 1; i < parts.length; i++)
-    if (parts[i] < parts[i - 1])
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Parts must ascend; part ${i} does not.`);
-  return count;
-}
-
-/** Throws invalid-input unless parts `first` to `first + count` exist, ascend, and lie within the coordinates. */
-function checkRange({ coordinates, parts }: Parts, first: number, count: number): void {
-  const last = first + count;
-  if (
-    !Number.isInteger(first) ||
-    !Number.isInteger(count) ||
-    first < 0 ||
-    count < 0 ||
-    last >= parts.length
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Parts ${first} to ${last} are out of range.`);
-  for (let r = first; r < last; r++)
-    if (parts[r + 1] < parts[r])
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Parts must ascend; part ${r + 1} does not.`);
-  if (2 * parts[last] > coordinates.length)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Part ${last} ends past the coordinates.`);
-}
-
-/** Parts written point by point into buffers that grow, skipping a point that repeats the last. */
-class Builder {
-  /** The input part the parts ended next come from. */
-  source = 0;
-  private xy: Float64Array;
-  private starts: Uint32Array;
-  private sources: Uint32Array;
-  private points = 0;
-  private ended = 0;
-
-  constructor(points: number, parts: number) {
-    this.xy = new Float64Array(2 * Math.max(points, 4));
-    this.starts = new Uint32Array(Math.max(parts, 1) + 1);
-    this.sources = new Uint32Array(Math.max(parts, 1));
-  }
-
-  /** Appends a point to the open part unless it repeats the last one. */
-  point(x: number, y: number): void {
-    const n = this.points;
-    if (n > this.starts[this.ended] && this.xy[2 * n - 2] === x && this.xy[2 * n - 1] === y) return;
-    if (2 * n + 2 > this.xy.length) this.grow(n + 1);
-    this.xy[2 * n] = x;
-    this.xy[2 * n + 1] = y;
-    this.points = n + 1;
-  }
-
-  /** Appends points `first` to `end` of `source` as one part, as they are. */
-  copy(source: Float64Array, first: number, end: number): void {
-    const n = this.points + end - first;
-    if (2 * n > this.xy.length) this.grow(n);
-    this.xy.set(source.subarray(2 * first, 2 * end), 2 * this.points);
-    this.points = n;
-    this.close();
-  }
-
-  /** Ends the open part, dropping it with fewer than `minimum` points; a ring also drops a repeat of its first point, and drops itself with no area. */
-  end(minimum: number, ring: boolean): void {
-    const xy = this.xy,
-      first = this.starts[this.ended];
-    let n = this.points;
-    if (
-      ring &&
-      n - first > 1 &&
-      xy[2 * first] === xy[2 * n - 2] &&
-      xy[2 * first + 1] === xy[2 * n - 1]
-    )
-      n--;
-    this.points = n;
-    if (n - first < minimum || (ring && shoelace(xy, first, n) === 0)) this.points = first;
-    else this.close();
-  }
-
-  finish(): CutParts {
-    const points = this.starts[this.ended];
-    return {
-      coordinates: this.xy.slice(0, 2 * points),
-      parts: this.starts.slice(0, this.ended + 1),
-      from: this.sources.slice(0, this.ended),
-    };
-  }
-
-  private close(): void {
-    if (this.ended + 1 >= this.starts.length) {
-      const starts = new Uint32Array(2 * this.starts.length),
-        sources = new Uint32Array(2 * this.starts.length);
-      starts.set(this.starts);
-      sources.set(this.sources);
-      this.starts = starts;
-      this.sources = sources;
-    }
-    this.sources[this.ended] = this.source;
-    this.starts[++this.ended] = this.points;
-  }
-
-  private grow(points: number): void {
-    const xy = new Float64Array(2 * Math.max(points, 2 * this.points));
-    xy.set(this.xy.subarray(0, 2 * this.points));
-    this.xy = xy;
-  }
-}
-
-/** The signed area of points `first` to `end`, as a closed ring. */
-function shoelace(xy: Float64Array, first: number, end: number): number {
-  if (end - first < 3) return 0;
-  const x0 = xy[2 * first],
-    y0 = xy[2 * first + 1];
-  let sum = 0;
-  for (let i = first + 1; i < end - 1; i++)
-    sum += (xy[2 * i] - x0) * (xy[2 * i + 3] - y0) - (xy[2 * i + 2] - x0) * (xy[2 * i + 1] - y0);
-  return sum / 2;
-}
-
-/** Whether the step from point `a` to point `b` crosses the antimeridian: 1 eastward (from +180 to −180), −1 westward, 0 not. */
-function crossing(xy: Float64Array, a: number, b: number): number {
-  const step = xy[2 * b] - xy[2 * a];
-  return step < -180 ? 1 : step > 180 ? -1 : 0;
-}
-
-/** The latitude where the step from point `a` to point `b` meets the antimeridian, crossing in `direction`. */
-function crossingLatitude(xy: Float64Array, a: number, b: number, direction: number): number {
-  const x0 = xy[2 * a],
-    y0 = xy[2 * a + 1],
-    y1 = xy[2 * b + 1],
-    span = xy[2 * b] + 360 * direction - x0,
-    t = span === 0 ? 0 : (180 * direction - x0) / span;
-  return t <= 0 ? y0 : t >= 1 ? y1 : y0 + t * (y1 - y0);
-}
-
-/** Whether points `first` to `end` cross the antimeridian, counting the closing step of a ring. */
-function crosses(xy: Float64Array, first: number, end: number, ring: boolean): boolean {
-  for (let i = first + 1; i < end; i++) if (crossing(xy, i - 1, i) !== 0) return true;
-  return ring && end - first > 1 && crossing(xy, end - 1, first) !== 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * Whether a crossing ring encloses the region on its left. A ring that comes back to its start
- * longitude encloses its left when counter-clockwise; one that wraps the globe encloses the nearer
- * pole, which lies on its left when it wraps eastward around the north or westward around the south.
- */
-function regionOnLeft(xy: Float64Array, first: number, end: number): boolean {
-  const n = end - first,
-    x0 = xy[2 * first],
-    y0 = xy[2 * first + 1];
-  let shift = 0,
-    twiceArea = 0,
-    u = 0,
-    v = 0,
-    latitudes = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    const a = first + i,
-      b = first + ((i + 1) % n);
-    shift += 360 * crossing(xy, a, b);
-    const nextU = xy[2 * b] + shift - x0,
-      nextV = xy[2 * b + 1] - y0;
-    twiceArea += u * nextV - nextU * v;
-    u = nextU;
-    v = nextV;
-    latitudes += xy[2 * a + 1];
-  }
-  if (shift === 0) return twiceArea >= 0;
-  const eastward = shift > 0,
-    north = latitudes >= 0;
-  return eastward === north;
-}
-
-/** The pieces of one ring between antimeridian crossings, each from its entry point to its exit point. */
-class Chains {
-  xy = new Float64Array(256);
-  points = 0;
-  /** The first point of each chain. */
-  readonly starts: number[] = [];
-  /** Where each chain enters along the map boundary. */
-  readonly entries: number[] = [];
-  /** Where each chain exits along the map boundary. */
-  readonly exits: number[] = [];
-
-  clear(): void {
-    this.points = 0;
-    this.starts.length = this.entries.length = this.exits.length = 0;
-  }
-
-  begin(x: number, y: number, clockwise: boolean): void {
-    this.starts.push(this.points);
-    this.entries.push(perimeter(x, y, clockwise));
-    this.point(x, y);
-  }
-
-  point(x: number, y: number): void {
-    if (2 * this.points + 2 > this.xy.length) {
-      const xy = new Float64Array(2 * this.xy.length);
-      xy.set(this.xy);
-      this.xy = xy;
-    }
-    this.xy[2 * this.points] = x;
-    this.xy[2 * this.points + 1] = y;
-    this.points++;
-  }
-
-  finish(x: number, y: number, clockwise: boolean): void {
-    this.point(x, y);
-    this.exits.push(perimeter(x, y, clockwise));
-  }
-
-  /** The point after the last of chain `c`. */
-  end(c: number): number {
-    return c + 1 < this.starts.length ? this.starts[c + 1] : this.points;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Where a point on the antimeridian lies along the boundary of the map rectangle: counter-clockwise from (−180, −90) over a perimeter of 1080, or clockwise when `clockwise`. */
-function perimeter(x: number, y: number, clockwise: boolean): number {
-  const position = (x > 0 ? 450 + y : 990 - y) % 1080;
-  return clockwise ? (1080 - position) % 1080 : position;
-}
-
-/** The corners of the map rectangle as (perimeter position, x, y), in counter-clockwise order. */
-const COUNTER_CLOCKWISE_CORNERS = [0, -180, -90, 360, 180, -90, 540, 180, 90, 900, -180, 90];
-/** The corners of the map rectangle as (perimeter position, x, y), in clockwise order. */
-const CLOCKWISE_CORNERS = [0, -180, -90, 180, -180, 90, 540, 180, 90, 720, 180, -90];
-
-/** Cuts one ring that crosses the antimeridian into chains, then joins them into closed pieces. */
-function cutRing(xy: Float64Array, first: number, end: number, chains: Chains, out: Builder): void {
-  const n = end - first,
-    clockwise = !regionOnLeft(xy, first, end),
-    at = (i: number) => first + (i % n);
-  let c = 0;
-  while (crossing(xy, at(c), at(c + 1)) === 0) c++;
-  chains.clear();
-  const direction = crossing(xy, at(c), at(c + 1));
-  chains.begin(-180 * direction, crossingLatitude(xy, at(c), at(c + 1), direction), clockwise);
-  for (let step = 1; step <= n; step++) {
-    const a = at(c + step),
-      b = at(c + step + 1),
-      direction = crossing(xy, a, b);
-    chains.point(xy[2 * a], xy[2 * a + 1]);
-    if (direction === 0) continue;
-    const y = crossingLatitude(xy, a, b, direction);
-    chains.finish(180 * direction, y, clockwise);
-    if (step < n) chains.begin(-180 * direction, y, clockwise);
-  }
-  rejoin(chains, clockwise, out);
-}
-
-/**
- * Joins chains into closed pieces: from each chain's exit, the boundary of the map rectangle is
- * walked in the ring's direction to the next chain's entry, passing any corners on the way.
- */
-function rejoin(chains: Chains, clockwise: boolean, out: Builder): void {
-  const { entries, exits } = chains,
-    count = entries.length,
-    order = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i).sort((a, b) => entries[a] - entries[b]),
-    used = new Uint8Array(count),
-    corners = clockwise ? CLOCKWISE_CORNERS : COUNTER_CLOCKWISE_CORNERS;
-  for (let start = 0; start < count; start++) {
-    if (used[start]) continue;
-    let c = start;
-    for (;;) {
-      used[c] = 1;
-      for (let i = chains.starts[c]; i < chains.end(c); i++)
-        out.point(chains.xy[2 * i], chains.xy[2 * i + 1]);
-      const next = nextEntry(order, entries, exits[c]);
-      walk(exits[c], entries[next], corners, out);
-      if (next === start || used[next]) break;
-      c = next;
-    }
-    out.end(3, true);
-  }
-}
-
-/** The chain whose entry comes first at or after boundary position `position`, wrapping around. */
-function nextEntry(order: readonly number[], entries: readonly number[], position: number): number {
-  let low = 0,
-    high = order.length;
-  while (low < high) {
-    const middle = (low + high) >> 1;
-    if (entries[order[middle]] < position) low = middle + 1;
-    else high = middle;
-  }
-  return order[low === order.length ? 0 : low];
-}
-
-/** Appends the corners passed walking the map boundary from position `from` to position `to`. */
-function walk(from: number, to: number, corners: readonly number[], out: Builder): void {
-  const span = (to - from + 1080) % 1080;
-  let next = 0;
-  while (next < 4 && corners[3 * next] <= from) next++;
-  for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
-    const corner = 3 * ((next + k) % 4),
-      offset = (corners[corner] - from + 1080) % 1080 || 1080;
-    if (offset >= span) return;
-    out.point(corners[corner + 1], corners[corner + 2]);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Per point, the index of the first point with the same coordinates, found by hashing. */
-function coordinateIds(xy: Float64Array, count: number): Int32Array {
-  const ids = new Int32Array(count),
-    bits = new Uint32Array(xy.buffer, xy.byteOffset, 2 * xy.length);
-  let size = 2;
-  while (size < 2 * count) size *= 2;
-  const table = new Int32Array(size).fill(-1),
-    mask = size - 1;
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const x = xy[2 * i],
-      y = xy[2 * i + 1];
-    // −0 and 0 are the same coordinate, so both hash as 0.
-    let slot =
-      hashWords(
-        x === 0 ? 0 : bits[4 * i],
-        x === 0 ? 0 : bits[4 * i + 1],
-        y === 0 ? 0 : bits[4 * i + 2],
-        y === 0 ? 0 : bits[4 * i + 3],
-      ) & mask;
-    for (;;) {
-      const j = table[slot];
-      if (j < 0) {
-        table[slot] = ids[i] = i;
-        break;
-      }
-      if (xy[2 * j] === x && xy[2 * j + 1] === y) {
-        ids[i] = j;
-        break;
-      }
-      slot = (slot + 1) & mask;
-    }
-  }
-  return ids;
-}
-
-/** A 32-bit hash of four words (MurmurHash3's mixing). */
-function hashWords(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number): number {
-  let h = mix(mix(mix(mix(0x9747b28c, a), b), c), d) ^ 16;
-  h = Math.imul(h ^ (h >>> 16), 0x85ebca6b);
-  h = Math.imul(h ^ (h >>> 13), 0xc2b2ae35);
-  return (h ^ (h >>> 16)) >>> 0;
-}
-
-function mix(h: number, word: number): number {
-  let k = Math.imul(word, 0xcc9e2d51);
-  k = Math.imul((k << 15) | (k >>> 17), 0x1b873593);
-  h ^= k;
-  h = (h << 13) | (h >>> 19);
-  return (Math.imul(h, 5) + 0xe6546b64) | 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * Per coordinate id, whether it is a junction: an endpoint of an open polyline, or a point whose
- * neighbors differ between its occurrences, so a shared border starts, ends, or branches there.
- */
-function junctions(ids: Int32Array, starts: Uint32Array, closed: boolean): Uint8Array {
-  const count = ids.length,
-    junction = new Uint8Array(count),
-    before = new Int32Array(count).fill(-1),
-    after = new Int32Array(count);
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < starts.length; p++) {
-    const first = starts[p],
-      end = starts[p + 1];
-    for (let i = first; i < end; i++) {
-      const id = ids[i];
-      if (junction[id]) continue;
-      if (!closed && (i === first || i === end - 1)) {
-        junction[id] = 1;
-        continue;
-      }
-      const previous = ids[i === first ? end - 1 : i - 1],
-        next = ids[i === end - 1 ? first : i + 1];
-      if (before[id] < 0) {
-        before[id] = previous;
-        after[id] = next;
-      } else if (
-        !(before[id] === previous && after[id] === next) &&
-        !(before[id] === next && after[id] === previous)
-      )
-        junction[id] = 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return junction;
-}
-
-/** Ranks the arcs of one part that no earlier occurrence ranked: between junctions, or the whole ring when it has none. */
-function rankPart(
-  first: number,
-  end: number,
-  ids: Int32Array,
-  junction: Uint8Array,
-  closed: boolean,
-  ranker: Ranker,
-): void {
-  const n = end - first;
-  let j = first;
-  while (j < end && !junction[ids[j]]) j++;
-  if (j === end) {
-    if (closed && n > 0) ranker.ring(first, end);
-    return;
-  }
-  const steps = closed ? n : end - 1 - j;
-  ranker.begin(j);
-  for (let t = 1; t <= steps; t++) {
-    const i = first + ((j - first + t) % n);
-    ranker.add(i);
-    if (junction[ids[i]]) {
-      ranker.arc();
-      ranker.begin(i);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Visvalingam–Whyatt over one arc at a time, writing each point's effective area by coordinate id.
- * A removed point raises its neighbors' areas to at least its own, so areas only grow as points go.
- * Ties break by coordinates, so an arc and its reverse rank the same.
- */
-class Ranker {
-  private points = new Int32Array(64);
-  private previous = new Int32Array(64);
-  private next = new Int32Array(64);
-  private area = new Float64Array(64);
-  private length = 0;
-  private readonly heap = new Heap(64, (a, b) => this.westOrSouth(a, b));
-
-  constructor(
-    private readonly xy: Float64Array,
-    private readonly ids: Int32Array,
-    private readonly byId: Float64Array,
-  ) {}
-
-  /** Starts an arc at junction `point`. */
-  begin(point: number): void {
-    this.length = 0;
-    this.add(point);
-  }
-
-  add(point: number): void {
-    if (this.length === this.points.length) this.grow();
-    this.points[this.length++] = point;
-  }
-
-  /** Ranks the interior of the arc between its fixed ends, unless an earlier occurrence did. */
-  arc(): void {
-    const { points, previous, next, area, ids, byId, heap } = this,
-      last = this.length - 1;
-    if (last < 2 || byId[ids[points[1]]] >= 0) return;
-    for (let k = 0; k <= last; k++) {
-      previous[k] = k - 1;
-      next[k] = k + 1;
-    }
-    heap.clear();
-    for (let k = 1; k < last; k++) {
-      area[k] = this.triangle(k - 1, k, k + 1);
-      heap.push(k, area[k]);
-    }
-    while (heap.size > 0) this.remove(heap.pop(), 1, last);
-    for (let k = 1; k < last; k++) byId[ids[points[k]]] = area[k];
-  }
-
-  /** Ranks a ring with no junctions as a closed sequence, keeping its last three points. */
-  ring(first: number, end: number): void {
-    const n = end - first;
-    if (this.byId[this.ids[first]] >= 0) return;
-    while (this.points.length < n) this.grow();
-    const { points, previous, next, area, ids, byId, heap } = this;
-    for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) points[k] = first + k;
-    this.length = n;
-    if (n <= 3) {
-      for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) byId[ids[points[k]]] = Infinity;
-      return;
-    }
-    for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) {
-      previous[k] = (k + n - 1) % n;
-      next[k] = (k + 1) % n;
-    }
-    heap.clear();
-    for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) {
-      area[k] = this.triangle(previous[k], k, next[k]);
-      heap.push(k, area[k]);
-    }
-    while (heap.size > 3) this.remove(heap.pop(), 0, n);
-    while (heap.size > 0) area[heap.pop()] = Infinity;
-    for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) byId[ids[points[k]]] = area[k];
-  }
-
-  /** Unlinks point `k`, whose area is now final, and re-ranks its neighbors from `low` up to before `high`, raised to at least its area. */
-  private remove(k: number, low: number, high: number): void {
-    const { previous, next, area, heap } = this,
-      p = previous[k],
-      q = next[k];
-    next[p] = q;
-    previous[q] = p;
-    if (p >= low && p < high) {
-      area[p] = Math.max(area[k], this.triangle(previous[p], p, q));
-      heap.update(p, area[p]);
-    }
-    if (q >= low && q < high) {
-      area[q] = Math.max(area[k], this.triangle(p, q, next[q]));
-      heap.update(q, area[q]);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** The area of the triangle of arc points a, b, c; exactly the same for c, b, a. */
-  private triangle(a: number, b: number, c: number): number {
-    const { xy, points } = this,
-      pa = 2 * points[a],
-      pb = 2 * points[b],
-      pc = 2 * points[c],
-      ax = xy[pa] - xy[pb],
-      ay = xy[pa + 1] - xy[pb + 1],
-      cx = xy[pc] - xy[pb],
-      cy = xy[pc + 1] - xy[pb + 1];
-    return Math.abs(ax * cy - ay * cx) / 2;
-  }
-
-  /** Whether arc point a lies west of b, or south at the same longitude: how equal areas are ordered. */
-  private westOrSouth(a: number, b: number): boolean {
-    const { xy, points } = this,
-      pa = 2 * points[a],
-      pb = 2 * points[b];
-    return xy[pa] !== xy[pb] ? xy[pa] < xy[pb] : xy[pa + 1] < xy[pb + 1];
-  }
-
-  private grow(): void {
-    const size = 2 * this.points.length,
-      points = new Int32Array(size);
-    points.set(this.points);
-    this.points = points;
-    this.previous = new Int32Array(size);
-    this.next = new Int32Array(size);
-    this.area = new Float64Array(size);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Keeps at least three points of a ring forever, raising its largest-area points as needed. */
-function keepThree(first: number, end: number, ids: Int32Array, byId: Float64Array): void {
-  let kept = 0;
-  for (let i = first; i < end; i++) if (byId[ids[i]] === Infinity) kept++;
-  for (; kept < 3 && kept < end - first; kept++) {
-    let largest = -1;
-    for (let i = first; i < end; i++)
-      if (byId[ids[i]] !== Infinity && (largest < 0 || byId[ids[i]] > byId[ids[largest]]))
-        largest = i;
-    if (largest < 0) return;
-    byId[ids[largest]] = Infinity;
-  }
-}
-
-/** The points of `first` to `end` whose area exceeds `tolerance`. */
-function keptIn(areas: Float64Array, first: number, end: number, tolerance: number): number {
-  let kept = 0;
-  for (let i = first; i < end; i++) if (areas[i] > tolerance) kept++;
-  return kept;
-}
-
-/** One polygon of a Parts: rings `first` to `first + count`. */
-interface Shape {
-  readonly xy: Float64Array;
-  readonly parts: Uint32Array;
-  readonly first: number;
-  readonly count: number;
-}
-
-/** A square probe for the label: its center, half its side, its distance to the outline, and the most any point in it could reach. */
-interface Cell {
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-  readonly h: number;
-  readonly d: number;
-  readonly max: number;
-}
-
-function cellAt(shape: Shape, x: number, y: number, h: number): Cell {
-  const d = signedDistance(shape, x, y);
-  return { x, y, h, d, max: d + h * Math.SQRT2 };
-}
-
-/** The cell at the outer ring's centroid, or at its first point when that is degenerate or worse. */
-function centroidCell(shape: Shape): Cell {
-  const { xy, parts, first } = shape,
-    start = parts[first],
-    end = parts[first + 1],
-    x0 = xy[2 * start],
-    y0 = xy[2 * start + 1];
-  let area = 0,
-    x = 0,
-    y = 0;
-  for (let i = start, j = end - 1; i < end; j = i++) {
-    const ax = xy[2 * i] - x0,
-      ay = xy[2 * i + 1] - y0,
-      bx = xy[2 * j] - x0,
-      by = xy[2 * j + 1] - y0,
-      f = ax * by - bx * ay;
-    x += (ax + bx) * f;
-    y += (ay + by) * f;
-    area += 3 * f;
-  }
-  const fallback = cellAt(shape, x0, y0, 0);
-  if (area === 0) return fallback;
-  const centroid = cellAt(shape, x0 + x / area, y0 + y / area, 0);
-  return centroid.d < fallback.d ? fallback : centroid;
-}
-
-/** The distance from a point to the polygon's outline: positive inside, negative outside. */
-function signedDistance({ xy, parts, first, count }: Shape, px: number, py: number): number {
-  let inside = false,
-    nearest = Infinity;
-  for (let r = first; r < first + count; r++) {
-    const start = parts[r],
-      end = parts[r + 1];
-    for (let i = start, j = end - 1; i < end; j = i++) {
-      const ax = xy[2 * i],
-        ay = xy[2 * i + 1],
-        bx = xy[2 * j],
-        by = xy[2 * j + 1];
-      if (ay > py !== by > py && px < ((bx - ax) * (py - ay)) / (by - ay) + ax) inside = !inside;
-      nearest = Math.min(nearest, segmentDistanceSquared(px, py, ax, ay, bx, by));
-    }
-  }
-  return nearest === 0 ? 0 : (inside ? 1 : -1) * Math.sqrt(nearest);
-}
-
-function segmentDistanceSquared(
-  px: number,
-  py: number,
-  ax: number,
-  ay: number,
-  bx: number,
-  by: number,
-): number {
-  let x = ax,
-    y = ay,
-    dx = bx - ax,
-    dy = by - ay;
-  if (dx !== 0 || dy !== 0) {
-    const t = ((px - x) * dx + (py - y) * dy) / (dx * dx + dy * dy);
-    if (t > 1) {
-      x = bx;
-      y = by;
-    } else if (t > 0) {
-      x += dx * t;
-      y += dy * t;
-    }
-  }
-  dx = px - x;
-  dy = py - y;
-  return dx * dx + dy * dy;
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/prepare/heap.ts b/packages/geography/src/prepare/heap.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 958abdf1..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/prepare/heap.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * A min-heap of integer handles by numeric key, with `before` ordering handles whose keys are equal.
- * It tracks where each handle sits, so a handle's key can change in place. Each node has four
- * children, which halves the depth and keeps siblings in one cache line on heaps of millions.
- */
-export class Heap {
-  private handles: Int32Array;
-  private keys: Float64Array;
-  private positions: Int32Array;
-  private count = 0;
-
-  constructor(
-    capacity: number,
-    private readonly before: (a: number, b: number) => boolean,
-  ) {
-    const size = Math.max(capacity, 1);
-    this.handles = new Int32Array(size);
-    this.keys = new Float64Array(size);
-    this.positions = new Int32Array(size).fill(-1);
-  }
-
-  /** The handles in the heap. */
-  get size(): number {
-    return this.count;
-  }
-
-  push(handle: number, key: number): void {
-    if (handle >= this.positions.length) this.growPositions(handle + 1);
-    if (this.count === this.handles.length) this.growItems();
-    const at = this.count++;
-    this.handles[at] = handle;
-    this.keys[at] = key;
-    this.positions[handle] = at;
-    this.up(at);
-  }
-
-  /** Removes and returns the handle with the least key. */
-  pop(): number {
-    const { handles, keys, positions } = this,
-      top = handles[0],
-      last = --this.count;
-    positions[top] = -1;
-    if (last > 0) {
-      handles[0] = handles[last];
-      keys[0] = keys[last];
-      positions[handles[0]] = 0;
-      this.down(0);
-    }
-    return top;
-  }
-
-  /** Changes the key of a handle in the heap, moving it to its new place. */
-  update(handle: number, key: number): void {
-    const at = this.positions[handle];
-    if (at < 0) return;
-    const old = this.keys[at];
-    this.keys[at] = key;
-    if (key < old) this.up(at);
-    else this.down(at);
-  }
-
-  clear(): void {
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.count; i++) this.positions[this.handles[i]] = -1;
-    this.count = 0;
-  }
-
-  /** Whether the item with key `a` and handle `ha` comes before the one with key `b` and handle `hb`. */
-  private precedes(a: number, ha: number, b: number, hb: number): boolean {
-    return a < b || (a === b && this.before(ha, hb));
-  }
-
-  /** Moves the item at `at` toward the root, shifting parents down into the hole it leaves. */
-  private up(at: number): void {
-    const { handles, keys, positions } = this,
-      handle = handles[at],
-      key = keys[at];
-    while (at > 0) {
-      const parent = (at - 1) >> 2;
-      if (!this.precedes(key, handle, keys[parent], handles[parent])) break;
-      handles[at] = handles[parent];
-      keys[at] = keys[parent];
-      positions[handles[at]] = at;
-      at = parent;
-    }
-    handles[at] = handle;
-    keys[at] = key;
-    positions[handle] = at;
-  }
-
-  /** Moves the item at `at` toward the leaves, shifting the least child up into the hole it leaves. */
-  private down(at: number): void {
-    const { handles, keys, positions, count } = this,
-      handle = handles[at],
-      key = keys[at];
-    for (;;) {
-      const first = 4 * at + 1;
-      if (first >= count) break;
-      let child = first;
-      for (let c = first + 1; c < first + 4 && c < count; c++)
-        if (this.precedes(keys[c], handles[c], keys[child], handles[child])) child = c;
-      if (!this.precedes(keys[child], handles[child], key, handle)) break;
-      handles[at] = handles[child];
-      keys[at] = keys[child];
-      positions[handles[at]] = at;
-      at = child;
-    }
-    handles[at] = handle;
-    keys[at] = key;
-    positions[handle] = at;
-  }
-
-  private growItems(): void {
-    const size = 2 * this.handles.length,
-      handles = new Int32Array(size),
-      keys = new Float64Array(size);
-    handles.set(this.handles);
-    keys.set(this.keys);
-    this.handles = handles;
-    this.keys = keys;
-  }
-
-  private growPositions(length: number): void {
-    const positions = new Int32Array(Math.max(length, 2 * this.positions.length)).fill(-1);
-    positions.set(this.positions);
-    this.positions = positions;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/prepare/jobs.ts b/packages/geography/src/prepare/jobs.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 87b168b0..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/prepare/jobs.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Column, type Schema, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { geojsonBatches } from '../sources/geojson.js';
-import type { Geography } from '../geography.js';
-import { decodeVector, type VectorRequest, type VectorTile } from '../sources/vector.js';
-import { prepareShapes, shapesBuffers, type Shapes, type ShapesInput } from './shapes.js';
-import { ungzipped } from '../sources/bytes.js';
-
-/** Work the geography hands to a worker: shapes to prepare, a vector tile, or GeoJSON's bytes, gzipped or not. */
-export type Job =
-  | { readonly kind: 'shapes'; readonly input: ShapesInput }
-  | { readonly kind: 'vector'; readonly request: VectorRequest }
-  | {
-      readonly kind: 'geojson';
-      readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-      readonly options: Pick<Geography.GeoJsonOptions, 'id' | 'source'> & {
-        readonly type?: string;
-      };
-    };
-/** What each job returns. */
-export interface JobResults {
-  readonly shapes: Shapes;
-  readonly vector: VectorTile;
-  readonly geojson: { readonly schema: Schema; readonly batches: readonly Data.RowBatch[] };
-}
-
-/** GeoJSON's bytes, gzipped or not, parsed. */
-export async function parseJson(bytes: Uint8Array): Promise<unknown> {
-  const text = new TextDecoder().decode(await ungzipped(bytes));
-  try {
-    return JSON.parse(text);
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Not GeoJSON: the text is not JSON.', { cause: error });
-  }
-}
-/** The buffers a column holds, to transfer it whole. */
-function columnBuffers(column: Column | undefined, out: Set<ArrayBuffer>): void {
-  if (!column) return;
-  if (column.validity) out.add(column.validity.buffer as ArrayBuffer);
-  if (column.kind === 'text') {
-    out.add(column.bytes.buffer as ArrayBuffer);
-    out.add(column.offsets.buffer as ArrayBuffer);
-  } else if (column.kind === 'list') {
-    out.add(column.offsets.buffer as ArrayBuffer);
-    columnBuffers(column.values, out);
-  } else if (column.kind === 'vector') columnBuffers(column.values, out);
-  else out.add(column.values.buffer as ArrayBuffer);
-}
-function batchBuffers(batches: readonly Data.RowBatch[], out: Set<ArrayBuffer>): void {
-  for (const batch of batches) {
-    columnBuffers(batch.ids, out);
-    for (const column of Object.values(batch.columns ?? {})) columnBuffers(column, out);
-    if (batch.rows.kind === 'indices') out.add(batch.rows.values.buffer as ArrayBuffer);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Run a job, returning its result and the buffers to transfer with it. */
-export async function runJob(
-  job: Job,
-): Promise<{ readonly result: unknown; readonly transfer: ArrayBuffer[] }> {
-  if (job.kind === 'shapes') {
-    const shapes = prepareShapes(job.input);
-    return { result: shapes, transfer: shapesBuffers(shapes) };
-  }
-  if (job.kind === 'vector') {
-    const { tile, transfer } = decodeVector(job.request),
-      buffers = new Set(transfer);
-    batchBuffers(tile.batches, buffers);
-    return { result: tile, transfer: [...buffers] };
-  }
-  const result = geojsonBatches(await parseJson(job.bytes), job.options),
-    buffers = new Set<ArrayBuffer>();
-  batchBuffers(result.batches, buffers);
-  return { result, transfer: [...buffers] };
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/prepare/shapes.ts b/packages/geography/src/prepare/shapes.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c8db2af1..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/prepare/shapes.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,853 +0,0 @@
-import earcut from 'earcut';
-import { cutLines, cutRings, labelPoint, simplificationAreas, type CutParts } from './geometry.js';
-
-/** Where a strip ends and the next begins. */
-export const BREAK = 0xffffffff;
-/** Edges longer than this many degrees gain points, so they bend with the globe. */
-const DENSIFY = 2;
-/** Geodesics gain a point every this many degrees. */
-const GEODESIC = 1;
-/**
- * Inner edges longer than this many degrees split, so none sags far beneath the globe: a chord
- * this long sags under 0.4% of its radius. Outlines are densified finer, which keeps an area's
- * outline on the globe; an inner edge only moves a fill's inside, which its own triangles cover.
- */
-const SPLIT = 10;
-/** The coarsest level drops points whose effective area is under this many square degrees. */
-const COARSEST = 2;
-/** Each level keeps points down to a sixteenth of the area of the level before: two zooms. */
-const STEP = 16;
-const MAX_LEVELS = 10;
-/** Each level holds at most a third of the points of the next finer one. */
-const GROWTH = 3;
-/** The deepest cell a piece is filed under. */
-export const MAX_DEPTH = 12;
-const DEGREE = Math.PI / 180;
-
-/** A type's shapes as read: rows of parts, each part a run of points. */
-export interface ShapesInput {
-  /** Rings, which bound areas and outline them, or polylines. */
-  readonly closed: boolean;
-  /** Polylines follow great circles between their points. */
-  readonly geodesic?: boolean;
-  /** Per row its first part, then the part count. */
-  readonly rowParts: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per part its first point, then the point count. */
-  readonly parts: Uint32Array;
-  /** Longitude and latitude pairs, in degrees. */
-  readonly coordinates: Float64Array;
-  /** `levels` simplifies into levels of detail; `full` keeps one level of every point, as tiles do. */
-  readonly detail?: 'levels' | 'full';
-  /** West, south, east, and north of a tile the shapes were clipped to: its edges are cuts, not borders. */
-  readonly clip?: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-}
-
-/**
- * A type's shapes prepared to draw: vertices relative to each row's origin, triangles and strips at
- * levels of detail, filed in a quadtree so a view draws any subtree as one range.
- */
-export interface Shapes {
-  readonly closed: boolean;
-  readonly rows: number;
-  /** Per row the point its vertices lie relative to, split for precision: high lon and lat, then low. */
-  readonly origins: Float32Array;
-  /** Per row its west, south, east, and north; NaN without a shape. */
-  readonly bounds: Float32Array;
-  /** Per row where a label sits: its largest area's pole of inaccessibility, or its longest line's middle. */
-  readonly anchors: Float32Array;
-  /** West, south, east, and north of every row. */
-  readonly extent: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-  /** Per vertex its x and y relative to its row's origin, and its row as a bit pattern: three words. */
-  readonly vertices: Float32Array;
-  /** The cut parts at full detail, which are the leading vertices: each part's first, then the count. */
-  readonly parts: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per piece, in the nodes' order: its row, first entry in `pieceParts`, and part count. */
-  readonly pieces: Uint32Array;
-  /** The parts of each piece: a polygon's outline then its holes, or a polyline. */
-  readonly pieceParts: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per piece its west, south, east, and north. */
-  readonly pieceBounds: Float32Array;
-  readonly levels: readonly ShapesLevel[];
-  readonly nodes: ShapesNodes;
-}
-/** One level of detail: the triangles areas fill, and the strips lines draw. */
-export interface ShapesLevel {
-  /** The finest view this level draws faithfully, as the effective area it drops, in square degrees. */
-  readonly tolerance: number;
-  /** Vertex indices, three per triangle. */
-  readonly triangles: Uint32Array;
-  /** Vertex indices of each strip, each ending with `BREAK`. */
-  readonly strips: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per strip entry, how far along its strip it lies, in degrees of arc. */
-  readonly along: Float32Array;
-}
-/** Cells of a longitude-latitude quadtree that hold pieces, and their ancestors, depth first. */
-export interface ShapesNodes {
-  /** Per node its depth, column, and row: three words. */
-  readonly cells: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per node the node after its subtree. */
-  readonly next: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per node its first piece, then the piece count. */
-  readonly pieces: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per level, per node its first triangle index, then the level's count. */
-  readonly triangles: readonly Uint32Array[];
-  /** Per level, per node its first strip entry, then the level's count. */
-  readonly strips: readonly Uint32Array[];
-}
-
-/** Every typed array a set of shapes holds, to transfer it whole between threads. */
-export function shapesBuffers(shapes: Shapes): ArrayBuffer[] {
-  const arrays: ArrayBufferView[] = [
-    shapes.origins,
-    shapes.bounds,
-    shapes.anchors,
-    shapes.vertices,
-    shapes.parts,
-    shapes.pieces,
-    shapes.pieceParts,
-    shapes.pieceBounds,
-    shapes.nodes.cells,
-    shapes.nodes.next,
-    shapes.nodes.pieces,
-    ...shapes.nodes.triangles,
-    ...shapes.nodes.strips,
-    ...shapes.levels.flatMap((level) => [level.triangles, level.strips, level.along]),
-  ];
-  return [...new Set(arrays.map((array) => array.buffer as ArrayBuffer))];
-}
-
-/** A growing list of 32-bit words. */
-export class Words {
-  array: Uint32Array;
-  length = 0;
-  constructor(capacity = 256) {
-    this.array = new Uint32Array(Math.max(16, Math.ceil(capacity)));
-  }
-  push(value: number): void {
-    if (this.length === this.array.length) this.grow(this.length + 1);
-    this.array[this.length++] = value;
-  }
-  grow(size: number): void {
-    const next = new Uint32Array(Math.max(size, this.array.length * 2));
-    next.set(this.array.subarray(0, this.length));
-    this.array = next;
-  }
-  finish(): Uint32Array {
-    return this.array.slice(0, this.length);
-  }
-}
-/** A growing list of floats. */
-export class Floats {
-  array: Float32Array;
-  length = 0;
-  constructor(capacity = 256) {
-    this.array = new Float32Array(Math.max(16, Math.ceil(capacity)));
-  }
-  push(value: number): void {
-    if (this.length === this.array.length) {
-      const next = new Float32Array(this.array.length * 2);
-      next.set(this.array);
-      this.array = next;
-    }
-    this.array[this.length++] = value;
-  }
-  finish(): Float32Array {
-    return this.array.slice(0, this.length);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Longitude wrapped into [-180, 180]. */
-function wrap(x: number): number {
-  return x >= -180 && x <= 180 ? x : ((((x + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
-}
-/** The parts with every longitude wrapped, every latitude clamped, and unfinite points dropped. */
-function wrapped(input: ShapesInput): { coordinates: Float64Array; parts: Uint32Array } {
-  const { coordinates, parts } = input,
-    out = new Float64Array(coordinates.length),
-    starts = new Uint32Array(parts.length);
-  let n = 0;
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < parts.length; p++) {
-    starts[p] = n;
-    for (let i = parts[p]; i < parts[p + 1]; i++) {
-      const x = coordinates[2 * i],
-        y = coordinates[2 * i + 1];
-      if (!Number.isFinite(x) || !Number.isFinite(y)) continue;
-      out[2 * n] = wrap(x);
-      out[2 * n + 1] = Math.max(-90, Math.min(90, y));
-      n++;
-    }
-  }
-  starts[parts.length - 1] = n;
-  return { coordinates: out.subarray(0, 2 * n), parts: starts };
-}
-/** The signed area of points `first` to `end` as a ring: positive counter-clockwise. */
-function shoelace(xy: Float64Array, first: number, end: number): number {
-  if (end - first < 3) return 0;
-  const x0 = xy[2 * first],
-    y0 = xy[2 * first + 1];
-  let sum = 0;
-  for (let i = first + 1; i < end - 1; i++)
-    sum += (xy[2 * i] - x0) * (xy[2 * i + 3] - y0) - (xy[2 * i + 2] - x0) * (xy[2 * i + 1] - y0);
-  return sum / 2;
-}
-/** Whether a point lies inside a ring, by the even-odd rule. */
-function insideRing(xy: Float64Array, first: number, end: number, x: number, y: number): boolean {
-  let inside = false;
-  for (let i = first, j = end - 1; i < end; j = i++) {
-    const ax = xy[2 * i],
-      ay = xy[2 * i + 1],
-      bx = xy[2 * j],
-      by = xy[2 * j + 1];
-    if (ay > y !== by > y && x < ((bx - ax) * (y - ay)) / (by - ay) + ax) inside = !inside;
-  }
-  return inside;
-}
-/** Whether the edge between two points runs along the antimeridian or a pole: a cut, not a border. */
-export function cutEdge(ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number): boolean {
-  return (Math.abs(ax) === 180 && ax === bx) || (Math.abs(ay) === 90 && ay === by);
-}
-/**
- * The arc between two points, in degrees: how far apart they lie on the globe. Points along a pole
- * are one point, however far apart their longitudes.
- */
-function arc(ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number): number {
-  const s = Math.sin(((by - ay) * DEGREE) / 2),
-    t = Math.sin(((bx - ax) * DEGREE) / 2),
-    h = s * s + Math.cos(ay * DEGREE) * Math.cos(by * DEGREE) * t * t;
-  return (2 * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(h)))) / DEGREE;
-}
-/** The point a fraction of the way along the great circle between two points. */
-function slerp(ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number, t: number): [number, number] {
-  const la = ay * DEGREE,
-    lb = by * DEGREE,
-    oa = ax * DEGREE,
-    ob = bx * DEGREE;
-  const a = [Math.cos(la) * Math.cos(oa), Math.cos(la) * Math.sin(oa), Math.sin(la)],
-    b = [Math.cos(lb) * Math.cos(ob), Math.cos(lb) * Math.sin(ob), Math.sin(lb)],
-    dot = Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2])),
-    angle = Math.acos(dot);
-  if (angle < 1e-12) return [ax + (bx - ax) * t, ay + (by - ay) * t];
-  const s = Math.sin(angle),
-    wa = Math.sin((1 - t) * angle) / s,
-    wb = Math.sin(t * angle) / s,
-    p = [0, 1, 2].map((k) => a[k] * wa + b[k] * wb);
-  return [Math.atan2(p[1], p[0]) / DEGREE, Math.atan2(p[2], Math.hypot(p[0], p[1])) / DEGREE];
-}
-
-/** Pieces of a type: polygons (an outline and its holes) or polylines, each of one row. */
-interface Piece {
-  readonly row: number;
-  /** Its parts among the cut parts: a polygon's outline first. */
-  readonly rings: readonly number[];
-  readonly bounds: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-}
-
-/** Rows' rings grouped into polygons: an outline winds as the row's first ring does, a hole the other way. */
-function polygons(cut: CutParts, cutRows: Uint32Array, firstSign: Float64Array): Piece[] {
-  const { coordinates: xy, parts } = cut,
-    pieces: Piece[] = [];
-  let p = 0;
-  while (p < cutRows.length) {
-    const row = cutRows[p];
-    let end = p;
-    while (end < cutRows.length && cutRows[end] === row) end++;
-    const outlines: number[] = [],
-      holes: number[] = [];
-    for (let r = p; r < end; r++) {
-      const area = shoelace(xy, parts[r], parts[r + 1]);
-      if (area === 0) continue;
-      if (firstSign[row] === 0 || Math.sign(area) === firstSign[row]) outlines.push(r);
-      else holes.push(r);
-    }
-    const owned = outlines.map((r) => [r]);
-    for (const hole of holes) {
-      const x = xy[2 * parts[hole]],
-        y = xy[2 * parts[hole] + 1];
-      let owner = outlines.length === 1 ? 0 : -1;
-      for (let k = 0; owner < 0 && k < outlines.length; k++)
-        if (insideRing(xy, parts[outlines[k]], parts[outlines[k] + 1], x, y)) owner = k;
-      if (owner >= 0) owned[owner].push(hole);
-    }
-    for (const rings of owned) pieces.push({ row, rings, bounds: boundsOf(cut, rings) });
-    p = end;
-  }
-  return pieces;
-}
-function boundsOf(cut: CutParts, rings: readonly number[]): [number, number, number, number] {
-  const { coordinates: xy, parts } = cut;
-  let w = Infinity,
-    s = Infinity,
-    e = -Infinity,
-    n = -Infinity;
-  for (const r of rings)
-    for (let i = parts[r]; i < parts[r + 1]; i++) {
-      const x = xy[2 * i],
-        y = xy[2 * i + 1];
-      if (x < w) w = x;
-      if (x > e) e = x;
-      if (y < s) s = y;
-      if (y > n) n = y;
-    }
-  return [w, s, e, n];
-}
-
-/** A node's place in the quadtree as one number: cells above its depth, then its row and column. */
-function cellKey(depth: number, x: number, y: number): number {
-  return (4 ** depth - 1) / 3 + y * 2 ** depth + x;
-}
-/** The deepest cell whose loose bounds hold a piece: the one holding its center, at least as large. */
-function cellOf(bounds: readonly number[]): [number, number, number] {
-  const width = Math.max(bounds[2] - bounds[0], 1e-9),
-    height = Math.max(bounds[3] - bounds[1], 1e-9),
-    depth = Math.max(
-      0,
-      Math.min(MAX_DEPTH, Math.floor(Math.min(Math.log2(360 / width), Math.log2(180 / height)))),
-    ),
-    n = 2 ** depth,
-    x = Math.min(n - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor((((bounds[0] + bounds[2]) / 2 + 180) / 360) * n))),
-    y = Math.min(n - 1, Math.max(0, Math.floor((((bounds[1] + bounds[3]) / 2 + 90) / 180) * n)));
-  return [depth, x, y];
-}
-/** The nodes holding pieces and their ancestors, depth first, and the pieces in their nodes' order. */
-function quadtree(pieces: readonly Piece[]): {
-  readonly cells: Uint32Array;
-  readonly next: Uint32Array;
-  readonly order: Uint32Array;
-  readonly firsts: Uint32Array;
-} {
-  const nodes = new Map<number, number[]>(),
-    node = (depth: number, x: number, y: number) => {
-      const key = cellKey(depth, x, y);
-      let found = nodes.get(key);
-      if (!found) nodes.set(key, (found = []));
-      return found;
-    };
-  node(0, 0, 0);
-  pieces.forEach((piece, i) => {
-    let [depth, x, y] = cellOf(piece.bounds);
-    node(depth, x, y).push(i);
-    while (depth > 0) node(--depth, (x >>>= 1), (y >>>= 1));
-  });
-  const cells: number[] = [],
-    next: number[] = [],
-    order: number[] = [],
-    firsts: number[] = [];
-  const visit = (depth: number, x: number, y: number) => {
-    const found = nodes.get(cellKey(depth, x, y));
-    if (!found) return;
-    const at = next.length;
-    cells.push(depth, x, y);
-    next.push(0);
-    firsts.push(order.length);
-    for (const piece of found) order.push(piece);
-    if (depth < MAX_DEPTH) {
-      visit(depth + 1, 2 * x, 2 * y);
-      visit(depth + 1, 2 * x + 1, 2 * y);
-      visit(depth + 1, 2 * x, 2 * y + 1);
-      visit(depth + 1, 2 * x + 1, 2 * y + 1);
-    }
-    next[at] = next.length;
-  };
-  visit(0, 0, 0);
-  firsts.push(order.length);
-  return {
-    cells: Uint32Array.from(cells),
-    next: Uint32Array.from(next),
-    order: Uint32Array.from(order),
-    firsts: Uint32Array.from(firsts),
-  };
-}
-
-/** Vertices as they grow: each a point relative to its row's origin, and its row; absolute too, while building. */
-class Vertices {
-  private words: Words;
-  private floats: Float32Array;
-  private absolute: Float64Array;
-  constructor(
-    capacity: number,
-    private readonly origins: Float64Array,
-  ) {
-    this.words = new Words(capacity * 3);
-    this.floats = new Float32Array(this.words.array.buffer);
-    this.absolute = new Float64Array(Math.max(32, Math.ceil(capacity) * 2));
-  }
-  get count(): number {
-    return this.words.length / 3;
-  }
-  add(x: number, y: number, row: number): number {
-    const at = this.words.length,
-      v = at / 3;
-    if (at + 3 > this.words.array.length) {
-      this.words.grow(at + 3);
-      this.floats = new Float32Array(this.words.array.buffer);
-    }
-    if (2 * v + 2 > this.absolute.length) {
-      const next = new Float64Array(this.absolute.length * 2);
-      next.set(this.absolute);
-      this.absolute = next;
-    }
-    this.floats[at] = x - this.origins[2 * row];
-    this.floats[at + 1] = y - this.origins[2 * row + 1];
-    this.words.array[at + 2] = row;
-    this.words.length = at + 3;
-    this.absolute[2 * v] = x;
-    this.absolute[2 * v + 1] = y;
-    return v;
-  }
-  x(v: number): number {
-    return this.absolute[2 * v];
-  }
-  y(v: number): number {
-    return this.absolute[2 * v + 1];
-  }
-  finish(): Float32Array {
-    return new Float32Array(this.words.finish().buffer);
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Prepare a type's shapes: cut at the antimeridian, simplified alike along shared borders, filled
- * and stroked at levels of detail, and filed in a quadtree.
- */
-export function prepareShapes(input: ShapesInput): Shapes {
-  const { closed, rowParts } = input,
-    rows = rowParts.length - 1,
-    source = wrapped(input),
-    partRows = new Uint32Array(source.parts.length - 1);
-  for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++)
-    for (let p = rowParts[r]; p < rowParts[r + 1]; p++) partRows[p] = r;
-  const cut = closed ? cutRings(source) : cutLines(source),
-    { coordinates: xy, parts } = cut,
-    points = parts[parts.length - 1],
-    cutRows = Uint32Array.from(cut.from, (p) => partRows[p]);
-  // Each row's outlines wind as the pieces of its first ring do: its outline, cut or not.
-  const firstSign = new Float64Array(rows);
-  if (closed)
-    for (let p = 0; p < cutRows.length; p++) {
-      const r = cutRows[p];
-      if (firstSign[r] === 0 && cut.from[p] === rowParts[r])
-        firstSign[r] = Math.sign(shoelace(xy, parts[p], parts[p + 1]));
-    }
-  // Rows' bounds and origins, over their cut points.
-  const box = new Float64Array(rows * 4);
-  for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) box.set([Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity], r * 4);
-  for (let p = 0; p < cutRows.length; p++) {
-    const r = cutRows[p];
-    for (let i = parts[p]; i < parts[p + 1]; i++) {
-      const x = xy[2 * i],
-        y = xy[2 * i + 1];
-      if (x < box[r * 4]) box[r * 4] = x;
-      if (y < box[r * 4 + 1]) box[r * 4 + 1] = y;
-      if (x > box[r * 4 + 2]) box[r * 4 + 2] = x;
-      if (y > box[r * 4 + 3]) box[r * 4 + 3] = y;
-    }
-  }
-  const bounds = new Float32Array(rows * 4).fill(NaN),
-    origin = new Float64Array(rows * 2),
-    origins = new Float32Array(rows * 4),
-    extent: [number, number, number, number] = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-  for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
-    if (!(box[r * 4] <= box[r * 4 + 2])) continue;
-    for (let k = 0; k < 4; k++) bounds[r * 4 + k] = box[r * 4 + k];
-    extent[0] = Math.min(extent[0], box[r * 4]);
-    extent[1] = Math.min(extent[1], box[r * 4 + 1]);
-    extent[2] = Math.max(extent[2], box[r * 4 + 2]);
-    extent[3] = Math.max(extent[3], box[r * 4 + 3]);
-    for (let k = 0; k < 2; k++) {
-      const value = box[r * 4 + k],
-        high = Math.fround(value),
-        low = Math.fround(value - high);
-      origins[r * 4 + k] = high;
-      origins[r * 4 + 2 + k] = low;
-      origin[r * 2 + k] = high + low;
-    }
-  }
-  // Every cut point is a vertex, in order; levels add the points they densify and fill with.
-  const vertices = new Vertices(points * 1.25 + 64, origin);
-  for (let p = 0; p < cutRows.length; p++)
-    for (let i = parts[p]; i < parts[p + 1]; i++)
-      vertices.add(xy[2 * i], xy[2 * i + 1], cutRows[p]);
-  const pieces: Piece[] = closed
-    ? polygons(cut, cutRows, firstSign)
-    : Array.from(cutRows, (row, p) => ({ row, rings: [p], bounds: boundsOf(cut, [p]) }));
-  const tree = quadtree(pieces),
-    full = input.detail === 'full',
-    areas = full ? new Float64Array(points).fill(Infinity) : simplificationAreas(cut, closed);
-  // Candidate levels keep points down to a sixteenth of the area of the one before. A level stays
-  // only where the next it keeps holds several times its points, so levels cost little beside the
-  // finest, which leaves out only points in line with their neighbors.
-  const kept: number[] = [];
-  for (let k = 0; k < (full ? 0 : MAX_LEVELS); k++) {
-    const tolerance = COARSEST / STEP ** k;
-    let count = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < points; i++) if (areas[i] > tolerance) count++;
-    kept.push(count);
-    if (count === points) break;
-  }
-  const tolerances: number[] = [];
-  let last = points;
-  for (let k = kept.length - 1; k >= 0; k--)
-    if (kept[k] * GROWTH <= last) {
-      tolerances.unshift(COARSEST / STEP ** k);
-      last = kept[k];
-    }
-  tolerances.push(0);
-  const clip = input.clip;
-  const cuts = clip
-    ? (ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number) =>
-        cutEdge(ax, ay, bx, by) ||
-        (ax === bx && (ax === clip[0] || ax === clip[2])) ||
-        (ay === by && (ay === clip[1] || ay === clip[3]))
-    : cutEdge;
-  const levels: ShapesLevel[] = [],
-    nodeTriangles: Uint32Array[] = [],
-    nodeStrips: Uint32Array[] = [],
-    nodeCount = tree.next.length;
-  let anchorLevel: Level | undefined;
-  for (const tolerance of tolerances) {
-    const level = new Level(
-        cut,
-        cutRows,
-        areas,
-        tolerance,
-        vertices,
-        input.geodesic === true,
-        closed,
-        cuts,
-      ),
-      triangles = new Words(),
-      strips = new Words(),
-      along = new Floats(),
-      triangleStarts = new Uint32Array(nodeCount + 1),
-      stripStarts = new Uint32Array(nodeCount + 1);
-    for (let node = 0; node < nodeCount; node++) {
-      triangleStarts[node] = triangles.length;
-      stripStarts[node] = strips.length;
-      for (let k = tree.firsts[node]; k < tree.firsts[node + 1]; k++) {
-        const piece = pieces[tree.order[k]];
-        if (level.tiny(piece)) continue;
-        if (closed) level.fill(piece, triangles);
-        for (const ring of piece.rings) level.stroke(ring, closed, strips, along);
-      }
-    }
-    triangleStarts[nodeCount] = triangles.length;
-    stripStarts[nodeCount] = strips.length;
-    levels.push({
-      tolerance,
-      triangles: triangles.finish(),
-      strips: strips.finish(),
-      along: along.finish(),
-    });
-    nodeTriangles.push(triangleStarts);
-    nodeStrips.push(stripStarts);
-    // Labels sit by a level fine enough to follow every outline, yet quick to search.
-    if (!anchorLevel || tolerance >= 1e-4) anchorLevel = level;
-  }
-  // Pieces in the nodes' order, for picking.
-  const pieceTable = new Uint32Array(pieces.length * 3),
-    pieceBounds = new Float32Array(pieces.length * 4),
-    pieceParts = new Words(pieces.length + 16);
-  tree.order.forEach((index, k) => {
-    const piece = pieces[index];
-    pieceTable.set([piece.row, pieceParts.length, piece.rings.length], k * 3);
-    for (const ring of piece.rings) pieceParts.push(ring);
-    pieceBounds.set(piece.bounds, k * 4);
-  });
-  return {
-    closed,
-    rows,
-    origins,
-    bounds,
-    anchors: anchorsOf(pieces, rows, closed, anchorLevel!, cut),
-    extent: extent[0] <= extent[2] ? extent : [0, 0, 0, 0],
-    vertices: vertices.finish(),
-    parts,
-    pieces: pieceTable,
-    pieceParts: pieceParts.finish(),
-    pieceBounds,
-    levels,
-    nodes: {
-      cells: tree.cells,
-      next: tree.next,
-      pieces: tree.firsts,
-      triangles: nodeTriangles,
-      strips: nodeStrips,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-/** Where each row's label sits: in its largest polygon, or midway along its longest line. */
-function anchorsOf(
-  pieces: readonly Piece[],
-  rows: number,
-  closed: boolean,
-  level: Level,
-  cut: CutParts,
-): Float32Array {
-  const anchors = new Float32Array(rows * 2).fill(NaN),
-    best = new Float64Array(rows).fill(-1),
-    chosen = new Int32Array(rows).fill(-1);
-  pieces.forEach((piece, i) => {
-    const [w, s, e, n] = piece.bounds,
-      size = closed
-        ? Math.abs(
-            shoelace(cut.coordinates, cut.parts[piece.rings[0]], cut.parts[piece.rings[0] + 1]),
-          )
-        : Math.hypot(e - w, n - s);
-    if (size > best[piece.row]) {
-      best[piece.row] = size;
-      chosen[piece.row] = i;
-    }
-  });
-  for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
-    if (chosen[r] < 0) continue;
-    const point = closed ? level.labelOf(pieces[chosen[r]]) : level.middleOf(pieces[chosen[r]]);
-    if (point) anchors.set(point, r * 2);
-  }
-  return anchors;
-}
-
-/** One level of a type's shapes, built piece by piece. */
-class Level {
-  /** Each part's points at this level, densified: vertex indices, made once and shared. */
-  private readonly rings = new Map<number, Uint32Array>();
-  /** Pieces narrower than this many degrees fall under half a pixel at this level's views. */
-  private readonly smallest: number;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly cut: CutParts,
-    private readonly cutRows: Uint32Array,
-    private readonly areas: Float64Array,
-    private readonly tolerance: number,
-    private readonly vertices: Vertices,
-    private readonly geodesic: boolean,
-    private readonly closed: boolean,
-    /** Whether an edge is a cut, which strokes leave out. */
-    private readonly cuts: (ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number) => boolean,
-  ) {
-    this.smallest = Math.sqrt(tolerance / 2);
-  }
-  /** Whether a piece is too small to see at this level's views. */
-  tiny(piece: Piece): boolean {
-    const [w, s, e, n] = piece.bounds;
-    return Math.max(e - w, n - s) < this.smallest;
-  }
-  /** A part's kept points, densified, as vertex indices. */
-  ring(part: number): Uint32Array {
-    let found = this.rings.get(part);
-    if (found) return found;
-    const { parts } = this.cut,
-      first = parts[part],
-      end = parts[part + 1],
-      row = this.cutRows[part],
-      out = new Words(end - first + 8),
-      step = this.geodesic ? GEODESIC : DENSIFY;
-    let last = -1,
-      head = -1;
-    for (let i = first; i < end; i++) {
-      if (!(this.areas[i] > this.tolerance)) continue;
-      if (last >= 0) this.densify(last, i, row, step, out);
-      else head = i;
-      out.push(i);
-      last = i;
-    }
-    // A ring's closing edge bends too: its points come last, before the ring closes on its first.
-    if (this.closed && head >= 0 && last !== head) this.densify(last, head, row, step, out);
-    this.rings.set(part, (found = out.finish()));
-    return found;
-  }
-  /** The points between two vertices on an edge too long to stay straight on the globe. */
-  private densify(a: number, b: number, row: number, step: number, out: Words): void {
-    const v = this.vertices,
-      ax = v.x(a),
-      ay = v.y(a),
-      bx = v.x(b),
-      by = v.y(b),
-      length = arc(ax, ay, bx, by);
-    // Cuts bend too, so the halves of a cut area meet on the globe; strokes leave them out.
-    if (length <= step) return;
-    const n = Math.ceil(length / step);
-    // From the lesser end, so two rings sharing an edge place the same points.
-    const forward = ax < bx || (ax === bx && ay < by),
-      [px, py, qx, qy] = forward ? [ax, ay, bx, by] : [bx, by, ax, ay];
-    for (let k = 1; k < n; k++) {
-      const t = (forward ? k : n - k) / n,
-        [x, y] = this.geodesic
-          ? slerp(px, py, qx, qy, t)
-          : [px + (qx - px) * t, py + (qy - py) * t];
-      out.push(v.add(x, y, row));
-    }
-  }
-  /** Fill a polygon: its rings at this level, triangulated, every long edge split. */
-  fill(piece: Piece, out: Words): void {
-    const flat: number[] = [],
-      ids: number[] = [],
-      holes: number[] = [],
-      v = this.vertices;
-    for (let k = 0; k < piece.rings.length; k++) {
-      const ring = this.ring(piece.rings[k]);
-      if (ring.length < 3) {
-        if (k === 0) return;
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (k > 0) holes.push(ids.length);
-      for (const id of ring) {
-        flat.push(v.x(id), v.y(id));
-        ids.push(id);
-      }
-    }
-    const triangles = earcut(flat, holes.length ? holes : undefined),
-      [w, s, e, n] = piece.bounds;
-    if (e - w <= SPLIT && n - s <= SPLIT) {
-      for (const t of triangles) out.push(ids[t]);
-      return;
-    }
-    for (const id of this.refine(
-      Array.from(triangles, (t) => ids[t]),
-      piece.row,
-    ))
-      out.push(id);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Triangles whose edges all span at most `SPLIT` degrees, so none cuts beneath the globe: each
-   * longer edge splits at its middle, the same point for both triangles that share it, until none
-   * is left. Outlines are densified finer already, so only inner edges split and no crack opens.
-   */
-  private refine(triangles: number[], row: number): number[] {
-    const v = this.vertices,
-      middles = new Map<number, number>(),
-      key = (a: number, b: number) => (a < b ? a * 0x100000000 + b : b * 0x100000000 + a),
-      length = (a: number, b: number) => arc(v.x(a), v.y(a), v.x(b), v.y(b)),
-      middle = (a: number, b: number) => {
-        const k = key(a, b);
-        let m = middles.get(k);
-        if (m === undefined)
-          middles.set(k, (m = v.add((v.x(a) + v.x(b)) / 2, (v.y(a) + v.y(b)) / 2, row)));
-        return m;
-      };
-    let current = triangles;
-    for (let pass = 0; pass < 16; pass++) {
-      // Each triangle too long marks its longest edge alone; both triangles on a marked edge split
-      // it, so no crack opens, and slivers split along their length rather than across.
-      const marked = new Set<number>();
-      for (let t = 0; t < current.length; t += 3) {
-        const a = current[t],
-          b = current[t + 1],
-          c = current[t + 2],
-          ab = length(a, b),
-          bc = length(b, c),
-          ca = length(c, a),
-          longest = Math.max(ab, bc, ca);
-        if (longest <= SPLIT) continue;
-        marked.add(longest === ab ? key(a, b) : longest === bc ? key(b, c) : key(c, a));
-      }
-      if (!marked.size) break;
-      const next: number[] = [];
-      for (let t = 0; t < current.length; t += 3) {
-        const a = current[t],
-          b = current[t + 1],
-          c = current[t + 2],
-          ab = marked.has(key(a, b)),
-          bc = marked.has(key(b, c)),
-          ca = marked.has(key(c, a));
-        if (!ab && !bc && !ca) {
-          next.push(a, b, c);
-          continue;
-        }
-        const mab = ab ? middle(a, b) : -1,
-          mbc = bc ? middle(b, c) : -1,
-          mca = ca ? middle(c, a) : -1;
-        if (ab && bc && ca) next.push(a, mab, mca, mab, b, mbc, mca, mbc, c, mab, mbc, mca);
-        else if (ab && bc) next.push(a, mab, c, mab, b, mbc, mab, mbc, c);
-        else if (bc && ca) next.push(a, b, mbc, a, mbc, mca, mca, mbc, c);
-        else if (ca && ab) next.push(a, mab, mca, mab, b, c, mab, c, mca);
-        else if (ab) next.push(a, mab, c, mab, b, c);
-        else if (bc) next.push(a, b, mbc, a, mbc, c);
-        else next.push(a, b, mca, mca, b, c);
-      }
-      current = next;
-    }
-    return current;
-  }
-  /** Stroke a ring or polyline: its strip, broken where it runs along a cut. */
-  stroke(part: number, closed: boolean, strips: Words, along: Floats): void {
-    const ring = this.ring(part),
-      v = this.vertices;
-    if (ring.length < 2) return;
-    const count = closed ? ring.length + 1 : ring.length;
-    let run = 0,
-      distance = 0,
-      px = 0,
-      py = 0;
-    for (let k = 0; k < count; k++) {
-      const id = ring[k % ring.length],
-        x = v.x(id),
-        y = v.y(id);
-      if (run > 0 && this.cuts(px, py, x, y)) {
-        this.end(run, strips, along);
-        run = 0;
-      }
-      if (run > 0) distance += Math.hypot((x - px) * Math.cos(((y + py) / 2) * DEGREE), y - py);
-      else distance = 0;
-      strips.push(id);
-      along.push(distance);
-      run++;
-      px = x;
-      py = y;
-    }
-    this.end(run, strips, along);
-  }
-  /** End a strip; a run of one point draws nothing, and is dropped. */
-  private end(run: number, strips: Words, along: Floats): void {
-    if (run === 0) return;
-    if (run === 1) {
-      strips.length--;
-      along.length--;
-      return;
-    }
-    strips.push(BREAK);
-    along.push(0);
-  }
-  /** A polygon's pole of inaccessibility at this level. */
-  labelOf(piece: Piece): readonly [number, number] | null {
-    const v = this.vertices,
-      coordinates: number[] = [],
-      starts: number[] = [];
-    for (const part of piece.rings) {
-      const ring = this.ring(part);
-      if (ring.length < 3) continue;
-      starts.push(coordinates.length / 2);
-      for (const id of ring) coordinates.push(v.x(id), v.y(id));
-    }
-    if (!starts.length) return null;
-    starts.push(coordinates.length / 2);
-    const [w, s, e, n] = piece.bounds;
-    return labelPoint(
-      { coordinates: Float64Array.from(coordinates), parts: Uint32Array.from(starts) },
-      0,
-      starts.length - 1,
-      Math.max(Math.max(e - w, n - s) / 100, 1e-7),
-    );
-  }
-  /** The point halfway along a polyline at this level. */
-  middleOf(piece: Piece): readonly [number, number] | null {
-    const ring = this.ring(piece.rings[0]),
-      v = this.vertices;
-    if (!ring.length) return null;
-    let total = 0;
-    for (let k = 1; k < ring.length; k++)
-      total += Math.hypot(v.x(ring[k]) - v.x(ring[k - 1]), v.y(ring[k]) - v.y(ring[k - 1]));
-    let walked = 0;
-    for (let k = 1; k < ring.length; k++) {
-      const step = Math.hypot(v.x(ring[k]) - v.x(ring[k - 1]), v.y(ring[k]) - v.y(ring[k - 1]));
-      if (walked + step >= total / 2 && step > 0) {
-        const t = (total / 2 - walked) / step;
-        return [
-          v.x(ring[k - 1]) + (v.x(ring[k]) - v.x(ring[k - 1])) * t,
-          v.y(ring[k - 1]) + (v.y(ring[k]) - v.y(ring[k - 1])) * t,
-        ];
-      }
-      walked += step;
-    }
-    return [v.x(ring[0]), v.y(ring[0])];
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/prepare/worker.ts b/packages/geography/src/prepare/worker.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c5c63a2..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/prepare/worker.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import { runJob, type Job } from './jobs.js';
-
-/** The geography's worker: says it started, then runs each job it is sent and posts back its result or failure. */
-const scope = globalThis as unknown as {
-  onmessage: ((event: MessageEvent<{ id: number; job: Job }>) => void) | null;
-  postMessage(message: unknown, transfer?: Transferable[]): void;
-};
-scope.onmessage = (event) => {
-  const { id, job } = event.data;
-  runJob(job).then(
-    ({ result, transfer }) => scope.postMessage({ id, result }, transfer),
-    (error: unknown) => {
-      const { code, message } = error as { code?: string; message?: string };
-      scope.postMessage({
-        id,
-        error: { code: code ?? 'internal', message: message ?? String(error) },
-      });
-    },
-  );
-};
-scope.postMessage({ ready: true });
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/read.ts b/packages/geography/src/read.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d8c0a2f..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/read.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  bitAt,
-  failure,
-  rowAt,
-  rowCount,
-  textAt,
-  type Column,
-  type Data,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Reader,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import type { ShapesInput } from './prepare/shapes.js';
-
-/** Rows of a type, in the order shapes number them. */
-export function rowsOf(source: Data, type: string): number {
-  const table = source.tables[type];
-  if (!table) throw failure('invalid-input', `No ${type} rows in the source`);
-  return rowCount(table.rows);
-}
-/** A vector lane at a position of a vector column, as a list addresses it. */
-function lane(column: Column, position: number, component: number): number {
-  if (column.kind !== 'vector') return NaN;
-  return column.values.values[
-    column.values.offset + (column.offset + position) * column.size + component
-  ];
-}
-/** Shapes as they gather, row by row: parts of points. */
-class Gathered {
-  readonly parts: number[] = [0];
-  coordinates = new Float64Array(1024);
-  points = 0;
-  constructor(private readonly type: string) {}
-  /** Append a row's shapes: a list of positions, or a list of lists, at a position of a list column. */
-  row(column: Column, at: number): void {
-    if (column.kind !== 'list')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Shapes are lists of positions: ${this.type}`);
-    if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) return;
-    const items = column.values,
-      from = column.offsets[at],
-      to = column.offsets[at + 1];
-    if (items.kind === 'vector') this.part(items, from, to);
-    else if (items.kind === 'list' && items.values.kind === 'vector')
-      for (let p = from; p < to; p++) {
-        const pat = items.offset + p;
-        this.part(items.values, items.offsets[pat], items.offsets[pat + 1]);
-      }
-    else throw failure('invalid-input', `Shapes are lists of positions: ${this.type}`);
-  }
-  private part(points: Column, from: number, to: number): void {
-    if (points.kind !== 'vector' || points.size < 2)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Shapes need two coordinates: ${this.type}`);
-    const needed = (this.points + to - from) * 2;
-    if (needed > this.coordinates.length) {
-      const grown = new Float64Array(Math.max(needed, this.coordinates.length * 2));
-      grown.set(this.coordinates.subarray(0, this.points * 2));
-      this.coordinates = grown;
-    }
-    const out = this.coordinates;
-    for (let k = from; k < to; k++, this.points++) {
-      out[this.points * 2] = lane(points, k, 0);
-      out[this.points * 2 + 1] = lane(points, k, 1);
-    }
-    this.parts.push(this.points);
-  }
-}
-/**
- * A type's shapes as the worker takes them: each row's parts of points, from a field of polylines
- * (a list of positions) or of rings or polylines (a list of lists). A field named outright reads
- * from the table's own pages, whole: a country of a hundred thousand points is one cell, larger
- * than any block a reader hands out.
- */
-export async function readShapes(
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  source: Data,
-  type: string,
-  field: FieldInput,
-  options: { readonly closed: boolean; readonly geodesic?: boolean },
-): Promise<ShapesInput> {
-  const rows = rowsOf(source, type),
-    rowParts = new Uint32Array(rows + 1),
-    gathered = new Gathered(type),
-    table = source.tables[type];
-  const pages = typeof field === 'string' ? table.fields[field] : undefined;
-  if (typeof field === 'string' && !pages && !source.schema.types[type]?.fields[field])
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `No ${field} field on ${type}`);
-  if (pages) {
-    // Each row's cell, by its place among the table's rows.
-    const cells: ({ readonly column: Column; readonly at: number } | undefined)[] = new Array<
-        { readonly column: Column; readonly at: number } | undefined
-      >(rows),
-      first = table.rows.kind === 'range' ? table.rows.offset : -1,
-      places =
-        table.rows.kind === 'indices'
-          ? new Map(Array.from(table.rows.values, (row, i) => [row, i]))
-          : undefined;
-    for (const page of pages) {
-      if (page.samples) continue;
-      const count = rowCount(page.rows);
-      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        const row = rowAt(page.rows, i),
-          place = places ? places.get(row) : row - first;
-        if (place !== undefined && place >= 0 && place < rows)
-          cells[place] = { column: page.column, at: page.column.offset + i };
-      }
-    }
-    for (let position = 0; position < rows; position++) {
-      rowParts[position] = gathered.parts.length - 1;
-      const cell = cells[position];
-      if (cell) gathered.row(cell.column, cell.at);
-    }
-  } else {
-    let position = 0;
-    for await (const block of reader.fields({ source, from: type, fields: { shape: field } })) {
-      const column = block.columns.shape,
-        count = rowCount(block.rows);
-      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++, position++) {
-        rowParts[position] = gathered.parts.length - 1;
-        if (column && bitAt(block.presence.shape, i)) gathered.row(column, column.offset + i);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  rowParts[rows] = gathered.parts.length - 1;
-  return {
-    closed: options.closed,
-    geodesic: options.geodesic,
-    rowParts,
-    parts: Uint32Array.from(gathered.parts),
-    coordinates: gathered.coordinates.slice(0, gathered.points * 2),
-  };
-}
-/** Each row's id, in the order shapes number them. */
-export async function readIds(reader: Reader.Scope, source: Data, type: string): Promise<string[]> {
-  const ids: string[] = [];
-  for await (const block of reader.fields({ source, from: type, fields: {}, ids: true })) {
-    const column = block.ids,
-      count = rowCount(block.rows);
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) ids.push(column ? (textAt(column, i) ?? '') : '');
-  }
-  return ids;
-}
-/**
- * Where each shape row's values lie among another type's rows of the same name, matched by id:
- * the value row, or `0xffffffff` where none matches.
- */
-export async function matchRows(
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  shapes: Data,
-  values: Data,
-  type: string,
-): Promise<Uint32Array> {
-  const [own, theirs] = await Promise.all([
-      readIds(reader, shapes, type),
-      readIds(reader, values, type),
-    ]),
-    at = new Map<string, number>();
-  theirs.forEach((id, row) => at.set(id, row));
-  return Uint32Array.from(own, (id) => at.get(id) ?? 0xffffffff);
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/rendering/common.wgsl b/packages/geography/src/rendering/common.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fefad0d..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/rendering/common.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-// What every pipeline binds first: the scene, which a hosting view hands over as its own; then the
-// geography's look, written only as it changes.
-struct Style {
-  surface: vec4f,
-  /** The grid's color; no alpha draws none. */
-  gridColor: vec4f,
-  /** The atmosphere's color; no alpha draws none. */
-  atmosphere: vec4f,
-  hover: vec4f,
-  /** The selection's tint; a negative alpha keeps each item's own color. */
-  selected: vec4f,
-  /** How far hover's and the selection's glow reach past a line, the opacity of the unselected, and the dash period. */
-  glow: vec4f,
-  /** The label halo's color, and its reach in CSS pixels. */
-  halo: vec4f,
-  /** The globe's axis's color. */
-  axis: vec4f,
-  /** The comets' color. */
-  flow: vec4f,
-  /** How far apart comets run in CSS pixels, and the seconds they have moved for. */
-  motion: vec4f,
-  /** Where the grid's lines fall, as `gridLines` writes it. */
-  grid: vec4f,
-}
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> scene: Scene;
-@group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> u: Style;
-const NONE: u32 = 0xffffffffu;
-const DEGREE: f32 = 0.017453292519943295;
-
-/** How far a world point on the globe faces the eye: positive in front of the horizon. */
-fn facingOf(world: vec3f) -> f32 {
-  let q = scene.projection;
-  if (q.view.w < 1.5) { return 1.0; }
-  let cy = -q.rotation.w * q.pose.y;
-  let cz = 1.0 + q.rotation.z * q.pose.y;
-  return dot(world + vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), vec3f(-q.rotation.y * cy, q.rotation.x * cy, cz)) - 1.0;
-}
-/** How lit the ground is at a relative longitude and latitude. */
-fn lightAt(relative: vec2f) -> f32 {
-  if (scene.light.sun.w < 0.5) { return 1.0; }
-  return projection_daylight(projection_normal(relative + scene.projection.center.xy), scene.light);
-}
-/** A straight color, premultiplied. */
-fn premultiplied(color: vec4f) -> vec4f { return vec4f(color.rgb * color.a, color.a); }
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/rendering/ground.wgsl b/packages/geography/src/rendering/ground.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 16d67a52..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/rendering/ground.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-struct Ground { @builtin(position) position: vec4f, @location(0) ndc: vec2f }
-@vertex fn ground_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v: u32) -> Ground {
-  let p = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(-1.0, -1.0), vec2f(3.0, -1.0), vec2f(-1.0, 3.0));
-  var out: Ground;
-  out.position = vec4f(p[v], 0.0, 1.0);
-  out.ndc = p[v];
-  return out;
-}
-struct GroundOut { @location(0) color: vec4f, @builtin(frag_depth) depth: f32 }
-/**
- * The ground under each pixel: the plane, the mercator plane, the tilted plane, or the globe, lit by
- * the sun, with the grid over it and the atmosphere around the globe's rim. It writes the ground's
- * depth, so what lies behind the globe hides.
- */
-@fragment fn ground_fragment(v: Ground) -> GroundOut {
-  let q = scene.projection;
-  let g = projection_ground_point(v.ndc, q);
-  var out: GroundOut;
-  var depth = 0.999999;
-  // How near the globe's rim the pixel lies, or past it how near its ray passes, for the atmosphere.
-  var rim = 0.0;
-  if (q.view.w > 1.5) {
-    if (g.hit) {
-      let clip = projection_clip(g.world, q);
-      depth = clip.z / clip.w;
-      rim = 1.0 - max(dot(normalize(g.world + vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)), -normalize(g.direction)), 0.0);
-    } else {
-      let oc = g.eye + vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-      rim = length(oc - g.direction * (dot(oc, g.direction) / dot(g.direction, g.direction)));
-    }
-  }
-  var color = vec4f(u.surface.rgb * lightAt(g.relative), u.surface.a);
-  if (u.gridColor.a > 0.0) {
-    color = vec4f(mix(color.rgb, u.gridColor.rgb, grid_lines(g.relative, u.grid) * u.gridColor.a), color.a);
-  }
-  if (u.atmosphere.a > 0.0 && q.view.w > 1.5) {
-    if (g.hit) {
-      color = vec4f(mix(color.rgb, u.atmosphere.rgb, pow(rim, 3.0) * u.atmosphere.a), color.a);
-    } else {
-      let glow = pow(1.0 - smoothstep(1.0, 1.12, rim), 2.0) * u.atmosphere.a;
-      out.color = vec4f(u.atmosphere.rgb * glow, glow);
-      out.depth = 1.0;
-      return out;
-    }
-  }
-  if (!g.hit) { discard; }
-  out.color = premultiplied(color);
-  out.depth = depth;
-  return out;
-}
-
-struct Axis { @builtin(position) position: vec4f, @location(0) side: f32 }
-/** The axis the globe turns on, through its poles and past them. */
-@vertex fn axis_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v: u32) -> Axis {
-  let q = scene.projection;
-  let corners = array<vec2f, 6>(vec2f(0.0, -1.0), vec2f(1.0, -1.0), vec2f(0.0, 1.0), vec2f(0.0, 1.0), vec2f(1.0, -1.0), vec2f(1.0, 1.0));
-  let c = corners[v];
-  let north = vec3f(0.0, q.geo.y, q.geo.x) * 1.25;
-  let a = projection_clip(-north - vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), q);
-  let b = projection_clip(north - vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), q);
-  let delta = (b.xy / b.w - a.xy / a.w) * q.view.xy;
-  let normal = vec2f(-delta.y, delta.x) / max(length(delta), 0.001);
-  var p = mix(a, b, c.x);
-  p.x += normal.x * c.y * 2.0 / q.view.x * p.w;
-  p.y += normal.y * c.y * 2.0 / q.view.y * p.w;
-  var out: Axis;
-  out.position = p;
-  out.side = c.y;
-  return out;
-}
-@fragment fn axis_fragment(v: Axis) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  return premultiplied(u.axis * vec4f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 - smoothstep(0.4, 1.0, abs(v.side))));
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/rendering/labels.wgsl b/packages/geography/src/rendering/labels.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index c0a57484..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/rendering/labels.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> anchors: array<vec4f>;
-
-struct Label { @builtin(position) position: vec4f, @location(0) uv: vec2f, @location(1) color: vec4f }
-/** Area and line labels, placed in CSS pixels; a hidden anchor draws nothing. */
-@vertex fn label_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v: u32, @builtin(instance_index) i: u32) -> Label {
-  let text = textVertex(v, i);
-  let anchor = latkitAnchor(anchors[text.anchor]);
-  let p = anchor.position + text.position;
-  var out: Label;
-  out.position = vec4f(p.x * 2.0 / scene.projection.view.x - 1.0, 1.0 - p.y * 2.0 / scene.projection.view.y, 0.0, 1.0);
-  if (!anchor.shown) { out.position = vec4f(2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.0); }
-  out.uv = text.uv;
-  out.color = text.color;
-  return out;
-}
-/** A halo of the ground keeps borders from cutting through the text. */
-@fragment fn label_fragment(v: Label) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  return textColor(v.uv, v.color, vec4f(u.halo.rgb, 1.0), u.halo.a);
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/rendering/painter.ts b/packages/geography/src/rendering/painter.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a754a3bb..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/rendering/painter.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,317 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Gpu, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Style } from '../options.js';
-import type { LabelBatch } from '../scene/labels.js';
-import type { RecordStyles, Styled } from '../scene/records.js';
-import type { Prepared } from '../scene/sources.js';
-import type { ShapesBuffers } from '../scene/upload.js';
-import { S, STYLE_FLOATS, type Pipelines } from './pipelines.js';
-
-/** One record's shapes as a frame draws them: a level, the ranges of it in view, and their look. */
-export interface ShapeDraw {
-  readonly kind: 'area' | 'line';
-  /** The record's type, which keys its draw's uniforms. */
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly prepared: Prepared;
-  readonly level: number;
-  /** First and count pairs: triangle indices for areas, strip entries for lines. */
-  readonly ranges: readonly number[];
-  readonly styled: Styled;
-  /** Each shape row's values row, where values come from another Data. */
-  readonly map?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** A bit per shape row, where any is selected. */
-  readonly selection?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** The hovered shape row, or NONE. */
-  readonly hovered: number;
-}
-export interface Scene {
-  readonly projector: kit.Projector;
-  readonly style: Style;
-  readonly light: kit.Light | null;
-  /** Whether any row is selected, which fades the rest. */
-  readonly selected: boolean;
-  /** Areas, then lines, each in their records' order. */
-  readonly shapes: readonly ShapeDraw[];
-  readonly labels: readonly LabelBatch[];
-  readonly pipelines: Pipelines;
-  readonly shade: GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** A host's scene block, bound in place of the view's own; a view on its own writes its own. */
-  readonly hosted?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** How long comets have moved for, in seconds; 0 holds them still. */
-  readonly seconds: number;
-}
-export interface Paint {
-  readonly pipelines: Pipelines;
-  readonly frame: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly axis?: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly records?: GPUComputePipeline;
-  readonly text?: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly shapes: readonly {
-    readonly kind: 'area' | 'line';
-    readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-    readonly index?: GPUBuffer;
-    readonly ranges: readonly number[];
-  }[];
-  readonly labels: readonly {
-    readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-    readonly pages: readonly kit.TextPage[];
-  }[];
-  readonly styled: readonly Styled[];
-  readonly color?: GPUTextureView;
-  readonly depth?: GPUTextureView;
-  readonly drawCalls: number;
-  /** Vertices and triangles the frame's shapes draw. */
-  readonly drawn: { readonly vertices: number; readonly triangles: number };
-}
-const NONE = 0xffffffff;
-const DRAW_WORDS = 16;
-
-/**
- * What a frame binds and draws. A frame where only the camera moved uploads nothing of its own
- * when hosted: the scene block is the host's, and the style and every draw's uniforms upload only
- * the words that change.
- */
-export class Painter {
-  private readonly attachments: kit.Attachments;
-  private readonly empty: kit.BufferResource;
-  private readonly style = new kit.BufferData({
-    size: STYLE_FLOATS * 4,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-    label: 'geography style',
-  });
-  private readonly styleWords = new Float32Array(STYLE_FLOATS);
-  /** Each record's draw uniforms, by the shapes it draws and its kind and type. */
-  private readonly draws = new WeakMap<ShapesBuffers, Map<string, kit.BufferData>>();
-  /** Bind groups by the buffers they bind, kept while frames bind them. */
-  private groups = new Map<string, GPUBindGroup>();
-  private readonly ids = new WeakMap<object, number>();
-  private serial = 0;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly gpu: Gpu,
-    private readonly records: RecordStyles,
-  ) {
-    this.attachments = new kit.Attachments(gpu);
-    this.empty = gpu.buffer({ size: 32, usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, label: 'geography empty' });
-  }
-  /** A number naming an object, for keys. */
-  private id(object: object): number {
-    let id = this.ids.get(object);
-    if (id === undefined) this.ids.set(object, (id = ++this.serial));
-    return id;
-  }
-  /** A binding's buffer and range, as a key. */
-  private key(binding: GPUBufferBinding): string {
-    return `${this.id(binding.buffer)}:${binding.offset ?? 0}:${binding.size ?? ''}`;
-  }
-  /** Bind what a frame draws. A frame on its own makes its attachments; a hosted one draws in its host's. */
-  async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation, scene: Scene): Promise<Paint> {
-    const { gpu } = this,
-      { projector, style, pipelines } = scene,
-      camera = projector.camera,
-      standalone = !scene.hosted;
-    const { color, depth } = standalone
-      ? this.attachments.prepare(frame, { msaa: pipelines.msaa, depth: 'depth32float' })
-      : { color: undefined, depth: undefined };
-    let sceneBinding = scene.hosted;
-    if (!sceneBinding) {
-      const block = new Float32Array(kit.Projector.scene);
-      projector.write(block, 0, true, 0);
-      kit.Projector.light(block, kit.Projector.floats, scene.light);
-      sceneBinding = frame.uniforms(block);
-    }
-    const s = this.styleWords;
-    s.set(style.surfaceColor, S.surface);
-    s.set(style.grid ? style.gridColor : [0, 0, 0, 0], S.gridColor);
-    s.set(style.atmosphere ? style.atmosphereColor : [0, 0, 0, 0], S.atmosphere);
-    s.set(style.hoverColor, S.hover);
-    s.set(style.selectedColor === 'none' ? [0, 0, 0, -1] : style.selectedColor, S.selected);
-    s.set(
-      [
-        style.hoverWidthPx,
-        style.selectedWidthPx,
-        scene.selected ? style.unselectedAlpha : 1,
-        style.dashPeriodPx,
-      ],
-      S.glow,
-    );
-    s.set([...style.surfaceColor.slice(0, 3), style.labelHaloPx], S.halo);
-    s.set(style.earthAxisColor, S.axis);
-    s.set(style.flowColor, S.flow);
-    s.set([style.flowSpacingPx, scene.seconds, 0, 0], S.motion);
-    s.set(kit.gridLines(camera, style.gridMinSpacingPx, true), S.grid);
-    this.style.update(s);
-    const styleBinding = frame.buffer(this.style),
-      empty = frame.buffer(this.empty),
-      used = new Map<string, GPUBindGroup>();
-    /** A bind group, made once while the buffers it binds stay. */
-    const group = (layout: GPUBindGroupLayout, entries: readonly GPUBufferBinding[]) => {
-      const key = `${this.id(layout)}|${entries.map((e) => this.key(e)).join('|')}`;
-      let found = used.get(key) ?? this.groups.get(key);
-      if (!found)
-        found = gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-          layout,
-          entries: entries.map((resource, binding) => ({ binding, resource })),
-        });
-      used.set(key, found);
-      return found;
-    };
-    let vertices = 0,
-      triangles = 0;
-    const shapes = scene.shapes.map((draw) => {
-      const { prepared, styled, kind } = draw,
-        level = prepared.buffers.level(draw.level),
-        c = styled.constant,
-        words = new Uint32Array(DRAW_WORDS),
-        floats = new Float32Array(words.buffer);
-      floats.set(c.color, 0);
-      floats.set([c.width, c.shade, (c.visible ? 1 : 0) + (c.dash ? 2 : 0), c.flow], 4);
-      words.set(
-        [styled.records ? 1 : 0, draw.map ? 1 : 0, draw.hovered, draw.selection ? 1 : 0],
-        8,
-      );
-      words[12] = prepared.shapes.levels[draw.level].strips.length;
-      let byRecord = this.draws.get(prepared.buffers);
-      if (!byRecord)
-        this.draws.set(prepared.buffers, (byRecord = new Map<string, kit.BufferData>()));
-      const name = `${kind}\u0000${draw.type}`;
-      let uniform = byRecord.get(name);
-      if (!uniform)
-        byRecord.set(
-          name,
-          (uniform = new kit.BufferData({
-            size: DRAW_WORDS * 4,
-            usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-            label: 'geography draw',
-          })),
-        );
-      uniform.update(words);
-      for (let i = 1; i < draw.ranges.length; i += 2)
-        if (kind === 'area') {
-          triangles += draw.ranges[i] / 3;
-          vertices += draw.ranges[i];
-        } else vertices += draw.ranges[i] * 2;
-      return {
-        kind,
-        index: kind === 'area' ? frame.buffer(level.triangles).buffer : undefined,
-        ranges: draw.ranges,
-        group: group(pipelines.shapes, [
-          frame.buffer(prepared.buffers.vertices),
-          frame.buffer(prepared.buffers.origins),
-          styled.records ?? empty,
-          draw.map ?? empty,
-          draw.selection ?? empty,
-          kind === 'line' ? frame.buffer(level.strips) : empty,
-          kind === 'line' ? frame.buffer(level.along) : empty,
-          frame.buffer(uniform),
-        ]),
-      };
-    });
-    const labels: { group: GPUBindGroup; pages: readonly kit.TextPage[] }[] = [];
-    for (const { runs, anchors } of scene.labels)
-      if (runs.length)
-        labels.push({
-          pages: await frame.text({ runs }),
-          group: group(pipelines.label, [sceneBinding, frame.buffer(anchors), styleBinding]),
-        });
-    this.groups = used;
-    const showsAxis = camera.projection === 'globe' && style.earthAxis,
-      computes = scene.shapes.some((s) => s.styled.dispatches.length);
-    const [axis, records, text] = await Promise.all([
-      showsAxis ? pipelines.axis() : undefined,
-      computes ? pipelines.records() : undefined,
-      labels.length ? pipelines.text() : undefined,
-    ]);
-    return {
-      pipelines,
-      frame: gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipelines.frame,
-        entries: [
-          { binding: 0, resource: sceneBinding },
-          { binding: 1, resource: scene.shade },
-          { binding: 2, resource: styleBinding },
-        ],
-      }),
-      axis,
-      records,
-      text,
-      shapes,
-      labels,
-      styled: scene.shapes.map((s) => s.styled),
-      color,
-      depth,
-      drawn: { vertices, triangles },
-      drawCalls:
-        1 +
-        (axis ? 1 : 0) +
-        shapes.reduce((n, s) => n + s.ranges.length / 2, 0) +
-        labels.reduce((n, l) => n + l.pages.length, 0),
-    };
-  }
-  /** Compute the records the frame's draws read, before any pass. */
-  compute(encoder: GPUCommandEncoder, paint: Paint): void {
-    if (paint.records) this.records.encode(encoder, paint.records, paint.styled);
-  }
-  /** Draw into a pass: the ground, areas, lines, then labels. */
-  draw(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder, paint: Paint): void {
-    const p = paint.pipelines;
-    pass.setPipeline(p.ground);
-    pass.setBindGroup(0, paint.frame);
-    pass.draw(3);
-    if (paint.axis) {
-      pass.setPipeline(paint.axis);
-      pass.draw(6);
-    }
-    let bound: GPURenderPipeline | undefined;
-    for (const shape of paint.shapes) {
-      const pipeline = shape.kind === 'area' ? p.areas : p.lines;
-      if (pipeline !== bound) pass.setPipeline((bound = pipeline));
-      pass.setBindGroup(1, shape.group);
-      if (shape.index) {
-        pass.setIndexBuffer(shape.index, 'uint32');
-        for (let i = 0; i < shape.ranges.length; i += 2)
-          pass.drawIndexed(shape.ranges[i + 1], 1, shape.ranges[i]);
-      } else
-        for (let i = 0; i < shape.ranges.length; i += 2)
-          pass.draw(shape.ranges[i + 1] * 2, 1, shape.ranges[i] * 2);
-    }
-    if (paint.text) {
-      pass.setPipeline(paint.text);
-      for (const label of paint.labels) {
-        pass.setBindGroup(0, label.group);
-        for (const page of label.pages) {
-          pass.setBindGroup(1, page.bindGroup);
-          pass.draw(6, page.count);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  /** A frame on its own: its records, then one pass over its own attachments. */
-  encode(frame: kit.Encoding, paint: Paint, background: RGBA): void {
-    this.compute(frame.encoder, paint);
-    const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      label: 'geography',
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: paint.color ?? frame.target,
-          resolveTarget: paint.color ? frame.target : undefined,
-          loadOp: 'clear',
-          storeOp: 'store',
-          clearValue: kit.clearColor(background),
-        },
-      ],
-      depthStencilAttachment: {
-        view: paint.depth!,
-        depthClearValue: 1,
-        depthLoadOp: 'clear',
-        depthStoreOp: 'store',
-      },
-    });
-    this.draw(pass, paint);
-    pass.end();
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.attachments.destroy();
-    this.empty.destroy();
-    this.groups.clear();
-  }
-}
-export { NONE };
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/rendering/pipelines.ts b/packages/geography/src/rendering/pipelines.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index eed3af23..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/rendering/pipelines.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import commonSource from './common.wgsl';
-import groundSource from './ground.wgsl';
-import shapesSource from './shapes.wgsl';
-import recordsSource from './records.wgsl';
-import labelsSource from './labels.wgsl';
-
-/** The kit's projection, then the geography's bindings over it, which every drawing module includes. */
-const common = kit.projectionShader() + commonSource;
-/** Floats of the geography's style block. */
-export const STYLE_FLOATS = 44;
-/** Floats of the style block's members. */
-export const S = {
-  surface: 0,
-  gridColor: 4,
-  atmosphere: 8,
-  hover: 12,
-  selected: 16,
-  glow: 20,
-  halo: 24,
-  axis: 28,
-  flow: 32,
-  motion: 36,
-  grid: 40,
-} as const;
-
-/**
- * The geography's pipelines for a target format and MSAA: the ground and shapes every frame draws
- * build at once; the rest as a frame first needs them, so a view's first frame compiles the least.
- */
-export interface Pipelines {
-  readonly format: GPUTextureFormat;
-  readonly msaa: 1 | 4;
-  /** The scene, the shade, and the style, which every draw binds first. */
-  readonly frame: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** A record's shapes: their vertices, origins, records, map, selection, strips, and draw. */
-  readonly shapes: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** A page of a record's values, and the records it writes. */
-  readonly page: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** A page of labels: the scene, their anchors, and the style. */
-  readonly label: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly ground: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly areas: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly lines: GPURenderPipeline;
-  /** The globe's axis, which only a globe that shows it draws. */
-  axis(): Promise<GPURenderPipeline>;
-  /** Records from fields, which only channels that read a field compute. */
-  records(): Promise<GPUComputePipeline>;
-  text(): Promise<GPURenderPipeline>;
-}
-
-/** Build the geography's pipelines for a target format, MSAA, and shade; its view caches each. */
-export async function pipelines(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  format: GPUTextureFormat,
-  msaa: 1 | 4,
-  shade: string,
-): Promise<Pipelines> {
-  const d = gpu.device,
-    V = GPUShaderStage.VERTEX,
-    F = GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,
-    C = GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE;
-  const uniform = (binding: number, visibility: number) => ({
-    binding,
-    visibility,
-    buffer: { type: 'uniform' as const },
-  });
-  const storage = (
-    binding: number,
-    visibility: number,
-    type: GPUBufferBindingType = 'read-only-storage',
-  ) => ({ binding, visibility, buffer: { type } });
-  const frame = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [uniform(0, V | F), uniform(1, F), uniform(2, V | F)],
-  });
-  const shapes = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      storage(0, V),
-      storage(1, V),
-      storage(2, V),
-      storage(3, V),
-      storage(4, V),
-      storage(5, V),
-      storage(6, V),
-      uniform(7, V | F),
-    ],
-  });
-  const page = d.createBindGroupLayout({ entries: [uniform(0, C), storage(1, C, 'storage')] });
-  const label = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [uniform(0, V | F), storage(1, V), uniform(2, V | F)],
-  });
-  const shading = kit.shadeShader({ group: 0, binding: 1 }) + kit.outputShader() + shade;
-  const render = (
-    module: GPUShaderModule,
-    vertex: string,
-    fragment: string,
-    layouts: GPUBindGroupLayout[],
-    options: {
-      readonly topology?: GPUPrimitiveTopology;
-      readonly depth?: 'write' | 'test' | 'none';
-    } = {},
-  ) =>
-    gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: layouts }),
-      vertex: { module, entryPoint: vertex },
-      fragment: {
-        module,
-        entryPoint: fragment,
-        targets: [{ format, blend: kit.premultipliedBlend }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: options.topology ?? 'triangle-list' },
-      // The ground alone writes depth: the globe's, which hides what lies behind it. What lies on
-      // the ground draws over it in order, and faces away where it turns past the horizon.
-      depthStencil: {
-        format: 'depth32float',
-        depthWriteEnabled: options.depth === 'write',
-        depthCompare:
-          options.depth === 'write' || options.depth === 'test' ? 'less-equal' : 'always',
-      },
-      multisample: { count: msaa },
-    });
-  const [groundModule, shapesModule] = await Promise.all([
-    gpu.shaderModule(common + kit.gridShader() + groundSource, 'geography ground'),
-    gpu.shaderModule(common + kit.strokeShader() + shading + shapesSource, 'geography shapes'),
-  ]);
-  const [ground, areas, lines] = await Promise.all([
-    render(groundModule, 'ground_vertex', 'ground_fragment', [frame], { depth: 'write' }),
-    render(shapesModule, 'area_vertex', 'area_fragment', [frame, shapes]),
-    render(shapesModule, 'line_vertex', 'line_fragment', [frame, shapes], {
-      topology: 'triangle-strip',
-    }),
-  ]);
-  /** A pipeline built once, when first asked for; a failed build tries again. */
-  const later = <T>(build: () => Promise<T>): (() => Promise<T>) => {
-    let built: Promise<T> | undefined;
-    return () => {
-      if (!built) {
-        built = build();
-        built.catch(() => (built = undefined));
-      }
-      return built;
-    };
-  };
-  return {
-    format,
-    msaa,
-    frame,
-    shapes,
-    page,
-    label,
-    ground,
-    areas,
-    lines,
-    axis: later(() =>
-      render(groundModule, 'axis_vertex', 'axis_fragment', [frame], { depth: 'test' }),
-    ),
-    records: later(async () =>
-      gpu.computePipeline({
-        layout: d.createPipelineLayout({
-          bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, page, gpu.colormapLayout],
-        }),
-        compute: {
-          module: await gpu.shaderModule(
-            kit.fieldShader({ group: 0, colormap: 2 }) + recordsSource,
-            'geography records',
-          ),
-          entryPoint: 'records_main',
-        },
-      }),
-    ),
-    text: later(async () =>
-      render(
-        await gpu.shaderModule(
-          common + kit.textShader({ group: 1 }) + labelsSource,
-          'geography labels',
-        ),
-        'label_vertex',
-        'label_fragment',
-        [label, gpu.textLayout],
-      ),
-    ),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/rendering/records.wgsl b/packages/geography/src/rendering/records.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 06073f81..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/rendering/records.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-// Each values row's look, written once for every draw of the rows that read it: its color, then
-// its width, its shade, whether shown (1) and dashed (2), and how fast its comets move.
-struct Page {
-  rows: u32,
-  /** The record of the page's first row. */
-  first: u32,
-  color: vec4f,
-  tint: LatkitChannel,
-  width: LatkitChannel,
-  visible: LatkitChannel,
-  shade: LatkitChannel,
-  dash: LatkitChannel,
-  flow: LatkitChannel,
-}
-@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> page: Page;
-@group(1) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> records: array<vec4f>;
-
-@compute @workgroup_size(64)
-fn records_main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
-  let row = id.x;
-  if (row >= page.rows) { return; }
-  let out = (page.first + row) * 2u;
-  records[out] = channelColor(page.tint, row, 0u, page.color);
-  records[out + 1u] = vec4f(
-    channelNumber(page.width, row, 0u),
-    channelNumber(page.shade, row, 0u),
-    select(0.0, 1.0, channelOn(page.visible, row, 0u)) + select(0.0, 2.0, channelOn(page.dash, row, 0u)),
-    channelNumber(page.flow, row, 0u),
-  );
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/rendering/shapes.wgsl b/packages/geography/src/rendering/shapes.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 89a15b45..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/rendering/shapes.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-/** What a draw of one record's shapes reads beside its buffers. */
-struct Draw {
-  /** The type's color and style, for rows its records leave unset. */
-  color: vec4f,
-  /** Width, shade, whether shown (1) and dashed (2), and how fast its comets move. */
-  style: vec4f,
-  /** Whether rows read records, whether through a map to their values' rows, the hovered row, and whether any row is selected. */
-  flags: vec4u,
-  /** The strip entries the draw's level holds. */
-  info: vec4u,
-}
-/** Per vertex its x and y relative to its row's origin, and its row: three words. */
-@group(1) @binding(0) var<storage, read> vertices: array<u32>;
-/** Per row its origin, split: high longitude and latitude, then the low parts. */
-@group(1) @binding(1) var<storage, read> origins: array<vec4f>;
-/** Per values row its color, then its width, shade, whether shown (1) and dashed (2), and flow. */
-@group(1) @binding(2) var<storage, read> records: array<vec4f>;
-/** Per row its values row, or NONE. */
-@group(1) @binding(3) var<storage, read> rowMap: array<u32>;
-/** A bit per row: whether it is selected. */
-@group(1) @binding(4) var<storage, read> selection: array<u32>;
-@group(1) @binding(5) var<storage, read> strips: array<u32>;
-@group(1) @binding(6) var<storage, read> along: array<f32>;
-@group(1) @binding(7) var<uniform> draw: Draw;
-
-struct Look {
-  color: vec4f,
-  width: f32,
-  shade: f32,
-  visible: bool,
-  dash: bool,
-  /** How far comets move along the line each second, in CSS pixels; 0 draws none. */
-  flow: f32,
-  /** 0, hovered 1, or selected 2. */
-  focus: u32,
-}
-fn rowOf(v: u32) -> u32 { return vertices[v * 3u + 2u]; }
-/** Where a vertex lies relative to the camera center. */
-fn relativeOf(v: u32) -> vec2f {
-  let local = vec2f(bitcast<f32>(vertices[v * 3u]), bitcast<f32>(vertices[v * 3u + 1u]));
-  return projection_relative(origins[rowOf(v)], local, scene.projection);
-}
-/** How a row draws: its record's values, or the type's, and how it is focused. */
-fn lookOf(row: u32) -> Look {
-  var look: Look;
-  look.color = draw.color;
-  look.width = draw.style.x;
-  look.shade = draw.style.y;
-  var flags = u32(draw.style.z);
-  look.flow = draw.style.w;
-  if (draw.flags.x == 1u) {
-    var r = row;
-    if (draw.flags.y == 1u) { r = rowMap[row]; }
-    if (r != NONE) {
-      let a = records[r * 2u];
-      let b = records[r * 2u + 1u];
-      look.color = a;
-      look.width = b.x;
-      look.shade = b.y;
-      flags = u32(b.z);
-      look.flow = b.w;
-    }
-  }
-  look.visible = (flags & 1u) != 0u;
-  look.dash = (flags & 2u) != 0u;
-  look.focus = 0u;
-  if (draw.flags.w == 1u && (selection[row >> 5u] & (1u << (row & 31u))) != 0u) { look.focus = 2u; }
-  else if (row == draw.flags.z) { look.focus = 1u; }
-  return look;
-}
-/** A focused row's color: tinted by hover or the selection; the rest fade while anything is selected. */
-fn focused(look: Look, strength: f32) -> vec4f {
-  var color = look.color;
-  if (look.focus == 2u) {
-    if (u.selected.a >= 0.0) { color = vec4f(mix(color.rgb, u.selected.rgb, u.selected.a * strength), max(color.a, u.selected.a * strength)); }
-    else { color = vec4f(min(color.rgb * 1.25 + 0.08, vec3f(1.0)), color.a); }
-  } else if (look.focus == 1u) {
-    color = vec4f(mix(color.rgb, u.hover.rgb, u.hover.a * strength), max(color.a, u.hover.a * strength));
-  } else if (draw.flags.w == 1u) { color.a *= u.glow.z; }
-  return color;
-}
-
-struct Fill {
-  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-  @location(0) color: vec4f,
-  @location(1) facing: f32,
-  @location(2) shade: f32,
-}
-const HIDDEN = vec4f(2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.0);
-/** Areas: indexed triangles, each vertex at its row's origin plus its offset. */
-@vertex fn area_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v: u32) -> Fill {
-  var out: Fill;
-  let row = rowOf(v);
-  let look = lookOf(row);
-  if (!look.visible) { out.position = HIDDEN; return out; }
-  let relative = relativeOf(v);
-  let world = projection_world(relative, 0.0, scene.projection);
-  out.position = projection_clip(world, scene.projection);
-  let color = focused(look, 1.0);
-  out.color = vec4f(color.rgb * lightAt(relative), color.a);
-  out.facing = facingOf(world);
-  out.shade = look.shade;
-  return out;
-}
-@fragment fn area_fragment(v: Fill) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  if (v.facing < 0.0) { discard; }
-  let px = v.position.xy / scene.projection.view.z;
-  return premultiplied(shade(ShadeFragment(v.color, px, v.shade)));
-}
-
-struct Stroke {
-  @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
-  @location(0) color: vec4f,
-  /** Across the stroke in CSS pixels from its middle, and half its width. */
-  @location(1) across: vec2f,
-  /** Along the stroke in CSS pixels, for dashes. */
-  @location(2) along: f32,
-  @location(3) facing: f32,
-  @location(4) shade: f32,
-  @location(5) @interpolate(flat) dash: u32,
-  /** Its comets: their speed, how far they have moved, and their heads' radius, in CSS pixels. */
-  @location(6) @interpolate(flat) flow: vec3f,
-  @location(7) @interpolate(flat) row: u32,
-  /** A focused line's glow: its tint, and how far it reaches past the stroke, in CSS pixels. */
-  @location(8) @interpolate(flat) glow: vec4f,
-  @location(9) @interpolate(flat) reach: f32,
-}
-/** A vertex's clip position. */
-fn clipOf(v: u32) -> vec4f {
-  return projection_clip(projection_world(relativeOf(v), 0.0, scene.projection), scene.projection);
-}
-/** A clip position in CSS pixels from the canvas center. */
-fn pixels(c: vec4f) -> vec2f { return c.xy / max(c.w, 0.000001) * 0.5 * scene.projection.view.xy; }
-/**
- * Lines: joined triangle strips, two vertices per point, restarting where a strip breaks, so
- * translucent lines never darken where their segments meet. A break's two vertices repeat its
- * neighbors', which draws nothing between strips.
- */
-@vertex fn line_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) index: u32) -> Stroke {
-  var out: Stroke;
-  var k = index >> 1u;
-  var side = f32(index & 1u) * 2.0 - 1.0;
-  let count = draw.info.x;
-  if (strips[k] == NONE) {
-    if (side < 0.0 && k > 0u) { k -= 1u; side = 1.0; }
-    else if (k + 1u < count) { k += 1u; side = -1.0; }
-    else { out.position = HIDDEN; return out; }
-    if (strips[k] == NONE) { out.position = HIDDEN; return out; }
-  }
-  let v = strips[k];
-  let row = rowOf(v);
-  let look = lookOf(row);
-  if (!look.visible) { out.position = HIDDEN; return out; }
-  let relative = relativeOf(v);
-  let world = projection_world(relative, 0.0, scene.projection);
-  let c = projection_clip(world, scene.projection);
-  if (c.w <= 0.0) { out.position = HIDDEN; return out; }
-  let p = pixels(c);
-  var tangent = vec2f(0.0);
-  var normal = vec2f(0.0);
-  var stretch = 1.0;
-  var before = NONE;
-  if (k > 0u) { before = strips[k - 1u]; }
-  var after = NONE;
-  if (k + 1u < count) { after = strips[k + 1u]; }
-  var a = vec2f(0.0);
-  var b = vec2f(0.0);
-  var has = 0u;
-  if (before != NONE) {
-    let cb = clipOf(before);
-    if (cb.w > 0.0) { let d = p - pixels(cb); if (dot(d, d) > 0.0) { a = normalize(d); has |= 1u; } }
-  }
-  if (after != NONE) {
-    let ca = clipOf(after);
-    if (ca.w > 0.0) { let d = pixels(ca) - p; if (dot(d, d) > 0.0) { b = normalize(d); has |= 2u; } }
-  }
-  if (has == 3u) {
-    let n0 = vec2f(-a.y, a.x);
-    let n1 = vec2f(-b.y, b.x);
-    let m = n0 + n1;
-    if (dot(m, m) < 0.0001) { normal = n0; }
-    else {
-      normal = normalize(m);
-      // A miter, held to four times the half width at sharp turns.
-      stretch = 1.0 / max(dot(normal, n0), 0.25);
-    }
-  } else if (has == 1u) { normal = vec2f(-a.y, a.x); }
-  else if (has == 2u) { normal = vec2f(-b.y, b.x); }
-  let width = look.width;
-  // Hover and the selection glow past the stroke, as far as their widths reach, as in every view.
-  let glow = select(0.0, select(u.glow.x, u.glow.y, look.focus == 2u), look.focus != 0u);
-  let half = max(width * 0.5, 0.5);
-  // A pixel beyond the stroke on each side, which the fragment fades for antialiasing, and as far
-  // as a flowing line's comets' heads.
-  let head = max(half * 1.6, 2.0);
-  let flowing = look.flow != 0.0 && u.motion.x > 0.0;
-  let reach = select(half, max(half, head), flowing) + glow + 1.0;
-  let offset = normal * side * reach * stretch;
-  out.position = vec4f(c.xy + offset * 2.0 / scene.projection.view.xy * c.w, c.z, c.w);
-  out.across = vec2f(side * reach, half);
-  let latitude = relative.y + scene.projection.center.y;
-  let stretched = select(1.0, 1.0 / max(cos(latitude * DEGREE), 0.01), scene.projection.geo.w > 1.5);
-  out.along = along[k] * projection_pixels(scene.projection) * stretched;
-  var color = focused(look, 1.0);
-  // Strokes thinner than a pixel draw a pixel wide, fainter.
-  color.a *= min(width, 1.0);
-  out.color = vec4f(color.rgb * lightAt(relative), color.a);
-  out.facing = facingOf(world);
-  out.shade = look.shade;
-  out.dash = select(0u, 1u, look.dash);
-  let spacing = max(u.motion.x, 1.0);
-  let moved = look.flow * u.motion.y;
-  out.flow = vec3f(select(0.0, look.flow, flowing), moved - spacing * floor(moved / spacing), head);
-  out.row = row;
-  out.reach = glow;
-  out.glow = select(select(u.selected, look.color, u.selected.a < 0.0), u.hover, look.focus == 1u);
-  return out;
-}
-@fragment fn line_fragment(v: Stroke) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  if (v.facing < 0.0) { discard; }
-  if (v.dash == 1u && !stroke_dash(v.along, u.glow.w)) { discard; }
-  let line = clamp(v.across.y + 0.5 - abs(v.across.x), 0.0, 1.0);
-  // Derivatives read in uniform control flow, before any branch on the row.
-  let aa = max(fwidth(v.across.x), 0.01);
-  var comets = 0.0;
-  if (v.flow.x != 0.0) {
-    comets = stroke_comet(v.along, v.across.x, v.row, v.flow.x, v.flow.y, v.flow.z, u.motion.x, aa) * u.flow.a;
-  }
-  // The line and its comets, in its shade, over a focused line's glow.
-  let color = vec4f(mix(v.color.rgb, u.flow.rgb, comets), mix(v.color.a, 1.0, comets));
-  let px = v.position.xy / scene.projection.view.z;
-  let drawn = outputColor(shade(ShadeFragment(color, px, v.shade)), max(line, comets));
-  if (v.reach <= 0.0) { return drawn; }
-  let glow = outputColor(v.glow, glowAlpha(abs(v.across.x) - v.across.y, v.reach));
-  return drawn + glow * (1.0 - drawn.a);
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/scene/labels.ts b/packages/geography/src/scene/labels.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 296e2c16..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/scene/labels.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-import { assertIndex, bitAt, failure, rowAt, rowCount, textAt, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Gpu, type Labels as LabelOptions } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Shapes } from '../prepare/shapes.js';
-import type { Style } from '../options.js';
-import { meets, type Region } from './visible.js';
-
-export interface LabelBatch {
-  readonly runs: readonly kit.TextRun[];
-  readonly anchors: kit.BufferData;
-}
-/** A record's labels as a frame draws them: its rows, their shapes, and what labels them. */
-export interface LabelSource {
-  readonly data: Data;
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly shapes: Shapes;
-  readonly labels: string | LabelOptions;
-}
-interface Entry {
-  readonly labels: string | LabelOptions;
-  readonly defaults: readonly unknown[];
-  /** Each row's text, laid out once. */
-  readonly layouts: Map<number, kit.TextLayout>;
-  readonly bank: kit.TextBank;
-}
-/** A piece this narrow on screen, in CSS pixels, is too small to name. */
-const SMALLEST_PX = 28;
-
-/**
- * Labels at each row's anchor: the largest pieces in view first, each placed only where it is
- * clear of those placed before it. Text lays out once per row.
- */
-export class Labels {
-  private readonly cache = new WeakMap<Shapes, Entry>();
-
-  async prepare(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    gpu: Gpu,
-    sources: readonly LabelSource[],
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    region: Region,
-    pixels: number,
-    style: Style,
-  ): Promise<readonly LabelBatch[]> {
-    const occupied = new kit.Occupancy(),
-      batches: LabelBatch[] = [],
-      { viewport } = projector,
-      // Each type's texts placed this frame, and where: a feature split across tiles is named once.
-      named = new Map<string, Map<string, kit.Projected[]>>();
-    for (const source of sources) {
-      const options = kit.resolveLabels(source.labels);
-      if (!options) continue;
-      const defaults = [style.font, style.fontSizePx, style.textColor];
-      let entry = this.cache.get(source.shapes);
-      if (
-        !entry ||
-        entry.labels !== source.labels ||
-        entry.defaults.some((value, i) => value !== defaults[i])
-      ) {
-        entry = {
-          labels: source.labels,
-          defaults,
-          layouts: new Map(),
-          bank: new kit.TextBank({ label: 'geography labels' }),
-        };
-        this.cache.set(source.shapes, entry);
-      }
-      entry.bank.hide();
-      // Unset, a text is named once in view.
-      const repeat = options.repeatSpacingPx ?? Infinity,
-        max = options.maxCount ?? 200,
-        candidates = this.candidates(source.shapes, region, pixels, max * 4)
-          .map((position) => {
-            const x = source.shapes.anchors[position * 2],
-              y = source.shapes.anchors[position * 2 + 1];
-            return { position, p: Number.isFinite(x) ? projector.project(x, y) : undefined };
-          })
-          .filter(
-            ({ p }) =>
-              p?.visible && p.x >= 0 && p.y >= 0 && p.x <= viewport.width && p.y <= viewport.height,
-          );
-      const table = source.data.tables[source.type],
-        missing = candidates.filter((c) => !entry.layouts.has(c.position));
-      if (missing.length) {
-        if (entry.layouts.size + missing.length > max * 16) {
-          entry.layouts.clear();
-          entry.bank.clear();
-        }
-        const wanted = new Map(missing.map((c) => [rowAt(table.rows, c.position), c.position]));
-        for await (const block of frame.reader.fields({
-          source: source.data,
-          from: source.type,
-          rows: { kind: 'indices', index: table.index, values: Uint32Array.from(wanted.keys()) },
-          fields: { label: options.field },
-        })) {
-          assertIndex(table.index, block.index);
-          const column = block.columns.label;
-          if (column && column.kind !== 'text')
-            throw failure('invalid-input', 'Labels require text fields');
-          for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(block.rows); i++) {
-            const position = wanted.get(rowAt(block.rows, i));
-            if (position === undefined) continue;
-            const text = column && bitAt(block.presence.label, i) ? (textAt(column, i) ?? '') : '';
-            entry.layouts.set(
-              position,
-              await gpu.layoutText(
-                {
-                  text,
-                  font: options.font ?? style.font,
-                  size: options.fontSizePx ?? style.fontSizePx,
-                  color: options.color ?? style.textColor,
-                },
-                { signal: frame.signal },
-              ),
-            );
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      let texts = named.get(source.type);
-      if (!texts) named.set(source.type, (texts = new Map<string, kit.Projected[]>()));
-      let placed = 0;
-      for (const { position, p } of candidates) {
-        if (placed >= max) break;
-        const layout = entry.layouts.get(position);
-        if (!layout?.runs.length || !p) continue;
-        const text = layout.runs.map((run) => run.text).join('\n'),
-          twins = texts.get(text) ?? [];
-        if (twins.some((q) => Math.hypot(q.x - p.x, q.y - p.y) < repeat)) continue;
-        if (
-          entry.bank.place(position, layout, [[p.x, p.y, 'center', 'middle']], occupied, {
-            margin: 3,
-          })
-        ) {
-          placed++;
-          texts.set(text, [...twins, p]);
-        }
-      }
-      for (const page of entry.bank.flush())
-        if (page.runs.length) batches.push({ runs: page.runs, anchors: page.anchors });
-    }
-    return batches;
-  }
-  /** Rows of pieces in view large enough to name, largest first: each row once, at most `limit`. */
-  private candidates(shapes: Shapes, region: Region, pixels: number, limit: number): number[] {
-    const { cells, next, pieces } = shapes.nodes,
-      bounds = shapes.pieceBounds,
-      found: { position: number; size: number }[] = [],
-      seen = new Set<number>(),
-      smallest = SMALLEST_PX / pixels;
-    let node = 0;
-    while (node < next.length) {
-      const depth = cells[node * 3],
-        w = 360 / 2 ** depth,
-        h = 180 / 2 ** depth,
-        west = -180 + cells[node * 3 + 1] * w - w / 2,
-        south = -90 + cells[node * 3 + 2] * h - h / 2;
-      if (!meets(region, west, south, west + 2 * w, south + 2 * h)) {
-        node = next[node];
-        continue;
-      }
-      // Cells deeper than this hold pieces too small to name.
-      if (Math.max(w, h) < smallest) {
-        node = next[node];
-        continue;
-      }
-      for (let k = pieces[node]; k < pieces[node + 1]; k++) {
-        const size = Math.max(
-            bounds[k * 4 + 2] - bounds[k * 4],
-            bounds[k * 4 + 3] - bounds[k * 4 + 1],
-          ),
-          position = shapes.pieces[k * 3];
-        if (size < smallest || seen.has(position)) continue;
-        if (!meets(region, bounds[k * 4], bounds[k * 4 + 1], bounds[k * 4 + 2], bounds[k * 4 + 3]))
-          continue;
-        seen.add(position);
-        found.push({ position, size });
-      }
-      node++;
-    }
-    found.sort((a, b) => b.size - a.size);
-    return found.slice(0, limit).map((f) => f.position);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/scene/pyramid.ts b/packages/geography/src/scene/pyramid.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 398551f8..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/scene/pyramid.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
-import { isFailure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { TileSource } from '../sources/archive.js';
-import type { TileSet } from '../tiles.js';
-import { meets, type Region } from './visible.js';
-
-const DEGREE = Math.PI / 180;
-/** CSS pixels a vector tile spans drawn at its own zoom. */
-const TILE_PX = 512;
-/** At most this many tiles draw at once: past it, tiles stop splitting. */
-const MAX_TILES = 256;
-
-export interface TileKey {
-  readonly z: number;
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-}
-/** A tile the frame draws, and the loaded tile it draws from: itself, or an ancestor until it loads. */
-export interface Placed<T> {
-  readonly key: TileKey;
-  readonly from: TileKey;
-  readonly data: T;
-}
-export interface PyramidOptions<T> {
-  readonly tiles: TileSet;
-  /** Bytes the loaded tiles may hold before the least recently drawn go. */
-  readonly bytes: number;
-  /** Requests in flight at once. */
-  readonly requests: number;
-  load(source: TileSource, key: TileKey, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<T | null>;
-  size(data: T): number;
-  release(data: T): void;
-  /** A tile landed: draw again. */
-  loaded(): void;
-  fail(error: unknown): void;
-}
-const keyOf = (z: number, x: number, y: number) => `${z}/${x}/${y}`;
-/** A tile's latitude at a fraction of the way down the mercator square. */
-function latitudeAt(t: number): number {
-  return Math.atan(Math.sinh(Math.PI * (1 - 2 * t))) / DEGREE;
-}
-/** A tile's west, south, east, and north. */
-export function tileBounds(z: number, x: number, y: number): [number, number, number, number] {
-  const n = 2 ** z;
-  return [
-    (x / n) * 360 - 180,
-    latitudeAt((y + 1) / n),
-    ((x + 1) / n) * 360 - 180,
-    latitudeAt(y / n),
-  ];
-}
-
-/** A tile's four children, as their offsets in the next zoom. */
-const CHILDREN = [
-  [0, 0],
-  [1, 0],
-  [0, 1],
-  [1, 1],
-] as const;
-/** Where tiles draw largest: where the camera looks, and tilted, the nearest ground it shows. */
-function focusOf(projector: kit.Projector): (readonly [number, number])[] {
-  const { camera, viewport } = projector,
-    near = projector.unproject([viewport.width / 2, viewport.height]);
-  return near ? [camera.center, near] : [camera.center];
-}
-/**
- * How large a tile draws where it lies nearest each focus, and how far from the canvas's center
- * that lands: a point that shows whenever the tile meets the view, however near the camera is.
- */
-function measure(
-  projector: kit.Projector,
-  focus: readonly (readonly [number, number])[],
-  w: number,
-  s: number,
-  e: number,
-  n: number,
-): { size: number; distance: number } {
-  const dx = (e - w) / 64,
-    dy = (n - s) / 64,
-    { width, height } = projector.viewport;
-  let size = 0,
-    distance = Infinity;
-  for (const [fx, fy] of focus) {
-    // The focus on the tile's side of the antimeridian.
-    const near = fx + 360 * Math.round(((w + e) / 2 - fx) / 360),
-      x = Math.min(e - dx, Math.max(w, near)),
-      y = Math.min(n - dy, Math.max(s, fy)),
-      p = projector.project(x, y);
-    if (!p.visible) continue;
-    const east = projector.project(x + dx, y),
-      north = projector.project(x, y + dy);
-    size = Math.max(
-      size,
-      64 * Math.hypot(east.x - p.x, east.y - p.y),
-      64 * Math.hypot(north.x - p.x, north.y - p.y),
-    );
-    distance = Math.min(distance, Math.hypot(p.x - width / 2, p.y - height / 2));
-  }
-  return { size, distance };
-}
-interface Held<T> {
-  readonly data: T | null;
-  readonly bytes: number;
-}
-/**
- * Tiles that replace their parents as the camera nears: chosen by how large they draw in any
- * projection, loaded nearest the center first, drawn from an ancestor until they land, and let go
- * of, least recently drawn first, past a byte budget.
- */
-export class Pyramid<T> {
-  private source?: TileSource;
-  private readonly held = new Map<string, Held<T>>();
-  private readonly loading = new Map<
-    string,
-    { controller: AbortController; done: Promise<void> }
-  >();
-  private bytes = 0;
-  private closed = false;
-  private failed = false;
-  /** Settles once the source opens or fails to; undefined after. */
-  private opening?: Promise<void>;
-  constructor(private readonly options: PyramidOptions<T>) {
-    this.opening = options.tiles.source().then(
-      (source) => {
-        this.opening = undefined;
-        if (this.closed) return;
-        this.source = source;
-        options.loaded();
-      },
-      (error: unknown) => {
-        this.opening = undefined;
-        if (!this.closed) options.fail(error);
-      },
-    );
-  }
-  /** Settles once the tiles loading now land. */
-  get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    if (this.opening) return this.opening;
-    if (!this.loading.size) return undefined;
-    return Promise.all([...this.loading.values()].map((l) => l.done)).then(() => undefined);
-  }
-  /** Tiles loaded, in flight, and the bytes held. */
-  get stats(): { readonly held: number; readonly loading: number; readonly bytes: number } {
-    return { held: this.held.size, loading: this.loading.size, bytes: this.bytes };
-  }
-  /** What the source declares, once open. */
-  get opened(): TileSource | undefined {
-    return this.source;
-  }
-  /**
-   * The tiles a camera draws over `region`, the ground it shows, loading those it lacks: each loaded,
-   * or drawn from an ancestor.
-   */
-  frame(projector: kit.Projector, region: Region): readonly Placed<T>[] {
-    const source = this.source;
-    if (!source || this.closed) return [];
-    const wanted = this.wanted(projector, source, region),
-      placed: Placed<T>[] = [],
-      missing: TileKey[] = [],
-      used = new Set<string>();
-    for (const key of wanted) {
-      const own = this.held.get(keyOf(key.z, key.x, key.y));
-      if (own) {
-        used.add(keyOf(key.z, key.x, key.y));
-        if (own.data) placed.push({ key, from: key, data: own.data });
-        continue;
-      }
-      missing.push(key);
-      for (let z = key.z - 1; z >= 0; z--) {
-        const shift = key.z - z,
-          k = keyOf(z, key.x >> shift, key.y >> shift),
-          found = this.held.get(k);
-        if (!found) continue;
-        used.add(k);
-        if (found.data)
-          placed.push({ key, from: { z, x: key.x >> shift, y: key.y >> shift }, data: found.data });
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    // Drawn tiles are the most recently used.
-    for (const k of used) {
-      const entry = this.held.get(k)!;
-      this.held.delete(k);
-      this.held.set(k, entry);
-    }
-    this.request(missing, source, new Set(wanted.map((key) => keyOf(key.z, key.x, key.y))));
-    this.evict(used);
-    return placed;
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.closed = true;
-    for (const { controller } of this.loading.values()) controller.abort();
-    this.loading.clear();
-    for (const entry of this.held.values()) if (entry.data) this.options.release(entry.data);
-    this.held.clear();
-    this.bytes = 0;
-  }
-  /**
-   * The tiles to draw: those meeting the region, each split while it draws larger than its size
-   * where it lies nearest the camera's focus, nearest the center first.
-   */
-  private wanted(projector: kit.Projector, source: TileSource, region: Region): TileKey[] {
-    const limit = TILE_PX * 1.25,
-      [bw, bs, be, bn] = source.bounds,
-      focus = focusOf(projector),
-      out: { key: TileKey; distance: number }[] = [];
-    let queue: TileKey[] = [{ z: 0, x: 0, y: 0 }];
-    while (queue.length) {
-      const next: TileKey[] = [];
-      for (const key of queue) {
-        const [w, s, e, n] = tileBounds(key.z, key.x, key.y);
-        if (w > be || e < bw || s > bn || n < bs || !meets(region, w, s, e, n)) continue;
-        const shown = measure(projector, focus, w, s, e, n),
-          splits =
-            key.z < source.maxZoom &&
-            (key.z < source.minZoom || shown.size > limit) &&
-            out.length + next.length + queue.length < MAX_TILES;
-        if (splits)
-          for (const [dx, dy] of CHILDREN)
-            next.push({ z: key.z + 1, x: key.x * 2 + dx, y: key.y * 2 + dy });
-        else if (key.z >= source.minZoom) out.push({ key, distance: shown.distance });
-      }
-      queue = next;
-    }
-    out.sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance);
-    return out.map((o) => o.key);
-  }
-  /** Start loading missing tiles, nearest first, and stop loading tiles no longer wanted. */
-  private request(
-    missing: readonly TileKey[],
-    source: TileSource,
-    wanted: ReadonlySet<string>,
-  ): void {
-    for (const [k, { controller }] of this.loading)
-      if (!wanted.has(k)) {
-        controller.abort();
-        this.loading.delete(k);
-      }
-    for (const key of missing) {
-      if (this.loading.size >= this.options.requests) break;
-      const k = keyOf(key.z, key.x, key.y);
-      if (this.loading.has(k)) continue;
-      const controller = new AbortController(),
-        done = this.options.load(source, key, controller.signal).then(
-          (data) => {
-            if (this.loading.get(k)?.controller !== controller || this.closed) {
-              if (data) this.options.release(data);
-              return;
-            }
-            this.loading.delete(k);
-            const bytes = data ? this.options.size(data) : 0;
-            this.held.set(k, { data, bytes });
-            this.bytes += bytes;
-            this.options.loaded();
-          },
-          (error: unknown) => {
-            if (this.loading.get(k)?.controller === controller) this.loading.delete(k);
-            if (controller.signal.aborted || isFailure(error, 'aborted') || this.closed) return;
-            // A tile that cannot load draws its ancestor, and is not asked for again; the first
-            // such failure reports, not every tile of a source that went away.
-            this.held.set(k, { data: null, bytes: 0 });
-            if (!this.failed) this.options.fail(error);
-            this.failed = true;
-            this.options.loaded();
-          },
-        );
-      this.loading.set(k, { controller, done });
-    }
-  }
-  /** Let go of the least recently drawn tiles past the byte budget, never one this frame draws. */
-  private evict(used: ReadonlySet<string>): void {
-    for (const [k, entry] of this.held) {
-      if (this.bytes <= this.options.bytes) break;
-      if (used.has(k)) continue;
-      this.held.delete(k);
-      this.bytes -= entry.bytes;
-      if (entry.data) this.options.release(entry.data);
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/scene/records.ts b/packages/geography/src/scene/records.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9471add7..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/scene/records.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-import { rowCount, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Gpu, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { rowsOf } from '../read.js';
-import type { ChannelName } from '../options.js';
-
-/** Bytes of a page's uniform slot: its header and six channels. */
-const SLOT_WORDS = 64;
-/** Bytes a values row's record holds: its color, then its width, shade, shown and dashed, and flow. */
-const RECORD_BYTES = 32;
-/** A record unused for this many presented frames lets go of its buffer. */
-const IDLE_FRAMES = 240;
-
-/** How every row of a record draws when no channel reads a field, and rows without a record. */
-export interface Constant {
-  readonly color: RGBA;
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly shade: number;
-  readonly visible: boolean;
-  readonly dash: boolean;
-  /** How fast comets move along a line, in CSS pixels a second; 0 draws none. */
-  readonly flow: number;
-}
-interface Dispatch {
-  readonly fields: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly colors: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly count: number;
-}
-/** A record's look this frame: its constant, and its rows' records where channels read fields. */
-export interface Styled {
-  readonly constant: Constant;
-  readonly records?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** What this frame computes before drawing: nothing once the records hold the latest values. */
-  readonly dispatches: readonly Dispatch[];
-  /** Mark the records computed, once the frame that computes them is submitted. */
-  commit(): void;
-}
-interface Read {
-  readonly pages: readonly kit.GpuPage[];
-  readonly channels: Readonly<Record<ChannelName, kit.ResolvedChannel>>;
-}
-interface Entry {
-  buffer?: kit.BufferResource;
-  computed?: Read;
-  used: number;
-}
-
-const FALLBACK: Readonly<Record<ChannelName, number>> = {
-  color: -1,
-  widthPx: 1,
-  visible: 1,
-  shade: 0,
-  dash: 0,
-  flowPx: 0,
-};
-
-/**
- * Each record's per-row look, computed on the GPU from the fields its channels read, once per
- * change of its values, options, or the coordinate a sampled field reads at: never per frame.
- */
-export class RecordStyles {
-  private readonly bindings = new WeakMap<object, kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName>>();
-  private readonly entries = new WeakMap<Data, WeakMap<object, Map<string, Entry>>>();
-  /** Entries holding buffers, to let go of idle ones. */
-  private readonly held = new Set<Entry>();
-  private frames = 0;
-  constructor(private readonly gpu: Gpu) {}
-
-  /** A record's channels, bound once per options object. */
-  bind(
-    options: object,
-    kinds: Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>,
-  ): kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName> {
-    let found = this.bindings.get(options);
-    if (!found)
-      this.bindings.set(
-        options,
-        (found = kit.bindChannels(
-          options,
-          kinds as Readonly<Record<ChannelName, kit.ChannelKind>>,
-        )),
-      );
-    return found;
-  }
-  /** What a record's options draw without fields: their constants over the style's defaults. */
-  constant(bound: kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName>, color: RGBA, width: number): Constant {
-    const channels = bound.channels,
-      number = (name: ChannelName, fallback: number) => {
-        const value = channels[name]?.constant;
-        return typeof value === 'number' ? value : fallback;
-      },
-      own = channels.color?.constant ?? channels.color?.missing;
-    return {
-      color: Array.isArray(own) ? (own as RGBA) : color,
-      width: number('widthPx', width),
-      shade: number('shade', 0),
-      visible: number('visible', 1) > 0,
-      dash: number('dash', 0) > 0,
-      flow: number('flowPx', 0),
-    };
-  }
-  /** A record drawn by its constants alone, as it waits on the rows its values join. */
-  waiting(
-    options: object,
-    kinds: Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>,
-    color: RGBA,
-    width: number,
-  ): Styled {
-    return {
-      constant: this.constant(this.bind(options, kinds), color, width),
-      dispatches: [],
-      commit() {},
-    };
-  }
-  async prepare(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    request: {
-      readonly values: Data;
-      readonly type: string;
-      readonly options: object;
-      readonly kinds: Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-      readonly color: RGBA;
-      readonly width: number;
-      readonly layout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-    },
-  ): Promise<Styled> {
-    const { values, type, options } = request,
-      bound = this.bind(options, request.kinds),
-      constant = this.constant(bound, request.color, request.width),
-      done = { constant, dispatches: [], commit() {} };
-    if (!Object.keys(bound.fields).length) return done;
-    const entry = this.entry(values, options, type);
-    entry.used = this.frames;
-    // The style's defaults fill rows without values, so they key the records too.
-    const deps = [values, type, options, request.width, ...request.color];
-    const read = await frame.memo<Read>(entry, deps, async (f) => {
-      const select = Object.keys(bound.fields),
-        pages: kit.GpuPage[] = [];
-      for await (const tile of f.reader.fields({
-        source: values,
-        from: type,
-        fields: bound.fields,
-      }))
-        for (const page of f.upload(tile, { select, float64: 'relative' })) pages.push(page);
-      const channels = {} as Record<ChannelName, kit.ResolvedChannel>;
-      for (const name of Object.keys(FALLBACK) as ChannelName[]) {
-        const channel = bound.channels[name] ?? { component: 0 },
-          scale =
-            channel.scale && channel.field !== undefined
-              ? await kit.fieldScale(f.reader, {
-                  ...channel.scale,
-                  source: values,
-                  from: type,
-                  field: channel.field,
-                })
-              : undefined;
-        channels[name] = kit.resolveChannel(
-          channel,
-          scale,
-          name === 'widthPx' ? request.width : FALLBACK[name],
-        );
-      }
-      return { pages, channels };
-    });
-    const rows = rowsOf(values, type),
-      size = Math.max(RECORD_BYTES, rows * RECORD_BYTES);
-    if (entry.buffer?.buffer.size !== size) {
-      entry.buffer?.destroy();
-      entry.buffer = this.gpu.buffer({
-        size,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-        label: 'geography records',
-      });
-      entry.computed = undefined;
-      this.held.add(entry);
-    }
-    const records = frame.buffer(entry.buffer);
-    if (entry.computed === read) return { ...done, records };
-    const colors = frame.colormap(bound.channels.color?.colormap),
-      dispatches: Dispatch[] = [];
-    for (const page of read.pages) {
-      const words = new Uint32Array(SLOT_WORDS),
-        floats = new Float32Array(words.buffer),
-        count = rowCount(page.rows);
-      words[0] = count;
-      words[1] = page.rowOffset;
-      floats.set(constant.color, 4);
-      kit.writeChannel(words, 8, read.channels.color, page);
-      kit.writeChannel(words, 16, read.channels.widthPx, page);
-      kit.writeChannel(words, 24, read.channels.visible, page);
-      kit.writeChannel(words, 32, read.channels.shade, page);
-      kit.writeChannel(words, 40, read.channels.dash, page);
-      kit.writeChannel(words, 48, read.channels.flowPx, page);
-      dispatches.push({
-        fields: page.bindGroup,
-        colors,
-        count,
-        group: this.gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-          layout: request.layout,
-          entries: [
-            { binding: 0, resource: frame.uniforms(words) },
-            { binding: 1, resource: records },
-          ],
-        }),
-      });
-    }
-    return {
-      constant,
-      records,
-      dispatches,
-      commit: () => {
-        entry.computed = read;
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  /** Encode a frame's dispatches, in one compute pass. */
-  encode(
-    encoder: GPUCommandEncoder,
-    pipeline: GPUComputePipeline,
-    styled: readonly Styled[],
-  ): void {
-    if (!styled.some((s) => s.dispatches.length)) return;
-    const pass = encoder.beginComputePass({ label: 'geography records' });
-    pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-    for (const { dispatches } of styled)
-      for (const d of dispatches) {
-        pass.setBindGroup(0, d.fields);
-        pass.setBindGroup(1, d.group);
-        pass.setBindGroup(2, d.colors);
-        pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(d.count / 64));
-      }
-    pass.end();
-  }
-  /** A presented frame was submitted: let go of records idle long enough. */
-  presented(): void {
-    this.frames++;
-    for (const entry of this.held)
-      if (this.frames - entry.used > IDLE_FRAMES) {
-        entry.buffer?.destroy();
-        entry.buffer = undefined;
-        entry.computed = undefined;
-        this.held.delete(entry);
-      }
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    for (const entry of this.held) entry.buffer?.destroy();
-    this.held.clear();
-  }
-  private entry(values: Data, options: object, type: string): Entry {
-    let byOptions = this.entries.get(values);
-    if (!byOptions) this.entries.set(values, (byOptions = new WeakMap()));
-    let byType = byOptions.get(options);
-    if (!byType) byOptions.set(options, (byType = new Map<string, Entry>()));
-    let entry = byType.get(type);
-    if (!entry) byType.set(type, (entry = { used: this.frames }));
-    return entry;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/scene/sources.ts b/packages/geography/src/scene/sources.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8db9611b..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/scene/sources.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,304 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, type Data, type FieldInput, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Gpu, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { fieldKey } from '../options.js';
-import { run } from '../prepare/client.js';
-import type { Shapes } from '../prepare/shapes.js';
-import { matchRows, readShapes } from '../read.js';
-import type { TileSource } from '../sources/archive.js';
-import type { VectorLayerRequest } from '../sources/vector.js';
-import type { TileSet } from '../tiles.js';
-import { Pyramid, type TileKey } from './pyramid.js';
-import { ShapesBuffers } from './upload.js';
-
-/** Shapes prepared from Data: by Data, then by type, field, and how they draw. */
-const prepared = new WeakMap<Data, Map<string, Promise<Shapes>>>();
-
-/** A vector tile, decoded: its rows, and each layer's shapes on the GPU. */
-export interface VectorTileData {
-  readonly key: TileKey;
-  readonly data: Data;
-  readonly layers: ReadonlyMap<string, { readonly rings?: Prepared; readonly lines?: Prepared }>;
-  readonly bytes: number;
-}
-
-/** Shapes ready to draw: as prepared, and on the GPU. */
-export interface Prepared {
-  readonly shapes: Shapes;
-  readonly buffers: ShapesBuffers;
-}
-interface Join {
-  map?: Uint32Array;
-  buffer?: kit.BufferResource;
-  done: Promise<void>;
-}
-/**
- * Everything a geography's records draw from: shapes prepared from Data in a worker and shared by
- * every view, vector tiles by pyramid, and the joins `values` reads through. Loads start when a
- * frame first asks and invalidate the view as they land.
- */
-export class Sources {
-  private readonly buffers = new Map<Shapes, ShapesBuffers>();
-  private readonly vectors = new Map<TileSet, { key: string; pyramid: Pyramid<VectorTileData> }>();
-  private readonly joins = new WeakMap<Data, WeakMap<Data, Map<string, Join>>>();
-  private readonly loading = new Set<Promise<unknown>>();
-  /** What each preparation this view asked for became. */
-  private readonly states = new WeakMap<Promise<Shapes>, { shapes?: Shapes }>();
-  /** Joins' buffers, which destroy lets go of. */
-  private readonly joined = new Set<kit.BufferResource>();
-  private readonly sources = new WeakMap<TileSet, { source?: TileSource }>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly gpu: Gpu,
-    private readonly hooks: {
-      readonly invalidate: () => void;
-      readonly fail: (error: unknown) => void;
-      readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-      readonly limits: () => { readonly tileBytes: number; readonly tileRequests: number };
-    },
-  ) {}
-  /** Settles once what is loading now lands. */
-  get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    const waits: Promise<unknown>[] = [...this.loading];
-    for (const { pyramid } of this.vectors.values())
-      if (pyramid.pending) waits.push(pyramid.pending);
-    return waits.length ? Promise.all(waits).then(() => undefined) : undefined;
-  }
-  /** GPU bytes held: shapes, and loaded tiles. */
-  get bytes(): number {
-    let bytes = 0;
-    for (const buffers of this.buffers.values()) bytes += buffers.bytes;
-    for (const { pyramid } of this.vectors.values()) bytes += pyramid.stats.bytes;
-    return bytes;
-  }
-  /** Tiles held and loading. */
-  get tiles(): { readonly held: number; readonly loading: number } {
-    let held = 0,
-      loading = 0;
-    for (const { pyramid } of this.vectors.values()) {
-      held += pyramid.stats.held;
-      loading += pyramid.stats.loading;
-    }
-    return { held, loading };
-  }
-  private track<T>(promise: Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
-    this.loading.add(promise);
-    promise.then(
-      () => {
-        this.loading.delete(promise);
-        this.hooks.invalidate();
-      },
-      (error: unknown) => {
-        this.loading.delete(promise);
-        if (!this.hooks.signal.aborted) this.hooks.fail(error);
-      },
-    );
-    return promise;
-  }
-  /** A type's shapes from Data, prepared once in a worker; undefined until they are. */
-  shapes(
-    data: Data,
-    type: string,
-    field: FieldInput,
-    closed: boolean,
-    geodesic: boolean,
-  ): Prepared | undefined {
-    let byKey = prepared.get(data);
-    if (!byKey) prepared.set(data, (byKey = new Map<string, Promise<Shapes>>()));
-    const key = `${type}\u0000${fieldKey(field)}\u0000${closed}\u0000${geodesic}`;
-    let promise = byKey.get(key);
-    if (!promise) {
-      const reader = this.gpu.reader.open();
-      promise = readShapes(reader, data, type, field, { closed, geodesic })
-        .finally(() => reader.close())
-        .then((input) =>
-          run({ kind: 'shapes', input }, [
-            input.rowParts.buffer as ArrayBuffer,
-            input.parts.buffer as ArrayBuffer,
-            input.coordinates.buffer as ArrayBuffer,
-          ]),
-        );
-      byKey.set(key, promise);
-      const settled = promise;
-      // A failed preparation is forgotten, so the next view or config tries again.
-      promise.catch(() => {
-        if (byKey.get(key) === settled) byKey.delete(key);
-      });
-    }
-    let state = this.states.get(promise);
-    if (!state) {
-      const made: { shapes?: Shapes } = {};
-      this.states.set(promise, (state = made));
-      this.track(promise).then(
-        (shapes) => (made.shapes = shapes),
-        () => undefined,
-      );
-    }
-    return state.shapes && this.upload(state.shapes);
-  }
-  /** Tiles' source once open: their zooms and bounds. */
-  opened(tiles: TileSet): TileSource | undefined {
-    let entry = this.sources.get(tiles);
-    if (!entry) {
-      const made: { source?: TileSource } = {};
-      this.sources.set(tiles, (entry = made));
-      this.track(tiles.source()).then(
-        (source) => (made.source = source),
-        () => undefined,
-      );
-    }
-    return entry.source;
-  }
-  private upload(shapes: Shapes): Prepared {
-    let buffers = this.buffers.get(shapes);
-    if (!buffers) this.buffers.set(shapes, (buffers = new ShapesBuffers(this.gpu, shapes)));
-    return { shapes, buffers };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Vector tiles of a source, decoding the layers and fields asked for; asking for others starts
-   * over. Every tile's rows share one schema, the request's, so what reads them plans once.
-   */
-  vector(tiles: TileSet, layers: readonly VectorLayerRequest[]): Pyramid<VectorTileData> {
-    const key = JSON.stringify(layers),
-      found = this.vectors.get(tiles);
-    if (found?.key === key) return found.pyramid;
-    found?.pyramid.destroy();
-    const schema: Schema = {
-        types: Object.fromEntries(
-          layers.map((layer) => [
-            layer.name,
-            {
-              fields: Object.fromEntries(
-                Object.entries(layer.fields).map(([name, type]) => [
-                  name,
-                  { type, nullable: true },
-                ]),
-              ),
-            },
-          ]),
-        ),
-      },
-      limits = this.hooks.limits(),
-      pyramid = new Pyramid<VectorTileData>({
-        tiles,
-        bytes: limits.tileBytes,
-        requests: limits.tileRequests,
-        load: (source, tile, signal) =>
-          this.loadVector(tiles, source, tile, layers, schema, signal),
-        size: (data) => data.bytes,
-        release: (data) => {
-          for (const layer of data.layers.values()) {
-            layer.rings?.buffers.destroy();
-            layer.lines?.buffers.destroy();
-          }
-        },
-        loaded: this.hooks.invalidate,
-        fail: this.hooks.fail,
-      });
-    this.vectors.set(tiles, { key, pyramid });
-    return pyramid;
-  }
-  private async loadVector(
-    tiles: TileSet,
-    source: TileSource,
-    key: TileKey,
-    layers: readonly VectorLayerRequest[],
-    schema: Schema,
-    signal: AbortSignal,
-  ): Promise<VectorTileData | null> {
-    const fetched = await source.tile(key.z, key.x, key.y, signal);
-    if (!fetched) return null;
-    // A copy goes to the worker, so a source held whole keeps its bytes.
-    const bytes = fetched.slice(),
-      { layers: decoded, batches } = await run(
-        {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          request: { bytes, ...key, layers, source: `${tiles.name}/${key.z}/${key.x}/${key.y}` },
-        },
-        [bytes.buffer as ArrayBuffer],
-        signal,
-      );
-    // A layer whose features all carry distinct ids numbers them as the tiles do, under their source.
-    const numbered = new Map(decoded.filter((layer) => layer.ids).map((l) => [l.name, l.ids!])),
-      data = createData(
-        schema,
-        batches.map((batch) => {
-          const ids = numbered.get(batch.index.type);
-          return ids
-            ? {
-                ...batch,
-                index: { ...batch.index, source: tiles.name },
-                rows: { kind: 'indices' as const, values: tiles.rowsOf(ids) },
-              }
-            : batch;
-        }),
-      ),
-      out = new Map<string, { rings?: Prepared; lines?: Prepared }>();
-    let total = 0;
-    const up = (shapes: Shapes | undefined): Prepared | undefined => {
-      if (!shapes) return undefined;
-      const buffers = new ShapesBuffers(this.gpu, shapes);
-      buffers.level(0);
-      total += buffers.bytes;
-      return { shapes, buffers };
-    };
-    for (const layer of decoded)
-      out.set(layer.name, { rings: up(layer.rings), lines: up(layer.lines) });
-    return { key, data, layers: out, bytes: total };
-  }
-  /** Where each shape row's values lie among `values`' rows of the type; undefined until matched. */
-  join(shapes: Data, values: Data, type: string): kit.BufferResource | undefined {
-    let byValues = this.joins.get(shapes);
-    if (!byValues) this.joins.set(shapes, (byValues = new WeakMap()));
-    let byType = byValues.get(values);
-    if (!byType) byValues.set(values, (byType = new Map<string, Join>()));
-    let join = byType.get(type);
-    if (!join) {
-      const reader = this.gpu.reader.open(),
-        made: Join = {
-          done: this.track(
-            matchRows(reader, shapes, values, type).finally(() => reader.close()),
-          ).then(
-            (map) => {
-              made.map = map;
-            },
-            () => undefined,
-          ),
-        };
-      byType.set(type, (join = made));
-    }
-    if (join.map && !join.buffer) {
-      const resource = this.gpu.buffer({
-        size: Math.max(16, join.map.byteLength),
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-        label: 'geography values rows',
-      });
-      this.gpu.device.queue.writeBuffer(resource.buffer, 0, join.map as Uint32Array<ArrayBuffer>);
-      join.buffer = resource;
-      this.joined.add(resource);
-    }
-    return join.buffer;
-  }
-  /** Let go of what no record names any more: pyramids, and shapes' buffers. */
-  keep(live: {
-    readonly shapes: ReadonlySet<Shapes>;
-    readonly vectors: ReadonlySet<TileSet>;
-  }): void {
-    for (const [shapes, buffers] of this.buffers)
-      if (!live.shapes.has(shapes)) {
-        buffers.destroy();
-        this.buffers.delete(shapes);
-      }
-    for (const [tiles, { pyramid }] of this.vectors)
-      if (!live.vectors.has(tiles)) {
-        pyramid.destroy();
-        this.vectors.delete(tiles);
-      }
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    for (const buffers of this.buffers.values()) buffers.destroy();
-    this.buffers.clear();
-    for (const buffer of this.joined) buffer.destroy();
-    this.joined.clear();
-    for (const { pyramid } of this.vectors.values()) pyramid.destroy();
-    this.vectors.clear();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/scene/upload.ts b/packages/geography/src/scene/upload.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d37bada..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/scene/upload.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-import type { Gpu, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Shapes } from '../prepare/shapes.js';
-
-/** A typed array in a storage or index buffer of its own: a buffer can never be empty, nor odd. */
-function upload(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  data: ArrayBufferView,
-  usage: GPUBufferUsageFlags,
-  label: string,
-): kit.BufferResource {
-  const size = Math.max(16, Math.ceil(data.byteLength / 4) * 4),
-    resource = gpu.buffer({ size, usage: usage | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST, label });
-  if (data.byteLength)
-    gpu.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      resource.buffer,
-      0,
-      data.buffer as ArrayBuffer,
-      data.byteOffset,
-      Math.floor(data.byteLength / 4) * 4,
-    );
-  return resource;
-}
-/** One level's buffers: the triangles areas draw, as an index buffer, and the strips lines draw. */
-export interface LevelBuffers {
-  readonly triangles: kit.BufferResource;
-  readonly strips: kit.BufferResource;
-  readonly along: kit.BufferResource;
-}
-/**
- * Shapes on the GPU: their vertices and origins at once, and each level as a view first draws it,
- * so a world never seen up close never uploads its finest detail.
- */
-export class ShapesBuffers {
-  readonly vertices: kit.BufferResource;
-  readonly origins: kit.BufferResource;
-  private readonly levels: (LevelBuffers | undefined)[] = [];
-  private held: number;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly gpu: Gpu,
-    readonly shapes: Shapes,
-  ) {
-    this.vertices = upload(gpu, shapes.vertices, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, 'geography vertices');
-    try {
-      this.origins = upload(gpu, shapes.origins, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, 'geography origins');
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.vertices.destroy();
-      throw error;
-    }
-    this.held = this.vertices.buffer.size + this.origins.buffer.size;
-  }
-  /** GPU bytes held. */
-  get bytes(): number {
-    return this.held;
-  }
-  level(k: number): LevelBuffers {
-    let found = this.levels[k];
-    if (found) return found;
-    const level = this.shapes.levels[k],
-      made: kit.BufferResource[] = [];
-    try {
-      for (const [data, usage, label] of [
-        [level.triangles, GPUBufferUsage.INDEX, 'geography triangles'],
-        [level.strips, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, 'geography strips'],
-        [level.along, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, 'geography along'],
-      ] as const)
-        made.push(upload(this.gpu, data, usage, label));
-    } catch (error) {
-      for (const buffer of made) buffer.destroy();
-      throw error;
-    }
-    found = { triangles: made[0], strips: made[1], along: made[2] };
-    this.levels[k] = found;
-    this.held += made.reduce((n, buffer) => n + buffer.buffer.size, 0);
-    return found;
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.vertices.destroy();
-    this.origins.destroy();
-    for (const level of this.levels) {
-      level?.triangles.destroy();
-      level?.strips.destroy();
-      level?.along.destroy();
-    }
-    this.levels.length = 0;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/scene/visible.ts b/packages/geography/src/scene/visible.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e503f71..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/scene/visible.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,193 +0,0 @@
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Shapes } from '../prepare/shapes.js';
-
-const DEGREE = Math.PI / 180;
-/** West, south, east, and north, within [-180, 180] and [-90, 90]. */
-export type Box = readonly [number, number, number, number];
-/** What a camera shows: one box, or two where it wraps the antimeridian. */
-export type Region = readonly Box[];
-const WORLD: Region = [[-180, -90, 180, 90]];
-
-/** Boxes of a longitude range that may wrap, and a latitude range. */
-function boxes(west: number, east: number, south: number, north: number): Region {
-  const s = Math.max(-90, south),
-    n = Math.min(90, north);
-  if (east - west >= 360) return [[-180, s, 180, n]];
-  const w = ((((west + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180,
-    e = w + (east - west);
-  return e <= 180
-    ? [[w, s, e, n]]
-    : [
-        [w, s, 180, n],
-        [-180, s, e - 360, n],
-      ];
-}
-/** Samples across the canvas, `n` to a side, edges included. */
-function samples(viewport: { width: number; height: number }, n: number): [number, number][] {
-  const out: [number, number][] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
-    for (let j = 0; j < n; j++)
-      out.push([(viewport.width * i) / (n - 1), (viewport.height * j) / (n - 1)]);
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** Where a camera looks on the earth: the boxes holding every point it can show. */
-export function visibleRegion(projector: kit.Projector): Region {
-  const { camera, viewport } = projector,
-    globe = camera.projection === 'globe',
-    pitched = kit.PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].pitched,
-    points = samples(viewport, globe || pitched ? 7 : 3);
-  let w = Infinity,
-    s = Infinity,
-    e = -Infinity,
-    n = -Infinity,
-    missed = false;
-  for (const point of points) {
-    const hit = projector.unproject(point);
-    if (!hit) {
-      missed = true;
-      continue;
-    }
-    // Longitudes relative to the center, so a view across the antimeridian stays one span.
-    const x = globe ? camera.center[0] + kit.Projector.turn(camera.center[0], hit[0]) : hit[0];
-    w = Math.min(w, x);
-    e = Math.max(e, x);
-    s = Math.min(s, hit[1]);
-    n = Math.max(n, hit[1]);
-  }
-  if (globe) {
-    // A pole in view shows every longitude around it.
-    const pole = (latitude: number) => {
-      const p = projector.project(camera.center[0], latitude);
-      return p.visible && p.x >= 0 && p.y >= 0 && p.x <= viewport.width && p.y <= viewport.height;
-    };
-    if (missed) {
-      // Past the horizon: the cap of the globe the eye can see, widened by how far it pitches.
-      const distance = (viewport.height * 1.5) / (camera.scale / DEGREE) + 1,
-        reach = Math.acos(Math.min(1, 1 / distance)) / DEGREE + camera.pitch,
-        lat = camera.center[1];
-      if (reach >= 90) return WORLD;
-      const north = lat + reach,
-        south = lat - reach;
-      if (north >= 90 || south <= -90) return boxes(-180, 180, south, north);
-      const half =
-        Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sin(reach * DEGREE) / Math.cos(lat * DEGREE))) / DEGREE;
-      return boxes(camera.center[0] - half, camera.center[0] + half, south, north);
-    }
-    if (pole(90)) return boxes(-180, 180, s, 90);
-    if (pole(-90)) return boxes(-180, 180, -90, n);
-  }
-  if (!(w <= e)) return WORLD;
-  if (missed) {
-    // A tilted plane past its horizon: everything toward it.
-    const size = Math.max(e - w, n - s) * 4;
-    return boxes(w - size, e + size, s - size, n + size);
-  }
-  const padX = (e - w) * 0.02,
-    padY = (n - s) * 0.02;
-  if (globe) return boxes(w - padX, e + padX, s - padY, n + padY);
-  return [
-    [
-      Math.max(-180, w - padX),
-      Math.max(-90, s - padY),
-      Math.min(180, e + padX),
-      Math.min(90, n + padY),
-    ],
-  ];
-}
-/** Whether a box meets the region. */
-export function meets(region: Region, w: number, s: number, e: number, n: number): boolean {
-  for (const box of region)
-    if (w <= box[2] && e >= box[0] && s <= box[3] && n >= box[1]) return true;
-  return false;
-}
-/** Whether a box lies wholly inside one of the region's boxes. */
-function within(region: Region, w: number, s: number, e: number, n: number): boolean {
-  for (const box of region)
-    if (w >= box[0] && e <= box[2] && s >= box[1] && n <= box[3]) return true;
-  return false;
-}
-/** CSS pixels per degree where the camera looks, as the finest detail it shows. */
-export function pixelsPerDegree(projector: kit.Projector): number {
-  const { camera } = projector;
-  let scale = camera.scale;
-  if (camera.projection === 'mercator')
-    scale /= Math.max(0.05, Math.cos(camera.center[1] * DEGREE));
-  // A tilted view shows its near ground larger than its center.
-  if (kit.PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].pitched) scale *= 1 + camera.pitch / 45;
-  return scale;
-}
-/** The coarsest level that draws faithfully at the camera's detail: what drops stays under half a pixel. */
-export function levelFor(shapes: Shapes, pixels: number): number {
-  const tolerance = 0.5 / (pixels * pixels),
-    { levels } = shapes;
-  for (let k = 0; k < levels.length; k++) if (levels[k].tolerance <= tolerance) return k;
-  return levels.length - 1;
-}
-/** A node's loose bounds: its cell grown by half on every side, as pieces are filed. */
-function looseBounds(depth: number, x: number, y: number): [number, number, number, number] {
-  const w = 360 / 2 ** depth,
-    h = 180 / 2 ** depth,
-    west = -180 + x * w - w / 2,
-    south = -90 + y * h - h / 2;
-  return [west, south, west + 2 * w, south + 2 * h];
-}
-/**
- * The ranges of a level's triangles or strips the region shows, as first and count pairs: a node
- * wholly in view adds its subtree as one range, and adjacent ranges merge.
- */
-export function visibleRanges(
-  shapes: Shapes,
-  level: number,
-  region: Region,
-  of: 'triangles' | 'strips',
-): number[] {
-  const { cells, next } = shapes.nodes,
-    starts = shapes.nodes[of][level],
-    out: number[] = [];
-  const add = (first: number, end: number) => {
-    if (end <= first) return;
-    const last = out.length - 2;
-    if (last >= 0 && out[last] + out[last + 1] === first) out[last + 1] += end - first;
-    else out.push(first, end - first);
-  };
-  const count = next.length;
-  let node = 0;
-  while (node < count) {
-    const [w, s, e, n] = looseBounds(cells[node * 3], cells[node * 3 + 1], cells[node * 3 + 2]);
-    if (!meets(region, w, s, e, n)) {
-      node = next[node];
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (within(region, w, s, e, n)) {
-      add(starts[node], starts[next[node]]);
-      node = next[node];
-      continue;
-    }
-    add(starts[node], starts[node + 1]);
-    node++;
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-/** The pieces the region may show near a point, for picking: those of every node whose bounds hold it. */
-export function piecesNear(shapes: Shapes, w: number, s: number, e: number, n: number): number[] {
-  const { cells, next, pieces } = shapes.nodes,
-    out: number[] = [],
-    count = next.length;
-  let node = 0;
-  while (node < count) {
-    const [nw, ns, ne, nn] = looseBounds(cells[node * 3], cells[node * 3 + 1], cells[node * 3 + 2]);
-    if (w > ne || e < nw || s > nn || n < ns) {
-      node = next[node];
-      continue;
-    }
-    for (let p = pieces[node]; p < pieces[node + 1]; p++) {
-      const b = p * 4,
-        bounds = shapes.pieceBounds;
-      if (w <= bounds[b + 2] && e >= bounds[b] && s <= bounds[b + 3] && n >= bounds[b + 1])
-        out.push(p);
-    }
-    node++;
-  }
-  return out;
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/sources/archive.ts b/packages/geography/src/sources/archive.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 184d7e22..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/sources/archive.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,556 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import {
-  SharedRequests,
-  UrlRanges,
-  abortedBy,
-  blobRanges,
-  fetchKept,
-  memoryRanges,
-  openCache,
-  raced,
-} from './ranges.js';
-import type { ByteRanges } from './ranges.js';
-import { gunzip, isGzip, ungzipped } from './bytes.js';
-
-/** Where vector tiles come from: their zoom range and bounds, and each tile's bytes. */
-export interface TileSource {
-  readonly minZoom: number;
-  readonly maxZoom: number;
-  /** West, south, east, north in degrees. */
-  readonly bounds: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-  readonly attribution?: string;
-  /** The archive's or TileJSON's metadata, parsed. */
-  readonly metadata: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
-  /** A tile's bytes, decompressed, or null where the source has none. */
-  tile(z: number, x: number, y: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Uint8Array | null>;
-}
-
-export interface TileSourceOptions {
-  /** Keep fetched bytes on the device, in Cache Storage, for offline use. */
-  readonly persist?: boolean;
-  readonly attribution?: string;
-  readonly minZoom?: number;
-  readonly maxZoom?: number;
-  readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-}
-
-type Bounds = TileSource['bounds'];
-
-const MAX_ZOOM = 26;
-const HEADER_BYTES = 127;
-const LEAF_CACHE = 64;
-const MAX_DEPTH = 4;
-const MAGIC = [0x50, 0x4d, 0x54, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x73]; // "PMTiles"
-const UNKNOWN = 0;
-const GZIP = 2;
-const WORLD: Bounds = [-180, -85.0511287798, 180, 85.0511287798];
-
-/** PMTiles' tile types: unknown, which vector tiles may declare in their metadata, and theirs. */
-const UNKNOWN_TILES = 0;
-const VECTOR_TILES = 1;
-/** URL extensions of vector tiles, and of images, which a geography never draws. */
-const VECTOR_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['pbf', 'mvt']);
-const IMAGE_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'webp', 'avif']);
-const DEFAULT_MAX_ZOOM = 14;
-
-/** How many tiles lie at every zoom below each zoom. */
-const TILES_BELOW = new Float64Array(MAX_ZOOM + 2);
-for (let z = 1; z < TILES_BELOW.length; z++) TILES_BELOW[z] = TILES_BELOW[z - 1] + 4 ** (z - 1);
-
-// Tile ids
-
-function checkTile(z: number, x: number, y: number): void {
-  if (!Number.isInteger(z) || z < 0 || z > MAX_ZOOM)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Zoom ${z} is not a whole number from 0 to ${MAX_ZOOM}`);
-  const n = 2 ** z;
-  if (!Number.isInteger(x) || !Number.isInteger(y) || x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= n || y >= n)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Tile ${z}/${x}/${y} lies outside zoom ${z}`);
-}
-
-/** A tile's PMTiles id along the Hilbert curve, and back. */
-export function tileId(z: number, x: number, y: number): number {
-  checkTile(z, x, y);
-  const last = 2 ** z - 1;
-  let px = x;
-  let py = y;
-  let index = 0;
-  for (let s = 2 ** z / 2; s >= 1; s /= 2) {
-    const rx = px & s ? 1 : 0;
-    const ry = py & s ? 1 : 0;
-    index += s * s * ((3 * rx) ^ ry);
-    if (ry === 0) {
-      if (rx === 1) {
-        px = last - px;
-        py = last - py;
-      }
-      const swap = px;
-      px = py;
-      py = swap;
-    }
-  }
-  return TILES_BELOW[z] + index;
-}
-
-// Header
-
-interface Header {
-  readonly rootOffset: number;
-  readonly rootLength: number;
-  readonly metadataOffset: number;
-  readonly metadataLength: number;
-  readonly leafOffset: number;
-  readonly leafLength: number;
-  readonly dataOffset: number;
-  readonly dataLength: number;
-  readonly addressed: number;
-  readonly entries: number;
-  readonly contents: number;
-  readonly internalCompression: number;
-  readonly tileCompression: number;
-  readonly tileType: number;
-  readonly minZoom: number;
-  readonly maxZoom: number;
-  readonly bounds: Bounds;
-  readonly center: readonly [lon: number, lat: number, zoom: number];
-}
-
-function startsWithMagic(bytes: Uint8Array): boolean {
-  return bytes.length >= MAGIC.length && MAGIC.every((byte, i) => bytes[i] === byte);
-}
-
-function readHeader(head: Uint8Array): Header {
-  if (!startsWithMagic(head))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'These bytes are not a PMTiles archive');
-  if (head.length < HEADER_BYTES) throw failure('protocol', 'The PMTiles header is cut short');
-  if (head[7] !== 3)
-    throw failure('unsupported', `PMTiles version ${head[7]} is not supported; only 3 is`);
-  const view = new DataView(head.buffer, head.byteOffset, HEADER_BYTES);
-  const u64 = (at: number): number =>
-    view.getUint32(at, true) + view.getUint32(at + 4, true) * 2 ** 32;
-  const degrees = (at: number): number => view.getInt32(at, true) / 1e7;
-  const header: Header = {
-    rootOffset: u64(8),
-    rootLength: u64(16),
-    metadataOffset: u64(24),
-    metadataLength: u64(32),
-    leafOffset: u64(40),
-    leafLength: u64(48),
-    dataOffset: u64(56),
-    dataLength: u64(64),
-    addressed: u64(72),
-    entries: u64(80),
-    contents: u64(88),
-    internalCompression: view.getUint8(97),
-    tileCompression: view.getUint8(98),
-    tileType: view.getUint8(99),
-    minZoom: view.getUint8(100),
-    maxZoom: view.getUint8(101),
-    bounds: [degrees(102), degrees(106), degrees(110), degrees(114)],
-    center: [degrees(119), degrees(123), view.getUint8(118)],
-  };
-  checkCompression(header.internalCompression, 'directories');
-  checkCompression(header.tileCompression, 'tiles');
-  return header;
-}
-
-function checkCompression(code: number, what: string): void {
-  if (code > GZIP)
-    throw failure(
-      'unsupported',
-      `The archive's ${what} use compression ${code}; only gzip is read`,
-    );
-}
-
-// Directories
-
-/** A directory's entries as columns, sorted by tile id; run length 0 marks a leaf directory. */
-interface Directory {
-  readonly ids: Float64Array;
-  readonly runs: Uint32Array;
-  readonly lengths: Uint32Array;
-  readonly offsets: Float64Array;
-}
-
-function corrupt(): Error {
-  return failure('protocol', 'A PMTiles directory is corrupt');
-}
-
-/** Unsigned LEB128 varints read in order. */
-class VarintReader {
-  private position = 0;
-  private readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-
-  constructor(bytes: Uint8Array) {
-    this.bytes = bytes;
-  }
-
-  next(): number {
-    const bytes = this.bytes;
-    let value = 0;
-    let scale = 1;
-    for (;;) {
-      if (this.position >= bytes.length || scale > 2 ** 63) throw corrupt();
-      const byte = bytes[this.position++];
-      value += (byte & 0x7f) * scale;
-      if (byte < 0x80) return value;
-      scale *= 0x80;
-    }
-  }
-
-  u32(): number {
-    const value = this.next();
-    if (value > 0xffffffff) throw corrupt();
-    return value;
-  }
-}
-
-function decodeDirectory(bytes: Uint8Array): Directory {
-  const reader = new VarintReader(bytes);
-  const count = reader.next();
-  if (count * 4 > bytes.length) throw corrupt();
-  const ids = new Float64Array(count);
-  const runs = new Uint32Array(count);
-  const lengths = new Uint32Array(count);
-  const offsets = new Float64Array(count);
-  let id = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) ids[i] = id += reader.next();
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) runs[i] = reader.u32();
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) lengths[i] = reader.u32();
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const value = reader.next();
-    if (value > 0) offsets[i] = value - 1;
-    else if (i > 0) offsets[i] = offsets[i - 1] + lengths[i - 1];
-    else throw corrupt();
-  }
-  return { ids, runs, lengths, offsets };
-}
-
-/** The entry holding a tile id, or -1. */
-function findEntry(directory: Directory, id: number): number {
-  const { ids, runs } = directory;
-  let low = 0;
-  let high = ids.length - 1;
-  while (low <= high) {
-    const middle = (low + high) >>> 1;
-    const at = ids[middle];
-    if (at < id) low = middle + 1;
-    else if (at > id) high = middle - 1;
-    else return middle;
-  }
-  if (high < 0) return -1;
-  return runs[high] === 0 || id - ids[high] < runs[high] ? high : -1;
-}
-
-// Compression
-
-function decompress(bytes: Uint8Array, compression: number): Promise<Uint8Array> | Uint8Array {
-  return compression === GZIP || (compression === UNKNOWN && isGzip(bytes)) ? gunzip(bytes) : bytes;
-}
-
-// Reading archives
-
-function readBytes(
-  ranges: ByteRanges,
-  offset: number,
-  length: number,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<Uint8Array> {
-  const head = ranges.head;
-  if (length === 0) return Promise.resolve(head.subarray(0, 0));
-  if (offset + length <= head.length)
-    return Promise.resolve(head.subarray(offset, offset + length));
-  return ranges.read(offset, length, signal);
-}
-
-function parseMetadata(bytes: Uint8Array): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (bytes.length === 0) return {};
-  let parsed: unknown;
-  try {
-    parsed = JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(bytes));
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw failure('protocol', 'The archive metadata is not JSON', { cause: error });
-  }
-  return isRecord(parsed) ? parsed : {};
-}
-
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
-}
-
-/** The failure for tiles of images, which a geography never draws. */
-function images(where: string): Error {
-  return failure('unsupported', `${where} holds images; a geography draws vector tiles`);
-}
-/** Throw unless an archive holds vector tiles: by its tile type, or by its metadata's layers. */
-function checkTileType(tileType: number, metadata: Record<string, unknown>): void {
-  if (tileType === VECTOR_TILES) return;
-  if (tileType === UNKNOWN_TILES && Array.isArray(metadata.vector_layers)) return;
-  if (tileType >= 2 && tileType <= 5) throw images('This archive');
-  throw failure('unsupported', `This archive holds tiles of an unknown type, ${tileType}`);
-}
-
-/** The zoom range a source serves: options over what it declares. */
-function zoomsOf(
-  options: TileSourceOptions,
-  minZoom: number,
-  maxZoom: number,
-): readonly [number, number] {
-  const min = options.minZoom ?? minZoom;
-  const max = options.maxZoom ?? maxZoom;
-  if (min > max) throw failure('invalid-input', `Zooms ${min} to ${max} are an empty range`);
-  return [min, max];
-}
-
-/** A PMTiles archive's tiles, found through its directories. */
-class Archive implements TileSource {
-  readonly minZoom: number;
-  readonly maxZoom: number;
-  readonly bounds: Bounds;
-  readonly attribution?: string;
-  readonly metadata: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
-  private readonly ranges: ByteRanges;
-  private readonly header: Header;
-  private readonly root: Directory;
-  private readonly leaves = new Map<number, Promise<Directory>>();
-
-  constructor(
-    ranges: ByteRanges,
-    header: Header,
-    root: Directory,
-    metadata: Record<string, unknown>,
-    options: TileSourceOptions,
-  ) {
-    this.ranges = ranges;
-    this.header = header;
-    this.root = root;
-    this.metadata = metadata;
-    checkTileType(header.tileType, metadata);
-    [this.minZoom, this.maxZoom] = zoomsOf(options, header.minZoom, header.maxZoom);
-    this.bounds = header.bounds;
-    const attribution = options.attribution ?? metadata.attribution;
-    if (typeof attribution === 'string') this.attribution = attribution;
-  }
-
-  async tile(z: number, x: number, y: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Uint8Array | null> {
-    const id = tileId(z, x, y);
-    if (signal?.aborted) throw abortedBy(signal);
-    let directory = this.root;
-    for (let depth = 0; depth < MAX_DEPTH; depth++) {
-      const entry = findEntry(directory, id);
-      if (entry < 0) return null;
-      const offset = directory.offsets[entry];
-      const length = directory.lengths[entry];
-      if (directory.runs[entry] > 0) {
-        const at = this.header.dataOffset + offset;
-        return decompress(
-          await readBytes(this.ranges, at, length, signal),
-          this.header.tileCompression,
-        );
-      }
-      directory = await raced(this.leaf(this.header.leafOffset + offset, length), signal);
-    }
-    throw failure('protocol', 'The archive nests its directories too deeply');
-  }
-
-  /** A leaf directory, decoded once and kept among the most recently used. */
-  private leaf(offset: number, length: number): Promise<Directory> {
-    const kept = this.leaves.get(offset);
-    if (kept) {
-      this.leaves.delete(offset);
-      this.leaves.set(offset, kept);
-      return kept;
-    }
-    const internal = this.header.internalCompression;
-    const leaf = readBytes(this.ranges, offset, length)
-      .then((bytes) => decompress(bytes, internal))
-      .then(decodeDirectory);
-    this.leaves.set(offset, leaf);
-    leaf.catch(() => {
-      if (this.leaves.get(offset) === leaf) this.leaves.delete(offset);
-    });
-    if (this.leaves.size > LEAF_CACHE) this.leaves.delete(this.leaves.keys().next().value!);
-    return leaf;
-  }
-}
-
-async function openArchive(ranges: ByteRanges, options: TileSourceOptions): Promise<TileSource> {
-  const header = readHeader(ranges.head);
-  const { signal } = options;
-  const internal = header.internalCompression;
-  const [root, metadata] = await Promise.all([
-    readBytes(ranges, header.rootOffset, header.rootLength, signal)
-      .then((bytes) => decompress(bytes, internal))
-      .then(decodeDirectory),
-    readBytes(ranges, header.metadataOffset, header.metadataLength, signal)
-      .then((bytes) => decompress(bytes, internal))
-      .then(parseMetadata),
-  ]);
-  return new Archive(ranges, header, root, metadata, options);
-}
-
-// Templates and TileJSON
-
-/** What a template's TileJSON declares. */
-interface Declared {
-  /** The format it names, such as `pbf`. */
-  readonly format?: string;
-  readonly minZoom?: number;
-  readonly maxZoom?: number;
-  readonly bounds?: Bounds;
-  readonly attribution?: string;
-  readonly metadata?: Record<string, unknown>;
-  /** Whether rows count from the south, as TMS does. */
-  readonly tms?: boolean;
-}
-
-/** The extension of a URL's path, before any query, in lower case; empty without one. */
-function extensionOf(url: string): string {
-  const path = url.split(/[?#]/, 1)[0];
-  const dot = path.lastIndexOf('.');
-  return dot < path.lastIndexOf('/') ? '' : path.slice(dot + 1).toLowerCase();
-}
-
-/** Vector tiles fetched from a `{z}/{x}/{y}` URL template. */
-class Template implements TileSource {
-  readonly minZoom: number;
-  readonly maxZoom: number;
-  readonly bounds: Bounds;
-  readonly attribution?: string;
-  readonly metadata: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
-  private readonly template: string;
-  private readonly tms: boolean;
-  private readonly cache: Promise<Cache | null>;
-  private readonly requests = new SharedRequests<Uint8Array | null>();
-
-  constructor(template: string, declared: Declared, options: TileSourceOptions) {
-    this.template = template;
-    for (const format of [extensionOf(template), declared.format ?? ''])
-      if (IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.has(format)) throw images(template);
-    [this.minZoom, this.maxZoom] = zoomsOf(
-      options,
-      declared.minZoom ?? 0,
-      declared.maxZoom ?? DEFAULT_MAX_ZOOM,
-    );
-    this.bounds = declared.bounds ?? WORLD;
-    const attribution = options.attribution ?? declared.attribution;
-    if (attribution !== undefined) this.attribution = attribution;
-    this.metadata = declared.metadata ?? {};
-    this.tms = declared.tms ?? false;
-    this.cache = openCache(options.persist ?? false);
-  }
-
-  async tile(z: number, x: number, y: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Uint8Array | null> {
-    checkTile(z, x, y);
-    if (signal?.aborted) throw abortedBy(signal);
-    if (z < this.minZoom || z > this.maxZoom) return null;
-    const row = this.tms ? 2 ** z - 1 - y : y;
-    const url = this.template
-      .replaceAll('{z}', String(z))
-      .replaceAll('{x}', String(x))
-      .replaceAll('{y}', String(row));
-    const bytes = await this.requests.request(url, (shared) => this.fetchTile(url, shared), signal);
-    return bytes && ungzipped(bytes);
-  }
-
-  private async fetchTile(url: string, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<Uint8Array | null> {
-    const fetched = await fetchKept(url, url, null, await this.cache, signal);
-    if (fetched.status === 404 || fetched.status === 204) return null;
-    if (fetched.status !== 200 && fetched.status !== 206)
-      throw failure('io', `Tiles could not be read from ${url} (${fetched.status})`);
-    return fetched.bytes;
-  }
-}
-
-function isJson(bytes: Uint8Array, type: string): boolean {
-  if (type.includes('json')) return true;
-  for (const byte of bytes) {
-    if (byte === 0x7b) return true;
-    if (byte !== 0x20 && byte !== 0x09 && byte !== 0x0a && byte !== 0x0d) return false;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-/** A template URL resolved against the TileJSON's, keeping its placeholders unescaped. */
-function resolveTemplate(template: string, base: string): string {
-  if (/^[a-z][a-z\d+.-]*:/i.test(template)) return template;
-  try {
-    const href = new URL(template, new URL(base, globalThis.location?.href)).href;
-    return href.replace(/%7B/gi, '{').replace(/%7D/gi, '}');
-  } catch {
-    return template;
-  }
-}
-
-function zoomOf(value: unknown): number | undefined {
-  return typeof value === 'number' && Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 0 ? value : undefined;
-}
-
-function boundsOf(value: unknown): Bounds | undefined {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.length !== 4) return undefined;
-  if (!value.every((v) => typeof v === 'number' && Number.isFinite(v))) return undefined;
-  return value as unknown as Bounds;
-}
-
-async function openTileJson(
-  url: string,
-  ranges: UrlRanges,
-  options: TileSourceOptions,
-): Promise<TileSource> {
-  const body = await ranges.body(options.signal);
-  let json: unknown;
-  try {
-    json = JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(body));
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `${url} is not valid TileJSON`, { cause: error });
-  }
-  const tiles = isRecord(json) && Array.isArray(json.tiles) ? (json.tiles as unknown[]) : [];
-  if (!isRecord(json) || typeof tiles[0] !== 'string')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `The TileJSON at ${url} names no tiles`);
-  const format = typeof json.format === 'string' ? json.format.toLowerCase() : '';
-  if (format && !VECTOR_EXTENSIONS.has(format) && !IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.has(format))
-    throw failure('unsupported', `The TileJSON at ${url} names tiles of format ${format}`);
-  return new Template(
-    resolveTemplate(tiles[0], url),
-    {
-      format,
-      minZoom: zoomOf(json.minzoom),
-      maxZoom: zoomOf(json.maxzoom),
-      bounds: boundsOf(json.bounds),
-      attribution: typeof json.attribution === 'string' ? json.attribution : undefined,
-      metadata: json,
-      tms: json.scheme === 'tms',
-    },
-    options,
-  );
-}
-
-async function openUrl(url: string, options: TileSourceOptions): Promise<TileSource> {
-  const ranges = await new UrlRanges(url, options.persist ?? false).open(options.signal);
-  if (startsWithMagic(ranges.head)) return openArchive(ranges, options);
-  if (isJson(ranges.head, ranges.type)) return openTileJson(url, ranges, options);
-  throw failure('invalid-input', `${url} is neither a PMTiles archive nor TileJSON`);
-}
-
-function checkOptions(options: TileSourceOptions): void {
-  for (const zoom of [options.minZoom, options.maxZoom])
-    if (zoom !== undefined && (!Number.isInteger(zoom) || zoom < 0 || zoom > MAX_ZOOM))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Zoom ${zoom} is not a whole number from 0 to ${MAX_ZOOM}`);
-  if (options.signal?.aborted) throw abortedBy(options.signal);
-}
-
-/** Open a source: a PMTiles archive (a URL read by HTTP range requests, a Blob, or bytes), a `{z}/{x}/{y}` URL template, or a TileJSON URL. */
-export async function openTiles(
-  from: string | URL | Blob | ArrayBuffer | ArrayBufferView,
-  options: TileSourceOptions = {},
-): Promise<TileSource> {
-  checkOptions(options);
-  if (typeof from === 'string' || from instanceof URL) {
-    const url = typeof from === 'string' ? from : from.href.replace(/%7B([zxy])%7D/gi, '{$1}');
-    return url.includes('{z}') ? new Template(url, {}, options) : openUrl(url, options);
-  }
-  if (from instanceof Blob) return openArchive(await blobRanges(from, options.signal), options);
-  const bytes = ArrayBuffer.isView(from)
-    ? new Uint8Array(from.buffer, from.byteOffset, from.byteLength)
-    : new Uint8Array(from);
-  return openArchive(memoryRanges(bytes), options);
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/sources/bytes.ts b/packages/geography/src/sources/bytes.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b309015..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/sources/bytes.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-
-/** Whether bytes begin as gzip does. */
-export function isGzip(bytes: Uint8Array): boolean {
-  return bytes.length > 2 && bytes[0] === 0x1f && bytes[1] === 0x8b;
-}
-
-/** Gzipped bytes, decompressed. */
-export async function gunzip(bytes: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array> {
-  if (typeof DecompressionStream === 'undefined')
-    throw failure('unsupported', 'This runtime cannot decompress gzip');
-  try {
-    const stream = new Blob([bytes as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>])
-      .stream()
-      .pipeThrough(new DecompressionStream('gzip'));
-    return new Uint8Array(await new Response(stream).arrayBuffer());
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw failure('protocol', 'The bytes are not valid gzip', { cause: error });
-  }
-}
-
-/** Bytes as they are, or decompressed where they are gzipped. */
-export function ungzipped(bytes: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array> | Uint8Array {
-  return isGzip(bytes) ? gunzip(bytes) : bytes;
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/sources/geojson.ts b/packages/geography/src/sources/geojson.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fe54321..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/sources/geojson.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,605 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, textColumn } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Column, Schema, Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Geography } from '../geography.js';
-type Properties = Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
-/** Longitude, latitude, and any altitude, which is ignored. */
-type Position = readonly number[];
-
-/** A feature as GeoJSON gives it; its geometry is read in the passes. */
-interface Feature {
-  readonly geometry: unknown;
-  readonly properties: Properties;
-  readonly id: unknown;
-}
-
-/** A field of a type: its definition and its column. */
-interface Field {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly definition: Schema.Field;
-  readonly column: Column;
-}
-
-const POSITION: Schema.FieldType = { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 };
-/** Each row's rings or polylines: lists of positions. */
-const PATHS: Schema.FieldType = { kind: 'list', items: { kind: 'list', items: POSITION } };
-/** Names shape fields take; a property of the same name is skipped. */
-const SHAPE_NAMES = new Set(['rings', 'points', 'position']);
-const GEOMETRY_TYPES = new Set([
-  'Point',
-  'MultiPoint',
-  'LineString',
-  'MultiLineString',
-  'Polygon',
-  'MultiPolygon',
-  'GeometryCollection',
-]);
-const NO_PROPERTIES: Properties = Object.freeze({});
-const MAX_OFFSET = 0x7fffffff;
-
-/** The schema and row batches GeoJSON describes, as plain columns any thread can build and transfer. */
-export function geojsonBatches(
-  value: unknown,
-  options: Geography.GeoJsonOptions = {},
-): { readonly schema: Schema; readonly batches: readonly Data.RowBatch[] } {
-  const source = options.source ?? crypto.randomUUID();
-  const types: [string, Schema.Type][] = [];
-  const batches: Data.RowBatch[] = [];
-  for (const [type, features] of byType(featuresOf(value), options.type)) {
-    const fields = [...shapeFields(features), ...propertyFields(features)];
-    types.push([type, { fields: Object.fromEntries(fields.map((f) => [f.name, f.definition])) }]);
-    batches.push({
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index: { source, type, version: '1' },
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: features.length },
-      ids: idsOf(type, features, options.id),
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(fields.map((f) => [f.name, f.column])),
-    });
-  }
-  return { schema: { types: Object.fromEntries(types) }, batches };
-}
-
-function notGeoJson(detail: string): Error {
-  return failure('invalid-input', `Not GeoJSON: ${detail}.`);
-}
-
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
-}
-
-function featuresOf(value: unknown): readonly Feature[] {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw notGeoJson('not an object');
-  if (value.type === 'FeatureCollection') {
-    if (!Array.isArray(value.features)) throw notGeoJson('a FeatureCollection without features');
-    return (value.features as readonly unknown[]).map(featureOf);
-  }
-  if (value.type === 'Feature') return [featureOf(value, 0)];
-  if (typeof value.type === 'string' && GEOMETRY_TYPES.has(value.type))
-    return [{ geometry: value, properties: NO_PROPERTIES, id: undefined }];
-  throw notGeoJson('no recognizable type');
-}
-
-function featureOf(value: unknown, at: number): Feature {
-  if (!isRecord(value) || value.type !== 'Feature')
-    throw notGeoJson(`feature ${at} is not a Feature`);
-  const { geometry, properties, id } = value;
-  if (properties === null || properties === undefined)
-    return { geometry, properties: NO_PROPERTIES, id };
-  if (!isRecord(properties))
-    throw notGeoJson(`feature ${at} has properties that are not an object`);
-  return { geometry, properties, id };
-}
-
-/** Features grouped by the type each becomes, in order of first appearance. */
-function byType(
-  features: readonly Feature[],
-  type: Geography.GeoJsonOptions['type'] = 'Feature',
-): Map<string, Feature[]> {
-  const types = new Map<string, Feature[]>();
-  for (const feature of features) {
-    const name: unknown = typeof type === 'function' ? type(feature.properties) : type;
-    if (typeof name !== 'string' || !name)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'A feature type must be a nonempty string.');
-    let members = types.get(name);
-    if (!members) types.set(name, (members = []));
-    members.push(feature);
-  }
-  return types;
-}
-
-// Shapes
-
-/** Where a geometry's kept shapes go: rings with the positions each keeps, polylines, positions. */
-interface Shapes {
-  ring(ring: readonly Position[], length: number, hole: boolean): void;
-  line(line: readonly Position[]): void;
-  point(position: Position): void;
-}
-
-/** Shape fields in two passes: count every row's shapes, then write them into exact buffers. */
-function shapeFields(features: readonly Feature[]): Field[] {
-  const rows = features.length;
-  const count = new ShapeCount();
-  for (const feature of features) {
-    walk(feature.geometry, count);
-    count.end();
-  }
-  const writer = new ShapeWriter(
-    count.ringRows
-      ? new PathsColumn(rows, count.rings, count.ringPoints, count.ringRows < rows)
-      : undefined,
-    count.lineRows
-      ? new PathsColumn(rows, count.lines, count.linePoints, count.lineRows < rows)
-      : undefined,
-    count.positionRows ? new PositionColumn(rows, count.positionRows < rows) : undefined,
-  );
-  for (const feature of features) {
-    walk(feature.geometry, writer);
-    writer.end();
-  }
-  return writer.fields();
-}
-
-function walk(geometry: unknown, shapes: Shapes): void {
-  if (geometry === null || geometry === undefined) return;
-  if (!isRecord(geometry)) throw notGeoJson('a geometry is not an object');
-  const coordinates = geometry.coordinates;
-  switch (geometry.type) {
-    case 'Point':
-      point(coordinates, shapes);
-      break;
-    case 'MultiPoint':
-      for (const position of arrayOf(coordinates)) point(position, shapes);
-      break;
-    case 'LineString':
-      line(coordinates, shapes);
-      break;
-    case 'MultiLineString':
-      for (const path of arrayOf(coordinates)) line(path, shapes);
-      break;
-    case 'Polygon':
-      polygon(coordinates, shapes);
-      break;
-    case 'MultiPolygon':
-      for (const rings of arrayOf(coordinates)) polygon(rings, shapes);
-      break;
-    case 'GeometryCollection':
-      for (const member of arrayOf(geometry.geometries)) walk(member, shapes);
-      break;
-    default:
-      throw notGeoJson('a geometry has no recognizable type');
-  }
-}
-
-/** A position; an empty one, an empty Point, gives nothing. */
-function point(value: unknown, shapes: Shapes): void {
-  if (Array.isArray(value) && value.length === 0) return;
-  shapes.point(positionOf(value));
-}
-
-/** A polyline, kept with 2 points or more. */
-function line(value: unknown, shapes: Shapes): void {
-  const positions = positionsOf(value);
-  if (positions.length >= 2) shapes.line(positions);
-}
-
-/** A polygon's kept rings: its outline, then its holes. A degenerate outline drops the polygon. */
-function polygon(value: unknown, shapes: Shapes): void {
-  const rings = arrayOf(value).map(positionsOf);
-  const outline = rings.length ? ringLength(rings[0]) : 0;
-  if (!outline) return;
-  shapes.ring(rings[0], outline, false);
-  for (let i = 1; i < rings.length; i++) {
-    const length = ringLength(rings[i]);
-    if (length) shapes.ring(rings[i], length, true);
-  }
-}
-
-/** The positions a ring keeps: all but a closing repeat of the first, or none if fewer than 3 distinct. */
-function ringLength(ring: readonly Position[]): number {
-  let length = ring.length;
-  if (length > 1 && same(ring[0], ring[length - 1])) length--;
-  return threeDistinct(ring, length) ? length : 0;
-}
-
-/** Whether a ring's first `length` positions hold at least 3 distinct ones. */
-function threeDistinct(ring: readonly Position[], length: number): boolean {
-  let second = -1;
-  for (let i = 1; i < length; i++) {
-    if (same(ring[i], ring[0])) continue;
-    if (second < 0) second = i;
-    else if (!same(ring[i], ring[second])) return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-function same(a: Position, b: Position): boolean {
-  return longitude(a) === longitude(b) && latitude(a) === latitude(b);
-}
-
-/** The shoelace area of a ring's first `length` positions; positive when counter-clockwise, latitude up. */
-function signedArea(ring: readonly Position[], length: number): number {
-  const x0 = longitude(ring[0]),
-    y0 = latitude(ring[0]);
-  let sum = 0,
-    px = 0,
-    py = 0;
-  for (let i = 1; i < length; i++) {
-    const x = longitude(ring[i]) - x0,
-      y = latitude(ring[i]) - y0;
-    sum += px * y - x * py;
-    px = x;
-    py = y;
-  }
-  return sum / 2;
-}
-
-/** Longitude wrapped into [-180, 180]. */
-function longitude(position: Position): number {
-  const x = position[0];
-  return x >= -180 && x <= 180 ? x : ((((x + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
-}
-
-/** Latitude clamped to [-90, 90]. */
-function latitude(position: Position): number {
-  const y = position[1];
-  return y < -90 ? -90 : y > 90 ? 90 : y;
-}
-
-function arrayOf(value: unknown): readonly unknown[] {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) throw notGeoJson('coordinates are not arrays');
-  return value as readonly unknown[];
-}
-
-function positionOf(value: unknown): Position {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value) || !Number.isFinite(value[0]) || !Number.isFinite(value[1]))
-    throw notGeoJson('a position is not a finite longitude and latitude');
-  return value as Position;
-}
-
-/** A list of positions, each checked. */
-function positionsOf(value: unknown): readonly Position[] {
-  const positions = arrayOf(value);
-  for (const position of positions) positionOf(position);
-  return positions as readonly Position[];
-}
-
-/** The first pass: how many rings, polylines, and positions a type's rows keep. */
-class ShapeCount implements Shapes {
-  rings = 0;
-  ringPoints = 0;
-  ringRows = 0;
-  lines = 0;
-  linePoints = 0;
-  lineRows = 0;
-  positionRows = 0;
-  #rowRings = 0;
-  #rowLines = 0;
-  #placed = false;
-
-  ring(_ring: readonly Position[], length: number): void {
-    this.rings++;
-    this.ringPoints += length;
-  }
-
-  line(line: readonly Position[]): void {
-    this.lines++;
-    this.linePoints += line.length;
-  }
-
-  point(): void {
-    this.#placed = true;
-  }
-
-  /** End a row, noting which shape fields it gave a value. */
-  end(): void {
-    if (this.rings > this.#rowRings) this.ringRows++;
-    if (this.lines > this.#rowLines) this.lineRows++;
-    if (this.#placed) this.positionRows++;
-    this.#rowRings = this.rings;
-    this.#rowLines = this.lines;
-    this.#placed = false;
-  }
-}
-
-/** The second pass: writes each row's shapes into the columns the first pass sized. */
-class ShapeWriter implements Shapes {
-  #row = 0;
-
-  constructor(
-    readonly rings: PathsColumn | undefined,
-    readonly points: PathsColumn | undefined,
-    readonly position: PositionColumn | undefined,
-  ) {}
-
-  /** Outlines wind counter-clockwise and holes clockwise, reversed when they do not. */
-  ring(ring: readonly Position[], length: number, hole: boolean): void {
-    const area = signedArea(ring, length);
-    this.rings?.add(ring, length, hole ? area > 0 : area < 0);
-  }
-
-  line(line: readonly Position[]): void {
-    this.points?.add(line, line.length, false);
-  }
-
-  point(position: Position): void {
-    this.position?.add(this.#row, position);
-  }
-
-  end(): void {
-    this.rings?.end(this.#row);
-    this.points?.end(this.#row);
-    this.position?.end(this.#row);
-    this.#row++;
-  }
-
-  fields(): Field[] {
-    const fields: Field[] = [];
-    if (this.rings) fields.push(shapeField('rings', PATHS, this.rings.column()));
-    if (this.points) fields.push(shapeField('points', PATHS, this.points.column()));
-    if (this.position) fields.push(shapeField('position', POSITION, this.position.column()));
-    return fields;
-  }
-}
-
-function shapeField(name: string, type: Schema.FieldType, column: Column): Field {
-  return {
-    name,
-    definition: { type, geographic: true, ...(column.validity ? { nullable: true } : {}) },
-    column,
-  };
-}
-
-/** Rows of rings or polylines, written into buffers sized by the count. */
-class PathsColumn {
-  readonly #rows: Int32Array;
-  readonly #offsets: Int32Array;
-  readonly #values: Float64Array;
-  readonly #validity: Uint8Array | undefined;
-  #paths = 0;
-  #points = 0;
-
-  constructor(rows: number, paths: number, points: number, nullable: boolean) {
-    if (paths > MAX_OFFSET || points > MAX_OFFSET)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'GeoJSON holds more shapes than int32 offsets address.');
-    this.#rows = new Int32Array(rows + 1);
-    this.#offsets = new Int32Array(paths + 1);
-    this.#values = new Float64Array(points * 2);
-    this.#validity = nullable ? new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(rows / 8)) : undefined;
-  }
-
-  /** Append a path's first `length` positions, reversed when asked. */
-  add(path: readonly Position[], length: number, reverse: boolean): void {
-    const values = this.#values;
-    let at = this.#points * 2;
-    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      const position = path[reverse ? length - 1 - i : i];
-      values[at++] = longitude(position);
-      values[at++] = latitude(position);
-    }
-    this.#points += length;
-    this.#offsets[++this.#paths] = this.#points;
-  }
-
-  /** End a row; it is present when it gained a path. */
-  end(row: number): void {
-    this.#rows[row + 1] = this.#paths;
-    if (this.#validity && this.#paths > this.#rows[row]) setBit(this.#validity, row);
-  }
-
-  column(): Column.List {
-    const points = this.#values.length / 2;
-    const paths: Column.List = {
-      kind: 'list',
-      offset: 0,
-      length: this.#offsets.length - 1,
-      offsets: this.#offsets,
-      values: {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: points,
-        size: 2,
-        values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: points * 2, values: this.#values },
-      },
-    };
-    return {
-      kind: 'list',
-      offset: 0,
-      length: this.#rows.length - 1,
-      offsets: this.#rows,
-      values: paths,
-      ...(this.#validity ? { validity: this.#validity } : {}),
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-/** One position per row: the first its geometry gives. */
-class PositionColumn {
-  readonly #values: Float64Array;
-  readonly #validity: Uint8Array | undefined;
-  #placed = false;
-
-  constructor(rows: number, nullable: boolean) {
-    this.#values = new Float64Array(rows * 2);
-    this.#validity = nullable ? new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(rows / 8)) : undefined;
-  }
-
-  add(row: number, position: Position): void {
-    if (this.#placed) return;
-    this.#placed = true;
-    this.#values[row * 2] = longitude(position);
-    this.#values[row * 2 + 1] = latitude(position);
-  }
-
-  end(row: number): void {
-    if (this.#placed && this.#validity) setBit(this.#validity, row);
-    this.#placed = false;
-  }
-
-  column(): Column.Vector {
-    const values = this.#values;
-    return {
-      kind: 'vector',
-      offset: 0,
-      length: values.length / 2,
-      size: 2,
-      values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-      ...(this.#validity ? { validity: this.#validity } : {}),
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-// Properties
-
-type PropertyType = 'float64' | 'boolean' | 'text';
-
-/** A property across a type's features: the type its values share and how many are present. */
-interface PropertyTally {
-  type: PropertyType;
-  present: number;
-}
-
-/** A field per property some feature gives a value, in order of first value. */
-function propertyFields(features: readonly Feature[]): Field[] {
-  return [...tallyProperties(features)].map(([name, tally]) => {
-    const column = propertyColumn(features, name, tally);
-    return {
-      name,
-      definition: { type: tally.type, ...(column.validity ? { nullable: true } : {}) },
-      column,
-    };
-  });
-}
-
-function tallyProperties(features: readonly Feature[]): Map<string, PropertyTally> {
-  const tallies = new Map<string, PropertyTally>();
-  for (const { properties } of features)
-    for (const name of Object.keys(properties)) {
-      const value = properties[name];
-      if (value === null || value === undefined || !name || SHAPE_NAMES.has(name)) continue;
-      const type = propertyType(value);
-      const tally = tallies.get(name);
-      if (!tally) tallies.set(name, { type, present: 1 });
-      else {
-        tally.present++;
-        if (tally.type !== type) tally.type = 'text';
-      }
-    }
-  return tallies;
-}
-
-function propertyType(value: unknown): PropertyType {
-  if (typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value)) return 'float64';
-  return typeof value === 'boolean' ? 'boolean' : 'text';
-}
-
-function propertyColumn(features: readonly Feature[], name: string, tally: PropertyTally): Column {
-  if (tally.type === 'text')
-    return textColumn(features.map((feature) => text(valueOf(feature.properties, name))));
-  const rows = features.length;
-  const validity = tally.present < rows ? new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(rows / 8)) : undefined;
-  return tally.type === 'float64'
-    ? numberColumn(features, name, validity)
-    : booleanColumn(features, name, validity);
-}
-
-function numberColumn(
-  features: readonly Feature[],
-  name: string,
-  validity: Uint8Array | undefined,
-): Column.Numeric {
-  const values = new Float64Array(features.length);
-  for (let i = 0; i < features.length; i++) {
-    const value = valueOf(features[i].properties, name);
-    if (typeof value !== 'number') continue;
-    values[i] = value;
-    if (validity) setBit(validity, i);
-  }
-  return {
-    kind: 'numeric',
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    values,
-    ...(validity ? { validity } : {}),
-  };
-}
-
-function booleanColumn(
-  features: readonly Feature[],
-  name: string,
-  validity: Uint8Array | undefined,
-): Column.Boolean {
-  const values = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(features.length / 8));
-  for (let i = 0; i < features.length; i++) {
-    const value = valueOf(features[i].properties, name);
-    if (typeof value !== 'boolean') continue;
-    if (value) setBit(values, i);
-    if (validity) setBit(validity, i);
-  }
-  return {
-    kind: 'boolean',
-    offset: 0,
-    length: features.length,
-    values,
-    ...(validity ? { validity } : {}),
-  };
-}
-
-/** A property value as text: numbers and booleans stringified, objects and arrays as JSON. */
-function text(value: unknown): string | null {
-  if (value === null || value === undefined) return null;
-  if (typeof value === 'string') return value;
-  if (typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean') return String(value);
-  return JSON.stringify(value);
-}
-
-/** A feature's own property; never one inherited from Object. */
-function valueOf(properties: Properties, name: string): unknown {
-  return Object.hasOwn(properties, name) ? properties[name] : undefined;
-}
-
-function setBit(bitmap: Uint8Array, at: number): void {
-  bitmap[at >>> 3] |= 1 << (at & 7);
-}
-
-// Ids
-
-/** Each row's id, unique within its type: the `property`, the feature's id, or the type and place. */
-function idsOf(
-  type: string,
-  features: readonly Feature[],
-  property: string | undefined,
-): Column.Text {
-  const taken = new Set<string>();
-  const next = new Map<string, number>();
-  return textColumn(
-    features.map((feature, place) =>
-      unique(
-        (property === undefined ? undefined : idText(valueOf(feature.properties, property))) ??
-          idText(feature.id) ??
-          `${type}/${place}`,
-        taken,
-        next,
-      ),
-    ),
-  );
-}
-
-/** An id as text: a nonempty string or a finite number. */
-function idText(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  if (typeof value === 'string') return value || undefined;
-  if (typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value)) return String(value);
-  return undefined;
-}
-
-/** `id`, or `id#2`, `id#3`, and so on when taken. */
-function unique(id: string, taken: Set<string>, next: Map<string, number>): string {
-  let result = id;
-  if (taken.has(id)) {
-    let n = next.get(id) ?? 2;
-    while (taken.has(`${id}#${n}`)) n++;
-    next.set(id, n + 1);
-    result = `${id}#${n}`;
-  }
-  taken.add(result);
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/sources/mvt.ts b/packages/geography/src/sources/mvt.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b7ef093a..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/sources/mvt.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,644 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-
-/** A decoded tile's layer: its features by geometry, in tile units (0..extent, y down). */
-export interface TileLayer {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly extent: number;
-  /** Property names, shared by its features (the MVT keys table). */
-  readonly keys: readonly string[];
-  /** How many property values the layer shares (the MVT values table). */
-  readonly valueCount: number;
-  /** A property value of the table, decoded the first time it is read: values no one reads cost nothing. */
-  value(index: number): string | number | boolean;
-  readonly areas: FeatureSet;
-  readonly lines: FeatureSet;
-  readonly points: FeatureSet;
-}
-
-/**
- * Features of one geometry, packed: every coordinate in one Float32Array of x, y pairs.
- * `parts` holds, per part (a ring, a polyline, or a feature's points), the index of its first pair
- * and, after the last part, the total pair count. `features` holds, per feature, the index of its
- * first part and, after the last, the total part count. For areas, `polygons` holds, for every
- * polygon in feature order, the index of its first part (outer ring, then its holes), and after the
- * last, the part count; a feature's polygons are those beginning within its parts. Outer rings are
- * counter-clockwise and holes clockwise in a y-up frame (negative and positive shoelace area in the
- * y-down tile frame), whatever the tile encodes. Degenerate rings and polylines, repeated
- * consecutive points, and features left without parts are dropped.
- */
-export interface FeatureSet {
-  readonly coordinates: Float32Array;
-  readonly parts: Uint32Array;
-  readonly features: Uint32Array;
-  /** Areas only: per polygon, its first part, and after the last, the part count. */
-  readonly polygons?: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per feature, its id (NaN without one). */
-  readonly ids: Float64Array;
-  /** Per feature, its tags as pairs of key and value indices into the layer's tables. */
-  readonly tags: Uint32Array;
-  /** Per feature, where its tags begin in `tags` (pairs), and after the last, the total. */
-  readonly tagStarts: Uint32Array;
-}
-
-type Value = string | number | boolean;
-
-const VARINT = 0;
-const FIXED64 = 1;
-const BYTES = 2;
-const FIXED32 = 5;
-
-const MOVE_TO = 1;
-const LINE_TO = 2;
-const CLOSE_PATH = 7;
-
-const POINT = 1;
-const LINESTRING = 2;
-const POLYGON = 3;
-
-const decoder = new TextDecoder();
-
-/**
- * Decodes a Mapbox Vector Tile (MVT 2.1) into its layers: every layer, or only those `wanted` names,
- * which skips the rest without decoding their features.
- */
-export function decodeTile(bytes: Uint8Array, wanted?: ReadonlySet<string>): readonly TileLayer[] {
-  const r = new Reader(bytes);
-  const layers: TileLayer[] = [];
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const key = varint(r);
-    if (key !== ((3 << 3) | BYTES)) {
-      skip(r, key & 7);
-      continue;
-    }
-    const end = span(r);
-    const tileEnd = r.end;
-    r.end = end;
-    const layer = readLayer(r, wanted);
-    if (layer) layers.push(layer);
-    r.pos = end;
-    r.end = tileEnd;
-  }
-  return layers;
-}
-
-/** A feature's properties as an object, for inspection; drawing reads tags directly. */
-export function properties(
-  layer: TileLayer,
-  set: FeatureSet,
-  feature: number,
-): Record<string, Value> {
-  const entries: [string, Value][] = [];
-  for (let pair = set.tagStarts[feature]; pair < set.tagStarts[feature + 1]; pair++)
-    entries.push([layer.keys[set.tags[2 * pair]], layer.value(set.tags[2 * pair + 1])]);
-  return Object.fromEntries(entries);
-}
-
-/** The failure for any input that is not a well-formed vector tile. */
-function malformed(): Error {
-  return failure('invalid-input', 'Malformed vector tile');
-}
-
-/** A position in protobuf bytes and the end of the message being read. */
-class Reader {
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-  readonly view: DataView;
-  pos = 0;
-  end: number;
-  /** The low and high 32 bits of the last 64-bit varint read. */
-  low = 0;
-  high = 0;
-
-  constructor(bytes: Uint8Array) {
-    this.bytes = bytes;
-    this.end = bytes.length;
-    this.view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Reads a varint as a number, exact below 2^53. */
-function varint(r: Reader): number {
-  const { bytes, end } = r;
-  let pos = r.pos;
-  let value = 0;
-  for (let shift = 0; shift < 28; shift += 7) {
-    if (pos >= end) throw malformed();
-    const byte = bytes[pos++];
-    value |= (byte & 0x7f) << shift;
-    if (byte < 0x80) {
-      r.pos = pos;
-      return value;
-    }
-  }
-  varint64(r);
-  return r.high * 2 ** 32 + r.low;
-}
-
-/** Reads a varint of up to 64 bits into the reader's low and high words. */
-function varint64(r: Reader): void {
-  const { bytes, end } = r;
-  let pos = r.pos;
-  let low = 0;
-  let high = 0;
-  for (let shift = 0; shift < 70; shift += 7) {
-    if (pos >= end) throw malformed();
-    const byte = bytes[pos++];
-    const bits = byte & 0x7f;
-    if (shift < 28) low |= bits << shift;
-    else if (shift === 28) {
-      low |= bits << 28;
-      high = bits >>> 4;
-    } else high |= bits << (shift - 32);
-    if (byte < 0x80) {
-      r.pos = pos;
-      r.low = low >>> 0;
-      r.high = high >>> 0;
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  throw malformed();
-}
-
-/** Reads a two's complement int64 varint. */
-function int64(r: Reader): number {
-  varint64(r);
-  if (r.high < 0x80000000) return r.high * 2 ** 32 + r.low;
-  const low = (~r.low + 1) >>> 0;
-  const high = (~r.high + (low === 0 ? 1 : 0)) >>> 0;
-  return -(high * 2 ** 32 + low);
-}
-
-/** Reads a zigzag-encoded sint64 varint. */
-function sint64(r: Reader): number {
-  varint64(r);
-  const half = (r.high >>> 1) * 2 ** 32 + (((r.low >>> 1) | (r.high << 31)) >>> 0);
-  return r.low & 1 ? -half - 1 : half;
-}
-
-/** Decodes a zigzag-encoded 32-bit value. */
-function zigzag(value: number): number {
-  return (value >>> 1) ^ -(value & 1);
-}
-
-/** Reads a length prefix and returns where the delimited bytes end. */
-function span(r: Reader): number {
-  const length = varint(r);
-  const end = r.pos + length;
-  if (end > r.end) throw malformed();
-  return end;
-}
-
-/** Returns where `size` fixed bytes begin, and moves past them. */
-function fixed(r: Reader, size: number): number {
-  const pos = r.pos;
-  if (pos + size > r.end) throw malformed();
-  r.pos = pos + size;
-  return pos;
-}
-
-/** Skips a field's value by its wire type. */
-function skip(r: Reader, wire: number): void {
-  if (wire === VARINT) varint64(r);
-  else if (wire === FIXED64) fixed(r, 8);
-  else if (wire === BYTES) r.pos = span(r);
-  else if (wire === FIXED32) fixed(r, 4);
-  else throw malformed();
-}
-
-/** Reads a length-delimited UTF-8 string. */
-function string(r: Reader): string {
-  const end = span(r);
-  const text = utf8(r.bytes, r.pos, end);
-  r.pos = end;
-  return text;
-}
-
-/** Decodes UTF-8 bytes, building short ASCII strings directly. */
-function utf8(bytes: Uint8Array, start: number, end: number): string {
-  if (end - start > 16) return decoder.decode(bytes.subarray(start, end));
-  let text = '';
-  for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    const byte = bytes[i];
-    if (byte >= 0x80) return decoder.decode(bytes.subarray(start, end));
-    text += String.fromCharCode(byte);
-  }
-  return text;
-}
-
-/**
- * Reads a layer, or skips it unless `wanted` names it: where its tables and features lie first,
- * then its keys and features. Values decode as they are read.
- */
-function readLayer(r: Reader, wanted: ReadonlySet<string> | undefined): TileLayer | undefined {
-  let name = '';
-  let extent = 4096;
-  ranges.length = 0;
-  keyRanges.length = 0;
-  valueRanges.length = 0;
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const key = varint(r);
-    if (key === ((1 << 3) | BYTES)) name = string(r);
-    else if (key === ((2 << 3) | BYTES)) mark(r, ranges);
-    else if (key === ((3 << 3) | BYTES)) mark(r, keyRanges);
-    else if (key === ((4 << 3) | BYTES)) mark(r, valueRanges);
-    else if (key === ((5 << 3) | VARINT)) extent = varint(r);
-    else skip(r, key & 7);
-  }
-  if (wanted && !wanted.has(name)) return undefined;
-  const keys: string[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < keyRanges.length; i += 2)
-    keys.push(utf8(r.bytes, keyRanges.array[i], keyRanges.array[i + 1]));
-  const valueCount = valueRanges.length / 2;
-  const layerEnd = r.end;
-  builders.reset();
-  for (let i = 0; i < ranges.length; i += 2) {
-    r.pos = ranges.array[i];
-    r.end = ranges.array[i + 1];
-    readFeature(r, builders, keys.length, valueCount);
-  }
-  r.pos = r.end = layerEnd;
-  const { areas, lines, points } = builders;
-  return {
-    name,
-    extent,
-    keys,
-    valueCount,
-    value: values(r.bytes, valueRanges.array.slice(0, valueRanges.length)),
-    areas: areas.finish(),
-    lines: lines.finish(),
-    points: points.finish(),
-  };
-}
-
-/** Notes where a length-delimited field's bytes lie, and moves past them. */
-function mark(r: Reader, into: Uints): void {
-  const end = span(r);
-  into.push(r.pos);
-  into.push(end);
-  r.pos = end;
-}
-
-/** A layer's values table, each value decoded the first time it is read, from where it lies. */
-function values(bytes: Uint8Array, at: Uint32Array): (index: number) => Value {
-  const decoded: (Value | undefined)[] = [];
-  let reader: Reader | undefined;
-  return (index) => {
-    let value = decoded[index];
-    if (value === undefined) {
-      if (!(index >= 0 && index < at.length / 2)) throw malformed();
-      const r = (reader ??= new Reader(bytes));
-      r.pos = at[2 * index];
-      r.end = at[2 * index + 1];
-      decoded[index] = value = readValue(r);
-    }
-    return value;
-  };
-}
-
-/** Reads a Value message's body: whichever of its typed fields is present. */
-function readValue(r: Reader): Value {
-  let value: Value | undefined;
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const key = varint(r);
-    if (key === ((1 << 3) | BYTES)) value = string(r);
-    else if (key === ((2 << 3) | FIXED32)) value = r.view.getFloat32(fixed(r, 4), true);
-    else if (key === ((3 << 3) | FIXED64)) value = r.view.getFloat64(fixed(r, 8), true);
-    else if (key === ((4 << 3) | VARINT)) value = int64(r);
-    else if (key === ((5 << 3) | VARINT)) value = varint(r);
-    else if (key === ((6 << 3) | VARINT)) value = sint64(r);
-    else if (key === ((7 << 3) | VARINT)) value = varint(r) !== 0;
-    else skip(r, key & 7);
-  }
-  if (value === undefined) throw malformed();
-  return value;
-}
-
-/** Reads a feature and files it under its geometry, skipping unknown geometry types. */
-function readFeature(r: Reader, builders: Builders, keyCount: number, valueCount: number): void {
-  let type = 0;
-  let id = NaN;
-  let tagsStart = 0;
-  let tagsEnd = 0;
-  let geometryStart = 0;
-  let geometryEnd = 0;
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const key = varint(r);
-    if (key === ((1 << 3) | VARINT)) id = varint(r);
-    else if (key === ((2 << 3) | BYTES)) {
-      tagsEnd = span(r);
-      tagsStart = r.pos;
-      r.pos = tagsEnd;
-    } else if (key === ((3 << 3) | VARINT)) type = varint(r);
-    else if (key === ((4 << 3) | BYTES)) {
-      geometryEnd = span(r);
-      geometryStart = r.pos;
-      r.pos = geometryEnd;
-    } else skip(r, key & 7);
-  }
-  const builder = builders.of(type);
-  if (builder === undefined) return;
-  builder.begin(geometryEnd - geometryStart);
-  r.pos = geometryStart;
-  r.end = geometryEnd;
-  if (type === POLYGON) readRings(r, builder);
-  else if (type === LINESTRING) readLines(r, builder);
-  else readPoints(r, builder);
-  if (builder.parts.length === builder.firstPart) return;
-  r.pos = tagsStart;
-  r.end = tagsEnd;
-  builder.end(id);
-  readTags(r, builder.tags, keyCount, valueCount);
-}
-
-/** Reads packed tag pairs, checking each against the layer's tables. */
-function readTags(r: Reader, tags: Uints, keyCount: number, valueCount: number): void {
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const key = varint(r);
-    const value = varint(r);
-    if (key >= keyCount || value >= valueCount) throw malformed();
-    tags.push(key);
-    tags.push(value);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Reads point geometry: every point of the feature in one part. */
-function readPoints(r: Reader, b: FeatureBuilder): void {
-  const c = b.coordinates;
-  const start = b.size;
-  let n = start;
-  let x = 0;
-  let y = 0;
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const command = varint(r);
-    const id = command & 7;
-    if (id === MOVE_TO || id === LINE_TO) {
-      for (let count = command >>> 3; count > 0; count--) {
-        x += zigzag(varint(r));
-        y += zigzag(varint(r));
-        c[n++] = x;
-        c[n++] = y;
-      }
-    } else if (id !== CLOSE_PATH) throw malformed();
-  }
-  if (n > start) b.parts.push(start / 2);
-  b.size = n;
-}
-
-/** Reads linestring geometry: each MoveTo begins a polyline. */
-function readLines(r: Reader, b: FeatureBuilder): void {
-  const c = b.coordinates;
-  let n = b.size;
-  let line = -1;
-  let x = 0;
-  let y = 0;
-  let firstX = 0;
-  let firstY = 0;
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const command = varint(r);
-    const id = command & 7;
-    let count = command >>> 3;
-    if (id === MOVE_TO) {
-      for (; count > 0; count--) {
-        if (line >= 0) n = b.endLine(line, n);
-        x += zigzag(varint(r));
-        y += zigzag(varint(r));
-        line = n;
-        firstX = x;
-        firstY = y;
-        c[n++] = x;
-        c[n++] = y;
-      }
-    } else if (id === LINE_TO) {
-      if (line < 0) throw malformed();
-      for (; count > 0; count--) {
-        const dx = zigzag(varint(r));
-        const dy = zigzag(varint(r));
-        if (dx === 0 && dy === 0) continue;
-        x += dx;
-        y += dy;
-        c[n++] = x;
-        c[n++] = y;
-      }
-    } else if (id === CLOSE_PATH) {
-      if (line < 0) continue;
-      if (x !== firstX || y !== firstY) {
-        c[n++] = firstX;
-        c[n++] = firstY;
-      }
-      n = b.endLine(line, n);
-      line = -1;
-    } else throw malformed();
-  }
-  if (line >= 0) n = b.endLine(line, n);
-  b.size = n;
-}
-
-/** Reads polygon geometry: rings, each closed by ClosePath or the next MoveTo. */
-function readRings(r: Reader, b: FeatureBuilder): void {
-  const c = b.coordinates;
-  let n = b.size;
-  let ring = -1;
-  let x = 0;
-  let y = 0;
-  let firstX = 0;
-  let firstY = 0;
-  let area = 0;
-  while (r.pos < r.end) {
-    const command = varint(r);
-    const id = command & 7;
-    let count = command >>> 3;
-    if (id === MOVE_TO) {
-      for (; count > 0; count--) {
-        if (ring >= 0) n = closeRing(b, ring, n, x, y, firstX, firstY, area);
-        x += zigzag(varint(r));
-        y += zigzag(varint(r));
-        ring = n;
-        firstX = x;
-        firstY = y;
-        area = 0;
-        c[n++] = x;
-        c[n++] = y;
-      }
-    } else if (id === LINE_TO) {
-      if (ring < 0) throw malformed();
-      for (; count > 0; count--) {
-        const dx = zigzag(varint(r));
-        const dy = zigzag(varint(r));
-        if (dx === 0 && dy === 0) continue;
-        area += x * dy - dx * y;
-        x += dx;
-        y += dy;
-        c[n++] = x;
-        c[n++] = y;
-      }
-    } else if (id === CLOSE_PATH) {
-      if (ring >= 0) n = closeRing(b, ring, n, x, y, firstX, firstY, area);
-      ring = -1;
-    } else throw malformed();
-  }
-  if (ring >= 0) n = closeRing(b, ring, n, x, y, firstX, firstY, area);
-  b.size = n;
-}
-
-/** Closes the ring from float `start` to `end` ending at (x, y); returns the new float count. */
-function closeRing(
-  b: FeatureBuilder,
-  start: number,
-  end: number,
-  x: number,
-  y: number,
-  firstX: number,
-  firstY: number,
-  area: number,
-): number {
-  if (x === firstX && y === firstY && end - start > 2) end -= 2;
-  return b.ring(start, end, area + x * firstY - firstX * y);
-}
-
-/** Reverses the x, y pairs from float `start` to `end` in place. */
-function reversePairs(c: Float32Array, start: number, end: number): void {
-  for (let i = start, j = end - 2; i < j; i += 2, j -= 2) {
-    const x = c[i];
-    const y = c[i + 1];
-    c[i] = c[j];
-    c[i + 1] = c[j + 1];
-    c[j] = x;
-    c[j + 1] = y;
-  }
-}
-
-/** A growable list of uint32 values. */
-class Uints {
-  array = new Uint32Array(256);
-  length = 0;
-
-  push(value: number): void {
-    if (this.length === this.array.length) {
-      const next = new Uint32Array(this.array.length * 2);
-      next.set(this.array);
-      this.array = next;
-    }
-    this.array[this.length++] = value;
-  }
-
-  /** Its values followed by `last`, in an array of their own. */
-  close(last: number): Uint32Array {
-    this.push(last);
-    return this.array.slice(0, this.length);
-  }
-}
-
-/** The features of one geometry as they decode, reused across a tile's layers. */
-class FeatureBuilder {
-  coordinates = new Float32Array(4096);
-  /** Floats written to `coordinates`. */
-  size = 0;
-  readonly parts = new Uints();
-  readonly features = new Uints();
-  readonly polygons = new Uints();
-  readonly tags = new Uints();
-  readonly tagStarts = new Uints();
-  readonly ids: number[] = [];
-  /** The first part of the feature being decoded. */
-  firstPart = 0;
-  /** The sign of the area of that feature's first ring, or 0 before it. */
-  winding = 0;
-  /** Whether these features are areas, which carry polygons. */
-  readonly areas: boolean;
-
-  constructor(areas: boolean) {
-    this.areas = areas;
-  }
-
-  reset(): void {
-    this.size = 0;
-    this.parts.length = 0;
-    this.features.length = 0;
-    this.polygons.length = 0;
-    this.tags.length = 0;
-    this.tagStarts.length = 0;
-    this.ids.length = 0;
-  }
-
-  /** Starts a feature whose geometry is `byteLength` bytes, which bounds its floats at twice that. */
-  begin(byteLength: number): void {
-    const needed = this.size + 2 * byteLength;
-    if (needed > this.coordinates.length) {
-      const next = new Float32Array(Math.max(needed, this.coordinates.length * 2));
-      next.set(this.coordinates.subarray(0, this.size));
-      this.coordinates = next;
-    }
-    this.firstPart = this.parts.length;
-    this.winding = 0;
-  }
-
-  /** Files the decoded feature; its tags follow. */
-  end(id: number): void {
-    this.features.push(this.firstPart);
-    this.ids.push(id);
-    this.tagStarts.push(this.tags.length / 2);
-  }
-
-  /** Ends a polyline, dropping it under two points; returns the new float count. */
-  endLine(start: number, end: number): number {
-    if (end - start < 4) return start;
-    this.parts.push(start / 2);
-    return end;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Files a closed ring as an outer ring or a hole, normalizing its winding, or drops it when
-   * degenerate; returns the new float count. The feature's first ring is outer, and later rings
-   * of its winding begin new polygons.
-   */
-  ring(start: number, end: number, area: number): number {
-    if (end - start < 6 || area === 0) return start;
-    const sign = area > 0 ? 1 : -1;
-    if (this.winding === 0) this.winding = sign;
-    const outer = sign === this.winding;
-    if (outer) this.polygons.push(this.parts.length);
-    if (area < 0 !== outer) reversePairs(this.coordinates, start, end);
-    this.parts.push(start / 2);
-    return end;
-  }
-
-  finish(): FeatureSet {
-    const partCount = this.parts.length;
-    const set = {
-      coordinates: this.coordinates.slice(0, this.size),
-      parts: this.parts.close(this.size / 2),
-      features: this.features.close(partCount),
-      ids: new Float64Array(this.ids),
-      tags: this.tags.array.slice(0, this.tags.length),
-      tagStarts: this.tagStarts.close(this.tags.length / 2),
-    };
-    return this.areas ? { ...set, polygons: this.polygons.close(partCount) } : set;
-  }
-}
-
-/** One feature builder per geometry. */
-class Builders {
-  readonly areas = new FeatureBuilder(true);
-  readonly lines = new FeatureBuilder(false);
-  readonly points = new FeatureBuilder(false);
-
-  /** The builder for an MVT geometry type, or undefined for an unknown one. */
-  of(type: number): FeatureBuilder | undefined {
-    if (type === POLYGON) return this.areas;
-    if (type === LINESTRING) return this.lines;
-    if (type === POINT) return this.points;
-    return undefined;
-  }
-
-  reset(): void {
-    this.areas.reset();
-    this.lines.reset();
-    this.points.reset();
-  }
-}
-
-/** Scratch shared by every decode, which runs to completion, so buffers grow once per worker. */
-const builders = new Builders();
-/** A layer's feature, key, and value byte ranges, as start and end pairs. */
-const ranges = new Uints();
-const keyRanges = new Uints();
-const valueRanges = new Uints();
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/sources/ranges.ts b/packages/geography/src/sources/ranges.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 094dfb9b..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/sources/ranges.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-
-/** How many bytes an archive's first read asks for: its header and, usually, its root directory. */
-export const HEAD_BYTES = 16384;
-const CACHE_NAME = 'latkit-geography';
-const EMPTY = new Uint8Array(0);
-const ignore = (): void => {};
-
-/** An archive's bytes by offset: in memory, in a Blob, or behind a URL. */
-export interface ByteRanges {
-  /** The first bytes, read on opening; every byte when the archive is held whole. */
-  readonly head: Uint8Array;
-  /** `length` bytes from `offset`, past the head. */
-  read(offset: number, length: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Uint8Array>;
-}
-
-/** A response's bytes, status, and content type; `kept` when read from Cache Storage. */
-export interface Fetched {
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
-  readonly status: number;
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly kept: boolean;
-}
-
-/** The failure an aborted read throws. */
-export function abortedBy(signal: AbortSignal): Error {
-  return failure('aborted', 'Tiles were not read: the request was aborted', {
-    cause: signal.reason,
-  });
-}
-
-/** The failure a read past the end throws. */
-export function truncated(): Error {
-  return failure('protocol', 'The archive ends before the bytes its directory names');
-}
-
-/** A promise that rejects as soon as `signal` aborts, calling `onAbort` first. */
-export function raced<T>(
-  promise: Promise<T>,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-  onAbort?: () => void,
-): Promise<T> {
-  if (!signal) return promise;
-  if (signal.aborted) {
-    onAbort?.();
-    return Promise.reject(abortedBy(signal));
-  }
-  return new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const abort = (): void => {
-      onAbort?.();
-      reject(abortedBy(signal));
-    };
-    signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
-    promise.then(
-      (value) => {
-        signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-        resolve(value);
-      },
-      (error: unknown) => {
-        signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-        reject(error as Error);
-      },
-    );
-  });
-}
-
-interface Pending<T> {
-  readonly promise: Promise<T>;
-  readonly controller: AbortController;
-  waiters: number;
-}
-
-/** Concurrent requests for one key share one fetch, which aborts only once every caller has. */
-export class SharedRequests<T> {
-  private readonly pending = new Map<string, Pending<T>>();
-
-  request(
-    key: string,
-    start: (signal: AbortSignal) => Promise<T>,
-    signal?: AbortSignal,
-  ): Promise<T> {
-    if (signal?.aborted) return Promise.reject(abortedBy(signal));
-    const pending = this.pending.get(key) ?? this.begin(key, start);
-    pending.waiters++;
-    return raced(pending.promise, signal, () => this.leave(key, pending));
-  }
-
-  private begin(key: string, start: (signal: AbortSignal) => Promise<T>): Pending<T> {
-    const controller = new AbortController();
-    const pending: Pending<T> = { promise: start(controller.signal), controller, waiters: 0 };
-    this.pending.set(key, pending);
-    const settle = (): void => this.forget(key, pending);
-    pending.promise.then(settle, settle);
-    return pending;
-  }
-
-  private leave(key: string, pending: Pending<T>): void {
-    if (--pending.waiters > 0) return;
-    this.forget(key, pending);
-    pending.controller.abort();
-  }
-
-  private forget(key: string, pending: Pending<T>): void {
-    if (this.pending.get(key) === pending) this.pending.delete(key);
-  }
-}
-
-/** The Cache Storage this source keeps bytes in, or null when it keeps none. */
-export function openCache(persist: boolean): Promise<Cache | null> {
-  if (!persist || typeof globalThis.caches === 'undefined') return Promise.resolve(null);
-  try {
-    return globalThis.caches.open(CACHE_NAME).catch(() => null);
-  } catch {
-    return Promise.resolve(null);
-  }
-}
-
-/** The Cache Storage key of a URL's byte range: a query, since Cache Storage ignores fragments. */
-function rangeKey(url: string, start: number, end: number): string {
-  const base = url.split('#', 1)[0];
-  return `${base}${base.includes('?') ? '&' : '?'}bytes=${start}-${end}`;
-}
-
-/** A URL's bytes: from Cache Storage under `key` when kept there, else fetched and kept when 200 or 206. */
-export async function fetchKept(
-  url: string,
-  key: string,
-  range: string | null,
-  cache: Cache | null,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<Fetched> {
-  const kept = cache ? await cache.match(key).catch(() => undefined) : undefined;
-  if (kept)
-    return { bytes: await bodyOf(kept, url, signal), status: 200, type: typeOf(kept), kept: true };
-  const response = await send(url, range, signal);
-  if (response.status !== 200 && response.status !== 206) {
-    response.body?.cancel().catch(ignore);
-    return { bytes: EMPTY, status: response.status, type: '', kept: false };
-  }
-  const bytes = await bodyOf(response, url, signal);
-  const type = typeOf(response);
-  if (cache)
-    cache.put(key, new Response(bytes, { headers: { 'content-type': type } })).catch(ignore);
-  return { bytes, status: response.status, type, kept: false };
-}
-
-function typeOf(response: Response): string {
-  return response.headers.get('content-type') ?? '';
-}
-
-async function send(url: string, range: string | null, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Response> {
-  try {
-    return await fetch(url, { headers: range ? { Range: range } : undefined, signal });
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw unread(url, error, signal);
-  }
-}
-
-async function bodyOf(
-  response: Response,
-  url: string,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>> {
-  try {
-    return new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer());
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw unread(url, error, signal);
-  }
-}
-
-function unread(url: string, error: unknown, signal?: AbortSignal): Error {
-  if (signal?.aborted) return abortedBy(signal);
-  return failure('io', `Tiles could not be read from ${url}`, { cause: error });
-}
-
-/** Bytes held in memory, read without copying. */
-export function memoryRanges(bytes: Uint8Array): ByteRanges {
-  return { head: bytes, read: () => Promise.reject(truncated()) };
-}
-
-/** A Blob's bytes, read by slices. */
-export async function blobRanges(blob: Blob, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<ByteRanges> {
-  const head = await sliceOf(blob, 0, HEAD_BYTES, signal);
-  return {
-    head,
-    read: async (offset, length, signal) =>
-      exact(await sliceOf(blob, offset, offset + length, signal), length),
-  };
-}
-
-async function sliceOf(
-  blob: Blob,
-  start: number,
-  end: number,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<Uint8Array> {
-  return new Uint8Array(await raced(blob.slice(start, end).arrayBuffer(), signal));
-}
-
-function exact(bytes: Uint8Array, length: number): Uint8Array {
-  if (bytes.length !== length) throw truncated();
-  return bytes;
-}
-
-interface Range {
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-  readonly type: string;
-  /** Whether the server sent every byte, ignoring the range. */
-  readonly whole: boolean;
-}
-
-/** A URL's bytes by HTTP range requests; every byte, once a server ignores a range. */
-export class UrlRanges implements ByteRanges {
-  head: Uint8Array = EMPTY;
-  /** The first response's content type. */
-  type = '';
-  readonly url: string;
-  readonly cache: Promise<Cache | null>;
-  private whole = false;
-  private readonly requests = new SharedRequests<Range>();
-
-  constructor(url: string, persist: boolean) {
-    this.url = url;
-    this.cache = openCache(persist);
-  }
-
-  /** Read the first bytes. */
-  async open(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<this> {
-    const first = await this.range(0, HEAD_BYTES, signal);
-    this.head = first.bytes;
-    this.type = first.type;
-    this.whole = first.whole || first.bytes.length < HEAD_BYTES;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  async read(offset: number, length: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Uint8Array> {
-    if (this.whole) throw truncated();
-    const range = await this.range(offset, length, signal);
-    if (!range.whole) return exact(range.bytes, length);
-    this.head = range.bytes;
-    this.whole = true;
-    return exact(range.bytes.subarray(offset, offset + length), length);
-  }
-
-  /** Every byte: the head when it holds them, else the whole URL fetched. */
-  async body(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Uint8Array> {
-    if (this.whole) return this.head;
-    const fetched = await fetchKept(this.url, this.url, null, await this.cache, signal);
-    if (fetched.status !== 200)
-      throw failure('io', `Tiles could not be read from ${this.url} (${fetched.status})`);
-    return fetched.bytes;
-  }
-
-  private range(offset: number, length: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Range> {
-    const end = offset + length - 1;
-    return this.requests.request(
-      `${offset}-${end}`,
-      async (shared) => {
-        const key = rangeKey(this.url, offset, end);
-        const fetched = await fetchKept(
-          this.url,
-          key,
-          `bytes=${offset}-${end}`,
-          await this.cache,
-          shared,
-        );
-        if (fetched.status !== 200 && fetched.status !== 206)
-          throw failure('io', `Tiles could not be read from ${this.url} (${fetched.status})`);
-        const whole = fetched.kept ? fetched.bytes.length > length : fetched.status === 200;
-        return { bytes: fetched.bytes, type: fetched.type, whole };
-      },
-      signal,
-    );
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/sources/vector.ts b/packages/geography/src/sources/vector.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index dac1aa8e..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/sources/vector.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,343 +0,0 @@
-import { textColumn, type Column, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { decodeTile, type FeatureSet, type TileLayer } from './mvt.js';
-import { prepareShapes, shapesBuffers, type Shapes } from '../prepare/shapes.js';
-
-/** The types a tile's property becomes as a field. */
-export type VectorFieldType = 'float64' | 'boolean' | 'text';
-/**
- * What a vector tile's layers draw: their rings, as areas and outlines, and their lines; and the
- * fields their rows carry, the properties records read, each in every tile whether or not its
- * features hold it.
- */
-export interface VectorLayerRequest {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly rings: boolean;
-  readonly lines: boolean;
-  readonly fields: Readonly<Record<string, VectorFieldType>>;
-}
-export interface VectorRequest {
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-  readonly z: number;
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-  readonly layers: readonly VectorLayerRequest[];
-  /** The Index source the tile's rows are numbered under, by place. */
-  readonly source: string;
-}
-/** A decoded layer: its rows, which are its features, and its shapes. */
-export interface VectorLayer {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly rows: number;
-  /**
-   * Each row's feature id, where every feature has a distinct whole-number one: the tiles number
-   * each id once, so a feature is one item in every tile and zoom that holds it.
-   */
-  readonly ids?: Float64Array;
-  readonly rings?: Shapes;
-  readonly lines?: Shapes;
-}
-/** A decoded tile: its layers, and their rows as model rows, in the schema its request describes. */
-export interface VectorTile {
-  readonly layers: readonly VectorLayer[];
-  readonly batches: readonly Data.RowBatch[];
-}
-
-const DEGREE = Math.PI / 180;
-
-/** A tile's longitude and latitude at a point in its own units. */
-class TileFrame {
-  readonly west: number;
-  readonly east: number;
-  readonly north: number;
-  readonly south: number;
-  private readonly n: number;
-  constructor(
-    readonly z: number,
-    readonly x: number,
-    readonly y: number,
-    readonly extent: number,
-  ) {
-    this.n = 2 ** z;
-    this.west = this.lon(0);
-    this.east = this.lon(extent);
-    this.north = this.lat(0);
-    this.south = this.lat(extent);
-  }
-  lon(px: number): number {
-    return ((this.x + px / this.extent) / this.n) * 360 - 180;
-  }
-  lat(py: number): number {
-    return (
-      Math.atan(Math.sinh(Math.PI * (1 - (2 * (this.y + py / this.extent)) / this.n))) / DEGREE
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-/** A ring clipped to the tile's square, by each side in turn. */
-function clipRing(xy: Float32Array, first: number, end: number, size: number): number[] {
-  let points: number[] = [];
-  for (let i = first; i < end; i++) points.push(xy[2 * i], xy[2 * i + 1]);
-  const sides: [number, boolean, number][] = [
-    [0, false, 0],
-    [0, true, size],
-    [1, false, 0],
-    [1, true, size],
-  ];
-  for (const [axis, upper, limit] of sides) {
-    const out: number[] = [],
-      n = points.length / 2;
-    if (!n) break;
-    const inside = (k: number) =>
-      upper ? points[2 * k + axis] <= limit : points[2 * k + axis] >= limit;
-    for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) {
-      const j = (k + n - 1) % n,
-        a = inside(j),
-        b = inside(k);
-      if (a !== b) {
-        const pa = points[2 * j + axis],
-          pb = points[2 * k + axis],
-          t = (limit - pa) / (pb - pa),
-          other = 1 - axis,
-          q = points[2 * j + other] + (points[2 * k + other] - points[2 * j + other]) * t;
-        if (axis === 0) out.push(limit, q);
-        else out.push(q, limit);
-      }
-      if (b) out.push(points[2 * k], points[2 * k + 1]);
-    }
-    points = out;
-  }
-  return points;
-}
-/** A polyline clipped to the tile's square: the runs of it inside. */
-function clipLine(xy: Float32Array, first: number, end: number, size: number): number[][] {
-  const runs: number[][] = [];
-  let run: number[] = [];
-  const close = () => {
-    if (run.length >= 4) runs.push(run);
-    run = [];
-  };
-  for (let i = first; i + 1 < end; i++) {
-    let t0 = 0,
-      t1 = 1;
-    const ax = xy[2 * i],
-      ay = xy[2 * i + 1],
-      dx = xy[2 * i + 2] - ax,
-      dy = xy[2 * i + 3] - ay;
-    const clip = (p: number, q: number) => {
-      if (p === 0) return q >= 0;
-      const r = q / p;
-      if (p < 0) {
-        if (r > t1) return false;
-        if (r > t0) t0 = r;
-      } else {
-        if (r < t0) return false;
-        if (r < t1) t1 = r;
-      }
-      return true;
-    };
-    if (!(clip(-dx, ax) && clip(dx, size - ax) && clip(-dy, ay) && clip(dy, size - ay))) {
-      close();
-      continue;
-    }
-    const sx = ax + dx * t0,
-      sy = ay + dy * t0;
-    if (!run.length || run[run.length - 2] !== sx || run[run.length - 1] !== sy) {
-      if (run.length && t0 > 0) close();
-      run.push(sx, sy);
-    }
-    run.push(ax + dx * t1, ay + dy * t1);
-    if (t1 < 1) close();
-  }
-  close();
-  return runs;
-}
-
-/** Shapes input in longitude and latitude, gathered feature by feature. */
-class Gather {
-  readonly rowParts: number[] = [0];
-  readonly parts: number[] = [0];
-  readonly coordinates: number[] = [];
-  constructor(private readonly frame: TileFrame) {}
-  part(points: readonly number[]): void {
-    const f = this.frame,
-      size = f.extent;
-    for (let k = 0; k < points.length; k += 2) {
-      const px = points[k],
-        py = points[k + 1];
-      // Points on the tile's edges land on its exact bounds, so strokes know a clip from a border.
-      this.coordinates.push(
-        px <= 0 ? f.west : px >= size ? f.east : f.lon(px),
-        py <= 0 ? f.north : py >= size ? f.south : f.lat(py),
-      );
-    }
-    this.parts.push(this.coordinates.length / 2);
-  }
-  row(): void {
-    this.rowParts.push(this.parts.length - 1);
-  }
-  empty(rows: number): void {
-    for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) this.row();
-  }
-}
-
-/** Decode a vector tile's requested layers: clipped to the tile, prepared, with their rows. */
-export function decodeVector(request: VectorRequest): {
-  tile: VectorTile;
-  transfer: ArrayBuffer[];
-} {
-  const wanted = new Set(request.layers.map((layer) => layer.name)),
-    decoded = new Map(decodeTile(request.bytes, wanted).map((layer) => [layer.name, layer])),
-    layers: VectorLayer[] = [],
-    batches: Data.RowBatch[] = [],
-    transfer: ArrayBuffer[] = [];
-  for (const want of request.layers) {
-    const layer = decoded.get(want.name);
-    if (!layer) continue;
-    const frame = new TileFrame(request.z, request.x, request.y, layer.extent),
-      sets = [layer.areas, layer.lines, layer.points],
-      counts = sets.map((set) => set.features.length - 1),
-      rows = counts[0] + counts[1] + counts[2];
-    if (!rows) continue;
-    let rings: Shapes | undefined, lines: Shapes | undefined;
-    const clip = [frame.west, frame.south, frame.east, frame.north] as const;
-    if (want.rings && counts[0]) {
-      const gather = new Gather(frame),
-        set = layer.areas;
-      for (let f = 0; f < counts[0]; f++) {
-        for (let p = set.features[f]; p < set.features[f + 1]; p++) {
-          const ring = clipRing(set.coordinates, set.parts[p], set.parts[p + 1], layer.extent);
-          if (ring.length >= 6) gather.part(ring);
-        }
-        gather.row();
-      }
-      gather.empty(counts[1] + counts[2]);
-      rings = prepare(gather, true, clip);
-      transfer.push(...shapesBuffers(rings));
-    }
-    if (want.lines && counts[1]) {
-      const gather = new Gather(frame),
-        set = layer.lines;
-      gather.empty(counts[0]);
-      for (let f = 0; f < counts[1]; f++) {
-        for (let p = set.features[f]; p < set.features[f + 1]; p++)
-          for (const run of clipLine(set.coordinates, set.parts[p], set.parts[p + 1], layer.extent))
-            gather.part(run);
-        gather.row();
-      }
-      gather.empty(counts[2]);
-      lines = prepare(gather, false, clip);
-      transfer.push(...shapesBuffers(lines));
-    }
-    if (!rings && !lines) continue;
-    const { batch, ids } = layerRows(layer, sets, want.fields, request.source, frame);
-    batches.push(batch);
-    if (ids) transfer.push(ids.buffer as ArrayBuffer);
-    layers.push({ name: layer.name, rows, rings, lines, ...(ids ? { ids } : {}) });
-  }
-  return { tile: { layers, batches }, transfer };
-}
-function prepare(gather: Gather, closed: boolean, clip: readonly number[]): Shapes {
-  return prepareShapes({
-    closed,
-    rowParts: Uint32Array.from(gather.rowParts),
-    parts: Uint32Array.from(gather.parts),
-    coordinates: Float64Array.from(gather.coordinates),
-    detail: 'full',
-    clip: clip as readonly [number, number, number, number],
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * A layer's features as model rows, by place: a column per field asked for, and an id each. Where
- * every feature's id is a distinct whole number, those ids too, for the tiles to number. Only the
- * properties asked for are read, and only their values decode.
- */
-function layerRows(
-  layer: TileLayer,
-  sets: readonly FeatureSet[],
-  fields: Readonly<Record<string, VectorFieldType>>,
-  source: string,
-  frame: TileFrame,
-): { batch: Data.RowBatch; ids?: Float64Array } {
-  let count = 0;
-  for (const set of sets) count += set.features.length - 1;
-  const numbers = new Float64Array(count);
-  let row = 0;
-  for (const set of sets)
-    for (let f = 0; f + 1 < set.features.length; f++) numbers[row++] = set.ids[f];
-  const stable =
-    numbers.every((id) => Number.isSafeInteger(id) && id >= 0) &&
-    new Set(numbers).size === numbers.length;
-  const ids = stable
-    ? Array.from(numbers, String)
-    : Array.from(numbers, (_, i) => `${layer.name}:${frame.z}/${frame.x}/${frame.y}:${i}`);
-  // Each key's column, or -1 for keys no field reads.
-  const names = Object.keys(fields),
-    columns = names.map((name) => new FieldColumn(fields[name], count)),
-    slots = new Map(names.map((name, i) => [name, i])),
-    slot = Int32Array.from(layer.keys, (key) => slots.get(key) ?? -1);
-  if (names.length) {
-    row = 0;
-    for (const set of sets)
-      for (let f = 0; f + 1 < set.features.length; f++, row++)
-        for (let pair = set.tagStarts[f]; pair < set.tagStarts[f + 1]; pair++) {
-          const at = slot[set.tags[2 * pair]];
-          if (at >= 0) columns[at].set(row, layer.value(set.tags[2 * pair + 1]));
-        }
-  }
-  return {
-    batch: {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index: { source, type: layer.name, version: '1' },
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-      ids: textColumn(ids),
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(names.map((name, i) => [name, columns[i].column()])),
-    },
-    ...(stable ? { ids: numbers } : {}),
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * A field's column as features fill it, null where none holds a value it takes: a number for
- * `float64`, a boolean as 0 or 1; a boolean for `boolean`, a number as whether it is not 0; and
- * any value as its text for `text`.
- */
-class FieldColumn {
-  private readonly validity: Uint8Array;
-  private readonly numbers?: Float64Array;
-  private readonly bits?: Uint8Array;
-  private readonly texts?: (string | null)[];
-  private held = 0;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly type: VectorFieldType,
-    private readonly count: number,
-  ) {
-    this.validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-    if (type === 'float64') this.numbers = new Float64Array(count);
-    else if (type === 'boolean') this.bits = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-    else this.texts = new Array<string | null>(count).fill(null);
-  }
-  set(row: number, value: string | number | boolean): void {
-    const bit = 1 << (row & 7);
-    if (this.validity[row >>> 3] & bit) return;
-    if (this.numbers) {
-      const number = typeof value === 'boolean' ? +value : value;
-      if (typeof number !== 'number' || Number.isNaN(number)) return;
-      this.numbers[row] = number;
-    } else if (this.bits) {
-      if (typeof value === 'string') return;
-      if (value) this.bits[row >>> 3] |= bit;
-    } else this.texts![row] = String(value);
-    this.validity[row >>> 3] |= bit;
-    this.held++;
-  }
-  column(): Column {
-    const { count } = this,
-      validity = this.held < count ? { validity: this.validity } : {};
-    if (this.numbers)
-      return { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: count, values: this.numbers, ...validity };
-    if (this.bits)
-      return { kind: 'boolean', offset: 0, length: count, values: this.bits, ...validity };
-    return textColumn(this.texts!);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/tiles.ts b/packages/geography/src/tiles.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 29b7c837..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/tiles.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { openTiles, type TileSource } from './sources/archive.js';
-import type { VectorFieldType } from './sources/vector.js';
-
-/** Vector tiles a geography reads, by URL ranges or held locally. */
-export interface Tiles {
-  /** What the tiles hold, once their source is open; rejects when it cannot be read. */
-  readonly info: Promise<Tiles.Info>;
-}
-export declare namespace Tiles {
-  interface Info {
-    readonly minZoom: number;
-    readonly maxZoom: number;
-    /** West, south, east, and north, in degrees. */
-    readonly bounds: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-    readonly attribution?: string;
-    /**
-     * A type per layer, which a geography's records name, with the fields the tiles' metadata
-     * declares for it: `float64`, `boolean`, or `text`, each nullable. A record's channels and
-     * labels read them; tiles decode only what records read.
-     */
-    readonly schema: Schema;
-  }
-  interface Options {
-    /** Keep fetched bytes in Cache Storage, so the tiles a view has seen draw offline. */
-    readonly persist?: boolean;
-    readonly attribution?: string;
-  }
-}
-
-let sources = 0;
-/** Tiles, opened lazily and shared by every view that reads them. */
-export class TileSet implements Tiles {
-  readonly info: Promise<Tiles.Info>;
-  /** The Index source the tiles' features are numbered under, unique to these tiles. */
-  readonly name = `latkit-tiles-${++sources}`;
-  private opened?: Promise<TileSource>;
-  /** Each feature id the tiles have held, and its row. */
-  private readonly rows = new Map<number, number>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly from: string | URL | Blob | ArrayBuffer | ArrayBufferView,
-    private readonly options: Tiles.Options,
-  ) {
-    this.info = this.source().then(infoOf);
-    this.info.catch(() => undefined);
-  }
-  /** The open source. */
-  source(): Promise<TileSource> {
-    return (this.opened ??= openTiles(this.from, this.options));
-  }
-  /**
-   * Feature ids as rows of these tiles: each id numbered once, the first time any tile holds it, so
-   * a feature is one row in every tile and zoom, however large its id.
-   */
-  rowsOf(ids: Float64Array): Uint32Array {
-    const rows = new Uint32Array(ids.length);
-    ids.forEach((id, i) => {
-      let row = this.rows.get(id);
-      if (row === undefined) this.rows.set(id, (row = this.rows.size));
-      rows[i] = row;
-    });
-    return rows;
-  }
-}
-function infoOf(source: TileSource): Tiles.Info {
-  return {
-    minZoom: source.minZoom,
-    maxZoom: source.maxZoom,
-    bounds: source.bounds,
-    ...(source.attribution !== undefined ? { attribution: source.attribution } : {}),
-    schema: declaredSchema(source),
-  };
-}
-/** How TileJSON's `vector_layers` names a field's type; any other reads as text. */
-const DECLARED: Readonly<Record<string, VectorFieldType>> = {
-  Number: 'float64',
-  Boolean: 'boolean',
-  String: 'text',
-};
-/** A layer as TileJSON's `vector_layers` lists it. */
-interface ListedLayer {
-  readonly id?: unknown;
-  readonly fields?: unknown;
-}
-const declared = new WeakMap<TileSource, Schema>();
-/** The layers and fields a source's metadata declares, as a schema; read once per source. */
-export function declaredSchema(source: TileSource): Schema {
-  let schema = declared.get(source);
-  if (schema) return schema;
-  const { vector_layers: listed } = source.metadata as { readonly vector_layers?: unknown },
-    types = new Map<string, Schema.Type>();
-  for (const layer of (Array.isArray(listed) ? listed : []) as readonly (ListedLayer | null)[]) {
-    const { id, fields } = layer ?? {};
-    if (typeof id !== 'string' || types.has(id)) continue;
-    const kinds = fields && typeof fields === 'object' ? Object.entries(fields) : [];
-    types.set(id, {
-      fields: Object.fromEntries(
-        kinds.map(([name, kind]) => [
-          name,
-          {
-            type:
-              typeof kind === 'string' && Object.hasOwn(DECLARED, kind) ? DECLARED[kind] : 'text',
-            nullable: true,
-          },
-        ]),
-      ),
-    });
-  }
-  declared.set(source, (schema = { types: Object.fromEntries(types) }));
-  return schema;
-}
-/** Whether a value is tiles `tiles()` made. */
-export function isTiles(value: unknown): value is TileSet {
-  return value instanceof TileSet;
-}
-
-/**
- * Vector tiles: a PMTiles archive by URL, as a Blob such as a local file, or as bytes; a
- * `{z}/{x}/{y}` URL template; or a TileJSON URL.
- */
-export function tiles(
-  from: string | URL | Blob | ArrayBuffer | ArrayBufferView,
-  options: Tiles.Options = {},
-): Tiles {
-  if (
-    typeof from !== 'string' &&
-    !(from instanceof URL) &&
-    !(typeof Blob !== 'undefined' && from instanceof Blob) &&
-    !(from instanceof ArrayBuffer) &&
-    !ArrayBuffer.isView(from)
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Tiles come from a URL, a Blob, or bytes');
-  return new TileSet(from, options);
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/src/wgsl.d.ts b/packages/geography/src/wgsl.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3df28309..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/src/wgsl.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-declare module '*.wgsl' {
-  const source: string;
-  export default source;
-}
-/** A worker module, bundled into its script's source text at build time. */
-declare module '*?worker' {
-  const source: string;
-  export default source;
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/archive-writer.ts b/packages/geography/tests/archive-writer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c611980..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/archive-writer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * A PMTiles v3 writer for fixtures: the archives the reader's tests open, with the directory runs,
- * leaves, and shared contents real archives use.
- */
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { tileId } from '../src/sources/archive.js';
-import { HEAD_BYTES } from '../src/sources/ranges.js';
-
-type Bounds = readonly [number, number, number, number];
-interface Header {
-  readonly rootOffset: number;
-  readonly rootLength: number;
-  readonly metadataOffset: number;
-  readonly metadataLength: number;
-  readonly leafOffset: number;
-  readonly leafLength: number;
-  readonly dataOffset: number;
-  readonly dataLength: number;
-  readonly addressed: number;
-  readonly entries: number;
-  readonly contents: number;
-  readonly internalCompression: number;
-  readonly tileCompression: number;
-  readonly tileType: number;
-  readonly minZoom: number;
-  readonly maxZoom: number;
-  readonly bounds: Bounds;
-  readonly center: readonly [lon: number, lat: number, zoom: number];
-}
-/** A directory's entries as columns, sorted by tile id; run length 0 marks a leaf directory. */
-interface Directory {
-  readonly ids: Float64Array;
-  readonly runs: Uint32Array;
-  readonly lengths: Uint32Array;
-  readonly offsets: Float64Array;
-}
-
-const MAX_ZOOM = 26;
-const HEADER_BYTES = 127;
-const LEAF_ENTRIES = 4096;
-const MAGIC = [0x50, 0x4d, 0x54, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x73]; // "PMTiles"
-const NONE = 1;
-/** PMTiles' tile type of Mapbox Vector Tiles. */
-const MVT = 1;
-/** How many tiles lie at every zoom below each zoom. */
-const TILES_BELOW = new Float64Array(MAX_ZOOM + 2);
-for (let z = 1; z < TILES_BELOW.length; z++) TILES_BELOW[z] = TILES_BELOW[z - 1] + 4 ** (z - 1);
-
-/** A tile id back as its zoom, column, and row. */
-export function tileOf(id: number): readonly [z: number, x: number, y: number] {
-  if (!Number.isInteger(id) || id < 0 || id >= TILES_BELOW[MAX_ZOOM + 1])
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `${id} is not a tile id`);
-  let z = 0;
-  while (TILES_BELOW[z + 1] <= id) z++;
-  let rest = id - TILES_BELOW[z];
-  let x = 0;
-  let y = 0;
-  for (let s = 1; s < 2 ** z; s *= 2) {
-    const quadrant = rest % 4;
-    const rx = quadrant >> 1;
-    const ry = (quadrant ^ rx) & 1;
-    if (ry === 0) {
-      if (rx === 1) {
-        x = s - 1 - x;
-        y = s - 1 - y;
-      }
-      const swap = x;
-      x = y;
-      y = swap;
-    }
-    x += s * rx;
-    y += s * ry;
-    rest = (rest - quadrant) / 4;
-  }
-  return [z, x, y];
-}
-
-function writeHeader(view: DataView, header: Header): void {
-  MAGIC.forEach((byte, i) => view.setUint8(i, byte));
-  view.setUint8(7, 3);
-  const u64 = (at: number, value: number): void => {
-    view.setUint32(at, value % 2 ** 32, true);
-    view.setUint32(at + 4, Math.floor(value / 2 ** 32), true);
-  };
-  const degrees = (at: number, value: number): void =>
-    view.setInt32(at, Math.round(value * 1e7), true);
-  u64(8, header.rootOffset);
-  u64(16, header.rootLength);
-  u64(24, header.metadataOffset);
-  u64(32, header.metadataLength);
-  u64(40, header.leafOffset);
-  u64(48, header.leafLength);
-  u64(56, header.dataOffset);
-  u64(64, header.dataLength);
-  u64(72, header.addressed);
-  u64(80, header.entries);
-  u64(88, header.contents);
-  view.setUint8(96, 1);
-  view.setUint8(97, header.internalCompression);
-  view.setUint8(98, header.tileCompression);
-  view.setUint8(99, header.tileType);
-  view.setUint8(100, header.minZoom);
-  view.setUint8(101, header.maxZoom);
-  header.bounds.forEach((value, i) => degrees(102 + 4 * i, value));
-  view.setUint8(118, header.center[2]);
-  degrees(119, header.center[0]);
-  degrees(123, header.center[1]);
-}
-
-/** Unsigned LEB128 varints written into a growing buffer. */
-class VarintWriter {
-  private buffer: Uint8Array;
-  private length = 0;
-
-  constructor(capacity: number) {
-    this.buffer = new Uint8Array(Math.max(16, capacity));
-  }
-
-  push(value: number): void {
-    if (this.length + 10 > this.buffer.length) {
-      const grown = new Uint8Array(this.buffer.length * 2);
-      grown.set(this.buffer);
-      this.buffer = grown;
-    }
-    const buffer = this.buffer;
-    let position = this.length;
-    let rest = value;
-    while (rest >= 0x80) {
-      buffer[position++] = (rest % 0x80) | 0x80;
-      rest = Math.floor(rest / 0x80);
-    }
-    buffer[position++] = rest;
-    this.length = position;
-  }
-
-  get bytes(): Uint8Array {
-    return this.buffer.subarray(0, this.length);
-  }
-}
-
-/** The entries from `start` to `end`, encoded as one directory. */
-function encodeDirectory(directory: Directory, start: number, end: number): Uint8Array {
-  const { ids, runs, lengths, offsets } = directory;
-  const out = new VarintWriter((end - start) * 6 + 8);
-  out.push(end - start);
-  let last = 0;
-  for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    out.push(ids[i] - last);
-    last = ids[i];
-  }
-  for (let i = start; i < end; i++) out.push(runs[i]);
-  for (let i = start; i < end; i++) out.push(lengths[i]);
-  for (let i = start; i < end; i++)
-    out.push(i > start && offsets[i] === offsets[i - 1] + lengths[i - 1] ? 0 : offsets[i] + 1);
-  return out.bytes;
-}
-
-function directoryOf(count: number): Directory {
-  return {
-    ids: new Float64Array(count),
-    runs: new Uint32Array(count),
-    lengths: new Uint32Array(count),
-    offsets: new Float64Array(count),
-  };
-}
-
-function hashOf(bytes: Uint8Array): number {
-  let hash = 0x811c9dc5 ^ bytes.length;
-  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) hash = Math.imul(hash ^ bytes[i], 0x01000193);
-  return hash >>> 0;
-}
-
-function sameBytes(a: Uint8Array, b: Uint8Array): boolean {
-  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) if (a[i] !== b[i]) return false;
-  return true;
-}
-
-/** Distinct tile contents, each kept once in the order first seen, found again by hash. */
-class Contents {
-  readonly parts: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  readonly offsets: number[] = [];
-  size = 0;
-  private readonly latest = new Map<number, number>();
-  /** The previous content with the same hash, or -1. */
-  private readonly previous: number[] = [];
-
-  add(bytes: Uint8Array): number {
-    const hash = hashOf(bytes);
-    const latest = this.latest.get(hash) ?? -1;
-    for (let c = latest; c >= 0; c = this.previous[c])
-      if (sameBytes(this.parts[c], bytes)) return c;
-    const content = this.parts.length;
-    this.parts.push(bytes);
-    this.offsets.push(this.size);
-    this.previous.push(latest);
-    this.latest.set(hash, content);
-    this.size += bytes.length;
-    return content;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Tile indices in tile id order. */
-function sortedBy(ids: Float64Array): Uint32Array {
-  const order = new Uint32Array(ids.length);
-  let sorted = true;
-  for (let i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
-    order[i] = i;
-    if (i > 0 && ids[i] < ids[i - 1]) sorted = false;
-  }
-  return sorted ? order : order.sort((a, b) => ids[a] - ids[b]);
-}
-
-/** Directory entries for tiles in id order, with identical contents stored once and runs merged. */
-function layoutTiles(
-  tiles: readonly { readonly bytes: Uint8Array }[],
-  ids: Float64Array,
-  order: Uint32Array,
-): { readonly entries: Directory; readonly contents: Contents } {
-  const all = directoryOf(order.length);
-  const contents = new Contents();
-  let count = 0;
-  let last = -1;
-  for (let k = 0; k < order.length; k++) {
-    const id = ids[order[k]];
-    if (k > 0 && id === ids[order[k - 1]])
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Tile ${tileOf(id).join('/')} appears twice`);
-    const bytes = tiles[order[k]].bytes;
-    const content = contents.add(bytes);
-    const previous = count - 1;
-    if (content === last && id === all.ids[previous] + all.runs[previous]) all.runs[previous]++;
-    else {
-      all.ids[count] = id;
-      all.runs[count] = 1;
-      all.lengths[count] = bytes.length;
-      all.offsets[count] = contents.offsets[content];
-      count++;
-    }
-    last = content;
-  }
-  const entries = {
-    ids: all.ids.subarray(0, count),
-    runs: all.runs.subarray(0, count),
-    lengths: all.lengths.subarray(0, count),
-    offsets: all.offsets.subarray(0, count),
-  };
-  return { entries, contents };
-}
-
-/** A root directory that fits the first read beside the header, and leaf directories when needed. */
-function layoutDirectories(entries: Directory): {
-  readonly root: Uint8Array;
-  readonly leaves: readonly Uint8Array[];
-} {
-  const count = entries.ids.length;
-  const room = HEAD_BYTES - HEADER_BYTES;
-  if (count * 4 <= room) {
-    const root = encodeDirectory(entries, 0, count);
-    if (root.length <= room) return { root, leaves: [] };
-  }
-  for (let size = LEAF_ENTRIES; ; size *= 2) {
-    const leafCount = Math.ceil(count / size);
-    const top = directoryOf(leafCount);
-    const leaves: Uint8Array[] = [];
-    let offset = 0;
-    for (let l = 0; l < leafCount; l++) {
-      const start = l * size;
-      const leaf = encodeDirectory(entries, start, Math.min(count, start + size));
-      top.ids[l] = entries.ids[start];
-      top.lengths[l] = leaf.length;
-      top.offsets[l] = offset;
-      leaves.push(leaf);
-      offset += leaf.length;
-    }
-    const root = encodeDirectory(top, 0, leafCount);
-    if (root.length <= room) return { root, leaves };
-  }
-}
-
-/** A PMTiles v3 archive of already-encoded tiles: vector tiles unless `tileType` says otherwise. */
-export function writeArchive(
-  tiles: Iterable<{
-    readonly z: number;
-    readonly x: number;
-    readonly y: number;
-    readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-  }>,
-  header: {
-    readonly tileType?: number;
-    readonly minZoom: number;
-    readonly maxZoom: number;
-    readonly bounds: readonly [number, number, number, number];
-    readonly center?: readonly [lon: number, lat: number, zoom: number];
-    readonly metadata?: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
-  },
-): Uint8Array {
-  const tileType = header.tileType ?? MVT;
-  const list = Array.from(tiles);
-  const ids = new Float64Array(list.length);
-  for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
-    const { z, x, y, bytes } = list[i];
-    if (!(bytes instanceof Uint8Array))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Tile ${z}/${x}/${y} has no bytes`);
-    if (z < header.minZoom || z > header.maxZoom)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Tile ${z}/${x}/${y} lies outside the archive's zooms`);
-    ids[i] = tileId(z, x, y);
-  }
-  const { entries, contents } = layoutTiles(list, ids, sortedBy(ids));
-  const { root, leaves } = layoutDirectories(entries);
-  const metadata = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify(header.metadata ?? {}));
-  const leafLength = leaves.reduce((sum, leaf) => sum + leaf.length, 0);
-  const metadataOffset = HEADER_BYTES + root.length;
-  const leafOffset = metadataOffset + metadata.length;
-  const dataOffset = leafOffset + leafLength;
-  const [west, south, east, north] = header.bounds;
-  const out = new Uint8Array(dataOffset + contents.size);
-  writeHeader(new DataView(out.buffer), {
-    rootOffset: HEADER_BYTES,
-    rootLength: root.length,
-    metadataOffset,
-    metadataLength: metadata.length,
-    leafOffset,
-    leafLength,
-    dataOffset,
-    dataLength: contents.size,
-    addressed: list.length,
-    entries: entries.ids.length,
-    contents: contents.parts.length,
-    internalCompression: NONE,
-    tileCompression: NONE,
-    tileType,
-    minZoom: header.minZoom,
-    maxZoom: header.maxZoom,
-    bounds: header.bounds,
-    center: header.center ?? [(west + east) / 2, (south + north) / 2, header.minZoom],
-  });
-  out.set(root, HEADER_BYTES);
-  out.set(metadata, metadataOffset);
-  let at = leafOffset;
-  for (const leaf of leaves) {
-    out.set(leaf, at);
-    at += leaf.length;
-  }
-  at = dataOffset;
-  for (const part of contents.parts) {
-    out.set(part, at);
-    at += part.length;
-  }
-  return out;
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/archive.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/archive.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 15f21cd3..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/archive.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,698 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { openTiles, tileId } from '../src/sources/archive.js';
-import { tiles as openSet } from '../src/tiles.js';
-import type { TileSource } from '../src/sources/archive.js';
-import { tileOf, writeArchive } from './archive-writer.js';
-
-afterEach(() => vi.unstubAllGlobals());
-
-interface Tile {
-  readonly z: number;
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-}
-
-const BOUNDS = [-10, -20, 30, 40] as const;
-const WORLD = [-180, -85.0511287798, 180, 85.0511287798];
-const encoder = new TextEncoder();
-
-/** A deterministic stream of numbers in [0, 1). */
-function random(seed: number): () => number {
-  let state = seed >>> 0;
-  return () => {
-    state = (Math.imul(state, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
-    return state / 2 ** 32;
-  };
-}
-
-/** Tiles at zooms 0 to 3 holding their own coordinates, with holes and one repeated content. */
-function sampleTiles(): Tile[] {
-  const tiles: Tile[] = [];
-  for (let z = 0; z <= 3; z++)
-    for (let x = 0; x < 2 ** z; x++)
-      for (let y = 0; y < 2 ** z; y++) {
-        if ((x + y) % 5 === 4) continue;
-        const repeated = z === 3 && x < 2;
-        tiles.push({ z, x, y, bytes: new Uint8Array(repeated ? [9, 9, 9] : [z, x, y, x * 7 + y]) });
-      }
-  return tiles;
-}
-
-/** 20000 distinct tiles at zoom 8, in shuffled order: enough to need leaf directories. */
-function manyTiles(): Tile[] {
-  const tiles: Tile[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < 20000; i++) {
-    const bytes = new Uint8Array(4);
-    new DataView(bytes.buffer).setUint32(0, i, true);
-    tiles.push({ z: 8, x: i % 256, y: Math.floor(i / 256), bytes });
-  }
-  const next = random(7);
-  for (let i = tiles.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
-    const j = Math.floor(next() * (i + 1));
-    [tiles[i], tiles[j]] = [tiles[j], tiles[i]];
-  }
-  return tiles;
-}
-
-/** 40 tiles of 1000 bytes each, so most tile data lies past the first read. */
-function wideTiles(): Tile[] {
-  return Array.from({ length: 40 }, (_, i) => ({
-    z: 3,
-    x: i % 8,
-    y: Math.floor(i / 8),
-    bytes: new Uint8Array(1000).fill(i + 1),
-  }));
-}
-
-function inIdOrder(tiles: readonly Tile[]): Tile[] {
-  return tiles
-    .map((tile) => ({ tile, id: tileId(tile.z, tile.x, tile.y) }))
-    .sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id)
-    .map(({ tile }) => tile);
-}
-
-function archiveOf(tiles: readonly Tile[]): Uint8Array {
-  const zooms = tiles.map((tile) => tile.z);
-  return writeArchive(tiles, {
-    minZoom: Math.min(...zooms),
-    maxZoom: Math.max(...zooms),
-    bounds: BOUNDS,
-    metadata: { name: 'sample', attribution: '© Sample' },
-  });
-}
-
-function u64(archive: Uint8Array, at: number): number {
-  return Number(new DataView(archive.buffer, archive.byteOffset).getBigUint64(at, true));
-}
-
-function section(archive: Uint8Array, at: number): Uint8Array {
-  return archive.subarray(u64(archive, at), u64(archive, at) + u64(archive, at + 8));
-}
-
-async function expectTiles(source: TileSource, tiles: readonly Tile[]): Promise<void> {
-  const read = await Promise.all(tiles.map((tile) => source.tile(tile.z, tile.x, tile.y)));
-  read.forEach((bytes, i) => expect(bytes).toEqual(tiles[i].bytes));
-}
-
-async function gzip(bytes: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array> {
-  const stream = new Blob([bytes as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>])
-    .stream()
-    .pipeThrough(new CompressionStream('gzip'));
-  return new Uint8Array(await new Response(stream).arrayBuffer());
-}
-
-interface Request {
-  readonly url: string;
-  readonly range: string | null;
-}
-
-interface File {
-  readonly body?: Uint8Array | string;
-  readonly type?: string;
-  readonly status?: number;
-}
-
-function bytesOf(body: Uint8Array | string): Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> {
-  return typeof body === 'string' ? encoder.encode(body) : body.slice();
-}
-
-/** A response to one request for a file, honoring Range unless told to ignore it. */
-function respond(file: File | undefined, range: string | null, ignoreRange = false): Response {
-  if (!file) return new Response('missing', { status: 404 });
-  if (file.status)
-    return new Response(file.status === 204 ? null : 'error', { status: file.status });
-  const body = bytesOf(file.body ?? '');
-  const headers = { 'content-type': file.type ?? 'application/octet-stream' };
-  const match = range && !ignoreRange ? /^bytes=(\d+)-(\d+)$/.exec(range) : null;
-  if (!match) return new Response(body, { status: 200, headers });
-  const start = Number(match[1]);
-  const end = Math.min(Number(match[2]), body.length - 1);
-  return new Response(body.slice(start, end + 1), { status: 206, headers });
-}
-
-/** Stub fetch to serve files from memory; the returned list records every request. */
-function serve(files: Readonly<Record<string, File>>, ignoreRange = false): Request[] {
-  const requests: Request[] = [];
-  vi.stubGlobal(
-    'fetch',
-    vi.fn(async (input: string | URL, init?: RequestInit) => {
-      const url = String(input);
-      const range = new Headers(init?.headers).get('range');
-      requests.push({ url, range });
-      return respond(files[url], range, ignoreRange);
-    }),
-  );
-  return requests;
-}
-
-function goOffline(): void {
-  vi.stubGlobal(
-    'fetch',
-    vi.fn(async () => Promise.reject(new TypeError('offline'))),
-  );
-}
-
-/** Stub Cache Storage, matching keys without fragments as browsers do. */
-function stubCaches(): {
-  readonly kept: Map<string, Promise<ArrayBuffer>>;
-  readonly names: string[];
-} {
-  const kept = new Map<string, Promise<ArrayBuffer>>();
-  const names: string[] = [];
-  const keyOf = (request: string | URL): string => String(request).split('#')[0];
-  const cache = {
-    match: async (request: string | URL) => {
-      const body = kept.get(keyOf(request));
-      return body ? new Response(await body) : undefined;
-    },
-    put: async (request: string | URL, response: Response) => {
-      if (response.status !== 200) throw new TypeError('Cache Storage refuses partial responses');
-      kept.set(keyOf(request), response.arrayBuffer());
-    },
-  };
-  vi.stubGlobal('caches', {
-    open: async (name: string) => {
-      names.push(name);
-      return cache;
-    },
-  });
-  return { kept, names };
-}
-
-describe('tile ids', () => {
-  it('numbers tiles along the Hilbert curve, zoom by zoom', () => {
-    expect(tileId(0, 0, 0)).toBe(0);
-    expect(tileId(1, 0, 0)).toBe(1);
-    expect(tileId(1, 0, 1)).toBe(2);
-    expect(tileId(1, 1, 1)).toBe(3);
-    expect(tileId(1, 1, 0)).toBe(4);
-    expect(tileId(2, 0, 0)).toBe(5);
-    expect(tileId(12, 3423, 1763)).toBe(19078479);
-    expect(tileOf(19078479)).toEqual([12, 3423, 1763]);
-    expect(tileOf(4)).toEqual([1, 1, 0]);
-  });
-
-  it('round-trips ids at zooms 12, 20, and 26', () => {
-    const next = random(3);
-    for (const z of [12, 20]) {
-      const seen = new Set<number>();
-      for (let i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
-        const x = Math.floor(next() * 2 ** z);
-        const y = Math.floor(next() * 2 ** z);
-        const id = tileId(z, x, y);
-        expect(tileOf(id)).toEqual([z, x, y]);
-        seen.add(id);
-      }
-      expect(seen.size).toBeGreaterThan(490);
-    }
-    const last = 2 ** 26 - 1;
-    for (const [x, y] of [
-      [0, 0],
-      [last, 0],
-      [0, last],
-      [last, last],
-      [12345678, 54321],
-    ])
-      expect(tileOf(tileId(26, x, y))).toEqual([26, x, y]);
-    expect(tileId(26, 2 ** 25, 0)).toBeLessThan(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
-  });
-
-  it('rejects tiles outside their zoom', () => {
-    expect(() => tileId(27, 0, 0)).toThrow(
-      expect.objectContaining({ code: 'invalid-input' }) as Error,
-    );
-    expect(() => tileId(2, 4, 0)).toThrow(
-      expect.objectContaining({ code: 'invalid-input' }) as Error,
-    );
-    expect(() => tileId(1.5, 0, 0)).toThrow(
-      expect.objectContaining({ code: 'invalid-input' }) as Error,
-    );
-    expect(() => tileOf(-1)).toThrow(expect.objectContaining({ code: 'invalid-input' }) as Error);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('archives', () => {
-  it('round-trips through bytes, an ArrayBuffer, and a Blob', async () => {
-    const tiles = sampleTiles();
-    const archive = archiveOf(tiles);
-    const sources = [
-      await openTiles(archive),
-      await openTiles(archive.slice().buffer),
-      await openTiles(new Blob([archive as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>])),
-    ];
-    for (const source of sources) {
-      expect(source).toMatchObject({
-        minZoom: 0,
-        maxZoom: 3,
-        attribution: '© Sample',
-        metadata: { name: 'sample', attribution: '© Sample' },
-      });
-      source.bounds.forEach((value, i) => expect(value).toBeCloseTo(BOUNDS[i], 6));
-      await expectTiles(source, tiles);
-      expect(await source.tile(2, 3, 1)).toBeNull();
-      expect(await source.tile(5, 0, 0)).toBeNull();
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('stores identical contents once and merges runs of them', async () => {
-    const same = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
-    const run = Array.from({ length: 64 }, (_, i) => ({ z: 3, x: i % 8, y: i >> 3, bytes: same }));
-    const archive = archiveOf(run);
-    expect([u64(archive, 72), u64(archive, 80), u64(archive, 88)]).toEqual([64, 1, 1]);
-    expect(u64(archive, 64)).toBe(3);
-    await expectTiles(await openTiles(archive), run);
-
-    const apart = [
-      { z: 1, x: 0, y: 0, bytes: new Uint8Array([5]) },
-      { z: 1, x: 0, y: 1, bytes: new Uint8Array([6]) },
-      { z: 1, x: 1, y: 1, bytes: new Uint8Array([5]) },
-    ];
-    const split = archiveOf(apart);
-    expect([u64(split, 72), u64(split, 80), u64(split, 88)]).toEqual([3, 3, 2]);
-    await expectTiles(await openTiles(split), apart);
-  });
-
-  it('splits large directories into leaves', async () => {
-    const tiles = manyTiles();
-    const archive = archiveOf(tiles);
-    expect(u64(archive, 48)).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(127 + u64(archive, 16)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(16384);
-    expect(u64(archive, 80)).toBe(20000);
-    const source = await openTiles(archive);
-    await expectTiles(source, tiles);
-    expect(await source.tile(8, 255, 255)).toBeNull();
-    await expectTiles(
-      await openTiles(new Blob([archive as Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>])),
-      tiles.slice(0, 500),
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('reads gzip directories and tiles back decompressed', async () => {
-    const tiles = sampleTiles();
-    const zipped = await Promise.all(
-      tiles.map(async (tile) => ({ ...tile, bytes: await gzip(tile.bytes) })),
-    );
-    const plain = archiveOf(zipped);
-    const [root, metadata] = await Promise.all([gzip(section(plain, 8)), gzip(section(plain, 24))]);
-    const data = section(plain, 56);
-    const leaves = 127 + root.length + metadata.length;
-    const archive = new Uint8Array(leaves + data.length);
-    archive.set(plain.subarray(0, 127));
-    archive.set(root, 127);
-    archive.set(metadata, 127 + root.length);
-    archive.set(data, leaves);
-    const view = new DataView(archive.buffer);
-    const offsets = [
-      127,
-      root.length,
-      127 + root.length,
-      metadata.length,
-      leaves,
-      0,
-      leaves,
-      data.length,
-    ];
-    offsets.forEach((value, i) => view.setBigUint64(8 + 8 * i, BigInt(value), true));
-    view.setUint8(97, 2);
-    view.setUint8(98, 2);
-    const source = await openTiles(archive);
-    expect(source.metadata).toMatchObject({ name: 'sample' });
-    await expectTiles(source, tiles);
-  });
-
-  it('lets options override the zooms and attribution an archive declares', async () => {
-    const tiles = sampleTiles();
-    const source = await openTiles(archiveOf(tiles), {
-      minZoom: 1,
-      maxZoom: 2,
-      attribution: 'Mine',
-    });
-    expect(source).toMatchObject({ minZoom: 1, maxZoom: 2, attribution: 'Mine' });
-    await expectTiles(source, tiles);
-  });
-
-  it('reads tiles of the unknown type as vector tiles when its metadata lists vector layers', async () => {
-    const tiles = sampleTiles(),
-      header = { tileType: 0, minZoom: 0, maxZoom: 3, bounds: BOUNDS } as const;
-    const layered = writeArchive(tiles, {
-      ...header,
-      metadata: { vector_layers: [{ id: 'water' }] },
-    });
-    await expectTiles(await openTiles(layered), tiles);
-    await expect(openTiles(writeArchive(tiles, header))).rejects.toMatchObject({
-      code: 'unsupported',
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('declares each layer and its fields as the metadata lists them, every field nullable', async () => {
-    const archive = writeArchive(sampleTiles(), {
-      tileType: 1,
-      minZoom: 0,
-      maxZoom: 3,
-      bounds: BOUNDS,
-      metadata: {
-        vector_layers: [
-          {
-            id: 'park',
-            fields: { name: 'String', area: 'Number', open: 'Boolean', kind: 'Other' },
-          },
-          { id: 'water' },
-          { id: 'park', fields: { ignored: 'Number' } },
-          null,
-          { fields: { unnamed: 'String' } },
-        ],
-      },
-    });
-    expect((await openSet(archive).info).schema).toEqual({
-      types: {
-        park: {
-          fields: {
-            name: { type: 'text', nullable: true },
-            area: { type: 'float64', nullable: true },
-            open: { type: 'boolean', nullable: true },
-            kind: { type: 'text', nullable: true },
-          },
-        },
-        water: { fields: {} },
-      },
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('refuses tiles of images, and of types it does not know', async () => {
-    for (const type of [2, 3, 4, 5, 9]) {
-      const archive = archiveOf(sampleTiles());
-      archive[99] = type;
-      await expect(openTiles(archive)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'unsupported' });
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('reports archives it cannot read', async () => {
-    const archive = archiveOf(sampleTiles());
-    const patched = (at: number, value: number): Uint8Array => {
-      const copy = archive.slice();
-      copy[at] = value;
-      return copy;
-    };
-    await expect(openTiles(encoder.encode('not an archive'))).rejects.toMatchObject({
-      code: 'invalid-input',
-    });
-    await expect(openTiles(patched(0, 0))).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-    await expect(openTiles(patched(7, 2))).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'unsupported' });
-    await expect(openTiles(patched(97, 3))).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'unsupported' });
-    await expect(openTiles(patched(98, 4))).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'unsupported' });
-    await expect(openTiles(archive.subarray(0, 100))).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'protocol' });
-    const corrupt = archive.slice();
-    corrupt.fill(0xff, 127, 140);
-    await expect(openTiles(corrupt)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'protocol' });
-
-    const many = archiveOf(manyTiles());
-    const [tile] = manyTiles();
-    for (const cut of [many.subarray(0, 30000), new Blob([many.slice(0, 30000)])]) {
-      const source = await openTiles(cut);
-      await expect(source.tile(tile.z, tile.x, tile.y)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'protocol' });
-    }
-    const aborted = AbortSignal.abort();
-    await expect(openTiles(archive, { signal: aborted })).rejects.toMatchObject({
-      code: 'aborted',
-    });
-    const source = await openTiles(archive);
-    await expect(source.tile(0, 0, 0, aborted)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'aborted' });
-    await expect(source.tile(1, 2, 0)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  });
-
-  it('reads an empty archive', async () => {
-    const source = await openTiles(writeArchive([], { minZoom: 0, maxZoom: 0, bounds: BOUNDS }));
-    expect(await source.tile(0, 0, 0)).toBeNull();
-  });
-});
-
-describe('archives by URL', () => {
-  const url = 'https://tiles.test/many.pmtiles';
-  const tiles = manyTiles();
-  const archive = archiveOf(tiles);
-  const [first, second] = inIdOrder(tiles);
-
-  it('reads the header and root in one request, then ranges, caching leaves', async () => {
-    const requests = serve({ [url]: { body: archive } });
-    const source = await openTiles(url);
-    expect(requests).toEqual([{ url, range: 'bytes=0-16383' }]);
-    expect(source.metadata).toMatchObject({ name: 'sample' });
-    expect(await source.tile(first.z, first.x, first.y)).toEqual(first.bytes);
-    const afterFirst = requests.length;
-    expect(afterFirst).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2);
-    expect(await source.tile(second.z, second.x, second.y)).toEqual(second.bytes);
-    expect(requests.length).toBe(afterFirst + 1);
-    expect(requests.every((request) => request.range !== null)).toBe(true);
-    await expectTiles(source, tiles.slice(0, 200));
-  });
-
-  it('shares concurrent reads of one range', async () => {
-    const requests = serve({ [url]: { body: archive } });
-    const source = await openTiles(new URL(url));
-    const read = await Promise.all([1, 2, 3].map(() => source.tile(first.z, first.x, first.y)));
-    read.forEach((bytes) => expect(bytes).toEqual(first.bytes));
-    const ranges = requests.map((request) => request.range);
-    expect(new Set(ranges).size).toBe(ranges.length);
-    expect(requests.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(3);
-  });
-
-  it('keeps the whole body when a server ignores Range', async () => {
-    const requests = serve({ [url]: { body: archive } }, true);
-    const source = await openTiles(url);
-    await expectTiles(source, tiles.slice(0, 300));
-    expect(requests.length).toBe(1);
-  });
-
-  it('aborts a shared read only once every reader has', async () => {
-    const wide = wideTiles();
-    const body = archiveOf(wide);
-    const gates: { readonly signal: AbortSignal; readonly release: () => void }[] = [];
-    vi.stubGlobal(
-      'fetch',
-      vi.fn((_input: string, init: RequestInit) => {
-        const range = new Headers(init.headers).get('range');
-        if (range === 'bytes=0-16383') return Promise.resolve(respond({ body }, range));
-        const signal = init.signal!;
-        return new Promise<Response>((resolve, reject) => {
-          signal.addEventListener('abort', () => reject(new DOMException('aborted', 'AbortError')));
-          gates.push({ signal, release: () => resolve(respond({ body }, range)) });
-        });
-      }),
-    );
-    const source = await openTiles(url);
-    const [before, last] = inIdOrder(wide).slice(-2);
-    const a = new AbortController();
-    const b = new AbortController();
-    const one = source.tile(last.z, last.x, last.y, a.signal);
-    const two = source.tile(last.z, last.x, last.y, b.signal);
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(gates.length).toBe(1));
-    a.abort();
-    await expect(one).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'aborted' });
-    expect(gates[0].signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-    gates[0].release();
-    expect(await two).toEqual(last.bytes);
-
-    const c = new AbortController();
-    const d = new AbortController();
-    const three = source.tile(before.z, before.x, before.y, c.signal);
-    const four = source.tile(before.z, before.x, before.y, d.signal);
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(gates.length).toBe(2));
-    c.abort();
-    d.abort();
-    await expect(three).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'aborted' });
-    await expect(four).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'aborted' });
-    expect(gates[1].signal.aborted).toBe(true);
-
-    const five = source.tile(before.z, before.x, before.y);
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(gates.length).toBe(3));
-    gates[2].release();
-    expect(await five).toEqual(before.bytes);
-  });
-
-  it('reports servers that fail', async () => {
-    serve({ [url]: { status: 500 } });
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'io' });
-    serve({});
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'io' });
-    serve({ [url]: { body: '<html>not tiles</html>', type: 'text/html' } });
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-    goOffline();
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'io' });
-
-    let calls = 0;
-    vi.stubGlobal(
-      'fetch',
-      vi.fn(async (_input: string, init: RequestInit) => {
-        const range = new Headers(init.headers).get('range');
-        return ++calls === 1
-          ? respond({ body: archive }, range)
-          : new Response('down', { status: 503 });
-      }),
-    );
-    const source = await openTiles(url);
-    await expect(source.tile(first.z, first.x, first.y)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'io' });
-  });
-
-  it('keeps ranges in Cache Storage and reads them offline', async () => {
-    const { kept, names } = stubCaches();
-    serve({ [url]: { body: archive } });
-    const sample = tiles.slice(0, 50);
-    await expectTiles(await openTiles(url, { persist: true }), sample);
-    expect(names[0]).toBe('latkit-geography');
-    expect(kept.has(`${url}?bytes=0-16383`)).toBe(true);
-    goOffline();
-    const offline = await openTiles(url, { persist: true });
-    await expectTiles(offline, sample);
-    const unread = tiles.find((tile) => !sample.includes(tile))!;
-    await expect(offline.tile(unread.z, unread.x, unread.y)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'io' });
-  });
-
-  it('keeps a whole body sent for a range, and reads it offline', async () => {
-    const { kept } = stubCaches();
-    serve({ [url]: { body: archive } }, true);
-    await openTiles(url, { persist: true });
-    expect(kept.size).toBe(1);
-    goOffline();
-    await expectTiles(await openTiles(url, { persist: true }), tiles.slice(0, 100));
-  });
-
-  it('keeps nothing without persist, or without Cache Storage', async () => {
-    const { kept } = stubCaches();
-    serve({ [url]: { body: archive } });
-    await expectTiles(await openTiles(url), tiles.slice(0, 5));
-    expect(kept.size).toBe(0);
-    vi.stubGlobal('caches', undefined);
-    await expectTiles(await openTiles(url, { persist: true }), tiles.slice(0, 5));
-  });
-});
-
-describe('templates', () => {
-  it('fetches vector tiles from a template', async () => {
-    const mvt = new Uint8Array([0x1a, 0x02, 0x08, 0x01]);
-    const requests = serve({
-      'https://t.test/1/0/1.pbf?key=k': { body: mvt },
-      'https://t.test/1/1/1.pbf?key=k': { status: 204 },
-      'https://t.test/1/1/0.pbf?key=k': { status: 500 },
-    });
-    const source = await openTiles('https://t.test/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf?key=k');
-    expect(source).toMatchObject({ minZoom: 0, maxZoom: 14, bounds: WORLD });
-    expect(source.metadata).toEqual({});
-    expect(await source.tile(1, 0, 1)).toEqual(mvt);
-    expect(await source.tile(1, 0, 0)).toBeNull();
-    expect(await source.tile(1, 1, 1)).toBeNull();
-    await expect(source.tile(1, 1, 0)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'io' });
-    expect(requests.every((request) => request.range === null)).toBe(true);
-    const fetched = requests.length;
-    expect(await source.tile(20, 0, 0)).toBeNull();
-    expect(requests.length).toBe(fetched);
-  });
-
-  it('reads vector tiles, gzipped or not, from a URL template', async () => {
-    const mvt = encoder.encode('vector tile');
-    serve({
-      'https://t.test/v/2/1/1.pbf': { body: await gzip(mvt) },
-      'https://t.test/v/2/1/2.pbf': { body: mvt },
-    });
-    const source = await openTiles(new URL('https://t.test/v/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf'), {
-      attribution: '© T',
-    });
-    expect(source).toMatchObject({ maxZoom: 14, attribution: '© T' });
-    expect(await source.tile(2, 1, 1)).toEqual(mvt);
-    expect(await source.tile(2, 1, 2)).toEqual(mvt);
-  });
-
-  it('reads a template without an extension as vector tiles, and refuses images', async () => {
-    const source = await openTiles('https://t.test/{z}/{x}/{y}', { maxZoom: 10 });
-    expect(source).toMatchObject({ maxZoom: 10 });
-    for (const extension of ['png', 'jpg', 'webp', 'avif'])
-      await expect(openTiles(`https://t.test/{z}/{x}/{y}.${extension}`)).rejects.toMatchObject({
-        code: 'unsupported',
-      });
-  });
-
-  it('shares concurrent requests and keeps tiles offline by their URL', async () => {
-    const { kept } = stubCaches();
-    const mvt = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]);
-    const requests = serve({ 'https://t.test/3/2/1.pbf': { body: mvt } });
-    const source = await openTiles('https://t.test/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf', { persist: true });
-    const read = await Promise.all([source.tile(3, 2, 1), source.tile(3, 2, 1)]);
-    read.forEach((bytes) => expect(bytes).toEqual(mvt));
-    expect(requests.length).toBe(1);
-    expect(kept.has('https://t.test/3/2/1.pbf')).toBe(true);
-    goOffline();
-    const offline = await openTiles('https://t.test/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf', { persist: true });
-    expect(await offline.tile(3, 2, 1)).toEqual(mvt);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('TileJSON', () => {
-  const url = 'https://t.test/maps/tiles.json';
-
-  it('reads TileJSON and fetches its tiles', async () => {
-    const json = {
-      tilejson: '3.0.0',
-      tiles: ['v/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf'],
-      minzoom: 2,
-      maxzoom: 12,
-      bounds: [-100, 30, -90, 40],
-      attribution: '© OpenMap',
-      vector_layers: [{ id: 'roads' }],
-    };
-    const mvt = encoder.encode('roads');
-    const requests = serve({
-      [url]: { body: JSON.stringify(json), type: 'application/json' },
-      'https://t.test/maps/v/3/1/2.pbf': { body: mvt },
-    });
-    const source = await openTiles(url);
-    expect(source).toMatchObject({
-      minZoom: 2,
-      maxZoom: 12,
-      bounds: [-100, 30, -90, 40],
-      attribution: '© OpenMap',
-      metadata: json,
-    });
-    expect(await source.tile(3, 1, 2)).toEqual(mvt);
-    expect(requests.map((request) => request.url)).toEqual([
-      url,
-      'https://t.test/maps/v/3/1/2.pbf',
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('refuses TileJSON of images, by its tiles or its format', async () => {
-    serve({ [url]: { body: JSON.stringify({ tiles: ['https://img.test/{z}/{x}/{y}.jpg'] }) } });
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'unsupported' });
-    serve({
-      [url]: { body: JSON.stringify({ tiles: ['https://img.test/{z}/{x}/{y}'], format: 'png' }) },
-    });
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'unsupported' });
-    serve({
-      [url]: {
-        body: ` ${JSON.stringify({ tiles: ['https://v.test/{z}/{x}/{y}'], vector_layers: [] })}`,
-      },
-    });
-    expect(await openTiles(url)).toMatchObject({ maxZoom: 14 });
-  });
-
-  it('fetches the whole TileJSON when the first range holds only part', async () => {
-    const json = { tiles: ['https://t.test/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf'], description: 'x'.repeat(20000) };
-    const requests = serve({ [url]: { body: JSON.stringify(json), type: 'application/json' } });
-    const source = await openTiles(url);
-    expect(source.metadata).toEqual(json);
-    expect(requests.map((request) => request.range)).toEqual(['bytes=0-16383', null]);
-  });
-
-  it('flips rows for TMS', async () => {
-    const json = { tiles: ['https://t.test/{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf'], scheme: 'tms' };
-    const mvt = new Uint8Array([7]);
-    serve({ [url]: { body: JSON.stringify(json) }, 'https://t.test/2/1/3.pbf': { body: mvt } });
-    expect(await (await openTiles(url)).tile(2, 1, 0)).toEqual(mvt);
-  });
-
-  it('refuses TileJSON that names no tiles', async () => {
-    serve({ [url]: { body: '{"tiles": []}' } });
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-    serve({ [url]: { body: '{"tiles": ' } });
-    await expect(openTiles(url)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/assets/README.md b/packages/geography/tests/assets/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ce316a4..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/assets/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Border fixtures
-
-Natural Earth 1:50m coastlines and administrative boundaries; public domain.
-
-- `borders.offsets.bin`: little-endian int32 list offsets.
-- `borders.points.bin`: little-endian float32 longitude/latitude pairs.
-
-Native model lists of linework, without polygon interiors or holes: what geography's shape tests
-simplify, and what the network's browser check draws beneath a graph.
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/assets/borders.offsets.bin b/packages/geography/tests/assets/borders.offsets.bin
deleted file mode 100644
index e5fa45b8..00000000
Binary files a/packages/geography/tests/assets/borders.offsets.bin and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/assets/borders.points.bin b/packages/geography/tests/assets/borders.points.bin
deleted file mode 100644
index b627989d..00000000
Binary files a/packages/geography/tests/assets/borders.points.bin and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/camera.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/camera.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index db8303df..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/camera.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createGeography } from '../src/index.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-
-function device() {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  fake.device.createShaderModule = vi.fn(
-    () =>
-      ({
-        getCompilationInfo: () => Promise.resolve({ messages: [] }),
-      }) as unknown as GPUShaderModule,
-  );
-  fake.device.createPipelineLayout = vi.fn(() => ({}) as GPUPipelineLayout);
-  const original = fake.device.createCommandEncoder.bind(fake.device);
-  fake.device.createCommandEncoder = vi.fn(() => {
-    const encoder = original();
-    const pass = {
-      setPipeline: vi.fn(),
-      setBindGroup: vi.fn(),
-      setVertexBuffer: vi.fn(),
-      setIndexBuffer: vi.fn(),
-      dispatchWorkgroups: vi.fn(),
-      draw: vi.fn(),
-      drawIndexed: vi.fn(),
-      drawIndirect: vi.fn(),
-      end: vi.fn(),
-    };
-    encoder.clearBuffer = vi.fn();
-    encoder.beginComputePass = vi.fn(() => pass as unknown as GPUComputePassEncoder);
-    encoder.beginRenderPass = vi.fn(() => pass as unknown as GPURenderPassEncoder);
-    return encoder;
-  });
-  return fake;
-}
-afterEach(() => {
-  vi.restoreAllMocks();
-});
-
-it('orbits as a network does: turning each presented frame by orbitRate, and holding still under reduced motion', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const texture = gpu.device.createTexture({
-    size: [400, 300],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  const surface = {
-    device: gpu.device,
-    width: 400,
-    height: 300,
-    format: 'rgba8unorm' as const,
-    texture: () => texture,
-  };
-  const geography = createGeography(gpu, {
-    motion: 'full',
-    orbitRate: -2,
-    camera: { projection: 'globe', orbit: true, fit: false },
-  });
-  const draw = (timeMs: number) =>
-    gpu.render({ timeMs, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(geography), target: surface }] });
-  try {
-    await draw(0);
-    await draw(50);
-    // Twelve degrees a second at rate 1; this one turns twice as fast, the other way.
-    expect(geography.camera.bearing).toBeCloseTo(-1.2, 5);
-    expect(geography.camera.orbit).toBe(true);
-    // Reduced motion holds the camera still, and a camera asking to orbit under it does not.
-    geography.set({ motion: 'reduce' });
-    await draw(100);
-    await draw(150);
-    expect(geography.camera.bearing).toBeCloseTo(-1.2, 5);
-    geography.set({ camera: { orbit: true } });
-    expect(geography.camera.orbit).toBe(false);
-  } finally {
-    geography.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/geojson.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/geojson.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0413d538..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/geojson.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,747 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  bitAt,
-  createReader,
-  isFailure,
-  rowCount,
-  textAt,
-  validateBatch,
-  type Column,
-  type Data,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { geojsonBatches } from '../src/sources/geojson.js';
-import { geojson } from '../src/geojson.js';
-import type { Geography } from '../src/geography.js';
-type Ring = number[][];
-
-/** A cell as plain values: numbers, booleans, text, and nested arrays; null when absent. */
-function valueAt(column: Column, row: number): unknown {
-  const at = column.offset + row;
-  if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) return null;
-  switch (column.kind) {
-    case 'numeric':
-    case 'reference':
-      return column.values[at];
-    case 'boolean':
-      return bitAt(column.values, at);
-    case 'text':
-      return textAt(column, row);
-    case 'vector': {
-      const start = column.values.offset + at * column.size;
-      return Array.from(column.values.values.subarray(start, start + column.size));
-    }
-    case 'list': {
-      const items: unknown[] = [];
-      for (let i = column.offsets[at]; i < column.offsets[at + 1]; i++)
-        items.push(valueAt(column.values, i));
-      return items;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-interface Rows {
-  readonly ids: (string | null)[];
-  readonly fields: Record<string, unknown[]>;
-}
-
-/** Every row of `type`, read back through the model. */
-async function rowsOf(data: Data, type: string): Promise<Rows> {
-  const reader = createReader();
-  const scope = reader.open();
-  try {
-    const select = Object.keys(data.schema.types[type].fields);
-    const ids: (string | null)[] = [];
-    const fields: Record<string, unknown[]> = Object.fromEntries(select.map((name) => [name, []]));
-    for await (const block of scope.read(data, { kind: 'rows', from: type, select, ids: true })) {
-      for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(block.rows); i++) {
-        ids.push(textAt(block.ids!, i));
-        for (const name of select) fields[name].push(valueAt(block.columns[name], i));
-      }
-    }
-    return { ids, fields };
-  } finally {
-    scope.close();
-    reader.destroy();
-  }
-}
-
-function feature(
-  geometry: unknown,
-  properties: Record<string, unknown> | null = {},
-  id?: unknown,
-): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return { type: 'Feature', geometry, properties, ...(id === undefined ? {} : { id }) };
-}
-
-function collection(...features: unknown[]): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return { type: 'FeatureCollection', features };
-}
-
-/** Shoelace area, positive when counter-clockwise. */
-function area(ring: Ring): number {
-  let sum = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < ring.length; i++) {
-    const [x0, y0] = ring[i],
-      [x1, y1] = ring[(i + 1) % ring.length];
-    sum += x0 * y1 - x1 * y0;
-  }
-  return sum / 2;
-}
-
-/** A closed square ring from (x, y) of side `size`, counter-clockwise unless `clockwise`. */
-function square(x: number, y: number, size: number, clockwise = false): Ring {
-  const ring = [
-    [x, y],
-    [x + size, y],
-    [x + size, y + size],
-    [x, y + size],
-  ];
-  if (clockwise) ring.reverse();
-  return [...ring, ring[0]];
-}
-
-/** The error `run` throws; fails the test when it throws none. */
-function thrown(run: () => unknown): unknown {
-  try {
-    run();
-  } catch (error) {
-    return error;
-  }
-  throw new Error('Expected a failure.');
-}
-
-async function expectNotGeoJson(value: unknown, options?: Geography.GeoJsonOptions): Promise<void> {
-  const error = thrown(() => geojsonBatches(value, options));
-  expect(isFailure(error, 'invalid-input')).toBe(true);
-  expect((error as Error).message).toMatch(/^Not GeoJSON: /);
-  await expect(geojson(value as object, options)).rejects.toThrow(/^Not GeoJSON: /);
-}
-
-describe('geojson polygons', () => {
-  it('drops closing points and winds outlines counter-clockwise and holes clockwise', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature({
-          type: 'Polygon',
-          coordinates: [square(0, 0, 4, true), square(1, 1, 1, false)],
-        }),
-        feature({
-          type: 'Polygon',
-          coordinates: [square(10, 0, 4, false), square(11, 1, 1, true)],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    const { fields } = await rowsOf(data, 'Feature');
-    const [first, second] = fields.rings as Ring[][];
-    expect(first).toEqual([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [4, 0],
-        [4, 4],
-        [0, 4],
-      ],
-      [
-        [1, 2],
-        [2, 2],
-        [2, 1],
-        [1, 1],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    // Already wound correctly: kept in order, closing point dropped.
-    expect(second).toEqual([square(10, 0, 4).slice(0, 4), square(11, 1, 1, true).slice(0, 4)]);
-    for (const rings of [first, second]) {
-      expect(area(rings[0])).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-      expect(area(rings[1])).toBeLessThan(0);
-    }
-    expect(data.schema.types.Feature.fields.rings).toEqual({
-      type: {
-        kind: 'list',
-        items: { kind: 'list', items: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-      },
-      geographic: true,
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('puts every ring of a MultiPolygon in one list, normalizing either winding', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      feature({
-        type: 'MultiPolygon',
-        coordinates: [
-          [square(0, 0, 10, true), square(2, 2, 2, false), square(6, 6, 2, true)],
-          [square(20, 0, 5, false), square(21, 1, 1, false)],
-        ],
-      }),
-    );
-    const rings = (await rowsOf(data, 'Feature')).fields.rings[0] as Ring[];
-    expect(rings.map((ring) => Math.sign(area(ring)))).toEqual([1, -1, -1, 1, -1]);
-    expect(rings.map((ring) => Math.abs(area(ring)))).toEqual([100, 4, 4, 25, 1]);
-    expect(rings.every((ring) => ring.length === 4)).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it('drops degenerate rings, and a polygon whose outline is degenerate', async () => {
-    const twoDistinct = [
-      [0, 0],
-      [1, 1],
-      [0, 0],
-      [1, 1],
-      [0, 0],
-    ];
-    const { batches, schema } = geojsonBatches(
-      collection(
-        feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [twoDistinct] }),
-        feature({
-          type: 'Polygon',
-          coordinates: [
-            square(0, 0, 2),
-            [
-              [0, 0],
-              [1, 1],
-              [0, 0],
-            ],
-            [[5, 5]],
-            [],
-          ],
-        }),
-        feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [twoDistinct, square(0, 0, 1, true)] }),
-        feature({
-          type: 'Polygon',
-          coordinates: [
-            [
-              [0, 0],
-              [1, 0],
-              [1, 1],
-            ],
-          ],
-        }),
-        feature({
-          type: 'Polygon',
-          coordinates: [
-            [
-              [0, 0],
-              [0, 0],
-              [1, 0],
-              [1, 0],
-              [1, 1],
-              [0, 0],
-            ],
-          ],
-        }),
-        feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [] }),
-      ),
-    );
-    const rings = batches[0].columns.rings;
-    expect([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map((row) => valueAt(rings, row))).toEqual([
-      null,
-      [square(0, 0, 2).slice(0, 4)],
-      null,
-      [
-        [
-          [0, 0],
-          [1, 0],
-          [1, 1],
-        ],
-      ],
-      [
-        [
-          [0, 0],
-          [0, 0],
-          [1, 0],
-          [1, 0],
-          [1, 1],
-        ],
-      ],
-      null,
-    ]);
-    expect(schema.types.Feature.fields.rings.nullable).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it('gives no rings field when no polygon keeps a ring', () => {
-    const { schema, batches } = geojsonBatches(
-      feature({
-        type: 'Polygon',
-        coordinates: [
-          [
-            [0, 0],
-            [1, 1],
-            [0, 0],
-          ],
-        ],
-      }),
-    );
-    expect(schema.types.Feature.fields).toEqual({});
-    expect(rowCount(batches[0].rows)).toBe(1);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('geojson lines and points', () => {
-  it('keeps polylines of two points or more as points', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature({
-          type: 'LineString',
-          coordinates: [
-            [0, 0],
-            [1, 1],
-            [2, 0],
-          ],
-        }),
-        feature({
-          type: 'MultiLineString',
-          coordinates: [
-            [[9, 9]],
-            [
-              [3, 3],
-              [4, 4],
-            ],
-            [
-              [5, 5],
-              [5, 5],
-            ],
-          ],
-        }),
-        feature({ type: 'LineString', coordinates: [[7, 7]] }),
-      ),
-    );
-    const { fields } = await rowsOf(data, 'Feature');
-    expect(fields.points).toEqual([
-      [
-        [
-          [0, 0],
-          [1, 1],
-          [2, 0],
-        ],
-      ],
-      [
-        [
-          [3, 3],
-          [4, 4],
-        ],
-        [
-          [5, 5],
-          [5, 5],
-        ],
-      ],
-      null,
-    ]);
-    expect(Object.keys(data.schema.types.Feature.fields)).toEqual(['points']);
-    expect(data.schema.types.Feature.fields.points).toMatchObject({
-      geographic: true,
-      nullable: true,
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('takes a position from a Point, or the first of a MultiPoint, ignoring altitude', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [10, 20, 300] }),
-        feature({
-          type: 'MultiPoint',
-          coordinates: [
-            [1, 2],
-            [3, 4],
-          ],
-        }),
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [] }),
-        feature({ type: 'MultiPoint', coordinates: [] }),
-      ),
-    );
-    const { fields } = await rowsOf(data, 'Feature');
-    expect(fields.position).toEqual([[10, 20], [1, 2], null, null]);
-    expect(data.schema.types.Feature.fields).toEqual({
-      position: {
-        type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 },
-        geographic: true,
-        nullable: true,
-      },
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('wraps longitudes and clamps latitudes', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [190, 95] }),
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [-190, -100] }),
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [180, 90] }),
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [-180, -90] }),
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [540, 0] }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect((await rowsOf(data, 'Feature')).fields.position).toEqual([
-      [-170, 90],
-      [170, -90],
-      [180, 90],
-      [-180, -90],
-      [-180, 0],
-    ]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('geojson geometry', () => {
-  it('lets a GeometryCollection fill every shape field of one row', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      feature({
-        type: 'GeometryCollection',
-        geometries: [
-          { type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [square(0, 0, 1)] },
-          {
-            type: 'LineString',
-            coordinates: [
-              [0, 0],
-              [1, 1],
-            ],
-          },
-          { type: 'Point', coordinates: [5, 6] },
-          {
-            type: 'GeometryCollection',
-            geometries: [
-              { type: 'Point', coordinates: [7, 8] },
-              { type: 'MultiPolygon', coordinates: [[square(2, 2, 1, true)]] },
-            ],
-          },
-        ],
-      }),
-    );
-    const { fields } = await rowsOf(data, 'Feature');
-    expect(fields.position).toEqual([[5, 6]]);
-    expect(fields.points).toEqual([
-      [
-        [
-          [0, 0],
-          [1, 1],
-        ],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(fields.rings).toEqual([[square(0, 0, 1).slice(0, 4), square(2, 2, 1).slice(0, 4)]]);
-    expect(Object.keys(data.schema.types.Feature.fields)).toEqual(['rings', 'points', 'position']);
-    expect(data.schema.types.Feature.fields.rings.nullable).toBeUndefined();
-  });
-
-  it('gives a feature without geometry a row of nulls', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [1, 2] }),
-        feature(null, { name: 'nowhere' }),
-        { type: 'Feature', properties: null },
-      ),
-    );
-    const rows = await rowsOf(data, 'Feature');
-    expect(rows.ids).toEqual(['Feature/0', 'Feature/1', 'Feature/2']);
-    expect(rows.fields.position).toEqual([[1, 2], null, null]);
-    expect(rows.fields.name).toEqual([null, 'nowhere', null]);
-  });
-
-  it('reads a bare geometry, a single Feature, and text', async () => {
-    const bare = await rowsOf(
-      await geojson({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [square(0, 0, 1)] }),
-      'Feature',
-    );
-    expect(bare.ids).toEqual(['Feature/0']);
-    expect(bare.fields.rings).toEqual([[square(0, 0, 1).slice(0, 4)]]);
-
-    const single = await rowsOf(
-      await geojson(feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [1, 2] }, { a: 1 }, 'one')),
-      'Feature',
-    );
-    expect(single).toEqual({ ids: ['one'], fields: { position: [[1, 2]], a: [1] } });
-
-    const text = await geojson(
-      new Blob([JSON.stringify(collection(feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [3, 4] })))]),
-      { type: 'Place' },
-    );
-    expect((await rowsOf(text, 'Place')).fields.position).toEqual([[3, 4]]);
-  });
-
-  it('reads bytes, a view of them, a Blob, and a URL alike, gzipped or not, and stops when aborted', async () => {
-    const json = JSON.stringify(collection(feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [5, 6] }))),
-      bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(json),
-      gzipped = new Uint8Array(
-        await new Response(
-          new Blob([json]).stream().pipeThrough(new CompressionStream('gzip')),
-        ).arrayBuffer(),
-      ),
-      padded = new Uint8Array(bytes.length + 8);
-    padded.set(bytes, 4);
-    vi.stubGlobal('fetch', (url: string | URL) =>
-      Promise.resolve(
-        String(url) === 'https://maps.test/places.geojson'
-          ? new Response(json)
-          : String(url) === 'https://maps.test/places.geojson.gz'
-            ? new Response(gzipped.slice())
-            : new Response('', { status: 404 }),
-      ),
-    );
-    try {
-      for (const from of [
-        bytes.buffer,
-        padded.subarray(4, 4 + bytes.length),
-        new Blob([json]),
-        new URL('https://maps.test/places.geojson'),
-        'https://maps.test/places.geojson',
-        'https://maps.test/places.geojson.gz',
-        gzipped.slice(),
-        new Blob([gzipped]),
-      ]) {
-        const data = await geojson(from, { type: 'Place' });
-        expect((await rowsOf(data, 'Place')).fields.position).toEqual([[5, 6]]);
-      }
-      // Bytes the caller holds stay theirs.
-      expect(bytes.byteLength).toBe(json.length);
-      // A type named by a function parses bytes on the page.
-      const named = await geojson(bytes, { type: () => 'Named' });
-      expect(Object.keys(named.schema.types)).toEqual(['Named']);
-      const unzipped = await geojson(gzipped.slice(), { type: () => 'Named' });
-      expect((await rowsOf(unzipped, 'Named')).fields.position).toEqual([[5, 6]]);
-      await expect(geojson(new URL('https://maps.test/missing.geojson'))).rejects.toMatchObject({
-        code: 'io',
-      });
-      await expect(geojson(bytes, { signal: AbortSignal.abort() })).rejects.toThrow();
-    } finally {
-      vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('builds plain typed columns that validate against the schema', () => {
-    const { schema, batches } = geojsonBatches(
-      collection(
-        feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [square(0, 0, 1)] }, { n: 1, s: 'a', b: true }),
-        feature(null, { n: null }),
-        feature(
-          {
-            type: 'LineString',
-            coordinates: [
-              [0, 0],
-              [1, 1],
-            ],
-          },
-          { s: 2 },
-        ),
-        feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [1, 1] }, { b: false }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(batches).toHaveLength(1);
-    for (const batch of batches) expect(validateBatch(schema, batch)).toEqual([]);
-    const rings = batches[0].columns.rings as Column.List;
-    const paths = rings.values as Column.List;
-    const positions = paths.values as Column.Vector;
-    expect(rings.offsets).toBeInstanceOf(Int32Array);
-    expect(paths.offsets).toBeInstanceOf(Int32Array);
-    expect(positions.values.values).toBeInstanceOf(Float64Array);
-    expect(Array.from(rings.offsets)).toEqual([0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
-    expect(positions.values.values).toHaveLength(8);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('geojson properties', () => {
-  it('infers a type per property and stores null for missing values', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature(null, {
-          name: 'a',
-          pop: 10,
-          flag: true,
-          mixed: 'x',
-          object: { a: 1 },
-          rings: 'skipped',
-          nothing: null,
-        }),
-        feature(null, { name: 'b', pop: 2.5, flag: false, mixed: 3, object: [1, 2] }),
-        feature(null, { name: null, pop: null, flag: true, mixed: true, rings: 4 }),
-        feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [square(0, 0, 1)] }, { flag: false, mixed: false }),
-      ),
-    );
-    const fields = data.schema.types.Feature.fields;
-    expect(Object.keys(fields)).toEqual(['rings', 'name', 'pop', 'flag', 'mixed', 'object']);
-    expect(fields.name).toEqual({ type: 'text', nullable: true });
-    expect(fields.pop).toEqual({ type: 'float64', nullable: true });
-    expect(fields.flag).toEqual({ type: 'boolean' });
-    expect(fields.mixed).toEqual({ type: 'text' });
-    expect(fields.object).toEqual({ type: 'text', nullable: true });
-    const rows = await rowsOf(data, 'Feature');
-    expect(rows.fields.name).toEqual(['a', 'b', null, null]);
-    expect(rows.fields.pop).toEqual([10, 2.5, null, null]);
-    expect(rows.fields.flag).toEqual([true, false, true, false]);
-    expect(rows.fields.mixed).toEqual(['x', '3', 'true', 'false']);
-    expect(rows.fields.object).toEqual(['{"a":1}', '[1,2]', null, null]);
-    expect(rows.fields.rings).toEqual([null, null, null, [square(0, 0, 1).slice(0, 4)]]);
-  });
-
-  it('reads only own properties', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(feature(null, { constructor: 'c' }), feature(null, { other: 1 })),
-    );
-    expect((await rowsOf(data, 'Feature')).fields.constructor).toEqual(['c', null]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('geojson ids and types', () => {
-  it('takes the feature id, else the type and place, numbering duplicates', async () => {
-    const point = { type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0] };
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature(point, {}, 'x'),
-        feature(point, {}, 7),
-        feature(point),
-        feature(point, {}, ''),
-        feature(point, {}, 'x'),
-        feature(point, {}, 'x#3'),
-        feature(point, {}, 'x'),
-        feature(point, {}, 'Feature/2'),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect((await rowsOf(data, 'Feature')).ids).toEqual([
-      'x',
-      '7',
-      'Feature/2',
-      'Feature/3',
-      'x#2',
-      'x#3',
-      'x#4',
-      'Feature/2#2',
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('takes ids from a property, falling back to the feature id', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature(null, { code: 'A' }, 'ignored'),
-        feature(null, { code: 12 }),
-        feature(null, { code: null }, 'own'),
-        feature(null, {}),
-        feature(null, { code: 'A' }),
-      ),
-      { id: 'code' },
-    );
-    const rows = await rowsOf(data, 'Feature');
-    expect(rows.ids).toEqual(['A', '12', 'own', 'Feature/3', 'A#2']);
-    expect(rows.fields.code).toEqual(['A', '12', null, null, 'A']);
-  });
-
-  it('splits features into types by a function of their properties', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(
-      collection(
-        feature(
-          {
-            type: 'LineString',
-            coordinates: [
-              [0, 0],
-              [1, 1],
-            ],
-          },
-          { kind: 'road', lanes: 2 },
-        ),
-        feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [square(0, 0, 1)] }, { kind: 'zone', price: 3 }),
-        feature(
-          {
-            type: 'LineString',
-            coordinates: [
-              [2, 2],
-              [3, 3],
-            ],
-          },
-          { kind: 'road' },
-        ),
-      ),
-      { type: (properties) => (properties.kind === 'road' ? 'Road' : 'Zone'), source: 'world' },
-    );
-    expect(Object.keys(data.schema.types)).toEqual(['Road', 'Zone']);
-    expect(Object.keys(data.schema.types.Road.fields)).toEqual(['points', 'kind', 'lanes']);
-    expect(Object.keys(data.schema.types.Zone.fields)).toEqual(['rings', 'kind', 'price']);
-    expect(data.tables.Road.index).toEqual({ source: 'world', type: 'Road', version: '1' });
-    const roads = await rowsOf(data, 'Road');
-    expect(roads.ids).toEqual(['Road/0', 'Road/1']);
-    expect(roads.fields.lanes).toEqual([2, null]);
-    expect((await rowsOf(data, 'Zone')).ids).toEqual(['Zone/0']);
-  });
-
-  it('numbers rows under a fresh source by default', () => {
-    const value = feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0] });
-    const a = geojsonBatches(value).batches[0].index;
-    const b = geojsonBatches(value).batches[0].index;
-    expect(a.source).not.toBe(b.source);
-    expect(a.source).toBeTruthy();
-    expect(a).toMatchObject({ type: 'Feature', version: '1' });
-  });
-
-  it('gives an empty FeatureCollection no types', async () => {
-    const data = await geojson(collection());
-    expect(data.schema.types).toEqual({});
-    expect(data.tables).toEqual({});
-  });
-});
-
-describe('geojson errors', () => {
-  it('rejects values that are not GeoJSON', async () => {
-    await expectNotGeoJson(42);
-    await expectNotGeoJson([]);
-    await expectNotGeoJson({});
-    await expectNotGeoJson({ type: 'Topology' });
-    await expectNotGeoJson({ type: 'FeatureCollection' });
-    await expectNotGeoJson(collection({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0] }));
-    await expectNotGeoJson(feature({ type: 'Circle', coordinates: [0, 0] }));
-    await expectNotGeoJson(feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0] }, [] as never));
-    await expectNotGeoJson(feature('Point'));
-    await expect(geojson(new Blob(['{"type": ']))).rejects.toThrow(/^Not GeoJSON: /);
-  });
-
-  it('rejects positions that are not finite', async () => {
-    await expectNotGeoJson({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [Number.NaN, 0] });
-    await expectNotGeoJson({ type: 'Point', coordinates: ['1', 0] });
-    await expectNotGeoJson({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [1] });
-    await expectNotGeoJson({
-      type: 'LineString',
-      coordinates: [
-        [0, 0],
-        [Infinity, 1],
-      ],
-    });
-    await expectNotGeoJson({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [[[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1], null]] });
-    await expectNotGeoJson({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: 'none' });
-    await expectNotGeoJson({
-      type: 'MultiPolygon',
-      coordinates: [[square(0, 0, 1), [[0, -Infinity]]]],
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('rejects a type that is not a nonempty string', () => {
-    const value = feature({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0] });
-    expect(
-      isFailure(
-        thrown(() => geojsonBatches(value, { type: () => '' })),
-        'invalid-input',
-      ),
-    ).toBe(true);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('geojson scale', () => {
-  it('converts 200k positions quickly', async () => {
-    const features: unknown[] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < 100_000; i++)
-      features.push(
-        feature(
-          { type: 'Point', coordinates: [(i % 360) - 180, (i % 180) - 90] },
-          { n: i, name: 'p' },
-        ),
-      );
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
-      const ring: Ring = [];
-      for (let k = 0; k < 100; k++) {
-        const angle = (k / 100) * 2 * Math.PI;
-        ring.push([Math.cos(angle), Math.sin(angle)]);
-      }
-      ring.push(ring[0]);
-      features.push(feature({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [ring] }, { n: i, zone: true }));
-    }
-    const value = collection(...features);
-    const start = performance.now();
-    const { schema, batches } = geojsonBatches(value);
-    const elapsed = performance.now() - start;
-    expect(elapsed).toBeLessThan(1500);
-    expect(rowCount(batches[0].rows)).toBe(101_000);
-    const rings = batches[0].columns.rings as Column.List;
-    expect(((rings.values as Column.List).values as Column.Vector).length).toBe(100_000);
-    expect(schema.types.Feature.fields.zone).toEqual({ type: 'boolean', nullable: true });
-    const data = await geojson(value);
-    expect(Object.keys(data.tables)).toEqual(['Feature']);
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/geometry.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/geometry.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index fcacc2db..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/geometry.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,801 +0,0 @@
-import { isFailure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  cutLines,
-  cutRings,
-  labelPoint,
-  polygonsOf,
-  ringArea,
-  simplificationAreas,
-  simplified,
-  triangulate,
-  type Parts,
-} from '../src/prepare/geometry.js';
-
-type Point = readonly [number, number];
-
-function partsOf(parts: readonly (readonly Point[])[]): Parts {
-  const xy: number[] = [],
-    starts = [0];
-  for (const part of parts) {
-    for (const [x, y] of part) xy.push(x, y);
-    starts.push(xy.length / 2);
-  }
-  return { coordinates: Float64Array.from(xy), parts: Uint32Array.from(starts) };
-}
-
-function pointsOf(parts: Parts): Point[][] {
-  const out: Point[][] = [];
-  for (let p = 0; p + 1 < parts.parts.length; p++) {
-    const part: Point[] = [];
-    for (let i = parts.parts[p]; i < parts.parts[p + 1]; i++)
-      part.push([parts.coordinates[2 * i], parts.coordinates[2 * i + 1]]);
-    out.push(part);
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-function areasOf(parts: Parts): number[] {
-  return Array.from({ length: parts.parts.length - 1 }, (_, p) => ringArea(parts, p));
-}
-
-function codeOf(run: () => unknown): string | undefined {
-  try {
-    run();
-  } catch (error) {
-    return isFailure(error) ? error.code : 'not a failure';
-  }
-  return undefined;
-}
-
-/** A deterministic sequence in [0, 1). */
-function random(seed: number): () => number {
-  let state = seed >>> 0;
-  return () => {
-    state = (Math.imul(state, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
-    return state / 2 ** 32;
-  };
-}
-
-/** A wobbly counter-clockwise ring of `n` points around (cx, cy). */
-function wobblyRing(n: number, cx: number, cy: number, radius: number, seed: number): Point[] {
-  const next = random(seed);
-  return Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => {
-    const angle = (2 * Math.PI * i) / n,
-      r = radius * (0.8 + 0.4 * next());
-    return [cx + r * Math.cos(angle), cy + r * Math.sin(angle)] as const;
-  });
-}
-
-describe('cutLines', () => {
-  it('cuts a line crossing eastward at +180 and resumes at −180', () => {
-    const cut = cutLines(
-      partsOf([
-        [
-          [170, 0],
-          [-170, 10],
-        ],
-      ]),
-    );
-    expect(pointsOf(cut)).toEqual([
-      [
-        [170, 0],
-        [180, 5],
-      ],
-      [
-        [-180, 5],
-        [-170, 10],
-      ],
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('cuts a line crossing westward at −180 and resumes at +180', () => {
-    const cut = cutLines(
-      partsOf([
-        [
-          [-170, 0],
-          [170, 10],
-        ],
-      ]),
-    );
-    expect(pointsOf(cut)).toEqual([
-      [
-        [-170, 0],
-        [-180, 5],
-      ],
-      [
-        [180, 5],
-        [170, 10],
-      ],
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('cuts at every crossing and leaves other lines as they are', () => {
-    const lines = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [10, 10],
-      ],
-      [
-        [170, 0],
-        [-170, 0],
-        [-175, 5],
-        [175, 5],
-        [170, 10],
-        [-170, 10],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(pointsOf(cutLines(lines))).toEqual([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [10, 10],
-      ],
-      [
-        [170, 0],
-        [180, 0],
-      ],
-      [
-        [-180, 0],
-        [-170, 0],
-        [-175, 5],
-        [-180, 5],
-      ],
-      [
-        [180, 5],
-        [175, 5],
-        [170, 10],
-        [180, 10],
-      ],
-      [
-        [-180, 10],
-        [-170, 10],
-      ],
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('drops the empty piece when a line starts on the antimeridian', () => {
-    const cut = cutLines(
-      partsOf([
-        [
-          [180, 0],
-          [-170, 0],
-          [-160, 0],
-        ],
-      ]),
-    );
-    expect(pointsOf(cut)).toEqual([
-      [
-        [-180, 0],
-        [-170, 0],
-        [-160, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('cutRings', () => {
-  const box: Point[] = [
-    [170, 10],
-    [-170, 10],
-    [-170, 20],
-    [170, 20],
-  ];
-
-  it('returns rings that do not cross as they are', () => {
-    const rings = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [10, 0],
-        [10, 10],
-        [0, 10],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    const cut = cutRings(rings);
-    expect(Array.from(cut.coordinates)).toEqual(Array.from(rings.coordinates));
-    expect(Array.from(cut.parts)).toEqual(Array.from(rings.parts));
-  });
-
-  it('cuts a box across ±180 into one piece on each side, closed along the antimeridian', () => {
-    const cut = cutRings(partsOf([box]));
-    expect(pointsOf(cut)).toEqual([
-      [
-        [-180, 10],
-        [-170, 10],
-        [-170, 20],
-        [-180, 20],
-      ],
-      [
-        [180, 20],
-        [170, 20],
-        [170, 10],
-        [180, 10],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(areasOf(cut)).toEqual([100, 100]);
-  });
-
-  it('keeps the winding of a clockwise ring', () => {
-    const cut = cutRings(partsOf([[...box].reverse()]));
-    expect(areasOf(cut)).toEqual([-100, -100]);
-  });
-
-  it('cuts a ring crossing four times into three pieces', () => {
-    // A C shape spanning 170°..190°, its notch 175°..190° × 10..20 opening east across ±180.
-    const shape: Point[] = [
-      [170, 0],
-      [-170, 0],
-      [-170, 10],
-      [175, 10],
-      [175, 20],
-      [-170, 20],
-      [-170, 30],
-      [170, 30],
-    ];
-    const cut = cutRings(partsOf([shape]));
-    const pieces = pointsOf(cut);
-    expect(pieces).toHaveLength(3);
-    expect(areasOf(cut).sort((a, b) => a - b)).toEqual([100, 100, 250]);
-    for (const piece of pieces) {
-      const xs = piece.map(([x]) => x);
-      expect(xs.every((x) => x >= 170) || xs.every((x) => x <= -170)).toBe(true);
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('closes a ring around the south pole along −90', () => {
-    // Westward around the south pole: counter-clockwise once closed along the pole.
-    const antarctica: Point[] = [
-      [170, -70],
-      [90, -75],
-      [0, -70],
-      [-90, -75],
-      [-170, -70],
-    ];
-    const cut = cutRings(partsOf([antarctica]));
-    expect(pointsOf(cut)).toEqual([
-      [
-        [180, -70],
-        [170, -70],
-        [90, -75],
-        [0, -70],
-        [-90, -75],
-        [-170, -70],
-        [-180, -70],
-        [-180, -90],
-        [180, -90],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(ringArea(cut, 0)).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  });
-
-  it('closes a ring spanning −180..180 monotonically along the nearer pole, keeping its winding', () => {
-    const eastward: Point[] = [
-      [-180, -70],
-      [-90, -75],
-      [0, -70],
-      [90, -75],
-      [180, -70],
-    ];
-    const cut = cutRings(partsOf([eastward]));
-    expect(pointsOf(cut)).toEqual([
-      [
-        [-180, -70],
-        [-90, -75],
-        [0, -70],
-        [90, -75],
-        [180, -70],
-        [180, -90],
-        [-180, -90],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(ringArea(cut, 0)).toBeLessThan(0);
-  });
-
-  it('closes a ring around the north pole along +90', () => {
-    const arctic: Point[] = [
-      [-170, 70],
-      [-60, 75],
-      [60, 72],
-      [170, 70],
-    ];
-    const [piece] = pointsOf(cutRings(partsOf([arctic])));
-    expect(piece).toContainEqual([180, 90]);
-    expect(piece).toContainEqual([-180, 90]);
-    expect(piece.every(([, y]) => y >= 70)).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it('keeps a ring already closed along the pole, as Natural Earth draws Antarctica', () => {
-    const drawn: Point[] = [
-      [180, -80],
-      [90, -75],
-      [0, -80],
-      [-90, -75],
-      [-180, -80],
-      [-180, -90],
-      [180, -90],
-    ];
-    const cut = cutRings(partsOf([drawn]));
-    const [piece] = pointsOf(cut);
-    expect(piece).toHaveLength(drawn.length);
-    expect([...piece].sort()).toEqual([...drawn].sort());
-    expect(ringArea(cut, 0)).toBeCloseTo(ringArea(partsOf([drawn]), 0));
-  });
-});
-
-describe('simplificationAreas', () => {
-  // Two squares sharing the edge x ≈ 1, with wobbly points along it; B runs the edge in reverse.
-  const border: Point[] = [
-    [1.02, 0.2],
-    [0.97, 0.4],
-    [1.05, 0.6],
-    [0.99, 0.8],
-  ];
-  const squares = partsOf([
-    [[0, 0], [1, 0], ...border, [1, 1], [0, 1], [-0.03, 0.5]],
-    [[1, 0], [2, 0], [2.02, 0.3], [2, 1], [1, 1], ...[...border].reverse()],
-  ]);
-
-  it('simplifies a shared border the same way in both rings at every level', () => {
-    const areas = simplificationAreas(squares, true),
-      levels = [0, ...new Set(Array.from(areas).filter(Number.isFinite)), 1e9].sort(
-        (a, b) => a - b,
-      );
-    for (const tolerance of levels) {
-      const [a, b] = pointsOf(simplified(squares, areas, tolerance, true));
-      expect(a.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(3);
-      expect(b.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(3);
-      const shared = (ring: Point[]) =>
-        ring
-          .filter(([x]) => x > 0.5 && x < 1.5)
-          .map(String)
-          .sort();
-      expect(shared(a)).toEqual(shared(b));
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('keeps junctions where the shared border ends', () => {
-    const areas = simplificationAreas(squares, true),
-      points = pointsOf(squares).flat();
-    points.forEach(([x, y], i) => {
-      if ((x === 1 && y === 0) || (x === 1 && y === 1)) expect(areas[i]).toBe(Infinity);
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('ranks an arc and its reverse identically, ties included', () => {
-    // Every interior triangle has the same area, so only coordinates break ties.
-    const zigzag: Point[] = Array.from({ length: 9 }, (_, i) => [i, i % 2] as const);
-    const forward = Array.from(simplificationAreas(partsOf([zigzag]), false)),
-      backward = Array.from(simplificationAreas(partsOf([[...zigzag].reverse()]), false));
-    expect(backward.reverse()).toEqual(forward);
-    const both = simplificationAreas(partsOf([zigzag, [...zigzag].reverse()]), false);
-    expect(Array.from(both.subarray(9)).reverse()).toEqual(Array.from(both.subarray(0, 9)));
-  });
-
-  it('ranks a ring the same whatever its start and direction', () => {
-    const ring = wobblyRing(60, 0, 0, 10, 7),
-      turned = [...ring.slice(17), ...ring.slice(0, 17)].reverse(),
-      byPoint = (points: Point[]) => {
-        const areas = simplificationAreas(partsOf([points]), true);
-        return new Map(points.map((point, i) => [String(point), areas[i]]));
-      };
-    expect(byPoint(turned)).toEqual(byPoint(ring));
-  });
-
-  it('keeps the endpoints of lines and the points where lines meet', () => {
-    const lines = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [0.5, 0.6],
-        [1, 1],
-        [1.5, 1.4],
-        [2, 2],
-      ],
-      [
-        [0, 2],
-        [0.5, 1.4],
-        [1, 1],
-        [1.5, 0.6],
-        [2, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    const areas = Array.from(simplificationAreas(lines, false));
-    expect(areas.map((area) => area === Infinity)).toEqual([
-      true,
-      false,
-      true,
-      false,
-      true,
-      true,
-      false,
-      true,
-      false,
-      true,
-    ]);
-    expect(pointsOf(simplified(lines, Float64Array.from(areas), 1e9, false))).toEqual([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1, 1],
-        [2, 2],
-      ],
-      [
-        [0, 2],
-        [1, 1],
-        [2, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('keeps at least three points of every ring', () => {
-    const lone = simplificationAreas(partsOf([wobblyRing(40, 0, 0, 5, 3)]), true);
-    expect(Array.from(lone).filter((area) => area === Infinity)).toHaveLength(3);
-    // Squares sharing a plain edge: each ring is two junctions plus two points of its own.
-    const plain = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1, 0],
-        [1, 1],
-        [0, 1],
-      ],
-      [
-        [1, 0],
-        [2, 0],
-        [2, 1],
-        [1, 1],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    const areas = simplificationAreas(plain, true),
-      coarse = simplified(plain, areas, 1e9, true);
-    expect(Array.from(coarse.parts)).toEqual([0, 3, 6]);
-  });
-
-  it('matches plain Visvalingam–Whyatt, with areas that only grow as points go', () => {
-    const next = random(11),
-      line: Point[] = Array.from({ length: 300 }, (_, i) => [i, 10 * next()] as const),
-      areas = Array.from(simplificationAreas(partsOf([line]), false)),
-      { areas: expected, order } = visvalingam(line);
-    expect(areas).toEqual(expected);
-    for (let k = 1; k < order.length; k++)
-      expect(areas[order[k]]).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(areas[order[k - 1]]);
-  });
-
-  it('ranks a million points quickly', () => {
-    const grid = gridOfCells(100, 25);
-    expect(grid.coordinates.length / 2).toBe(1_000_000);
-    let start = performance.now();
-    const areas = simplificationAreas(grid, true);
-    const gridTime = performance.now() - start;
-    expect(areas).toHaveLength(1_000_000);
-    const coarse = simplified(grid, areas, 0.01, true);
-    expect(coarse.parts.length - 1).toBe(10_000);
-
-    const ring = partsOf([wobblyRing(1_000_000, 0, 0, 10, 5)]);
-    start = performance.now();
-    simplificationAreas(ring, true);
-    const ringTime = performance.now() - start;
-    expect(gridTime).toBeLessThan(3000);
-    expect(ringTime).toBeLessThan(3000);
-  }, 30_000);
-});
-
-describe('simplified', () => {
-  it('keeps points above the tolerance and says where each came from', () => {
-    const line = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1, 1],
-        [2, 0],
-        [3, 0.01],
-        [4, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    const areas = simplificationAreas(line, false);
-    // The flat bump goes first; its neighbor then takes the area of the larger triangle it leaves.
-    expect(Array.from(areas)).toEqual([Infinity, 1, 1, 0.01, Infinity]);
-    const out = simplified(line, areas, 0.1, false);
-    expect(pointsOf(out)).toEqual([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1, 1],
-        [2, 0],
-        [4, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(Array.from(out.source)).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 4]);
-    expect(pointsOf(simplified(line, areas, 1, false))).toEqual([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [4, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('rejects areas that do not match the points', () => {
-    const line = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1, 1],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(codeOf(() => simplified(line, new Float64Array(3), 0, false))).toBe('invalid-input');
-  });
-});
-
-describe('triangulate', () => {
-  const outer: Point[] = [
-    [0, 0],
-    [10, 0],
-    [10, 10],
-    [0, 10],
-  ];
-  const hole: Point[] = [
-    [3, 3],
-    [3, 7],
-    [7, 7],
-    [7, 3],
-  ];
-
-  function triangleArea(polygon: Parts, first: number, triangles: Uint32Array): number {
-    const xy = polygon.coordinates,
-      base = polygon.parts[first];
-    let sum = 0;
-    for (let t = 0; t < triangles.length; t += 3) {
-      const [a, b, c] = [triangles[t], triangles[t + 1], triangles[t + 2]].map(
-        (i) => 2 * (base + i),
-      );
-      sum += Math.abs(
-        (xy[b] - xy[a]) * (xy[c + 1] - xy[a + 1]) - (xy[c] - xy[a]) * (xy[b + 1] - xy[a + 1]),
-      );
-    }
-    return sum / 2;
-  }
-
-  it('covers a square with a hole exactly', () => {
-    const polygon = partsOf([outer, hole]),
-      triangles = triangulate(polygon, 0, 2);
-    expect(triangles.length % 3).toBe(0);
-    expect(Math.max(...triangles)).toBeLessThan(8);
-    expect(triangleArea(polygon, 0, triangles)).toBeCloseTo(84);
-  });
-
-  it('indexes the points of the polygon itself, wherever it starts', () => {
-    const polygon = partsOf([wobblyRing(5, 50, 50, 1, 1), outer, hole]),
-      triangles = triangulate(polygon, 1, 2);
-    expect(Math.max(...triangles)).toBeLessThan(8);
-    expect(triangleArea(polygon, 1, triangles)).toBeCloseTo(84);
-  });
-
-  it('returns no triangles for degenerate input', () => {
-    const line = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1, 0],
-        [2, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(triangulate(line, 0, 1)).toHaveLength(0);
-    expect(triangulate(line, 0, 0)).toHaveLength(0);
-    expect(
-      triangulate(
-        partsOf([
-          [
-            [0, 0],
-            [1, 1],
-          ],
-        ]),
-        0,
-        1,
-      ),
-    ).toHaveLength(0);
-  });
-
-  it('rejects rings out of range', () => {
-    expect(codeOf(() => triangulate(partsOf([outer]), 0, 2))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => triangulate(partsOf([outer]), -1, 1))).toBe('invalid-input');
-  });
-});
-
-describe('polygonsOf and ringArea', () => {
-  it('signs ring areas by winding', () => {
-    const rings = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [2, 0],
-        [2, 2],
-        [0, 2],
-      ],
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [0, 2],
-        [2, 2],
-        [2, 0],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(areasOf(rings)).toEqual([4, -4]);
-  });
-
-  it('groups holes under the counter-clockwise ring before them', () => {
-    const square = (x: number, size: number): Point[] => [
-        [x, 0],
-        [x + size, 0],
-        [x + size, size],
-        [x, size],
-      ],
-      hole = (x: number): Point[] => [...square(x, 1)].reverse();
-    const rings = partsOf([
-      square(0, 10),
-      hole(2),
-      hole(5),
-      square(20, 10),
-      square(40, 10),
-      hole(42),
-    ]);
-    expect(Array.from(polygonsOf(rings))).toEqual([0, 3, 4, 6]);
-    expect(Array.from(polygonsOf(partsOf([])))).toEqual([0]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('labelPoint', () => {
-  function inside(ring: readonly Point[], [x, y]: readonly [number, number]): boolean {
-    let result = false;
-    for (let i = 0, j = ring.length - 1; i < ring.length; j = i++) {
-      const [ax, ay] = ring[i],
-        [bx, by] = ring[j];
-      if (ay > y !== by > y && x < ((bx - ax) * (y - ay)) / (by - ay) + ax) result = !result;
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  it('places the label inside a concave polygon, away from its notch', () => {
-    // A U whose centroid falls in the notch.
-    const u: Point[] = [
-      [0, 0],
-      [10, 0],
-      [10, 10],
-      [7, 10],
-      [7, 3],
-      [3, 3],
-      [3, 10],
-      [0, 10],
-    ];
-    const label = labelPoint(partsOf([u]), 0, 1, 0.01);
-    expect(inside(u, label)).toBe(true);
-    // The widest spots are the U's bottom corners, about 1.76 from every side.
-    const [x, y] = label;
-    expect(Math.min(x, 10 - x, y)).toBeGreaterThan(1.7);
-  });
-
-  it('keeps the label out of a hole', () => {
-    const outer: Point[] = [
-        [0, 0],
-        [10, 0],
-        [10, 10],
-        [0, 10],
-      ],
-      hole: Point[] = [
-        [2, 2],
-        [2, 8],
-        [8, 8],
-        [8, 2],
-      ];
-    const [x, y] = labelPoint(partsOf([outer, hole]), 0, 2, 0.01);
-    expect(inside(outer, [x, y])).toBe(true);
-    expect(inside(hole, [x, y])).toBe(false);
-  });
-
-  it('rejects an empty polygon and a non-positive precision', () => {
-    const square = partsOf([
-      [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1, 0],
-        [1, 1],
-      ],
-    ]);
-    expect(codeOf(() => labelPoint(square, 0, 0, 1))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => labelPoint(square, 0, 1, 0))).toBe('invalid-input');
-  });
-});
-
-describe('malformed parts', () => {
-  it('rejects parts that do not ascend, end short, or odd coordinates', () => {
-    const coordinates = Float64Array.of(0, 0, 1, 1);
-    expect(codeOf(() => cutLines({ coordinates, parts: Uint32Array.of(0, 2, 1, 2) }))).toBe(
-      'invalid-input',
-    );
-    expect(codeOf(() => cutRings({ coordinates, parts: Uint32Array.of(0, 3) }))).toBe(
-      'invalid-input',
-    );
-    expect(
-      codeOf(() =>
-        simplificationAreas(
-          { coordinates: Float64Array.of(0, 0, 1), parts: Uint32Array.of(0, 1) },
-          false,
-        ),
-      ),
-    ).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => polygonsOf({ coordinates, parts: new Uint32Array(0) }))).toBe(
-      'invalid-input',
-    );
-  });
-});
-
-/** Visvalingam–Whyatt by brute force over one open line: areas, and the order points go. */
-function visvalingam(line: readonly Point[]): { areas: number[]; order: number[] } {
-  const areas = line.map(() => Infinity),
-    current = line.map(() => Infinity),
-    alive = line.map((_, i) => i),
-    order: number[] = [];
-  const triangle = (a: number, b: number, c: number) => {
-    const ax = line[a][0] - line[b][0],
-      ay = line[a][1] - line[b][1],
-      cx = line[c][0] - line[b][0],
-      cy = line[c][1] - line[b][1];
-    return Math.abs(ax * cy - ay * cx) / 2;
-  };
-  for (let k = 1; k + 1 < alive.length; k++) current[k] = triangle(k - 1, k, k + 1);
-  while (alive.length > 2) {
-    let least = 1;
-    for (let k = 2; k + 1 < alive.length; k++) {
-      const a = alive[k],
-        b = alive[least];
-      if (
-        current[a] < current[b] ||
-        (current[a] === current[b] &&
-          (line[a][0] < line[b][0] || (line[a][0] === line[b][0] && line[a][1] < line[b][1])))
-      )
-        least = k;
-    }
-    const removed = alive[least],
-      area = current[removed];
-    areas[removed] = area;
-    order.push(removed);
-    alive.splice(least, 1);
-    if (least - 1 > 0)
-      current[alive[least - 1]] = Math.max(
-        area,
-        triangle(alive[least - 2], alive[least - 1], alive[least]),
-      );
-    if (least < alive.length - 1)
-      current[alive[least]] = Math.max(
-        area,
-        triangle(alive[least - 1], alive[least], alive[least + 1]),
-      );
-  }
-  return { areas, order };
-}
-
-/** A `cells` × `cells` grid of unit squares whose shared edges carry the same `segments − 1` wobbly points. */
-function gridOfCells(cells: number, segments: number): Parts {
-  const jitter = (i: number, j: number, k: number, vertical: number) => {
-    let h = Math.imul(i, 73856093) ^ Math.imul(j, 19349663) ^ Math.imul(k, 83492791) ^ vertical;
-    h = Math.imul(h ^ (h >>> 15), 0x2c1b3c6d);
-    h = Math.imul(h ^ (h >>> 12), 0x297a2d39);
-    return (((h ^ (h >>> 15)) >>> 0) / 2 ** 32 - 0.5) * 0.2;
-  };
-  const coordinates = new Float64Array(cells * cells * 4 * segments * 2),
-    parts = new Uint32Array(cells * cells + 1);
-  let n = 0;
-  const push = (x: number, y: number) => {
-    coordinates[2 * n] = x;
-    coordinates[2 * n + 1] = y;
-    n++;
-  };
-  // The edge from lattice point (i, j) along x (or y when vertical), from its start or its end, without its last point.
-  const edge = (i: number, j: number, vertical: number, reverse: boolean) => {
-    for (let s = 0; s < segments; s++) {
-      const k = reverse ? segments - s : s,
-        along = k / segments,
-        across = k === 0 || k === segments ? 0 : jitter(i, j, k, vertical);
-      if (vertical) push(i + across, j + along);
-      else push(i + along, j + across);
-    }
-  };
-  for (let j = 0; j < cells; j++)
-    for (let i = 0; i < cells; i++) {
-      parts[j * cells + i] = n;
-      edge(i, j, 0, false);
-      edge(i + 1, j, 1, false);
-      edge(i, j + 1, 0, true);
-      edge(i, j, 1, true);
-    }
-  parts[cells * cells] = n;
-  return { coordinates, parts };
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/mvt.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/mvt.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7288df00..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/mvt.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,754 +0,0 @@
-import { isFailure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { decodeTile, properties, type FeatureSet, type TileLayer } from '../src/sources/mvt.js';
-import { decodeVector } from '../src/sources/vector.js';
-import { TileSet } from '../src/tiles.js';
-
-type Bytes = number[];
-type Point = [number, number];
-
-const BYTES = 2;
-
-/** Encodes a varint; negative values as 64-bit two's complement. */
-function varint(value: number | bigint): Bytes {
-  const out: Bytes = [];
-  if (typeof value === 'number' && value >= 0 && value < 2 ** 31) {
-    while (value >= 0x80) {
-      out.push((value & 0x7f) | 0x80);
-      value >>>= 7;
-    }
-    out.push(value);
-    return out;
-  }
-  let v = BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt(value));
-  while (v >= 0x80n) {
-    out.push(Number(v & 0x7fn) | 0x80);
-    v >>= 7n;
-  }
-  out.push(Number(v));
-  return out;
-}
-
-const key = (field: number, wire: number): Bytes => varint((field << 3) | wire);
-const uint = (field: number, value: number | bigint): Bytes => [...key(field, 0), ...varint(value)];
-const delimited = (field: number, payload: Bytes): Bytes => [
-  ...key(field, BYTES),
-  ...varint(payload.length),
-  ...payload,
-];
-const text = (field: number, value: string): Bytes =>
-  delimited(field, [...new TextEncoder().encode(value)]);
-const packed = (field: number, values: readonly number[]): Bytes => {
-  const payload: Bytes = [];
-  for (const value of values) for (const byte of varint(value)) payload.push(byte);
-  return delimited(field, payload);
-};
-
-/** A fixed-width field written through a DataView. */
-function fixed(field: number, wire: 1 | 5, write: (view: DataView) => void): Bytes {
-  const view = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(wire === 1 ? 8 : 4));
-  write(view);
-  return [...key(field, wire), ...new Uint8Array(view.buffer)];
-}
-
-const zigzag64 = (value: bigint): bigint => (value >= 0n ? value * 2n : -value * 2n - 1n);
-
-/** Value messages of every type, as layer field 4. */
-const value = {
-  string: (s: string) => delimited(4, text(1, s)),
-  float: (f: number) =>
-    delimited(
-      4,
-      fixed(2, 5, (view) => view.setFloat32(0, f, true)),
-    ),
-  double: (d: number) =>
-    delimited(
-      4,
-      fixed(3, 1, (view) => view.setFloat64(0, d, true)),
-    ),
-  int: (n: number | bigint) => delimited(4, uint(4, n)),
-  uint: (n: number | bigint) => delimited(4, uint(5, n)),
-  sint: (n: number | bigint) => delimited(4, uint(6, zigzag64(BigInt(n)))),
-  bool: (b: boolean) => delimited(4, uint(7, b ? 1 : 0)),
-};
-
-const command = (id: number, count: number): number => (id & 7) | (count << 3);
-const zz = (n: number): number => (n << 1) ^ (n >> 31);
-
-/** Geometry commands for absolute parts, the cursor carrying across them. */
-function geometry(type: 'point' | 'line' | 'polygon', parts: readonly (readonly Point[])[]): Bytes {
-  const out: Bytes = [];
-  let cx = 0;
-  let cy = 0;
-  const to = ([x, y]: Point) => {
-    out.push(zz(x - cx), zz(y - cy));
-    cx = x;
-    cy = y;
-  };
-  if (type === 'point') {
-    const points = parts.flat();
-    out.push(command(1, points.length));
-    points.forEach(to);
-    return out;
-  }
-  for (const part of parts) {
-    out.push(command(1, 1));
-    to(part[0]);
-    out.push(command(2, part.length - 1));
-    part.slice(1).forEach(to);
-    if (type === 'polygon') out.push(command(7, 1));
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-interface FeatureSpec {
-  readonly type: number;
-  readonly geometry: Bytes;
-  readonly id?: number | bigint;
-  readonly tags?: readonly number[];
-  readonly extra?: Bytes;
-}
-
-/** A feature message; its type follows its geometry to show field order does not matter. */
-function feature(spec: FeatureSpec): Bytes {
-  return delimited(2, [
-    ...(spec.extra ?? []),
-    ...(spec.id === undefined ? [] : uint(1, spec.id)),
-    ...(spec.tags === undefined ? [] : packed(2, spec.tags)),
-    ...packed(4, spec.geometry),
-    ...uint(3, spec.type),
-  ]);
-}
-
-interface LayerSpec {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly features: readonly Bytes[];
-  readonly extent?: number;
-  readonly keys?: readonly string[];
-  readonly values?: readonly Bytes[];
-  readonly extra?: Bytes;
-}
-
-/** A layer message; its features precede its tables. */
-function layer(spec: LayerSpec): Bytes {
-  return delimited(3, [
-    ...uint(15, 2),
-    ...text(1, spec.name),
-    ...spec.features.flat(),
-    ...(spec.keys ?? []).flatMap((k) => text(3, k)),
-    ...(spec.values ?? []).flat(),
-    ...(spec.extent === undefined ? [] : uint(5, spec.extent)),
-    ...(spec.extra ?? []),
-  ]);
-}
-
-const tile = (...layers: Bytes[]): Uint8Array => new Uint8Array(layers.flat());
-
-/** Fields of every wire type that no MVT message defines. */
-const unknown: Bytes = [
-  ...uint(20, 2n ** 60n),
-  ...fixed(21, 1, (view) => view.setFloat64(0, 1)),
-  ...fixed(22, 5, (view) => view.setUint32(0, 7)),
-  ...delimited(23, [1, 2, 3]),
-];
-
-const POINT = 1;
-const LINESTRING = 2;
-const POLYGON = 3;
-
-/** A part's x, y pairs. */
-function pairs(set: FeatureSet, part: number): Point[] {
-  const out: Point[] = [];
-  for (let i = set.parts[part]; i < set.parts[part + 1]; i++)
-    out.push([set.coordinates[2 * i], set.coordinates[2 * i + 1]]);
-  return out;
-}
-
-/** A ring's shoelace area in the y-down tile frame. */
-function area(set: FeatureSet, part: number): number {
-  const ring = pairs(set, part);
-  let sum = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < ring.length; i++) {
-    const [x0, y0] = ring[i];
-    const [x1, y1] = ring[(i + 1) % ring.length];
-    sum += x0 * y1 - x1 * y0;
-  }
-  return sum / 2;
-}
-
-/** A layer's values table, every value read. */
-const valuesOf = (layer: TileLayer) =>
-  Array.from({ length: layer.valueCount }, (_, i) => layer.value(i));
-
-const only = (bytes: Uint8Array): TileLayer => {
-  const layers = decodeTile(bytes);
-  expect(layers).toHaveLength(1);
-  return layers[0];
-};
-
-function expectMalformed(bytes: Uint8Array): void {
-  let error: unknown;
-  try {
-    decodeTile(bytes);
-  } catch (caught) {
-    error = caught;
-  }
-  expect(isFailure(error, 'invalid-input')).toBe(true);
-  expect((error as Error).message).toBe('Malformed vector tile');
-}
-
-// Square rings in the spec's winding: outer rings positive in the y-down frame, holes negative.
-const outer: Point[] = [
-  [0, 0],
-  [10, 0],
-  [10, 10],
-  [0, 10],
-];
-const hole: Point[] = [
-  [2, 2],
-  [2, 8],
-  [8, 8],
-  [8, 2],
-];
-const second: Point[] = [
-  [20, 0],
-  [30, 0],
-  [30, 10],
-  [20, 10],
-];
-
-describe('decodeTile', () => {
-  it('reads layers, their tables with every value type, and the default extent', () => {
-    const long = 'a long street name past the ascii fast path';
-    const layers = decodeTile(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'roads',
-          keys: ['class', 'name'],
-          values: [
-            value.string('road'),
-            value.string('Zürich'),
-            value.string(long),
-            value.float(1.5),
-            value.double(Math.PI),
-            value.int(-42),
-            value.int(-1),
-            value.int(-(2 ** 40)),
-            value.int(2 ** 33),
-            value.uint(2 ** 40 + 1),
-            value.sint(-7),
-            value.sint(9),
-            value.sint(-(2 ** 50)),
-            value.bool(true),
-            value.bool(false),
-            delimited(4, [...unknown, ...text(1, 'after unknown')]),
-          ],
-          features: [],
-        }),
-        layer({ name: 'water', extent: 512, features: [] }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(layers.map((l) => [l.name, l.extent])).toEqual([
-      ['roads', 4096],
-      ['water', 512],
-    ]);
-    expect(layers[0].keys).toEqual(['class', 'name']);
-    expect(valuesOf(layers[0])).toEqual([
-      'road',
-      'Zürich',
-      long,
-      1.5,
-      Math.PI,
-      -42,
-      -1,
-      -(2 ** 40),
-      2 ** 33,
-      2 ** 40 + 1,
-      -7,
-      9,
-      -(2 ** 50),
-      true,
-      false,
-      'after unknown',
-    ]);
-    expect(layers[1].keys).toEqual([]);
-  });
-
-  it('returns empty sets for a layer without features and no layers for empty bytes', () => {
-    expect(decodeTile(new Uint8Array())).toEqual([]);
-    const { areas, lines, points } = only(tile(layer({ name: 'empty', features: [] })));
-    for (const set of [areas, lines, points]) {
-      expect(set.coordinates).toEqual(new Float32Array());
-      expect(Array.from(set.parts)).toEqual([0]);
-      expect(Array.from(set.features)).toEqual([0]);
-      expect(Array.from(set.tagStarts)).toEqual([0]);
-      expect(set.ids).toHaveLength(0);
-    }
-    expect(Array.from(areas.polygons!)).toEqual([0]);
-    expect(lines.polygons).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(points.polygons).toBeUndefined();
-  });
-
-  it('reads points, one part per feature, the cursor restarting per feature', () => {
-    const { points } = only(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'pois',
-          features: [
-            feature({
-              type: POINT,
-              geometry: geometry('point', [
-                [
-                  [1, 2],
-                  [3, 4],
-                  [3, 4],
-                  [-5, 10],
-                ],
-              ]),
-            }),
-            feature({ type: POINT, geometry: geometry('point', [[[100, 200]]]) }),
-          ],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(Array.from(points.coordinates)).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, -5, 10, 100, 200]);
-    expect(Array.from(points.parts)).toEqual([0, 4, 5]);
-    expect(Array.from(points.features)).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
-  });
-
-  it('reads polylines, carrying the cursor across parts and dropping short or repeated runs', () => {
-    const { lines } = only(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'roads',
-          features: [
-            feature({
-              type: LINESTRING,
-              geometry: geometry('line', [
-                [
-                  [0, 0],
-                  [10, 0],
-                  [10, 10],
-                ],
-                [[20, 20]],
-                [
-                  [30, 30],
-                  [30, 30],
-                  [40, 30],
-                ],
-                [
-                  [50, 50],
-                  [50, 50],
-                ],
-              ]),
-            }),
-            feature({
-              type: LINESTRING,
-              geometry: [command(1, 1), zz(0), zz(0), command(2, 2), zz(5), 0, 0, zz(5), 7 | 8],
-            }),
-          ],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(pairs(lines, 0)).toEqual([
-      [0, 0],
-      [10, 0],
-      [10, 10],
-    ]);
-    expect(pairs(lines, 1)).toEqual([
-      [30, 30],
-      [40, 30],
-    ]);
-    expect(pairs(lines, 2)).toEqual([
-      [0, 0],
-      [5, 0],
-      [5, 5],
-      [0, 0],
-    ]);
-    expect(Array.from(lines.parts)).toEqual([0, 3, 5, 9]);
-    expect(Array.from(lines.features)).toEqual([0, 2, 3]);
-  });
-
-  it('groups rings into polygons and normalizes the spec winding', () => {
-    const { areas } = only(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'land',
-          features: [
-            feature({ type: POLYGON, geometry: geometry('polygon', [outer, hole, second]) }),
-            feature({ type: POLYGON, geometry: geometry('polygon', [second]) }),
-          ],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(Array.from(areas.parts)).toEqual([0, 4, 8, 12, 16]);
-    expect(Array.from(areas.features)).toEqual([0, 3, 4]);
-    expect(Array.from(areas.polygons!)).toEqual([0, 2, 3, 4]);
-    expect(pairs(areas, 0)).toEqual([...outer].reverse());
-    expect(pairs(areas, 1)).toEqual([...hole].reverse());
-    expect([0, 1, 2, 3].map((part) => Math.sign(area(areas, part)))).toEqual([-1, 1, -1, -1]);
-  });
-
-  it('groups rings by the first ring when a tile winds them the other way', () => {
-    const reversed = [outer, hole, second].map((ring) => [...ring].reverse());
-    const { areas } = only(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'land',
-          features: [feature({ type: POLYGON, geometry: geometry('polygon', reversed) })],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(Array.from(areas.polygons!)).toEqual([0, 2, 3]);
-    expect([0, 1, 2].map((part) => pairs(areas, part))).toEqual(reversed);
-    expect([0, 1, 2].map((part) => Math.sign(area(areas, part)))).toEqual([-1, 1, -1]);
-  });
-
-  it('drops degenerate rings, repeated points, closing points, and features left empty', () => {
-    const triangle: Point[] = [
-      [0, 0],
-      [10, 0],
-      [10, 10],
-      [0, 0],
-    ];
-    const line: Point[] = [
-      [5, 5],
-      [6, 6],
-    ];
-    const collinear: Point[] = [
-      [0, 0],
-      [5, 0],
-      [10, 0],
-    ];
-    const repeated: Point[] = [
-      [20, 20],
-      [20, 20],
-      [30, 20],
-      [30, 30],
-    ];
-    const { areas } = only(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'land',
-          features: [
-            feature({ id: 1, type: POLYGON, geometry: geometry('polygon', [line, collinear]) }),
-            feature({
-              id: 2,
-              type: POLYGON,
-              geometry: geometry('polygon', [line, triangle, collinear, repeated]),
-            }),
-          ],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(Array.from(areas.ids)).toEqual([2]);
-    expect(Array.from(areas.parts)).toEqual([0, 3, 6]);
-    expect(Array.from(areas.polygons!)).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
-    expect(pairs(areas, 0)).toEqual([
-      [10, 10],
-      [10, 0],
-      [0, 0],
-    ]);
-    expect(pairs(areas, 1)).toEqual([
-      [30, 30],
-      [30, 20],
-      [20, 20],
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it('closes a ring left open by the next MoveTo or the end of the geometry', () => {
-    const open = [command(1, 1), zz(0), zz(0), command(2, 2), zz(10), 0, 0, zz(10)];
-    const { areas } = only(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'land',
-          features: [
-            feature({
-              type: POLYGON,
-              geometry: [...open, ...open.map((v, i) => (i === 1 ? zz(20) : v))],
-            }),
-          ],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(Array.from(areas.parts)).toEqual([0, 3, 6]);
-    expect(pairs(areas, 1)).toEqual([
-      [40, 20],
-      [40, 10],
-      [30, 10],
-    ]);
-    expect(Array.from(areas.polygons!)).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
-  });
-
-  it('reads ids and tags, and lists properties', () => {
-    const roads = only(
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'roads',
-          keys: ['class', 'lanes', '__proto__'],
-          values: [value.string('primary'), value.uint(2), value.bool(true), value.int(4)],
-          features: [
-            feature({
-              id: 7,
-              type: LINESTRING,
-              geometry: geometry('line', [outer]),
-              tags: [0, 0, 1, 3],
-            }),
-            feature({ type: LINESTRING, geometry: geometry('line', [hole]) }),
-            feature({
-              id: 2n ** 40n,
-              type: LINESTRING,
-              geometry: geometry('line', [second]),
-              tags: [2, 2, 0, 1],
-            }),
-          ],
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    const { lines } = roads;
-    expect(Array.from(lines.ids)).toEqual([7, NaN, 2 ** 40]);
-    expect(Array.from(lines.tags)).toEqual([0, 0, 1, 3, 2, 2, 0, 1]);
-    expect(Array.from(lines.tagStarts)).toEqual([0, 2, 2, 4]);
-    expect(properties(roads, lines, 0)).toEqual({ class: 'primary', lanes: 4 });
-    expect(properties(roads, lines, 1)).toEqual({});
-    const third = properties(roads, lines, 2);
-    expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(third)).toBe(Object.prototype);
-    expect(Object.hasOwn(third, '__proto__')).toBe(true);
-    expect(third.class).toBe(2);
-  });
-
-  it('files features by geometry, skipping unknown types and unknown fields', () => {
-    const bytes = new Uint8Array([
-      ...unknown,
-      ...layer({
-        name: 'mixed',
-        keys: ['kind'],
-        values: [value.string('x')],
-        extra: unknown,
-        features: [
-          feature({ type: 0, geometry: geometry('point', [[[9, 9]]]) }),
-          feature({ type: POINT, geometry: geometry('point', [[[1, 1]]]), extra: unknown }),
-          feature({ type: 4, geometry: geometry('point', [[[9, 9]]]) }),
-          feature({ type: LINESTRING, geometry: geometry('line', [outer]), tags: [0, 0] }),
-          feature({ type: POLYGON, geometry: geometry('polygon', [outer]) }),
-        ],
-      }),
-      ...layer({
-        name: 'next',
-        features: [feature({ type: LINESTRING, geometry: geometry('line', [hole]) })],
-      }),
-    ]);
-    const [mixed, next] = decodeTile(bytes);
-    expect(Array.from(mixed.points.coordinates)).toEqual([1, 1]);
-    expect(mixed.lines.features).toHaveLength(2);
-    expect(mixed.areas.features).toHaveLength(2);
-    expect(properties(mixed, mixed.lines, 0)).toEqual({ kind: 'x' });
-    expect(pairs(next.lines, 0)).toEqual(hole);
-    expect(next.lines.features).toHaveLength(2);
-    expect(next.points.features).toHaveLength(1);
-  });
-
-  it('decodes only the layers wanted, skipping the rest whole', () => {
-    const bytes = tile(
-      layer({
-        name: 'roads',
-        features: [feature({ type: LINESTRING, geometry: geometry('line', [outer]) })],
-      }),
-      // A layer no one wants is never decoded, so even malformed features in it cost nothing.
-      layer({
-        name: 'water',
-        features: [feature({ type: LINESTRING, geometry: [command(1, 2), zz(1), zz(1)] })],
-      }),
-      layer({
-        name: 'parks',
-        features: [feature({ type: POLYGON, geometry: geometry('polygon', [outer]) })],
-      }),
-    );
-    expect(decodeTile(bytes, new Set(['roads', 'parks'])).map((l) => l.name)).toEqual([
-      'roads',
-      'parks',
-    ]);
-    expect(decodeTile(bytes, new Set(['nothing']))).toEqual([]);
-  });
-
-  it('decodes a tile inside a larger buffer', () => {
-    const bytes = tile(
-      layer({
-        name: 'offset',
-        values: [value.float(0.25), value.double(-2.5)],
-        features: [feature({ type: POINT, geometry: geometry('point', [[[3, 4]]]) })],
-      }),
-    );
-    const buffer = new Uint8Array(bytes.length + 5);
-    buffer.set(bytes, 3);
-    const decoded = only(buffer.subarray(3, 3 + bytes.length));
-    expect(valuesOf(decoded)).toEqual([0.25, -2.5]);
-    expect(Array.from(decoded.points.coordinates)).toEqual([3, 4]);
-  });
-
-  it('throws on malformed input', () => {
-    const lineTile = (geometryBytes: Bytes, tags?: number[]) =>
-      tile(
-        layer({
-          name: 'bad',
-          keys: ['k'],
-          values: [value.bool(true)],
-          features: [feature({ type: LINESTRING, geometry: geometryBytes, tags })],
-        }),
-      );
-    const line = geometry('line', [outer]);
-    expectMalformed(new Uint8Array([0x80]));
-    expectMalformed(new Uint8Array([0x1a, 0x80]));
-    expectMalformed(new Uint8Array([0x1a, 0x05, 0x0a]));
-    expectMalformed(new Uint8Array([0x08, ...new Array<number>(11).fill(0xff)]));
-    expectMalformed(new Uint8Array([0x0b]));
-    expectMalformed(new Uint8Array(delimited(3, [...key(4, 1), 0, 0, 0])));
-    // A value fails as it is read: a tile whose bad values no one reads still draws.
-    const empty = only(
-      new Uint8Array(layer({ name: 'bad', values: [delimited(4, [])], features: [] })),
-    );
-    expect(empty.valueCount).toBe(1);
-    let error: unknown;
-    try {
-      empty.value(0);
-    } catch (caught) {
-      error = caught;
-    }
-    expect(isFailure(error, 'invalid-input')).toBe(true);
-    expectMalformed(lineTile([command(1, 2), zz(1), zz(1)]));
-    expectMalformed(lineTile([command(1, 1), zz(1)]));
-    expectMalformed(lineTile([command(3, 1), 0, 0]));
-    expectMalformed(lineTile([command(2, 1), zz(1), zz(1)]));
-    expectMalformed(lineTile(line, [1, 0]));
-    expectMalformed(lineTile(line, [0, 1]));
-    expectMalformed(lineTile(line, [0]));
-    expect(() => decodeTile(lineTile(line, [0, 0]))).not.toThrow();
-  });
-
-  it('decodes a large tile in linear time', () => {
-    const path: Point[] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < 100_000; i++) path.push([i % 4096, (i * 7) % 4096]);
-    const features = [feature({ id: 1, type: LINESTRING, geometry: geometry('line', [path]) })];
-    for (let i = 0; i < 20_000; i++) {
-      const x = i % 4000;
-      features.push(
-        feature({
-          id: i,
-          type: i % 2 ? LINESTRING : POLYGON,
-          geometry: geometry(i % 2 ? 'line' : 'polygon', [
-            [
-              [x, 0],
-              [x + 10, 0],
-              [x + 10, 10],
-              [x, 10],
-            ],
-          ]),
-          tags: [0, i % 2],
-        }),
-      );
-    }
-    const bytes = tile(
-      layer({ name: 'big', keys: ['k'], values: [value.uint(0), value.uint(1)], features }),
-    );
-    decodeTile(bytes);
-    const start = performance.now();
-    const { lines, areas } = only(bytes);
-    const elapsed = performance.now() - start;
-    expect(lines.features).toHaveLength(10_001 + 1);
-    expect(areas.features).toHaveLength(10_000 + 1);
-    expect(lines.parts[1]).toBe(100_000);
-    expect(lines.coordinates).toHaveLength(2 * (100_000 + 4 * 10_000));
-    expect(pairs(lines, 0)[99_999]).toEqual(path[99_999]);
-    expect(areas.coordinates).toHaveLength(2 * 4 * 10_000);
-    expect(area(areas, 9_999)).toBe(-100);
-    expect(elapsed).toBeLessThan(200);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('decodeVector', () => {
-  it('gives the ids of features that each carry a distinct one, for the tiles to number', () => {
-    const square = geometry('polygon', [outer]);
-    const decode = (x: number, ids: readonly (number | bigint | undefined)[]) =>
-      decodeVector({
-        bytes: tile(
-          layer({
-            name: 'state',
-            features: ids.map((id) => feature({ id, type: POLYGON, geometry: square })),
-          }),
-        ),
-        z: 1,
-        x,
-        y: 0,
-        layers: [{ name: 'state', rings: true, lines: false, fields: {} }],
-        source: `tiles/1/${x}/0`,
-      }).tile;
-    const west = decode(0, [7, 2n ** 40n]),
-      east = decode(1, [2n ** 40n]);
-    expect(west.layers[0].ids).toEqual(Float64Array.of(7, 2 ** 40));
-    expect(east.layers[0].ids).toEqual(Float64Array.of(2 ** 40));
-    expect(west.batches[0].index).toEqual({ source: 'tiles/1/0/0', type: 'state', version: '1' });
-    // Tiles number each id once, whichever tile holds it first.
-    const tiles = new TileSet(new Uint8Array(0), {});
-    tiles.info.catch(() => {});
-    expect(tiles.rowsOf(west.layers[0].ids!)).toEqual(Uint32Array.of(0, 1));
-    expect(tiles.rowsOf(east.layers[0].ids!)).toEqual(Uint32Array.of(1));
-    // Without ids, or with one repeated, a tile's features are its own.
-    for (const ids of [
-      [undefined, 3],
-      [4, 4],
-    ])
-      expect(decode(1, ids).layers[0].ids).toBeUndefined();
-  });
-
-  it('carries the fields asked for in every tile, typed as asked, and reads no other', () => {
-    const square = geometry('polygon', [outer]);
-    const decode = (keys: string[], values: Bytes[], tags: number[][]) =>
-      decodeVector({
-        bytes: tile(
-          layer({
-            name: 'park',
-            keys,
-            values,
-            features: tags.map((t) => feature({ type: POLYGON, geometry: square, tags: t })),
-          }),
-        ),
-        z: 0,
-        x: 0,
-        y: 0,
-        layers: [
-          {
-            name: 'park',
-            rings: true,
-            lines: false,
-            fields: { name: 'text', area: 'float64', open: 'boolean' },
-          },
-        ],
-        source: 'tiles/0/0/0',
-      }).tile.batches[0].columns;
-    // No feature here holds a name: the column is there, every row null.
-    const nameless = decode(['area'], [value.uint(4)], [[0, 0], []]);
-    expect(Object.keys(nameless).sort()).toEqual(['area', 'name', 'open']);
-    expect(nameless.name.validity![0] & 0b11).toBe(0);
-    const area = nameless.area as { values: Float64Array; validity?: Uint8Array };
-    expect(Array.from(area.values)).toEqual([4, 0]);
-    expect(area.validity).toEqual(Uint8Array.of(1));
-    // A value converts to the field's type where it can; a property not asked for is never read,
-    // nor its value decoded, so a malformed one costs nothing.
-    const mixed = decode(
-      ['name', 'area', 'open', 'other'],
-      [value.uint(7), value.string('wide'), value.bool(true), delimited(4, [])],
-      [
-        [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3],
-        [0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0],
-      ],
-    );
-    const text = mixed.name as { kind: string };
-    expect(text.kind).toBe('text');
-    const numbers = mixed.area as { values: Float64Array; validity?: Uint8Array };
-    expect(numbers.validity).toEqual(Uint8Array.of(0b10));
-    expect(numbers.values[1]).toBe(1);
-    const open = mixed.open as { values: Uint8Array; validity?: Uint8Array };
-    expect(open.validity).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(open.values).toEqual(Uint8Array.of(0b11));
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/options.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/options.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7738a9ca..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/options.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { kit, type Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { checkRecord, DEFAULTS, LINE, resolveStyle } from '../src/options.js';
-import { RecordStyles } from '../src/scene/records.js';
-import type { Geography } from '../src/geography.js';
-const notTiles = () => false;
-
-it('takes comets and sized labels on lines, as a network takes them on edges', () => {
-  const line: Geography.LineOptions = {
-    flowPx: 12,
-    dash: true,
-    labels: { field: 'name', fontSizePx: 11, repeatSpacingPx: 240 },
-  };
-  expect(() => checkRecord('line', 'river', line, notTiles)).not.toThrow();
-  expect(() =>
-    checkRecord('line', 'river', { labels: { field: 'name', fontSizePx: -1 } }, notTiles),
-  ).toThrow('Invalid label fontSizePx');
-  expect(() => checkRecord('area', 'lake', { flowPx: 1 } as never, notTiles)).toThrow(
-    'Unknown area option: flowPx',
-  );
-  // A constant speed draws without reading any field; rows without one hold still.
-  const records = new RecordStyles({} as Gpu);
-  expect(records.constant(records.bind(line, LINE), [1, 1, 1, 1], 1)).toMatchObject({
-    flow: 12,
-    dash: true,
-  });
-  expect(records.constant(records.bind({}, LINE), [1, 1, 1, 1], 1).flow).toBe(0);
-  const style = resolveStyle({ flowSpacingPx: 48 }, kit.resolveViewStyle({}));
-  expect([style.flowSpacingPx, style.flowColor]).toEqual([48, DEFAULTS.flowColor]);
-  expect(() => resolveStyle({ flowColor: [2, 0, 0, 1] }, kit.resolveViewStyle({}))).toThrow();
-});
-
-it('fits a map looking straight down, and spaces its grid as asked', () => {
-  const view = kit.resolveViewStyle({});
-  const style = resolveStyle({}, view);
-  expect([style.fitPitch, style.fitBearing, style.labelHaloPx, style.dashPeriodPx]).toEqual([
-    0, 0, 2, 8,
-  ]);
-  expect(resolveStyle({ gridMinSpacingPx: 96, fitBearing: -15 }, view)).toMatchObject({
-    gridMinSpacingPx: 96,
-    fitBearing: -15,
-  });
-  expect(() => resolveStyle({ gridMinSpacingPx: 0 }, view)).toThrow();
-  expect(() => resolveStyle({ nightFloor: 2 }, view)).toThrow();
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/pyramid.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/pyramid.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 745e452b..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/pyramid.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { kit, type ProjectedCamera } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { Pyramid, tileBounds, type TileKey } from '../src/scene/pyramid.js';
-import { visibleRegion } from '../src/scene/visible.js';
-import type { TileSource } from '../src/sources/archive.js';
-import type { TileSet } from '../src/tiles.js';
-
-const source: TileSource = {
-  minZoom: 0,
-  maxZoom: 14,
-  bounds: [-180, -85.0511287798, 180, 85.0511287798],
-  metadata: {},
-  tile: () => Promise.resolve(null),
-};
-const pyramid = new Pyramid<object>({
-  tiles: { source: () => Promise.resolve(source) } as unknown as TileSet,
-  bytes: 1e9,
-  requests: 8,
-  load: () => new Promise(() => {}),
-  size: () => 0,
-  release: () => {},
-  loaded: () => {},
-  fail: (error) => {
-    throw error;
-  },
-});
-const viewport = { width: 1200, height: 800, pixelRatio: 1 };
-/** The tiles a camera draws, as the pyramid chooses them. */
-function wanted(camera: Partial<ProjectedCamera>): TileKey[] {
-  const projector = new kit.Projector({ ...kit.Projector.camera, fit: false, ...camera }, viewport);
-  return (
-    pyramid as unknown as {
-      wanted(p: kit.Projector, s: TileSource, r: ReturnType<typeof visibleRegion>): TileKey[];
-    }
-  ).wanted(projector, source, visibleRegion(projector));
-}
-
-it('draws the tiles under a camera however near the globe it comes, magnified past the deepest', () => {
-  const center = [-122.42, 37.77] as const;
-  // From the whole globe down to a street, a degree spanning ever more pixels.
-  for (const scale of [3, 30, 300, 3000, 30000, 300000, 3000000])
-    for (const projection of ['globe', 'flat', 'mercator'] as const)
-      for (const pitch of projection === 'globe' ? [0, 50] : [0]) {
-        const tiles = wanted({ projection, center, scale, pitch });
-        expect(tiles.length, `${projection} at ${scale}, pitch ${pitch}`).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-        // The tile under the center draws first.
-        const [w, s, e, n] = tileBounds(tiles[0].z, tiles[0].x, tiles[0].y);
-        expect(center[0] >= w && center[0] <= e && center[1] >= s && center[1] <= n).toBe(true);
-        // Past the source's deepest zoom, its deepest tiles draw on, magnified.
-        expect(Math.max(...tiles.map((t) => t.z))).toBeLessThanOrEqual(source.maxZoom);
-      }
-  expect(Math.max(...wanted({ projection: 'globe', center, scale: 3000000 }).map((t) => t.z))).toBe(
-    14,
-  );
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/tests/shapes.test.ts b/packages/geography/tests/shapes.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 25803c0b..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tests/shapes.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
-import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { BREAK, prepareShapes, type Shapes, type ShapesInput } from '../src/prepare/shapes.js';
-import { levelFor, visibleRanges, visibleRegion } from '../src/scene/visible.js';
-import { pick, type Drawn } from '../src/picking.js';
-
-/** Rows of rings or polylines, each a list of parts of [lon, lat] points. */
-function input(rows: number[][][][], closed: boolean): ShapesInput {
-  const rowParts = [0],
-    parts = [0],
-    coordinates: number[] = [];
-  for (const row of rows) {
-    for (const part of row) {
-      for (const [x, y] of part) coordinates.push(x, y);
-      parts.push(coordinates.length / 2);
-    }
-    rowParts.push(parts.length - 1);
-  }
-  return {
-    closed,
-    rowParts: Uint32Array.from(rowParts),
-    parts: Uint32Array.from(parts),
-    coordinates: Float64Array.from(coordinates),
-  };
-}
-const square = (x: number, y: number, size: number) => [
-  [x, y],
-  [x + size, y],
-  [x + size, y + size],
-  [x, y + size],
-];
-/** A vertex's longitude and latitude. */
-function at(shapes: Shapes, v: number): [number, number] {
-  const rows = new Uint32Array(
-      shapes.vertices.buffer,
-      shapes.vertices.byteOffset,
-      shapes.vertices.length,
-    ),
-    row = rows[v * 3 + 2],
-    o = shapes.origins;
-  return [
-    o[row * 4] + o[row * 4 + 2] + shapes.vertices[v * 3],
-    o[row * 4 + 1] + o[row * 4 + 3] + shapes.vertices[v * 3 + 1],
-  ];
-}
-const viewport = { width: 800, height: 600, pixelRatio: 1 };
-
-describe('prepareShapes', () => {
-  it('fills and strokes neighboring areas at every level, filed in a quadtree', () => {
-    const shapes = prepareShapes(input([[square(0, 0, 10)], [square(10, 0, 10)]], true));
-    expect(shapes.rows).toBe(2);
-    expect(shapes.extent).toEqual([0, 0, 20, 10]);
-    const last = shapes.levels.at(-1)!;
-    expect(last.tolerance).toBe(0);
-    for (const level of shapes.levels) {
-      expect(level.triangles.length % 3).toBe(0);
-      expect(level.triangles.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-      // Each outline strip closes on its first point and ends with a break.
-      expect(level.strips.at(-1)).toBe(BREAK);
-      expect(level.along.length).toBe(level.strips.length);
-    }
-    // Every triangle lies inside the squares, its vertices on the same row.
-    const rows = new Uint32Array(
-      shapes.vertices.buffer,
-      shapes.vertices.byteOffset,
-      shapes.vertices.length,
-    );
-    for (let t = 0; t < last.triangles.length; t += 3) {
-      const r = [0, 1, 2].map((k) => rows[last.triangles[t + k] * 3 + 2]);
-      expect(new Set(r).size).toBe(1);
-      const [x, y] = at(shapes, last.triangles[t]);
-      expect(x).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(-1e-4);
-      expect(x).toBeLessThanOrEqual(20 + 1e-4);
-      expect(y).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(-1e-4);
-      expect(y).toBeLessThanOrEqual(10 + 1e-4);
-    }
-    // Labels sit inside their own square.
-    expect(shapes.anchors[0]).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(shapes.anchors[0]).toBeLessThan(10);
-    expect(shapes.anchors[2]).toBeGreaterThan(10);
-    // The quadtree's subtrees nest: each node's next lies past its children.
-    const { next } = shapes.nodes;
-    expect(next[0]).toBe(next.length);
-    for (let n = 0; n < next.length; n++) expect(next[n]).toBeGreaterThan(n);
-  });
-
-  it('cuts areas at the antimeridian into pieces of one row, and never strokes the cut', () => {
-    const shapes = prepareShapes(
-      input(
-        [
-          [
-            [
-              [170, -5],
-              [-170, -5],
-              [-170, 5],
-              [170, 5],
-            ],
-          ],
-        ],
-        true,
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(shapes.pieces.length / 3).toBe(2);
-    expect(shapes.pieces[0]).toBe(0);
-    expect(shapes.pieces[3]).toBe(0);
-    expect(shapes.bounds[0]).toBe(-180);
-    expect(shapes.bounds[2]).toBe(180);
-    const strips = shapes.levels.at(-1)!.strips;
-    for (let k = 1; k < strips.length; k++) {
-      if (strips[k] === BREAK || strips[k - 1] === BREAK) continue;
-      const [ax] = at(shapes, strips[k - 1]),
-        [bx] = at(shapes, strips[k]);
-      expect(Math.abs(ax) === 180 && ax === bx).toBe(false);
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('densifies long edges so they bend with the globe, the same points for shared edges', () => {
-    const shapes = prepareShapes(input([[square(0, 0, 40)], [square(40, 0, 40)]], true));
-    const last = shapes.levels.at(-1)!,
-      shared = new Map<string, number>();
-    // Vertices on the shared edge at x = 40, from both rows, sit at the same latitudes.
-    for (let v = 0; v < shapes.vertices.length / 3; v++) {
-      const [x, y] = at(shapes, v);
-      if (Math.abs(x - 40) < 1e-6) shared.set(y.toFixed(4), (shared.get(y.toFixed(4)) ?? 0) + 1);
-    }
-    expect([...shared.values()].filter((count) => count >= 2).length).toBeGreaterThan(10);
-    // Interior points keep every triangle small.
-    for (let t = 0; t < last.triangles.length; t += 3) {
-      const p = [0, 1, 2].map((k) => at(shapes, last.triangles[t + k]));
-      for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
-        const [ax, ay] = p[k],
-          [bx, by] = p[(k + 1) % 3];
-        expect(Math.max(Math.abs(ax - bx), Math.abs(ay - by))).toBeLessThanOrEqual(10);
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('keeps a coarse level coarse and the finest level whole', () => {
-    const ring: number[][] = [];
-    for (let k = 0; k < 2000; k++) {
-      const a = (k / 2000) * Math.PI * 2,
-        r = 10 + Math.sin(a * 40) * 0.01;
-      ring.push([Math.cos(a) * r, Math.sin(a) * r]);
-    }
-    const shapes = prepareShapes(input([[ring]], true)),
-      first = shapes.levels[0],
-      last = shapes.levels.at(-1)!;
-    expect(shapes.levels.length).toBeGreaterThan(2);
-    expect(first.strips.length).toBeLessThan(last.strips.length / 10);
-    expect(last.strips.length).toBe(2000 + 2);
-    // A view zoomed out picks a coarse level; zoomed in, the finest.
-    expect(levelFor(shapes, 0.2)).toBe(0);
-    expect(levelFor(shapes, 1e6)).toBe(shapes.levels.length - 1);
-  });
-
-  it('simplifies the borders of the world, every line kept to its ends', () => {
-    const read = (name: string) =>
-        new Uint8Array(readFileSync(new URL(`./assets/borders.${name}.bin`, import.meta.url)))
-          .buffer,
-      offsets = new Int32Array(read('offsets')),
-      lines = offsets.length - 1,
-      shapes = prepareShapes({
-        closed: false,
-        rowParts: Uint32Array.from({ length: lines + 1 }, (_, i) => i),
-        parts: Uint32Array.from(offsets),
-        coordinates: Float64Array.from(new Float32Array(read('points'))),
-      }),
-      { parts, levels } = shapes,
-      ends = new Set<number>();
-    for (let p = 0; p + 1 < parts.length; p++) ends.add(parts[p]).add(parts[p + 1] - 1);
-    expect(levels.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
-    expect(levels[0].strips.length).toBeLessThan(levels.at(-1)!.strips.length / 3);
-    for (const { strips } of levels) {
-      let first = 0;
-      for (let k = 0; k < strips.length; k++) {
-        if (strips[k] !== BREAK) continue;
-        expect(ends.has(strips[first]) && ends.has(strips[k - 1])).toBe(true);
-        first = k + 1;
-      }
-    }
-    // The finest level draws every point that bends a line: those it leaves out lie in line.
-    const drawn = new Set(levels.at(-1)!.strips),
-      x = (i: number) => at(shapes, i)[0],
-      y = (i: number) => at(shapes, i)[1];
-    for (let p = 0; p + 1 < parts.length; p++) {
-      let a = parts[p];
-      for (let b = a + 1; b < parts[p + 1]; b++) {
-        if (!drawn.has(b)) continue;
-        for (let i = a + 1; i < b; i++) {
-          const cross = (x(b) - x(a)) * (y(i) - y(a)) - (y(b) - y(a)) * (x(i) - x(a));
-          expect(Math.abs(cross)).toBeLessThan(1e-6);
-        }
-        a = b;
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('draws what is in view as few ranges, and none of what lies outside', () => {
-    const rows: number[][][][] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-      rows.push([square(-160 + (i % 8) * 40, -80 + Math.floor(i / 8) * 20, 2)]);
-    const shapes = prepareShapes(input(rows, true)),
-      level = shapes.levels.length - 1,
-      all = visibleRanges(shapes, level, [[-180, -90, 180, 90]], 'triangles');
-    expect(all).toEqual([0, shapes.levels[level].triangles.length]);
-    const some = visibleRanges(shapes, level, [[-161, -81, -150, -70]], 'triangles'),
-      drawn = some.reduce((n, v, i) => (i % 2 ? n + v : n), 0);
-    expect(drawn).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(drawn).toBeLessThan(shapes.levels[level].triangles.length / 4);
-  });
-
-  it('frames the region a camera shows, wrapping the antimeridian on a globe', () => {
-    const flat = new kit.Projector(
-      kit.Projector.check({
-        ...kit.Projector.camera,
-        projection: 'mercator',
-        center: [10, 20],
-        scale: 20,
-      }),
-      viewport,
-    );
-    const [box] = visibleRegion(flat);
-    expect(box[0]).toBeLessThan(10 - 19);
-    expect(box[2]).toBeGreaterThan(10 + 19);
-    const globe = new kit.Projector(
-      kit.Projector.check({
-        ...kit.Projector.camera,
-        projection: 'globe',
-        center: [178, 0],
-        scale: 40,
-      }),
-      viewport,
-    );
-    const region = visibleRegion(globe);
-    expect(region.length).toBe(2);
-  });
-
-  it('picks the area under a point and a line near it', () => {
-    const areas = prepareShapes(input([[square(0, 0, 10)], [square(10, 0, 10)]], true)),
-      lines = prepareShapes(
-        input(
-          [
-            [
-              [
-                [0, 5],
-                [20, 5],
-              ],
-            ],
-          ],
-          false,
-        ),
-      ),
-      data = { tables: {}, schema: { types: {} } } as unknown as Drawn['source'],
-      projector = new kit.Projector(
-        kit.Projector.check({
-          ...kit.Projector.camera,
-          projection: 'flat',
-          center: [10, 5],
-          scale: 20,
-        }),
-        viewport,
-      );
-    const table = {
-      index: { source: 's', type: 'T', version: '1' },
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-    };
-    (data as unknown as { tables: Record<string, unknown> }).tables.T = table;
-    const drawn: Drawn[] = [
-      { kind: 'area', source: data, type: 'T', shapes: areas, halfWidth: 0 },
-      { kind: 'line', source: data, type: 'T', shapes: lines, halfWidth: 1 },
-    ];
-    const right = projector.project(15, 2);
-    expect(pick(drawn, projector, [right.x, right.y], 4, 4).map((h) => [h.kind, h.row])).toEqual([
-      ['area', 1],
-    ]);
-    const on = projector.project(5, 5.01);
-    expect(pick(drawn, projector, [on.x, on.y], 4, 4)[0]).toMatchObject({ kind: 'line', row: 0 });
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/tsconfig.json b/packages/geography/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index cb0fa740..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable", "WebWorker.ImportScripts"],
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "node"],
-    "noEmit": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/geography/tsup.config.ts b/packages/geography/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index eade61e8..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-import { inlineWorker } from './worker.config';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: { banner: '/// <reference types="@webgpu/types" />' },
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  platform: 'browser',
-  splitting: false,
-  loader: { '.wgsl': 'text' },
-  esbuildPlugins: [inlineWorker],
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/vitest.config.ts b/packages/geography/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e39750e..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-import { wgsl } from '../../vitest.wgsl';
-import { vitestWorker } from './worker.config';
-export default defineConfig({
-  plugins: [wgsl, vitestWorker],
-  test: { name: '@latkit/geography', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] },
-});
diff --git a/packages/geography/worker.config.ts b/packages/geography/worker.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d087b4d..00000000
--- a/packages/geography/worker.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-import { build } from 'esbuild';
-import { dirname, resolve } from 'node:path';
-
-const SUFFIX = '?worker';
-
-/** A worker module's script, bundled and minified, as one string. */
-export async function workerSource(path: string): Promise<string> {
-  const out = await build({
-    entryPoints: [path],
-    bundle: true,
-    write: false,
-    format: 'iife',
-    minify: true,
-    platform: 'browser',
-    target: 'es2022',
-  });
-  return out.outputFiles[0].text;
-}
-
-/** Resolve `./worker.ts?worker` imports to the worker's bundled source, for tsup builds. */
-export const inlineWorker = {
-  name: 'inline-worker',
-  setup(b: {
-    onResolve(
-      options: { filter: RegExp },
-      callback: (args: { path: string; resolveDir: string }) => { path: string; namespace: string },
-    ): void;
-    onLoad(
-      options: { filter: RegExp; namespace: string },
-      callback: (args: { path: string }) => Promise<{ contents: string; loader: 'js' }>,
-    ): void;
-  }) {
-    b.onResolve({ filter: /\?worker$/ }, (args) => ({
-      path: resolve(args.resolveDir, args.path.slice(0, -SUFFIX.length)),
-      namespace: 'inline-worker',
-    }));
-    b.onLoad({ filter: /.*/, namespace: 'inline-worker' }, async (args) => ({
-      contents: 'export default ' + JSON.stringify(await workerSource(args.path)) + ';',
-      loader: 'js',
-    }));
-  },
-};
-
-/** The same, for vitest: a `?worker` import loads the worker's bundled source. */
-export const vitestWorker = {
-  name: 'inline-worker',
-  resolveId(id: string, importer?: string): string | undefined {
-    if (!id.endsWith(SUFFIX) || !importer) return undefined;
-    return resolve(dirname(importer), id.slice(0, -SUFFIX.length)) + SUFFIX;
-  },
-  async load(id: string): Promise<string | undefined> {
-    if (!id.endsWith(SUFFIX)) return undefined;
-    return 'export default ' + JSON.stringify(await workerSource(id.slice(0, -SUFFIX.length)));
-  },
-};
diff --git a/packages/gpu/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/gpu/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 35edf87c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,649 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/gpu
-
-## 0.19.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: A geography package draws the earth alone or beneath a network, and network edges curve over the globe and pick on every projection.
-
-  Added
-
-  - geography: `createGeography` draws the ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data, `geojson()`, or `tiles()`, flat or on a globe. Data prepares in workers, simplified alike along shared borders, and each frame draws what is in view at the detail it shows.
-  - geography: `geojson()` reads a URL, as a string or a `URL`, as `tiles()` does; a Blob such as a local file; or bytes, gzipped or not; decoded and parsed in a worker.
-  - geography: `tiles()` reads vector tiles from a PMTiles archive by URL, as a local file, or as bytes; a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template; or TileJSON. A feature with an id is one item in every tile and zoom that holds it. `info.schema` holds each layer's fields as the tiles' metadata declares them.
-  - geography: tiles decode only the layers and properties records read, and every tile carries each field read, typed as declared, so a name no feature of a tile holds reads as empty there instead of failing the frame. Tiles share one schema, so what reads them plans once.
-  - geography: a record whose `visible` is false draws its labels alone; nothing of it hovers or picks.
-  - geography: lines take `dash` and `flowPx` as network edges do, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - network: `ground` draws a view beneath the graph, such as a geography, in its pass. Its sun lights the graph, and a gesture the graph leaves reaches it unless its `input` is `'none'`.
-  - network: the `mercator` projection, for geographic data.
-  - network: edges curve over the globe on the GPU, in as many pieces as the screen needs; geodesics also draw on flat and mercator maps.
-  - gpu: `Labels` takes `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx`, for every view that labels in CSS pixels.
-  - gpu: `ProjectedCamera`; `kit.Projector` and `kit.projectionShader`, one projection in TypeScript and WGSL; `kit.layerOf` and the `Layer` types, which draw one view beneath another; `stroke_comet` in `kit.strokeShader`; and `BaseView.paused`, called as a view pauses.
-  - model: `Work` takes a `Work.Priority`; `'background'` work yields to everything else.
-  - model: a `geographic` field may hold lists of positions, as polylines, and lists of those, as rings.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `grid` and `gridColor` draw lines of the data's x and y beneath the graph, as before longitude and latitude for geographic data and now also a plain plane's, the nicest step at least `gridMinSpacingPx` apart; over a ground, the ground's own `grid` draws instead.
-  - network: an edge's `route` defaults to `geodesic` on the globe and `straight` on flat maps.
-  - network: geographic positions start on the mercator plane, as a geography does.
-  - network: picking and hover query hit-test indexes on every projection, built in the background once the positions and the camera hold still. Only rows raised by `z` scan.
-  - network: a dashed edge picks along its whole length, gaps included.
-  - network: a camera move uploads no draw parameters, and a frame draws edges in one render pass.
-  - gpu: `ItemView.Config` holds no `source`; each view's config declares its own.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network: `paths`, `PathOptions`, and `LineOptions`. Draw lines that join no vertices as a geography's `lines`.
-  - network: `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight`, `sunTime`, `nightFloor`, `surfaceNightFloor`, `terminatorWidth`, `pathColor`, and `pathWidthPx`. Set `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight` (a time, `'now'`, or `false`), `nightFloor`, and `terminatorWidth` on a geography, and its `grid` for lines of longitude and latitude.
-  - network: `Camera` and `Projection`. Import `ProjectedCamera` from `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - network: `NetworkLabels`. Its `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx` are `Labels` options now.
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-  - @latkit/model@4.2.0
-
-## 0.18.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 6ebb914: Selected and hovered items glow in every view, picks answer with what the frame draws, and a network draws its selection over the rest, so a crowded region never hides it.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `itemKey(item, ...qualifiers)`, the identity every view's selection builds on.
-  - gpu: `unselectedAlpha` for every view, `glowAlpha` and `stroke_nearest` in the kit shaders, and a view's `detail` hook.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - gpu: `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` color a glow, and `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`, now 6 and 8, set its reach. `'none'` glows in each item's own color.
-  - gpu: clicks, double clicks, and menus answer with what the presented frame draws; a later one supersedes one still finding its hits. Clicking again in place cycles only while the same items lie there.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.touch` takes several ranges as one revision.
-  - network: selected and hovered rows, and the ends of a focused edge, draw over everything but labels. Picks keep one hit per item and take `limit`.
-  - diagram: selected, hovered, and targeted items glow. Selecting a row of another row space throws `conflict`.
-  - monitor: pick and hover hit a line anywhere it draws, one reading per row, and a reading selects its row. A selected trace glows, and a lone sample between gaps draws as a dot.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: its own `unselectedAlpha`, now every view's, and the selected traces' minimum width.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [6ebb914]
-  - @latkit/model@4.1.0
-
-## 0.17.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- d36979c: A monitor draws history only when lines move: a new domain or colormap, or an animated shade, recolors traces colored by a field without drawing a line again, and fitted values grow with headroom, so a live run's new extremes draw history again a few times rather than at each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - monitor: `stats().segments`, the line segments drawn into history.
-  - gpu: `kit.sameReads`, whether two options differ only in how their color channels look.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - monitor: history keeps a layer per look, holding only what composition cannot recover. Traces of fixed colors share one layer of colors, as before. Traces colored by what they plot keep coverage alone, at 1 byte a pixel, as the value of a line is where it lies. Traces colored by another field keep their color values, at 8 bytes a pixel. An image keeps up to four looks apart within a quarter of `historyBytes`; later looks bake into the color layer, as every look did before.
-  - monitor: `camera.fit` fits each window tightly, then grows the values by half the data's span past each side new data overflows.
-  - monitor: an appending source keeps drawn history even when the same `set` changes traces. A trace that reads differently draws its layer again, and nothing else.
-  - gpu: `set()` compares typed arrays by what they hold, so equal rows keep what a view built.
-
-## 0.16.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 7e03209: A diagram lays out, packs, and routes each connected part on its own, so a case of many separate parts reads as a grid of them; motion is drawn on the GPU at any size; and `set` keeps what a patch repeats.
-
-  Added
-
-  - diagram: `aspect` in `LayoutOptions`, the shape of the rows parts pack into.
-  - gpu: `replace` in `SetOptions`: the patch is the whole config, and what it leaves out resets.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - diagram: vertices that edges join form a part. Each part is arranged alone, and the parts nothing pins pack into rows below the pinned ones; a group is arranged inside first and then moves as one vertex of its part. The 2,000-bus Texas case routes in 0.16 s rather than 1.4 s, its wires a 26th as long; 10,000 buses route in 0.46 s rather than 27 s.
-  - diagram: a `LayoutStrategy` arranges one part at a time, and its vertices are vertex rows or groups. Every vertex the layout places moves by whole grid steps, a strategy's included.
-  - diagram: a vertex with `x` and `y` is always pinned, and the layout places only the rest. Positions are read apart from the structure, so new positions alone reread nothing else: accepting a move at 10,000 blocks takes about half as long.
-  - diagram: a move proposal's `positions` hold each dragged vertex and each the layout placed, so writing them keeps the drawing as shown.
-  - diagram: transitions ease vertices on the GPU and fade wires between their routes, at any size, so no frame reroutes; picking holds the target, as it holds accepted positions during a drag.
-  - diagram: a part that did not change keeps its wires and labels, and edges keep their routes by row identity, so a row read earlier no longer routes every later one again.
-  - diagram: labels slide along their wire to a spot clear of blocks and group titles, and the layout leaves room for a tag's label at each end.
-  - gpu: a patch value equal to the one held keeps the held one, so a view rebuilds nothing from it, and a patch that changes nothing does nothing, `animate` included. Plain objects compare by what they hold; data under a `source` compares as itself.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - diagram: `'manual'` layout, now that positions pin; the `layout` string shorthand and the `Layout` type; `MoveProposal.moves`; `animationMaxVertices`.
-  - gpu: `ConfigShape.shorthands`.
-
-- 7e03209: Every view places vertices without a position through one layout: a network spreads them among the vertices they join, where it drew them on a circle, and a diagram ranks them as before.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `LayoutOptions`, `LayoutStrategy`, `LayoutPart`, `LayoutItem`, and `Positions`, shared by the views; `kit.Graph`, `kit.place`, and `kit.layoutOptions`, which place a graph's vertices part by part; `kit.channelValues`, a channel's value at every row of a fields block in one pass.
-  - gpu: the `'stress'` layout, which keeps each part's graph distances, an edge `vertexGap` long, with pinned vertices fixed. It is linear in the part: a 100,000-bus network without positions draws its first frame in under half a second.
-  - network: `layout` in the config, `layoutMs` in `limits`, and `arrange`, which places a network's vertices without drawing: positions by vertex type.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: a type without `x` or `y`, and each row whose position reads no number, is placed by `'stress'` among the positioned vertices it joins, each edge as long as theirs; parts nothing positions pack below. Geographic data may hold such rows. Placed vertices stay where they were as the data changes, until the layout options do, and a network that positions every vertex reads nothing more.
-  - diagram: a `LayoutStrategy` arranges a `LayoutPart`: its vertices and edges by index into a graph, with columns of pins, sizes, end directions, ports, and label room. It returns two numbers a vertex.
-  - diagram: in a group, flow runs from the outputs inside it, so a net whose source is outside orders its other ends only by their own directions.
-  - diagram: layout takes about a tenth less time, and `neighborhood` and drags read each vertex's own edges rather than every edge.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - diagram: `LayoutOptions`, `LayoutStrategy`, and `Positions`, now in `@latkit/gpu`; `LayoutGraph`, `LayoutVertex`, `LayoutEdge`, and `LayoutPort`, which `LayoutPart` replaces.
-  - network: placement on a circle, and the error for geographic data with vertices that have no position.
-
-- 7e03209: A network draws each vertex with a marker: a shape, gauge, pie, or icon, or WGSL of your own, in CSS pixels. Animated changes ease on the GPU, flow moves as comets, and every view that zooms navigates the same way.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `shape`, `gauge`, `pie`, and `icon`, with the `Marker`, `MarkerImage`, and `Shape` types; `pulse`, a shade for rows whose `shade` is positive.
-  - gpu: `kit.checkMarker`, `kit.markerShader`, `kit.shapeShader`, `kit.markerAtlas`, `kit.SHAPES`, and `kit.MARKER_INPUTS`; `kit.readRows`; `kit.Grab`, which a view's `grab` returns to take a press before navigation.
-  - gpu: marker WGSL: `MarkerFragment` and `MarkerColor`, and the shared `shapeDistance`, `filled`, `over`, `gaugeMarker`, `pieMarker`, and `markerImage`. A marker's layers carry their own coverage; its distance is its outline, which halos and shadows follow.
-  - network: a vertex type's `marker`; `flowPx` on edges and paths, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`; `shadows`, `hoverScale`, and `labelHaloPx`.
-  - network: `edgeSpacingPx`, which draws edges joining the same two vertices apart, straight or geodesic, in drawing, picking, and labels; a type with `bends` follows its own routes.
-  - Every view that zooms: a touch held in place opens the context menu, and two pointers pinch.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `set(…, { animate: true })` eases positions, colors, sizes, widths, flow, and marker inputs over `animationMs`, on the GPU, the short way round a globe; labels follow as the GPU mixes. Rows new to the drawing ease in from nothing, and a transition the GPU budget cannot hold steps. Per-frame CPU work stays the same.
-  - network: labels' halo takes the color of the ground they lie on, `surfaceColor`, in place of `background`.
-  - network: on a globe, the surface no longer cuts markers and labels where it bulges toward the camera across them.
-  - network: a marker's shade colors what the row draws, and its hover and selected halos draw over that, as a diagram's do; a line's do too.
-  - network: hover grows a vertex's marker by `hoverScale`, 1.25 by default.
-  - network: a vertex's label sits in the widest gap between its edges.
-  - diagram: blocks draw with the shared shapes and shadow, and drag through the views' `grab`.
-  - monitor: a fit leaves `fitPaddingPx` clear around the values, in pixels, as every view's fit does. The monitor has no pointer navigation, so the page keeps wheel and touch scrolling.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: `domainPadding`; use `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - diagram: `Shape`, now in `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - gpu: `clicks` in a view's definition; a view takes the presses it handles with `grab`.
-
-## 0.15.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- df714d5: Every per-row option is a channel: one value for every row, a field, or a field through a scale. Positions are `x`, `y`, and `z` channels, every view reads its channels through one shader struct, and a view's defaults are named after the channels they stand in for.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `Channel` and `ColorChannel`; `component` on `Scale` and `ColorScale`, and `missing` on both.
-  - gpu: `kit.bindChannels`, `kit.resolveChannels`, `kit.resolveChannel`, `kit.channelValue`, `kit.channelOn`, `kit.writeChannel`, and `kit.resolveLabels`; `LatkitChannel`, `channelNumber`, `channelOn`, `channelColor`, and `finiteValue` in `kit.fieldShader`.
-  - gpu: `stride` on `BufferData.update`, which compares whole records.
-  - network: `x`, `y`, and `z` on vertices; `x` and `y` on a net, where its star meets; `dash` and `shade` on paths; `pathColor` and `pathWidthPx`; `LineOptions`, the options edges and paths share.
-  - diagram: `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height` on vertices; `Positions`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `y`; `traceColor` and `traceWidthPx`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network, diagram, and monitor: `radiusPx`, `widthPx`, `flowPx`, `visible`, `shade`, `dash`, and `status` each take one value, a field name, or a scale. A `widthPx` field draws each network and monitor line at its own width, and spans 1 to 4 CSS pixels in every view.
-  - `color` takes one color for every row, in place of `baseColor`; a scale's `missing` fills rows its field leaves empty.
-  - A boolean channel is on where it reads true or positive in every view; the diagram and monitor showed negative values.
-  - `null` in a config means unset everywhere: options that used it as a value take `'ends'`, `'now'`, or `'none'`.
-  - A view keeps a field name as given: `config` holds `color: 'load'`, not `{ field: 'load' }`.
-  - diagram: `arrange` and a move proposal's `positions` give each type's `{ x, y }`, to spread into its options.
-  - gpu: `revealPaddingPx` takes insets, like `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - gpu: the views of a composition keep their memoized work apart.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update` records one revision for all it changed, so a consumer uploads those ranges rather than everything.
-  - network: positions that change keep the drawn topology; only a type moving between circle, plane, and geographic placement rebuilds it.
-  - network: each page's uniform stays on the GPU between frames, and a frame uploads only the pages that changed; a frame where nothing moved uploads about an eighth of what it did at a million buses.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `height` to `z`, `sizePx` to `radiusPx`, and an edge's `junction` to `x` and `y`; `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor` (`'ends'` for `null`), `heightScale` to `zScale`, and `graticule` to `grid`; a label's `sizePx` to `fontSizePx`.
-  - diagram: `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor`, `flow` to `flowPx`, and a label's `size` to `fontSize`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `field` to `y`; the camera's `window` and `values` to `x` and `y`; `coordinateAxis` and `valueAxis` to `xAxis` and `yAxis`.
-  - gpu: `selectedColor: null` to `'none'`; network `sunTime: null` to `'now'`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network and diagram: `position` and `baseColor`. diagram: `size`, now `width` and `height`. monitor: `baseColor`.
-  - gpu: `Position2D`, `kit.Expanded`, `ConfigShape.fields` and `nested`, and `kit.scaleParameters`; `LatkitScale`, `scaleMapped`, `fieldNumber`, `fieldScaled`, and `fieldColor` in shaders.
-  - diagram: `DiagramEvents.open`, which every item view's events already carry.
-
-- df714d5: One text system, spatial index, memo, and change test for every view; schemas state facts and views bind every field; diagram styles on the GPU.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `samePages`; `fieldDefinition`; `geographic` on a position field; `ReadScope.recording` and `ReadScope.hold`, with `ReadRecord`.
-  - gpu: `gpu.layoutText`; `kit.BoxIndex`, `kit.Occupancy`, `kit.sameValues`, and `kit.sameRecords`; `kit.fieldShader({ colormap })` adds `fieldColor`, and the field shader carries the scale WGSL.
-  - gpu: `frame.memo(slot, deps, build)`, reused until its deps, the coordinate of a sampled read, a bound buffer, or held memory change.
-  - gpu: `kit.TextBank`, `kit.textOrigin`, and `kit.textBox`, with `TextCandidate` and `TextPlacement`; `TextAlign` and `TextBaseline`; `align` on `TextLayoutInput`; `baseline`, `lineHeight`, `capHeight`, and `align` on `TextLayout`; `latkitAnchor` and a pixel halo in `kit.textShader`.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update(values)`, which marks only the words that changed.
-  - monitor: `coordinateAt(point)`, the coordinate under a canvas point of the drawn plot.
-  - network: `repeatSpacingPx` on labels.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: positions are bound like every other field; without them, rows sit on a circle. Whether they are longitude and latitude comes from the bound fields' `geographic`.
-  - Text draws from one glyph atlas, one SDF per font and grapheme, and repeated layouts are cached. Lines are the font's ascent and descent tall, so every string of a font shares one baseline, and titles, port names, wire labels, and axis ticks center by their capitals.
-  - Every view draws its labels through `kit.TextBank`: a label's glyphs are prepared once, and frames move or hide only its anchor.
-  - `TextBitmap.ascent` and `descent` are the font's line metrics; the rasterizer reports `fontBoundingBox` values.
-  - `textColor(uv, color, halo, haloPx)` in `kit.textShader` takes a halo.
-  - network: labels try right, left, above, and below a marker, never over another marker, with a halo over lines; line labels center on their line.
-  - network and diagram: field reads, scales, style passes, and scene geometry are memoized, so a frame where nothing changed reads and uploads nothing.
-  - diagram: bound colors, widths, flow, shade, and status are written on the GPU, so restyling or playing them never rereads or reroutes the scene, and styles keep playing during a drag.
-  - diagram: wires route as net trees with separated tracks and rounded bends; ports, arrowheads, and junctions scale with the blocks; blocks draw a header band, outline, status ring, and shadow; titles read on any fill; picking holds typed arrays.
-  - diagram: `msaa` defaults to `1`, since every shape antialiases in its shader.
-  - monitor: a null visibility shows the trace; shade defaults to `0`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - diagram: `portSizePx` to `portSize` and `portFontSizePx` to `portFontSize`, in diagram units.
-  - gpu: `kit.BoxIndex.query` to `kit.BoxIndex.some`, which visits until told to stop and allocates nothing.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - model: `TypeDefinition.spatial`. A position field says whether it is `geographic`, and a view binds its positions itself. Schemas cross connect, so peers upgrade together.
-  - gpu: `TextLayout.ascent` and `descent`; `kit.scaleShader` (in `kit.fieldShader`), `kit.defaultShade`, and `kit.localPoint`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-  - @latkit/model@4.0.0
-
-## 0.14.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 35b7171: One failure, one item identity, one view contract, one option vocabulary, and one memory budget, with constant CPU work per frame.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `Item`, `sameItem`, and `itemId`; `FailureCode` and `isFailure`; `createMemory`, `Memory`, `MemoryBudget`, and `MemoryStats`; `Work` and `interruptible`.
-  - gpu: the types an app names at the root, including `ViewConfig`, `ViewEvents`, `Patch`, `FrameInfo`, `Viewport`, `Composition`, `Scale`, `ColorScale`, `Position2D`, `Labels`, and the text types; `kit.resolveLimits` and `kit.clearColor`.
-  - Item views: a click in place cycles through overlapping hits and a modifier toggles the topmost; a double click or Enter reports `open`, and a double click on nothing fits the data.
-  - Compositions route pointer, wheel, menu, and key input to the view under the pointer.
-  - network: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types, and `widthPx` on edge types. diagram: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types.
-  - connect: `protocol.forward(id, bytes)` frames a received publication for another stream without encoding it again.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Every package throws model `Failure`s. A peer's error keeps a code latkit knows, and malformed peer data reports `protocol`.
-  - `kit.BaseView`: `resolve` runs once per config, `configure` receives the resolved configs, and `prepare` returns what `encode` and `submitted` receive. `kit.BaseItemView` builds `pipelines` once per variant for every view of a kind, names the view in `kit.ItemShape`, and rejects options it does not know.
-  - One memory pool bounds the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources: `createReader({ memory })`, and `gpu.stats()` and `reader.stats()` return `MemoryStats`. Its defaults are the former sums.
-  - Frames pack their uniforms into shared buffers written once; upload cache hits allocate nothing; network dash phases hold while the camera moves; diagram drags move in the shader and reroute only the wires they touch, so a drag frame costs the same at any size.
-  - `image({ format, quality })` takes `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`, and video `quality` is a number from 0 to 1, as for images.
-  - connect checks a model before it opens a socket.
-  - Internal dependencies publish as caret ranges, and every package whose types name WebGPU depends on `@webgpu/types`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `size` to `sizePx`, a radius in CSS pixels; label `size` to `sizePx`; `curve: 'linear'` to `route: 'straight'`; `focusEnds` to `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds`; `Labels` to `NetworkLabels`.
-  - diagram: edge `width` to `widthPx`; `Labels` to `DiagramLabels`.
-  - connect limits drop `max`: `messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, and `logs`.
-  - gpu: `createRenderTarget` to `createTextureTarget`; `GpuStats` and `Budget` to model `MemoryStats` and `MemoryBudget`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `GpuError`, `GpuErrorCode`, `DataHit`, `kit.Work`, `kit.wheelDelta`, `kit.createCanvasInput`, and `kit.withinBudget`.
-  - network: `focusEnabled`, `hoverAlpha`, and `selectedAlpha`; the alpha of `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` sets the halos.
-  - monitor: the `pickingBytes` limit.
-  - model: `ReaderStats`; reader `maxBytes`, `maxStagingBytes`, and `maxEntries`; `resolveRows`, `RowMapping`, `samplePages`, `copyBuffers`, `sliceColumn`, and `DEFAULT_BLOCK_BYTES`.
-  - connect: `remoteFailure`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [35b7171]
-  - @latkit/model@3.0.0
-
-## 0.13.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: Exports never change a view, item views check every option the same way, and views stop cleanly with their Gpu.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `gpu.signal`: aborts when the Gpu stops, with `device-lost` or `closed`.
-  - `FrameInfo.presented` and `RenderView.presented`: video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, render frames that are not presented.
-  - `kit.ItemShape`: an item view describes its framed camera keys, input modes, and style defaults once.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, draw the view as it is and change nothing: its camera, hover, selection, and picking stay as presented. A monitor draws them into history of its own. A view with neither presents in its images.
-  - Unknown camera and input options, and input modes a view does not have, throw `invalid-input` in every view, and the patch changes nothing.
-  - A mode shorthand merges like the option it names: `set({ input: 'inspect' })` keeps `wheel` and `keyboard`.
-  - The `frame` event reports the frame's `FrameInfo` and nothing it borrowed.
-  - A right click opens the context menu where the button comes up; a right drag never opens it.
-  - Views stop drawing when their Gpu stops: device loss reports one `device-lost` error per view, and destroying the Gpu reports none. The Gpu no longer keeps destroyed views alive.
-  - `image()` and `exportVideo` wait for a canvas frame that cannot stop at once, instead of failing `busy`.
-  - `view.config` is typed without `camera`, which lives on `view.camera`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView` takes `(gpu, config, shape)`; `compileShade` receives the `msaa` to compile for; `kit.BaseView`'s `moveCamera` hook is `cameraMove`, which validates before a patch applies.
-  - Network: `pick`, clicks, and context menus wait for the background hit-test index, starting it at once, instead of building it on the main thread.
-  - Video: an export ends with the Gpu's `device-lost` error.
-  - Model: `sliceColumn` returns exactly its kind's keys, so a point read of a sampled field is a plain column however its pages lie; `selectRows` encodes each requested ID into one reused buffer.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Gpu.lost`; use `gpu.signal`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`'s `framed` and `inputMode` members; use `kit.ItemShape`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-  - @latkit/model@2.1.0
-
-## 0.12.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Move the CPU data layer from gpu into model as one bounded `Reader`, and drop the data version.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `createReader`, `Reader`, `ReadScope` in model: memoized reads, joined fields, and extents under one budget.
-  - `sampleDomain(pages)` in model.
-  - `gpu.reader`, `frame.reader`, `kit.fieldScale`, `kit.wiring`.
-  - `protocol` namespace export in connect.
-  - `pixelRatio` option for `exportVideo`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createData(schema, batches)` and `appendData(previous, batches)`.
-  - Reads yield blocks only; `RowsBlock.position` is `rowOffset`; `TableData.ids` is `ColumnPages`.
-  - `FieldInput`, `FieldBinding`, `FieldValues`, `FieldsRequest`, `FieldsBlock` (was `NativeFields`), and `ExtentRequest` live in model; `ExtentRequest` takes `{ source, from, rows, field, window }`.
-  - `frame.upload` takes a `FieldsBlock` or `EnvelopeBlock`; `GpuPage.native` is `GpuPage.block`.
-  - `BufferData` and `TextureData` report `revision`.
-  - App-facing gpu types (`CompositionConfig`, `GpuStats`, `Budget`, `ImageOptions`, `TextOptions`, `ColormapOptions`, `ShadeFrame`, …) moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Field shader header is seven words; kinds are named `FIELD_*` constants.
-  - Connect frames carry no version field; the magic is `LATK` and the opcode is u32. Binary descriptors use `type: 'float32' | …`. `connectLattice` is `connectModel`; `maxBatchBytes` is `maxBlockBytes`.
-  - `exportVideo` keeps the view's `at` when no `at` mapping is given.
-  - Monitor `fit()` with no readings fits the recorded window; following appends no longer scans every page, and cached tiles before the window are pruned as it advances.
-  - Diagram re-reads its scene for a new `at` only when a sampled field is bound, and checks edge-end indices.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Data.version`, `QueryHeader`, block `version` fields, and monitor `Reading.version`.
-  - `Gpu.query`, `Gpu.fields`, `Gpu.envelope`, `frame.query`, `frame.fields`, `frame.envelope`, `frame.extent`, `frame.values`, `frame.scale`, `kit.createNativeReader`, `kit.NativeReader`, `kit.QueryResult`.
-  - The `@latkit/connect/protocol` subpath.
-
-- b958ddc: Network, monitor, and diagram build on one item-view base, so camera, selection, picking, hover, style, input, and events behave the same in each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `ItemView`, `ItemViewConfig`, `ItemEvents`, `ViewCamera`, `ViewInput`, `PickOptions`, `ViewStats`, `ViewStyle`, `viewStyle`, and `Point` in gpu.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`, `kit.resolveViewStyle`, `kit.Attachments`, `kit.Work`, `kit.Expanded`, and `kit.HoverSearch`.
-  - `gpu.shaderModule(code, label)`: validated shader modules, shared by identical code.
-  - `stats()` on every view, with frames, preparation time, draw calls, picking bytes, and hover state and time; `pick(point, { radiusPx, limit, signal })` on every item view.
-  - `selectedColor: null`, which keeps each selected item's own color.
-  - `benchmark/`, with `pnpm bench`, `pnpm bench:update`, `pnpm bench:gate`, and a CI gate.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - One set of shared style options and defaults: `background` (was `backgroundColor`), `hoverWidthPx`, `selectedWidthPx`, `selectedColor`, `msaa`, `hover`, `hoverBudgetMs`, `pickRadiusPx`, `fitPaddingPx`, `revealPaddingPx`, `animationMs`, `motion`, `font`, `fontSizePx`, and `textColor`.
-  - `pick` returns hits nearest first, topmost breaking ties, at most 16 by default.
-  - `fit(items)` frames once; `fit()` and `set({ camera: null })` follow all the data. Moving a framed camera key turns `fit` off.
-  - Events arrive together after each frame, in order: `frame`, `camera`, `hover`, `select`.
-  - Unknown options and limits, and invalid cameras, throw `invalid-input`.
-  - `SetOptions`, `DataHit`, `ContextMenu`, `Modifiers`, and `HoverState` moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Network: `showVertices`, `showEdges`, `showPoles`, `showGraticule`, `showEarthAxis` → `markers`, `lines`, `poles`, `graticule`, `earthAxis`; `graticuleColor` → `gridColor`; `vertexHoverPx`/`edgeHoverPx` → `hoverWidthPx`; `vertexSelectedPx`/`edgeSelectedPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limits `maxVertices`, `maxSegments`, `cpuBytes` → `vertices`, `segments`, `geometryBytes`, `pickingBytes`. Items compare by kind, index, and row.
-  - Diagram: `selectionWidthPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limit `prepareMs` → `layoutMs`.
-  - Monitor: `focusColor` → `selectedColor`; `stats().traces` → `rows`; selection survives appends.
-  - Model: a sampled field bound both by name and as a binding to the request's own source is read once; such reads no longer stall under a frames window.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `kit.HoverOptions`, `NetworkInput`, `MonitorInput`, and monitor `PickOptions`; use `ViewStyle`, `ViewInput`, and `PickOptions`.
-
-- b958ddc: Monitors draw streamed frames reliably: each image keeps what it has drawn and draws only what it is missing. Network picking stays fast at a million vertices.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Progress.domain`: the coordinates a run covers, carried by connect.
-  - `sampleFrames(pages, window)` in model: the frames a sample window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Monitor history draws, each frame, what an image is missing, continuing from the last frame drawn. Arrivals reach the shown image first; a new window or value range redraws behind it while the shown image stretches to the camera's axes. Fixed windows at epoch coordinates, and monitors created before any samples, now stream.
-  - Monitor fitted values come from per-page extents, so appends never read history again.
-  - Monitor limits are `{ rows, segmentsPerFrame, historyBytes, pickingBytes }`; `segmentsPerFrame` bounds the lines drawn per frame.
-  - Network `pick` and hover use a compact hit-test index, built in the background within `limits.pickingBytes`: a million vertices and two million edges fit the default, and pick takes milliseconds instead of seconds. `stats().pickingBytes` counts the index as it builds.
-  - A hover budget miss suspends automatic hover until the scene moves or the view can search faster, as when its index is built.
-  - gpu field pages bind four value buffers, which needs five storage buffers per shader stage; pages keep every frame of their rows; buffers grow with use; cache eviction takes constant time in model and gpu.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - Monitor `camera.follow`, `detail`, `autoDomain`, `limits.frameMs`, `limits.observationsPerFrame`, `stats().pendingBytes`, and pointer pan and zoom.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-  - @latkit/model@2.0.0
-
-## 0.11.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- 5f19f4e: Replace connect with demand-driven connectLattice and acceptModel endpoints. Registration carries metadata only; bounded binary publications, cumulative credit windows, cancellation, typed command arguments, bounded diagnostics, and encoded forwarding replace snapshots and transaction event plumbing.
-
-  Make model the shared data and command vocabulary: add CommandDescription, Parameters, Arguments, Progress, Diagnostic, validateBatch, validateSelection, and selectBatches. Remove Model, Commands, Routine, DataEvent, transactions, and schema delivery limits. Read limits belong to QueryOptions; connection limits belong to connect. Update GPU/monitor consumers accordingly. This intentionally breaks the previous connection and model contracts.
-
-- 5f19f4e: Store field pages and sample indexes in persistent balanced collections. Appending shares earlier
-  storage instead of copying and reindexing the full history. TableData.fields now contains readonly
-  ColumnPages: use at() or iteration rather than array indexing and construct columns through
-  createData/appendData. copyBuffers preserves the indexed representation. Add appendedPages,
-  samplePages, and resolveRows for consistent indexed suffix, window, and row-coverage access.
-
-  Compile field bindings in the shared GPU layer independently of Data snapshots. Resolve row
-  identity without gathering bound values, and cache each point field independently so static
-  columns and slower sampled fields remain reusable through playback, including reordered IDs.
-  Index cached reads by their actual dependencies, and reuse network binding records across frames.
-  Monitor append detection now visits only added pages while preserving cancellation and replacement
-  semantics. Application view usage is unchanged.
-
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-  - @latkit/model@1.0.0
-
-## 0.11.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- dc8b6a0: Replace renderer prepare/encode hooks with captured and prepared frame contracts. Ordinary
-  invalidation schedules the latest state without cancelling valid work; canvas playback coalesces
-  requests without adding an extra animation-frame wait. Compositions capture every child before
-  preparation, and images and video share submission and discard behavior.
-
-  Monitor append progress survives cancelled frames and tracks independently sampled fields.
-  Bounded camera-independent tiles reuse geometry and exact bounds for domain changes, with local
-  refinement at summary boundaries and local rereads on cache misses. Models and transport remain
-  free of observation retention and replay.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- 70030a4: Add `locateSample` for consistent observation lookup. Reuse local query, field, and scale results by
-  immutable sample dependencies rather than exact playhead coordinates or whole data publications.
-  Playback benefits automatically through existing view APIs, including after sample appends.
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [70030a4]
-  - @latkit/model@0.15.0
-
-## 0.10.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 145a02d: Breaking change: remove model retention and historical reads. Models publish one-pass passive
-  transactions, commands are a separate optional capability, and applications own immutable
-  columnar Data. Views consume Data directly and accept updates with set({ source: nextData }).
-  Local read computes rows, samples, aggregates, and envelopes without contacting a producer.
-  Connect protocol 3 removes queryable roots, retained reference trees, and remote exports;
-  upgrade both peers together. Delivered values survive unsubscribe and disconnect. Shared
-  unchanged pages preserve local read caching and GPU uploads.
-- 145a02d: A renderer is its own view: `createX(gpu, config)` draws on the config's canvas, handles its input,
-  and shares one API with every other view.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `View`: `config`, `set(patch, { animate })`, `image(options)`, `on`, `destroy`. Networks,
-    monitors, diagrams, and compositions add `camera`, `selection`, `select(items)`, `pick(point)`,
-    `locate`, `fit(items?)`, `reveal`, and `stats`.
-  - Config keys every view shares: `canvas`, `at`, `paused`, `input`, `camera`, `shade`, `limits`.
-  - `set` merges keyed records per entry, `camera`/`input`/`limits`/`layout` per option, and removes
-    with `null`.
-  - `frame`, `camera`, and `error` events; `select` reports arrays everywhere.
-  - Shorthands: `color: 'load'`, `labels: 'name'`, `colormap: 'viridis'`, `layout: 'layered'`,
-    `valueAxis: 'Temperature'`.
-  - Networks halo any number of selected items.
-  - `kit`: the renderer-authoring namespace of `@latkit/gpu`, with `kit.BaseView`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createNetwork(gpu, config)`, `createMonitor(gpu, config)`, `createDiagram(gpu, config)`,
-    `createComposition(gpu, { views: [{ view, region: [x, y, w, h] }] })`,
-    `exportVideo(view, options)`, and `arrange(gpu, config, { signal })`.
-  - Style options sit on the config; the `data` and `options` buckets are gone.
-  - `pick` is asynchronous everywhere.
-  - Network camera: `center: [x, y]`, plus `fit` and `orbit`. Diagram camera: `{ center, scale, fit }`.
-    Monitor camera: `{ window, values, fit, follow }`, holding the former `data.window`,
-    `valueDomain`, and `follow`.
-  - `@latkit/gpu` exports only the app surface; renderer plumbing moved under `kit`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Network `vertices`/`edges`/`poles`/`graticule`/`earthAxis` options → `showVertices`/`showEdges`/
-    `showPoles`/`showGraticule`/`showEarthAxis`.
-  - `hitTest` → `pick`.
-  - `Limits` → `NetworkLimits`, `MonitorLimits`, `DiagramLimits`; `InputOptions` → `NetworkInput`,
-    `MonitorInput`, `DiagramInput`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `createCanvasView` and `attachNetworkInput`/`attachMonitorInput`/`attachDiagramInput`: views own
-    their canvas and input.
-  - Every `set*` method, `getCamera`, `panBy`/`rotateBy`/`zoomBy`, `orbit()`, `setPointer`, `toData`,
-    and `toDiagram`.
-  - `invalidate`, `fit`, `orbit`, `window`, and `valueDomain` events.
-  - `PROJECTIONS` and the `Options` exports.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-  - @latkit/model@0.14.0
-
-## 0.9.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- Diagram is a public runtime over the shared GPU lifecycle.
-
-  Added
-
-  - Diagram: native fields, headless `arrange`, measured labels, orthogonal routing, groups,
-    editing proposals, and indexed picking.
-  - GPU: `createNativeReader`, a bounded, device-independent native read session for headless
-    consumers.
-
-- 1ade156: Topology is data: a reference field wires each row to a row of another type, and views draw
-  those types as vertices and edges.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Schema.types` with `TypeDefinition`, and `ReferenceColumn`: row numbers under the referenced
-    type's `Index`, read like any field. `numberAt` reads them.
-  - `direction: 'in' | 'out'` on reference fields.
-  - `ends` on network and diagram edges: the two reference fields a row joins. Without `ends` an edge
-    type is a net, joining the vertices whose references name each row.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `spatial.system` is `'geographic' | 'cartesian'`; the network reads its coordinates from it.
-  - Diagram ports are the reference fields that name a drawn net; `arrows` is a boolean.
-  - `ConnectProposal.replaces` names the net and the port leaving it.
-  - A `reference` parameter takes `to`; problem targets are `row` and `field` with a type.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Diagram: `components`/`connections` → `vertices`/`edges`, `setComponent`/`setConnection` →
-    `setVertex`/`setEdge`, item kinds `component`/`connection` → `vertex`/`edge`,
-    `ComponentOptions`/`ConnectionOptions` → `VertexOptions`/`EdgeOptions`, `EntityRef` → `RowRef`,
-    `ConnectionGesture` → `ConnectProposal`, `RouteEndpoint` → `RouteEnd`, `LayoutNode` →
-    `LayoutVertex`, `Group.components` → `Group.vertices`.
-  - Diagram options and limits: `nodePadding`, `nodeGap`, `componentBaseColor`, `connectionBaseColor`,
-    `connectionWidthPx`, `animationMaxComponents`, `connectionRadiusPx` → `vertexPadding`,
-    `vertexGap`, `vertexBaseColor`, `edgeBaseColor`, `edgeWidthPx`, `animationMaxVertices`,
-    `connectRadiusPx`; `components`/`connections`/`endpoints` → `vertices`/`edges`/`ends`.
-  - Network `focusEndpointMode` → `focusEnds`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `components`, `connections`, and `tables`, with `ComponentDefinition`, `ComponentPort`,
-    `ConnectionDefinition`, `ConnectionRole`, and `TableDefinition`.
-  - The `endpoints` and `links` queries and blocks.
-  - Network `coordinates` and `connectivity`; diagram roles and end ordinals.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [1ade156]
-  - @latkit/model@0.13.0
-
-## 0.8.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 01975bd: Replace the previous model and rendering APIs with native Queryable data, explicit
-  retained acquisitions, shared GPU rendering, and worker/socket connections.
-
-  Network and monitor use the shared GPU and canvas-view lifecycle. Video exports
-  renderers directly, including composed views. Colors now come from @latkit/gpu.
-  Rewrite usage guides and package READMEs for these APIs.
-
-  This is a breaking pre-1.0 release. Migrate consumers together; the retired port,
-  colormaps, document-session, and scene-snapshot APIs have no compatibility exports.
-  The diagram package remains private and declaration-only.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [01975bd]
-  - @latkit/model@0.12.0
diff --git a/packages/gpu/README.md b/packages/gpu/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b800fb67..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/gpu
-
-The shared WebGPU owner every Latkit view renders with, plus compositions and colors.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/gpu
-```
-
-```ts
-import { createGpu, createComposition } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const dashboard = createComposition(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  views: [
-    { view: network, region: [0, 0, 1, 0.6] },
-    { view: monitor, region: [0, 0.6, 1, 0.4] },
-  ],
-});
-
-dashboard.destroy();
-gpu.destroy(); // after its views
-```
-
-Renderer authors extend `kit.BaseView`, or `kit.BaseItemView` for views of selectable items. The
-[architecture](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/architecture.html) states the frame lifecycle
-they implement.
-
-[Views](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/views.html) ·
-[Colors](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/colormaps.html) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/gpu/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/gpu/package.json b/packages/gpu/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8217a72c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/gpu",
-  "version": "0.19.0",
-  "description": "Bounded WebGPU rendering and native Latkit column preparation.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/gpu"
-  },
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md",
-    "THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md"
-  ],
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts",
-    "test:browser": "pnpm --filter @latkit/gpu... build && node tests/browser/run.mjs"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:^",
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "culori": "4.0.2"
-  },
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@latkit/connect": "workspace:*",
-    "@types/culori": "^4.0.1"
-  },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/scripts/generate-colormaps.py b/packages/gpu/scripts/generate-colormaps.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 22ac8842..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/scripts/generate-colormaps.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-"""Regenerate published palette tables. Python stdlib only; never executes upstream Python.
-Run from any directory: python packages/gpu/scripts/generate-colormaps.py
-Sources are pinned and cached under output/color-sources; builds do not require Python/network.
-"""
-import ast
-import hashlib
-import json
-import math
-import re
-import struct
-import urllib.request
-from pathlib import Path
-ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
-CACHE = ROOT / 'output/color-sources'
-OUT = ROOT / 'packages/gpu/src/colors/presets'
-CACHE.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-OUT.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-SOURCES = {'matplotlib': ('matplotlib/matplotlib', '4aeb773422464799998d900198b35cb80e94b3e1'), 'seaborn': ('mwaskom/seaborn', '9521ea1f29b5ce1df1aa2ed6f65f3bd1c63884bb'), 'cmcrameri': ('callumrollo/cmcrameri', '78f02a088fa3c4fb4cb8aa92bd8e52389ab9d09a'), 'cmocean': ('matplotlib/cmocean', '59c35002c3aa5296b65d9646e52604c627441eb6'), 'd3': ('d3/d3-scale-chromatic', '2c52792197299346b7bdb94322bb4dff8f554fea')}
-files = {}
-entries = {}
-
-def fetch(source, path):
-    repo, revision = SOURCES[source]
-    url = f'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/{repo}/{revision}/{path}'
-    cached = CACHE / (hashlib.sha256(url.encode()).hexdigest() + '.txt')
-    if not cached.exists():
-        request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers={'User-Agent': 'latkit-colormaps'})
-        with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=30) as response:
-            cached.write_bytes(response.read())
-    data = cached.read_bytes()
-    files[url] = hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
-    return (data.decode('utf-8'), url)
-
-def literals(text):
-    values = {}
-    for node in ast.parse(text).body:
-        if isinstance(node, ast.Assign):
-            try:
-                value = ast.literal_eval(node.value)
-            except (ValueError, TypeError, SyntaxError):
-                continue
-            for target in node.targets:
-                if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
-                    values[target.id] = value
-    return values
-
-def add(name, label, kind, colors, url):
-    assert 1 <= len(colors) <= 16384
-    assert all((len(c) == 3 and all((math.isfinite(v) and 0 <= v <= 1 for v in c)) for c in colors)), name
-    packed = b''.join((struct.pack('<ddd', *c) for c in colors))
-    entries[name] = {'label': label, 'kind': kind, 'count': len(colors), 'rgb': json.dumps([v for color in colors for v in color], separators=(',', ':')), 'source': url, 'sha256': hashlib.sha256(packed).hexdigest()}
-
-def rows(text):
-    return [[float(v) for v in line.split()] for line in text.splitlines() if line.strip()]
-text, url = fetch('matplotlib', 'lib/matplotlib/_cm_listed.py')
-listed = literals(text)
-for name in ['viridis', 'cividis', 'inferno', 'magma', 'plasma', 'berlin', 'managua', 'vanimo', 'twilight', 'turbo']:
-    kind = 'diverging' if name in ['berlin', 'managua', 'vanimo'] else 'cyclic' if name == 'twilight' else 'multihue' if name == 'turbo' else 'sequential'
-    add(name, name.capitalize(), kind, listed['_' + name + '_data'], url)
-text, url = fetch('matplotlib', 'lib/matplotlib/_cm.py')
-maps = literals(text)
-for name in ['tab10', 'tab20']:
-    add(name, name.capitalize(), 'categorical', maps['_' + name + '_data'], url)
-for name, label in [('RdBu', 'Red / Blue'), ('BrBG', 'Brown / Green'), ('PuOr', 'Purple / Orange'), ('PiYG', 'Pink / Green'), ('Spectral', 'Spectral'), ('coolwarm', 'Cool / Warm')]:
-    data = maps['_' + name + '_data']
-    if isinstance(data, dict):
-
-        def sample(t):
-            color = []
-            for channel in ['red', 'green', 'blue']:
-                stops = data[channel]
-                j = next((j for j in range(1, len(stops)) if stops[j][0] >= t), len(stops) - 1)
-                a, b = (stops[j - 1], stops[j])
-                weight = (t - a[0]) / (b[0] - a[0])
-                color.append(a[2] * (1 - weight) + b[1] * weight)
-            return color
-        colors = [sample(i / 255) for i in range(256)]
-    else:
-        colors = []
-        for i in range(256):
-            x = i / 255 * (len(data) - 1)
-            j = min(int(x), len(data) - 2)
-            f = x - j
-            colors.append([data[j][c] * (1 - f) + data[j + 1][c] * f for c in range(3)])
-    add(name.lower(), label, 'diverging', colors, url)
-for name in ['batlow', 'devon', 'oslo', 'lajolla', 'turku', 'vik', 'broc', 'cork', 'romaO']:
-    text, url = fetch('cmcrameri', 'cmcrameri/cmaps/' + name + '.txt')
-    kind = 'cyclic' if name == 'romaO' else 'diverging' if name in ['vik', 'broc', 'cork'] else 'sequential'
-    add(name.lower(), 'RomaO' if name == 'romaO' else name.capitalize(), kind, rows(text), url)
-for name in ['thermal', 'haline', 'deep', 'amp', 'balance', 'phase']:
-    text, url = fetch('cmocean', 'cmocean/rgb/' + name + '-rgb.txt')
-    add(name, name.capitalize(), 'cyclic' if name == 'phase' else 'diverging' if name == 'balance' else 'sequential', rows(text), url)
-text, url = fetch('seaborn', 'seaborn/cm.py')
-maps = literals(text)
-for name in ['icefire', 'vlag', 'rocket', 'mako', 'flare', 'crest']:
-    add(name, name.capitalize(), 'diverging' if name in ['icefire', 'vlag'] else 'sequential', maps['_' + name + '_lut'], url)
-for name in ['Tableau10', 'Dark2', 'Set2', 'Paired']:
-    text, url = fetch('d3', 'src/categorical/' + name + '.js')
-    packed = re.search('colors\\("([0-9a-f]+)"\\)', text).group(1)
-    colors = [[int(packed[i + c:i + c + 2], 16) / 255 for c in (0, 2, 4)] for i in range(0, len(packed), 6)]
-    add(name.lower(), name, 'categorical', colors, url)
-# Published Okabe-Ito palette, ordered for categorical use.
-hexes = ['E69F00', '56B4E9', '009E73', 'F0E442', '0072B2', 'D55E00', 'CC79A7', '000000']
-add('okabeito', 'Okabe-Ito', 'categorical', [[int(h[c:c + 2], 16) / 255 for c in (0, 2, 4)] for h in hexes], 'https://jfly.uni-koeln.de/color/#pallet')
-add('grays', 'Grays', 'sequential', [[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]], 'Latkit: sRGB black to white')
-add('amber', 'Amber', 'sequential', [[0.15, 0.08, 0], [1, 0.78, 0.2]], 'Latkit: sRGB amber ramp')
-order = {'sequential': 0, 'diverging': 1, 'cyclic': 2, 'categorical': 3, 'multihue': 4}
-entries = dict(sorted(entries.items(), key=lambda item: (order[item[1]['kind']], item[0])))
-# Keep lossless numeric JSON lazy; it compresses better than encoded binary doubles.
-header = '// Generated by scripts/generate-colormaps.py. See provenance.json and THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md.\n'
-header += "import type { Colormap } from '../colormap.js';\n"
-header += 'export type ColormapName = ' + ' | '.join((repr(k) for k in entries)) + ';\n'
-header += 'interface Preset { readonly label: string; readonly kind: Colormap.Kind; readonly rgb: string }\n'
-body = header + 'export const presets: Readonly<Record<ColormapName, Preset>> = ' + json.dumps({k: {'label': v['label'], 'kind': v['kind'], 'rgb': v['rgb']} for k, v in entries.items()}, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2) + ';\n'
-(OUT / 'data.ts').write_text(body, encoding='utf-8')
-(OUT / 'provenance.json').write_text(json.dumps({'files': files, 'palettes': {k: {key: value for key, value in v.items() if key != 'rgb'} for k, v in entries.items()}}, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
-notices = ['# Palette source notices\n\nGenerated data retain the following upstream licenses and attribution.\n']
-for source, path in [('matplotlib', 'LICENSE/LICENSE'), ('matplotlib', 'LICENSE/LICENSE_COLORBREWER'), ('seaborn', 'LICENSE.md'), ('cmcrameri', 'LICENSE.txt'), ('cmocean', 'LICENSE.txt'), ('d3', 'LICENSE')]:
-    text, url = fetch(source, path)
-    notices.append(f'\n## {source}: {path}\n\nSource: {url}\n\n```text\n{text.rstrip()}\n```\n')
-notices.append('\n## Okabe-Ito\n\nMasataka Okabe and Kei Ito, Color Universal Design.\nSource: https://jfly.uni-koeln.de/color/#pallet\n')
-(ROOT / 'packages/gpu/THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md').write_text(''.join(notices), encoding='utf-8')
-print(f"Generated {len(entries)} palettes / {sum((v['count'] for v in entries.values()))} published samples")
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/catalog.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/catalog.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b4b2098a..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/catalog.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Colormap } from './colormap.js';
-import type { RGBA } from './color.js';
-import { presets } from './presets/data.js';
-
-function preset(value: (typeof presets)[Colormap.Name]): Colormap {
-  let colors: readonly RGBA[] | undefined;
-  return Object.freeze({
-    kind: value.kind,
-    label: value.label,
-    get colors() {
-      if (!colors) {
-        const data = JSON.parse(value.rgb) as number[];
-        colors = Object.freeze(
-          Array.from(
-            { length: data.length / 3 },
-            (_, i) => Object.freeze([data[i * 3], data[i * 3 + 1], data[i * 3 + 2], 1]) as RGBA,
-          ),
-        );
-      }
-      return colors;
-    },
-  });
-}
-function buildCatalog(): Readonly<Record<Colormap.Name, Colormap>> {
-  return Object.freeze(
-    Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(presets).map(([name, data]) => [name, preset(data)])),
-  ) as Readonly<Record<Colormap.Name, Colormap>>;
-}
-/** Named immutable values; accessing metadata never decodes their sample tables. */
-export const colormaps = /* @__PURE__ */ buildCatalog();
-/** A colormap, or the catalog's by name. */
-export function namedColormap(value: Colormap | Colormap.Name): Colormap {
-  const map = typeof value === 'string' ? colormaps[value] : value;
-  if (!map) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown colormap: ' + (value as string));
-  return map;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/color.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/color.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0dd7839c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/color.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-/** Normalized, sRGB-encoded channels with straight (unassociated) alpha. */
-export type RGBA = readonly [red: number, green: number, blue: number, alpha: number];
-
-export function validateRgba(value: unknown, name = 'color'): asserts value is RGBA {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.length !== 4 || value.some((v) => typeof v !== 'number'))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `${name} must be an RGBA tuple`);
-  if (value.some((v) => !Number.isFinite(v) || v < 0 || v > 1))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `${name} channels must be finite and in [0, 1]`);
-}
-
-export function freezeColor(value: RGBA): RGBA {
-  validateRgba(value);
-  return Object.freeze([...value]) as RGBA;
-}
-/** A straight color as a render pass clears to it: premultiplied by its alpha. */
-export function clearColor(color: RGBA): GPUColor {
-  return [color[0] * color[3], color[1] * color[3], color[2] * color[3], color[3]];
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/colormap.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/colormap.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 54e9a9c2..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/colormap.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { interpolateWithPremultipliedAlpha } from 'culori/fn';
-import { freezeColor, validateRgba, type RGBA } from './color.js';
-import { initializeColors, toRgba } from './conversion.js';
-import type { ColormapName } from './presets/data.js';
-
-/** Immutable presentation data. Continuous samples are uniformly spaced; cyclic samples omit t=1. */
-export interface Colormap {
-  readonly kind: Colormap.Kind;
-  readonly label?: string;
-  readonly colors: readonly RGBA[];
-}
-export declare namespace Colormap {
-  /** A colormap of the catalog. */
-  type Name = ColormapName;
-  type Kind = 'sequential' | 'diverging' | 'cyclic' | 'categorical' | 'multihue';
-  interface Stop {
-    readonly at: number;
-    readonly color: RGBA;
-  }
-  type Options =
-    | { readonly kind?: Kind; readonly label?: string; readonly colors: readonly RGBA[] }
-    | {
-        readonly kind?: Exclude<Kind, 'categorical'>;
-        readonly label?: string;
-        readonly stops: readonly Stop[];
-        readonly size?: number;
-        readonly interpolation?: 'srgb' | 'srgb-linear' | 'oklab';
-      }
-    | {
-        readonly kind?: Exclude<Kind, 'categorical'>;
-        readonly label?: string;
-        readonly sample: (t: number) => RGBA;
-        readonly size?: number;
-      };
-}
-
-const kinds: readonly string[] = ['sequential', 'diverging', 'cyclic', 'categorical', 'multihue'];
-const validated = new WeakSet<Colormap>();
-export function validateColormap(map: Colormap): void {
-  if (validated.has(map)) return;
-  if (!map || !kinds.includes(map.kind) || !Array.isArray(map.colors))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a colormap value');
-  const min = map.kind === 'categorical' ? 1 : 2;
-  if (map.colors.length < min || map.colors.length > 16384)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Colormaps require ${min} to 16384 colors`);
-  if (map.label !== undefined && typeof map.label !== 'string')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid colormap label');
-  for (const color of map.colors) validateRgba(color);
-  // Structural values are immutable by contract; factory results also enforce it at runtime.
-  if (Object.isFrozen(map) && Object.isFrozen(map.colors) && map.colors.every(Object.isFrozen))
-    validated.add(map);
-}
-
-/** Copies and freezes authoring data once. Callbacks are evaluated only during construction. */
-export function createColormap(options: Colormap.Options): Colormap {
-  const kind = options.kind ?? 'sequential';
-  if (!kinds.includes(kind)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid colormap kind');
-  if (options.label !== undefined && typeof options.label !== 'string')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid colormap label');
-  let colors: readonly RGBA[];
-  if ('colors' in options) {
-    validateColormap({ kind, colors: options.colors });
-    colors = options.colors.map(freezeColor);
-  } else {
-    if (kind === 'categorical')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Categorical maps require explicit colors');
-    const size = options.size ?? 256;
-    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(size) || size < 2 || size > 16384)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Colormap size must be an integer from 2 to 16384');
-    let sample: (t: number) => RGBA;
-    if ('sample' in options) sample = options.sample;
-    else {
-      if (!Array.isArray(options.stops)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected color stops');
-      const stops = options.stops as readonly Colormap.Stop[];
-      if (
-        stops.length < 2 ||
-        stops.length > 16384 ||
-        stops[0].at !== 0 ||
-        stops[stops.length - 1].at !== 1
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Stops must cover [0, 1]');
-      for (let i = 0; i < stops.length; i++) {
-        if (!Number.isFinite(stops[i].at) || (i && stops[i].at <= stops[i - 1].at))
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Stops must be finite and strictly increasing');
-        validateRgba(stops[i].color);
-      }
-      if (
-        kind === 'cyclic' &&
-        stops[0].color.some((v, i) => v !== stops[stops.length - 1].color[i])
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Cyclic stops must close at the same color');
-      const space = options.interpolation ?? 'oklab';
-      if (!['srgb', 'srgb-linear', 'oklab'].includes(space))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid interpolation space');
-      initializeColors();
-      const interpolate = interpolateWithPremultipliedAlpha(
-        stops.map(({ at, color: c }) => [
-          { mode: 'rgb' as const, r: c[0], g: c[1], b: c[2], alpha: c[3] },
-          at,
-        ]),
-        space === 'srgb' ? 'rgb' : space === 'srgb-linear' ? 'lrgb' : 'oklab',
-      );
-      sample = (t) => {
-        const color = toRgba(interpolate(t));
-        if (!color) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Interpolation produced an invalid color');
-        return color;
-      };
-    }
-    colors = Array.from({ length: size }, (_, i) =>
-      freezeColor(sample(i / (kind === 'cyclic' ? size : size - 1))),
-    );
-  }
-  const map: Colormap = Object.freeze({
-    kind,
-    ...(options.label === undefined ? {} : { label: options.label }),
-    colors: Object.freeze(colors),
-  });
-  validateColormap(map);
-  return map;
-}
-const reversed = new WeakMap<Colormap, Colormap>();
-/** Cyclic reversal preserves the phase origin. Reversing twice returns the original identity. */
-export function reverseColormap(map: Colormap): Colormap {
-  validateColormap(map);
-  let result = reversed.get(map);
-  if (!result) {
-    const colors =
-      map.kind === 'cyclic'
-        ? [map.colors[0], ...map.colors.slice(1).reverse()]
-        : [...map.colors].reverse();
-    result = Object.freeze({ ...map, colors: Object.freeze(colors) });
-    reversed.set(map, result);
-    reversed.set(result, map);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/conversion.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/conversion.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 03fc2823..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/conversion.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  converter,
-  toGamut,
-  useMode,
-  modeA98,
-  modeHsl,
-  modeHsv,
-  modeHwb,
-  modeLab,
-  modeLab65,
-  modeLch,
-  modeLch65,
-  modeLrgb,
-  modeOklab,
-  modeOklch,
-  modeP3,
-  modeProphoto,
-  modeRec2020,
-  modeRgb,
-  modeXyz50,
-  modeXyz65,
-} from 'culori/fn';
-import type { Color } from 'culori';
-import type { RGBA } from './color.js';
-
-let initialized = false;
-let rgb: ReturnType<typeof converter<'rgb'>>;
-let gamut: ReturnType<typeof toGamut>;
-/** Keep parsing and authoring initialization out of renderer-only bundles and frame preparation. */
-export function initializeColors(): void {
-  if (initialized) return;
-  for (const mode of [
-    modeA98,
-    modeHsl,
-    modeHsv,
-    modeHwb,
-    modeLab,
-    modeLab65,
-    modeLch,
-    modeLch65,
-    modeLrgb,
-    modeOklab,
-    modeOklch,
-    modeP3,
-    modeProphoto,
-    modeRec2020,
-    modeRgb,
-    modeXyz50,
-    modeXyz65,
-  ])
-    useMode(mode);
-  rgb = converter('rgb');
-  gamut = toGamut('rgb', 'oklch');
-  initialized = true;
-}
-/** CSS absolute colors enter the bounded sRGB presentation contract here. */
-export function toRgba(value: Color | string): RGBA | null {
-  initializeColors();
-  let color = rgb(value);
-  if (!color) return null;
-  const channelsIn = [color.r ?? 0, color.g ?? 0, color.b ?? 0, color.alpha ?? 1];
-  if (!channelsIn.every(Number.isFinite)) return null;
-  // Avoid a perceptual round trip for colors already inside the presentation gamut.
-  if (channelsIn.slice(0, 3).some((v) => v < 0 || v > 1)) color = rgb(gamut(color));
-  if (!color) return null;
-  const channels = [color.r ?? 0, color.g ?? 0, color.b ?? 0, color.alpha ?? 1];
-  if (!channels.every(Number.isFinite)) return null;
-  return Object.freeze(channels.map((v) => Math.max(0, Math.min(1, v)))) as RGBA;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/css.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/css.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d6e06518..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/css.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { validateRgba, type RGBA } from './color.js';
-import type { Colormap } from './colormap.js';
-import { toRgba } from './conversion.js';
-import { colormapPixels, pixelColor } from './sampling.js';
-
-/** Parse an absolute CSS color, without accessing the DOM. Unsupported/contextual syntax returns null. */
-export function parseColor(css: string): RGBA | null {
-  return toRgba(css.trim());
-}
-/** Resolve custom properties and currentColor against an element; no DOM work occurs in rendering. */
-export function resolveColor(css: string, context: Element): RGBA | null {
-  const literal = parseColor(css);
-  if (literal) return literal;
-  const document = context.ownerDocument,
-    view = document.defaultView;
-  if (!view) return null;
-  const probe = document.createElement('span');
-  probe.style.setProperty('--latkit-resolved-color', css);
-  probe.style.setProperty(
-    'color',
-    'color-mix(in srgb, var(--latkit-resolved-color) 100%, transparent)',
-  );
-  probe.style.display = 'none';
-  (context.shadowRoot ?? context).append(probe);
-  try {
-    const style = view.getComputedStyle(probe);
-    const value = style.getPropertyValue('--latkit-resolved-color').trim();
-    if (!value || !view.CSS.supports('color', value)) return null;
-    return parseColor(style.color);
-  } finally {
-    probe.remove();
-  }
-}
-/** Explicit sRGB prevents browser defaults from changing the color space. */
-export function colorCss(color: RGBA): string {
-  validateRgba(color);
-  return `color(srgb ${color[0]} ${color[1]} ${color[2]} / ${color[3]})`;
-}
-/** All table samples are preserved. Categorical colors have hard boundaries; cyclic maps close the seam. */
-export function colormapCss(
-  map: Colormap,
-  options: { readonly direction?: 'to right' | 'to top' } = {},
-): string {
-  const direction = options.direction ?? 'to top';
-  if (direction !== 'to right' && direction !== 'to top')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid gradient direction');
-  const data = colormapPixels(map),
-    stops: string[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < data.width; i++) {
-    const color = colorCss(pixelColor(data, i));
-    stops.push(
-      map.kind === 'categorical'
-        ? `${color} ${(i / data.width) * 100}% ${((i + 1) / data.width) * 100}%`
-        : `${color} ${(i / (data.width - 1)) * 100}%`,
-    );
-  }
-  return `linear-gradient(${direction} in srgb, ${stops.join(', ')})`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/preparation.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/preparation.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7eee80c8..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/preparation.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-import type { Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { BufferData } from '../memory/buffer-data.js';
-import type { Images } from '../memory/images.js';
-import type { UploadScope, Uploader } from '../fields/upload.js';
-import type { RGBA } from './color.js';
-import type { Colormap } from './colormap.js';
-import { colormapPixels } from './sampling.js';
-import { namedColormap } from './catalog.js';
-
-const grayscale: Colormap = Object.freeze({
-  kind: 'sequential',
-  colors: Object.freeze([Object.freeze([0, 0, 0, 1]) as RGBA, Object.freeze([1, 1, 1, 1]) as RGBA]),
-});
-interface Prepared {
-  readonly entry: Memory.Entry;
-  readonly parameters: BufferData;
-  binding?: { texture: GPUTexture; buffer: GPUBuffer; offset: number; group: GPUBindGroup };
-}
-/** Uses the same image cache, buffer allocator, budgets and submission pins as all other GPU data. */
-export class Colormaps {
-  readonly layout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  private readonly sampler: GPUSampler;
-  private readonly cached = new WeakMap<Colormap, Prepared>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-    private readonly images: Images,
-    private readonly uploader: Uploader,
-  ) {
-    const visibility = GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE | GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT;
-    this.layout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-      label: 'colormap',
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, visibility, texture: { sampleType: 'float' } },
-        { binding: 1, visibility, sampler: { type: 'filtering' } },
-        { binding: 2, visibility, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      ],
-    });
-    this.sampler = device.createSampler({
-      minFilter: 'linear',
-      magFilter: 'linear',
-      addressModeU: 'clamp-to-edge',
-    });
-  }
-  prepare(value: Colormap | Colormap.Name = grayscale, scope: UploadScope): GPUBindGroup {
-    const map = namedColormap(value);
-    const pixels = colormapPixels(map);
-    let cached = this.cached.get(map);
-    if (!cached?.entry.live) {
-      const parameters = new BufferData({
-        size: 16,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-        label: 'colormap mode',
-      });
-      parameters.write({
-        data: Uint32Array.of(
-          map.kind === 'cyclic' ? 1 : map.kind === 'categorical' ? 2 : 0,
-          map.colors.length,
-          0,
-          0,
-        ),
-      });
-      const entry = this.memory.add([pixels.bytes.buffer, parameters.bytes.buffer], 256, () =>
-        this.cached.delete(map),
-      );
-      cached = { entry, parameters };
-      this.cached.set(map, cached);
-      scope.use(entry);
-      entry.unpin();
-    } else scope.use(cached.entry);
-    const texture = this.images.upload(pixels, scope),
-      buffer = this.uploader.buffer(cached.parameters, scope);
-    const offset = buffer.offset ?? 0,
-      binding = cached.binding;
-    if (
-      binding?.texture === texture &&
-      binding.buffer === buffer.buffer &&
-      binding.offset === offset
-    )
-      return binding.group;
-    const group = this.device.createBindGroup({
-      label: 'colormap',
-      layout: this.layout,
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: texture.createView() },
-        { binding: 1, resource: this.sampler },
-        { binding: 2, resource: buffer },
-      ],
-    });
-    cached.binding = { texture, buffer: buffer.buffer, offset, group };
-    return group;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/presets/data.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/presets/data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0029bbc1..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/presets/data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
-// Generated by scripts/generate-colormaps.py. See provenance.json and THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md.
-import type { Colormap } from '../colormap.js';
-export type ColormapName =
-  | 'amber'
-  | 'amp'
-  | 'batlow'
-  | 'cividis'
-  | 'crest'
-  | 'deep'
-  | 'devon'
-  | 'flare'
-  | 'grays'
-  | 'haline'
-  | 'inferno'
-  | 'lajolla'
-  | 'magma'
-  | 'mako'
-  | 'oslo'
-  | 'plasma'
-  | 'rocket'
-  | 'thermal'
-  | 'turku'
-  | 'viridis'
-  | 'balance'
-  | 'berlin'
-  | 'brbg'
-  | 'broc'
-  | 'coolwarm'
-  | 'cork'
-  | 'icefire'
-  | 'managua'
-  | 'piyg'
-  | 'puor'
-  | 'rdbu'
-  | 'spectral'
-  | 'vanimo'
-  | 'vik'
-  | 'vlag'
-  | 'phase'
-  | 'romao'
-  | 'twilight'
-  | 'dark2'
-  | 'okabeito'
-  | 'paired'
-  | 'set2'
-  | 'tab10'
-  | 'tab20'
-  | 'tableau10'
-  | 'turbo';
-interface Preset {
-  readonly label: string;
-  readonly kind: Colormap.Kind;
-  readonly rgb: string;
-}
-export const presets: Readonly<Record<ColormapName, Preset>> = {
-  amber: {
-    label: 'Amber',
-    kind: 'sequential',
-    rgb: '[0.15,0.08,0,1,0.78,0.2]',
-  },
-  amp: {
-    label: 'Amp',
-    kind: 'sequential',
-    rgb: 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-    rgb: '[0.6509803921568628,0.807843137254902,0.8901960784313725,0.12156862745098039,0.47058823529411764,0.7058823529411765,0.6980392156862745,0.8745098039215686,0.5411764705882353,0.2,0.6274509803921569,0.17254901960784313,0.984313725490196,0.6039215686274509,0.6,0.8901960784313725,0.10196078431372549,0.10980392156862745,0.9921568627450981,0.7490196078431373,0.43529411764705883,1.0,0.4980392156862745,0.0,0.792156862745098,0.6980392156862745,0.8392156862745098,0.41568627450980394,0.23921568627450981,0.6039215686274509,1.0,1.0,0.6,0.6941176470588235,0.34901960784313724,0.1568627450980392]',
-  },
-  set2: {
-    label: 'Set2',
-    kind: 'categorical',
-    rgb: '[0.4,0.7607843137254902,0.6470588235294118,0.9882352941176471,0.5529411764705883,0.3843137254901961,0.5529411764705883,0.6274509803921569,0.796078431372549,0.9058823529411765,0.5411764705882353,0.7647058823529411,0.6509803921568628,0.8470588235294118,0.32941176470588235,1.0,0.8509803921568627,0.1843137254901961,0.8980392156862745,0.7686274509803922,0.5803921568627451,0.7019607843137254,0.7019607843137254,0.7019607843137254]',
-  },
-  tab10: {
-    label: 'Tab10',
-    kind: 'categorical',
-    rgb: '[0.12156862745098039,0.4666666666666667,0.7058823529411765,1.0,0.4980392156862745,0.054901960784313725,0.17254901960784313,0.6274509803921569,0.17254901960784313,0.8392156862745098,0.15294117647058825,0.1568627450980392,0.5803921568627451,0.403921568627451,0.7411764705882353,0.5490196078431373,0.33725490196078434,0.29411764705882354,0.8901960784313725,0.4666666666666667,0.7607843137254902,0.4980392156862745,0.4980392156862745,0.4980392156862745,0.7372549019607844,0.7411764705882353,0.13333333333333333,0.09019607843137255,0.7450980392156863,0.8117647058823529]',
-  },
-  tab20: {
-    label: 'Tab20',
-    kind: 'categorical',
-    rgb: '[0.12156862745098039,0.4666666666666667,0.7058823529411765,0.6823529411764706,0.7803921568627451,0.9098039215686274,1.0,0.4980392156862745,0.054901960784313725,1.0,0.7333333333333333,0.47058823529411764,0.17254901960784313,0.6274509803921569,0.17254901960784313,0.596078431372549,0.8745098039215686,0.5411764705882353,0.8392156862745098,0.15294117647058825,0.1568627450980392,1.0,0.596078431372549,0.5882352941176471,0.5803921568627451,0.403921568627451,0.7411764705882353,0.7725490196078432,0.6901960784313725,0.8352941176470589,0.5490196078431373,0.33725490196078434,0.29411764705882354,0.7686274509803922,0.611764705882353,0.5803921568627451,0.8901960784313725,0.4666666666666667,0.7607843137254902,0.9686274509803922,0.7137254901960784,0.8235294117647058,0.4980392156862745,0.4980392156862745,0.4980392156862745,0.7803921568627451,0.7803921568627451,0.7803921568627451,0.7372549019607844,0.7411764705882353,0.13333333333333333,0.8588235294117647,0.8588235294117647,0.5529411764705883,0.09019607843137255,0.7450980392156863,0.8117647058823529,0.6196078431372549,0.8549019607843137,0.8980392156862745]',
-  },
-  tableau10: {
-    label: 'Tableau10',
-    kind: 'categorical',
-    rgb: '[0.3058823529411765,0.4745098039215686,0.6549019607843137,0.9490196078431372,0.5568627450980392,0.17254901960784313,0.8823529411764706,0.3411764705882353,0.34901960784313724,0.4627450980392157,0.7176470588235294,0.6980392156862745,0.34901960784313724,0.6313725490196078,0.30980392156862746,0.9294117647058824,0.788235294117647,0.28627450980392155,0.6862745098039216,0.47843137254901963,0.6313725490196078,1.0,0.615686274509804,0.6549019607843137,0.611764705882353,0.4588235294117647,0.37254901960784315,0.7294117647058823,0.6901960784313725,0.6705882352941176]',
-  },
-  turbo: {
-    label: 'Turbo',
-    kind: 'multihue',
-    rgb: '[0.18995,0.07176,0.23217,0.19483,0.08339,0.26149,0.19956,0.09498,0.29024,0.20415,0.10652,0.31844,0.2086,0.11802,0.34607,0.21291,0.12947,0.37314,0.21708,0.14087,0.39964,0.22111,0.15223,0.42558,0.225,0.16354,0.45096,0.22875,0.17481,0.47578,0.23236,0.18603,0.50004,0.23582,0.1972,0.52373,0.23915,0.20833,0.54686,0.24234,0.21941,0.56942,0.24539,0.23044,0.59142,0.2483,0.24143,0.61286,0.25107,0.25237,0.63374,0.25369,0.26327,0.65406,0.25618,0.27412,0.67381,0.25853,0.28492,0.693,0.26074,0.29568,0.71162,0.2628,0.30639,0.72968,0.26473,0.31706,0.74718,0.26652,0.32768,0.76412,0.26816,0.33825,0.7805,0.26967,0.34878,0.79631,0.27103,0.35926,0.81156,0.27226,0.3697,0.82624,0.27334,0.38008,0.84037,0.27429,0.39043,0.85393,0.27509,0.40072,0.86692,0.27576,0.41097,0.87936,0.27628,0.42118,0.89123,0.27667,0.43134,0.90254,0.27691,0.44145,0.91328,0.27701,0.45152,0.92347,0.27698,0.46153,0.93309,0.2768,0.47151,0.94214,0.27648,0.48144,0.95064,0.27603,0.49132,0.95857,0.27543,0.50115,0.96594,0.27469,0.51094,0.97275,0.27381,0.52069,0.97899,0.27273,0.5304,0.98461,0.27106,0.54015,0.9893,0.26878,0.54995,0.99303,0.26592,0.55979,0.99583,0.26252,0.56967,0.99773,0.25862,0.57958,0.99876,0.25425,0.5895,0.99896,0.24946,0.59943,0.99835,0.24427,0.60937,0.99697,0.23874,0.61931,0.99485,0.23288,0.62923,0.99202,0.22676,0.63913,0.98851,0.22039,0.64901,0.98436,0.21382,0.65886,0.97959,0.20708,0.66866,0.97423,0.20021,0.67842,0.96833,0.19326,0.68812,0.9619,0.18625,0.69775,0.95498,0.17923,0.70732,0.94761,0.17223,0.7168,0.93981,0.16529,0.7262,0.93161,0.15844,0.73551,0.92305,0.15173,0.74472,0.91416,0.14519,0.75381,0.90496,0.13886,0.76279,0.8955,0.13278,0.77165,0.8858,0.12698,0.78037,0.8759,0.12151,0.78896,0.86581,0.11639,0.7974,0.85559,0.11167,0.80569,0.84525,0.10738,0.81381,0.83484,0.10357,0.82177,0.82437,0.10026,0.82955,0.81389,0.0975,0.83714,0.80342,0.09532,0.84455,0.79299,0.09377,0.85175,0.78264,0.09287,0.85875,0.7724,0.09267,0.86554,0.7623,0.0932,0.87211,0.75237,0.09451,0.87844,0.74265,0.09662,0.88454,0.73316,0.09958,0.8904,0.72393,0.10342,0.896,0.715,0.10815,0.90142,0.70599,0.11374,0.90673,0.69651,0.12014,0.91193,0.6866,0.12733,0.91701,0.67627,0.13526,0.92197,0.66556,0.14391,0.9268,0.65448,0.15323,0.93151,0.64308,0.16319,0.93609,0.63137,0.17377,0.94053,0.61938,0.18491,0.94484,0.60713,0.19659,0.94901,0.59466,0.20877,0.95304,0.58199,0.22142,0.95692,0.56914,0.23449,0.96065,0.55614,0.24797,0.96423,0.54303,0.2618,0.96765,0.52981,0.27597,0.97092,0.51653,0.29042,0.97403,0.50321,0.30513,0.97697,0.48987,0.32006,0.97974,0.47654,0.33517,0.98234,0.46325,0.35043,0.98477,0.45002,0.36581,0.98702,0.43688,0.38127,0.98909,0.42386,0.39678,0.99098,0.41098,0.41229,0.99268,0.39826,0.42778,0.99419,0.38575,0.44321,0.99551,0.37345,0.45854,0.99663,0.3614,0.47375,0.99755,0.34963,0.48879,0.99828,0.33816,0.50362,0.99879,0.32701,0.51822,0.9991,0.31622,0.53255,0.99919,0.30581,0.54658,0.99907,0.29581,0.56026,0.99873,0.28623,0.57357,0.99817,0.27712,0.58646,0.99739,0.26849,0.59891,0.99638,0.26038,0.61088,0.99514,0.2528,0.62233,0.99366,0.24579,0.63323,0.99195,0.23937,0.64362,0.98999,0.23356,0.65394,0.98775,0.22835,0.66428,0.98524,0.2237,0.67462,0.98246,0.2196,0.68494,0.97941,0.21602,0.69525,0.9761,0.21294,0.70553,0.97255,0.21032,0.71577,0.96875,0.20815,0.72596,0.9647,0.2064,0.7361,0.96043,0.20504,0.74617,0.95593,0.20406,0.75617,0.95121,0.20343,0.76608,0.94627,0.20311,0.77591,0.94113,0.2031,0.78563,0.93579,0.20336,0.79524,0.93025,0.20386,0.80473,0.92452,0.20459,0.8141,0.91861,0.20552,0.82333,0.91253,0.20663,0.83241,0.90627,0.20788,0.84133,0.89986,0.20926,0.8501,0.89328,0.21074,0.85868,0.88655,0.2123,0.86709,0.87968,0.21391,0.8753,0.87267,0.21555,0.88331,0.86553,0.21719,0.89112,0.85826,0.2188,0.8987,0.85087,0.22038,0.90605,0.84337,0.22188,0.91317,0.83576,0.22328,0.92004,0.82806,0.22456,0.92666,0.82025,0.2257,0.93301,0.81236,0.22667,0.93909,0.80439,0.22744,0.94489,0.79634,0.228,0.95039,0.78823,0.22831,0.9556,0.78005,0.22836,0.96049,0.77181,0.22811,0.96507,0.76352,0.22754,0.96931,0.75519,0.22663,0.97323,0.74682,0.22536,0.97679,0.73842,0.22369,0.98,0.73,0.22161,0.98289,0.7214,0.21918,0.98549,0.7125,0.2165,0.98781,0.7033,0.21358,0.98986,0.69382,0.21043,0.99163,0.68408,0.20706,0.99314,0.67408,0.20348,0.99438,0.66386,0.19971,0.99535,0.65341,0.19577,0.99607,0.64277,0.19165,0.99654,0.63193,0.18738,0.99675,0.62093,0.18297,0.99672,0.60977,0.17842,0.99644,0.59846,0.17376,0.99593,0.58703,0.16899,0.99517,0.57549,0.16412,0.99419,0.56386,0.15918,0.99297,0.55214,0.15417,0.99153,0.54036,0.1491,0.98987,0.52854,0.14398,0.98799,0.51667,0.13883,0.9859,0.50479,0.13367,0.9836,0.49291,0.12849,0.98108,0.48104,0.12332,0.97837,0.4692,0.11817,0.97545,0.4574,0.11305,0.97234,0.44565,0.10797,0.96904,0.43399,0.10294,0.96555,0.42241,0.09798,0.96187,0.41093,0.0931,0.95801,0.39958,0.08831,0.95398,0.38836,0.08362,0.94977,0.37729,0.07905,0.94538,0.36638,0.07461,0.94084,0.35566,0.07031,0.93612,0.34513,0.06616,0.93125,0.33482,0.06218,0.92623,0.32473,0.05837,0.92105,0.31489,0.05475,0.91572,0.3053,0.05134,0.91024,0.29599,0.04814,0.90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-  },
-};
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/sampling.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/sampling.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b078c0db..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/sampling.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { TextureData } from '../memory/texture-data.js';
-import type { RGBA } from './color.js';
-import { validateColormap, type Colormap } from './colormap.js';
-import { namedColormap } from './catalog.js';
-
-const pixels = new WeakMap<Colormap, TextureData>();
-/** Shared private premultiplied sRGB table. It is never exposed for mutation. */
-export function colormapPixels(map: Colormap): TextureData {
-  const hit = pixels.get(map);
-  if (hit) return hit;
-  validateColormap(map);
-  const count = map.colors.length,
-    cyclic = map.kind === 'cyclic';
-  const data = new TextureData({ width: count + (cyclic ? 1 : 0), height: 1 });
-  for (let i = 0; i < data.width; i++) {
-    const color = map.colors[i % count];
-    const alpha = Math.round(color[3] * 255);
-    for (let c = 0; c < 3; c++) data.bytes[i * 4 + c] = Math.round(color[c] * alpha);
-    data.bytes[i * 4 + 3] = alpha;
-  }
-  data.touch();
-  pixels.set(map, data);
-  return data;
-}
-/** Straight RGBA from the same quantized, premultiplied samples used by WebGPU and CSS. */
-export function pixelColor(data: TextureData, at: number): RGBA {
-  const a = data.bytes[at * 4 + 3];
-  return a
-    ? [data.bytes[at * 4] / a, data.bytes[at * 4 + 1] / a, data.bytes[at * 4 + 2] / a, a / 255]
-    : [0, 0, 0, 0];
-}
-/** Finite normalized input: clamp continuous maps, wrap cyclic maps, or select categorical bins. */
-export function sampleColormap(value: Colormap | Colormap.Name, t: number): RGBA {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(t)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Colormap coordinate must be finite');
-  const map = namedColormap(value),
-    data = colormapPixels(map);
-  t = map.kind === 'cyclic' ? t - Math.floor(t) : Math.max(0, Math.min(1, t));
-  if (map.kind === 'categorical')
-    return pixelColor(data, Math.min(data.width - 1, Math.floor(t * data.width)));
-  const x = t * (data.width - 1),
-    left = Math.floor(x),
-    right = Math.min(left + 1, data.width - 1),
-    weight = x - left;
-  const channel = (c: number) =>
-    data.bytes[left * 4 + c] * (1 - weight) + data.bytes[right * 4 + c] * weight;
-  const alpha = channel(3);
-  return alpha
-    ? [channel(0) / alpha, channel(1) / alpha, channel(2) / alpha, alpha / 255]
-    : [0, 0, 0, 0];
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/colors/shader.ts b/packages/gpu/src/colors/shader.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9eb749cc..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/colors/shader.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-
-/** Bind with Gpu.colormapLayout and Preparation.colormap. Outputs straight, sRGB-encoded RGBA. */
-export function colormapShader(options: { readonly group: number }): string {
-  const group = integer(options.group, 'colormap bind group', 0, 3);
-  return /* wgsl */ `
-@group(${group}) @binding(0) var latkitColormap: texture_2d<f32>;
-@group(${group}) @binding(1) var latkitColormapSampler: sampler;
-@group(${group}) @binding(2) var<uniform> latkitColormapInfo: vec4u;
-fn latkitStraightColor(value:vec4f)->vec4f {
-  if(value.a<=0.0){return vec4f(0.0);}
-  return vec4f(value.rgb/value.a,value.a);
-}
-// Explicit integer lookup preserves application-assigned category codes.
-fn paletteColor(index:u32)->vec4f {
-  if(index>=latkitColormapInfo.y){return vec4f(0.0);}
-  return latkitStraightColor(textureLoad(latkitColormap,vec2i(i32(index),0),0));
-}
-fn colormapColor(value:f32)->vec4f {
-  if((bitcast<u32>(value)&0x7f800000u)==0x7f800000u){return vec4f(0.0);}
-  var t=clamp(value,0.0,1.0);
-  if(latkitColormapInfo.x==1u){t=fract(value);}
-  if(latkitColormapInfo.x==2u){
-    return paletteColor(min(u32(floor(t*f32(latkitColormapInfo.y))),latkitColormapInfo.y-1u));
-  }
-  let width=f32(textureDimensions(latkitColormap).x);
-  let u=(t*(width-1.0)+0.5)/width;
-  return latkitStraightColor(textureSampleLevel(latkitColormap,latkitColormapSampler,vec2f(u,0.5),0.0));
-}
-`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/error.ts b/packages/gpu/src/error.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bb9e19d..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/error.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-
-export function integer(
-  value: number,
-  label: string,
-  minimum = 0,
-  maximum = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
-): number {
-  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < minimum || value > maximum)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `${label} must be an integer in [${minimum}, ${maximum}]`);
-  return value;
-}
-
-export function align(value: number, alignment: number): number {
-  return Math.ceil(value / alignment) * alignment;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/fields/pages.ts b/packages/gpu/src/fields/pages.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a8879d44..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/fields/pages.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, rowCount, type Index } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { GpuField, GpuValueField, GpuPage } from './types.js';
-import type { Allocation, Allocator } from '../memory/allocation.js';
-
-/** Private addresses consumed by the one shared page encoder. */
-export interface Bitmap {
-  readonly binding: GPUBufferBinding;
-  readonly offset: number;
-  readonly rowStride: number;
-  readonly frameStride: number;
-}
-export interface Column extends Bitmap {
-  readonly type: GpuValueField['type'];
-  readonly items?: Column;
-  readonly listBase?: number;
-  readonly components: number;
-  readonly origin?: Float64Array;
-  readonly validity?: Bitmap;
-  presence?: Bitmap;
-}
-/** Field kinds as the shader reads them; fieldShader declares one constant per kind. */
-export const FIELD_KIND = { float32: 0, int32: 1, uint32: 2, boolean: 3, list: 4 } as const;
-/** Value buffers a page binds directly; a page spanning more is packed into one, by a copy. */
-export const BANKS = 4;
-const HEADER_WORDS = 7;
-
-export interface CopyJob {
-  pending: boolean;
-  readonly copies: readonly { source: GPUBufferBinding; target: GPUBufferBinding }[];
-}
-
-export class FieldPages {
-  readonly layout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly allocator: Allocator,
-  ) {
-    const limits = device.limits as GPUSupportedLimits & {
-      maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage?: number;
-      maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage?: number;
-    };
-    for (const limit of [
-      limits.maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage,
-      limits.maxStorageBuffersInVertexStage,
-      limits.maxStorageBuffersInFragmentStage,
-    ])
-      if (limit !== undefined && limit < BANKS + 1)
-        throw failure(
-          'unsupported',
-          `Field rendering requires ${BANKS + 1} storage bindings per shader stage`,
-        );
-    this.layout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-      label: 'latkit fields',
-      entries: Array.from({ length: BANKS + 1 }, (_, binding) => ({
-        binding,
-        visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT | GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE,
-        buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' },
-      })),
-    });
-  }
-
-  build(
-    input: {
-      readonly index: Index;
-      readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-      readonly rowOffset: number;
-      readonly rowMap?: GPUBufferBinding;
-      readonly columns: Readonly<Record<string, Column>>;
-      readonly envelope?: { firstBucket: number; count: number };
-      readonly samples?: { firstFrame: number; count: number; coordinates: Column };
-    },
-    allocate: (size: number, label: string, exclude?: ReadonlySet<GPUBuffer>) => Allocation,
-    copies: CopyJob[],
-  ): GpuPage {
-    const columns = Object.values(input.columns);
-    const fields = input.samples ? [...columns, input.samples.coordinates] : [...columns];
-    for (const column of columns) if (column.items) fields.push(column.items);
-    const regions: GPUBufferBinding[] = [];
-    const add = (binding: GPUBufferBinding | undefined): void => {
-      if (
-        binding &&
-        !regions.some(
-          (item) =>
-            item.buffer === binding.buffer &&
-            item.offset === binding.offset &&
-            item.size === binding.size,
-        )
-      )
-        regions.push(binding);
-    };
-    add(input.rowMap);
-    for (const field of fields) {
-      add(field.binding);
-      add(field.validity?.binding);
-      add(field.presence?.binding);
-    }
-    const buffers = [...new Set(regions.map((region) => region.buffer))];
-    if (!buffers.length) buffers.push(allocate(4, 'empty field page').binding.buffer);
-    const relocated = new Map<GPUBufferBinding, GPUBufferBinding>();
-    if (buffers.length > BANKS) {
-      const total = regions.reduce((sum, region) => sum + region.size!, 0);
-      if (total > this.device.limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize)
-        throw failure('resource-limit', 'Prepared field page exceeds the binding limit');
-      const packed = allocate(total, 'field page consolidation', new Set(buffers)).binding;
-      let offset = packed.offset!;
-      const work = regions.map((source) => {
-        const target = { buffer: packed.buffer, offset, size: source.size };
-        offset += source.size!;
-        relocated.set(source, target);
-        return { source, target };
-      });
-      copies.push({ pending: true, copies: work });
-      buffers.splice(0, buffers.length, packed.buffer);
-    }
-    const location = (binding: GPUBufferBinding): { bank: number; word: number } => {
-      const region = regions.find(
-        (item) =>
-          item.buffer === binding.buffer &&
-          item.offset === binding.offset &&
-          item.size === binding.size,
-      )!;
-      const target = relocated.get(region) ?? binding;
-      return { bank: buffers.indexOf(target.buffer), word: (target.offset ?? 0) / 4 };
-    };
-    // Seven header words, sixteen words per field. Descriptors never consume numeric staging.
-    const words = new Uint32Array(HEADER_WORDS + Math.max(1, fields.length) * 16);
-    words.set([
-      rowCount(input.rows),
-      input.samples?.count ?? input.envelope?.count ?? 1,
-      fields.length,
-      input.rows.kind === 'indices' ? 1 : 0,
-      input.rows.kind === 'range' ? input.rows.offset : 0,
-    ]);
-    if (input.rowMap) {
-      const at = location(input.rowMap);
-      words[5] = at.bank;
-      words[6] = at.word;
-    }
-    const descriptor = (field: Column, slot: number): GpuField => {
-      const at = location(field.binding),
-        offset = HEADER_WORDS + slot * 16;
-      words.set(
-        [
-          at.bank,
-          at.word * (field.type === 'boolean' ? 32 : 1) + field.offset,
-          field.rowStride,
-          field.frameStride,
-          field.items ? FIELD_KIND.list : FIELD_KIND[field.type],
-          field.components,
-        ],
-        offset,
-      );
-      for (const [mask, start] of [
-        [field.validity, offset + 6],
-        [field.presence, offset + 10],
-      ] as const) {
-        if (!mask) words[start] = 0xffffffff;
-        else {
-          const bit = location(mask.binding);
-          words.set(
-            [bit.bank, bit.word * 32 + mask.offset, mask.rowStride, mask.frameStride],
-            start,
-          );
-        }
-      }
-      if (field.items) {
-        const child = fields.indexOf(field.items);
-        words[offset + 14] = child;
-        words[offset + 15] = field.listBase ?? 0;
-        return { kind: 'list', slot, items: descriptor(field.items, child) as GpuValueField };
-      }
-      return {
-        kind: 'value',
-        slot,
-        type: field.type,
-        components: field.components,
-        origin: field.origin,
-      };
-    };
-    const described: Record<string, GpuField> = Object.create(null) as Record<string, GpuField>;
-    Object.entries(input.columns).forEach(([name, field], slot) => {
-      described[name] = descriptor(field, slot);
-    });
-    const samples = input.samples && {
-      ...input.samples,
-      coordinates: descriptor(input.samples.coordinates, columns.length) as GpuValueField,
-    };
-    const metadata = allocate(words.byteLength, 'field descriptors').binding;
-    this.allocator.write(metadata, words);
-    const bindGroup = this.device.createBindGroup({
-      label: 'latkit field page',
-      layout: this.layout,
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: metadata },
-        ...Array.from({ length: BANKS }, (_, bank) => ({
-          binding: bank + 1,
-          resource: {
-            buffer: buffers[bank] ?? buffers[0],
-            offset: 0,
-            size: (buffers[bank] ?? buffers[0]).size,
-          },
-        })),
-      ],
-    });
-    return {
-      index: input.index,
-      rows: input.rows,
-      rowOffset: input.rowOffset,
-      columns: described,
-      samples,
-      envelope: input.envelope,
-      bindGroup,
-    };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/fields/shader.ts b/packages/gpu/src/fields/shader.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d9a1c4f2..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/fields/shader.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-import { BANKS, FIELD_KIND } from './pages.js';
-import { channelShader, channelColorShader } from '../style/channel.js';
-import { colormapShader } from '../colors/shader.js';
-
-const banks = Array.from({ length: BANKS }, (_, bank) => bank);
-const kinds = Object.entries(FIELD_KIND)
-  .map(([name, value]) => `const FIELD_${name.toUpperCase()}: u32 = ${value}u;`)
-  .join('\n');
-/** Reads a word of one value bank; the last bank is the fallthrough. */
-const word = banks
-  .slice(0, -1)
-  .map((bank) => `  if (bank == ${bank}u) { return latkitValues${bank}[offset]; }`)
-  .join('\n');
-
-/**
- * One layout for native columns, field bindings and sampled observations, with the channels that
- * read them; with `colormap`, that colormap group too, and `channelColor`.
- */
-export function fieldShader(options: {
-  readonly group: number;
-  readonly colormap?: number;
-}): string {
-  const group = integer(options.group, 'field bind group', 0, 3);
-  const values = banks
-    .map(
-      (bank) =>
-        `@group(${group}) @binding(${bank + 1}) var<storage, read> latkitValues${bank}: array<u32>;`,
-    )
-    .join('\n');
-  return /* wgsl */ `
-${kinds}
-struct LatkitField {
-  bank: u32, offset: u32, rowStride: u32, frameStride: u32,
-  kind: u32, components: u32, validBank: u32, validOffset: u32,
-  validRowStride: u32, validFrameStride: u32, presentBank: u32, presentOffset: u32,
-  presentRowStride: u32, presentFrameStride: u32, items: u32, itemBase: u32,
-}
-struct LatkitFields {
-  rows: u32, frames: u32, count: u32, rowKind: u32,
-  rowBase: u32, rowBank: u32, rowOffset: u32,
-  fields: array<LatkitField>,
-}
-@group(${group}) @binding(0) var<storage, read> latkitFields: LatkitFields;
-${values}
-fn latkitWord(bank: u32, offset: u32) -> u32 {
-${word}
-  return latkitValues${BANKS - 1}[offset];
-}
-fn latkitBit(bank: u32, bit: u32) -> bool {
-  return (latkitWord(bank, bit / 32u) & (1u << (bit & 31u))) != 0u;
-}
-fn fieldRow(row: u32) -> u32 {
-  if (latkitFields.rowKind == 0u) { return latkitFields.rowBase + row; }
-  return latkitWord(latkitFields.rowBank, latkitFields.rowOffset + row);
-}
-fn fieldPresent(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32) -> bool {
-  if (slot >= latkitFields.count || row >= latkitFields.rows || frame >= latkitFields.frames) { return false; }
-  let f = latkitFields.fields[slot];
-  if (f.presentBank == 0xffffffffu) { return true; }
-  return latkitBit(f.presentBank, f.presentOffset + row * f.presentRowStride + frame * f.presentFrameStride);
-}
-fn fieldValid(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32) -> bool {
-  if (!fieldPresent(slot, row, frame)) { return false; }
-  let f = latkitFields.fields[slot];
-  if (f.validBank == 0xffffffffu) { return true; }
-  return latkitBit(f.validBank, f.validOffset + row * f.validRowStride + frame * f.validFrameStride);
-}
-fn fieldUint(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32, component: u32) -> u32 {
-  let f = latkitFields.fields[slot];
-  return latkitWord(f.bank, f.offset + row * f.rowStride + frame * f.frameStride + component);
-}
-fn fieldInt(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32, component: u32) -> i32 {
-  return bitcast<i32>(fieldUint(slot, row, frame, component));
-}
-fn fieldFloat(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32, component: u32) -> f32 {
-  let f = latkitFields.fields[slot];
-  let word = fieldUint(slot, row, frame, component);
-  if (f.kind == FIELD_INT32) { return f32(bitcast<i32>(word)); }
-  if (f.kind == FIELD_UINT32) { return f32(word); }
-  return bitcast<f32>(word);
-}
-fn fieldBool(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32) -> bool {
-  let f = latkitFields.fields[slot];
-  return latkitBit(f.bank, f.offset + row * f.rowStride + frame * f.frameStride);
-}
-fn fieldListLength(slot:u32,row:u32)->u32 {
-  if (!fieldValid(slot,row,0u)) { return 0u; }
-  return fieldUint(slot,row+1u,0u,0u)-fieldUint(slot,row,0u,0u);
-}
-fn fieldListFloat(slot:u32,row:u32,item:u32,lane:u32)->f32 {
-  let list=latkitFields.fields[slot];
-  let first=fieldUint(slot,row,0u,0u)-list.itemBase;
-  return fieldFloat(list.items,first+item,0u,lane);
-}
-fn fieldListVec2f(slot:u32,row:u32,item:u32)->vec2f {
-  return vec2f(fieldListFloat(slot,row,item,0u),fieldListFloat(slot,row,item,1u));
-}
-fn fieldVec2f(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32) -> vec2f {
-  return vec2f(fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 0u), fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 1u));
-}
-fn fieldVec3f(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32) -> vec3f {
-  return vec3f(fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 0u), fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 1u), fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 2u));
-}
-fn fieldVec4f(slot: u32, row: u32, frame: u32) -> vec4f {
-  return vec4f(fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 0u), fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 1u), fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 2u), fieldFloat(slot, row, frame, 3u));
-}
-${channelShader}
-${options.colormap === undefined ? '' : colormapShader({ group: options.colormap }) + channelColorShader}`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/fields/types.ts b/packages/gpu/src/fields/types.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8800b004..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/fields/types.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-import type { Index, Block } from '@latkit/model';
-
-export type GpuField = GpuValueField | GpuListField | GpuEnvelopeField;
-/** Four lanes per bucket: first, minimum, maximum, last. Addresses use row and bucket. */
-export interface GpuEnvelopeField {
-  readonly kind: 'envelope';
-  readonly values: GpuValueField;
-  readonly coordinates: GpuValueField;
-  readonly frames: GpuValueField;
-  readonly continuous: GpuValueField;
-}
-export interface GpuListField {
-  readonly kind: 'list';
-  readonly slot: number;
-  readonly items: GpuValueField;
-}
-export interface GpuValueField {
-  readonly kind: 'value';
-  readonly slot: number;
-  readonly type: 'float32' | 'int32' | 'uint32' | 'boolean';
-  readonly components: number;
-  /** Add this Float64 origin to the stored relative value. Never reconstruct large origins in Float32. */
-  readonly origin?: Float64Array;
-}
-
-/** One shader layout for fields blocks and envelopes. Frame-scoped. */
-export interface GpuPage {
-  /** The fields block this page was uploaded from. */
-  readonly block?: Block.Fields;
-  readonly index: Index;
-  readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-  /** Position among the rows of the uploaded block's request; not physical identity. */
-  readonly rowOffset: number;
-  readonly columns: Readonly<Record<string, GpuField>>;
-  readonly bindGroup: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly envelope?: { readonly firstBucket: number; readonly count: number };
-  readonly samples?: {
-    readonly firstFrame: number;
-    readonly count: number;
-    readonly coordinates: GpuValueField;
-  };
-}
-
-export interface UploadOptions {
-  readonly select: readonly string[];
-  readonly float64?: 'relative' | 'float32';
-  readonly maxPageBytes?: number;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/fields/upload.ts b/packages/gpu/src/fields/upload.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ad1a7258..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/fields/upload.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,928 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, rowCount, sliceRows, type Column, type Memory, type Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { GpuPage, GpuValueField, UploadOptions } from './types.js';
-import { FieldPages, type Bitmap, type Column as EncodedColumn, type CopyJob } from './pages.js';
-import { Allocator, type Allocation } from '../memory/allocation.js';
-import { BufferData } from '../memory/buffer-data.js';
-import { align, integer } from '../error.js';
-
-export interface UploadScope {
-  use(entry: Memory.Entry): void;
-  check(check: () => void): void;
-  copy(job: CopyJob): void;
-}
-interface NumericView {
-  float64?: UploadOptions['float64'];
-  items?: NumericView;
-  values: Column.NumericArray | Uint8Array;
-  boolean?: true;
-  offset: number;
-  components: number;
-  rowStride: number;
-  frameStride: number;
-  validity?: { values: Uint8Array; offset: number; rowStride: number; frameStride: number };
-  presence?: Uint8Array;
-}
-interface UploadData {
-  readonly index: Block.Fields['index'];
-  readonly rows: Block.Fields['rows'];
-  readonly columns: Readonly<Record<string, Column | NumericView>>;
-  readonly presence?: Readonly<Record<string, Uint8Array>>;
-  readonly samples?: Block.Fields['samples'];
-  readonly envelope?: { firstBucket: number; count: number };
-}
-interface Resident {
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  pages: readonly GpuPage[];
-  copies: CopyJob[];
-}
-/** A block's pages as a view receives them, and the upload they come from. */
-interface Shaped {
-  readonly resident: Resident;
-  readonly pages: readonly GpuPage[];
-}
-interface MutableResident {
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  allocation: Allocation;
-  revision: number;
-  size: number;
-}
-
-export class Uploader {
-  private columns = new WeakMap<object, Map<string, Resident>>();
-  private mutable = new WeakMap<BufferData, MutableResident[]>();
-  readonly pageBytes: number;
-  readonly fieldPages: FieldPages;
-  private numericCache = new WeakMap<
-    ArrayBufferLike,
-    Map<string, { entry: Memory.Entry; column: EncodedColumn }>
-  >();
-  private identities = new WeakMap<object, number>();
-  private serial = 0;
-  /** A block's pages as views receive them, so a cache hit allocates nothing. */
-  private shaped = new WeakMap<Block.Fields, Map<string, Shaped>>();
-
-  constructor(
-    private readonly allocator: Allocator,
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-    pageBytes: number,
-  ) {
-    this.fieldPages = new FieldPages(allocator.device, allocator);
-    this.pageBytes =
-      Math.floor(
-        Math.min(
-          integer(pageBytes, 'page bytes', 4),
-          allocator.device.limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize,
-          allocator.device.limits.maxBufferSize,
-          memory.budget.stagingBytes,
-        ) / 4,
-      ) * 4;
-    if (this.pageBytes < 4) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Device cannot hold a numeric page');
-  }
-
-  upload(
-    block: Block.Fields | Block.Envelope,
-    options: UploadOptions,
-    scope: UploadScope,
-  ): readonly GpuPage[] {
-    if (block.kind === 'envelope') return this.envelope(block, options, scope);
-    const key = this.key(options);
-    let shaped = this.shaped.get(block);
-    const hit = shaped?.get(key);
-    if (hit?.resident.entry.live) {
-      this.reuse(hit.resident, scope);
-      return hit.pages;
-    }
-    // Field tiles are cached by the reader, so their columns identify resident pages.
-    const resident = this.prepare(block, options, scope, block.columns, key);
-    if (!resident) return [];
-    const pages = resident.pages.map((page) => ({
-      ...page,
-      rowOffset: block.rowOffset + page.rowOffset,
-      block,
-    }));
-    if (!shaped) this.shaped.set(block, (shaped = new Map<string, Shaped>()));
-    shaped.set(key, { resident, pages });
-    return pages;
-  }
-  /** What identifies an upload of a block: its fields, their float64 policy, and its page bound. */
-  private key(options: UploadOptions): string {
-    const limit = Math.min(
-      this.pageBytes,
-      integer(options.maxPageBytes ?? this.pageBytes, 'page bytes', 4),
-    );
-    return JSON.stringify([options.select, options.float64, limit]);
-  }
-  /** Hold a resident upload for this frame. */
-  private reuse(resident: Resident, scope: UploadScope): void {
-    scope.use(resident.entry);
-    for (const copy of resident.copies) scope.copy(copy);
-    this.memory.uploadHits++;
-  }
-
-  private envelopes = new WeakMap<
-    Block.Envelope,
-    { input: UploadData; names: Map<string, readonly string[]> }
-  >();
-  private envelope(
-    block: Block.Envelope,
-    options: UploadOptions,
-    scope: UploadScope,
-  ): readonly GpuPage[] {
-    integer(block.firstBucket, 'first bucket');
-    integer(block.bucketCount, 'bucket count', 1);
-    const cells = rowCount(block.rows) * block.bucketCount,
-      slots = integer(cells * 4, 'envelope slots', 0, 0x7fffffff);
-    for (const column of Object.values(block.columns)) {
-      if (
-        column.values.kind !== 'numeric' ||
-        column.values.length !== slots ||
-        !(column.coordinates instanceof Float64Array) ||
-        column.coordinates.length !== slots ||
-        !(column.frames instanceof Float64Array) ||
-        column.frames.length !== slots ||
-        !(column.continuous instanceof Uint8Array) ||
-        column.continuous.length !== Math.ceil(cells / 8) ||
-        (column.values.validity && column.values.offset + slots > column.values.validity.length * 8)
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid envelope column shape');
-    }
-    let resolved = this.envelopes.get(block);
-    if (!resolved) {
-      const columns: Record<string, NumericView> = {},
-        names = new Map<string, readonly string[]>();
-      let serial = 0;
-      const add = (view: NumericView): string => {
-        const name = String(serial++);
-        columns[name] = view;
-        return name;
-      };
-      for (const [name, field] of Object.entries(block.columns)) {
-        const view = (
-          values: Block.EnvelopeColumn['values']['values'],
-          offset = 0,
-        ): NumericView => ({
-          values,
-          offset,
-          components: 4,
-          rowStride: block.bucketCount * 4,
-          frameStride: 4,
-          validity: field.values.validity
-            ? {
-                values: field.values.validity,
-                offset: field.values.offset,
-                rowStride: block.bucketCount * 4,
-                frameStride: 4,
-              }
-            : undefined,
-        });
-        names.set(name, [
-          add(view(field.values.values, field.values.offset)),
-          add({ ...view(field.coordinates), float64: 'relative' }),
-          add({ ...view(field.frames), float64: 'relative' }),
-          add({
-            values: field.continuous,
-            offset: 0,
-            components: 1,
-            rowStride: block.bucketCount,
-            frameStride: 1,
-            boolean: true,
-          }),
-        ]);
-      }
-      resolved = {
-        input: {
-          index: block.index,
-          rows: block.rows,
-          columns,
-          envelope: { firstBucket: block.firstBucket, count: block.bucketCount },
-        },
-        names,
-      };
-      this.envelopes.set(block, resolved);
-    }
-    const selected = options.select.flatMap((name) => {
-      const aliases = resolved!.names.get(name);
-      if (!aliases) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Missing envelope field: ' + name);
-      return aliases;
-    });
-    const policy = { ...options, select: selected, float64: options.float64 ?? 'relative' };
-    const resident = this.prepare(resolved.input, policy, scope, block, this.key(policy));
-    return (resident?.pages ?? []).map((page) => ({
-      ...page,
-      rowOffset: block.rowOffset + page.rowOffset,
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(
-        options.select.map((name) => {
-          const [values, coordinates, frames, continuous] = resolved!.names
-            .get(name)!
-            .map((alias) => page.columns[alias] as GpuValueField);
-          return [name, { kind: 'envelope' as const, values, coordinates, frames, continuous }];
-        }),
-      ),
-    }));
-  }
-
-  private prepare(
-    block: UploadData,
-    options: UploadOptions,
-    scope: UploadScope,
-    identity: object,
-    key: string,
-  ): Resident | undefined {
-    if (new Set(options.select).size !== options.select.length)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Upload fields must be unique');
-    const sampled = block.samples;
-    if (sampled) {
-      integer(sampled.firstFrame, 'first frame');
-      if (!(sampled.coordinates instanceof Float64Array))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Coordinates must be Float64Array');
-    }
-    const count = rowCount(block.rows),
-      frames = sampled?.coordinates.length ?? block.envelope?.count ?? 1;
-    if (!count || !frames) return undefined;
-    const limit = Math.min(
-      this.pageBytes,
-      integer(options.maxPageBytes ?? this.pageBytes, 'page bytes', 4),
-    );
-    let cache = this.columns.get(identity);
-    const cached = cache?.get(key);
-    if (cached?.entry.live) {
-      this.reuse(cached, scope);
-      return cached;
-    }
-    const views: [string, NumericView][] = options.select.map((name) => {
-      const column = block.columns[name];
-      if (!column) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Missing upload field: ' + name);
-      const view =
-        'kind' in column ? this.view(column, count, frames, 'frameStride' in column) : column;
-      const span =
-        view.offset +
-        (count - 1) * view.rowStride +
-        (frames - 1) * view.frameStride +
-        view.components;
-      if (
-        !Number.isSafeInteger(span) ||
-        view.offset < 0 ||
-        span > view.values.length * (view.boolean ? 8 : 1)
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Upload view does not cover its axes');
-      view.presence = block.presence?.[name];
-      if (view.presence && view.presence.length * 8 < count)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Presence bitmap does not cover rows');
-      if (
-        (view.values instanceof Float64Array || view.items?.values instanceof Float64Array) &&
-        !options.float64
-      )
-        throw failure(
-          'precision',
-          'Float64 field ' + name + ' requires an explicit encoding policy',
-        );
-      return [name, view];
-    });
-    let widest = 1,
-      cellBytes = block.rows.kind === 'indices' ? 4 : 0;
-    for (const [, view] of views) {
-      widest = Math.max(widest, view.components);
-      cellBytes += (view.boolean ? 1 / 8 : view.components * 8) + (view.validity ? 1 / 8 : 0);
-    }
-    if (cellBytes > limit) throw failure('resource-limit', 'A vector exceeds the page bound');
-    // Pages keep every frame of their rows, so a line through the frames never spans two pages;
-    // frames split only when one row's frames exceed the page.
-    const tileRows = Math.min(
-      count,
-      Math.max(1, Math.floor(limit / Math.max(1, cellBytes * frames))),
-      views.some(([, view]) => view.boolean) ? limit * 8 - 31 : Infinity,
-    );
-    const tileFrames = Math.min(frames, Math.floor(limit / (tileRows * Math.max(1, cellBytes))));
-    const rowRanges: [number, number][] = [];
-    const lists = views.filter(([, view]) => view.items);
-    for (let row = 0; row < count;) {
-      let nr = Math.min(tileRows, count - row);
-      if (lists.length) {
-        const fits = (n: number) =>
-          (n + 1) * cellBytes +
-            lists.reduce(
-              (sum, [, view]) =>
-                sum +
-                (view.values[view.offset + row + n] - view.values[view.offset + row]) *
-                  view.items!.components *
-                  8,
-              0,
-            ) <=
-          limit;
-        let lo = 0,
-          hi = nr;
-        while (lo < hi) {
-          const mid = Math.ceil((lo + hi) / 2);
-          if (fits(mid)) lo = mid;
-          else hi = mid - 1;
-        }
-        nr = lo;
-        if (!nr) throw failure('resource-limit', 'A list cell exceeds the GPU page bound');
-      }
-      rowRanges.push([row, nr]);
-      row += nr;
-    }
-    const pageCount = rowRanges.length * Math.ceil(frames / tileFrames);
-    const dependencies = new Set<Memory.Entry>();
-    const copies: CopyJob[] = [];
-    const allocations: Allocation[] = [];
-    cache ??= new Map();
-    this.columns.set(identity, cache);
-    const ownCache = cache;
-    const entry = this.memory.add(
-      block.rows.kind === 'indices' ? [block.rows.values.buffer] : [],
-      256 + pageCount * (192 + views.length * 160 + widest * 8),
-      () => {
-        ownCache.delete(key);
-        for (const allocation of allocations) allocation.release();
-        for (const dependency of dependencies) dependency.unpin();
-      },
-      'gpu',
-    );
-    const pages: GpuPage[] = [];
-    const allocate = (
-      size: number,
-      label: string,
-      exclude?: ReadonlySet<GPUBuffer>,
-    ): Allocation => {
-      const allocation = this.allocator.allocate(size, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, label, exclude);
-      allocations.push(allocation);
-      return allocation;
-    };
-    const column = (
-      view: NumericView,
-      row: number,
-      nr: number,
-      frame: number,
-      nf: number,
-      policy: UploadOptions['float64'],
-    ): EncodedColumn => {
-      const resident = this.resident(
-        view,
-        row,
-        nr,
-        view.frameStride ? frame : 0,
-        view.frameStride ? nf : 1,
-        limit,
-        policy,
-      );
-      if (!dependencies.has(resident.entry)) {
-        resident.entry.pin();
-        dependencies.add(resident.entry);
-      }
-      return resident.column;
-    };
-    try {
-      const rowTiles = new Map<number, { rows: GpuPage['rows']; rowMap?: GPUBufferBinding }>();
-      for (let frame = 0; frame < frames; frame += tileFrames) {
-        const nf = Math.min(tileFrames, frames - frame);
-        let samples: { firstFrame: number; count: number; coordinates: EncodedColumn } | undefined;
-        if (sampled) {
-          const axis = sampled.coordinates;
-          for (let i = frame; i < frame + nf; i++) {
-            if (!Number.isFinite(axis[i]) || (i > 0 && axis[i] < axis[i - 1]))
-              throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sample coordinates must be finite and nondecreasing');
-          }
-          samples = {
-            firstFrame: sampled.firstFrame + frame,
-            count: nf,
-            coordinates: column(
-              { values: axis, offset: 0, components: 1, rowStride: 0, frameStride: 1 },
-              0,
-              1,
-              frame,
-              nf,
-              'relative',
-            ),
-          };
-        }
-        for (const [row, nr] of rowRanges) {
-          let rowTile = rowTiles.get(row);
-          if (!rowTile) {
-            const rows = sliceRows(block.rows, row, nr);
-            let rowMap: GPUBufferBinding | undefined;
-            if (rows.kind === 'indices') {
-              rowMap = allocate(rows.values.byteLength, 'physical rows').binding;
-              this.allocator.write(rowMap, rows.values);
-            }
-            rowTile = { rows, rowMap };
-            rowTiles.set(row, rowTile);
-          }
-          const { rows, rowMap } = rowTile;
-          const columns: Record<string, EncodedColumn> = Object.create(null) as Record<
-            string,
-            EncodedColumn
-          >;
-          for (const [name, view] of views) {
-            if (!view.items)
-              columns[name] = column(view, row, nr, frame, nf, view.float64 ?? options.float64);
-            else {
-              const first = view.values[view.offset + row],
-                end = view.values[view.offset + row + nr];
-              let child: NumericView =
-                end > first
-                  ? view.items
-                  : {
-                      values: new Float32Array(view.items.components),
-                      offset: 0,
-                      components: view.items.components,
-                      rowStride: view.items.components,
-                      frameStride: 0,
-                    };
-              let childRow = end > first ? first : 0;
-              if (
-                end > first &&
-                child.values instanceof Float64Array &&
-                (view.validity || view.presence)
-              ) {
-                const validity = this.memory.stage(Math.ceil((end - first) / 8), () => {
-                  const mask = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil((end - first) / 8));
-                  for (let r = 0; r < nr; r++) {
-                    const v = view.validity,
-                      at = v ? v.offset + (row + r) * v.rowStride : 0;
-                    const valid =
-                      (!v || !!(v.values[at >>> 3] & (1 << (at & 7)))) &&
-                      (!view.presence ||
-                        !!(view.presence[(row + r) >>> 3] & (1 << ((row + r) & 7))));
-                    if (valid)
-                      for (
-                        let i = view.values[view.offset + row + r] - first;
-                        i < view.values[view.offset + row + r + 1] - first;
-                        i++
-                      )
-                        mask[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-                  }
-                  return mask;
-                });
-                child = {
-                  ...child,
-                  offset: child.offset + first * child.rowStride,
-                  validity: { values: validity, offset: 0, rowStride: 1, frameStride: 0 },
-                };
-                childRow = 0;
-              }
-              columns[name] = {
-                ...column(view, row, nr + 1, 0, 1, options.float64),
-                listBase: first,
-                items: column(child, childRow, Math.max(1, end - first), 0, 1, options.float64),
-              };
-            }
-          }
-          pages.push(
-            this.fieldPages.build(
-              {
-                index: block.index,
-                rows,
-                rowOffset: row,
-                rowMap,
-                columns,
-                samples,
-                envelope: block.envelope && {
-                  firstBucket: block.envelope.firstBucket + frame,
-                  count: nf,
-                },
-              },
-              allocate,
-              copies,
-            ),
-          );
-        }
-      }
-      const resident = { entry, pages, copies };
-      ownCache.set(key, resident);
-      for (const copy of copies) scope.copy(copy);
-      scope.use(entry);
-      entry.unpin();
-      return resident;
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.memory.remove(entry);
-      for (const dependency of dependencies) if (!dependency.pins) this.memory.remove(dependency);
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private id(value: object | undefined): number {
-    if (!value) return 0;
-    let id = this.identities.get(value);
-    if (id === undefined) {
-      id = ++this.serial;
-      this.identities.set(value, id);
-    }
-    return id;
-  }
-
-  private resident(
-    view: NumericView,
-    row: number,
-    rows: number,
-    frame: number,
-    frames: number,
-    limit: number,
-    policy: UploadOptions['float64'],
-  ): { entry: Memory.Entry; column: EncodedColumn } {
-    const mask = view.validity;
-    const key = JSON.stringify([
-      view.values.constructor.name,
-      view.values.byteOffset,
-      view.values.length,
-      view.boolean,
-      view.offset,
-      view.components,
-      view.rowStride,
-      view.frameStride,
-      row,
-      rows,
-      frame,
-      frames,
-      limit,
-      policy,
-      this.id(mask?.values.buffer),
-      mask?.values.byteOffset,
-      mask?.offset,
-      mask?.rowStride,
-      mask?.frameStride,
-      this.id(view.presence?.buffer),
-      view.presence?.byteOffset,
-    ]);
-    let cache = this.numericCache.get(view.values.buffer);
-    if (!cache) {
-      cache = new Map();
-      this.numericCache.set(view.values.buffer, cache);
-    }
-    const cached = cache.get(key);
-    if (cached?.entry.live) {
-      cached.entry.touch();
-      this.memory.uploadHits++;
-      return cached;
-    }
-    const allocations: Allocation[] = [];
-    const own = cache;
-    const entry = this.memory.add(
-      [],
-      192 + view.components * 8,
-      () => {
-        own.delete(key);
-        for (const allocation of allocations) allocation.release();
-      },
-      'gpu',
-    );
-    try {
-      const allocate = (size: number, label: string): Allocation => {
-        const allocation = this.allocator.allocate(size, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, label);
-        allocations.push(allocation);
-        return allocation;
-      };
-      const column = this.numeric(view, row, rows, frame, frames, limit, policy, allocate);
-      if (view.presence) column.presence = this.bitmap(view.presence, row, rows, allocate);
-      const result = { entry, column };
-      own.set(key, result);
-      entry.unpin();
-      return result;
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.memory.remove(entry);
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private view(column: Column, rows: number, frames: number, sampled: boolean): NumericView {
-    if (column.kind === 'list') {
-      if (sampled || (column.values.kind !== 'numeric' && column.values.kind !== 'vector'))
-        throw failure('unsupported', 'Lists require static numeric or vector items');
-      const offset = integer(column.offset, 'list offset');
-      if (
-        !(column.offsets instanceof Int32Array) ||
-        rows > column.length ||
-        offset + rows >= column.offsets.length ||
-        (column.validity && offset + rows > column.validity.length * 8) ||
-        column.values.validity
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid list slice or nullable list items');
-      let previous = column.offsets[offset];
-      for (let i = offset; i <= offset + rows; i++) {
-        const next = column.offsets[i];
-        if (next < previous || next < 0 || next > column.values.length)
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'List offsets exceed child bounds');
-        previous = next;
-      }
-      const items = this.view(column.values, column.values.length, 1, false);
-      return {
-        values: column.offsets,
-        offset,
-        components: 1,
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: 0,
-        items,
-        validity: column.validity
-          ? { values: column.validity, offset, rowStride: 1, frameStride: 0 }
-          : undefined,
-      };
-    }
-    if (column.kind === 'boolean') {
-      if (sampled) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sampled fields must be numeric');
-      const offset = integer(column.offset, 'boolean offset');
-      if (
-        !(column.values instanceof Uint8Array) ||
-        rows > column.length ||
-        offset + rows > column.values.length * 8 ||
-        (column.validity && offset + rows > column.validity.length * 8)
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Boolean bitmap does not cover its rows');
-      return {
-        values: column.values,
-        boolean: true,
-        offset,
-        components: 1,
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: 0,
-        validity: column.validity
-          ? { values: column.validity, offset, rowStride: 1, frameStride: 0 }
-          : undefined,
-      };
-    }
-    if (column.kind !== 'numeric' && column.kind !== 'vector')
-      throw failure('unsupported', 'Numeric uploads accept numeric and vector columns');
-    const vector = column.kind === 'vector';
-    if (sampled && vector)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sampled fields must be scalar numeric columns');
-    if (vector && column.values.validity)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Vector lanes are non-nullable');
-    const scalar = vector ? column.values : column;
-    const values = scalar.values;
-    if (!(
-      values instanceof Float32Array ||
-      values instanceof Float64Array ||
-      values instanceof Int32Array ||
-      values instanceof Uint32Array
-    ))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unsupported numeric backing');
-    const components = vector ? integer(column.size, 'vector size', 1) : 1;
-    const parentOffset = integer(column.offset, 'column offset');
-    integer(column.length, 'column length');
-    const rowStride = sampled
-      ? integer((column as Column.Sample).rowStride, 'row stride', 1)
-      : components;
-    const frameStride = sampled
-      ? integer((column as Column.Sample).frameStride, 'frame stride', 1)
-      : 0;
-    if (sampled) {
-      let a = rowStride,
-        b = frameStride;
-      while (b) {
-        const remainder = a % b;
-        a = b;
-        b = remainder;
-      }
-      if (frames > rowStride / a && rows > frameStride / a)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sample strides alias distinct cells');
-    }
-    const offset = vector
-      ? integer(scalar.offset, 'child offset') + parentOffset * components
-      : parentOffset;
-    const span = (rows - 1) * rowStride + (frames - 1) * frameStride + components;
-    if (
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(span) ||
-      offset + span > values.length ||
-      (vector
-        ? rows > column.length || parentOffset * components + span > scalar.length
-        : span > column.length)
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Column does not cover its logical axes');
-    let validity: NumericView['validity'];
-    if (column.validity) {
-      const rs = vector ? 1 : rowStride,
-        fs = vector ? 0 : frameStride;
-      const last = parentOffset + (rows - 1) * rs + (frames - 1) * fs;
-      if (!(column.validity instanceof Uint8Array) || last >= column.validity.length * 8)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Validity bitmap does not cover the column');
-      validity = { values: column.validity, offset: parentOffset, rowStride: rs, frameStride: fs };
-    }
-    return { values, offset, components, rowStride, frameStride, validity };
-  }
-
-  private numeric(
-    view: NumericView,
-    row: number,
-    rows: number,
-    frame: number,
-    frames: number,
-    limit: number,
-    policy: UploadOptions['float64'],
-    allocate: (size: number, label: string) => Allocation,
-  ): EncodedColumn {
-    if (view.boolean && (view.rowStride !== 1 || view.frameStride !== 0)) {
-      const count = rows * frames;
-      return this.memory.stage(Math.ceil(count / 8), () => {
-        const packed = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-        for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
-          for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
-            const from = view.offset + (row + r) * view.rowStride + (frame + f) * view.frameStride;
-            const to = f * rows + r;
-            if (view.values[from >>> 3] & (1 << (from & 7))) packed[to >>> 3] |= 1 << (to & 7);
-          }
-        return {
-          ...this.bitmap(packed, 0, count, allocate),
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: rows,
-          type: 'boolean' as const,
-          components: 1,
-        };
-      });
-    }
-    if (view.boolean) {
-      const data = this.bitmap(view.values as Uint8Array, view.offset + row, rows, allocate);
-      const validity = view.validity
-        ? this.bitmap(view.validity.values, view.validity.offset + row, rows, allocate)
-        : undefined;
-      return { ...data, type: 'boolean', components: 1, validity };
-    }
-    const base = view.offset + row * view.rowStride + frame * view.frameStride;
-    const span = (rows - 1) * view.rowStride + (frames - 1) * view.frameStride + view.components;
-    const packedSize = rows * frames * view.components * 4;
-    const is64 = view.values instanceof Float64Array;
-    const direct = !is64 && span * 4 <= limit && span * 4 <= packedSize * 2;
-    const type =
-      view.values instanceof Int32Array
-        ? 'int32'
-        : view.values instanceof Uint32Array
-          ? 'uint32'
-          : 'float32';
-    const binding = allocate(direct ? span * 4 : packedSize, 'numeric column').binding;
-    let origin: Float64Array | undefined;
-    const valid = (r: number, f: number): boolean => {
-      if (view.presence && !(view.presence[(row + r) >>> 3] & (1 << ((row + r) & 7)))) return false;
-      if (!view.validity) return true;
-      const mask = view.validity;
-      const bit = mask.offset + (row + r) * mask.rowStride + (frame + f) * mask.frameStride;
-      return (mask.values[bit >>> 3] & (1 << (bit & 7))) !== 0;
-    };
-    if (direct) this.allocator.write(binding, view.values.subarray(base, base + span));
-    else
-      this.memory.stage(packedSize, () => {
-        const values =
-          type === 'int32'
-            ? new Int32Array(rows * frames * view.components)
-            : type === 'uint32'
-              ? new Uint32Array(rows * frames * view.components)
-              : new Float32Array(rows * frames * view.components);
-        if (is64 && policy === 'relative') {
-          origin = new Float64Array(view.components);
-          for (let lane = 0; lane < view.components; lane++) {
-            find: for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
-              for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
-                const value = view.values[base + f * view.frameStride + r * view.rowStride + lane];
-                if (valid(r, f) && Number.isFinite(value)) {
-                  origin[lane] = value;
-                  break find;
-                }
-              }
-          }
-        }
-        let at = 0;
-        for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
-          for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++)
-            for (let lane = 0; lane < view.components; lane++) {
-              if (!valid(r, f)) {
-                values[at++] = 0;
-                continue;
-              }
-              const value = view.values[base + f * view.frameStride + r * view.rowStride + lane];
-              const encoded = value - (origin?.[lane] ?? 0);
-              if (is64 && Number.isFinite(value) && !Number.isFinite(Math.fround(encoded)))
-                throw failure(
-                  'precision',
-                  'Finite Float64 value exceeds the selected Float32 encoding',
-                );
-              values[at++] = encoded;
-            }
-        this.allocator.write(binding, values);
-      });
-    let validity: Bitmap | undefined;
-    if (view.validity) {
-      const size = align(Math.ceil((rows * frames) / 8), 4);
-      const mask = allocate(size, 'column validity').binding;
-      this.memory.stage(size, () => {
-        const bits = new Uint8Array(size);
-        for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
-          for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++)
-            if (valid(r, f)) {
-              const bit = f * rows + r;
-              bits[bit >>> 3] |= 1 << (bit & 7);
-            }
-        this.allocator.write(mask, bits);
-      });
-      validity = { binding: mask, offset: 0, rowStride: 1, frameStride: rows };
-    }
-    return {
-      binding,
-      type,
-      offset: 0,
-      components: view.components,
-      rowStride: direct ? view.rowStride : view.components,
-      frameStride: direct ? view.frameStride : rows * view.components,
-      origin,
-      validity,
-    };
-  }
-
-  private bitmap(
-    values: Uint8Array,
-    offset: number,
-    count: number,
-    allocate: (size: number, label: string) => Allocation,
-  ): Bitmap {
-    const from = Math.floor(offset / 32) * 4;
-    const end = align(Math.ceil((offset + count) / 8), 4);
-    const binding = allocate(end - from, 'packed boolean').binding;
-    if (end <= values.length) this.allocator.write(binding, values.subarray(from, end));
-    else
-      this.memory.stage(end - from, () => {
-        const bytes = new Uint8Array(end - from);
-        bytes.set(values.subarray(from, Math.min(end, values.length)));
-        this.allocator.write(binding, bytes);
-      });
-    return { binding, offset: offset - from * 8, rowStride: 1, frameStride: 0 };
-  }
-
-  buffer(data: BufferData, scope: UploadScope): GPUBufferBinding {
-    const revision = data.revision;
-    const residents = this.mutable.get(data) ?? [];
-    this.mutable.set(data, residents);
-    let resident = residents.find(
-      (item) => item.entry.live && item.revision === revision && item.size === data.size,
-    );
-    if (resident) this.memory.uploadHits++;
-    else {
-      resident = residents.find(
-        (item) =>
-          item.entry.live &&
-          !item.entry.pins &&
-          item.allocation.binding.size >= align(Math.max(4, data.size), 4),
-      );
-      if (resident) {
-        resident.entry.pin();
-        try {
-          for (const range of data.changesSince(resident.revision))
-            this.writeBytes(resident.allocation.binding, data.bytes, range.offset, range.size);
-          resident.revision = revision;
-          resident.size = data.size;
-        } catch (error) {
-          this.memory.remove(resident.entry);
-          throw error;
-        }
-      } else {
-        const entry = this.memory.add(
-          [],
-          128,
-          () => {
-            const index = residents.findIndex((item) => item.entry === entry);
-            if (index >= 0) {
-              residents[index].allocation.release();
-              residents.splice(index, 1);
-            }
-          },
-          'gpu',
-        );
-        try {
-          const allocation = this.allocator.allocate(data.size, data.usage, data.label);
-          resident = { entry, allocation, revision, size: data.size };
-          residents.push(resident);
-          this.writeBytes(allocation.binding, data.bytes, 0, data.size);
-        } catch (error) {
-          this.memory.remove(entry);
-          throw error;
-        }
-      }
-      scope.use(resident.entry);
-      resident.entry.unpin();
-      scope.check(() => {
-        if (data.revision !== revision)
-          throw failure('conflict', 'Renderer buffer changed during preparation');
-      });
-      return { ...resident.allocation.binding, size: align(Math.max(4, data.size), 4) };
-    }
-    scope.use(resident.entry);
-    scope.check(() => {
-      if (data.revision !== revision)
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Renderer buffer changed during preparation');
-    });
-    return { ...resident.allocation.binding, size: align(Math.max(4, data.size), 4) };
-  }
-
-  private writeBytes(
-    binding: GPUBufferBinding,
-    bytes: Uint8Array,
-    offset: number,
-    size: number,
-  ): void {
-    if (!size) return;
-    const start = Math.floor(offset / 4) * 4,
-      end = align(offset + size, 4);
-    if (end <= bytes.length) this.allocator.write(binding, bytes.subarray(start, end), start);
-    else
-      this.memory.stage(end - start, () => {
-        const padded = new Uint8Array(end - start);
-        padded.set(bytes.subarray(start, Math.min(end, bytes.length)));
-        this.allocator.write(binding, padded, start);
-      });
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/frame/frame.ts b/packages/gpu/src/frame/frame.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 89aeef40..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/frame/frame.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,375 +0,0 @@
-import { interruptible, failure, type Reader, type Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-import type { CopyJob } from '../fields/pages.js';
-import type { Uploader, UploadScope } from '../fields/upload.js';
-import type { Colormaps } from '../colors/preparation.js';
-import type { Buffers } from '../memory/buffers.js';
-import { BufferData } from '../memory/buffer-data.js';
-import type { Images } from '../memory/images.js';
-import { TextureData } from '../memory/texture-data.js';
-import type { Textures } from '../memory/textures.js';
-import { shadeUniforms } from '../style/shade.js';
-import type { TextAtlas } from '../text/atlas.js';
-import type { Uniforms } from './uniforms.js';
-import {
-  targetResources,
-  type CapturedFrame,
-  type FrameInfo,
-  type Preparation,
-  type PreparedFrame,
-  type Renderer,
-  type RenderOptions,
-} from './render.js';
-
-/** What memoized work held and bound, and what it depended on, as it was built. */
-interface Recording {
-  readonly held: Set<Memory.Entry>;
-  readonly buffers: Map<BufferData, number>;
-  readonly reads: Reader.Dependencies;
-}
-export interface Memo extends Recording {
-  readonly deps: readonly unknown[];
-  readonly at: number | undefined;
-  readonly value: unknown;
-}
-/** What one frame borrows from its Gpu. */
-export interface FrameOwner {
-  readonly device: GPUDevice;
-  readonly reader: Reader;
-  readonly memory: Memory;
-  readonly uploader: Uploader;
-  readonly uniforms: Uniforms;
-  readonly colormaps: Colormaps;
-  readonly text: TextAtlas;
-  readonly images: Images;
-  readonly textures: Textures;
-  readonly buffers: Buffers;
-  readonly stopped: AbortSignal;
-  /** Renderers with a preparation in progress. */
-  readonly busy: Set<Renderer>;
-  /** Each renderer's memoized work, by slot. */
-  readonly memos: WeakMap<Renderer, Map<unknown, Memo>>;
-  /** Submitted work not yet done. */
-  readonly pending: Set<Promise<void>>;
-  readonly maxFrames: number;
-  stop(reason: unknown): void;
-}
-
-/** Capture every view, prepare them concurrently, then encode and submit one command buffer. */
-export async function renderFrame(owner: FrameOwner, options: RenderOptions): Promise<void> {
-  owner.stopped.throwIfAborted();
-  if (!Number.isFinite(options.timeMs)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Frame time must be finite');
-  const renderers = new Set(options.views.map((view) => view.renderer));
-  if (renderers.size !== options.views.length)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'A renderer may appear only once in a frame');
-  for (const renderer of renderers)
-    if (owner.busy.has(renderer))
-      throw failure('busy', 'Renderer already has a preparation in progress');
-  const cancelled = new AbortController();
-  const signal = AbortSignal.any([
-    owner.stopped,
-    cancelled.signal,
-    ...(options.signal ? [options.signal] : []),
-  ]);
-  signal.throwIfAborted();
-  const infos = options.views.map((view): FrameInfo => {
-    if (view.target.device !== owner.device)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Target belongs to a different device');
-    integer(view.target.width, 'target width', 1);
-    integer(view.target.height, 'target height', 1);
-    if (view.at !== undefined && !Number.isFinite(view.at))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Model coordinate must be finite');
-    const viewport = view.viewport ?? {
-      width: view.target.width,
-      height: view.target.height,
-      pixelRatio: 1,
-    };
-    if (
-      ![viewport.width, viewport.height, viewport.pixelRatio].every(
-        (value) => Number.isFinite(value) && value > 0,
-      )
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Viewport dimensions and pixel ratio must be positive');
-    return {
-      at: view.at,
-      timeMs: options.timeMs,
-      viewport: { ...viewport },
-      format: view.target.format,
-      width: view.target.width,
-      height: view.target.height,
-      presented: view.presented ?? true,
-    };
-  });
-  for (const renderer of renderers) owner.busy.add(renderer);
-  const held = new Set<Memory.Entry>();
-  const uniforms = owner.uniforms.begin();
-  const checks: (() => void)[] = [];
-  const copies = new Set<CopyJob>();
-  const snapshots: CapturedFrame[] = [];
-  const prepared: (PreparedFrame | undefined)[] = [];
-  const scopes: Reader.Scope[] = [];
-  const tasks = new Set<Promise<unknown>>();
-  let phase: 'prepare' | 'encode' | 'closed' = 'prepare';
-  let submitted = false;
-  let preparation: Promise<unknown> = Promise.resolve();
-  const assertPreparing = (): void => {
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (phase !== 'prepare') throw failure('closed', 'Frame preparation is finished');
-  };
-  const scope: UploadScope = {
-    copy: (job) => {
-      assertPreparing();
-      if (job.pending) copies.add(job);
-    },
-    use: (entry) => {
-      assertPreparing();
-      if (!held.has(entry)) {
-        entry.pin();
-        held.add(entry);
-      }
-    },
-    check: (check) => {
-      assertPreparing();
-      checks.push(check);
-    },
-  };
-  const release = (): void => {
-    for (const entry of held) entry.unpin();
-    held.clear();
-    uniforms.release();
-    for (const reads of scopes) reads.close();
-  };
-  const track = <T>(task: Promise<T>): Promise<T> => {
-    tasks.add(task);
-    const settle = () => void tasks.delete(task);
-    void task.then(settle, settle);
-    return task;
-  };
-  /**
-   * A view's frame. Inside memoized work, `records` note everything the work holds and binds, for
-   * every memo it is nested in.
-   */
-  const makeFrame = (
-    info: FrameInfo,
-    reader: Reader.Scope,
-    renderer: Renderer,
-    touched: Set<unknown>,
-    records: readonly Recording[] = [],
-  ): Preparation => {
-    const held: UploadScope = records.length
-      ? {
-          ...scope,
-          use: (entry) => {
-            scope.use(entry);
-            for (const record of records) record.held.add(entry);
-          },
-        }
-      : scope;
-    const perFrame = (what: string) => {
-      if (records.length)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Memoized work cannot hold per-frame ' + what);
-    };
-    const frame: Preparation = {
-      ...info,
-      signal,
-      reader,
-      shade: (request = {}) => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        perFrame('shades');
-        return uniforms.add(shadeUniforms(request, info));
-      },
-      colormap: (value) => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        return owner.colormaps.prepare(value, held);
-      },
-      text: (request) => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        return track(owner.text.prepare(request, held, signal));
-      },
-      upload: (block, upload) => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        return owner.uploader.upload(block, upload, held);
-      },
-      buffer: (data) => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        if (data instanceof BufferData) {
-          for (const record of records) record.buffers.set(data, data.revision);
-          return owner.uploader.buffer(data, held);
-        }
-        held.use(owner.buffers.entry(data));
-        return { buffer: data.buffer, offset: 0, size: data.buffer.size };
-      },
-      uniforms: (data) => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        perFrame('uniforms');
-        return uniforms.add(data);
-      },
-      texture: (resource) => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        if (resource instanceof TextureData) return owner.images.upload(resource, held);
-        held.use(owner.textures.entry(resource));
-        return resource.texture;
-      },
-      memo: async <T>(
-        slot: unknown,
-        deps: readonly unknown[],
-        build: (frame: Preparation, previous: T | undefined) => Promise<T> | T,
-      ): Promise<T> => {
-        assertPreparing();
-        touched.add(slot);
-        let store = owner.memos.get(renderer);
-        if (!store) owner.memos.set(renderer, (store = new Map<unknown, Memo>()));
-        const old = store.get(slot);
-        if (
-          old &&
-          old.deps.length === deps.length &&
-          old.deps.every((dep, i) => Object.is(dep, deps[i])) &&
-          (!old.reads.sampled || old.at === info.at) &&
-          [...old.buffers].every(([data, revision]) => data.revision === revision) &&
-          [...old.held].every((entry) => entry.live && !entry.retire) &&
-          reader.hold(old.reads.entries)
-        ) {
-          // Holding again notes into the memos this one is nested in, as a build would.
-          for (const entry of old.held) held.use(entry);
-          for (const record of records) {
-            for (const [data, revision] of old.buffers) record.buffers.set(data, revision);
-            if (old.reads.sampled) record.reads.sampled = true;
-          }
-          return old.value as T;
-        }
-        const record: Recording = {
-          held: new Set(),
-          buffers: new Map(),
-          reads: { entries: new Set(), sampled: false },
-        };
-        const value = await build(
-          makeFrame(info, reader.recording(record.reads), renderer, touched, [...records, record]),
-          old?.value as T | undefined,
-        );
-        store.set(slot, { ...record, deps: [...deps], at: info.at, value });
-        return value;
-      },
-    };
-    return frame;
-  };
-  const touched = options.views.map(() => new Set<unknown>());
-  try {
-    for (const view of options.views) snapshots.push(view.renderer.capture());
-    while (owner.pending.size >= owner.maxFrames)
-      await interruptible(Promise.race(owner.pending), signal);
-    for (const info of infos) scopes.push(owner.reader.open({ signal, at: info.at }));
-    const jobs = snapshots.map((snapshot, i) =>
-      Promise.resolve().then(async () => {
-        const renderer = options.views[i].renderer;
-        prepared[i] = await snapshot.prepare(makeFrame(infos[i], scopes[i], renderer, touched[i]));
-        // A slot the view did not use this frame is no longer its work.
-        const store = owner.memos.get(renderer);
-        if (store) for (const slot of store.keys()) if (!touched[i].has(slot)) store.delete(slot);
-      }),
-    );
-    preparation = Promise.allSettled(jobs);
-    await interruptible(Promise.all(jobs), signal);
-    while (owner.pending.size >= owner.maxFrames)
-      await interruptible(Promise.race(owner.pending), signal);
-    assertPreparing();
-    if (scopes.some((reads) => reads.busy) || tasks.size)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Preparation left asynchronous work open');
-    for (const check of checks) check();
-    for (const [i, view] of options.views.entries()) {
-      if (
-        view.target.width !== infos[i].width ||
-        view.target.height !== infos[i].height ||
-        view.target.format !== infos[i].format
-      )
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Target changed during preparation');
-      const resource = targetResources.get(view.target)?.();
-      if (resource) scope.use(owner.textures.entry(resource));
-    }
-    phase = 'encode';
-    const encoder = owner.device.createCommandEncoder({ label: 'latkit frame' });
-    const encodedCopies = [...copies].filter((job) => job.pending);
-    for (const job of encodedCopies)
-      for (const copy of job.copies)
-        encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
-          copy.source.buffer,
-          copy.source.offset ?? 0,
-          copy.target.buffer,
-          copy.target.offset ?? 0,
-          copy.source.size!,
-        );
-    const targets = new Map<object, GPUTextureView>();
-    for (const [i, view] of options.views.entries()) {
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      let target = targets.get(view.target);
-      if (!target) {
-        target = view.target.texture().createView();
-        targets.set(view.target, target);
-      }
-      const result: unknown = prepared[i]!.encode({ ...infos[i], encoder, target });
-      if (result && typeof (result as PromiseLike<unknown>).then === 'function')
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Renderer encoding must be synchronous');
-    }
-    const extra: unknown = options.encode?.(encoder);
-    if (extra && typeof (extra as PromiseLike<unknown>).then === 'function')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Final encoding must be synchronous');
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    uniforms.flush();
-    owner.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
-    submitted = true;
-    for (const job of encodedCopies) {
-      job.pending = false;
-      for (const copy of job.copies) owner.memory.gpuCopiedBytes += copy.source.size!;
-    }
-    owner.memory.submissions++;
-    const done = owner.device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
-    owner.pending.add(done);
-    void done.then(
-      () => {
-        release();
-        owner.pending.delete(done);
-      },
-      (error) => {
-        release();
-        owner.pending.delete(done);
-        owner.stop(error);
-      },
-    );
-    const failures: unknown[] = [];
-    for (const [i] of options.views.entries()) {
-      try {
-        prepared[i]!.submitted();
-      } catch (error) {
-        failures.push(error);
-      }
-    }
-    if (failures.length)
-      throw new AggregateError(failures, 'Frame submitted, but a renderer notification failed');
-  } catch (error) {
-    cancelled.abort(error);
-    throw error;
-  } finally {
-    phase = 'closed';
-    cancelled.abort(new DOMException('Frame preparation ended', 'AbortError'));
-    if (!submitted) release();
-    // An uncooperative prepare cannot race a later call on the same renderer.
-    const settle = () => {
-      const failures: unknown[] = [];
-      if (!submitted)
-        for (const candidate of prepared)
-          try {
-            candidate?.discard();
-          } catch (error) {
-            failures.push(error);
-          }
-      for (const snapshot of snapshots)
-        try {
-          snapshot.release();
-        } catch (error) {
-          failures.push(error);
-        }
-      for (const renderer of renderers) owner.busy.delete(renderer);
-      if (failures.length) owner.stop(new AggregateError(failures, 'Frame cleanup failed'));
-    };
-    void preparation.then(settle, settle);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/frame/render.ts b/packages/gpu/src/frame/render.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c68c1b8b..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/frame/render.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-import type { Colormap } from '../colors/colormap.js';
-import type { Block, Reader } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { TextRequest, TextPage } from '../text/text.js';
-import type { BufferResource } from '../memory/buffers.js';
-import type { BufferData } from '../memory/buffer-data.js';
-import type { GpuPage, UploadOptions } from '../fields/types.js';
-import type { Shade } from '../style/shade.js';
-import type { TextureData } from '../memory/texture-data.js';
-import type { TextureResource } from '../memory/textures.js';
-
-export interface Viewport {
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly pixelRatio: number;
-}
-
-export interface FrameInfo {
-  /** Actual target dimensions in physical pixels. */
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly at?: number;
-  readonly timeMs: number;
-  readonly viewport: Viewport;
-  readonly format: GPUTextureFormat;
-  /**
-   * Whether the frame shows the view where it presents: its canvas, a composition, or, for a view
-   * with neither, its images. False for video and other exports, which draw the view's current
-   * state and change none of it.
-   */
-  readonly presented: boolean;
-}
-
-/** Methods and returned GPU descriptors are scoped to this frame. Reads must be consumed. */
-export interface Preparation extends FrameInfo {
-  readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-  /** The GPU's reader, held for this frame: results stay cached until its work completes. */
-  readonly reader: Reader.Scope;
-  /** Shared effect uniforms consumed by shadeShader. */
-  shade(request?: Shade.Request): GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** Frame-scoped shared binding; defaults to grayscale. Use Gpu.colormapLayout. */
-  colormap(value?: Colormap | Colormap.Name): GPUBindGroup;
-  text(request: TextRequest): Promise<readonly TextPage[]>;
-  upload(block: Block.Fields | Block.Envelope, options: UploadOptions): readonly GpuPage[];
-  buffer(data: BufferData | BufferResource): GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** Dedicated immutable uniform contents for this frame; safe across concurrent views. */
-  uniforms(data: ArrayBufferView): GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** Protect an owned texture until submitted work completes. */
-  texture(resource: TextureResource | TextureData): GPUTexture;
-  /**
-   * Work this view keeps across frames in `slot`: rebuilt only when `deps` change, when what its
-   * reads read changed (the coordinate, if it read sampled fields), when a buffer it bound was
-   * written, or when memory it held was evicted. Reuse holds that memory again and does nothing
-   * else. `build` gets a frame of its own, without per-frame uniforms or shades, and the value
-   * the slot held. Slots a frame leaves unused are dropped.
-   */
-  memo<T>(
-    slot: unknown,
-    deps: readonly unknown[],
-    build: (frame: Preparation, previous: T | undefined) => Promise<T> | T,
-  ): Promise<T>;
-}
-
-export interface Encoding extends FrameInfo {
-  readonly encoder: GPUCommandEncoder;
-  readonly target: GPUTextureView;
-}
-
-/** Work captured synchronously before any renderer starts asynchronous preparation. */
-export interface CapturedFrame {
-  prepare(frame: Preparation): Promise<PreparedFrame>;
-  /** Release the snapshot after preparation settles, whether submitted or cancelled. Idempotent. */
-  release(): void;
-}
-
-/** A single candidate. Only submission may advance visible state or acknowledge work. */
-export interface PreparedFrame {
-  /** Synchronous: record commands, never submit the queue. */
-  encode(frame: Encoding): void;
-  /** Called after the whole frame is submitted. Must not throw or start a render synchronously. */
-  submitted(): void;
-  /** Discard frame-local preparation without consuming pending work. Idempotent. */
-  discard(): void;
-}
-
-/** A renderer borrows its Gpu and immutable application data. */
-export interface Renderer {
-  readonly pending?: Promise<void>;
-  /** Capture every input before asynchronous work; ordinary invalidation requests another frame. */
-  capture(): CapturedFrame;
-  readonly animating?: boolean;
-  on?(event: 'invalidate', listener: () => void): () => void;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-
-/** Borrowed output. The caller owns its lifetime; GPU resources cannot cross devices. */
-export interface RenderTarget {
-  readonly device: GPUDevice;
-  readonly format: GPUTextureFormat;
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  texture(): GPUTexture;
-}
-
-export interface RenderView {
-  readonly renderer: Renderer;
-  readonly target: RenderTarget;
-  readonly at?: number;
-  readonly viewport?: Viewport;
-  /** False to export the view, as video does; true by default. */
-  readonly presented?: boolean;
-}
-
-export interface RenderOptions {
-  /** Complete drains bounded submissions. Use fixed sources for deterministic output. */
-  readonly completion?: 'progressive' | 'complete';
-  readonly views: readonly RenderView[];
-  readonly timeMs: number;
-  readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-  /** Synchronous final composition/copy commands on the same encoder. */
-  readonly encode?: (encoder: GPUCommandEncoder) => void;
-}
-
-/** Managed targets enroll their texture in the frame's lifetime without widening the public contract. */
-export const targetResources = new WeakMap<RenderTarget, () => TextureResource>();
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/frame/tree.ts b/packages/gpu/src/frame/tree.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index fc64a913..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/frame/tree.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Renderer } from './render.js';
-export const children = new WeakMap<Renderer, readonly Renderer[]>();
-/** Lock every composed child as well as its parent; hidden concurrent use is still a conflict. */
-export function renderers(roots: readonly Renderer[]): Renderer[] {
-  const found = new Set<Renderer>(),
-    pending = [...roots];
-  while (pending.length) {
-    const renderer = pending.pop()!;
-    if (found.has(renderer))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'A renderer appears more than once in the composition');
-    found.add(renderer);
-    pending.push(...(children.get(renderer) ?? []));
-  }
-  return [...found];
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/frame/uniforms.ts b/packages/gpu/src/frame/uniforms.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d1dff3c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/frame/uniforms.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { align } from '../error.js';
-
-/** Bytes of one shared uniform buffer, within an eighth of the GPU budget. */
-const CHUNK_BYTES = 64 * 1024;
-/** Free buffers kept for later frames; a frame that needs more makes them, and they go after it. */
-const POOLED = 16;
-
-interface Chunk {
-  readonly buffer: GPUBuffer;
-  /** What the frame writes, uploaded once before it submits. */
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
-  used: number;
-}
-
-/** One frame's uniforms, packed into shared buffers. */
-export interface FrameUniforms {
-  /** Copy uniforms into this frame's buffers; the binding is valid once the frame submits. */
-  add(data: ArrayBufferView): GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** Upload what the frame wrote, in one write per buffer, before it submits. */
-  flush(): void;
-  /** Return the buffers once the GPU is done with the frame, or it never submitted. */
-  release(): void;
-}
-
-/**
- * Uniforms for every frame: each frame packs its uniforms into a few buffers at the device's offset
- * alignment and uploads them once, so a uniform costs a copy rather than an allocation and a write.
- * Buffers return to the pool when their frame is done.
- */
-export class Uniforms {
-  readonly #free: Chunk[] = [];
-  #closed = false;
-  readonly #alignment: number;
-  readonly #limit: number;
-  /** The size of a shared buffer; a larger uniform gets a buffer of its own. */
-  readonly #chunkBytes: number;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-  ) {
-    this.#alignment = device.limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
-    this.#limit = device.limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize;
-    this.#chunkBytes = Math.max(
-      4,
-      Math.min(CHUNK_BYTES, Math.floor(memory.budget.gpuBytes / 32) * 4),
-    );
-  }
-
-  begin(): FrameUniforms {
-    const chunks: Chunk[] = [];
-    let current: Chunk | undefined,
-      released = false,
-      // What views asked to upload; the alignment gaps between uniforms are not theirs.
-      written = 0;
-    return {
-      add: (data) => {
-        const size = data.byteLength;
-        if (!size || size & 3 || size > this.#limit)
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Uniforms must be whole words within the binding limit');
-        let offset = current ? align(current.used, this.#alignment) : 0;
-        if (!current || offset + size > current.bytes.byteLength) {
-          current = this.#take(size);
-          chunks.push(current);
-          offset = 0;
-        }
-        current.bytes.set(new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, size), offset);
-        current.used = offset + size;
-        written += size;
-        return { buffer: current.buffer, offset, size };
-      },
-      flush: () => {
-        for (const chunk of chunks) {
-          this.device.queue.writeBuffer(chunk.buffer, 0, chunk.bytes, 0, align(chunk.used, 4));
-          this.memory.uploads++;
-        }
-        this.memory.uploadedBytes += written;
-      },
-      release: () => {
-        if (released) return;
-        released = true;
-        for (const chunk of chunks) {
-          chunk.used = 0;
-          if (
-            chunk.bytes.byteLength === this.#chunkBytes &&
-            !this.#closed &&
-            this.#free.length < POOLED
-          )
-            this.#free.push(chunk);
-          else this.#destroy(chunk);
-        }
-        chunks.length = 0;
-      },
-    };
-  }
-
-  /** Destroy the buffers no frame holds. */
-  trim(): void {
-    for (const chunk of this.#free.splice(0)) this.#destroy(chunk);
-  }
-  /** Stop pooling: free buffers go now, and frames still in flight destroy theirs when done. */
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.#closed = true;
-    this.trim();
-  }
-
-  #take(size: number): Chunk {
-    if (size <= this.#chunkBytes) {
-      const free = this.#free.pop();
-      if (free) return free;
-    }
-    const bytes = Math.max(this.#chunkBytes, align(size, 4));
-    this.memory.reserveGpu(bytes);
-    try {
-      return {
-        buffer: this.device.createBuffer({
-          label: 'frame uniforms',
-          size: bytes,
-          usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-        }),
-        bytes: new Uint8Array(bytes),
-        used: 0,
-      };
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.memory.releaseGpu(bytes);
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-  #destroy(chunk: Chunk): void {
-    chunk.buffer.destroy();
-    this.memory.releaseGpu(chunk.bytes.byteLength);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/gpu.ts b/packages/gpu/src/gpu.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index af8e1549..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/gpu.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,322 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  interruptible,
-  failure,
-  createMemory,
-  createReader,
-  type Memory,
-  type Reader,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { renderers as rendererTree } from './frame/tree.js';
-import { renderFrame, type FrameOwner } from './frame/frame.js';
-import type { Renderer, RenderOptions } from './frame/render.js';
-import { Buffers, type BufferResource } from './memory/buffers.js';
-import { Colormaps } from './colors/preparation.js';
-import { Images } from './memory/images.js';
-import { TextAtlas } from './text/atlas.js';
-import type { TextLayout, TextLayoutInput, TextRasterizer } from './text/text.js';
-import { Allocator } from './memory/allocation.js';
-import { integer } from './error.js';
-import { Uniforms } from './frame/uniforms.js';
-import { Textures, type TextureResource } from './memory/textures.js';
-import { Uploader } from './fields/upload.js';
-
-export interface Gpu {
-  readonly device: GPUDevice;
-  /**
-   * Aborts when this Gpu stops: with a `device-lost` failure when the device is lost, or `closed`
-   * after `destroy`. Views stop drawing then; after device loss, recreate the Gpu and its views.
-   */
-  readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-  readonly budget: Memory.Budget;
-  /** One bounded, memoized reader for every view, job, and layout on this Gpu. */
-  readonly reader: Reader;
-  readonly fieldLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly textLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly colormapLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** Lines of text, measured and broken as the input says, ready to draw as runs. */
-  layoutText(
-    input: TextLayoutInput,
-    options?: { readonly signal?: AbortSignal },
-  ): Promise<TextLayout>;
-  stats(): Memory.Stats;
-  render(options: RenderOptions): Promise<void>;
-  buffer(descriptor: GPUBufferDescriptor): BufferResource;
-  texture(descriptor: GPUTextureDescriptor): TextureResource;
-  /** A validated shader module; identical code shares one. Invalid WGSL rejects with `invalid-input`. */
-  shaderModule(code: string, label?: string): Promise<GPUShaderModule>;
-  /** A pipeline, created while the Gpu is live; views keep and share their own variants. */
-  renderPipeline(descriptor: GPURenderPipelineDescriptor): Promise<GPURenderPipeline>;
-  computePipeline(descriptor: GPUComputePipelineDescriptor): Promise<GPUComputePipeline>;
-  /** Wait for already submitted managed work. Does not await ongoing preparation. */
-  idle(): Promise<void>;
-  /** Evict resources and reads that no owner or submitted frame is using. */
-  trim(): void;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-export declare namespace Gpu {
-  interface Options {
-    /** Borrowed when supplied. Otherwise this owner requests and owns a device. */
-    readonly device?: GPUDevice;
-    readonly powerPreference?: GPUPowerPreference;
-    readonly requiredFeatures?: readonly GPUFeatureName[];
-    readonly requiredLimits?: Readonly<Record<string, number>>;
-    /**
-     * One pool's budget for what the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources keep. What frames draw
-     * is never refused: past the budget the pool runs over until views let it go.
-     */
-    readonly budget?: Partial<Memory.Budget>;
-    readonly pageBytes?: number;
-    readonly maxBlockBytes?: number;
-    readonly maxFramesInFlight?: number;
-    /** Full model boundary validation of every read. Upload bounds are always checked. */
-    readonly validate?: boolean;
-    readonly text?: TextOptions;
-  }
-  /** How a Gpu draws text: the rasterizer of its glyphs, and the size of its atlas. */
-  interface TextOptions {
-    readonly rasterizer?: TextRasterizer;
-    readonly atlasSize?: number;
-  }
-}
-
-export async function createGpu(options: Gpu.Options = {}): Promise<Gpu> {
-  let device = options.device;
-  if (!device) {
-    const api = globalThis.navigator?.gpu;
-    if (!api) throw failure('unavailable', 'WebGPU is unavailable');
-    const adapter = await api.requestAdapter({ powerPreference: options.powerPreference });
-    if (!adapter) throw failure('unavailable', 'No WebGPU adapter is available');
-    try {
-      device = await adapter.requestDevice({
-        requiredFeatures: options.requiredFeatures,
-        requiredLimits: options.requiredLimits,
-      });
-    } catch (cause) {
-      throw failure('unavailable', 'The requested GPU device could not be created', { cause });
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (const feature of options.requiredFeatures ?? [])
-      if (!device.features.has(feature))
-        throw failure('unsupported', 'Missing GPU feature: ' + feature);
-    for (const [limit, requested] of Object.entries(options.requiredLimits ?? {})) {
-      const actual = (device.limits as unknown as Record<string, number>)[limit];
-      if (
-        actual === undefined ||
-        (limit.startsWith('min') ? actual > requested : actual < requested)
-      )
-        throw failure('unsupported', 'Insufficient GPU limit: ' + limit);
-    }
-  }
-  try {
-    return new Owner(device, !options.device, options);
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (!options.device) device.destroy();
-    throw error;
-  }
-}
-
-class Owner implements Gpu {
-  readonly budget: Memory.Budget;
-  readonly reader: Reader;
-  readonly fieldLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly textLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly colormapLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  private readonly memory: Memory;
-  private readonly frames: FrameOwner;
-  private readonly rendering = new Set<Renderer>();
-  private readonly text: TextAtlas;
-  private readonly textures: Textures;
-  private readonly buffers: Buffers;
-  private readonly uniforms: Uniforms;
-  private readonly stopped = new AbortController();
-  private readonly pending = new Set<Promise<void>>();
-  private readonly modules = new Map<
-    string,
-    { entry: Memory.Entry; promise: Promise<GPUShaderModule> }
-  >();
-
-  constructor(
-    readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly ownsDevice: boolean,
-    options: Gpu.Options,
-  ) {
-    this.memory = createMemory(options.budget);
-    this.budget = this.memory.budget;
-    this.reader = createReader({
-      memory: this.memory,
-      maxBlockBytes: integer(options.maxBlockBytes ?? 1024 ** 2, 'block bytes', 1),
-      validate: options.validate ?? false,
-    });
-    const uploader = new Uploader(
-      new Allocator(device, this.memory),
-      this.memory,
-      options.pageBytes ?? 1024 ** 2,
-    );
-    this.fieldLayout = uploader.fieldPages.layout;
-    this.textures = new Textures(device, this.memory);
-    const images = new Images(device, this.memory);
-    const colormaps = new Colormaps(device, this.memory, images, uploader);
-    this.colormapLayout = colormaps.layout;
-    this.buffers = new Buffers(device, this.memory);
-    this.text = new TextAtlas(
-      device,
-      this.memory,
-      this.textures,
-      images,
-      uploader,
-      this.stopped.signal,
-      options.text,
-    );
-    this.textLayout = this.text.layout;
-    this.uniforms = new Uniforms(device, this.memory);
-    this.frames = {
-      device,
-      reader: this.reader,
-      memory: this.memory,
-      uploader,
-      uniforms: this.uniforms,
-      colormaps,
-      text: this.text,
-      images,
-      textures: this.textures,
-      buffers: this.buffers,
-      stopped: this.stopped.signal,
-      busy: new Set(),
-      memos: new WeakMap(),
-      pending: this.pending,
-      maxFrames: integer(options.maxFramesInFlight ?? 2, 'frames in flight', 1, 64),
-      stop: (reason) => this.stop(reason),
-    };
-    void device.lost.then((info) =>
-      this.stop(
-        failure('device-lost', 'GPU device lost: ' + (info.message || info.reason), {
-          cause: info,
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-
-  get signal(): AbortSignal {
-    return this.stopped.signal;
-  }
-
-  layoutText(
-    input: TextLayoutInput,
-    options: { readonly signal?: AbortSignal } = {},
-  ): Promise<TextLayout> {
-    this.assertLive();
-    return this.text.layoutText(
-      input,
-      options.signal ? AbortSignal.any([this.stopped.signal, options.signal]) : this.stopped.signal,
-    );
-  }
-
-  stats(): Memory.Stats {
-    return this.memory.stats();
-  }
-  private assertLive(): void {
-    this.stopped.signal.throwIfAborted();
-  }
-
-  async render(options: RenderOptions): Promise<void> {
-    this.assertLive();
-    const renderers = rendererTree(options.views.map((view) => view.renderer));
-    for (const renderer of renderers)
-      if (this.rendering.has(renderer))
-        throw failure('busy', 'Renderer already has a render in progress');
-    const signal = options.signal
-      ? AbortSignal.any([this.stopped.signal, options.signal])
-      : this.stopped.signal;
-    for (const renderer of renderers) this.rendering.add(renderer);
-    try {
-      const complete = options.completion === 'complete';
-      do {
-        await renderFrame(this.frames, complete ? { ...options, encode: undefined } : options);
-        if (!complete) return;
-        const pending = renderers.flatMap((renderer) =>
-          renderer.pending ? [renderer.pending] : [],
-        );
-        if (!pending.length) break;
-        await interruptible(Promise.all(pending), signal);
-      } while (complete);
-      // A final callback sees the complete output and runs only once.
-      if (options.encode) await renderFrame(this.frames, options);
-    } finally {
-      for (const renderer of renderers) this.rendering.delete(renderer);
-    }
-  }
-
-  buffer(descriptor: GPUBufferDescriptor): BufferResource {
-    this.assertLive();
-    return this.buffers.create(descriptor);
-  }
-  texture(descriptor: GPUTextureDescriptor): TextureResource {
-    this.assertLive();
-    return this.textures.create(descriptor);
-  }
-  shaderModule(code: string, label?: string): Promise<GPUShaderModule> {
-    this.assertLive();
-    const cached = this.modules.get(code);
-    if (cached?.entry.live) {
-      cached.entry.touch();
-      return cached.promise;
-    }
-    const entry = this.memory.add([], code.length * 2, () => {
-      this.modules.delete(code);
-    });
-    const device = this.device;
-    device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-    const module = device.createShaderModule({ label, code }),
-      validation = device.popErrorScope();
-    const promise = Promise.all([module.getCompilationInfo(), validation]).then(([info, error]) => {
-      this.assertLive();
-      const errors = info.messages.filter((message) => message.type === 'error');
-      if (errors.length || error)
-        throw failure(
-          'invalid-input',
-          (label ? label + ': ' : '') +
-            (errors
-              .map((message) => message.lineNum + ':' + message.linePos + ' ' + message.message)
-              .join('; ') || error!.message),
-        );
-      entry.unpin();
-      return module;
-    });
-    promise.catch(() => this.memory.remove(entry));
-    this.modules.set(code, { entry, promise });
-    return promise;
-  }
-  renderPipeline(descriptor: GPURenderPipelineDescriptor): Promise<GPURenderPipeline> {
-    return this.pipeline(() => this.device.createRenderPipelineAsync(descriptor));
-  }
-  computePipeline(descriptor: GPUComputePipelineDescriptor): Promise<GPUComputePipeline> {
-    return this.pipeline(() => this.device.createComputePipelineAsync(descriptor));
-  }
-  /** Views cache their variants; a pipeline is created once per request and checked live. */
-  private async pipeline<P>(create: () => Promise<P>): Promise<P> {
-    this.assertLive();
-    const pipeline = await create();
-    this.assertLive();
-    return pipeline;
-  }
-  async idle(): Promise<void> {
-    await Promise.all([...this.pending]);
-  }
-  trim(): void {
-    this.uniforms.trim();
-    this.memory.trim();
-  }
-  private stop(reason: unknown): void {
-    if (this.stopped.signal.aborted) return;
-    this.stopped.abort(reason);
-    this.reader.destroy();
-    this.uniforms.destroy();
-    this.memory.destroy();
-    this.modules.clear();
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    if (this.stopped.signal.aborted) return;
-    this.stop(failure('closed', 'Gpu is closed'));
-    if (this.ownsDevice) this.device.destroy();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/index.ts b/packages/gpu/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ce31301..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-/** One Gpu per page, the views every renderer shares, compositions, and colormaps. */
-export { createGpu } from './gpu.js';
-export type { Gpu } from './gpu.js';
-export type { View, Point } from './view/view.js';
-export type { FrameInfo, Viewport } from './frame/render.js';
-export type { ItemView } from './view/item-view.js';
-export type { ProjectedCamera } from './view/projection.js';
-export type { Insets } from './view/camera.js';
-export { createComposition } from './view/composition.js';
-export type { Composition } from './view/composition.js';
-export type { Scale, Labels } from './style/scale.js';
-export type { Channel } from './style/channel.js';
-export { shape, gauge, pie, icon } from './style/marker.js';
-export type { Marker, Shape } from './style/marker.js';
-export type { Layout } from './layout/place.js';
-export type { TextRasterizer } from './text/text.js';
-export { createTextRasterizer } from './text/rasterizer.js';
-export { colormaps } from './colors/catalog.js';
-export { createColormap, reverseColormap } from './colors/colormap.js';
-export type { Colormap } from './colors/colormap.js';
-export { parseColor, resolveColor, colorCss, colormapCss } from './colors/css.js';
-export type { RGBA } from './colors/color.js';
-export { spotlight, pulse } from './style/shade.js';
-export type { Shade } from './style/shade.js';
-/** Renderer authoring: the view base, frames, field uploads, shaders, text, and input. */
-export * as kit from './kit.js';
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/kit.ts b/packages/gpu/src/kit.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ff3abb3f..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/kit.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-/** What renderer packages build on: the view base, frames, field uploads, shaders, text, and input. */
-export { BaseView, rendererOf, gpuOf, hold, layerOf } from './view/view.js';
-export type { Layer, LayerLook, LayerScene, CapturedLayer, PreparedLayer } from './view/layer.js';
-export { Projector, PROJECTIONS, projectionShader } from './view/projection.js';
-export type { Light, Projected } from './view/projection.js';
-export type { ConfigShape } from './view/view.js';
-export { BaseItemView, resolveLimits } from './view/item-view.js';
-export type { Framing, HoverSearch, ItemShape } from './view/item-view.js';
-export { ProjectedView } from './view/projected-view.js';
-export {
-  resolveStyle,
-  resolveViewStyle,
-  viewStyle,
-  lineStyle,
-  projectedStyle,
-  gridStyle,
-} from './view/style.js';
-export type {
-  ResolvedViewStyle,
-  LineStyle,
-  ProjectedStyle,
-  GridStyle,
-  StyleRule,
-  StyleRules,
-} from './view/style.js';
-export { Attachments } from './view/attachments.js';
-export type {
-  Renderer,
-  CapturedFrame,
-  PreparedFrame,
-  Preparation,
-  Encoding,
-  RenderTarget,
-  RenderView,
-  RenderOptions,
-} from './frame/render.js';
-export type {
-  GpuField,
-  GpuValueField,
-  GpuListField,
-  GpuEnvelopeField,
-  GpuPage,
-  UploadOptions,
-} from './fields/types.js';
-export { fieldShader } from './fields/shader.js';
-export { TextureData } from './memory/texture-data.js';
-export type { PixelRegion } from './memory/texture-data.js';
-export { BufferData } from './memory/buffer-data.js';
-export type { ByteRange } from './memory/buffer-data.js';
-export type { BufferResource } from './memory/buffers.js';
-export { Feedback } from './memory/feedback.js';
-export type { TextureResource } from './memory/textures.js';
-export { createTextureTarget } from './view/target.js';
-export type { TextureTarget, TargetSize } from './view/target.js';
-export { createPresentation } from './view/presentation.js';
-export type { Canvas, Presentation } from './view/presentation.js';
-export type {
-  TextRun,
-  TextRequest,
-  TextPage,
-  TextLayout,
-  TextLayoutInput,
-  TextAlign,
-  TextBaseline,
-} from './text/text.js';
-export { textShader } from './text/shader.js';
-export { TextBank, textOrigin, textBox } from './text/bank.js';
-export type { TextBankPage, TextCandidate, TextPlacement } from './text/bank.js';
-export { fitCamera, cameraPoint, worldPoint, zoomCamera } from './view/camera.js';
-export type { Camera2D, Bounds2D } from './view/camera.js';
-export { BoxIndex, Occupancy } from './spatial/boxes.js';
-export type { BoxRead } from './spatial/boxes.js';
-export { wiring, readRows } from './view/wiring.js';
-export { Graph } from './layout/graph.js';
-export type { Runs, Parts } from './layout/graph.js';
-export { place, layoutOptions } from './layout/place.js';
-export { sameReads, sameRecords, sameValues } from './view/changes.js';
-export type { Wiring, End, Port } from './view/wiring.js';
-export { clipStroke, strokeShader } from './style/stroke.js';
-export { gridLines, gridShader } from './style/grid.js';
-export type { ClipPoint } from './style/stroke.js';
-export { clearColor, validateRgba } from './colors/color.js';
-export { sampleColormap } from './colors/sampling.js';
-export { colormapShader } from './colors/shader.js';
-export type { ScaleRequest, ResolvedScale } from './style/scale.js';
-export { fieldScale, resolveScale, scaleValue, resolveLabels } from './style/scale.js';
-export type {
-  ChannelKind,
-  ChannelScale,
-  BoundChannel,
-  BoundChannels,
-  ResolvedChannel,
-} from './style/channel.js';
-export {
-  bindChannels,
-  resolveChannels,
-  resolveChannel,
-  channelValue,
-  channelValues,
-  channelOn,
-  writeChannel,
-} from './style/channel.js';
-export {
-  checkMarker,
-  markerShader,
-  shapeShader,
-  markerAtlas,
-  SHAPES,
-  MARKER_INPUTS,
-} from './style/marker.js';
-export { shadeShader } from './style/shade.js';
-export { premultipliedBlend, outputShader } from './style/output.js';
-export type { CanvasInput } from './view/input.js';
-export type { Grab } from './view/item-view.js';
-export { inputModifiers } from './view/input.js';
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/layout/graph.ts b/packages/gpu/src/layout/graph.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7bec4b2f..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/layout/graph.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Vertices edges join, as runs of indices: run p holds `items[offsets[p]]` up to
- * `items[offsets[p + 1]]`.
- */
-export interface Runs {
-  readonly offsets: Uint32Array;
-  readonly items: Uint32Array;
-}
-/** A graph's parts: vertices that edges join, each part's in index order, parts by first vertex. */
-export interface Parts {
-  readonly count: number;
-  readonly vertices: Runs;
-  readonly edges: Runs;
-  /** Each vertex's part. */
-  readonly of: Uint32Array;
-}
-/**
- * A drawn graph: vertices by index, and each edge as the run of vertices it joins. A view builds
- * one per topology; each vertex's edges and the graph's parts are found once, when first asked for.
- */
-export class Graph {
-  #edgesOf?: Runs;
-  #parts?: Parts;
-  readonly edgeCount: number;
-  constructor(
-    readonly vertexCount: number,
-    /** Each edge's vertices. */
-    readonly ends: Runs,
-  ) {
-    this.edgeCount = ends.offsets.length - 1;
-  }
-  /** The vertices edge `e` joins. */
-  endsOf(e: number): Uint32Array {
-    return this.ends.items.subarray(this.ends.offsets[e], this.ends.offsets[e + 1]);
-  }
-  /** The edges with an end at vertex `v`. */
-  edgesOf(v: number): Uint32Array {
-    const { offsets, items } = this.incident;
-    return items.subarray(offsets[v], offsets[v + 1]);
-  }
-  /** Each vertex's edges, once for each end it has on one. */
-  get incident(): Runs {
-    if (this.#edgesOf) return this.#edgesOf;
-    const { offsets: start, items: ends } = this.ends,
-      offsets = new Uint32Array(this.vertexCount + 1);
-    for (let i = 0; i < ends.length; i++) offsets[ends[i] + 1]++;
-    for (let v = 0; v < this.vertexCount; v++) offsets[v + 1] += offsets[v];
-    const items = new Uint32Array(ends.length),
-      fill = offsets.slice(0, this.vertexCount);
-    for (let e = 0; e < this.edgeCount; e++)
-      for (let i = start[e]; i < start[e + 1]; i++) items[fill[ends[i]]++] = e;
-    return (this.#edgesOf = { offsets, items });
-  }
-  /** Vertices edges join; an edge without ends joins none. */
-  get parts(): Parts {
-    if (this.#parts) return this.#parts;
-    const n = this.vertexCount,
-      root = new Uint32Array(n);
-    for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) root[v] = v;
-    const find = (v: number) => {
-      while (root[v] !== v) v = root[v] = root[root[v]];
-      return v;
-    };
-    const { offsets: start, items: ends } = this.ends;
-    for (let e = 0; e < this.edgeCount; e++)
-      for (let i = start[e] + 1; i < start[e + 1]; i++) {
-        const a = find(ends[start[e]]),
-          b = find(ends[i]);
-        // The lower root wins, so a part's root is its first vertex.
-        if (a < b) root[b] = a;
-        else if (b < a) root[a] = b;
-      }
-    const of = new Uint32Array(n),
-      number = new Int32Array(n).fill(-1);
-    let count = 0;
-    for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) {
-      const r = find(v);
-      if (number[r] < 0) number[r] = count++;
-      of[v] = number[r];
-    }
-    const vertices = runs(count, n, (visit) => {
-      for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) visit(of[v], v);
-    });
-    const edges = runs(count, this.edgeCount, (visit) => {
-      for (let e = 0; e < this.edgeCount; e++)
-        if (start[e] < start[e + 1]) visit(of[ends[start[e]]], e);
-    });
-    return (this.#parts = { count, vertices, edges, of });
-  }
-  /** Bytes held, counting what was found on asking. */
-  get bytes(): number {
-    const sum = (r?: Runs) => (r ? r.offsets.byteLength + r.items.byteLength : 0);
-    return (
-      sum(this.ends) +
-      sum(this.#edgesOf) +
-      (this.#parts
-        ? sum(this.#parts.vertices) + sum(this.#parts.edges) + this.#parts.of.byteLength
-        : 0)
-    );
-  }
-}
-/** Group items into runs by a key from 0 to `count`, keeping their order within each. */
-function runs(
-  count: number,
-  size: number,
-  each: (visit: (key: number, item: number) => void) => void,
-): Runs {
-  const offsets = new Uint32Array(count + 1);
-  let total = 0;
-  each((key) => {
-    offsets[key + 1]++;
-    total++;
-  });
-  for (let k = 0; k < count; k++) offsets[k + 1] += offsets[k];
-  const items = new Uint32Array(Math.min(total, size)),
-    fill = offsets.slice(0, count);
-  each((key, item) => {
-    items[fill[key]++] = item;
-  });
-  return { offsets, items };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/layout/layered.ts b/packages/gpu/src/layout/layered.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 648edb9c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/layout/layered.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Work } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Layout } from './place.js';
-
-/** Ranks along the flow, ordered to cross less, each vertex in line with its sources' ports. */
-export function layered(layout: Required<Layout>, work: Work): Layout.Strategy {
-  return { arrange: (part) => ranked(part, layout, work) };
-}
-type Box = readonly [number, number, number, number];
-const intersects = (a: Box, b: Box) => a[0] <= b[2] && a[2] >= b[0] && a[1] <= b[3] && a[3] >= b[1];
-async function ranked(
-  part: Layout.Part,
-  layout: Required<Layout>,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<Float64Array> {
-  const { graph, input, vertices, edges } = part,
-    n = vertices.length,
-    grid = input.grid ?? 0,
-    sizes = input.sizes,
-    width = (i: number) => sizes?.[vertices[i] * 2] ?? 0,
-    height = (i: number) => sizes?.[vertices[i] * 2 + 1] ?? 0,
-    xs = new Float64Array(n),
-    ys = new Float64Array(n),
-    fixed = new Uint8Array(n);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    const x = input.pinned[vertices[i] * 2],
-      y = input.pinned[vertices[i] * 2 + 1];
-    if (Number.isFinite(x) && Number.isFinite(y)) {
-      xs[i] = x;
-      ys[i] = y;
-      fixed[i] = 1;
-    }
-  }
-  // Flow runs from each of an edge's outputs to each of its other ends, or from its first end when
-  // no end is directed. One whose ends are all inputs flows from outside the part: it orders none.
-  const { offsets, items } = graph.ends,
-    directions = input.directions,
-    links: { a: number; b: number; from: number; to: number }[] = [],
-    roots = new Int32Array(edges.length).fill(-1);
-  edges.forEach((e, k) => {
-    const s = offsets[e],
-      t = offsets[e + 1];
-    let outs = 0,
-      ins = 0;
-    for (let j = s; j < t; j++) {
-      const d = directions?.[j] ?? 0;
-      if (d > 0) outs++;
-      else if (d < 0) ins++;
-    }
-    const source = (j: number) => (outs ? directions![j] > 0 : !ins && j === s);
-    for (let j = s; j < t; j++) {
-      if (!source(j)) continue;
-      const a = part.indexOf(items[j]);
-      if (roots[k] < 0) roots[k] = a;
-      for (let r = s; r < t; r++) {
-        const b = part.indexOf(items[r]);
-        if (r !== j && !source(r) && a !== b && a >= 0 && b >= 0)
-          links.push({ a, b, from: j, to: r });
-      }
-    }
-  });
-  const next = Array.from({ length: n }, () => [] as number[]),
-    back = Array.from({ length: n }, () => [] as number[]);
-  for (const { a, b } of links) {
-    next[a].push(b);
-    back[b].push(a);
-  }
-  for (const list of next) list.sort((a, b) => a - b);
-  // Iterative DFS classifies feedback edges without collapsing an entire cycle into one column.
-  // Topology remains intact; only ranking ignores back edges.
-  const color = new Uint8Array(n),
-    forward = Array.from({ length: n }, () => [] as number[]);
-  const order = Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i).sort(
-    (a, b) => Number(back[a].length > 0) - Number(back[b].length > 0) || a - b,
-  );
-  for (const root of order)
-    if (!color[root]) {
-      const stack: [number, number][] = [[root, 0]];
-      color[root] = 1;
-      while (stack.length) {
-        await work.step();
-        const top = stack[stack.length - 1],
-          a = top[0];
-        if (top[1] === next[a].length) {
-          color[a] = 2;
-          stack.pop();
-          continue;
-        }
-        const b = next[a][top[1]++];
-        if (color[b] === 1) continue;
-        forward[a].push(b);
-        if (!color[b]) {
-          color[b] = 1;
-          stack.push([b, 0]);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  const degree = new Uint32Array(n),
-    rank = new Uint32Array(n);
-  for (const list of forward) for (const b of list) degree[b]++;
-  const queue = order.filter((i) => !degree[i]);
-  for (let i = 0; i < queue.length; i++)
-    for (const b of forward[queue[i]]) {
-      rank[b] = Math.max(rank[b], rank[queue[i]] + 1);
-      if (!--degree[b]) queue.push(b);
-    }
-  const ranks = new Map<number, number[]>();
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    const list = ranks.get(rank[i]) ?? [];
-    list.push(i);
-    ranks.set(rank[i], list);
-  }
-  const ordered = [...ranks].sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0]).map(([, list]) => list);
-  const slots = new Float64Array(n);
-  const score = (i: number, neighbors: readonly number[]) => {
-    if (!neighbors.length) return slots[i];
-    return neighbors.reduce((sum, other) => sum + slots[other], 0) / neighbors.length;
-  };
-  // Bounded alternating barycenter sweeps reduce crossings.
-  for (let sweep = 0; sweep < layout.sweeps; sweep++) {
-    await work.step();
-    for (const list of ordered)
-      list.forEach((i, position) => {
-        slots[i] = position;
-      });
-    for (const list of sweep % 2 ? [...ordered].reverse() : ordered) {
-      const scores = new Map(list.map((i) => [i, score(i, (sweep % 2 ? next : back)[i])]));
-      list.sort((a, b) => scores.get(a)! - scores.get(b)! || a - b);
-      list.forEach((i, position) => {
-        slots[i] = position;
-      });
-    }
-  }
-  const vertical = layout.direction === 'down' || layout.direction === 'up',
-    reverse = layout.direction === 'left' || layout.direction === 'up',
-    half = layout.vertexGap / 2,
-    snap = (v: number) => (grid > 0 ? Math.round(v / grid) * grid : v),
-    box = (i: number): Box => [
-      xs[i] - half,
-      ys[i] - half,
-      xs[i] + width(i) + half,
-      ys[i] + height(i) + half,
-    ];
-  // Placed boxes in a uniform grid of their own, for the collision escape below; its cells span a
-  // few boxes in the data's own units.
-  let largest = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) largest = Math.max(largest, width(i), height(i));
-  const placedBoxes: Box[] = [],
-    cells = new Map<number, number[]>(),
-    cell = Math.max(layout.vertexGap * 8, largest * 2) || 1;
-  const cellsOf = (b: Box, visit: (key: number) => void) => {
-    for (let y = Math.floor(b[1] / cell); y <= Math.floor(b[3] / cell); y++)
-      for (let x = Math.floor(b[0] / cell); x <= Math.floor(b[2] / cell); x++)
-        visit((x + 0x2000000) * 0x4000000 + (y + 0x2000000));
-  };
-  const occupy = (b: Box) => {
-    const id = placedBoxes.push(b) - 1;
-    cellsOf(b, (key) => {
-      const bucket = cells.get(key);
-      if (bucket) bucket.push(id);
-      else cells.set(key, [id]);
-    });
-  };
-  const hits = (b: Box) => {
-    const found = new Set<number>();
-    cellsOf(b, (key) => {
-      for (const id of cells.get(key) ?? []) if (intersects(placedBoxes[id], b)) found.add(id);
-    });
-    return [...found];
-  };
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) if (fixed[i]) occupy(box(i));
-  // Where an end meets its vertex across the flow, so wires between ports can run straight.
-  const across = (i: number, end: number) => {
-    const offset = input.ports?.[end * 2 + (vertical ? 0 : 1)];
-    return offset !== undefined && Number.isFinite(offset)
-      ? offset
-      : (vertical ? width(i) : height(i)) / 2;
-  };
-  const incoming = Array.from({ length: n }, () => [] as (typeof links)[number][]);
-  for (const link of links) incoming[link.b].push(link);
-  const placed = Uint8Array.from(fixed),
-    labelGaps = new Float64Array(n);
-  edges.forEach((e, k) => {
-    if (roots[k] >= 0)
-      labelGaps[roots[k]] = Math.max(
-        labelGaps[roots[k]],
-        (input.labelRooms?.[e * 2 + (vertical ? 1 : 0)] ?? 0) + grid * 3,
-      );
-  });
-  let major = 0;
-  for (const list of ordered) {
-    await work.step();
-    // A rank holding pinned vertices starts where they stand, so new vertices join them.
-    let start = reverse ? -Infinity : Infinity;
-    for (const i of list)
-      if (fixed[i]) {
-        const at = vertical ? ys[i] : xs[i];
-        start = reverse
-          ? Math.max(start, at + (vertical ? height(i) : width(i)))
-          : Math.min(start, at);
-      }
-    if (Number.isFinite(start)) major = reverse ? -start : start;
-    let minor = 0,
-      max = 0;
-    for (const i of list) {
-      const along = vertical ? height(i) : width(i),
-        span = vertical ? width(i) : height(i);
-      max = Math.max(max, along);
-      if (fixed[i]) continue;
-      const a = reverse ? -major - along : major;
-      // Where each placed source would have this vertex sit for their ports to line up.
-      const wanted = incoming[i]
-        .filter((link) => placed[link.a])
-        .map(
-          (link) =>
-            (vertical ? xs[link.a] : ys[link.a]) + across(link.a, link.from) - across(i, link.to),
-        )
-        .sort((p, q) => p - q);
-      let b = Math.max(minor, wanted.length ? wanted[(wanted.length - 1) >> 1] : minor);
-      xs[i] = vertical ? b : a;
-      ys[i] = vertical ? a : b;
-      // Deterministic local collision escape; jump beyond obstacles, never scan huge coordinates.
-      for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= n; attempt++) {
-        const found = hits(box(i));
-        if (!found.length) break;
-        b = Math.max(...found.map((j) => placedBoxes[j][vertical ? 2 : 3])) + layout.vertexGap;
-        xs[i] = vertical ? b : a;
-        ys[i] = vertical ? a : b;
-        if (attempt === n) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Layout collision budget exceeded');
-      }
-      xs[i] = snap(xs[i]);
-      ys[i] = snap(ys[i]);
-      occupy(box(i));
-      placed[i] = 1;
-      minor = b + span + layout.vertexGap;
-    }
-    const labelGap = list.reduce((gap, i) => Math.max(gap, labelGaps[i]), 0);
-    major += max + Math.max(layout.rankGap, labelGap);
-  }
-  const out = new Float64Array(n * 2);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    out[i * 2] = xs[i];
-    out[i * 2 + 1] = ys[i];
-  }
-  return out;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/layout/place.ts b/packages/gpu/src/layout/place.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 64bb5731..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/layout/place.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Item, type Work, type FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Graph } from './graph.js';
-import { layered } from './layered.js';
-import { stress } from './stress.js';
-
-/**
- * How a view places vertices without a position. Vertices that edges join form a part; each part is
- * arranged alone by `algorithm`, and the parts nothing pins pack into rows below the pinned ones.
- */
-export interface Layout {
-  /**
-   * `layered` puts vertices in ranks along the flow; `stress` keeps graph distances, each edge
-   * `vertexGap` long. A view defaults to the one that suits it.
-   */
-  readonly algorithm?: 'layered' | 'stress' | Layout.Strategy;
-  /** `layered`: which way flow runs. Default: `'right'`. */
-  readonly direction?: 'right' | 'left' | 'down' | 'up';
-  /** Between vertices; `stress`: the length of an edge. */
-  readonly vertexGap?: number;
-  /** Between ranks, and between packed parts. */
-  readonly rankGap?: number;
-  /** `layered`: crossing-reduction passes, from 0 to 12. Default: 4. */
-  readonly sweeps?: number;
-  /** Width over height of the rows parts pack into. Default: 16 / 9. */
-  readonly aspect?: number;
-}
-export declare namespace Layout {
-  interface Strategy {
-    /** Each of a part's vertices' top-left corner, two numbers each; pinned ones where they are. */
-    arrange(
-      part: Part,
-      context: { readonly signal: AbortSignal },
-    ): ArrayLike<number> | Promise<ArrayLike<number>>;
-  }
-  /** One part of a graph, as a strategy arranges it. */
-  interface Part {
-    readonly graph: Graph;
-    readonly input: Input;
-    /** Its vertices, by index into the graph, in index order. */
-    readonly vertices: Uint32Array;
-    readonly edges: Uint32Array;
-    /** A vertex's place in `vertices`; -1 outside the part. */
-    indexOf(vertex: number): number;
-    item(vertex: number): Vertex;
-  }
-  /** What a vertex stands for: a row, or a diagram group. */
-  type Vertex = Item | { readonly kind: 'group'; readonly id: string };
-  /** What layout reads beside the graph, each one a column: per vertex, per end, or per edge. */
-  interface Input {
-    /** Each vertex's top-left corner, two numbers a vertex; NaN where nothing pins it. */
-    readonly pinned: Float64Array;
-    /** Each vertex's width and height; points without. */
-    readonly sizes?: Float32Array;
-    /** Each end: 1 an output, -1 an input, 0 neither, in the order of the graph's ends. */
-    readonly directions?: Int8Array;
-    /** Where each end meets its vertex, from its top-left corner, two numbers an end; NaN its center. */
-    readonly ports?: Float32Array;
-    /** The room each edge's labels take between its ends, two numbers an edge. */
-    readonly labelRooms?: Float32Array;
-    /** Where placed corners and packed parts land: multiples of it; 0 anywhere. */
-    readonly grid?: number;
-    /** What each vertex stands for, for strategies of your own. */
-    readonly item: (vertex: number) => Vertex;
-  }
-  /** Where a type's vertices sit, an axis a field: spread into the type's options to keep them. */
-  interface Positions {
-    readonly x: FieldInput.Values;
-    readonly y: FieldInput.Values;
-  }
-}
-const DIRECTIONS = ['right', 'left', 'down', 'up'];
-/** Layout options over a view's defaults, checked. */
-export function layoutOptions(
-  layout: Layout = {},
-  defaults: Required<Omit<Layout, 'direction' | 'sweeps' | 'aspect'>> & Partial<Layout>,
-): Required<Layout> {
-  if (typeof layout !== 'object' || layout === null)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid layout options');
-  const result = {
-    algorithm: layout.algorithm ?? defaults.algorithm,
-    direction: layout.direction ?? defaults.direction ?? 'right',
-    vertexGap: layout.vertexGap ?? defaults.vertexGap,
-    rankGap: layout.rankGap ?? defaults.rankGap,
-    sweeps: layout.sweeps ?? defaults.sweeps ?? 4,
-    aspect: layout.aspect ?? defaults.aspect ?? 16 / 9,
-  };
-  if (!Number.isInteger(result.sweeps) || result.sweeps < 0 || result.sweeps > 12)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Layout sweeps must be an integer from 0 to 12');
-  for (const key of ['vertexGap', 'rankGap'] as const)
-    if (!Number.isFinite(result[key]) || result[key] < 0)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid ' + key);
-  if (!(result.aspect > 0) || !Number.isFinite(result.aspect))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid aspect');
-  if (!DIRECTIONS.includes(result.direction))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid layout direction');
-  if (
-    result.algorithm !== 'layered' &&
-    result.algorithm !== 'stress' &&
-    typeof result.algorithm?.arrange !== 'function'
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid layout algorithm');
-  return result;
-}
-/**
- * Where each vertex goes, two numbers a vertex: a pinned one where it is, and each part with a
- * vertex nothing pins arranged by the layout's strategy. Parts nothing pins pack into rows below
- * the pinned ones, tallest first, then by their first vertex, so like parts line up.
- */
-export async function place(
-  graph: Graph,
-  input: Layout.Input,
-  layout: Required<Layout>,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<Float64Array> {
-  work.check();
-  const n = graph.vertexCount,
-    at = Float64Array.from(input.pinned),
-    parts = graph.parts,
-    local = new Int32Array(n).fill(-1),
-    grid = input.grid ?? 0,
-    snap = (v: number) => (grid > 0 ? Math.round(v / grid) * grid : v),
-    strategy =
-      layout.algorithm === 'layered'
-        ? layered(layout, work)
-        : layout.algorithm === 'stress'
-          ? stress(layout, work)
-          : layout.algorithm;
-  const anchored = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity],
-    loose: number[] = [];
-  const pinned = (v: number) =>
-    Number.isFinite(input.pinned[v * 2]) && Number.isFinite(input.pinned[v * 2 + 1]);
-  for (let p = 0; p < parts.count; p++) {
-    if ((p & 255) === 0) await work.step();
-    const first = parts.vertices.offsets[p],
-      last = parts.vertices.offsets[p + 1],
-      vertices = parts.vertices.items.subarray(first, last);
-    let free = 0;
-    for (let i = first; i < last; i++) if (!pinned(parts.vertices.items[i])) free++;
-    // A part of one vertex needs no arranging: it sits at its own corner until it packs.
-    if (free && vertices.length === 1) at[vertices[0] * 2] = at[vertices[0] * 2 + 1] = 0;
-    else if (free) {
-      vertices.forEach((v, i) => (local[v] = i));
-      const result = await strategy.arrange(
-        {
-          graph,
-          input,
-          vertices,
-          edges: parts.edges.items.subarray(parts.edges.offsets[p], parts.edges.offsets[p + 1]),
-          indexOf: (v) => local[v],
-          item: input.item,
-        },
-        { signal: work.signal },
-      );
-      work.check();
-      vertices.forEach((v) => (local[v] = -1));
-      if (result?.length !== vertices.length * 2)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Layout returned invalid positions');
-      for (let i = 0; i < vertices.length; i++) {
-        const v = vertices[i],
-          x = result[i * 2],
-          y = result[i * 2 + 1];
-        if (!Number.isFinite(x) || !Number.isFinite(y))
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Layout returned invalid positions');
-        if (pinned(v)) continue;
-        at[v * 2] = snap(x);
-        at[v * 2 + 1] = snap(y);
-      }
-    }
-    if (free === vertices.length) loose.push(p);
-    else for (const v of vertices) grow(anchored, box(at, input.sizes, v));
-  }
-  pack(graph, at, input.sizes, loose, anchored[0] <= anchored[2] ? anchored : null, layout, snap);
-  return at;
-}
-type Box = [number, number, number, number];
-function box(at: Float64Array, sizes: Float32Array | undefined, v: number): Box {
-  const x = at[v * 2],
-    y = at[v * 2 + 1];
-  return [x, y, x + (sizes?.[v * 2] ?? 0), y + (sizes?.[v * 2 + 1] ?? 0)];
-}
-function grow(into: number[], b: Box): void {
-  into[0] = Math.min(into[0], b[0]);
-  into[1] = Math.min(into[1], b[1]);
-  into[2] = Math.max(into[2], b[2]);
-  into[3] = Math.max(into[3], b[3]);
-}
-/**
- * Loose parts in rows below what is pinned: tallest first, then by first vertex, so like parts
- * line up. Rows run about `aspect` times as wide as all the parts are tall, a rank gap apart.
- */
-function pack(
-  graph: Graph,
-  at: Float64Array,
-  sizes: Float32Array | undefined,
-  loose: readonly number[],
-  anchored: number[] | null,
-  layout: Required<Layout>,
-  snap: (value: number) => number,
-): void {
-  if (!loose.length) return;
-  const { vertices } = graph.parts,
-    gap = layout.rankGap,
-    parts = loose
-      .map((p) => {
-        const bounds = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-        for (let i = vertices.offsets[p]; i < vertices.offsets[p + 1]; i++)
-          grow(bounds, box(at, sizes, vertices.items[i]));
-        return { p, bounds };
-      })
-      .sort(
-        (a, b) =>
-          b.bounds[3] - b.bounds[1] - (a.bounds[3] - a.bounds[1]) ||
-          vertices.items[vertices.offsets[a.p]] - vertices.items[vertices.offsets[b.p]],
-      );
-  const width = (b: number[]) => b[2] - b[0],
-    height = (b: number[]) => b[3] - b[1],
-    area = parts.reduce(
-      (sum, { bounds }) => sum + (width(bounds) + gap) * (height(bounds) + gap),
-      0,
-    ),
-    span = Math.max(anchored ? width(anchored) : 0, Math.sqrt(area * layout.aspect)),
-    left = anchored?.[0] ?? 0;
-  let x = 0,
-    y = anchored ? anchored[3] + gap : 0,
-    row = 0;
-  for (const { p, bounds } of parts) {
-    if (x > 0 && x + width(bounds) > span) {
-      x = 0;
-      y += row + gap;
-      row = 0;
-    }
-    const dx = snap(left + x - bounds[0]),
-      dy = snap(y - bounds[1]);
-    for (let i = vertices.offsets[p]; i < vertices.offsets[p + 1]; i++) {
-      const v = vertices.items[i];
-      at[v * 2] += dx;
-      at[v * 2 + 1] += dy;
-    }
-    x += width(bounds) + gap;
-    row = Math.max(row, height(bounds));
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/layout/stress.ts b/packages/gpu/src/layout/stress.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 865053ea..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/layout/stress.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
-import type { Work } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Layout } from './place.js';
-
-/** Pivots a part keeps its distances to: enough for its shape, few enough to stay linear. */
-const PIVOTS = 16;
-/** Relaxation sweeps after the first placement. */
-const SWEEPS = 8;
-/** Ends a net joins all to each other; a larger one joins each to its first end. */
-const CLIQUE = 16;
-const FAR = 0xffff;
-
-/**
- * Keep graph distances: a part takes its shape from its hop distances to a few pivots, then relaxes
- * toward edges `vertexGap` long with pinned vertices fixed. Deterministic, and linear in the part:
- * about pivots × (vertices + edges) for the distances, and pivots² × vertices for the shape.
- */
-export function stress(layout: Required<Layout>, work: Work): Layout.Strategy {
-  return { arrange: (part) => relaxed(part, layout, work) };
-}
-async function relaxed(
-  part: Layout.Part,
-  layout: Required<Layout>,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<Float64Array> {
-  const { graph, input, vertices } = part,
-    n = vertices.length,
-    sizes = input.sizes;
-  // Each vertex's neighbours in the part, as runs of local indices, read straight from the graph. A
-  // net of more than CLIQUE ends joins each to its first end alone, so large nets stay linear.
-  const near = new Uint32Array(n + 1),
-    incident = graph.incident,
-    ends = graph.ends;
-  const each = (i: number, visit: (j: number) => void) => {
-    const v = vertices[i];
-    for (let a = incident.offsets[v]; a < incident.offsets[v + 1]; a++) {
-      const e = incident.items[a],
-        first = ends.offsets[e],
-        end = ends.offsets[e + 1],
-        last = end - first > CLIQUE && ends.items[first] !== v ? first + 1 : end;
-      for (let b = first; b < last; b++) {
-        const u = ends.items[b],
-          j = u === v ? -1 : part.indexOf(u);
-        if (j >= 0) visit(j);
-      }
-    }
-  };
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) each(i, () => near[i + 1]++);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) near[i + 1] += near[i];
-  const neighbors = new Uint32Array(near[n]),
-    fill = near.slice(0, n);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) each(i, (j) => (neighbors[fill[i]++] = j));
-  await work.step();
-  // Centers, so sized vertices keep their gaps; an edge spans the gap and a typical vertex.
-  const half = new Float64Array(n * 2),
-    x = new Float64Array(n),
-    y = new Float64Array(n),
-    fixed = new Uint8Array(n);
-  let extent = 0,
-    pins = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    const v = vertices[i];
-    half[i * 2] = (sizes?.[v * 2] ?? 0) / 2;
-    half[i * 2 + 1] = (sizes?.[v * 2 + 1] ?? 0) / 2;
-    extent += Math.max(half[i * 2], half[i * 2 + 1]) * 2;
-    const px = input.pinned[v * 2],
-      py = input.pinned[v * 2 + 1];
-    if (Number.isFinite(px) && Number.isFinite(py)) {
-      x[i] = px + half[i * 2];
-      y[i] = py + half[i * 2 + 1];
-      fixed[i] = 1;
-      pins++;
-    }
-  }
-  const unit = layout.vertexGap + extent / n || 1;
-  // Hop distances to pivots, each the vertex farthest from those before it, kept vertex by vertex
-  // so the relaxation below reads each vertex's distances together.
-  const k = Math.min(PIVOTS, n),
-    hops = new Uint16Array(k * n),
-    level = new Uint16Array(n),
-    nearest = new Uint16Array(n).fill(FAR),
-    queue = new Uint32Array(n),
-    pivots = new Uint32Array(k);
-  let pivot = pins ? fixed.indexOf(1) : 0;
-  for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) {
-    await work.step();
-    pivots[p] = pivot;
-    level.fill(FAR);
-    level[pivot] = 0;
-    queue[0] = pivot;
-    for (let head = 0, tail = 1; head < tail; head++) {
-      const i = queue[head],
-        next = Math.min(level[i] + 1, FAR - 1);
-      for (let a = near[i]; a < near[i + 1]; a++) {
-        const j = neighbors[a];
-        if (level[j] === FAR) {
-          level[j] = next;
-          queue[tail++] = j;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    let far = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      hops[i * k + p] = level[i];
-      if (level[i] < nearest[i]) nearest[i] = level[i];
-      if (nearest[i] > nearest[far]) far = i;
-    }
-    pivot = far;
-  }
-  if (pins) await spread(near, neighbors, x, y, fixed, unit, work);
-  else await scale(hops, k, n, x, y, near, neighbors, unit, work);
-  // Relax: each free vertex moves to where its neighbours and the pivots would have it, each term
-  // weighted by its inverse squared length.
-  const neighbour = 1 / (unit * unit);
-  for (let sweep = 0; sweep < SWEEPS; sweep++)
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      if ((i & 4095) === 0) await work.step();
-      if (fixed[i]) continue;
-      const xi = x[i],
-        yi = y[i];
-      let sx = 0,
-        sy = 0,
-        sw = 0;
-      for (let t = near[i], end = near[i + 1] + k; t < end; t++) {
-        let j: number, length: number, w: number;
-        if (t < near[i + 1]) {
-          j = neighbors[t];
-          length = unit;
-          w = neighbour;
-        } else {
-          const h = hops[i * k + t - near[i + 1]];
-          if (h === 0 || h === FAR) continue;
-          j = pivots[t - near[i + 1]];
-          length = h * unit;
-          w = 1 / (length * length);
-        }
-        let dx = xi - x[j],
-          dy = yi - y[j],
-          d = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
-        if (d < 1e-9) {
-          // Coincident points part along a direction of their own.
-          const angle = (i * 2.399963 + j) % (2 * Math.PI);
-          dx = Math.cos(angle);
-          dy = Math.sin(angle);
-          d = 1;
-        }
-        const reach = length / d;
-        sx += w * (x[j] + dx * reach);
-        sy += w * (y[j] + dy * reach);
-        sw += w;
-      }
-      if (sw > 0) {
-        x[i] = sx / sw;
-        y[i] = sy / sw;
-      }
-    }
-  const out = new Float64Array(n * 2);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    out[i * 2] = x[i] - half[i * 2];
-    out[i * 2 + 1] = y[i] - half[i * 2 + 1];
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-/**
- * The part's shape from its distances to the pivots, scaled to its edges' length: the two leading
- * axes of the doubly centered squared distances (pivot MDS).
- */
-async function scale(
-  hops: Uint16Array,
-  k: number,
-  n: number,
-  x: Float64Array,
-  y: Float64Array,
-  near: Uint32Array,
-  neighbors: Uint32Array,
-  unit: number,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const square = (p: number, i: number) => hops[i * k + p] * hops[i * k + p],
-    columns = new Float64Array(k),
-    rows = new Float64Array(n);
-  let all = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
-    for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) {
-      const s = square(p, i);
-      columns[p] += s / n;
-      rows[i] += s / k;
-      all += s / (n * k);
-    }
-  const c = (p: number, i: number) => -0.5 * (square(p, i) - columns[p] - rows[i] + all);
-  // The pivots' cross products, k × k, which the two axes are eigenvectors of.
-  const cross = new Float64Array(k * k),
-    row = new Float64Array(k);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    if ((i & 4095) === 0) await work.step();
-    for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) row[p] = c(p, i);
-    for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) for (let q = p; q < k; q++) cross[p * k + q] += row[p] * row[q];
-  }
-  for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) for (let q = 0; q < p; q++) cross[p * k + q] = cross[q * k + p];
-  const first = leading(cross, k),
-    value = rayleigh(cross, k, first);
-  for (let p = 0; p < k; p++)
-    for (let q = 0; q < k; q++) cross[p * k + q] -= value * first[p] * first[q];
-  const second = leading(cross, k);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    let a = 0,
-      b = 0;
-    for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) {
-      const v = c(p, i);
-      a += v * first[p];
-      b += v * second[p];
-    }
-    x[i] = a;
-    y[i] = b;
-  }
-  // Scale so an edge is a unit long on average; a part collapsed to a point spreads on a circle.
-  let total = 0,
-    count = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
-    for (let e = near[i]; e < near[i + 1]; e++) {
-      total += Math.hypot(x[i] - x[neighbors[e]], y[i] - y[neighbors[e]]);
-      count++;
-    }
-  const mean = count ? total / count : 0;
-  if (!(mean > 1e-12)) {
-    const radius = (unit * n) / (2 * Math.PI);
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      x[i] = radius * Math.cos((2 * Math.PI * i) / n);
-      y[i] = radius * Math.sin((2 * Math.PI * i) / n);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-  const s = unit / mean;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    x[i] *= s;
-    y[i] *= s;
-  }
-}
-/** The leading eigenvector of a small symmetric matrix, by power iteration from a fixed start. */
-function leading(matrix: Float64Array, k: number): Float64Array {
-  const v = Float64Array.from({ length: k }, (_, p) => 1 / (p + 1)),
-    next = new Float64Array(k);
-  for (let round = 0; round < 100; round++) {
-    let norm = 0;
-    for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) {
-      let sum = 0;
-      for (let q = 0; q < k; q++) sum += matrix[p * k + q] * v[q];
-      next[p] = sum;
-      norm += sum * sum;
-    }
-    norm = Math.sqrt(norm);
-    if (!(norm > 0)) break;
-    for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) v[p] = next[p] / norm;
-  }
-  return v;
-}
-function rayleigh(matrix: Float64Array, k: number, v: Float64Array): number {
-  let value = 0;
-  for (let p = 0; p < k; p++) {
-    let sum = 0;
-    for (let q = 0; q < k; q++) sum += matrix[p * k + q] * v[q];
-    value += v[p] * sum;
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-/**
- * Free vertices of a part with pins, outward from them: each starts at the mean of its placed
- * neighbours, a unit off along a direction of its own.
- */
-async function spread(
-  near: Uint32Array,
-  neighbors: Uint32Array,
-  x: Float64Array,
-  y: Float64Array,
-  fixed: Uint8Array,
-  unit: number,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const n = x.length,
-    placed = Uint8Array.from(fixed),
-    queue = new Uint32Array(n);
-  let tail = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) if (fixed[i]) queue[tail++] = i;
-  for (let head = 0; head < tail; head++) {
-    if ((head & 4095) === 0) await work.step();
-    const i = queue[head];
-    for (let a = near[i]; a < near[i + 1]; a++) {
-      const j = neighbors[a];
-      if (placed[j]) continue;
-      let sx = 0,
-        sy = 0,
-        count = 0;
-      for (let b = near[j]; b < near[j + 1]; b++)
-        if (placed[neighbors[b]]) {
-          sx += x[neighbors[b]];
-          sy += y[neighbors[b]];
-          count++;
-        }
-      const angle = (j * 2.399963) % (2 * Math.PI);
-      x[j] = sx / count + unit * Math.cos(angle);
-      y[j] = sy / count + unit * Math.sin(angle);
-      placed[j] = 1;
-      queue[tail++] = j;
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/memory/allocation.ts b/packages/gpu/src/memory/allocation.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 69756967..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/memory/allocation.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { align } from '../error.js';
-
-interface Span {
-  offset: number;
-  size: number;
-}
-interface Slab {
-  buffer: GPUBuffer;
-  usage: number;
-  size: number;
-  free: Span[];
-  count: number;
-}
-
-export interface Allocation {
-  readonly binding: GPUBufferBinding & { readonly offset: number; readonly size: number };
-  release(): void;
-}
-
-/** Suballocations never move. Retired frames keep their regions out of the free list. */
-export class Allocator {
-  private slabs = new Set<Slab>();
-  /** The slab that served the latest allocation, tried first so one upload's regions share it. */
-  private recent?: Slab;
-  constructor(
-    readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    readonly memory: Memory,
-  ) {}
-
-  allocate(
-    size: number,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsageFlags,
-    label: string,
-    exclude?: ReadonlySet<GPUBuffer>,
-  ): Allocation {
-    size = align(Math.max(4, size), 4);
-    const limits = this.device.limits;
-    if (
-      size > limits.maxBufferSize ||
-      (usage & GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE && size > limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize) ||
-      (usage & GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM && size > limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize)
-    )
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Buffer binding exceeds the device limits');
-    const alignment = Math.max(
-      4,
-      usage & GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE ? limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment : 4,
-      usage & GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM ? limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment : 4,
-    );
-    usage |= GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST;
-    if (usage & GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE) usage |= GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC;
-    let found: { slab: Slab; index: number; start: number } | undefined;
-    for (const slab of this.recent ? [this.recent, ...this.slabs] : this.slabs) {
-      if (slab.usage !== usage || exclude?.has(slab.buffer)) continue;
-      const index = slab.free.findIndex(
-        (span) => align(span.offset, alignment) + size <= span.offset + span.size,
-      );
-      if (index >= 0) {
-        found = { slab, index, start: align(slab.free[index].offset, alignment) };
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!found) {
-      // Slabs grow with what this usage already holds, so large uploads share buffers.
-      let footprint = 0;
-      for (const slab of this.slabs) if (slab.usage === usage) footprint += slab.size;
-      const preferred = Math.min(
-        Math.max(1024 ** 2, Math.min(16 * 1024 ** 2, footprint)),
-        limits.maxBufferSize,
-        usage & GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE ? limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize : limits.maxBufferSize,
-        Math.floor(this.memory.budget.gpuBytes / 8),
-      );
-      const capacity = align(Math.max(size, preferred), 4);
-      this.memory.reserveGpu(capacity);
-      let buffer: GPUBuffer;
-      try {
-        buffer = this.device.createBuffer({ label, size: capacity, usage });
-      } catch (error) {
-        this.memory.releaseGpu(capacity);
-        throw error;
-      }
-      const slab = {
-        buffer,
-        usage,
-        size: capacity,
-        free: [{ offset: 0, size: capacity }],
-        count: 0,
-      };
-      this.slabs.add(slab);
-      found = { slab, index: 0, start: 0 };
-    }
-    const { slab, index, start } = found;
-    this.recent = slab;
-    const span = slab.free[index];
-    const remaining: Span[] = [];
-    if (start > span.offset) remaining.push({ offset: span.offset, size: start - span.offset });
-    if (start + size < span.offset + span.size)
-      remaining.push({ offset: start + size, size: span.offset + span.size - start - size });
-    slab.free.splice(index, 1, ...remaining);
-    slab.count++;
-    let live = true;
-    return {
-      binding: { buffer: slab.buffer, offset: start, size },
-      release: () => {
-        if (!live) return;
-        live = false;
-        if (--slab.count === 0) {
-          this.slabs.delete(slab);
-          if (this.recent === slab) this.recent = undefined;
-          slab.buffer.destroy();
-          this.memory.releaseGpu(slab.size);
-          return;
-        }
-        slab.free.push({ offset: start, size });
-        slab.free.sort((a, b) => a.offset - b.offset);
-        for (let i = 1; i < slab.free.length;) {
-          const before = slab.free[i - 1],
-            next = slab.free[i];
-          if (before.offset + before.size === next.offset) {
-            before.size += next.size;
-            slab.free.splice(i, 1);
-          } else i++;
-        }
-      },
-    };
-  }
-
-  write(binding: GPUBufferBinding, data: ArrayBufferView, offset = 0): void {
-    const size = data.byteLength;
-    if (!size) return;
-    if (size & 3 || offset & 3 || offset + size > binding.size!)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'GPU writes must fit their binding and align to four bytes');
-    this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
-      binding.buffer,
-      (binding.offset ?? 0) + offset,
-      data.buffer as ArrayBuffer,
-      data.byteOffset,
-      size,
-    );
-    this.memory.uploads++;
-    this.memory.uploadedBytes += size;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/memory/buffer-data.ts b/packages/gpu/src/memory/buffer-data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index eed37a93..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/memory/buffer-data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-
-export interface ByteRange {
-  readonly offset: number;
-  readonly size: number;
-}
-interface Revision {
-  readonly revision: number;
-  readonly ranges: readonly ByteRange[];
-}
-
-/** Mutable renderer data. Writes are byte-addressed; each consumer tracks its own revision. */
-export class BufferData {
-  private storage: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
-  private used: number;
-  private serial = 0;
-  private history: Revision[] = [];
-  readonly usage: GPUBufferUsageFlags;
-  readonly label: string;
-
-  constructor(options: {
-    readonly size: number;
-    readonly usage?: GPUBufferUsageFlags;
-    readonly label?: string;
-  }) {
-    this.used = integer(options.size, 'buffer size');
-    this.storage = new Uint8Array(this.used);
-    this.usage = options.usage ?? GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE;
-    this.label = options.label ?? 'renderer data';
-  }
-
-  get bytes(): Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> {
-    return this.storage.subarray(0, this.used);
-  }
-  get size(): number {
-    return this.used;
-  }
-  get capacity(): number {
-    return this.storage.byteLength;
-  }
-  get revision(): number {
-    return this.serial;
-  }
-
-  resize(size: number): void {
-    integer(size, 'buffer size');
-    if (size === this.used) return;
-    if (size > this.capacity) {
-      const next = new Uint8Array(Math.max(size, Math.ceil(this.capacity * 1.5)));
-      next.set(this.storage.subarray(0, this.used));
-      this.storage = next;
-    } else if (size > this.used) this.storage.fill(0, this.used, size);
-    this.used = size;
-    this.touch({ offset: 0, size });
-  }
-
-  write(options: { readonly data: ArrayBufferView; readonly offset?: number }): void {
-    const offset = integer(options.offset ?? 0, 'write offset');
-    if (offset + options.data.byteLength > this.used)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Write exceeds buffer size');
-    this.storage.set(
-      new Uint8Array(options.data.buffer, options.data.byteOffset, options.data.byteLength),
-      offset,
-    );
-    this.touch({ offset, size: options.data.byteLength });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Hold exactly `values`, resizing to fit, and mark only what differs as changed, so a consumer
-   * uploads what moved rather than everything. `stride` bytes compare as one record: a record with
-   * any changed word changes whole, and changed neighbors join one range. One revision records it.
-   */
-  update(values: ArrayBufferView, stride = 4): void {
-    if (values.byteLength % 4 || values.byteOffset % 4 || stride % 4 || stride <= 0)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Updates are whole, aligned words');
-    this.resize(Math.max(4, values.byteLength));
-    const next = new Uint32Array(values.buffer, values.byteOffset, values.byteLength / 4),
-      held = new Uint32Array(this.storage.buffer, this.storage.byteOffset, next.length),
-      step = stride / 4,
-      ranges: { offset: number; size: number }[] = [];
-    for (let record = 0; record < next.length; record += step) {
-      const end = Math.min(record + step, next.length);
-      let same = true;
-      for (let i = record; same && i < end; i++) same = held[i] === next[i];
-      if (same) continue;
-      held.set(next.subarray(record, end), record);
-      const last = ranges.at(-1);
-      if (last && last.offset + last.size === record * 4) last.size += (end - record) * 4;
-      else ranges.push({ offset: record * 4, size: (end - record) * 4 });
-    }
-    if (!ranges.length) return;
-    this.history.push({ revision: ++this.serial, ranges });
-    if (this.history.length > 64) this.history.shift();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Call after editing bytes directly, with the range or ranges edited; several record one
-   * revision. Empty touches still advance the revision.
-   */
-  touch(edited: ByteRange | readonly ByteRange[] = { offset: 0, size: this.used }): void {
-    const ranges: ByteRange[] = [];
-    for (const range of 'offset' in edited ? [edited] : edited) {
-      integer(range.offset, 'dirty offset', 0, this.used);
-      integer(range.size, 'dirty size', 0, this.used - range.offset);
-      if (range.size) ranges.push({ offset: range.offset, size: range.size });
-    }
-    this.history.push({ revision: ++this.serial, ranges });
-    if (this.history.length > 64) this.history.shift();
-  }
-
-  /** A bounded change journal; old consumers receive the full used range. */
-  changesSince(revision: number): readonly ByteRange[] {
-    if (revision === this.serial) return [];
-    if (revision > this.serial || revision < (this.history[0]?.revision ?? this.serial + 1) - 1)
-      return this.used ? [{ offset: 0, size: this.used }] : [];
-    const sorted = this.history
-      .filter((item) => item.revision > revision)
-      .flatMap((item) => item.ranges)
-      .map((range) => ({
-        offset: range.offset,
-        size: Math.max(0, Math.min(range.size, this.used - range.offset)),
-      }))
-      .filter((range) => range.size > 0)
-      .sort((a, b) => a.offset - b.offset);
-    const merged: { offset: number; size: number }[] = [];
-    for (const range of sorted) {
-      const last = merged.at(-1);
-      if (last && range.offset <= last.offset + last.size + 64)
-        last.size = Math.max(last.size, range.offset + range.size - last.offset);
-      else merged.push(range);
-    }
-    return merged.length <= 16
-      ? merged
-      : [
-          {
-            offset: merged[0].offset,
-            size: merged.at(-1)!.offset + merged.at(-1)!.size - merged[0].offset,
-          },
-        ];
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/memory/buffers.ts b/packages/gpu/src/memory/buffers.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ed65af9e..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/memory/buffers.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-
-/** Explicitly owned GPU working/output storage. No CPU mirror or implicit upload. */
-export interface BufferResource {
-  readonly buffer: GPUBuffer;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-
-export class Buffers {
-  private owned = new WeakMap<BufferResource, Memory.Entry>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-  ) {}
-
-  create(descriptor: GPUBufferDescriptor): BufferResource {
-    const size = integer(descriptor.size, 'buffer size', 4, this.device.limits.maxBufferSize);
-    if (size % 4) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Buffer size must be aligned to four bytes');
-    this.memory.reserveGpu(size);
-    let buffer: GPUBuffer;
-    try {
-      buffer = this.device.createBuffer(descriptor);
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.memory.releaseGpu(size);
-      throw error;
-    }
-    let entry: Memory.Entry;
-    try {
-      entry = this.memory.add([], 128, () => {
-        buffer.destroy();
-        this.memory.releaseGpu(size);
-      });
-    } catch (error) {
-      buffer.destroy();
-      this.memory.releaseGpu(size);
-      throw error;
-    }
-    let closed = false;
-    const resource = {
-      buffer,
-      destroy: () => {
-        if (!closed) {
-          closed = true;
-          entry.close();
-          entry.unpin();
-        }
-      },
-    };
-    this.owned.set(resource, entry);
-    return resource;
-  }
-
-  entry(resource: BufferResource): Memory.Entry {
-    const entry = this.owned.get(resource);
-    if (!entry) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Buffer belongs to another Gpu');
-    return entry;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/memory/feedback.ts b/packages/gpu/src/memory/feedback.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ca38d665..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/memory/feedback.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import type { BufferResource } from './buffers.js';
-
-/** Staging buffers a feedback holds at most: a frame in flight, one mapping, and one to spare. */
-const RING = 3;
-
-/**
- * Words the GPU writes during a frame, read back without stalling one: each frame copies them into
- * a staging buffer of a small ring, mapped once the frame's commands complete. Each copy's words
- * reach `read` with what the frame said they mean, a frame or two late; a frame finding every
- * staging buffer still mapping copies none, and the next one reports.
- */
-export class Feedback<Context> {
-  private readonly free: BufferResource[] = [];
-  private pending: {
-    readonly staging: BufferResource;
-    readonly bytes: number;
-    readonly context: Context;
-  }[] = [];
-  private made = 0;
-  private closed = false;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly gpu: Gpu,
-    private readonly read: (words: Uint32Array, context: Context) => void,
-    private readonly label: string,
-  ) {}
-  /** Copy the first `bytes` of `source` as the frame's commands record, to read back once they complete. */
-  encode(encoder: GPUCommandEncoder, source: GPUBuffer, bytes: number, context: Context): void {
-    const size = Math.max(16, Math.ceil(bytes / 16) * 16);
-    let staging = this.free.pop();
-    if (staging && staging.buffer.size < size) {
-      staging.destroy();
-      this.made--;
-      staging = undefined;
-    }
-    if (!staging) {
-      if (this.made >= RING) return;
-      staging = this.gpu.buffer({
-        size,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-        label: this.label,
-      });
-      this.made++;
-    }
-    encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(source, 0, staging.buffer, 0, Math.ceil(bytes / 4) * 4);
-    this.pending.push({ staging, bytes, context });
-  }
-  /** The frame was submitted: map what it copied, and hand each copy's words to `read`. */
-  submitted(): void {
-    for (const { staging, bytes, context } of this.pending.splice(0))
-      staging.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ).then(
-        () => {
-          if (!this.closed) {
-            const words = new Uint32Array(
-              staging.buffer.getMappedRange(0, Math.ceil(bytes / 4) * 4).slice(0),
-            );
-            staging.buffer.unmap();
-            this.free.push(staging);
-            this.read(words, context);
-          } else staging.destroy();
-        },
-        // A lost device, or a destroyed Gpu, ends the feedback with it.
-        () => staging.destroy(),
-      );
-  }
-  /** The frame was discarded: what it copied is never read, and its staging buffers are free again. */
-  discard(): void {
-    for (const { staging } of this.pending.splice(0)) this.free.push(staging);
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.closed = true;
-    for (const staging of this.free.splice(0)) staging.destroy();
-    this.discard();
-    for (const staging of this.free.splice(0)) staging.destroy();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/memory/images.ts b/packages/gpu/src/memory/images.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f2f7e53e..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/memory/images.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { TextureData } from './texture-data.js';
-import type { UploadScope } from '../fields/upload.js';
-
-interface Resident {
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  texture: GPUTexture;
-  revision: number;
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-}
-
-export class Images {
-  private cached = new WeakMap<TextureData, Resident[]>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-  ) {}
-
-  write(
-    texture: GPUTexture,
-    data: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>,
-    region: {
-      x: number;
-      y: number;
-      width: number;
-      height: number;
-      stride: number;
-      offset?: number;
-    },
-  ): void {
-    this.device.queue.writeTexture(
-      { texture, origin: [region.x, region.y] },
-      data,
-      { offset: region.offset ?? 0, bytesPerRow: region.stride, rowsPerImage: region.height },
-      [region.width, region.height],
-    );
-    this.memory.uploads++;
-    this.memory.uploadedBytes += region.stride * region.height;
-  }
-
-  upload(data: TextureData, scope: UploadScope): GPUTexture {
-    if (Math.max(data.width, data.height) > this.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Image exceeds the device texture limit');
-    const revision = data.revision;
-    const residents = this.cached.get(data) ?? [];
-    this.cached.set(data, residents);
-    let resident = residents.find((item) => item.entry.live && item.revision === revision);
-    if (resident) {
-      this.memory.uploadHits++;
-      scope.use(resident.entry);
-    } else {
-      resident = residents.find(
-        (item) =>
-          item.entry.live &&
-          !item.entry.pins &&
-          item.width === data.width &&
-          item.height === data.height,
-      );
-      if (resident) resident.entry.pin();
-      else {
-        const bytes = data.bytes.byteLength;
-        this.memory.reserveGpu(bytes);
-        let texture: GPUTexture;
-        try {
-          texture = this.device.createTexture({
-            label: 'shared pixels',
-            format: data.format,
-            size: [data.width, data.height],
-            usage:
-              GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC,
-          });
-        } catch (error) {
-          this.memory.releaseGpu(bytes);
-          throw error;
-        }
-        let entry: Memory.Entry;
-        try {
-          entry = this.memory.add(
-            [],
-            192,
-            () => {
-              texture.destroy();
-              this.memory.releaseGpu(bytes);
-              const index = residents.findIndex((item) => item.entry === entry);
-              if (index >= 0) residents.splice(index, 1);
-            },
-            'gpu',
-          );
-        } catch (error) {
-          texture.destroy();
-          this.memory.releaseGpu(bytes);
-          throw error;
-        }
-        resident = { entry, texture, revision: -1, width: data.width, height: data.height };
-        residents.push(resident);
-      }
-      try {
-        const [from, to] = data.changedRows(resident.revision);
-        if (to > from) {
-          const stride = data.width * data.channels;
-          this.write(resident.texture, data.bytes, {
-            x: 0,
-            y: from,
-            width: data.width,
-            height: to - from,
-            stride,
-            offset: from * stride,
-          });
-        }
-        resident.revision = revision;
-        scope.use(resident.entry);
-        resident.entry.unpin();
-      } catch (error) {
-        this.memory.remove(resident.entry);
-        throw error;
-      }
-    }
-    scope.check(() => {
-      if (data.revision !== revision)
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Pixels changed during frame preparation');
-    });
-    return resident.texture;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/memory/texture-data.ts b/packages/gpu/src/memory/texture-data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 28bab27c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/memory/texture-data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-
-export interface PixelRegion {
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-}
-
-/** Mutable application pixels for glyph atlases, colormaps, and images. Revisions are per consumer. */
-export class TextureData {
-  readonly format: 'r8unorm' | 'rgba8unorm';
-  readonly channels: number;
-  private pixels: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
-  private w: number;
-  private h: number;
-  private serial = 0;
-  private history: { revision: number; from: number; to: number }[] = [];
-
-  constructor(options: {
-    readonly width: number;
-    readonly height: number;
-    readonly format?: 'r8unorm' | 'rgba8unorm';
-  }) {
-    this.format = options.format ?? 'rgba8unorm';
-    if (this.format !== 'r8unorm' && this.format !== 'rgba8unorm')
-      throw failure('unsupported', 'Unsupported pixel format');
-    this.channels = this.format === 'r8unorm' ? 1 : 4;
-    this.w = integer(options.width, 'image width', 1);
-    this.h = integer(options.height, 'image height', 1);
-    this.pixels = new Uint8Array(integer(this.w * this.h * this.channels, 'image bytes', 1));
-  }
-  get width(): number {
-    return this.w;
-  }
-  get height(): number {
-    return this.h;
-  }
-  get bytes(): Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> {
-    return this.pixels;
-  }
-  get revision(): number {
-    return this.serial;
-  }
-
-  resize(size: { readonly width: number; readonly height: number }): void {
-    const width = integer(size.width, 'image width', 1),
-      height = integer(size.height, 'image height', 1);
-    if (width === this.w && height === this.h) return;
-    const next = new Uint8Array(integer(width * height * this.channels, 'image bytes', 1));
-    const stride = Math.min(width, this.w) * this.channels;
-    for (let y = 0; y < Math.min(height, this.h); y++)
-      next.set(
-        this.pixels.subarray(y * this.w * this.channels, y * this.w * this.channels + stride),
-        y * width * this.channels,
-      );
-    this.pixels = next;
-    this.w = width;
-    this.h = height;
-    this.touch();
-  }
-
-  write(options: PixelRegion & { readonly data: Uint8Array; readonly bytesPerRow?: number }): void {
-    this.region(options);
-    const rowBytes = options.width * this.channels;
-    const stride = integer(options.bytesPerRow ?? rowBytes, 'pixel row stride', rowBytes);
-    if (options.height && (options.height - 1) * stride + rowBytes > options.data.byteLength)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Pixel input does not cover its region');
-    const data = options.data.buffer === this.pixels.buffer ? options.data.slice() : options.data;
-    for (let row = 0; row < options.height; row++)
-      this.pixels.set(
-        data.subarray(row * stride, row * stride + rowBytes),
-        ((options.y + row) * this.w + options.x) * this.channels,
-      );
-    this.touch(options);
-  }
-
-  /** Call after changing bytes directly. Uploads coalesce into whole rows. */
-  touch(region: PixelRegion = { x: 0, y: 0, width: this.w, height: this.h }): void {
-    this.region(region);
-    this.history.push({ revision: ++this.serial, from: region.y, to: region.y + region.height });
-    if (this.history.length > 64) this.history.shift();
-  }
-  changedRows(revision: number): readonly [from: number, to: number] {
-    if (revision === this.serial) return [0, 0];
-    if (revision > this.serial || revision < (this.history[0]?.revision ?? this.serial + 1) - 1)
-      return [0, this.h];
-    let from = this.h,
-      to = 0;
-    for (const item of this.history)
-      if (item.revision > revision) {
-        from = Math.min(from, item.from);
-        to = Math.max(to, item.to);
-      }
-    return from < to ? [from, Math.min(this.h, to)] : [0, 0];
-  }
-  private region(region: PixelRegion): void {
-    integer(region.x, 'pixel x', 0, this.w);
-    integer(region.y, 'pixel y', 0, this.h);
-    integer(region.width, 'pixel width', 0, this.w - region.x);
-    integer(region.height, 'pixel height', 0, this.h - region.y);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/memory/textures.ts b/packages/gpu/src/memory/textures.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 169f0153..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/memory/textures.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-
-export interface TextureResource {
-  readonly texture: GPUTexture;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-
-/** Texture storage formats supported by the managed allocator. */
-const FORMAT_BYTES: Readonly<Record<string, number>> = {
-  r8unorm: 1,
-  r8snorm: 1,
-  r8uint: 1,
-  r8sint: 1,
-  r16uint: 2,
-  r16sint: 2,
-  r16float: 2,
-  rg8unorm: 2,
-  rg8snorm: 2,
-  rg8uint: 2,
-  rg8sint: 2,
-  r32uint: 4,
-  r32sint: 4,
-  r32float: 4,
-  rg16uint: 4,
-  rg16sint: 4,
-  rg16float: 4,
-  rgba8unorm: 4,
-  'rgba8unorm-srgb': 4,
-  rgba8snorm: 4,
-  rgba8uint: 4,
-  rgba8sint: 4,
-  bgra8unorm: 4,
-  'bgra8unorm-srgb': 4,
-  rgb10a2uint: 4,
-  rgb10a2unorm: 4,
-  rg11b10ufloat: 4,
-  rgb9e5ufloat: 4,
-  rg32uint: 8,
-  rg32sint: 8,
-  rg32float: 8,
-  rgba16uint: 8,
-  rgba16sint: 8,
-  rgba16float: 8,
-  rgba32uint: 16,
-  rgba32sint: 16,
-  rgba32float: 16,
-  stencil8: 1,
-  depth16unorm: 2,
-  depth24plus: 4,
-  'depth24plus-stencil8': 8,
-  depth32float: 4,
-  'depth32float-stencil8': 8,
-};
-
-function textureBytes(descriptor: GPUTextureDescriptor): number {
-  const texel = FORMAT_BYTES[descriptor.format];
-  if (!texel)
-    throw failure('unsupported', `Managed texture format is unsupported: ${descriptor.format}`);
-  const dimensions = descriptor.size as readonly number[];
-  let width = dimensions[0];
-  let height = dimensions[1];
-  let depth = dimensions[2];
-  const dimension = descriptor.dimension ?? '2d';
-  const largest = dimension === '3d' ? Math.max(width, height, depth) : Math.max(width, height);
-  const mips = integer(
-    descriptor.mipLevelCount ?? 1,
-    'mip count',
-    1,
-    1 + Math.floor(Math.log2(largest)),
-  );
-  const samples = descriptor.sampleCount ?? 1;
-  if (samples !== 1 && samples !== 4)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Texture sample count must be 1 or 4');
-  if (dimension === '1d' && (height !== 1 || depth !== 1 || mips !== 1))
-    throw failure(
-      'invalid-input',
-      'One-dimensional textures require height, depth, and mip count of one',
-    );
-  if (samples > 1 && (dimension !== '2d' || depth !== 1 || mips !== 1))
-    throw failure(
-      'invalid-input',
-      'Multisampled textures require a single two-dimensional level and layer',
-    );
-  let bytes = 0;
-  for (let level = 0; level < mips; level++) {
-    bytes += width * height * depth * texel * samples;
-    width = Math.max(1, Math.floor(width / 2));
-    height = Math.max(1, Math.floor(height / 2));
-    if (descriptor.dimension === '3d') depth = Math.max(1, Math.floor(depth / 2));
-  }
-  return integer(bytes, 'texture bytes', 1);
-}
-
-export class Textures {
-  private owned = new WeakMap<TextureResource, Memory.Entry>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-  ) {}
-
-  create(descriptor: GPUTextureDescriptor): TextureResource {
-    const size = descriptor.size;
-    const dimensions =
-      Symbol.iterator in Object(size)
-        ? [...(size as Iterable<number>)]
-        : [
-            (size as GPUExtent3DDict).width,
-            (size as GPUExtent3DDict).height ?? 1,
-            (size as GPUExtent3DDict).depthOrArrayLayers ?? 1,
-          ];
-    if (dimensions.length < 1 || dimensions.length > 3)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Texture size must have one to three dimensions');
-    const dimension = descriptor.dimension ?? '2d';
-    const limits = this.device.limits;
-    const maximum =
-      dimension === '1d'
-        ? limits.maxTextureDimension1D
-        : dimension === '3d'
-          ? limits.maxTextureDimension3D
-          : limits.maxTextureDimension2D;
-    descriptor = {
-      ...descriptor,
-      size: [
-        integer(dimensions[0], 'texture width', 1, maximum),
-        integer(dimensions[1] ?? 1, 'texture height', 1, maximum),
-        integer(
-          dimensions[2] ?? 1,
-          'texture depth',
-          1,
-          dimension === '3d' ? maximum : limits.maxTextureArrayLayers,
-        ),
-      ],
-    };
-    const bytes = textureBytes(descriptor);
-    this.memory.reserveGpu(bytes);
-    let texture: GPUTexture;
-    try {
-      texture = this.device.createTexture(descriptor);
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.memory.releaseGpu(bytes);
-      throw error;
-    }
-    let entry: Memory.Entry;
-    try {
-      entry = this.memory.add([], 128, () => {
-        texture.destroy();
-        this.memory.releaseGpu(bytes);
-      });
-    } catch (error) {
-      texture.destroy();
-      this.memory.releaseGpu(bytes);
-      throw error;
-    }
-    let destroyed = false;
-    const resource: TextureResource = {
-      texture,
-      destroy: () => {
-        if (destroyed) return;
-        destroyed = true;
-        entry.close();
-        entry.unpin();
-      },
-    };
-    this.owned.set(resource, entry);
-    return resource;
-  }
-
-  entry(resource: TextureResource): Memory.Entry {
-    const entry = this.owned.get(resource);
-    if (!entry) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Texture belongs to another Gpu');
-    return entry;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/spatial/boxes.ts b/packages/gpu/src/spatial/boxes.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b4cc9c94..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/spatial/boxes.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-import type { Bounds2D } from '../view/camera.js';
-
-/** Children per index node. */
-const NODE = 16;
-/** Items an index build handles between pauses. */
-const CHUNK = 4096;
-const float = new Float32Array(1),
-  bits = new Uint32Array(float.buffer);
-/** The largest float32 at or below `x`. */
-function below(x: number): number {
-  const f = Math.fround(x);
-  if (f <= x) return f;
-  float[0] = f;
-  if (f > 0) bits[0]--;
-  else if (f < 0) bits[0]++;
-  else bits[0] = 0x80000001;
-  return float[0];
-}
-/** The smallest float32 at or above `x`. */
-function above(x: number): number {
-  const f = Math.fround(x);
-  if (f >= x) return f;
-  float[0] = f;
-  if (f > 0) bits[0]++;
-  else if (f < 0) bits[0]--;
-  else bits[0] = 1;
-  return float[0];
-}
-/** Position along a Hilbert curve on a 65536² grid (http://threadlocalmutex.com, public domain). */
-function hilbert(x: number, y: number): number {
-  let a = x ^ y,
-    b = 0xffff ^ a,
-    c = 0xffff ^ (x | y),
-    d = x & (y ^ 0xffff);
-  let A = a | (b >> 1),
-    B = (a >> 1) ^ a,
-    C = (c >> 1) ^ (b & (d >> 1)) ^ c,
-    D = (a & (c >> 1)) ^ (d >> 1) ^ d;
-  a = A;
-  b = B;
-  c = C;
-  d = D;
-  A = (a & (a >> 2)) ^ (b & (b >> 2));
-  B = (a & (b >> 2)) ^ (b & ((a ^ b) >> 2));
-  C ^= (a & (c >> 2)) ^ (b & (d >> 2));
-  D ^= (b & (c >> 2)) ^ ((a ^ b) & (d >> 2));
-  a = A;
-  b = B;
-  c = C;
-  d = D;
-  A = (a & (a >> 4)) ^ (b & (b >> 4));
-  B = (a & (b >> 4)) ^ (b & ((a ^ b) >> 4));
-  C ^= (a & (c >> 4)) ^ (b & (d >> 4));
-  D ^= (b & (c >> 4)) ^ ((a ^ b) & (d >> 4));
-  a = A;
-  b = B;
-  c = C;
-  d = D;
-  C ^= (a & (c >> 8)) ^ (b & (d >> 8));
-  D ^= (b & (c >> 8)) ^ ((a ^ b) & (d >> 8));
-  a = C ^ (C >> 1);
-  b = D ^ (D >> 1);
-  let i0 = x ^ y,
-    i1 = b | (0xffff ^ (i0 | a));
-  i0 = (i0 | (i0 << 8)) & 0x00ff00ff;
-  i0 = (i0 | (i0 << 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
-  i0 = (i0 | (i0 << 2)) & 0x33333333;
-  i0 = (i0 | (i0 << 1)) & 0x55555555;
-  i1 = (i1 | (i1 << 8)) & 0x00ff00ff;
-  i1 = (i1 | (i1 << 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
-  i1 = (i1 | (i1 << 2)) & 0x33333333;
-  i1 = (i1 | (i1 << 1)) & 0x55555555;
-  return ((i1 << 1) | i0) >>> 0;
-}
-/** Sort items by key until each node's run holds the right items, pausing between partitions. */
-function* sortKeys(keys: Uint32Array, items: Uint32Array): Generator<void, void, void> {
-  const stack = [0, items.length - 1];
-  let done = 0;
-  while (stack.length) {
-    const right = stack.pop()!,
-      left = stack.pop()!;
-    if (Math.floor(left / NODE) >= Math.floor(right / NODE)) continue;
-    const pivot = keys[(left + right) >>> 1];
-    let i = left - 1,
-      j = right + 1;
-    for (;;) {
-      do i++;
-      while (keys[i] < pivot);
-      do j--;
-      while (keys[j] > pivot);
-      if (i >= j) break;
-      const key = keys[i],
-        item = items[i];
-      keys[i] = keys[j];
-      items[i] = items[j];
-      keys[j] = key;
-      items[j] = item;
-    }
-    // The smaller side goes on top, so the stack stays logarithmic.
-    if (j - left < right - j) stack.push(j + 1, right, left, j);
-    else stack.push(left, j, j + 1, right);
-    done += right - left;
-    if (done >= CHUNK * 16) {
-      done = 0;
-      yield;
-    }
-  }
-}
-/** Starts of each level's nodes, leaves first and the root last, then the node count. */
-function levels(count: number): number[] {
-  const starts = [0];
-  let size = count,
-    end = count;
-  do {
-    size = Math.ceil(size / NODE);
-    starts.push(end);
-    end += size;
-  } while (size > 1);
-  starts.push(end);
-  return starts;
-}
-const finite = (box: Float64Array) =>
-  Number.isFinite(box[0]) &&
-  Number.isFinite(box[1]) &&
-  Number.isFinite(box[2]) &&
-  Number.isFinite(box[3]);
-const unchecked = () => {};
-/** Reads an item's box as minX, minY, maxX, maxY; any non-finite side leaves it out. */
-export type BoxRead = (item: number, box: Float64Array) => void;
-/**
- * A packed static R-tree over item boxes: items sorted along a Hilbert curve of their centers, 16
- * children per node. Boxes are float32 about the data's center, rounded outward, so a query yields
- * every item whose exact box meets it, and a few more; callers measure exact distances. About 21
- * bytes per item, built in its own storage.
- */
-export class BoxIndex {
-  private constructor(
-    /** Item offsets in leaf order. */
-    readonly items: Uint32Array,
-    /** Four per node: leaves first, then each level up to the root. */
-    readonly boxes: Float32Array,
-    private readonly starts: readonly number[],
-    private readonly origin: readonly [number, number],
-  ) {}
-  static bytes(count: number): number {
-    return levels(count).at(-1)! * 16 + count * 4;
-  }
-  get bytes(): number {
-    return this.boxes.byteLength + this.items.byteLength;
-  }
-  /** Build at once; `extent` holds every finite box. */
-  static of(count: number, extent: Bounds2D, read: BoxRead): BoxIndex {
-    const steps = BoxIndex.build(count, extent, read);
-    for (;;) {
-      const next = steps.next();
-      if (next.done) return next.value;
-    }
-  }
-  /** Build in steps; each yield is a point to pause. `extent` holds every finite box. */
-  static *build(count: number, extent: Bounds2D, read: BoxRead): Generator<void, BoxIndex, void> {
-    const starts = levels(count),
-      boxes = new Float32Array(starts.at(-1)! * 4),
-      items = new Uint32Array(count),
-      // Keys sort inside the box storage before any box is written there.
-      keys = new Uint32Array(boxes.buffer, 0, count),
-      box = new Float64Array(4);
-    const [x0, y0, x1, y1] = extent.every(Number.isFinite) ? extent : [0, 0, 0, 0],
-      sx = x1 > x0 ? 0xffff / (x1 - x0) : 0,
-      sy = y1 > y0 ? 0xffff / (y1 - y0) : 0,
-      ox = (x0 + x1) / 2,
-      oy = (y0 + y1) / 2;
-    const cell = (v: number) => Math.max(0, Math.min(0xffff, Math.floor(v)));
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      if (i % CHUNK === CHUNK - 1) yield;
-      read(i, box);
-      items[i] = i;
-      keys[i] = finite(box)
-        ? hilbert(cell(((box[0] + box[2]) / 2 - x0) * sx), cell(((box[1] + box[3]) / 2 - y0) * sy))
-        : 0xffffffff;
-    }
-    yield* sortKeys(keys, items);
-    for (let p = 0; p < count; p++) {
-      if (p % CHUNK === CHUNK - 1) yield;
-      read(items[p], box);
-      const at = p * 4;
-      if (finite(box)) {
-        boxes[at] = below(box[0] - ox);
-        boxes[at + 1] = below(box[1] - oy);
-        boxes[at + 2] = above(box[2] - ox);
-        boxes[at + 3] = above(box[3] - oy);
-      } else {
-        boxes[at] = boxes[at + 1] = Infinity;
-        boxes[at + 2] = boxes[at + 3] = -Infinity;
-      }
-    }
-    for (let level = 1; level < starts.length - 1; level++) {
-      const children = starts[level - 1],
-        start = starts[level];
-      for (let node = start; node < starts[level + 1]; node++) {
-        if ((node - start) % CHUNK === CHUNK - 1) yield;
-        const first = children + (node - start) * NODE,
-          last = Math.min(first + NODE, start);
-        let minX = Infinity,
-          minY = Infinity,
-          maxX = -Infinity,
-          maxY = -Infinity;
-        for (let child = first * 4; child < last * 4; child += 4) {
-          minX = Math.min(minX, boxes[child]);
-          minY = Math.min(minY, boxes[child + 1]);
-          maxX = Math.max(maxX, boxes[child + 2]);
-          maxY = Math.max(maxY, boxes[child + 3]);
-        }
-        boxes[node * 4] = minX;
-        boxes[node * 4 + 1] = minY;
-        boxes[node * 4 + 2] = maxX;
-        boxes[node * 4 + 3] = maxY;
-      }
-    }
-    return new BoxIndex(items, boxes, starts, [ox, oy]);
-  }
-  /** The pending nodes of a query, two numbers each; a query inside a visit takes its own. */
-  private stack?: Int32Array;
-  /**
-   * Visit the offsets of the items whose boxes may meet `bounds` until `visit` returns true, and
-   * say whether it did. Nothing is allocated; `check` runs once per node.
-   */
-  some(
-    bounds: Bounds2D,
-    visit: (item: number) => boolean | void,
-    check: () => void = unchecked,
-  ): boolean {
-    const { boxes, items, starts } = this,
-      top = starts.length - 2,
-      root = starts[top];
-    if (!items.length) return false;
-    // Rounding is monotonic, so shifting both sides keeps every comparison conservative.
-    const minX = bounds[0] - this.origin[0],
-      minY = bounds[1] - this.origin[1],
-      maxX = bounds[2] - this.origin[0],
-      maxY = bounds[3] - this.origin[1];
-    const at = root * 4;
-    if (boxes[at] > maxX || boxes[at + 1] > maxY || boxes[at + 2] < minX || boxes[at + 3] < minY)
-      return false;
-    // A level holds at most NODE pending children while the levels below it are visited.
-    const stack = this.stack ?? new Int32Array(2 * NODE * starts.length);
-    this.stack = undefined;
-    let size = 0;
-    stack[size++] = root;
-    stack[size++] = top;
-    try {
-      while (size) {
-        check();
-        const level = stack[--size],
-          node = stack[--size],
-          first = starts[level - 1] + (node - starts[level]) * NODE,
-          last = Math.min(first + NODE, starts[level]);
-        for (let child = first; child < last; child++) {
-          const at = child * 4;
-          if (
-            boxes[at] <= maxX &&
-            boxes[at + 1] <= maxY &&
-            boxes[at + 2] >= minX &&
-            boxes[at + 3] >= minY
-          ) {
-            if (level > 1) {
-              stack[size++] = child;
-              stack[size++] = level - 1;
-            } else if (visit(items[child])) return true;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      return false;
-    } finally {
-      this.stack = stack;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/** Boxes placed one at a time where nothing placed overlaps them, as labels claim their room. */
-export class Occupancy {
-  private readonly cells = new Map<number, number[]>();
-  private readonly placed: number[] = [];
-  constructor(private readonly cell = 64) {}
-  /** Whether the box is free. */
-  free(box: Bounds2D): boolean {
-    const { cell, placed } = this;
-    for (let y = Math.floor(box[1] / cell), y1 = Math.floor(box[3] / cell); y <= y1; y++)
-      for (let x = Math.floor(box[0] / cell), x1 = Math.floor(box[2] / cell); x <= x1; x++)
-        for (const at of this.cells.get(key(x, y)) ?? [])
-          if (
-            placed[at] < box[2] &&
-            placed[at + 2] > box[0] &&
-            placed[at + 1] < box[3] &&
-            placed[at + 3] > box[1]
-          )
-            return false;
-    return true;
-  }
-  /** Claim the box, whether or not it was free. */
-  add(box: Bounds2D): void {
-    const { cell, placed } = this,
-      at = placed.push(box[0], box[1], box[2], box[3]) - 4;
-    for (let y = Math.floor(box[1] / cell), y1 = Math.floor(box[3] / cell); y <= y1; y++)
-      for (let x = Math.floor(box[0] / cell), x1 = Math.floor(box[2] / cell); x <= x1; x++) {
-        const k = key(x, y),
-          bucket = this.cells.get(k);
-        if (bucket) bucket.push(at);
-        else this.cells.set(k, [at]);
-      }
-  }
-  /** Claim the box only where nothing overlaps it; true when placed. */
-  place(box: Bounds2D): boolean {
-    if (!this.free(box)) return false;
-    this.add(box);
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-/** One integer per cell for cells within ±2²⁵ of the origin, which any finite diagram uses. */
-function key(x: number, y: number): number {
-  return (x + 0x2000000) * 0x4000000 + (y + 0x2000000);
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/style/channel.ts b/packages/gpu/src/style/channel.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ed89c6b..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/style/channel.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,385 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  bitAt,
-  failure,
-  fieldDefinition,
-  type Column,
-  type Data,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Block,
-  type Reader,
-  type Index,
-  type Query,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { validateRgba, type RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import type { Colormap } from '../colors/colormap.js';
-import type { GpuField, GpuPage } from '../fields/types.js';
-import { fieldScale, scaleValue, type ResolvedScale, type Scale } from './scale.js';
-
-/** A value per drawn row: one for every row, a field's, or a field's through a scale. */
-export type Channel<T extends number | boolean = number> = T | FieldInput | Scale | null;
-export declare namespace Channel {
-  /** A color per drawn row: one for every row, or a field's through a colormap. */
-  type Color = RGBA | FieldInput | Scale.Color | null;
-}
-
-/**
- * How a channel reads a field: `raw` as it is, `color` through a colormap, or onto a range by a
- * scale over the field's extent.
- */
-export type ChannelKind = 'raw' | 'color' | Scale.Range;
-/** How a bound channel's field maps, its range resolved. */
-export interface ChannelScale {
-  readonly domain?: Scale.Domain;
-  readonly range: Scale.Range;
-  readonly clamp?: boolean;
-}
-/** A channel of one type's options, bound to a column of the type's fields read. */
-export interface BoundChannel {
-  /** The column it reads; absent for a constant or an unset channel. */
-  readonly column?: string;
-  readonly field?: FieldInput;
-  /** The lane of a vector field. */
-  readonly component: number;
-  /** How the field maps; absent when it reads as it is. */
-  readonly scale?: ChannelScale;
-  /** Whether it reads a color: a position in its colormap, or -1 without a value. */
-  readonly color?: boolean;
-  readonly colormap?: Colormap | Colormap.Name;
-  /** The value of rows the field leaves empty: a number, or a color. */
-  readonly missing?: number | RGBA;
-  /** Every row's value without a field: a number, 0 or 1 for a boolean, or a color. */
-  readonly constant?: number | RGBA;
-}
-/** A type's channels, and the fields they read: channels of one field share its column. */
-export interface BoundChannels<K extends string> {
-  readonly fields: Readonly<Record<string, FieldInput>>;
-  readonly channels: Readonly<Record<K, BoundChannel>>;
-}
-/** A bound channel ready to read: its scale resolved, and the value of rows without one. */
-export interface ResolvedChannel {
-  readonly column?: string;
-  readonly component: number;
-  readonly scale?: ResolvedScale;
-  /** Every row without a field, and rows without a value. */
-  readonly fallback: number;
-}
-
-const COMPONENTS = 16;
-function isField(value: object): value is Exclude<FieldInput, string> {
-  return 'source' in value || ('index' in value && 'values' in value);
-}
-/** A field named without a scale: as it is, or through the kind's scale. */
-function bare(field: FieldInput, kind: ChannelKind): BoundChannel {
-  if (kind === 'raw') return { field, component: 0 };
-  if (kind === 'color') return { field, component: 0, color: true, scale: { range: [0, 1] } };
-  return { field, component: 0, scale: { range: kind } };
-}
-function bind(name: string, value: unknown, kind: ChannelKind): BoundChannel {
-  const invalid = () => failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid ' + name);
-  if (value === undefined || value === null)
-    return kind === 'color' ? { component: 0, color: true } : { component: 0 };
-  if (typeof value === 'string') {
-    if (!value) throw invalid();
-    return bare(value, kind);
-  }
-  if (typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean') {
-    if (kind === 'color' || !Number.isFinite(+value)) throw invalid();
-    return { component: 0, constant: +value };
-  }
-  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
-    if (kind !== 'color') throw invalid();
-    validateRgba(value, name);
-    return { component: 0, color: true, constant: value };
-  }
-  if (typeof value !== 'object') throw invalid();
-  if (isField(value)) return bare(value, kind);
-  const scale = value as Scale & Scale.Color;
-  const component = scale.component ?? 0;
-  if (!scale.field || !Number.isInteger(component) || component < 0 || component >= COMPONENTS)
-    throw invalid();
-  if (kind !== 'color' && scale.missing !== undefined && !Number.isFinite(scale.missing))
-    throw invalid();
-  if (kind === 'color') {
-    if (scale.missing) validateRgba(scale.missing, name + ' missing');
-    return {
-      field: scale.field,
-      component,
-      color: true,
-      scale: { domain: scale.domain, range: [0, 1] },
-      ...(scale.colormap ? { colormap: scale.colormap } : {}),
-      ...(scale.missing ? { missing: scale.missing } : {}),
-    };
-  }
-  const range = scale.range ?? (kind === 'raw' ? undefined : kind);
-  return {
-    field: scale.field,
-    component,
-    ...(range ? { scale: { domain: scale.domain, range, clamp: scale.clamp } } : {}),
-    ...(scale.missing !== undefined ? { missing: scale.missing } : {}),
-  };
-}
-/**
- * Bind the channels `kinds` names in one type's options. Channels reading one field share its
- * column, named after the first of them.
- */
-export function bindChannels<K extends string>(
-  options: object,
-  kinds: Readonly<Record<K, ChannelKind>>,
-): BoundChannels<K> {
-  const fields: Record<string, FieldInput> = {},
-    columns = new Map<FieldInput, string>(),
-    channels = {} as Record<K, BoundChannel>;
-  for (const name of Object.keys(kinds) as K[]) {
-    const bound = bind(name, (options as Record<string, unknown>)[name], kinds[name]);
-    if (bound.field === undefined) channels[name] = bound;
-    else {
-      let column = columns.get(bound.field);
-      if (column === undefined) {
-        columns.set(bound.field, (column = name));
-        fields[column] = bound.field;
-      }
-      channels[name] = { ...bound, column };
-    }
-  }
-  return { fields, channels };
-}
-/**
- * A bound channel ready to read; a scale whose domain is still unknown reads the fallback. Rows
- * without a value read the channel's constant, its scale's `missing`, or `fallback`; a color reads
- * -1, so a shader draws its constant color instead.
- */
-export function resolveChannel(
-  bound: BoundChannel,
-  scale: ResolvedScale | null | undefined,
-  fallback: number,
-): ResolvedChannel {
-  return {
-    column: bound.column,
-    component: bound.component,
-    scale: bound.scale
-      ? (scale ?? { domain: null, range: bound.scale.range, clamp: bound.scale.clamp ?? true })
-      : undefined,
-    fallback: bound.color
-      ? -1
-      : typeof bound.constant === 'number'
-        ? bound.constant
-        : typeof bound.missing === 'number'
-          ? bound.missing
-          : fallback,
-  };
-}
-/**
- * A type's channels ready to read, each scaled one's domain resolved over the rows it reads, and
- * over `window` for a sampled field. Rows without a value read their channel's `fallbacks`, or 0.
- */
-export async function resolveChannels<K extends string>(
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  request: {
-    readonly source: Data;
-    readonly from: string;
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    readonly window?: Query.Window;
-  },
-  bound: BoundChannels<K>,
-  fallbacks: Readonly<Partial<Record<K, number>>> = {} as Readonly<Partial<Record<K, number>>>,
-): Promise<Record<K, ResolvedChannel>> {
-  const { source, from, rows, window } = request,
-    out = {} as Record<K, ResolvedChannel>;
-  for (const name of Object.keys(bound.channels) as K[]) {
-    const channel = bound.channels[name],
-      field = channel.field;
-    const scale =
-      channel.scale && field !== undefined
-        ? await fieldScale(reader, {
-            ...channel.scale,
-            source,
-            from,
-            rows,
-            field,
-            window: window && fieldDefinition(source, from, field)?.sampled ? window : undefined,
-          })
-        : undefined;
-    out[name] = resolveChannel(channel, scale, fallbacks[name] ?? 0);
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-const NONE = 0xffffffff;
-const float = new Float32Array(1),
-  bits = new Uint32Array(float.buffer);
-function word(value: number): number {
-  float[0] = value;
-  return bits[0];
-}
-/**
- * Write a channel's eight words at word `at`, as it reads a page's column or one uploaded field:
- * the field's slot and lane, how values map, and the fallback. `origin` replaces the upload origin
- * a raw value adds, for a view that rebases values itself.
- */
-export function writeChannel(
-  words: Uint32Array,
-  at: number,
-  channel: ResolvedChannel,
-  source: GpuPage | GpuField | undefined,
-  origin?: number,
-): void {
-  const field =
-    source && 'columns' in source
-      ? channel.column === undefined
-        ? undefined
-        : source.columns[channel.column]
-      : source;
-  // Mapping in the low two bits: 0 as it is, 1 linear, 2 the range midpoint, 3 the fallback.
-  let slot = NONE,
-    mode = 3,
-    add = 0,
-    lo = 0,
-    inverse = 0,
-    start = 0,
-    span = 0;
-  if (field) {
-    if (field.kind !== 'value' || channel.component >= field.components)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'A channel reads a scalar field, or one lane of a vector');
-    slot = field.slot;
-    const base = field.origin?.[channel.component] ?? 0,
-      scale = channel.scale;
-    if (!scale) {
-      mode = 0;
-      add = origin ?? base;
-    } else if (scale.domain) {
-      const [a, b] = scale.domain;
-      mode = a === b ? 2 : 1;
-      lo = a - base;
-      inverse = a === b ? 0 : 1 / (b - a);
-      start = scale.range[0];
-      span = scale.range[1] - scale.range[0];
-      if (![lo, inverse, start, span].every((v) => Number.isFinite(Math.fround(v))))
-        throw failure('precision', 'Scale exceeds Float32 relative precision');
-      if (scale.clamp) mode |= 4;
-    }
-  }
-  words[at] = word(lo);
-  words[at + 1] = word(inverse);
-  words[at + 2] = word(start);
-  words[at + 3] = word(span);
-  words[at + 4] = slot;
-  words[at + 5] = mode | (channel.component << 4);
-  words[at + 6] = word(add);
-  words[at + 7] = word(channel.fallback);
-}
-
-/** A cell's number at a row and frame: a numeric value, a boolean as 0 or 1, or a vector's lane. */
-function lane(column: Column | undefined, row: number, frame: number, component: number): number {
-  if (!column) return NaN;
-  const strides = column as { readonly rowStride?: number; readonly frameStride?: number },
-    at = column.offset + row * (strides.rowStride ?? 1) + frame * (strides.frameStride ?? 0);
-  if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) return NaN;
-  if (column.kind === 'numeric') return column.values[at];
-  if (column.kind === 'boolean') return bitAt(column.values, at) ? 1 : 0;
-  if (column.kind === 'vector')
-    return column.values.values[column.values.offset + at * column.size + component];
-  return NaN;
-}
-/** A channel's value at a row, and frame, of a fields block: as a shader reads it. */
-export function channelValue(
-  channel: ResolvedChannel,
-  block: Block.Fields,
-  row: number,
-  frame = 0,
-): number {
-  const name = channel.column;
-  if (name === undefined || !bitAt(block.presence[name], row)) return channel.fallback;
-  const value = lane(block.columns[name], row, frame, channel.component);
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return channel.fallback;
-  return channel.scale ? (scaleValue(value, channel.scale) ?? channel.fallback) : value;
-}
-/**
- * A channel's value at every row of a fields block, and frame, as `channelValue` reads each: row
- * `i`'s into `out[at + i * stride]`, in one pass over a numeric or vector column.
- */
-export function channelValues(
-  channel: ResolvedChannel,
-  block: Block.Fields,
-  out: Float64Array,
-  at = 0,
-  stride = 1,
-  frame = 0,
-): void {
-  const rows = block.rows.kind === 'range' ? block.rows.count : block.rows.values.length,
-    name = channel.column,
-    column = name === undefined ? undefined : block.columns[name];
-  if (column?.kind !== 'numeric' && column?.kind !== 'vector') {
-    for (let i = 0; i < rows; i++) out[at + i * stride] = channelValue(channel, block, i, frame);
-    return;
-  }
-  const strides = column as { readonly rowStride?: number; readonly frameStride?: number },
-    step = strides.rowStride ?? 1,
-    first = column.offset + frame * (strides.frameStride ?? 0),
-    vector = column.kind === 'vector',
-    values = vector ? column.values.values : column.values,
-    lane = vector ? column.values.offset + channel.component : 0,
-    size = vector ? column.size : 1,
-    presence = block.presence[name!],
-    validity = column.validity,
-    { scale, fallback } = channel;
-  // Bits read inline: a call a row costs more than the read.
-  for (let i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
-    const cell = first + i * step,
-      value =
-        (!presence || (presence[i >>> 3] & (1 << (i & 7))) !== 0) &&
-        (!validity || (validity[cell >>> 3] & (1 << (cell & 7))) !== 0)
-          ? values[lane + cell * size]
-          : NaN;
-    out[at + i * stride] = !Number.isFinite(value)
-      ? fallback
-      : scale
-        ? (scaleValue(value, scale) ?? fallback)
-        : value;
-  }
-}
-/** Whether a boolean channel is on at a row, and frame: where it reads true or positive. */
-export function channelOn(
-  channel: ResolvedChannel,
-  block: Block.Fields,
-  row: number,
-  frame = 0,
-): boolean {
-  return channelValue(channel, block, row, frame) > 0;
-}
-
-/** The channel a field shader reads, after the field accessors. */
-export const channelShader = /* wgsl */ `
-/** One value per row: a field's lane, as it is or through a scale, or the fallback. */
-struct LatkitChannel {
-  /** Domain start less the upload origin, one over its span, the range start, and its span. */
-  map: vec4f,
-  slot: u32,
-  /** Mapping in bits 0-1: as it is, linear, the midpoint, or the fallback; clamp in bit 2; the lane from bit 4. */
-  mode: u32,
-  /** What a value read as it is adds, such as its upload origin. */
-  origin: f32,
-  fallback: f32,
-}
-fn finiteValue(v: f32) -> bool { return (bitcast<u32>(v) & 0x7f800000u) != 0x7f800000u; }
-fn channelNumber(c: LatkitChannel, row: u32, frame: u32) -> f32 {
-  if (c.slot == 0xffffffffu || !fieldValid(c.slot, row, frame)) { return c.fallback; }
-  var value = 0.0;
-  if (latkitFields.fields[c.slot].kind == FIELD_BOOLEAN) { value = select(0.0, 1.0, fieldBool(c.slot, row, frame)); }
-  else { value = fieldFloat(c.slot, row, frame, c.mode >> 4u); }
-  let mapping = c.mode & 3u;
-  if (!finiteValue(value) || mapping == 3u) { return c.fallback; }
-  if (mapping == 0u) { return value + c.origin; }
-  var t = 0.5;
-  if (mapping == 1u) { t = (value - c.map.x) * c.map.y; }
-  if ((c.mode & 4u) != 0u) { t = clamp(t, 0.0, 1.0); }
-  return c.map.z + t * c.map.w;
-}
-/** Whether a boolean channel is on: where it reads true or positive. */
-fn channelOn(c: LatkitChannel, row: u32, frame: u32) -> bool { return channelNumber(c, row, frame) > 0.0; }`;
-/** A colormapped channel's color, or `constant` without a value; after the colormap shader. */
-export const channelColorShader = /* wgsl */ `
-fn channelColor(c: LatkitChannel, row: u32, frame: u32, constant: vec4f) -> vec4f {
-  if (c.slot == 0xffffffffu) { return constant; }
-  let t = channelNumber(c, row, frame);
-  if (!(t >= 0.0)) { return constant; }
-  return colormapColor(t);
-}`;
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/style/grid.ts b/packages/gpu/src/style/grid.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bdebcc01..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/style/grid.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-import type { ProjectedCamera } from '../view/projection.js';
-
-/**
- * Where a grid's lines fall this frame, as `grid_lines` reads them: the nicest step at least
- * `minSpacingPx` apart at the camera's center, then how many steps past a line the center lies, in
- * x and y. Steps are 1, 2, or 5 times a power of ten; in `degrees`, past 10 they are 15 and 30.
- */
-export function gridLines(
-  camera: ProjectedCamera,
-  minSpacingPx: number,
-  degrees: boolean,
-): readonly [step: number, x: number, y: number, unused: number] {
-  const step = gridStep(minSpacingPx / camera.scale, degrees),
-    past = (value: number) => {
-      const steps = value / step;
-      return steps - Math.floor(steps);
-    };
-  return [step, past(camera.center[0]), past(camera.center[1]), 0];
-}
-function gridStep(least: number, degrees: boolean): number {
-  if (degrees && least > 10) return least <= 15 ? 15 : 30;
-  const decade = 10 ** Math.floor(Math.log10(least)),
-    times = least / decade;
-  return decade * (times <= 1 ? 1 : times <= 2 ? 2 : times <= 5 ? 5 : 10);
-}
-
-/** WGSL for a grid over the ground: how much of a pixel its lines cover. */
-export function gridShader(): string {
-  return `
-/**
- * How much of a pixel a grid's lines cover at a point \`relative\` to the camera's center, \`grid\` as
- * \`gridLines\` writes it. Lines closer than a few pixels, as toward a tilted plane's horizon, fade
- * rather than fill.
- */
-fn grid_lines(relative: vec2f, grid: vec4f) -> f32 {
-  let at = relative / grid.x + grid.yz;
-  let width = max(fwidth(at), vec2f(0.000001));
-  let near = abs(fract(at - 0.5) - 0.5) / width;
-  let fade = 1.0 - smoothstep(0.2, 0.5, max(width.x, width.y));
-  return (1.0 - min(min(near.x, near.y), 1.0)) * fade;
-}
-`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/style/marker.ts b/packages/gpu/src/style/marker.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c8a24e12..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/style/marker.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,405 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-import { validateRgba, type RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import type { Channel } from './channel.js';
-
-/** An outline: a diagram block's, and the shape a marker fills. */
-export type Shape = 'rounded' | 'rectangle' | 'ellipse' | 'diamond';
-/** Each shape's code in WGSL, as `shapeDistance` reads it. */
-export const SHAPES: readonly Shape[] = ['rounded', 'rectangle', 'ellipse', 'diamond'];
-/**
- * How each row of a type draws: WGSL defining `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor` in CSS
- * pixels, from the shapes and markers of the shared library, the channels it reads by name, and
- * images it samples. It returns its color, each layer covered as `filled` covers it, and the
- * distance to its outline, which the view's halos and shadows follow.
- */
-export interface Marker {
-  readonly wgsl: string;
-  /**
-   * Up to eight numbers a row, each a channel, read in WGSL as `f.<name>`. A transition eases them
-   * from what was drawn, except those in `steps`.
-   */
-  readonly inputs?: Readonly<Record<string, Channel>>;
-  /** Inputs that change at once rather than ease, as an image's index does. */
-  readonly steps?: readonly string[];
-  /** Images `markerImage(index, uv)` samples, each fitted into one square cell of an atlas. */
-  readonly images?: readonly Marker.Image[];
-}
-export declare namespace Marker {
-  /** An image a marker samples: decoded pixels, or anything a 2D canvas draws. */
-  type Image = ImageData | ImageBitmap | HTMLCanvasElement | OffscreenCanvas | HTMLImageElement;
-}
-/** Inputs a marker reads; one uniform slot holds their channels. */
-export const MARKER_INPUTS = 8;
-/** Images a marker samples: a sixteen by sixteen atlas. */
-const MARKER_IMAGES = 256;
-const RESERVED = new Set(['p', 'radiusPx', 'color']);
-const NAME = /^[a-z][A-Za-z0-9]*$/;
-
-/** Throw unless a marker is one a view can draw. */
-export function checkMarker(marker: Marker): void {
-  if (typeof marker !== 'object' || marker === null || typeof marker.wgsl !== 'string')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid marker');
-  if (!/\bfn\s+marker\s*\(/.test(marker.wgsl))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'A marker defines fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor');
-  const names = Object.keys(marker.inputs ?? {});
-  if (names.length > MARKER_INPUTS)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `A marker reads at most ${MARKER_INPUTS} inputs`);
-  for (const name of names)
-    if (!NAME.test(name) || RESERVED.has(name))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid marker input name: ' + name);
-  if (
-    marker.steps !== undefined &&
-    (!Array.isArray(marker.steps) ||
-      (marker.steps as readonly unknown[]).some(
-        (name) => typeof name !== 'string' || !names.includes(name),
-      ))
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'A marker steps only its own inputs');
-  if (marker.images !== undefined) {
-    if (!Array.isArray(marker.images) || marker.images.length > MARKER_IMAGES)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `A marker samples at most ${MARKER_IMAGES} images`);
-    for (const image of marker.images as readonly Partial<Marker.Image>[])
-      if (!(Number(image?.width) > 0) || !(Number(image?.height) > 0))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid marker image');
-  }
-}
-/** A number as a WGSL float literal. */
-function float(value: number, name: string): string {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid ' + name);
-  return Number.isInteger(value) ? value.toFixed(1) : String(value);
-}
-/** A shape's WGSL code. */
-function code(name: Shape): string {
-  const at = SHAPES.indexOf(name);
-  if (at < 0) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid shape: ' + String(name));
-  return at + 'u';
-}
-const color = (rgba: RGBA) =>
-  `vec4f(${rgba.map((v, i) => float(v, 'color component ' + i)).join(', ')})`;
-
-/** A shape in the row's color: what a vertex draws by default as an ellipse, a disc. */
-export function shape(name: Shape = 'ellipse'): Marker {
-  return {
-    wgsl: `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
-  return filled(f.color, shapeDistance(${code(name)}, f.p, vec2f(f.radiusPx), f.radiusPx * 0.25));
-}`,
-  };
-}
-/**
- * A fraction of a whole: a ring of the row's color, a gap, and `fill` of the shape inside, a wedge
- * clockwise from 12 o'clock in an ellipse, a bar from the bottom otherwise. What it leaves open shows
- * what lies below, as a pie's hole does.
- */
-export function gauge(options: {
-  readonly fill: Channel;
-  readonly shape?: Shape;
-  /** The ring's width, in CSS pixels. */
-  readonly ringPx?: number;
-  /** The gap inside the ring, in CSS pixels. */
-  readonly gapPx?: number;
-}): Marker {
-  const ring = options.ringPx ?? 2,
-    gap = options.gapPx ?? 1;
-  if (!(ring >= 0) || !(gap >= 0)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid gauge ring');
-  return {
-    inputs: { fill: options.fill },
-    wgsl: `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
-  return gaugeMarker(f, ${code(options.shape ?? 'ellipse')}, f.fill, ${float(ring, 'ringPx')}, ${float(gap, 'gapPx')});
-}`,
-  };
-}
-/** Slices of a whole, clockwise from 12 o'clock: `slices[i]` of their sum in `colors[i]`. */
-export function pie(options: {
-  readonly slices: readonly Channel[];
-  readonly colors: readonly RGBA[];
-  /** The open middle, a fraction of the radius: a ring chart above zero. */
-  readonly hole?: number;
-}): Marker {
-  const { slices, colors } = options,
-    hole = options.hole ?? 0;
-  if (!slices.length || slices.length > MARKER_INPUTS || colors.length !== slices.length)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `A pie takes one to ${MARKER_INPUTS} slices, a color each`);
-  for (const rgba of colors) validateRgba(rgba);
-  if (!(hole >= 0 && hole < 1)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid pie hole');
-  const names = slices.map((_, i) => 's' + i),
-    pad = <T>(values: T[], fill: T) => [
-      ...values,
-      ...Array<T>(MARKER_INPUTS - values.length).fill(fill),
-    ];
-  return {
-    inputs: Object.fromEntries(names.map((name, i) => [name, slices[i]])),
-    wgsl: `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
-  return pieMarker(
-    f,
-    array<f32, ${MARKER_INPUTS}>(${pad(
-      names.map((name) => 'f.' + name),
-      '0.0',
-    ).join(', ')}),
-    array<vec4f, ${MARKER_INPUTS}>(${pad(colors.map(color), 'vec4f(0.0)').join(', ')}),
-    ${names.length}u,
-    ${float(hole, 'hole')},
-  );
-}`,
-  };
-}
-/** The image `image` picks from `images`, over the row's color in `shape`. */
-export function icon(options: {
-  readonly images: readonly Marker.Image[];
-  readonly image: Channel;
-  readonly shape?: Shape;
-}): Marker {
-  return {
-    images: options.images,
-    inputs: { image: options.image },
-    steps: ['image'],
-    wgsl: `fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor {
-  let back = filled(f.color, shapeDistance(${code(options.shape ?? 'ellipse')}, f.p, vec2f(f.radiusPx), f.radiusPx * 0.25));
-  return over(filled(markerImage(f.image, f.p / f.radiusPx), back.distance), back);
-}`,
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * Signed distances to every \`Shape\`, negative inside, in the units of \`p\`, about a box of half size
- * \`half\`: \`shapeDistance\` by code, \`SHAPE_ROUNDED\` through \`SHAPE_DIAMOND\`, rounding corners by
- * \`radius\`. And the views' one soft shadow, and \`turns\`, clockwise from 12 o'clock with y up.
- */
-export function shapeShader(): string {
-  return `
-const SHAPE_ROUNDED: u32 = 0u;
-const SHAPE_RECTANGLE: u32 = 1u;
-const SHAPE_ELLIPSE: u32 = 2u;
-const SHAPE_DIAMOND: u32 = 3u;
-fn ellipseDistance(p: vec2f, half: vec2f) -> f32 {
-  return (length(p / max(half, vec2f(0.001))) - 1.0) * min(half.x, half.y);
-}
-fn rectangleDistance(p: vec2f, half: vec2f, radius: f32) -> f32 {
-  let q = abs(p) - half + radius;
-  return length(max(q, vec2f(0.0))) + min(max(q.x, q.y), 0.0) - radius;
-}
-fn diamondDistance(p: vec2f, half: vec2f) -> f32 {
-  return (dot(abs(p) / max(half, vec2f(0.001)), vec2f(1.0)) - 1.0) * min(half.x, half.y) * 0.707107;
-}
-fn shapeDistance(shape: u32, p: vec2f, half: vec2f, radius: f32) -> f32 {
-  if (shape == SHAPE_ELLIPSE) { return ellipseDistance(p, half); }
-  if (shape == SHAPE_DIAMOND) { return diamondDistance(p, half); }
-  return rectangleDistance(p, half, select(0.0, min(radius, min(half.x, half.y)), shape == SHAPE_ROUNDED));
-}
-/** The soft shadow a shape casts, from its distance where the shadow falls: 2 px below it. */
-fn shadowAlpha(d: f32) -> f32 { return 0.16 * (1.0 - smoothstep(-2.0, 8.0, d)); }
-fn turns(p: vec2f) -> f32 { return fract(atan2(p.x, p.y) / 6.283185307); }
-`;
-}
-/**
- * The WGSL a marker draws with: its fragment and inputs, the shared shapes and markers, its images,
- * and its own \`marker\`. It begins a module: a view puts it first, and binds the atlas at \`binding\`
- * and its sampler after it.
- */
-export function markerShader(
-  marker: Marker,
-  options: { readonly group: number; readonly binding: number; readonly columns: number },
-): string {
-  checkMarker(marker);
-  const names = Object.keys(marker.inputs ?? {}),
-    group = integer(options.group, 'marker group', 0, 3),
-    binding = integer(options.binding, 'marker binding', 0, 998),
-    lane = (i: number) => `${i < 4 ? 'a' : 'b'}.${'xyzw'[i % 4]}`;
-  return `diagnostic(off, derivative_uniformity);
-/**
- * One pixel of a row's marker: where, in CSS pixels from its center with y up, its radius, its
- * color, and what the row reads.
- */
-struct MarkerFragment {
-  p: vec2f,
-  radiusPx: f32,
-  color: vec4f,
-${names.map((name) => `  ${name}: f32,`).join('\n')}
-}
-/**
- * What a marker draws at a pixel: its color, with what of the pixel it covers in its alpha, and how
- * far outside its outline, in CSS pixels. Holes inside the outline are in the alpha alone.
- */
-struct MarkerColor { color: vec4f, distance: f32 }
-fn markerFragment(p: vec2f, radiusPx: f32, color: vec4f, a: vec4f, b: vec4f) -> MarkerFragment {
-  return MarkerFragment(p, radiusPx, color${names.map((_, i) => ', ' + lane(i)).join('')});
-}
-@group(${group}) @binding(${binding}) var markerAtlas: texture_2d<f32>;
-@group(${group}) @binding(${binding + 1}) var markerSampler: sampler;
-const MARKER_COLUMNS: f32 = ${float(Math.max(1, options.columns), 'columns')};
-const MARKER_IMAGES: f32 = ${float(marker.images?.length ?? 0, 'images')};
-${shapeShader()}
-/** How much of a pixel a shape covers, from its distance. */
-fn coverage(d: f32) -> f32 { return clamp(0.5 - d / max(fwidth(d), 0.000001), 0.0, 1.0); }
-/** \`color\` where the shape \`d\` outlines covers the pixel, antialiased at its edge. */
-fn filled(color: vec4f, d: f32) -> MarkerColor {
-  return MarkerColor(vec4f(color.rgb, color.a * coverage(d)), d);
-}
-/** \`top\` over \`bottom\`, outlined by both. */
-fn over(top: MarkerColor, bottom: MarkerColor) -> MarkerColor {
-  let a = top.color.a;
-  let alpha = a + bottom.color.a * (1.0 - a);
-  let rgb = (top.color.rgb * a + bottom.color.rgb * bottom.color.a * (1.0 - a)) / max(alpha, 0.000001);
-  return MarkerColor(vec4f(rgb, alpha), min(top.distance, bottom.distance));
-}
-/**
- * Signed distance to the sector from 12 o'clock clockwise through \`fraction\` of a turn, of any
- * radius: its two edges, so a wedge's cut is as smooth as its rim.
- */
-fn sectorDistance(p: vec2f, fraction: f32) -> f32 {
-  if (fraction >= 1.0) { return -1e6; }
-  if (fraction <= 0.0) { return 1e6; }
-  let half = fraction * 3.141592654;
-  let c = vec2f(sin(half), cos(half));
-  var q = vec2f(p.x * c.y - p.y * c.x, p.x * c.x + p.y * c.y);
-  q.x = abs(q.x);
-  return length(q - c * max(dot(q, c), 0.0)) * sign(c.y * q.x - c.x * q.y);
-}
-/** Image \`index\` across the marker, \`uv\` from (-1, -1) to (1, 1), filtered over the pixel. */
-fn markerImage(index: f32, uv: vec2f) -> vec4f {
-  let local = vec2f(uv.x, -uv.y) * 0.5 + 0.5;
-  if (MARKER_IMAGES < 1.0 || any(local < vec2f(0.0)) || any(local > vec2f(1.0))) { return vec4f(0.0); }
-  let i = clamp(round(index), 0.0, max(MARKER_IMAGES, 1.0) - 1.0);
-  let origin = vec2f(i % MARKER_COLUMNS, floor(i / MARKER_COLUMNS)) / MARKER_COLUMNS;
-  let texel = 0.5 / vec2f(textureDimensions(markerAtlas));
-  let low = origin + texel;
-  let high = origin + 1.0 / MARKER_COLUMNS - texel;
-  let at = origin + local / MARKER_COLUMNS;
-  let dx = dpdx(at);
-  let dy = dpdy(at);
-  var taps = array<vec2f, 4>(vec2f(-0.125, -0.375), vec2f(0.375, -0.125), vec2f(0.125, 0.375), vec2f(-0.375, 0.125));
-  var sum = vec4f(0.0);
-  for (var k = 0u; k < 4u; k++) {
-    sum += textureSampleLevel(markerAtlas, markerSampler, clamp(at + dx * taps[k].x + dy * taps[k].y, low, high), 0.0);
-  }
-  sum *= 0.25;
-  return vec4f(sum.rgb / max(sum.a, 0.000001), sum.a);
-}
-/**
- * A ring of the row's color \`ringPx\` wide, an open \`gapPx\` gap, and \`fill\` of the shape inside:
- * a wedge clockwise from 12 o'clock in an ellipse, a bar from the bottom otherwise. Its outline is
- * the ring's outer edge.
- */
-fn gaugeMarker(f: MarkerFragment, shape: u32, fill: f32, ringPx: f32, gapPx: f32) -> MarkerColor {
-  let r = f.radiusPx;
-  let outline = shapeDistance(shape, f.p, vec2f(r), r * 0.25);
-  let within = r - ringPx;
-  let ring = filled(f.color, max(outline, -shapeDistance(shape, f.p, vec2f(within), within * 0.25)));
-  let inner = within - gapPx;
-  let part = clamp(fill, 0.0, 1.0);
-  let share = select(
-    f.p.y - (2.0 * part - 1.0) * inner,
-    sectorDistance(f.p, part),
-    shape == SHAPE_ELLIPSE,
-  );
-  let core = filled(f.color, max(shapeDistance(shape, f.p, vec2f(inner), inner * 0.25), share));
-  return MarkerColor(over(core, ring).color, outline);
-}
-/**
- * Slices clockwise from 12 o'clock, each \`slices[i]\` of their sum, in \`colors[i]\`, open in the
- * middle \`hole\` of the radius. Its outline is the rim.
- */
-fn pieMarker(f: MarkerFragment, slices: array<f32, ${MARKER_INPUTS}>, colors: array<vec4f, ${MARKER_INPUTS}>, count: u32, hole: f32) -> MarkerColor {
-  var s = slices;
-  var c = colors;
-  var total = 0.0;
-  for (var i = 0u; i < count; i++) { total += max(s[i], 0.0); }
-  let r = length(f.p);
-  let outline = r - f.radiusPx;
-  let cover = coverage(max(outline, hole * f.radiusPx - r));
-  if (total <= 0.0) { return MarkerColor(vec4f(0.0), outline); }
-  let along = turns(f.p);
-  var start = 0.0;
-  for (var i = 0u; i < count; i++) {
-    let end = start + max(s[i], 0.0) / total;
-    if (along < end || i + 1u == count) {
-      // A pixel at a slice's edge takes half its neighbor's color, as the rim does.
-      var after = (i + 1u) % count;
-      for (var k = 0u; k < count && s[after] <= 0.0; k++) { after = (after + 1u) % count; }
-      var before = (i + count - 1u) % count;
-      for (var k = 0u; k < count && s[before] <= 0.0; k++) { before = (before + count - 1u) % count; }
-      let next = c[after];
-      let previous = c[before];
-      let toEnd = (end - along) * 6.283185307 * r;
-      let toStart = (along - start) * 6.283185307 * r;
-      var color = c[i];
-      color = mix(next, color, clamp(0.5 + toEnd, 0.0, 1.0));
-      color = mix(previous, color, clamp(0.5 + toStart, 0.0, 1.0));
-      return MarkerColor(vec4f(color.rgb, color.a * cover), outline);
-    }
-    start = end;
-  }
-  return MarkerColor(vec4f(c[0].rgb, c[0].a * cover), outline);
-}
-${marker.wgsl}
-`;
-}
-
-/** Pixels a marker image holds: decoded already, or drawn once into a canvas. */
-function pixelsOf(image: Marker.Image): {
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly data: Uint8ClampedArray;
-} {
-  if ('data' in image) return image;
-  const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(image.width, image.height),
-    context = canvas.getContext('2d');
-  if (!context) throw failure('unsupported', 'Marker images require a 2D canvas');
-  context.drawImage(image, 0, 0);
-  return context.getImageData(0, 0, image.width, image.height);
-}
-/**
- * A marker's images in one atlas of square cells: each image fitted into its cell, centered,
- * averaged over the source pixels each cell pixel covers, with its color premultiplied.
- */
-export function markerAtlas(
-  images: readonly Marker.Image[],
-  cell = 64,
-): {
-  readonly data: Uint8Array;
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly columns: number;
-} {
-  const columns = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(images.length))),
-    rows = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(images.length / columns)),
-    width = columns * cell,
-    height = rows * cell,
-    data = new Uint8Array(width * height * 4);
-  images.forEach((image, i) => {
-    const source = pixelsOf(image),
-      fit = cell / Math.max(source.width, source.height),
-      w = Math.max(1, Math.round(source.width * fit)),
-      h = Math.max(1, Math.round(source.height * fit)),
-      left = (i % columns) * cell + ((cell - w) >> 1),
-      top = Math.floor(i / columns) * cell + ((cell - h) >> 1);
-    for (let y = 0; y < h; y++)
-      for (let x = 0; x < w; x++) {
-        // The source pixels this one covers, at least one.
-        const x0 = Math.floor((x * source.width) / w),
-          x1 = Math.max(x0 + 1, Math.floor(((x + 1) * source.width) / w)),
-          y0 = Math.floor((y * source.height) / h),
-          y1 = Math.max(y0 + 1, Math.floor(((y + 1) * source.height) / h));
-        let r = 0,
-          g = 0,
-          b = 0,
-          a = 0;
-        for (let sy = y0; sy < y1; sy++)
-          for (let sx = x0; sx < x1; sx++) {
-            const at = (sy * source.width + sx) * 4,
-              alpha = source.data[at + 3] / 255;
-            r += source.data[at] * alpha;
-            g += source.data[at + 1] * alpha;
-            b += source.data[at + 2] * alpha;
-            a += alpha;
-          }
-        const n = (x1 - x0) * (y1 - y0),
-          out = ((top + y) * width + left + x) * 4;
-        data[out] = Math.round(r / n);
-        data[out + 1] = Math.round(g / n);
-        data[out + 2] = Math.round(b / n);
-        data[out + 3] = Math.round((a / n) * 255);
-      }
-  });
-  return { data, width, height, columns };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/style/output.ts b/packages/gpu/src/style/output.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bfada25..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/style/output.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-/** All renderers use premultiplied attachment output. Color and shade APIs use straight RGBA. */
-export const premultipliedBlend: GPUBlendState = Object.freeze({
-  color: Object.freeze({ srcFactor: 'one', dstFactor: 'one-minus-src-alpha', operation: 'add' }),
-  alpha: Object.freeze({ srcFactor: 'one', dstFactor: 'one-minus-src-alpha', operation: 'add' }),
-});
-/**
- * `outputColor`, a straight color under coverage, premultiplied; and `glowAlpha`, the glow hovered
- * and selected items cast `outside` pixels past their outline: whole at it, gone `reach` pixels out,
- * and nothing a pixel inside, which the item covers.
- */
-export function outputShader(): string {
-  return `fn outputColor(color: vec4f, coverage: f32) -> vec4f {
-    let alpha = color.a * clamp(coverage, 0.0, 1.0);
-    return vec4f(color.rgb * alpha, alpha);
-  }
-  fn glowAlpha(outside: f32, reach: f32) -> f32 {
-    if (reach <= 0.0) { return 0.0; }
-    return (1.0 - smoothstep(0.0, reach, outside)) * smoothstep(-1.0, 0.0, outside);
-  }`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/style/scale.ts b/packages/gpu/src/style/scale.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ed96f6c6..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/style/scale.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  failure,
-  type Data,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Domain,
-  type Reader,
-  type Index,
-  type Query,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Colormap } from '../colors/colormap.js';
-import { validateRgba, type RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import type { TextRasterizer } from '../text/text.js';
-
-/** A field read through a mapping from its domain onto a range. */
-export interface Scale {
-  readonly field: FieldInput;
-  /** The lane of a vector field; 0 by default. */
-  readonly component?: number;
-  readonly domain?: Scale.Domain;
-  /** The channel's own range by default; a position reads its field as it is without one. */
-  readonly range?: Scale.Range;
-  readonly clamp?: boolean;
-  /** The value of rows the field leaves empty; the view's default otherwise. */
-  readonly missing?: number;
-}
-export declare namespace Scale {
-  /** A field read through a colormap. */
-  interface Color {
-    readonly field: FieldInput;
-    readonly component?: number;
-    readonly domain?: Domain;
-    /** A colormap or a catalog name such as `viridis`. */
-    readonly colormap?: Colormap | Colormap.Name;
-    /** The color of rows the field leaves empty; the view's default otherwise. */
-    readonly missing?: RGBA;
-  }
-  /** Output endpoints may descend. Model domains remain ordered. */
-  type Range = readonly [start: number, end: number];
-  /** What a field's values span: bounds, all of them, or those in a window of samples. */
-  type Domain =
-    readonly [minimum: number, maximum: number] | 'auto' | { readonly window: Query.Window };
-}
-/** Text from a field beside each drawn item. */
-export interface Labels {
-  readonly field: FieldInput;
-  readonly font?: TextRasterizer.Font;
-  /** The shared `fontSizePx` by default. */
-  readonly fontSizePx?: number;
-  /** `textColor` by default. */
-  readonly color?: RGBA;
-  /** At most this many labels of the type draw at once. */
-  readonly maxCount?: number;
-  /**
-   * Leave out a label whose text repeats one placed within this many CSS pixels, as when buses of
-   * one substation, or the pieces of one road, share a name; 0 labels every row. Unset, a network
-   * labels every row, and a geography names each text once in view.
-   */
-  readonly repeatSpacingPx?: number;
-}
-/**
- * A type's labels as a view reads them, checked: a field name labels by that field with defaults.
- * Views check the options they add to `Labels` themselves.
- */
-export function resolveLabels<L extends Labels>(
-  labels: string | L | null | undefined,
-): L | undefined {
-  if (labels === null || labels === undefined) return undefined;
-  if (typeof labels === 'string') return { field: labels } as L;
-  if (typeof labels !== 'object' || labels.field === undefined)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid labels');
-  if (labels.color !== undefined) validateRgba(labels.color);
-  if (
-    labels.maxCount !== undefined &&
-    (!Number.isSafeInteger(labels.maxCount) || labels.maxCount < 0)
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid label count');
-  const { fontSizePx, repeatSpacingPx } = labels;
-  if (fontSizePx !== undefined && !(Number.isFinite(fontSizePx) && fontSizePx > 0))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid label fontSizePx');
-  if (repeatSpacingPx !== undefined && !(Number.isFinite(repeatSpacingPx) && repeatSpacingPx >= 0))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid label repeatSpacingPx');
-  return labels;
-}
-export interface ScaleRequest {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly from: string;
-  readonly field: FieldInput;
-  readonly domain?: Scale.Domain;
-  readonly range?: Scale.Range;
-  readonly clamp?: boolean;
-  readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-  readonly window?: Query.Window;
-}
-export interface ResolvedScale {
-  readonly domain: Domain | null;
-  readonly range: Scale.Range;
-  readonly clamp: boolean;
-}
-export function resolveScale(
-  scale: { readonly range?: Scale.Range; readonly clamp?: boolean },
-  domain: Domain | null,
-): ResolvedScale {
-  if (domain && (domain.length !== 2 || !domain.every(Number.isFinite) || domain[1] < domain[0]))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid scale domain');
-  const range = scale.range ?? [0, 1];
-  if (range.length !== 2 || !range.every(Number.isFinite))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid output range');
-  return { domain, range, clamp: scale.clamp ?? true };
-}
-/** Resolve a scale, reading its field's extent when the domain is automatic. */
-export async function fieldScale(
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  request: ScaleRequest,
-): Promise<ResolvedScale> {
-  if (Array.isArray(request.domain)) return resolveScale(request, request.domain as Domain);
-  const window =
-    request.domain && request.domain !== 'auto'
-      ? (request.domain as { readonly window: Query.Window }).window
-      : request.window;
-  const { source, from, rows, field } = request;
-  return resolveScale(request, await reader.extent({ source, from, rows, field, window }));
-}
-/** Null includes invalid/nonfinite input and empty domains. A constant maps to the midpoint. */
-export function scaleValue(value: number | null, scale: ResolvedScale): number | null {
-  if (value === null || !Number.isFinite(value) || !scale.domain) return null;
-  const [lo, hi] = scale.domain;
-  const span = hi - lo;
-  let t =
-    lo === hi
-      ? 0.5
-      : Number.isFinite(span)
-        ? (value - lo) / span
-        : (value / 2 - lo / 2) / (hi / 2 - lo / 2);
-  if (scale.clamp) t = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, t));
-  return (1 - t) * scale.range[0] + t * scale.range[1];
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/style/shade.ts b/packages/gpu/src/style/shade.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 25244864..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/style/shade.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-import { validateRgba, type RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import type { FrameInfo, Viewport } from '../frame/render.js';
-export interface Shade {
-  /** Defines the WGSL shade function from ShadeFragment to vec4f. Inputs/outputs are straight sRGB RGBA. */
-  readonly wgsl: string;
-  /** Sixteen vec4 parameters. Return true to request another animation frame. */
-  tick?(parameters: Float32Array, frame: Shade.Frame): boolean;
-}
-export declare namespace Shade {
-  interface Frame {
-    readonly timeMs: number;
-    readonly pointerPx: readonly [number, number] | null;
-    readonly viewport: Viewport;
-  }
-  interface Request {
-    /** Optional fixed effect time for progressive composition. */
-    readonly timeMs?: number;
-    readonly parameters?: Float32Array;
-    readonly pointerPx?: readonly [number, number] | null;
-  }
-}
-/** The shade that keeps every fragment's color. */
-export const defaultShade: Shade = Object.freeze({
-  wgsl: 'fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f { return f.color; }',
-});
-/** Shared effect uniform layout. Custom geometry remains in renderer-specific shader functions. */
-export function shadeShader(
-  options: { readonly group?: number; readonly binding?: number } = {},
-): string {
-  return `struct ShadeFragment { color: vec4f, px: vec2f, value: f32 }
-struct ShadeContext { pointer: vec4f, viewport: vec4f, parameters: array<vec4f,16> }
-@group(${integer(options.group ?? 0, 'shade group', 0, 3)}) @binding(${integer(options.binding ?? 0, 'shade binding', 0, 999)}) var<uniform> shadeContext: ShadeContext;`;
-}
-export function shadeUniforms(request: Shade.Request, frame: FrameInfo): Float32Array {
-  if (request.parameters && request.parameters.length !== 64)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Shade parameters require sixteen vec4 values');
-  const values = new Float32Array(72);
-  values.set(
-    [...(request.pointerPx ?? [0, 0]), request.pointerPx ? 1 : 0, request.timeMs ?? frame.timeMs],
-    0,
-  );
-  values.set([frame.viewport.width, frame.viewport.height, frame.viewport.pixelRatio, 0], 4);
-  if (request.parameters) values.set(request.parameters, 8);
-  return values;
-}
-/**
- * Rows whose `shade` is positive pulse toward `color` once every `periodMs`, as far as their value,
- * from 0 to 1, times the color's alpha: alarms that draw the eye while the rest holds still.
- */
-export function pulse(options: { readonly periodMs?: number; readonly color?: RGBA } = {}): Shade {
-  const { periodMs = 1200, color = [1, 1, 1, 0.6] } = options;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(periodMs) || periodMs <= 0) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid pulse');
-  validateRgba(color, 'pulse color');
-  return {
-    wgsl: `fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f {
-      let p = shadeContext.parameters[0];
-      let c = shadeContext.parameters[1];
-      let wave = 0.5 - 0.5 * cos(shadeContext.pointer.w / p.x * 6.283185307);
-      return vec4f(mix(f.color.rgb, c.rgb, wave * c.a * clamp(f.value, 0.0, 1.0)), f.color.a);
-    }`,
-    tick(parameters) {
-      parameters.set([periodMs, 0, 0, 0, ...color]);
-      // A pulse moves every frame.
-      return true;
-    },
-  };
-}
-/** Fragments within `radiusPx` of the pointer tint toward `color`, nearest most, as far as its alpha. */
-export function spotlight(
-  options: { readonly radiusPx?: number; readonly color?: RGBA } = {},
-): Shade {
-  const { radiusPx = 200, color = [1, 0.75, 0.35, 0.65] } = options;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(radiusPx) || radiusPx <= 0)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid spotlight');
-  validateRgba(color, 'spotlight color');
-  return {
-    wgsl: `fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f {
-      let p = shadeContext.parameters[0];
-      let c = shadeContext.parameters[1];
-      let a = (1.0 - smoothstep(0.0, p.x, distance(f.px, shadeContext.pointer.xy))) * c.a * shadeContext.pointer.z;
-      return vec4f(mix(f.color.rgb, c.rgb, a), f.color.a);
-    }`,
-    tick(parameters) {
-      parameters.set([radiusPx, 0, 0, 0, ...color]);
-      return false;
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/style/stroke.ts b/packages/gpu/src/style/stroke.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a295406..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/style/stroke.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-export type ClipPoint = readonly [number, number, number, number];
-/** Clip a homogeneous segment to WebGPU near/far planes before pixel expansion. */
-export function clipStroke(a: ClipPoint, b: ClipPoint): readonly [number, number] | null {
-  let lo = 0,
-    hi = 1;
-  for (const [x, y] of [
-    [a[2], b[2]],
-    [a[3] - a[2], b[3] - b[2]],
-    [a[3] - 1e-9, b[3] - 1e-9],
-  ]) {
-    if (x < 0 && y < 0) return null;
-    if (x < 0) lo = Math.max(lo, x / (x - y));
-    else if (y < 0) hi = Math.min(hi, x / (x - y));
-  }
-  return lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : null;
-}
-/** Shared round-cap/round-join stroke primitives; dimensions are CSS pixels. */
-export function strokeShader(): string {
-  return `
-fn stroke_clip(a:vec4f,b:vec4f)->vec2f {
-  var range=vec2f(0.0,1.0);
-  let x=vec3f(a.z,a.w-a.z,a.w-0.000000001);let y=vec3f(b.z,b.w-b.z,b.w-0.000000001);
-  for(var i=0u;i<3u;i++){
-    if(x[i]<0.0&&y[i]<0.0){return vec2f(1.0,0.0);}
-    if(x[i]<0.0){range.x=max(range.x,x[i]/(x[i]-y[i]));}
-    else if(y[i]<0.0){range.y=min(range.y,x[i]/(x[i]-y[i]));}
-  }
-  return range;
-}
-fn stroke_distance(uv:vec2f,lengthPx:f32)->f32 { return length(vec2f(uv.x-clamp(uv.x,0.0,lengthPx),uv.y)); }
-fn stroke_dash(distancePx:f32,periodPx:f32)->bool {return fract(max(distancePx,0.0)/max(1.0,periodPx))<=0.55;}
-/**
- * How much of a comet covers a pixel \`along\` a line and \`across\` it, in CSS pixels: heads of radius
- * \`head\`, \`spacingPx\` apart, \`moved\` on from where they began and heading the way \`speed\` points,
- * faded toward their tails. Each \`seed\`, such as a row, starts its comets at a place of its own, so
- * lines never march in step.
- */
-fn stroke_comet(along:f32,across:f32,seed:u32,speed:f32,moved:f32,head:f32,spacingPx:f32,aa:f32)->f32 {
-  let spacing=max(spacingPx,1.0);
-  let m=along-moved+fract(f32(seed)*0.618034)*spacing;
-  let k=(m-spacing*floor(m/spacing)-spacing*0.5)*sign(speed);
-  let tail=min(spacing*0.4,head*8.0);let t=clamp(-k/tail,0.0,1.0);
-  let d=length(vec2f(k-clamp(k,-tail,0.0),across))-head*(1.0-0.5*t);
-  return (1.0-smoothstep(-aa,aa,d))*(1.0-t*t);
-}
-/** No piece beside a piece of a line, as \`stroke_nearest\` reads its neighbors. */
-const STROKE_NONE:f32=1e8;
-/** A piece beside it drawn apart, the line cut square across it there, its direction at angle y. */
-const STROKE_CUT:f32=4e8;
-fn stroke_segment_distance(p:vec2f,a:vec2f,b:vec2f)->f32 {
-  let ab=b-a;let t=clamp(dot(p-a,ab)/max(dot(ab,ab),0.000001),0.0,1.0);return length(p-a-ab*t);
-}
-/**
- * Whether a piece of a line, from (0, 0) to (lengthPx, 0) as \`uv\` runs, is nearer a point than the
- * pieces beside it: the one from \`before\` to its start and the one from its end to \`after\`; an x
- * of STROKE_NONE where none is, and of STROKE_CUT where one drawn apart meets it, cut square across
- * the line's direction there, at angle y. The nearest piece always wins, so a line's glow draws once
- * at each pixel, never doubling where pieces meet.
- */
-fn stroke_nearest(uv:vec2f,lengthPx:f32,before:vec2f,after:vec2f)->bool {
-  let own=stroke_distance(uv,lengthPx);
-  if(before.x>=STROKE_CUT*0.5){if(dot(uv,vec2f(cos(before.y),sin(before.y)))<0.0){return false;}}
-  else if(before.x<STROKE_NONE*0.5&&stroke_segment_distance(uv,before,vec2f(0.0))<=own){return false;}
-  let end=vec2f(lengthPx,0.0);
-  if(after.x>=STROKE_CUT*0.5){if(dot(uv-end,vec2f(cos(after.y),sin(after.y)))>=0.0){return false;}}
-  else if(after.x<STROKE_NONE*0.5&&stroke_segment_distance(uv,end,after)<own){return false;}
-  return true;
-}
-`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/text/atlas.ts b/packages/gpu/src/text/atlas.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cb8de9d0..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/text/atlas.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,542 +0,0 @@
-import { interruptible, failure, type Memory } from '@latkit/model';
-import { BufferData } from '../memory/buffer-data.js';
-import { distanceField } from './distance-field.js';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-import type { Images } from '../memory/images.js';
-import type { Textures, TextureResource } from '../memory/textures.js';
-import { createTextRasterizer } from './rasterizer.js';
-import type {
-  TextLayout,
-  TextLayoutInput,
-  TextPage,
-  TextRasterizer,
-  TextRequest,
-  TextRun,
-} from './text.js';
-import type { Uploader, UploadScope } from '../fields/upload.js';
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-interface Atlas {
-  resource: TextureResource;
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-  height: number;
-  /** Each glyph drawn on the page, with the font map that holds it. */
-  glyphs: Set<{ readonly font: Map<string, Glyph>; readonly part: string }>;
-}
-/** One grapheme of one font: its atlas region, if it has ink, and its metrics in em units. */
-interface Glyph {
-  atlas?: Atlas;
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-  left: number;
-  top: number;
-  advance: number;
-  ascent: number;
-  descent: number;
-}
-/** A font's line ascent and descent and its cap height, in em units. */
-interface FontMetrics {
-  readonly ascent: number;
-  readonly descent: number;
-  readonly capHeight: number;
-}
-interface Geometry {
-  atlas: Atlas;
-  data: BufferData;
-  count: number;
-  binding?: GPUBufferBinding;
-  group?: GPUBindGroup;
-}
-interface Resident {
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  geometry: Geometry[];
-}
-const em = 48,
-  padding = 8,
-  ellipsis = '…';
-/** Whether a string holds only characters that are each their own grapheme. */
-const simple = /^[ -~\u00a0-\u02ff]*$/;
-const segmenter = new Intl.Segmenter(undefined, { granularity: 'grapheme' });
-function clusters(text: string): string[] {
-  return simple.test(text) ? [...text] : Array.from(segmenter.segment(text), (s) => s.segment);
-}
-/** Font keys by font object: a view's runs share their style's font. */
-const fontKeys = new WeakMap<TextRasterizer.Font, string>();
-function fontKey(font: TextRasterizer.Font | undefined): string {
-  if (!font) return 'sans-serif\u0000400\u0000normal\u0000';
-  let key = fontKeys.get(font);
-  if (key === undefined) {
-    key = [font.family, font.weight ?? 400, font.style ?? 'normal', font.revision ?? ''].join(
-      '\u0000',
-    );
-    fontKeys.set(font, key);
-  }
-  return key;
-}
-/** Layouts kept for text laid out again, such as axis ticks and port names. */
-const LAYOUTS = 8192;
-
-/** One SDF per grapheme and font, shared by every string; atlas regions stay immutable in flight. */
-export class TextAtlas {
-  readonly layout: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  private readonly sampler: GPUSampler;
-  private readonly rasterizer: TextRasterizer;
-  private readonly size: number;
-  private atlases = new Set<Atlas>();
-  /**
-   * The pages each text preparation holds while it shapes: every page, and each one made meanwhile,
-   * so no page its glyphs land on goes before they draw.
-   */
-  private readonly shaping = new Set<Set<Memory.Entry>>();
-  /** Glyphs by font, then grapheme. */
-  private fonts = new Map<string, Map<string, Glyph>>();
-  private pending = new Map<string, Promise<Glyph>>();
-  private layouts = new Map<string, TextLayout>();
-  private metrics = new Map<string, Promise<FontMetrics>>();
-  private geometry = new WeakMap<readonly TextRun[], Resident>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly device: GPUDevice,
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-    private readonly textures: Textures,
-    private readonly images: Images,
-    private readonly uploader: Uploader,
-    private readonly signal: AbortSignal,
-    options: Gpu.TextOptions = {},
-  ) {
-    this.rasterizer = options.rasterizer ?? createTextRasterizer();
-    this.size = integer(
-      options.atlasSize ?? 1024,
-      'text atlas size',
-      32,
-      device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D,
-    );
-    this.layout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-      label: 'latkit text',
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-        { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, texture: { sampleType: 'float' } },
-        { binding: 2, visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT, sampler: { type: 'filtering' } },
-      ],
-    });
-    this.sampler = device.createSampler({ minFilter: 'linear', magFilter: 'linear' });
-  }
-
-  /** Lines of text in the units of `size`: broken to `maxWidth` as `overflow` says, each a run. */
-  async layoutText(input: TextLayoutInput, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<TextLayout> {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(input.size) || input.size <= 0)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid text size');
-    const key = [
-      fontKey(input.font),
-      input.size,
-      input.maxWidth ?? '',
-      input.overflow ?? '',
-      input.direction ?? '',
-      input.align ?? '',
-      input.color?.join() ?? '',
-      input.text,
-    ].join('\u0000');
-    const cached = this.layouts.get(key);
-    if (cached) return cached;
-    const layout = await this.lay(input, signal);
-    if (this.layouts.size >= LAYOUTS) this.layouts.clear();
-    this.layouts.set(key, layout);
-    return layout;
-  }
-  /** A font's line metrics and cap height, measured once from its capital H, for every caller. */
-  private font(font: TextRasterizer.Font | undefined): Promise<FontMetrics> {
-    const key = fontKey(font);
-    let metrics = this.metrics.get(key);
-    if (!metrics) {
-      metrics = Promise.resolve(this.resolve(['H'], font, this.signal)).then(([h]) => ({
-        ascent: h.ascent,
-        descent: h.descent,
-        // A glyph's top includes its distance field's padding.
-        capHeight: h.atlas ? -(h.top + padding / em) : h.ascent * 0.7,
-      }));
-      this.metrics.set(key, metrics);
-      metrics.catch(() => this.metrics.delete(key));
-    }
-    return metrics;
-  }
-  private async lay(input: TextLayoutInput, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<TextLayout> {
-    const size = input.size,
-      align = input.align ?? 'start';
-    const max = input.maxWidth ?? Infinity,
-      lines: { text: string; width: number }[] = [];
-    const font = await interruptible(this.font(input.font), signal);
-    const measured = async (text: string) => {
-      const parts = clusters(text),
-        glyphs = await this.resolve(parts, input.font, signal);
-      return { parts, advances: glyphs.map((glyph) => glyph.advance * size) };
-    };
-    const dots = max < Infinity ? (await measured(ellipsis)).advances[0] : 0;
-    for (const line of input.text.split(/\r?\n/)) {
-      const { parts, advances } = await measured(line),
-        width = advances.reduce((sum, advance) => sum + advance, 0);
-      if (width <= max) lines.push({ text: line, width });
-      else if (input.overflow === 'wrap') lines.push(...wrap(parts, advances, max));
-      else {
-        let fit = 0,
-          used = 0;
-        while (fit < parts.length && used + advances[fit] + dots <= max) used += advances[fit++];
-        lines.push({ text: parts.slice(0, fit).join('') + ellipsis, width: used + dots });
-      }
-    }
-    // A line is the font's own height; its baseline sits the font's ascent below the line's top.
-    const lineHeight = (font.ascent + font.descent) * size,
-      baseline = font.ascent * size,
-      width = lines.reduce((m, line) => Math.max(m, line.width), 0),
-      runs = (input.text ? lines : []).map((line, i): TextRun => ({
-        text: line.text,
-        font: input.font,
-        direction: input.direction,
-        size,
-        color: input.color,
-        position: [
-          align === 'center' ? (width - line.width) / 2 : align === 'end' ? width - line.width : 0,
-          baseline + i * lineHeight,
-        ],
-      }));
-    return {
-      runs,
-      width,
-      height: runs.length * lineHeight,
-      baseline,
-      lineHeight,
-      capHeight: font.capHeight * size,
-      align,
-    };
-  }
-
-  async prepare(
-    request: TextRequest,
-    scope: UploadScope,
-    signal: AbortSignal,
-  ): Promise<readonly TextPage[]> {
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    let resident = this.geometry.get(request.runs);
-    if (!resident?.entry.live) {
-      const held = new Set<Memory.Entry>(),
-        shaped: { run: TextRun; glyphs: readonly Glyph[] }[] = [];
-      for (const atlas of this.atlases)
-        if (atlas.entry.live) {
-          atlas.entry.pin();
-          held.add(atlas.entry);
-        }
-      this.shaping.add(held);
-      try {
-        for (const run of request.runs) {
-          if (
-            !Number.isFinite(run.size) ||
-            run.size <= 0 ||
-            run.position.length !== 2 ||
-            !run.position.every(Number.isFinite) ||
-            (run.color &&
-              (run.color.length !== 4 ||
-                !run.color.every((value) => Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0 && value <= 1)))
-          )
-            throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid text size, position, or color');
-          integer(run.anchor ?? 0, 'text anchor', 0, 0xffffffff);
-          shaped.push({ run, glyphs: await this.resolve(clusters(run.text), run.font, signal) });
-        }
-        this.shaping.delete(held);
-        // The geometry keeps only the pages its glyphs lie on.
-        const used = new Set<Memory.Entry>();
-        for (const { glyphs } of shaped)
-          for (const glyph of glyphs) if (glyph.atlas) used.add(glyph.atlas.entry);
-        for (const entry of held)
-          if (!used.has(entry)) {
-            entry.unpin();
-            held.delete(entry);
-          }
-        // Another view may have completed this same immutable run list while shaping was pending.
-        if (this.geometry.get(request.runs)?.entry.live) {
-          for (const entry of held) entry.unpin();
-          held.clear();
-          return this.prepare(request, scope, signal);
-        }
-        const geometry = this.instances(shaped);
-        const entry = this.memory.add(
-          geometry.map((item) => item.data.bytes.buffer),
-          256 + geometry.length * 128 + request.runs.length * 8,
-          () => {
-            this.geometry.delete(request.runs);
-            for (const item of held) item.unpin();
-          },
-          'gpu',
-        );
-        resident = { entry, geometry };
-        this.geometry.set(request.runs, resident);
-        entry.unpin();
-      } catch (error) {
-        this.shaping.delete(held);
-        for (const entry of held) entry.unpin();
-        throw error;
-      }
-    }
-    scope.use(resident.entry);
-    const pages: TextPage[] = [];
-    for (const item of resident.geometry) {
-      const binding = this.uploader.buffer(item.data, scope);
-      if (
-        !item.group ||
-        item.binding?.buffer !== binding.buffer ||
-        item.binding.offset !== binding.offset ||
-        item.binding.size !== binding.size
-      ) {
-        item.group = this.device.createBindGroup({
-          layout: this.layout,
-          entries: [
-            { binding: 0, resource: binding },
-            { binding: 1, resource: item.atlas.resource.texture.createView() },
-            { binding: 2, resource: this.sampler },
-          ],
-        });
-        item.binding = binding;
-      }
-      pages.push({ bindGroup: item.group, count: item.count });
-    }
-    return pages;
-  }
-
-  /** One instance per inked glyph, in run order, a geometry per run of glyphs on one page. */
-  private instances(shaped: readonly { run: TextRun; glyphs: readonly Glyph[] }[]): Geometry[] {
-    const maximum = Math.floor(
-        Math.min(this.uploader.pageBytes, this.device.limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize) / 64,
-      ),
-      geometry: Geometry[] = [];
-    if (!maximum) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Text instance exceeds the page limit');
-    let f = new Float32Array(0),
-      u = new Uint32Array(0),
-      count = 0,
-      atlas: Atlas | undefined;
-    const flush = () => {
-      if (!atlas || !count) return;
-      const data = new BufferData({ size: count * 64, label: 'text instances' });
-      data.bytes.set(new Uint8Array(f.buffer, 0, count * 64));
-      data.touch();
-      geometry.push({ atlas, data, count });
-      count = 0;
-    };
-    for (const { run, glyphs } of shaped) {
-      const { size } = run,
-        [x, y] = run.position,
-        color = run.color ?? [1, 1, 1, 1],
-        order = run.direction === 'rtl' ? [...glyphs].reverse() : glyphs;
-      let pen = 0;
-      for (const glyph of order) {
-        if (glyph.atlas) {
-          if (glyph.atlas !== atlas || count === maximum) {
-            flush();
-            atlas = glyph.atlas;
-          }
-          if ((count + 1) * 16 > f.length) {
-            const next = new Float32Array(Math.min(maximum, Math.max(64, count * 2)) * 16);
-            next.set(f.subarray(0, count * 16));
-            f = next;
-            u = new Uint32Array(f.buffer);
-          }
-          const at = count++ * 16;
-          f[at] = x + pen + glyph.left * size;
-          f[at + 1] = y + glyph.top * size;
-          f[at + 2] = (glyph.width / em) * size;
-          f[at + 3] = (glyph.height / em) * size;
-          f[at + 4] = glyph.x / this.size;
-          f[at + 5] = glyph.y / this.size;
-          f[at + 6] = (glyph.x + glyph.width) / this.size;
-          f[at + 7] = (glyph.y + glyph.height) / this.size;
-          f.set(color, at + 8);
-          u[at + 12] = run.anchor ?? 0;
-        }
-        pen += glyph.advance * size;
-      }
-    }
-    flush();
-    return geometry;
-  }
-
-  /** The glyphs of these graphemes in one font, rasterizing only those never drawn. */
-  private resolve(
-    parts: readonly string[],
-    font: TextRasterizer.Font | undefined,
-    signal: AbortSignal,
-  ): Promise<readonly Glyph[]> | readonly Glyph[] {
-    this.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    const family = fontKey(font),
-      glyphs = new Array<Glyph>(parts.length);
-    let known = this.fonts.get(family),
-      missing: Promise<void>[] | undefined;
-    if (!known) this.fonts.set(family, (known = new Map<string, Glyph>()));
-    for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-      const cached = known.get(parts[i]);
-      if (cached && (!cached.atlas || cached.atlas.entry.live)) {
-        cached.atlas?.entry.touch();
-        glyphs[i] = cached;
-        continue;
-      }
-      const key = family + '\u0000' + parts[i];
-      let pending = this.pending.get(key);
-      if (!pending) {
-        pending = this.rasterize({ text: parts[i], font }, known, parts[i]).finally(() =>
-          this.pending.delete(key),
-        );
-        this.pending.set(key, pending);
-      }
-      (missing ??= []).push(
-        pending.then((glyph) => {
-          glyphs[i] = glyph;
-        }),
-      );
-    }
-    return missing ? interruptible(Promise.all(missing), signal).then(() => glyphs) : glyphs;
-  }
-
-  private async rasterize(
-    input: TextRasterizer.Input,
-    font: Map<string, Glyph>,
-    part: string,
-  ): Promise<Glyph> {
-    const maxWidth = Math.min(this.size - padding * 2, em * 8),
-      maxHeight = Math.min(this.size - padding * 2, em * 4);
-    const bitmap = await this.memory.stageAsync(maxWidth * maxHeight * 5, () =>
-      this.rasterizer.rasterize(input, {
-        pixelsPerEm: em,
-        maxWidth,
-        maxHeight,
-        signal: this.signal,
-      }),
-    );
-    this.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    integer(bitmap.width, 'text bitmap width', 1, maxWidth);
-    integer(bitmap.height, 'text bitmap height', 1, maxHeight);
-    if (
-      !(bitmap.coverage instanceof Uint8Array) ||
-      bitmap.coverage.length !== bitmap.width * bitmap.height ||
-      ![bitmap.left, bitmap.top, bitmap.advance, bitmap.ascent, bitmap.descent].every(
-        Number.isFinite,
-      )
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid text rasterization result');
-    const { advance, ascent, descent } = bitmap,
-      glyph: Glyph = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0, left: 0, top: 0, advance, ascent, descent },
-      owned = { font, part };
-    if (bitmap.coverage.some((value) => value > 0)) {
-      const width = bitmap.width + padding * 2,
-        height = bitmap.height + padding * 2;
-      const sdf = this.memory.stage(width * height * 17 + Math.max(width, height) * 28 + 8, () =>
-        distanceField(bitmap.coverage, bitmap.width, bitmap.height, padding),
-      );
-      let atlas = [...this.atlases].find(
-        (item) =>
-          item.entry.live &&
-          (item.x + width <= this.size
-            ? item.y + Math.max(item.height, height) <= this.size
-            : item.y + item.height + height <= this.size),
-      );
-      if (!atlas) atlas = this.create();
-      atlas.entry.pin();
-      try {
-        if (atlas.x + width > this.size) {
-          atlas.y += atlas.height;
-          atlas.x = 0;
-          atlas.height = 0;
-        }
-        this.images.write(atlas.resource.texture, sdf, {
-          x: atlas.x,
-          y: atlas.y,
-          width,
-          height,
-          stride: width,
-        });
-        Object.assign(glyph, {
-          atlas,
-          x: atlas.x,
-          y: atlas.y,
-          width,
-          height,
-          left: bitmap.left - padding / em,
-          top: bitmap.top - padding / em,
-        });
-        atlas.x += width;
-        atlas.height = Math.max(atlas.height, height);
-        atlas.glyphs.add(owned);
-      } finally {
-        atlas.entry.unpin();
-      }
-    }
-    // Glyph metadata is charged separately, so a page full of small glyphs is bounded too.
-    const metadata = this.memory.add([], 128 + part.length * 2, () => {
-      if (font.get(part) === glyph) font.delete(part);
-      glyph.atlas?.glyphs.delete(owned);
-    });
-    metadata.unpin();
-    font.set(part, glyph);
-    return glyph;
-  }
-
-  private create(): Atlas {
-    const resource = this.textures.create({
-      label: 'shared text atlas',
-      size: [this.size, this.size],
-      format: 'r8unorm',
-      usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST,
-    });
-    let atlas: Atlas;
-    try {
-      const entry = this.memory.add(
-        [],
-        256,
-        () => {
-          resource.destroy();
-          this.atlases.delete(atlas);
-          for (const { font, part } of atlas.glyphs) font.delete(part);
-        },
-        'gpu',
-      );
-      atlas = { resource, entry, x: 0, y: 0, height: 0, glyphs: new Set() };
-      this.atlases.add(atlas);
-      for (const held of this.shaping) {
-        entry.pin();
-        held.add(entry);
-      }
-      entry.unpin();
-      return atlas;
-    } catch (error) {
-      resource.destroy();
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/** Break at spaces where a line would pass `max`, and inside a word only when it alone does. */
-function wrap(
-  parts: readonly string[],
-  advances: readonly number[],
-  max: number,
-): { text: string; width: number }[] {
-  const lines: { text: string; width: number }[] = [];
-  let start = 0,
-    width = 0,
-    space = -1,
-    before = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-    if (parts[i] === ' ') {
-      space = i;
-      before = width;
-    }
-    if (width + advances[i] > max && i > start) {
-      const end = space > start ? space : i;
-      lines.push({ text: parts.slice(start, end).join(''), width: space > start ? before : width });
-      start = space > start ? space + 1 : i;
-      width = 0;
-      for (let j = start; j < i; j++) width += advances[j];
-      space = -1;
-    }
-    width += advances[i];
-  }
-  lines.push({ text: parts.slice(start).join(''), width });
-  return lines;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/text/bank.ts b/packages/gpu/src/text/bank.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 38dafaa3..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/text/bank.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,246 +0,0 @@
-import { BufferData } from '../memory/buffer-data.js';
-import type { Occupancy } from '../spatial/boxes.js';
-import type { Bounds2D } from '../view/camera.js';
-import type { Point } from '../view/view.js';
-import type { TextAlign, TextBaseline, TextLayout, TextRun } from './text.js';
-
-/** Where a placed text belongs to the view: the slot it names, and its depth. */
-export interface TextPlacement {
-  readonly slot?: number;
-  readonly depth?: number;
-}
-/** A place to try: a point, and which side and height of the text it names. */
-export type TextCandidate = readonly [
-  x: number,
-  y: number,
-  align: TextAlign,
-  baseline: TextBaseline,
-];
-
-/** Where a layout's origin goes so `at` lands on its `align` side and `baseline`. */
-export function textOrigin(
-  layout: TextLayout,
-  at: Point,
-  align: TextAlign = layout.align,
-  baseline: TextBaseline = 'top',
-): [number, number] {
-  const last = layout.baseline + Math.max(0, layout.runs.length - 1) * layout.lineHeight;
-  const x = align === 'center' ? layout.width / 2 : align === 'end' ? layout.width : 0;
-  const y =
-    baseline === 'top'
-      ? 0
-      : baseline === 'bottom'
-        ? layout.height
-        : baseline === 'alphabetic'
-          ? layout.baseline
-          : (layout.baseline - layout.capHeight + last) / 2;
-  return [at[0] - x, at[1] - y];
-}
-/** The box a layout covers with its origin at `origin`, grown by `margin`. */
-export function textBox(layout: TextLayout, origin: Point, margin = 0): Bounds2D {
-  return [
-    origin[0] - margin,
-    origin[1] - margin,
-    origin[0] + layout.width + margin,
-    origin[1] + layout.height + margin,
-  ];
-}
-
-/** Anchors per page: runs past it start another. */
-const PAGE = 1024;
-/**
- * One page of a bank: its runs, and an anchor for each placed text, which `latkitAnchor` reads:
- * its origin less the page's, its depth, and its slot plus one, so a zero last lane hides it.
- */
-export interface TextBankPage {
-  readonly runs: readonly TextRun[];
-  readonly anchors: BufferData;
-  /** Anchors are relative to it, which keeps float32 positions precise far from zero. */
-  readonly origin: readonly [number, number];
-  /** What the page's shown text covers. */
-  readonly bounds: Bounds2D;
-  /** Its largest text size, so a view can skip text too small to read. */
-  readonly maxSize: number;
-}
-interface Page {
-  runs: TextRun[];
-  published: readonly TextRun[];
-  values: Float32Array;
-  /** Each anchor's text width and height, for its page's bounds. */
-  sizes: number[];
-  count: number;
-  data: BufferData;
-  origin: [number, number];
-  maxSize: number;
-  bounds: Bounds2D;
-  changed: boolean;
-}
-/**
- * Text a view draws, by key. A key's runs are laid into a page once and keep their identity while
- * its layout does, so its glyphs are prepared once and later frames only move or hide anchors.
- */
-export class TextBank {
-  private readonly pages: Page[] = [];
-  private readonly entries = new Map<unknown, { page: Page; anchor: number; layout: TextLayout }>();
-  /** Anchors whose key took another layout: hidden runs that compaction drops. */
-  private stale = 0;
-  private readonly label: string;
-  private readonly local: boolean;
-  /**
-   * `local` pages keep anchors about the first text placed on them, for views in world units;
-   * otherwise anchors are absolute, as for text placed in screen pixels.
-   */
-  constructor(options: { readonly label: string; readonly local?: boolean }) {
-    this.label = options.label;
-    this.local = options.local ?? false;
-  }
-  /** Show `key`'s text with its origin at `origin`. */
-  add(key: unknown, layout: TextLayout, origin: Point, placement: TextPlacement = {}): void {
-    if (!layout.runs.length) return;
-    let entry = this.entries.get(key);
-    if (entry?.layout !== layout) {
-      if (entry) {
-        this.write(entry.page, entry.anchor, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-        this.stale++;
-      }
-      let page = this.pages.at(-1);
-      if (!page || page.count >= PAGE) this.pages.push((page = this.page(origin)));
-      const anchor = page.count++;
-      for (const run of layout.runs) {
-        page.runs.push({ ...run, anchor });
-        page.maxSize = Math.max(page.maxSize, run.size);
-      }
-      page.sizes.push(layout.width, layout.height);
-      if (page.values.length < page.count * 4) {
-        const grown = new Float32Array(Math.min(PAGE, page.count * 2) * 4);
-        grown.set(page.values);
-        page.values = grown;
-      }
-      entry = { page, anchor, layout };
-      this.entries.set(key, entry);
-    }
-    const { page, anchor } = entry;
-    this.write(
-      page,
-      anchor,
-      origin[0] - page.origin[0],
-      origin[1] - page.origin[1],
-      placement.depth ?? 0,
-      (placement.slot ?? 0) + 1,
-    );
-  }
-  /**
-   * Show `key`'s text at the first candidate whose box, grown by `margin`, is free in `occupied`,
-   * and claim that box; the origin used, or null when none is free.
-   */
-  place(
-    key: unknown,
-    layout: TextLayout,
-    candidates: readonly TextCandidate[],
-    occupied: Occupancy,
-    options: TextPlacement & { readonly margin?: number } = {},
-  ): [number, number] | null {
-    for (const [x, y, align, baseline] of candidates) {
-      const origin = textOrigin(layout, [x, y], align, baseline);
-      if (occupied.place(textBox(layout, origin, options.margin ?? 2))) {
-        this.add(key, layout, origin, options);
-        return origin;
-      }
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-  /** Hide every text, as a frame starts placing again. */
-  hide(): void {
-    for (const page of this.pages)
-      for (let anchor = 0; anchor < page.count; anchor++)
-        if (page.values[anchor * 4 + 3] !== 0) this.write(page, anchor, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-  }
-  /** Forget every key and page, as when what the keys name has changed. */
-  clear(): void {
-    this.pages.length = 0;
-    this.entries.clear();
-    this.stale = 0;
-  }
-  /** Every page, its runs and anchors as last placed. */
-  flush(): readonly TextBankPage[] {
-    if (this.stale > Math.max(PAGE, this.entries.size)) this.compact();
-    for (const page of this.pages) {
-      if (page.published.length !== page.runs.length) page.published = [...page.runs];
-      if (!page.changed) continue;
-      page.changed = false;
-      // At least one anchor, as an array<vec4f> binding needs.
-      page.data.update(page.values.subarray(0, Math.max(1, page.count) * 4));
-      const b = [Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity];
-      for (let anchor = 0; anchor < page.count; anchor++) {
-        const at = anchor * 4;
-        if (page.values[at + 3] === 0) continue;
-        const x = page.values[at] + page.origin[0],
-          y = page.values[at + 1] + page.origin[1];
-        b[0] = Math.min(b[0], x);
-        b[1] = Math.min(b[1], y);
-        b[2] = Math.max(b[2], x + page.sizes[anchor * 2]);
-        b[3] = Math.max(b[3], y + page.sizes[anchor * 2 + 1]);
-      }
-      page.bounds = b as unknown as Bounds2D;
-    }
-    return this.pages.map(({ published, data, origin, bounds, maxSize }) => ({
-      runs: published,
-      anchors: data,
-      origin,
-      bounds,
-      maxSize,
-    }));
-  }
-  /** Lay every live key into fresh pages, where it is and as shown. */
-  private compact(): void {
-    const live = [...this.entries].map(([key, { page, anchor, layout }]) => {
-      const at = anchor * 4,
-        v = page.values;
-      return {
-        key,
-        layout,
-        origin: [v[at] + page.origin[0], v[at + 1] + page.origin[1]] as const,
-        depth: v[at + 2],
-        shown: v[at + 3],
-      };
-    });
-    this.clear();
-    for (const { key, layout, origin, depth, shown } of live) {
-      this.add(key, layout, origin, { slot: Math.max(0, shown - 1), depth });
-      if (!shown) {
-        const entry = this.entries.get(key)!;
-        this.write(entry.page, entry.anchor, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  private page(origin: Point): Page {
-    return {
-      runs: [],
-      published: [],
-      values: new Float32Array(64),
-      sizes: [],
-      count: 0,
-      data: new BufferData({ size: 16, label: this.label }),
-      origin: this.local ? [origin[0], origin[1]] : [0, 0],
-      maxSize: 0,
-      bounds: [0, 0, 0, 0],
-      changed: true,
-    };
-  }
-  private write(page: Page, anchor: number, x: number, y: number, depth: number, shown: number) {
-    const at = anchor * 4,
-      v = page.values;
-    if (
-      v[at] === Math.fround(x) &&
-      v[at + 1] === Math.fround(y) &&
-      v[at + 2] === Math.fround(depth) &&
-      v[at + 3] === shown
-    )
-      return;
-    v[at] = x;
-    v[at + 1] = y;
-    v[at + 2] = depth;
-    v[at + 3] = shown;
-    page.changed = true;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/text/distance-field.ts b/packages/gpu/src/text/distance-field.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d2e91fb..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/text/distance-field.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-/** Separable squared Euclidean distance transform, linear in the number of pixels. */
-function transform(grid: Float64Array, width: number, height: number): void {
-  const length = Math.max(width, height),
-    f = new Float64Array(length),
-    d = new Float64Array(length),
-    sites = new Int32Array(length),
-    boundaries = new Float64Array(length + 1);
-  const line = (count: number): void => {
-    let k = 0;
-    sites[0] = 0;
-    boundaries[0] = -Infinity;
-    boundaries[1] = Infinity;
-    for (let q = 1; q < count; q++) {
-      let p = sites[k],
-        s = (f[q] + q * q - f[p] - p * p) / (2 * (q - p));
-      while (s <= boundaries[k]) {
-        p = sites[--k];
-        s = (f[q] + q * q - f[p] - p * p) / (2 * (q - p));
-      }
-      sites[++k] = q;
-      boundaries[k] = s;
-      boundaries[k + 1] = Infinity;
-    }
-    k = 0;
-    for (let q = 0; q < count; q++) {
-      while (boundaries[k + 1] < q) k++;
-      const delta = q - sites[k];
-      d[q] = delta * delta + f[sites[k]];
-    }
-  };
-  for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-    for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) f[y] = grid[y * width + x];
-    line(height);
-    for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) grid[y * width + x] = d[y];
-  }
-  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-    f.set(grid.subarray(y * width, (y + 1) * width));
-    line(width);
-    grid.set(d.subarray(0, width), y * width);
-  }
-}
-
-export function distanceField(
-  coverage: Uint8Array,
-  width: number,
-  height: number,
-  padding: number,
-): Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> {
-  const w = width + padding * 2,
-    h = height + padding * 2,
-    outside = new Float64Array(w * h),
-    inside = new Float64Array(w * h);
-  outside.fill(1e20);
-  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++)
-    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-      const alpha = coverage[y * width + x] / 255,
-        i = (y + padding) * w + x + padding;
-      outside[i] = alpha === 0 ? 1e20 : Math.max(0, 0.5 - alpha) ** 2;
-      inside[i] = alpha === 1 ? 1e20 : Math.max(0, alpha - 0.5) ** 2;
-    }
-  transform(outside, w, h);
-  transform(inside, w, h);
-  const result = new Uint8Array(w * h);
-  for (let i = 0; i < result.length; i++)
-    result[i] = Math.round(
-      Math.max(
-        0,
-        Math.min(255, 255 * (0.5 + (Math.sqrt(inside[i]) - Math.sqrt(outside[i])) / (2 * padding))),
-      ),
-    );
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/text/rasterizer.ts b/packages/gpu/src/text/rasterizer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bdf3468..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/text/rasterizer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-import { interruptible, failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { TextRasterizer } from './text.js';
-
-/** Uses the browser's shaping engine, including ligatures, fallback fonts and bidirectional runs. */
-export function createTextRasterizer(): TextRasterizer {
-  let surface:
-    | {
-        readonly canvas: OffscreenCanvas | HTMLCanvasElement;
-        readonly context: CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D;
-      }
-    | undefined;
-  return {
-    async rasterize(input, options) {
-      const { pixelsPerEm, maxWidth, maxHeight, signal } = options;
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      if (input.text.length > 4096 || /[\r\n]/u.test(input.text))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Text runs must be bounded single lines');
-      const font = `${input.font?.style ?? 'normal'} ${input.font?.weight ?? 400} ${pixelsPerEm}px ${input.font?.family ?? 'sans-serif'}`;
-      const fonts =
-        (globalThis as typeof globalThis & { fonts?: FontFaceSet }).fonts ??
-        globalThis.document?.fonts;
-      if (fonts) await interruptible(fonts.load(font, input.text), signal);
-      surface ??= canvas2d();
-      const { canvas, context } = surface;
-      const configure = (): void => {
-        context.font = font;
-        context.textAlign = 'left';
-        context.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
-        context.direction = input.direction ?? 'ltr';
-        context.fillStyle = '#fff';
-      };
-      configure();
-      const metrics = context.measureText(input.text);
-      const left = Math.floor(-metrics.actualBoundingBoxLeft),
-        top = Math.floor(-metrics.actualBoundingBoxAscent);
-      const width = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(metrics.actualBoundingBoxRight) - left),
-        height = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(metrics.actualBoundingBoxDescent) - top);
-      if (width > maxWidth || height > maxHeight)
-        throw failure(
-          'resource-limit',
-          'Shaped text exceeds the atlas page; split long lines before preparing text',
-        );
-      canvas.width = width;
-      canvas.height = height;
-      configure();
-      context.fillText(input.text, -left, -top);
-      const rgba = context.getImageData(0, 0, width, height).data,
-        coverage = new Uint8Array(width * height);
-      for (let i = 0; i < coverage.length; i++) coverage[i] = rgba[i * 4 + 3];
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      return {
-        width,
-        height,
-        coverage,
-        left: left / pixelsPerEm,
-        top: top / pixelsPerEm,
-        advance: metrics.width / pixelsPerEm,
-        // The font's line, not this glyph's ink: every string of a font shares one baseline.
-        ascent: metrics.fontBoundingBoxAscent / pixelsPerEm,
-        descent: metrics.fontBoundingBoxDescent / pixelsPerEm,
-      };
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-/** One canvas a rasterizer draws every run on. */
-function canvas2d() {
-  const canvas =
-    typeof OffscreenCanvas !== 'undefined'
-      ? new OffscreenCanvas(1, 1)
-      : globalThis.document?.createElement('canvas');
-  if (!canvas)
-    throw failure('unavailable', 'Supply a TextRasterizer in environments without Canvas2D');
-  const context = canvas.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true }) as
-    CanvasRenderingContext2D | OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D | null;
-  if (!context) throw failure('unavailable', 'Canvas2D text rasterization is unavailable');
-  return { canvas, context };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/text/shader.ts b/packages/gpu/src/text/shader.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cf0d973c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/text/shader.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-
-/** Six vertices per instance. The renderer maps textVertex().position into its own coordinates. */
-export function textShader(options: { readonly group: number }): string {
-  const group = integer(options.group, 'text bind group', 0, 3);
-  return /* wgsl */ `
-struct LatkitText { rect: vec4f, uv: vec4f, color: vec4f, anchor: u32, p0: u32, p1: u32, p2: u32 }
-struct TextVertex { position: vec2f, uv: vec2f, color: vec4f, anchor: u32 }
-@group(${group}) @binding(0) var<storage, read> latkitText: array<LatkitText>;
-@group(${group}) @binding(1) var latkitAtlas: texture_2d<f32>;
-@group(${group}) @binding(2) var latkitTextSampler: sampler;
-fn textVertex(vertex: u32, instance: u32) -> TextVertex {
-  let corners = array<vec2f, 6>(vec2f(0, 0), vec2f(1, 0), vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(1, 0), vec2f(1, 1));
-  let corner = corners[vertex]; let item = latkitText[instance];
-  return TextVertex(item.rect.xy + corner * item.rect.zw, mix(item.uv.xy, item.uv.zw, corner), item.color, item.anchor);
-}
-/** A text bank's anchor: where its text's origin sits, its depth, and the slot it names. */
-struct LatkitAnchor { position: vec2f, depth: f32, slot: u32, shown: bool }
-fn latkitAnchor(anchor: vec4f) -> LatkitAnchor {
-  return LatkitAnchor(anchor.xy, anchor.z, u32(max(anchor.w - 1.0, 0.0)), anchor.w > 0.5);
-}
-/**
- * Premultiplied text over a halo of \`halo\` color \`haloPx\` screen pixels wide, which keeps lines
- * from cutting through it; a clear halo draws the text alone.
- */
-fn textColor(uv: vec2f, color: vec4f, halo: vec4f, haloPx: f32) -> vec4f {
-  let distance = textureSample(latkitAtlas, latkitTextSampler, uv).r;
-  // Distance-field units per screen pixel.
-  let width = max(fwidth(distance), 1.0 / 255.0);
-  let ink = color.a * smoothstep(0.5 - width * 0.5, 0.5 + width * 0.5, distance);
-  let edge = max(0.5 - haloPx * width, 0.02);
-  let ring = halo.a * smoothstep(edge - width * 0.5, edge + width * 0.5, distance) * step(0.001, haloPx);
-  return vec4f(color.rgb * ink + halo.rgb * ring * (1.0 - ink), ink + ring * (1.0 - ink));
-}
-`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/text/text.ts b/packages/gpu/src/text/text.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d76554ca..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/text/text.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-import type { RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-/** Which side of text a point names: where lines start, their center, or where they end. */
-export type TextAlign = 'start' | 'center' | 'end';
-/** Which height of text a point names; `middle` is halfway up the capitals, as text looks centered. */
-export type TextBaseline = 'top' | 'middle' | 'alphabetic' | 'bottom';
-export interface TextRun extends TextRasterizer.Input {
-  readonly position: readonly [number, number];
-  readonly size: number;
-  /** sRGB-encoded straight RGBA. The shader returns premultiplied color. */
-  readonly color?: RGBA;
-  /** Renderer-local anchor identifier; a shader may use it to apply a dynamic transform. */
-  readonly anchor?: number;
-}
-/** Text to lay out in the units of `size`, as a view sizes its labels. */
-export interface TextLayoutInput extends TextRasterizer.Input {
-  readonly size: number;
-  readonly color?: RGBA;
-  /** Lines longer than this wrap or end in an ellipsis. */
-  readonly maxWidth?: number;
-  /** `ellipsis` by default; `wrap` breaks between words, and inside one only when it alone is too long. */
-  readonly overflow?: 'wrap' | 'ellipsis';
-  /** How lines of different widths line up, and the side `textOrigin` places by default. */
-  readonly align?: TextAlign;
-}
-/**
- * Laid-out lines in the units of the input's `size`, its box's top-left at the origin. Each line is
- * as tall as the font's ascent and descent, so every string of a font shares one baseline.
- */
-export interface TextLayout {
-  /** One run per line, positioned at its baseline. */
-  readonly runs: readonly TextRun[];
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  /** The first line's baseline below the top. */
-  readonly baseline: number;
-  readonly lineHeight: number;
-  readonly capHeight: number;
-  readonly align: TextAlign;
-}
-export interface TextRequest {
-  /** Immutable identity caches geometry. Moving a view/anchor does not rebuild text. */
-  readonly runs: readonly TextRun[];
-}
-export interface TextPage {
-  readonly bindGroup: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly count: number;
-}
-/** Rasterizes one grapheme at a time; the atlas keeps each once per font. Coverage is monochrome. */
-export interface TextRasterizer {
-  rasterize(
-    input: TextRasterizer.Input,
-    options: {
-      readonly pixelsPerEm: number;
-      readonly maxWidth: number;
-      readonly maxHeight: number;
-      readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-    },
-  ): Promise<TextRasterizer.Bitmap>;
-}
-export declare namespace TextRasterizer {
-  interface Input {
-    readonly text: string;
-    readonly font?: Font;
-    readonly direction?: 'ltr' | 'rtl';
-  }
-  interface Bitmap extends Metrics {
-    readonly width: number;
-    readonly height: number;
-    readonly coverage: Uint8Array;
-    /** Upper-left ink position, in em units, relative to the run baseline. */
-    readonly left: number;
-    readonly top: number;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Metrics in em units. Positions use a left-origin, alphabetic baseline, y down. `ascent` and
-   * `descent` are the font's line metrics, the same for every glyph of a font, never one glyph's ink.
-   */
-  interface Metrics {
-    readonly advance: number;
-    readonly ascent: number;
-    readonly descent: number;
-  }
-  /** Font identity includes a revision for an application replacing a loaded font face. */
-  interface Font {
-    readonly family: string;
-    readonly weight?: number;
-    readonly style?: 'normal' | 'italic' | 'oblique';
-    readonly revision?: string;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/attachments.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/attachments.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d4bc333f..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/attachments.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-import type { Preparation } from '../frame/render.js';
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import type { TextureResource } from '../memory/textures.js';
-
-/** Multisample color and depth targets for a view's passes, reused while their shape holds. */
-export class Attachments {
-  #color?: TextureResource;
-  #depth?: TextureResource;
-  #key = '';
-  constructor(private readonly gpu: Gpu) {}
-  /** Views of this frame's attachments; a missing one is not needed. */
-  prepare(
-    frame: Preparation,
-    options: { readonly msaa: 1 | 4; readonly depth?: GPUTextureFormat },
-  ): { readonly color?: GPUTextureView; readonly depth?: GPUTextureView } {
-    const key = [frame.width, frame.height, frame.format, options.msaa, options.depth].join(':');
-    if (key !== this.#key) {
-      const size = [frame.width, frame.height],
-        usage = GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT;
-      const color =
-        options.msaa > 1
-          ? this.gpu.texture({ size, format: frame.format, sampleCount: options.msaa, usage })
-          : undefined;
-      let depth: TextureResource | undefined;
-      try {
-        depth = options.depth
-          ? this.gpu.texture({ size, format: options.depth, sampleCount: options.msaa, usage })
-          : undefined;
-      } catch (error) {
-        color?.destroy();
-        throw error;
-      }
-      this.destroy();
-      this.#color = color;
-      this.#depth = depth;
-      this.#key = key;
-    }
-    return {
-      color: this.#color && frame.texture(this.#color).createView(),
-      depth: this.#depth && frame.texture(this.#depth).createView(),
-    };
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.#color?.destroy();
-    this.#depth?.destroy();
-    this.#color = this.#depth = undefined;
-    this.#key = '';
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/camera.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/camera.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b5eca868..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/camera.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Viewport } from '../frame/render.js';
-export interface Camera2D {
-  readonly center: readonly [x: number, y: number];
-  /** Positive CSS pixels per world unit on each axis. */
-  readonly scale: readonly [x: number, y: number];
-  readonly yDirection: 'up' | 'down';
-}
-export type Bounds2D = readonly [minX: number, minY: number, maxX: number, maxY: number];
-export type Insets = number | readonly [top: number, right: number, bottom: number, left: number];
-function direction(camera: Camera2D): number {
-  return camera.yDirection === 'up' ? -1 : 1;
-}
-function check(camera: Camera2D, viewport: Pick<Viewport, 'width' | 'height'>): void {
-  if (
-    !camera.center.every(Number.isFinite) ||
-    !camera.scale.every((v) => Number.isFinite(v) && v > 0) ||
-    !['up', 'down'].includes(camera.yDirection) ||
-    ![viewport.width, viewport.height].every((v) => Number.isFinite(v) && v > 0)
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid camera or viewport');
-}
-export function cameraPoint(
-  camera: Camera2D,
-  point: readonly [number, number],
-  viewport: Pick<Viewport, 'width' | 'height'>,
-): readonly [number, number] {
-  check(camera, viewport);
-  return [
-    viewport.width / 2 + (point[0] - camera.center[0]) * camera.scale[0],
-    viewport.height / 2 + direction(camera) * (point[1] - camera.center[1]) * camera.scale[1],
-  ];
-}
-export function worldPoint(
-  camera: Camera2D,
-  point: readonly [number, number],
-  viewport: Pick<Viewport, 'width' | 'height'>,
-): readonly [number, number] {
-  check(camera, viewport);
-  return [
-    camera.center[0] + (point[0] - viewport.width / 2) / camera.scale[0],
-    camera.center[1] + (direction(camera) * (point[1] - viewport.height / 2)) / camera.scale[1],
-  ];
-}
-/** Top, right, bottom, and left of an inset; throws on a negative or nonfinite side. */
-export function insetSides(padding: Insets): readonly [number, number, number, number] {
-  const p = typeof padding === 'number' ? [padding, padding, padding, padding] : padding;
-  if (!Array.isArray(p) || p.length !== 4 || !p.every((v) => Number.isFinite(v) && v >= 0))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid padding');
-  return p as unknown as readonly [number, number, number, number];
-}
-export function fitCamera(
-  bounds: Bounds2D,
-  viewport: Pick<Viewport, 'width' | 'height'>,
-  padding: Insets = 32,
-  options: {
-    readonly aspect?: 'equal' | 'independent';
-    readonly yDirection?: Camera2D['yDirection'];
-  } = {},
-): Camera2D {
-  const p = insetSides(padding);
-  if (
-    !bounds.every(Number.isFinite) ||
-    bounds[2] < bounds[0] ||
-    bounds[3] < bounds[1] ||
-    ![viewport.width, viewport.height].every((v) => Number.isFinite(v) && v > 0)
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid camera bounds, viewport, or padding');
-  const dx = bounds[2] - bounds[0],
-    dy = bounds[3] - bounds[1],
-    sx = Math.max(1, viewport.width - p[1] - p[3]) / Math.max(dx, 1e-12),
-    sy = Math.max(1, viewport.height - p[0] - p[2]) / Math.max(dy, 1e-12);
-  const scale: readonly [number, number] =
-    options.aspect === 'independent'
-      ? [dx ? sx : 64, dy ? sy : 64]
-      : [Math.min(sx, sy, dx || dy ? Infinity : 64), Math.min(sx, sy, dx || dy ? Infinity : 64)];
-  const yDirection = options.yDirection ?? 'up';
-  const camera: Camera2D = {
-    scale,
-    yDirection,
-    center: [
-      bounds[0] + dx / 2 - (p[3] - p[1]) / (2 * scale[0]),
-      bounds[1] + dy / 2 - ((yDirection === 'up' ? -1 : 1) * (p[0] - p[2])) / (2 * scale[1]),
-    ],
-  };
-  check(camera, viewport);
-  return camera;
-}
-/** Preserve the world point under a local CSS-pixel anchor. */
-export function zoomCamera(
-  camera: Camera2D,
-  factor: number | readonly [number, number],
-  anchor: readonly [number, number],
-  viewport: Pick<Viewport, 'width' | 'height'>,
-): Camera2D {
-  const factors = typeof factor === 'number' ? [factor, factor] : factor;
-  if (!factors.every((v) => Number.isFinite(v) && v > 0))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Zoom factors must be positive');
-  const before = worldPoint(camera, anchor, viewport),
-    scale: readonly [number, number] = [camera.scale[0] * factors[0], camera.scale[1] * factors[1]];
-  const result: Camera2D = {
-    ...camera,
-    scale,
-    center: [
-      before[0] - (anchor[0] - viewport.width / 2) / scale[0],
-      before[1] - (direction(camera) * (anchor[1] - viewport.height / 2)) / scale[1],
-    ],
-  };
-  check(result, viewport);
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/changes.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/changes.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ecf6d045..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/changes.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-import { samePages, sameIndex, type Data, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { bindChannels, type ChannelKind } from '../style/channel.js';
-
-/** A plain object: one a literal or JSON makes. */
-export function plain(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (typeof value !== 'object' || value === null) return false;
-  const prototype: unknown = Object.getPrototypeOf(value);
-  return prototype === Object.prototype || prototype === null;
-}
-/**
- * Whether two option values are the same: plain objects, arrays, and typed arrays by what they
- * hold; functions and other instances only as themselves. A `source` holds data, which is new as
- * itself: the view decides what of new data is new.
- */
-export function same(a: unknown, b: unknown, key?: string): boolean {
-  if (a === b) return true;
-  if (key === 'source') return false;
-  if (Array.isArray(a))
-    return Array.isArray(b) && a.length === b.length && a.every((v, i) => same(v, b[i]));
-  // Rows rebuilt as an equal Uint32Array are the same rows.
-  if (ArrayBuffer.isView(a)) return ArrayBuffer.isView(b) && sameBytes(a, b);
-  if (!plain(a) || !plain(b)) return false;
-  for (const k of new Set([...Object.keys(a), ...Object.keys(b)]))
-    if (!same(a[k], b[k], k)) return false;
-  return true;
-}
-function sameBytes(a: ArrayBufferView, b: ArrayBufferView): boolean {
-  if (a.constructor !== b.constructor || a.byteLength !== b.byteLength) return false;
-  const x = new Uint8Array(a.buffer, a.byteOffset, a.byteLength),
-    y = new Uint8Array(b.buffer, b.byteOffset, b.byteLength);
-  for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i++) if (x[i] !== y[i]) return false;
-  return true;
-}
-/**
- * Whether two options read the same: equal but for how their color channels look, which is a
- * colormap, a domain, a missing color, or a fixed color. A view keeps what it read across such a
- * change, and maps the new look with uniforms.
- */
-export function sameReads<K extends string>(
-  a: object,
-  b: object,
-  kinds: Readonly<Record<K, ChannelKind>>,
-): boolean {
-  const x = a as Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>,
-    y = b as Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>,
-    kind = kinds as Readonly<Record<string, ChannelKind>>;
-  for (const key of new Set([...Object.keys(x), ...Object.keys(y)])) {
-    if (kind[key] !== 'color') {
-      if (!same(x[key], y[key], key)) return false;
-      continue;
-    }
-    const color = { [key]: 'color' } as const,
-      p = bindChannels({ [key]: x[key] }, color).channels[key],
-      q = bindChannels({ [key]: y[key] }, color).channels[key];
-    if (p.component !== q.component || !same(p.field, q.field)) return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-/** Whether two keyed records name the same entries in order, each the same under `keys`. */
-export function sameRecords<T extends object>(
-  a: Readonly<Record<string, T>> | undefined,
-  b: Readonly<Record<string, T>> | undefined,
-  keys: readonly (keyof T)[],
-): boolean {
-  if (a === b) return true;
-  const xs = Object.keys(a ?? {}),
-    ys = Object.keys(b ?? {});
-  return (
-    xs.length === ys.length &&
-    xs.every((type, i) => type === ys[i] && keys.every((key) => a![type][key] === b![type][key]))
-  );
-}
-/**
- * Whether two Data values number the same rows, under the same ids, and hold the same values in
- * the fields `fields` names for each type, whatever their identity: a value republished unchanged
- * reads as the same, so a view rebuilds only what its data changed.
- */
-export function sameValues(
-  a: Data,
-  b: Data,
-  fields: (type: string, definition: Schema.Type) => readonly string[],
-): boolean {
-  if (a === b) return true;
-  const types = Object.keys(a.tables);
-  if (a.schema !== b.schema || types.length !== Object.keys(b.tables).length) return false;
-  for (const type of types) {
-    const x = a.tables[type],
-      y = b.tables[type];
-    if (!y || !sameIndex(x.index, y.index) || !samePages(x.ids, y.ids)) return false;
-    if (
-      x.rows !== y.rows &&
-      (x.rows.kind !== 'range' ||
-        y.rows.kind !== 'range' ||
-        x.rows.offset !== y.rows.offset ||
-        x.rows.count !== y.rows.count)
-    )
-      return false;
-    for (const field of fields(type, a.schema.types[type])) {
-      const before = x.fields[field],
-        after = y.fields[field];
-      if (before !== after && (!before || !after || !samePages(before, after))) return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/composition.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/composition.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 82eef0b6..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/composition.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,526 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { children } from '../frame/tree.js';
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import type {
-  Renderer,
-  Preparation,
-  Encoding,
-  FrameInfo,
-  CapturedFrame,
-  PreparedFrame,
-} from '../frame/render.js';
-import type { TextureResource } from '../memory/textures.js';
-import type { RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import { clearColor, validateRgba } from '../colors/color.js';
-import { premultipliedBlend } from '../style/output.js';
-import { shadeUniforms } from '../style/shade.js';
-import { localPoint } from './input.js';
-import { viewStyle } from './style.js';
-import { BaseView, compose, rendererOf, route, type View } from './view.js';
-
-type Region = Composition.Config['views'][number]['region'];
-
-/** Several views presented as one. */
-export type Composition = View<Composition.Config>;
-export declare namespace Composition {
-  interface Config extends View.Config {
-    /**
-     * Each view in a normalized region, top-left origin; later views draw over earlier ones. Pointer,
-     * wheel, and keys reach the view under the pointer, in its own canvas points.
-     */
-    readonly views: readonly {
-      readonly view: View<View.Config, View.Events>;
-      readonly region: readonly [x: number, y: number, width: number, height: number];
-    }[];
-    /** Behind every region; `viewStyle.background` by default. */
-    readonly background?: RGBA;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Present several views as one: on a canvas, in images, or in video. Borrows its views. */
-export function createComposition(gpu: Gpu, config: Composition.Config): Composition {
-  return new CompositionView(gpu, config);
-}
-
-const shader = `
-@group(0) @binding(0) var image: texture_2d<f32>;
-@group(0) @binding(1) var filtering: sampler;
-struct Vertex { @builtin(position) position: vec4f, @location(0) uv: vec2f }
-@vertex fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) i: u32) -> Vertex {
-  let uv = vec2f(f32((i << 1u) & 2u), f32(i & 2u));
-  return Vertex(vec4f(uv * vec2f(2., -2.) + vec2f(-1., 1.), 0., 1.), uv);
-}
-@fragment fn fragment(v: Vertex) -> @location(0) vec4f { return textureSample(image, filtering, v.uv); }
-`;
-
-/** Event properties a panel's view reads, copied onto the event routed to it. */
-const PROPERTIES = [
-  'clientX',
-  'clientY',
-  'button',
-  'buttons',
-  'pointerId',
-  'pointerType',
-  'isPrimary',
-  'altKey',
-  'ctrlKey',
-  'metaKey',
-  'shiftKey',
-  'deltaX',
-  'deltaY',
-  'deltaMode',
-  'key',
-  'code',
-  'repeat',
-  'detail',
-] as const;
-/** Events a composition routes to the panel they concern. */
-const POINTER = ['pointerdown', 'pointermove', 'pointerup', 'pointercancel', 'dblclick'] as const;
-
-/**
- * The canvas a composed view attaches its input to: its panel's part of the composition's canvas.
- * Pointer capture, focus, and the cursor act on the real canvas.
- */
-class PanelSurface extends EventTarget {
-  tabIndex = -1;
-  readonly clientLeft = 0;
-  readonly clientTop = 0;
-  readonly style: { touchAction: string; cursor: string };
-  constructor(
-    private readonly canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
-    readonly region: Region,
-  ) {
-    super();
-    const real = canvas.style;
-    this.style = {
-      touchAction: '',
-      get cursor() {
-        return real.cursor;
-      },
-      set cursor(value: string) {
-        real.cursor = value;
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  get ownerDocument(): Document {
-    return this.canvas.ownerDocument;
-  }
-  get clientWidth(): number {
-    return this.canvas.clientWidth * this.region[2];
-  }
-  get clientHeight(): number {
-    return this.canvas.clientHeight * this.region[3];
-  }
-  get offsetWidth(): number {
-    return this.clientWidth;
-  }
-  get offsetHeight(): number {
-    return this.clientHeight;
-  }
-  getBoundingClientRect(): DOMRect {
-    const canvas = this.canvas,
-      rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect(),
-      sx = rect.width / (canvas.offsetWidth || rect.width),
-      sy = rect.height / (canvas.offsetHeight || rect.height);
-    const left = rect.left + (canvas.clientLeft + this.region[0] * canvas.clientWidth) * sx,
-      top = rect.top + (canvas.clientTop + this.region[1] * canvas.clientHeight) * sy,
-      width = this.clientWidth * sx,
-      height = this.clientHeight * sy;
-    return {
-      left,
-      top,
-      width,
-      height,
-      x: left,
-      y: top,
-      right: left + width,
-      bottom: top + height,
-      toJSON: () => ({}),
-    };
-  }
-  /** Whether a point of the composition's canvas, in CSS pixels, lies in this panel. */
-  contains(point: readonly [number, number]): boolean {
-    const x = point[0] / (this.canvas.clientWidth || 1),
-      y = point[1] / (this.canvas.clientHeight || 1),
-      r = this.region;
-    return x >= r[0] && y >= r[1] && x < r[0] + r[2] && y < r[1] + r[3];
-  }
-  getAttribute(): string | null {
-    return null;
-  }
-  setAttribute(): void {}
-  removeAttribute(): void {}
-  setPointerCapture(id: number): void {
-    this.canvas.setPointerCapture(id);
-  }
-  releasePointerCapture(id: number): void {
-    if (this.canvas.hasPointerCapture(id)) this.canvas.releasePointerCapture(id);
-  }
-  hasPointerCapture(id: number): boolean {
-    return this.canvas.hasPointerCapture(id);
-  }
-  focus(options?: FocusOptions): void {
-    this.canvas.focus(options);
-  }
-  /** Deliver an event of the composition's canvas as this panel's own. */
-  forward(event: Event, type: string = event.type): void {
-    const routed = new Event(type, { cancelable: event.cancelable });
-    for (const name of PROPERTIES)
-      if (name in event)
-        Object.defineProperty(routed, name, {
-          value: (event as unknown as Record<string, unknown>)[name],
-        });
-    routed.preventDefault = () => event.preventDefault();
-    this.dispatchEvent(routed);
-  }
-}
-
-interface Panel {
-  readonly view: View<View.Config, View.Events>;
-  readonly renderer: Renderer;
-  readonly region: Region;
-  readonly release: () => void;
-  readonly off: () => void;
-  surface?: PanelSurface;
-  unroute?: () => void;
-}
-/** One panel's part of a prepared frame. */
-interface PanelFrame {
-  readonly candidate: PreparedFrame;
-  readonly info: FrameInfo;
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-  readonly view: GPUTextureView;
-  readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-}
-
-class CompositionView extends BaseView<
-  Composition.Config,
-  View.Events,
-  Composition.Config,
-  readonly PanelFrame[]
-> {
-  private panels: Panel[] = [];
-  private readonly own: Renderer;
-  private readonly sampler: GPUSampler;
-  private format?: GPUTextureFormat;
-  private pipeline?: GPURenderPipeline;
-  private textures: (TextureResource | undefined)[] = [];
-  private bindings: (
-    { texture: GPUTexture; view: GPUTextureView; group: GPUBindGroup } | undefined
-  )[] = [];
-  private captures: CapturedFrame[] = [];
-  /** Each panel renderer's memo slots, kept apart from a sibling's of the same kind. */
-  private readonly slots = new WeakMap<Renderer, Map<unknown, object>>();
-  /** The canvas whose input the panels receive, while one is attached. */
-  private canvas?: HTMLCanvasElement;
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: Composition.Config) {
-    super(gpu, config);
-    this.own = rendererOf(this);
-    this.sampler = gpu.device.createSampler({ minFilter: 'linear', magFilter: 'linear' });
-    this.check(config);
-    this.panels = this.compose(config);
-    this.start();
-  }
-  protected check(config: Composition.Config): void {
-    if (!config.views?.length) throw failure('invalid-input', 'A composition needs views');
-    if (new Set(config.views.map((v) => v.view)).size !== config.views.length)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Composition requires distinct views');
-    for (const { region: r } of config.views)
-      if (
-        r.length !== 4 ||
-        !r.every(Number.isFinite) ||
-        r[0] < 0 ||
-        r[1] < 0 ||
-        r[2] <= 0 ||
-        r[3] <= 0 ||
-        r[0] + r[2] > 1 ||
-        r[1] + r[3] > 1
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Composition regions must fit the unit rectangle');
-    if (config.background) validateRgba(config.background);
-  }
-  private compose(config: Composition.Config): Panel[] {
-    const panels: Panel[] = [];
-    try {
-      for (const { view, region } of config.views) {
-        const renderer = rendererOf(view),
-          release = compose(view);
-        const panel: Panel = {
-          view,
-          renderer,
-          region: [...region] as unknown as Region,
-          release,
-          off: renderer.on?.('invalidate', () => this.invalidate()) ?? (() => {}),
-        };
-        panels.push(panel);
-        if (this.canvas) this.route(panel, this.canvas);
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      for (const panel of panels) this.unpanel(panel);
-      throw error;
-    }
-    children.set(
-      this.own,
-      panels.map((panel) => panel.renderer),
-    );
-    return panels;
-  }
-  private route(panel: Panel, canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): void {
-    panel.surface = new PanelSurface(canvas, panel.region);
-    panel.unroute = route(panel.view, panel.surface as unknown as HTMLCanvasElement);
-  }
-  private unpanel(panel: Panel): void {
-    panel.unroute?.();
-    panel.off();
-    panel.release();
-  }
-  protected configure(next: Composition.Config, previous: Composition.Config): void {
-    if (previous.views !== next.views) {
-      const panels = this.compose(next);
-      for (const panel of this.panels) this.unpanel(panel);
-      this.panels = panels;
-    }
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  /** Route pointer, wheel, menu, and key events to the panel they concern. */
-  protected attach(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): () => void {
-    const controller = new AbortController(),
-      { signal } = controller,
-      tab = canvas.getAttribute('tabindex'),
-      touch = canvas.style.touchAction;
-    if (tab === null) canvas.tabIndex = 0;
-    canvas.style.touchAction = 'none';
-    this.canvas = canvas;
-    for (const panel of this.panels) this.route(panel, canvas);
-    let pressed: Panel | undefined, hovered: Panel | undefined, focused: Panel | undefined;
-    const under = (event: MouseEvent): Panel | undefined => {
-      const point = localPoint(canvas, event);
-      // Later panels draw over earlier ones, so the last that contains the point is under it.
-      for (let i = this.panels.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-        if (this.panels[i].surface?.contains(point)) return this.panels[i];
-      return undefined;
-    };
-    const leave = (event: Event) => {
-      hovered?.surface?.forward(event, 'pointerleave');
-      hovered = undefined;
-    };
-    for (const type of POINTER)
-      canvas.addEventListener(
-        type,
-        (event) => {
-          const panel = (type !== 'pointerdown' && pressed) || under(event);
-          if (panel !== hovered) {
-            leave(event);
-            hovered = panel;
-          }
-          if (type === 'pointerdown') pressed = focused = panel;
-          panel?.surface?.forward(event);
-          if (type === 'pointerup' || type === 'pointercancel') pressed = undefined;
-        },
-        { signal },
-      );
-    canvas.addEventListener('wheel', (event) => under(event)?.surface?.forward(event), {
-      signal,
-      passive: false,
-    });
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'contextmenu',
-      (event) => {
-        event.preventDefault();
-        (pressed ?? under(event))?.surface?.forward(event);
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    canvas.addEventListener('pointerleave', (event) => !pressed && leave(event), { signal });
-    canvas.addEventListener('lostpointercapture', (event) => pressed?.surface?.forward(event), {
-      signal,
-    });
-    // Keys reach the panel pressed last; leaving the canvas ends what that panel was doing.
-    for (const type of ['keydown', 'keyup'] as const)
-      canvas.addEventListener(
-        type,
-        (event) => (focused ?? this.panels[0])?.surface?.forward(event),
-        { signal },
-      );
-    canvas.addEventListener('blur', (event) => focused?.surface?.forward(event), { signal });
-    return () => {
-      controller.abort();
-      for (const panel of this.panels) {
-        panel.unroute?.();
-        panel.unroute = panel.surface = undefined;
-      }
-      this.canvas = undefined;
-      canvas.style.touchAction = touch;
-      if (tab === null) canvas.removeAttribute('tabindex');
-    };
-  }
-  protected get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    const pending = this.panels.flatMap((p) => (p.renderer.pending ? [p.renderer.pending] : []));
-    return pending.length ? Promise.all(pending).then(() => {}) : undefined;
-  }
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return this.panels.some((p) => p.renderer.animating);
-  }
-  protected captureChildren(): readonly CapturedFrame[] {
-    this.captures = [];
-    try {
-      for (const panel of this.panels) this.captures.push(panel.renderer.capture());
-    } catch (error) {
-      for (const capture of this.captures) capture.release();
-      throw error;
-    }
-    return this.captures;
-  }
-  protected discard(prepared: readonly PanelFrame[]): void {
-    for (const panel of prepared) panel.candidate.discard();
-  }
-  /** Prepare every panel at once, as the Gpu prepares views; one failure discards the rest. */
-  protected async prepare(frame: Preparation): Promise<readonly PanelFrame[]> {
-    this.live();
-    const pipeline = await this.compositor(frame.format);
-    frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    const layouts = this.panels.map((panel, i) => this.layout(frame, pipeline, panel, i));
-    const results = await Promise.allSettled(
-      layouts.map(({ info }, i) =>
-        this.captures[i].prepare({
-          ...this.scoped(frame, this.panels[i].renderer),
-          ...info,
-          // The same shared uniform layout, with the panel's actual viewport.
-          shade: (request = {}) => frame.uniforms(shadeUniforms(request, info)),
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    const failed = results.find((result) => result.status === 'rejected');
-    if (failed) {
-      for (const result of results) if (result.status === 'fulfilled') result.value.discard();
-      throw failed.reason;
-    }
-    return layouts.map((layout, i) => ({
-      ...layout,
-      candidate: (results[i] as PromiseFulfilledResult<PreparedFrame>).value,
-    }));
-  }
-  /** A frame whose memos, and theirs in turn, are one panel renderer's own. */
-  private scoped(frame: Preparation, renderer: Renderer): Preparation {
-    let slots = this.slots.get(renderer);
-    if (!slots) this.slots.set(renderer, (slots = new Map<unknown, object>()));
-    const own = slots;
-    const key = (slot: unknown) => {
-      let found = own.get(slot);
-      if (!found) own.set(slot, (found = { slot }));
-      return found;
-    };
-    return {
-      ...frame,
-      memo: (slot, deps, build) =>
-        frame.memo(key(slot), deps, (inner, previous) =>
-          build(this.scoped(inner, renderer), previous),
-        ),
-    };
-  }
-  private async compositor(format: GPUTextureFormat): Promise<GPURenderPipeline> {
-    if (this.pipeline && this.format === format) return this.pipeline;
-    const module = await this.gpu.shaderModule(shader, 'composition');
-    this.pipeline = await this.gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout: 'auto',
-      vertex: { module, entryPoint: 'vertex' },
-      fragment: {
-        module,
-        entryPoint: 'fragment',
-        targets: [{ format, blend: premultipliedBlend }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
-    });
-    this.format = format;
-    return this.pipeline;
-  }
-  /** Where a panel draws in this frame, and the texture it draws into. */
-  private layout(
-    frame: Preparation,
-    pipeline: GPURenderPipeline,
-    panel: Panel,
-    i: number,
-  ): Omit<PanelFrame, 'candidate'> {
-    const r = panel.region,
-      x = Math.floor(r[0] * frame.width),
-      y = Math.floor(r[1] * frame.height);
-    const width = Math.floor((r[0] + r[2]) * frame.width) - x;
-    const height = Math.floor((r[1] + r[3]) * frame.height) - y;
-    if (width < 1 || height < 1)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Composition panel is smaller than one pixel');
-    let resource = this.textures[i];
-    if (!resource || resource.texture.width !== width || resource.texture.height !== height) {
-      const next = this.gpu.texture({
-        size: [width, height],
-        format: 'rgba8unorm',
-        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
-      });
-      resource?.destroy();
-      this.textures[i] = resource = next;
-    }
-    const texture = frame.texture(resource);
-    let binding = this.bindings[i];
-    if (!binding || binding.texture !== texture) {
-      const view = texture.createView();
-      binding = this.bindings[i] = {
-        texture,
-        view,
-        group: this.gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-          layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-          entries: [
-            { binding: 0, resource: view },
-            { binding: 1, resource: this.sampler },
-          ],
-        }),
-      };
-    }
-    const info: FrameInfo = {
-      width,
-      height,
-      format: 'rgba8unorm',
-      timeMs: frame.timeMs,
-      at: frame.at,
-      presented: frame.presented,
-      viewport: {
-        width: width / frame.viewport.pixelRatio,
-        height: height / frame.viewport.pixelRatio,
-        pixelRatio: frame.viewport.pixelRatio,
-      },
-    };
-    return { info, x, y, view: binding.view, group: binding.group };
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: Encoding, prepared: readonly PanelFrame[]): void {
-    this.live();
-    for (const panel of prepared)
-      panel.candidate.encode({ ...panel.info, encoder: frame.encoder, target: panel.view });
-    const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: frame.target,
-          loadOp: 'clear',
-          storeOp: 'store',
-          clearValue: clearColor(this.frameConfig.background ?? viewStyle.background),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-    pass.setPipeline(this.pipeline!);
-    for (const panel of prepared) {
-      pass.setViewport(panel.x, panel.y, panel.info.width, panel.info.height, 0, 1);
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, panel.group);
-      pass.draw(3);
-    }
-    pass.end();
-  }
-  protected submitted(_frame: FrameInfo, prepared: readonly PanelFrame[]): void {
-    for (const panel of prepared) panel.candidate.submitted();
-  }
-  protected release(): void {
-    for (const panel of this.panels) this.unpanel(panel);
-    this.panels = [];
-    children.delete(this.own);
-    for (const texture of this.textures) texture?.destroy();
-    this.textures = [];
-    this.bindings = [];
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/input.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/input.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index fca89d32..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/input.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Viewport } from '../frame/render.js';
-import type { Point } from './view.js';
-import type { ItemView } from './item-view.js';
-export function inputModifiers(
-  event: Pick<MouseEvent, 'altKey' | 'ctrlKey' | 'metaKey' | 'shiftKey'>,
-): ItemView.Modifiers {
-  return { alt: event.altKey, control: event.ctrlKey, meta: event.metaKey, shift: event.shiftKey };
-}
-/** Local CSS pixels, including axis-aligned CSS scaling and element borders. */
-export function localPoint(
-  element: HTMLElement,
-  event: { readonly clientX: number; readonly clientY: number },
-): Point {
-  const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect();
-  const sx = rect.width / (element.offsetWidth || rect.width),
-    sy = rect.height / (element.offsetHeight || rect.height);
-  return [
-    (event.clientX - rect.left) / sx - element.clientLeft,
-    (event.clientY - rect.top) / sy - element.clientTop,
-  ];
-}
-export function wheelDelta(
-  event: Pick<WheelEvent, 'deltaY' | 'deltaMode'>,
-  viewport: Pick<Viewport, 'height'>,
-): number {
-  return event.deltaY * (event.deltaMode === 1 ? 20 : event.deltaMode === 2 ? viewport.height : 1);
-}
-export interface CanvasInput {
-  readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-  point(event: { readonly clientX: number; readonly clientY: number }): Point;
-  capture(pointerId: number): void;
-  release(pointerId: number): void;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-/** Owns DOM listener/capture lifetime only. Gestures and hit testing remain renderer-specific. */
-export function createCanvasInput(options: {
-  readonly canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
-  readonly keyboard?: boolean;
-  readonly touchAction?: string;
-}): CanvasInput {
-  const { canvas } = options,
-    controller = new AbortController(),
-    captured = new Set<number>(),
-    tab = canvas.getAttribute('tabindex'),
-    touch = canvas.style.touchAction;
-  let destroyed = false;
-  if (options.keyboard !== false && tab === null) canvas.tabIndex = 0;
-  if (options.touchAction !== undefined) canvas.style.touchAction = options.touchAction;
-  const release = (id: number): void => {
-    captured.delete(id);
-    if (canvas.hasPointerCapture(id)) canvas.releasePointerCapture(id);
-  };
-  canvas.addEventListener('lostpointercapture', (event) => captured.delete(event.pointerId), {
-    signal: controller.signal,
-  });
-  canvas.addEventListener('pointercancel', (event) => release(event.pointerId), {
-    signal: controller.signal,
-  });
-  return {
-    signal: controller.signal,
-    point: (event) => localPoint(canvas, event),
-    capture(id) {
-      if (!destroyed) {
-        canvas.setPointerCapture(id);
-        captured.add(id);
-      }
-    },
-    release,
-    destroy() {
-      if (destroyed) return;
-      destroyed = true;
-      controller.abort();
-      for (const id of captured) release(id);
-      canvas.style.touchAction = touch;
-      if (tab === null) canvas.removeAttribute('tabindex');
-      else canvas.setAttribute('tabindex', tab);
-    },
-  };
-}
-/** Thrown through a search to stop it at its budget; never escapes withinBudget. */
-const exhausted = failure('busy', 'Work budget exhausted');
-export type BudgetResult<T> =
-  | { readonly complete: true; readonly value: T; readonly elapsedMs: number }
-  | { readonly complete: false; readonly elapsedMs: number };
-/** Cooperative checkpoint. Incomplete searches never publish a partial nearest-hit result. */
-export function withinBudget<T>(
-  work: (checkpoint: () => void) => T,
-  budgetMs?: number,
-): BudgetResult<T> {
-  if (budgetMs !== undefined && (!Number.isFinite(budgetMs) || budgetMs <= 0))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Budget must be positive');
-  const started = performance.now(),
-    deadline = budgetMs === undefined ? Infinity : started + budgetMs;
-  let count = 0;
-  const check =
-    budgetMs === undefined
-      ? () => {}
-      : () => {
-          if ((count++ & 31) === 0 && performance.now() >= deadline) throw exhausted;
-        };
-  try {
-    const value = work(check),
-      elapsedMs = performance.now() - started;
-    return elapsedMs >= (budgetMs ?? Infinity)
-      ? { complete: false, elapsedMs }
-      : { complete: true, value, elapsedMs };
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (error !== exhausted) throw error;
-    return { complete: false, elapsedMs: performance.now() - started };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/item-view.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/item-view.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 15445b72..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/item-view.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1373 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import type { Encoding, FrameInfo, Preparation, Viewport } from '../frame/render.js';
-import { defaultShade, type Shade } from '../style/shade.js';
-import type { BufferResource } from '../memory/buffers.js';
-import {
-  createCanvasInput,
-  inputModifiers,
-  wheelDelta,
-  withinBudget,
-  type CanvasInput,
-} from './input.js';
-import { resolveViewStyle, viewStyle, type ResolvedViewStyle } from './style.js';
-import { insetSides, type Insets } from './camera.js';
-import type { RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import type { TextRasterizer } from '../text/text.js';
-import type { Layer, LayerLook, LayerScene } from './layer.js';
-import { BaseView, compose, offerLayer, type ConfigShape, type Point, type View } from './view.js';
-
-/** A view of model rows. `Item` is what you select; `Hit` is what a pointer finds: an Item with detail. */
-export interface ItemView<
-  Config extends ItemView.Config,
-  Item,
-  Hit extends Item,
-  Camera extends ItemView.Camera,
-  Events extends ItemView.Events<Item, Hit, Camera> = ItemView.Events<Item, Hit, Camera>,
-> extends View<Config, Events> {
-  /** Where the camera is going. `set({ camera })` moves it. */
-  readonly camera: Camera;
-  readonly selection: readonly Item[];
-  /** Replace the selection without reporting it. */
-  select(items: readonly Item[]): void;
-  /** Hits near a canvas point: nearest first, topmost breaking ties. */
-  pick(point: Point, options?: ItemView.PickOptions): Promise<readonly Hit[]>;
-  /** An item's canvas point in the latest frame, or null when it is not drawn. */
-  locate(item: Item): Point | null;
-  /** Frame the items once, or follow all the data. */
-  fit(items?: readonly Item[], options?: View.SetOptions): void;
-  /** Center an item that lies outside the padded view. */
-  reveal(item: Item, options?: View.SetOptions): void;
-}
-export declare namespace ItemView {
-  /** What every item view's config holds; each view names its own `source`. */
-  interface Config extends View.Config, Style {
-    readonly input?: Input | NonNullable<Input['mode']>;
-    /** WGSL that recolors every fragment. */
-    readonly shade?: Shade | null;
-  }
-  interface Events<Item, Hit, Camera> extends View.Events {
-    /** The drawn camera changed. */
-    readonly camera: Camera;
-    /** The item under the pointer. */
-    readonly hover: Hit | null;
-    /** The user changed the selection, or a source change removed selected items. */
-    readonly select: readonly Item[];
-    /** Double click on an item, or Enter on the selection. */
-    readonly open: Item;
-    readonly contextmenu: ContextMenu<Hit>;
-  }
-  interface Camera {
-    /** Keep the data in view as it changes. Moving a framed key turns it off. */
-    readonly fit: boolean;
-  }
-  interface Input {
-    /**
-     * `navigate` moves the camera; `inspect` only hovers, selects, and opens menus; `edit`, where a
-     * view supports it, also changes the data.
-     */
-    readonly mode?: 'navigate' | 'inspect' | 'edit' | 'none';
-    /** Zoom on every wheel, or only with Ctrl or ⌘. */
-    readonly wheel?: 'zoom' | 'modifier';
-    readonly keyboard?: boolean;
-  }
-  interface PickOptions {
-    readonly radiusPx?: number;
-    /** At most this many hits; 16 by default. */
-    readonly limit?: number;
-    readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-  }
-  /** Style every item view understands, with one set of defaults. */
-  interface Style {
-    readonly background?: RGBA;
-    readonly msaa?: 1 | 4;
-    /** `auto` searches within `hoverBudgetMs` once the camera settles; `on` always searches. */
-    readonly hover?: 'auto' | 'on' | 'off';
-    readonly hoverBudgetMs?: number;
-    readonly pickRadiusPx?: number;
-    readonly fitPaddingPx?: Insets;
-    /** Reveal centers an item closer than this to the canvas edge. */
-    readonly revealPaddingPx?: Insets;
-    readonly animationMs?: number;
-    /** `auto` follows the reduced-motion preference. */
-    readonly motion?: 'auto' | 'reduce' | 'full';
-    /** The glow around a hovered item; its alpha is the glow's strength. */
-    readonly hoverColor?: RGBA;
-    /** The glow around selected items; `none` glows in each item's own color. */
-    readonly selectedColor?: RGBA | 'none';
-    /** How far the glow around a hovered or selected item reaches past it. */
-    readonly hoverWidthPx?: number;
-    readonly selectedWidthPx?: number;
-    /** The opacity of every other item while something is selected. */
-    readonly unselectedAlpha?: number;
-    readonly font?: TextRasterizer.Font;
-    readonly fontSizePx?: number;
-    readonly textColor?: RGBA;
-  }
-  /** The modifier keys a gesture held. */
-  interface Modifiers {
-    readonly alt: boolean;
-    readonly control: boolean;
-    readonly meta: boolean;
-    readonly shift: boolean;
-  }
-  /** A menu asked for: where, the items there, what opened it, and the keys held. */
-  interface ContextMenu<T> {
-    readonly point: Point;
-    readonly items: readonly T[];
-    readonly trigger: 'pointer' | 'keyboard';
-    readonly modifiers: Modifiers;
-  }
-  /** What hover does: nothing, waits for a pointer, searches, waits for the scene to settle, or rests after a search over budget. */
-  type HoverState = 'off' | 'idle' | 'active' | 'moving' | 'budget';
-}
-
-type Mode = NonNullable<ItemView.Input['mode']>;
-/** What an item view is, fixed when it is created. */
-export interface ItemShape<Camera> extends ConfigShape {
-  /** The view's name in messages, such as `network`. */
-  readonly name: string;
-  /** Camera keys that framing sets; moving one by hand stops fitting. */
-  readonly framed: readonly (keyof Camera)[];
-  /** Input modes the view supports, its default first: `navigate`, `inspect`, and `none` by default. */
-  readonly modes?: readonly Mode[];
-  /** The view's own defaults for the shared style. */
-  readonly style?: Partial<ResolvedViewStyle>;
-  /** The view's own options, beside the shared ones and its records and merged options. */
-  readonly options?: readonly string[];
-}
-/** A drag a view runs itself, from a press it takes: each move, and its end, null when cancelled. */
-export interface Grab {
-  move(point: Point): void;
-  end(point: Point | null): void;
-}
-/** The framed camera keys that show these items, or all the data; undefined until there is data. */
-export type Framing<Item, Camera> = (
-  items: readonly Item[] | undefined,
-  camera: Camera,
-  viewport: Viewport,
-) => Partial<Camera> | undefined | Promise<Partial<Camera> | undefined>;
-/** A hover search. Synchronous searches call `check`; asynchronous ones observe `signal`. */
-export type HoverSearch<Hit> = (
-  point: Point,
-  radiusPx: number,
-  options: { readonly check: () => void; readonly signal: AbortSignal },
-) => Hit | null | Promise<Hit | null>;
-
-/**
- * Limits over their defaults. Every limit is positive; counts and bytes are whole, and durations,
- * named in `Ms`, may be fractional. Unknown limits throw.
- */
-export function resolveLimits<K extends string>(
-  given: Partial<Readonly<Record<K, number>>> | undefined,
-  defaults: Readonly<Record<K, number>>,
-  name: string,
-): Readonly<Record<K, number>> {
-  const result: Record<string, number> = { ...defaults };
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(given ?? {})) {
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(defaults, key))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Unknown ${name} limit: ${key}`);
-    if (value === undefined) continue;
-    if (
-      typeof value !== 'number' ||
-      !(value > 0) ||
-      !Number.isFinite(value) ||
-      (!key.endsWith('Ms') && !Number.isSafeInteger(value))
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Invalid ${name} limit: ${key}`);
-    result[key] = value;
-  }
-  return Object.freeze(result) as Readonly<Record<K, number>>;
-}
-
-interface Hovered<Hit> {
-  readonly item: Hit | null;
-  readonly state: ItemView.HoverState;
-  readonly pointer: number;
-  readonly ms: number;
-  /** False while an asynchronous search is still running; its result publishes itself. */
-  readonly final: boolean;
-}
-interface Drawn<Camera, Hit> {
-  camera: Camera;
-  readonly version: number;
-  readonly animation?: Animation<Camera>;
-  readonly finished: boolean;
-  readonly viewport: Viewport;
-  hover?: Hovered<Hit>;
-}
-interface Animation<Camera> {
-  readonly from: Camera;
-  readonly duration: number;
-  start?: number;
-}
-const MODES: readonly Mode[] = ['navigate', 'inspect', 'none'];
-const INPUT = new Set(['mode', 'wheel', 'keyboard']);
-/** Options every item view takes, beside the shared style. */
-const OPTIONS = ['canvas', 'at', 'paused', 'source', 'camera', 'input', 'shade'];
-/** Hover waits this long after the camera, positions, or data move. */
-const SETTLE_MS = 150;
-/** A press that moves farther than this is a drag, not a click. */
-const CLICK_PX = 4;
-/** How long a touch holds in place to open the menu. */
-const LONG_PRESS_MS = 550;
-/** A touch picks at least this far around itself, about a fingertip. */
-const TOUCH_PX = 22;
-/** Pipeline variants a view kind keeps per Gpu: formats, MSAA, and shades in use. */
-const VARIANTS = 8;
-/** Pipelines by Gpu and view kind, so views of one kind share each variant. */
-const variants = new WeakMap<Gpu, WeakMap<object, Map<string, Promise<unknown>>>>();
-/** Bytes of a shade's uniforms, as `shadeShader` lays them out. */
-const SHADE_BYTES = 288;
-/**
- * Each Gpu's uniforms for the default shade, which reads none of them: zeros, written never, and
- * let go when the last item view on the Gpu is.
- */
-const stillShades = new WeakMap<Gpu, { buffer?: BufferResource; views: number }>();
-
-/**
- * The base of every item view. The camera, selection, picking, hover, clicks, events, input,
- * shades, pipeline variants, and option checks live here once; a view supplies its geometry, what
- * its config resolves to, and the frames it prepares.
- */
-export abstract class BaseItemView<
-  Config extends ItemView.Config,
-  Item,
-  Hit extends Item,
-  Camera extends ItemView.Camera,
-  Events extends ItemView.Events<Item, Hit, Camera>,
-  Resolved,
-  Prepared,
-  Pipelines,
-  Records extends keyof Config = never,
-  Merged extends keyof Config = never,
-> extends BaseView<Config, Events, Resolved, Prepared, Records, Merged> {
-  #style: ResolvedViewStyle;
-  /** The shared style a checked config resolves to, until that config applies. */
-  #checked?: { readonly config: Config; readonly style: ResolvedViewStyle };
-  readonly #name: string;
-  readonly #known: ReadonlySet<string>;
-  readonly #styleDefaults: Partial<ResolvedViewStyle>;
-  readonly #framed: readonly (keyof Camera)[];
-  readonly #modes: readonly Mode[];
-  #target: Camera;
-  #version = 0;
-  #drawn?: Camera;
-  #viewport?: Viewport;
-  #reported?: Camera;
-  #animation?: Animation<Camera>;
-  #fitting?: { readonly items?: readonly Item[]; readonly options: View.SetOptions };
-  readonly #frames = new WeakMap<FrameInfo, Drawn<Camera, Hit>>();
-  #selection: readonly Item[] = Object.freeze([]);
-  #prune = false;
-  #pointer: Point | null = null;
-  #pointerVersion = 0;
-  #hover: Hit | null = null;
-  #hoverState: ItemView.HoverState = 'idle';
-  #hoverMs = 0;
-  /** A budget miss suspends automatic hover until the scene next moves, or its options change. */
-  #suspended = false;
-  #settleAt = 0;
-  /** Changes whenever what lies under a still pointer may have changed. */
-  #epoch = 0;
-  /** The latest asynchronous result, reused until the pointer or epoch changes. */
-  #found?: { readonly pointer: number; readonly epoch: number; readonly item: Hit | null };
-  #wake?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
-  #search?: AbortController;
-  #shade: Shade;
-  #shadeSerial = 0;
-  /** The shade's parameters, which it ticks each presented frame. */
-  readonly #parameters = new Float32Array(64);
-  #shadeAnimating = false;
-  readonly #formats = new Set<GPUTextureFormat>();
-  /** Where the last click landed, the hits it found there, and which it chose. */
-  #clicked?: { readonly point: Point; readonly found: string; readonly turn: number };
-  /** The click, double click, or menu still finding what it hit; the next one supersedes it. */
-  #asking?: AbortController;
-  /** Frames presented so far: hits found while another presents may name items it no longer draws. */
-  #presented = 0;
-  /**
-   * The layer this view draws beneath itself, which a click or a menu over none of the view's own
-   * items reaches instead.
-   */
-  protected ground?: Layer;
-
-  /** Checks every option, the input, and the starting camera before a view allocates anything. */
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: Config, shape: ItemShape<Camera>) {
-    super(gpu, config, shape);
-    if (this.prepareLayer && this.drawLayer) offerLayer(this, () => this.#layer());
-    this.#name = shape.name;
-    this.#framed = shape.framed;
-    this.#modes = shape.modes ?? MODES;
-    this.#styleDefaults = shape.style ?? {};
-    this.#known = new Set([
-      ...OPTIONS,
-      ...Object.keys(viewStyle),
-      ...(shape.records ?? []),
-      ...(shape.merged ?? []),
-      ...(shape.options ?? []),
-    ]);
-    this.check(this.config as Config);
-    this.#style = this.#checked!.style;
-    void this.resolved;
-    this.#shade = config.shade ?? defaultShade;
-    this.#target = this.#resolvePatch(
-      (config as { readonly camera?: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>> }).camera ?? {},
-      undefined,
-    );
-    let still = stillShades.get(gpu);
-    if (!still) stillShades.set(gpu, (still = { views: 0 }));
-    still.views++;
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    const closing = !this.closed;
-    super.destroy();
-    const still = closing ? stillShades.get(this.gpu) : undefined;
-    if (still && --still.views === 0) {
-      still.buffer?.destroy();
-      still.buffer = undefined;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // ── What a view supplies ──
-  /** The camera of a view with no camera options. */
-  protected abstract defaultCamera(): Camera;
-  /** A valid, normalized camera replacing `current`, or the first one; throws on an invalid one. */
-  protected abstract resolveCamera(camera: Camera, current: Camera | undefined): Camera;
-  /** A camera part way between two; undefined when they cannot ease, such as across projections. */
-  protected abstract interpolate(from: Camera, to: Camera, t: number): Camera | undefined;
-  /** The camera moved by canvas pixels. */
-  protected abstract panned(camera: Camera, dx: number, dy: number, viewport: Viewport): Camera;
-  /** The camera zoomed about a canvas point; views that do not zoom omit it. */
-  protected zoomed?(camera: Camera, factor: number, anchor: Point, viewport: Viewport): Camera;
-  /** An item's canvas point in the latest drawn frame. */
-  protected abstract position(item: Item): Point | null;
-  /** An item's identity, for selection, hover, and clicks: `itemKey` and what the view adds. */
-  protected abstract identify(item: Item): string;
-  /** What a hit found beyond its item, such as a reading's frame: hover reports a change in it. */
-  protected detail?(hit: Hit): string;
-  /** Throw when the current config cannot select an item, such as one of another source. */
-  protected accept?(item: Item): void;
-  /** Whether the presented frame draws an item. */
-  protected abstract contains(item: Item): boolean;
-  /**
-   * Items within a radius of a point in the presented frame: one hit per item, nearest first, the
-   * item drawn on top breaking ties, at most `limit`.
-   */
-  protected abstract hits(
-    point: Point,
-    radiusPx: number,
-    options: { readonly limit: number; readonly signal?: AbortSignal },
-  ): readonly Hit[] | Promise<readonly Hit[]>;
-  /** Build the pipelines for a target format, MSAA, and shade; the base caches each variant. */
-  protected abstract pipelines(
-    format: GPUTextureFormat,
-    msaa: 1 | 4,
-    shade: Shade,
-  ): Promise<Pipelines>;
-  /** React to a compiled shade replacing the previous one. */
-  protected shaded?(): void;
-  /** The view's own gestures; return a detach. Shared input is attached already. */
-  protected listen?(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, input: CanvasInput, mode: Mode): (() => void) | void;
-  /**
-   * Take a press before navigation, as dragging a block or turning the globe does, and run its drag;
-   * a press left alone clicks, pans past a click's reach, and pinches to zoom with a second pointer.
-   * A drag that ends where it began is the view's own click.
-   */
-  protected grab?(event: PointerEvent, point: Point, mode: Mode): Grab | undefined;
-  /** The view's own keys, before the shared ones; return true when handled. */
-  protected key?(event: KeyboardEvent, mode: Mode): boolean;
-  /** End a gesture in progress on Escape; return true when one ended. */
-  protected cancel?(): boolean;
-  /**
-   * Ready a frame a host draws in its own pass, with the host's camera: views a host can draw
-   * beneath itself implement it, with `drawLayer`.
-   */
-  protected prepareLayer?(frame: Preparation, scene: LayerScene): Promise<Prepared>;
-  /** Record what a hosted frame's draw reads, before the host's pass begins. */
-  protected encodeLayer?(frame: Encoding, prepared: Prepared): void;
-  /** Draw a hosted frame into the host's pass. */
-  protected drawLayer?(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder, prepared: Prepared): void;
-  /** How a hosted view looks to its host, as its captured config says: its sun and ground color. */
-  protected layerLook?(): LayerLook;
-  /** Throw when the config's source is not one the view draws; a Data by default. */
-  protected checkSource(source: unknown): void {
-    const data = source as Data | undefined;
-    if (!data?.schema || !data.tables) throw failure('invalid-input', 'A Data source is required');
-  }
-  /**
-   * Throw on input options the view cannot use. A view with options of its own checks them and
-   * passes the rest here, which rejects any it does not know.
-   */
-  protected checkInput(input: ItemView.Input): void {
-    for (const key of Object.keys(input))
-      if (!INPUT.has(key)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown input option: ' + key);
-    if (input.mode !== undefined && !this.#modes.includes(input.mode))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unsupported input mode: ' + String(input.mode));
-    if (input.wheel !== undefined && input.wheel !== 'zoom' && input.wheel !== 'modifier')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid wheel');
-    if (input.keyboard !== undefined && typeof input.keyboard !== 'boolean')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid keyboard');
-  }
-
-  // ── The contract ──
-  get camera(): Camera {
-    return this.#target;
-  }
-  get selection(): readonly Item[] {
-    return this.#selection;
-  }
-  select(items: readonly Item[]): void {
-    this.live();
-    for (const item of items) this.accept?.(item);
-    this.#replace(items);
-  }
-  async pick(point: Point, options: ItemView.PickOptions = {}): Promise<readonly Hit[]> {
-    this.live();
-    const radius = options.radiusPx ?? this.#style.pickRadiusPx,
-      limit = options.limit ?? 16;
-    if (
-      !isPoint(point) ||
-      !Number.isFinite(radius) ||
-      radius < 0 ||
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(limit) ||
-      limit < 1
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid pick');
-    options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    const presented = this.#presented,
-      hits = await this.hits(point, radius, { limit, signal: options.signal });
-    options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    return this.#still(hits, presented, limit);
-  }
-  locate(item: Item): Point | null {
-    return this.position(item);
-  }
-  fit(items?: readonly Item[], options: View.SetOptions = {}): void {
-    this.live();
-    const framed = items?.length ? items : undefined;
-    this.#fitting = { items: framed, options };
-    if (!framed) this.#move({ ...this.camera, fit: true }, {});
-    else this.invalidate();
-  }
-  reveal(item: Item, options: View.SetOptions = {}): void {
-    this.live();
-    const point = this.position(item),
-      viewport = this.#viewport,
-      [top, right, bottom, left] = insetSides(this.#style.revealPaddingPx);
-    if (!point || !viewport) return;
-    if (
-      point[0] >= left &&
-      point[1] >= top &&
-      point[0] <= viewport.width - right &&
-      point[1] <= viewport.height - bottom
-    )
-      return;
-    const moved = this.panned(
-      this.camera,
-      viewport.width / 2 - point[0],
-      viewport.height / 2 - point[1],
-      viewport,
-    );
-    this.#move(this.resolveCamera({ ...moved, fit: false }, this.camera), options);
-  }
-
-  // ── For views ──
-  /** The shared style, resolved over the view's defaults. */
-  protected get viewStyle(): ResolvedViewStyle {
-    return this.#style;
-  }
-  /** The shared style a config resolves to, for a view resolving its own style over it. */
-  protected sharedStyle(config: Config): ResolvedViewStyle {
-    return this.#checked?.config === config
-      ? this.#checked.style
-      : resolveViewStyle(config, this.#styleDefaults);
-  }
-  /** The compiled shade frames draw with. */
-  protected get shade(): Shade {
-    return this.#shade;
-  }
-  /** Whether the shade asked for another frame when it last ticked. */
-  protected get shadeAnimating(): boolean {
-    return this.#shadeAnimating;
-  }
-  /** The pointer over the canvas, in CSS pixels. */
-  protected get pointerPoint(): Point | null {
-    return this.#pointer;
-  }
-  /** Whether the style or the user's system asks for reduced motion. */
-  protected get reducedMotion(): boolean {
-    const motion = this.#style.motion;
-    return (
-      motion === 'reduce' ||
-      (motion === 'auto' &&
-        globalThis.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches === true)
-    );
-  }
-  /** The item under the pointer, as published. */
-  protected get hovered(): Hit | null {
-    return this.#hover;
-  }
-  /** This frame's pipelines: its format, the style's MSAA or a host's, and the compiled shade. */
-  protected framePipelines(frame: FrameInfo, msaa: 1 | 4 = this.#style.msaa): Promise<Pipelines> {
-    this.#formats.add(frame.format);
-    return this.#variant(frame.format, msaa, this.#shade);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Tick the shade for this frame and bind its uniforms; an animated shade keeps frames coming. An
-   * exported frame ticks a copy, leaving the shade's parameters as presented frames left them.
-   */
-  protected shadeFrame(frame: Preparation): GPUBufferBinding {
-    // The default shade reads none of its uniforms: one still buffer stands in for each frame's.
-    if (this.#shade === defaultShade) {
-      const still = stillShades.get(this.gpu)!;
-      still.buffer ??= this.gpu.buffer({
-        size: SHADE_BYTES,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-        label: 'still shade',
-      });
-      return frame.buffer(still.buffer);
-    }
-    const parameters = frame.presented ? this.#parameters : this.#parameters.slice(),
-      pointerPx = this.#pointer,
-      animating =
-        this.#shade.tick?.(parameters, {
-          timeMs: frame.timeMs,
-          pointerPx,
-          viewport: frame.viewport,
-        }) ?? false;
-    if (frame.presented) this.#shadeAnimating = animating;
-    return frame.shade({ parameters, pointerPx, timeMs: frame.timeMs });
-  }
-  /**
-   * The camera this frame draws: framed while `fit` holds, eased while animating. Call once per
-   * prepare with how this frame's geometry frames items. An exported frame frames its own size and
-   * draws where the camera is going, leaving the view's camera as it was.
-   */
-  protected async frameCamera(frame: FrameInfo, framing: Framing<Item, Camera>): Promise<Camera> {
-    let target = this.camera;
-    const fitting = this.#fitting;
-    if (fitting || target.fit) {
-      const framed = await framing(fitting?.items, target, frame.viewport);
-      if (framed) {
-        const next = this.resolveCamera(
-          { ...target, ...framed, fit: !fitting?.items } as Camera,
-          target,
-        );
-        if (!frame.presented) return next;
-        if (fitting && this.#fitting === fitting) {
-          this.#fitting = undefined;
-          this.#animation = this.#ease(fitting.options);
-          this.#target = next;
-          this.#version++;
-        } else if (!fitting && this.#target === target) this.#target = next;
-        target = next;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!frame.presented) return target;
-    let camera = target,
-      finished = false;
-    const animation = this.#animation;
-    if (animation) {
-      animation.start ??= frame.timeMs;
-      const t = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, (frame.timeMs - animation.start) / animation.duration));
-      const eased = this.interpolate(animation.from, target, t * t * (3 - 2 * t));
-      if (eased) camera = eased;
-      finished = !eased || t >= 1;
-    }
-    this.#frames.set(frame, {
-      camera,
-      version: this.#version,
-      animation,
-      finished,
-      viewport: frame.viewport,
-    });
-    return camera;
-  }
-  /** Record the camera a frame actually draws when the view adjusts it, such as an orbit step. */
-  protected drawCamera(frame: FrameInfo, camera: Camera): void {
-    const drawn = this.#frames.get(frame);
-    if (drawn) drawn.camera = camera;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Draw a host's camera this frame, as a view drawn beneath another does in place of
-   * `frameCamera`: the view then reports that camera as its own.
-   */
-  protected followCamera(frame: FrameInfo, camera: Camera): void {
-    if (!frame.presented) return;
-    this.#frames.set(frame, {
-      camera,
-      version: this.#version,
-      finished: true,
-      viewport: frame.viewport,
-    });
-  }
-  /** Whether the view takes pointer and keyboard input: its mode is not `none`. */
-  #takesInput(): boolean {
-    return (inputOf(this.config as Config).mode ?? this.#modes[0]) !== 'none';
-  }
-  /** The view as a layer a host draws beneath itself; it presents nowhere else until released. */
-  #layer(): Layer {
-    const release = compose(this),
-      animating = () => this.animating,
-      pending = () => this.pending;
-    let released = false;
-    return {
-      capture: () => {
-        const captured = this.captureHosted<LayerScene>(
-          (frame, scene) => {
-            // The host hands over the pointer only where its own items left it unclaimed, and a view
-            // that takes no input hovers nothing, so it searches for nothing.
-            const point = this.#takesInput() ? scene.pointer : null,
-              current = this.#pointer;
-            if (point?.[0] !== current?.[0] || point?.[1] !== current?.[1]) this.pointer(point);
-            return this.prepareLayer!(frame, scene);
-          },
-          (encoding, prepared) => this.encodeLayer?.(encoding, prepared),
-          (pass, prepared) => this.drawLayer!(pass, prepared),
-        );
-        return { ...captured, ...(this.layerLook?.() ?? { light: null, fill: null }) };
-      },
-      get animating() {
-        return animating();
-      },
-      get pending() {
-        return pending();
-      },
-      invalidated: (listener) => this.onInvalidate(listener),
-      click: async (point, modifiers, touch) => {
-        if (this.#takesInput()) await this.click(point, modifiers, { touch });
-      },
-      menu: async (point, trigger, modifiers) =>
-        this.#takesInput() && (await this.menu(point, trigger, modifiers, false)),
-      deselect: () => {
-        if (this.#takesInput() && this.#selection.length) this.choose([]);
-      },
-      release: () => {
-        if (released) return;
-        released = true;
-        release();
-        this.pointer(null);
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * The item to draw as hovered this frame. A synchronous search lands in this frame; an
-   * asynchronous one in the next. `moving` adds the view's own motion, such as a drag. Call once
-   * per prepare, after frameCamera. An exported frame draws the published hover and searches none.
-   */
-  protected hoverFrame(frame: FrameInfo, search: HoverSearch<Hit>, moving = false): Hit | null {
-    if (!frame.presented) return this.#hover;
-    const drawn = this.#frames.get(frame),
-      policy = this.#style.hover,
-      now = performance.now();
-    const record = (
-      item: Hit | null,
-      state: ItemView.HoverState,
-      ms = 0,
-      final = true,
-    ): Hit | null => {
-      if (drawn) drawn.hover = { item, state, pointer: this.#pointerVersion, ms, final };
-      return item;
-    };
-    const viewport = this.#viewport;
-    if (
-      moving ||
-      this.#animation ||
-      (drawn &&
-        this.#drawn &&
-        (!same(drawn.camera, this.#drawn) ||
-          drawn.viewport.width !== viewport?.width ||
-          drawn.viewport.height !== viewport?.height))
-    ) {
-      this.#settleAt = now + SETTLE_MS;
-      this.#epoch++;
-      // What lies under the pointer changed, so the next settled search gets another chance.
-      this.#suspended = false;
-    }
-    if (policy === 'off') return record(null, 'off');
-    const point = this.#pointer;
-    if (!point) return record(null, 'idle');
-    if (policy === 'auto') {
-      if (this.#suspended) return record(null, 'budget');
-      if (now < this.#settleAt) return record(null, 'moving');
-    }
-    const found = this.#found;
-    if (found?.pointer === this.#pointerVersion && found.epoch === this.#epoch)
-      return record(found.item, 'active');
-    if (this.#search) return record(this.#hover, 'active', 0, false);
-    const controller = new AbortController(),
-      version = this.#pointerVersion,
-      epoch = this.#epoch;
-    let started: unknown;
-    const result = withinBudget(
-      (check) =>
-        (started = search(point, this.#style.pickRadiusPx, { check, signal: controller.signal })),
-      policy === 'auto' ? this.#style.hoverBudgetMs : undefined,
-    );
-    if (!result.complete) {
-      // An asynchronous search that started over budget is abandoned, never published.
-      if (started instanceof Promise) {
-        controller.abort();
-        started.catch(() => {});
-      }
-      return record(null, 'budget', result.elapsedMs);
-    }
-    if (!(result.value instanceof Promise)) return record(result.value, 'active', result.elapsedMs);
-    this.#search = controller;
-    result.value.then(
-      (item) => {
-        if (this.#search !== controller) return;
-        this.#search = undefined;
-        if (version !== this.#pointerVersion || this.closed) return;
-        this.#found = { pointer: version, epoch, item };
-        this.#publish(item);
-        this.invalidate();
-      },
-      (error: unknown) => {
-        if (this.#search === controller) this.#search = undefined;
-        if (!controller.signal.aborted) this.fail(error);
-      },
-    );
-    return record(this.#hover, 'active', 0, false);
-  }
-  /** Move the pointer; frames search for the hovered item. */
-  protected pointer(point: Point | null): void {
-    if (point && !isPoint(point)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid pointer');
-    this.#pointerVersion++;
-    this.#search?.abort();
-    this.#search = undefined;
-    const had = this.#hover !== null,
-      leaving = !point && this.#pointer !== null,
-      shaded = this.#shade !== defaultShade;
-    this.#pointer = point;
-    if (!point) {
-      this.#clearWake();
-      this.#publish(null);
-    }
-    const policy = this.#style.hover,
-      searching = policy !== 'off' && !(policy === 'auto' && this.#suspended);
-    if (point && searching && policy === 'auto' && performance.now() < this.#settleAt) {
-      this.#wakeAt(this.#settleAt);
-      if (!had && !shaded) return;
-    }
-    // A frame may have drawn a hover that was never published; leaving redraws without it.
-    if (((point || leaving) && searching) || had || shaded) this.invalidate();
-  }
-  /**
-   * What lies under a still pointer changed, as when data arrives or an index makes searching
-   * cheaper: search again, even after a budget miss.
-   */
-  protected refreshHover(): void {
-    // Only a lifted suspension or a stale asynchronous result needs another frame.
-    const stale = this.#suspended || !!this.#found;
-    this.#suspended = false;
-    this.#epoch++;
-    if (this.#pointer && stale) this.invalidate();
-  }
-  /** Drop selected items the next drawn frame no longer contains, reporting the change. A new source does this already. */
-  protected pruneSelection(): void {
-    this.#prune = true;
-  }
-  /** Select what the user chose among drawn items: report it when it changed. */
-  protected choose(items: readonly Item[]): void {
-    if (this.#replace(items)) this.emit('select', this.#selection);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Select what a click at a point hits. Clicking again in place cycles through the hits there while
-   * they stay the same; a modifier toggles the topmost hit in the selection; clicking nothing clears
-   * the selection. A touch picks farther around itself. A later click, double click, or menu
-   * supersedes one still finding its hits.
-   */
-  protected async click(
-    point: Point,
-    modifiers: ItemView.Modifiers,
-    options: { readonly touch?: boolean } = {},
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    const radius = options.touch
-        ? Math.max(TOUCH_PX, this.#style.pickRadiusPx)
-        : this.#style.pickRadiusPx,
-      hits = await this.#ask(point, radius, 16);
-    if (!hits) return;
-    const additive = modifiers.shift || modifiers.control || modifiers.meta;
-    // Over none of its own items, the click reaches what the view draws beneath itself.
-    if (!hits.length && this.ground) {
-      if (!additive) this.choose([]);
-      await this.ground.click(point, modifiers, options.touch === true);
-      return;
-    }
-    const found = hits.map((hit) => this.identify(hit)).join('\n'),
-      last = this.#clicked,
-      turn =
-        !additive &&
-        last?.found === found &&
-        Math.hypot(point[0] - last.point[0], point[1] - last.point[1]) < 3
-          ? last.turn + 1
-          : 0;
-    // A toggle ends the cycle, so the next plain click starts from the topmost hit.
-    this.#clicked = additive ? undefined : { point, found, turn };
-    const hit = hits.length ? hits[turn % hits.length] : undefined;
-    if (!additive) {
-      // One click selects one thing: what the view draws beneath lets go of its own.
-      this.ground?.deselect();
-      this.choose(hit ? [hit] : []);
-    } else if (hit) {
-      const key = this.identify(hit),
-        rest = this.#selection.filter((item) => this.identify(item) !== key);
-      this.choose(rest.length === this.#selection.length ? [...rest, hit] : rest);
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Report a context menu at a canvas point with the hits there, unless a later gesture came first;
-   * over none of its own, with what it draws beneath's. Resolves whether it reported one: `empty`
-   * false reports none over nothing, as a hosted view leaves that menu to its host.
-   */
-  protected async menu(
-    point: Point,
-    trigger: 'pointer' | 'keyboard',
-    modifiers: ItemView.Modifiers,
-    empty = true,
-  ): Promise<boolean> {
-    try {
-      const items = await this.#ask(point, this.#style.pickRadiusPx, 16);
-      if (!items) return true;
-      if (!items.length && (await this.ground?.menu(point, trigger, modifiers))) return true;
-      if (!items.length && !empty) return false;
-      this.emit('contextmenu', { point, items, trigger, modifiers } as Events['contextmenu']);
-      return true;
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.fail(error);
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-  /** Zoom about a canvas point, or the center. */
-  protected zoom(factor: number, anchor?: Point): void {
-    const viewport = this.#viewport;
-    if (!viewport || !this.zoomed || !Number.isFinite(factor) || factor <= 0) return;
-    const zoomed = this.zoomed(
-      this.camera,
-      factor,
-      anchor ?? [viewport.width / 2, viewport.height / 2],
-      viewport,
-    );
-    this.#move(this.resolveCamera({ ...zoomed, fit: false }, this.camera), {});
-  }
-  /** Move by canvas pixels. */
-  protected pan(dx: number, dy: number): void {
-    const viewport = this.#viewport;
-    if (!viewport || !Number.isFinite(dx) || !Number.isFinite(dy)) return;
-    this.#move(
-      this.resolveCamera(
-        { ...this.panned(this.camera, dx, dy, viewport), fit: false },
-        this.camera,
-      ),
-      {},
-    );
-  }
-  /** Move the camera by a partial camera, as `set({ camera })` does, or follow the data with null. */
-  protected moveCamera(
-    patch: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>> | null,
-    options: View.SetOptions,
-  ): void {
-    this.cameraMove(patch)(options);
-  }
-
-  // ── Base steps ──
-  protected cameraMove(
-    patch: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>> | null,
-  ): (options: View.SetOptions) => void {
-    if (patch === null) return (options) => this.fit(undefined, options);
-    const current = this.camera,
-      next = this.#resolvePatch(patch, current);
-    return (options) => {
-      this.#move(next, options);
-      if (next.fit && !current.fit) this.#fitting = { options };
-    };
-  }
-  protected check(config: Config): void {
-    for (const key of Object.keys(config))
-      if (!this.#known.has(key))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', `Unknown ${this.#name} option: ${key}`);
-    this.checkSource((config as { readonly source?: unknown }).source);
-    const style = resolveViewStyle(config, this.#styleDefaults);
-    this.checkInput(inputOf(config));
-    // Keyed by config: a patch rejected after this check never applies its style.
-    this.#checked = { config, style };
-  }
-  protected changed(previous: Config, next: Config, options: View.SetOptions): void {
-    void options;
-    const style = this.#style;
-    this.#style = this.sharedStyle(next);
-    this.#checked = undefined;
-    const sourced = (config: Config) => (config as { readonly source?: unknown }).source;
-    if (sourced(previous) !== sourced(next)) this.#prune = true;
-    if (
-      sourced(previous) !== sourced(next) ||
-      style.hover !== this.#style.hover ||
-      style.hoverBudgetMs !== this.#style.hoverBudgetMs
-    ) {
-      this.#suspended = false;
-      this.#settleAt = 0;
-      this.#epoch++;
-    }
-    if (previous.shade !== next.shade) this.#compile(next.shade ?? defaultShade);
-  }
-  protected presented(frame: FrameInfo): void {
-    this.#presented++;
-    const drawn = this.#frames.get(frame);
-    if (!drawn) return;
-    this.#frames.delete(frame);
-    this.#drawn = drawn.camera;
-    this.#viewport = drawn.viewport;
-    if (drawn.finished && this.#animation === drawn.animation) this.#animation = undefined;
-    if (!this.#animation && this.#version === drawn.version) this.#target = drawn.camera;
-    if (!same(drawn.camera, this.#reported)) {
-      this.#reported = drawn.camera;
-      this.emit('camera', drawn.camera);
-    }
-    if (drawn.hover) this.#settle(drawn.hover);
-    if (this.#prune) {
-      this.#prune = false;
-      const kept = this.#selection.filter((item) => this.contains(item));
-      if (kept.length !== this.#selection.length) {
-        this.#selection = Object.freeze(kept);
-        this.emit('select', this.#selection);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  protected measure(): Partial<View.Stats> {
-    return {
-      hover: this.#style.hover === 'off' ? 'off' : this.#suspended ? 'budget' : this.#hoverState,
-      hoverMs: this.#hoverMs,
-    };
-  }
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return !!this.#animation || this.#shadeAnimating;
-  }
-  protected attach(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): () => void {
-    const options = inputOf(this.config as Config),
-      mode = options.mode ?? this.#modes[0],
-      navigate = mode !== 'inspect',
-      // Only a view whose camera zooms moves by pointer; another leaves the page its scrolling.
-      moves = navigate && !!this.zoomed;
-    const input = createCanvasInput({
-        canvas,
-        keyboard: options.keyboard,
-        touchAction: moves ? 'none' : 'pan-x pan-y',
-      }),
-      { signal } = input;
-    // A press is a click until it moves; a right press opens the menu where it is released in
-    // place. The browser asks for the menu on press (macOS, Linux) or after release (Windows).
-    let press:
-        | {
-            readonly id: number;
-            readonly button: number;
-            readonly point: Point;
-            readonly touch: boolean;
-            asked?: ItemView.Modifiers;
-            /** A press the view took runs its own click. */
-            grabbed?: boolean;
-          }
-        | undefined,
-      dragged = false;
-    // Navigation, the same in every view that zooms: past a click's reach one pointer pans, and two
-    // pinch to zoom. A view takes a press first with `grab`; a touch held in place opens the menu.
-    const pointers = new Map<number, { readonly start: Point; last: Point }>();
-    let grabbed: { readonly id: number; readonly grab: Grab } | undefined,
-      panning = false,
-      longPress: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
-    const settle = () => {
-      if (longPress) clearTimeout(longPress);
-      longPress = undefined;
-    };
-    /** End the view's drag: where it ends, or null when something cut it short. */
-    const drop = (point: Point | null) => {
-      const current = grabbed;
-      grabbed = undefined;
-      current?.grab.end(point);
-    };
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'pointerdown',
-      (event) => {
-        dragged = false;
-        if (event.button > 2) return;
-        const point = input.point(event),
-          touch = event.pointerType === 'touch';
-        canvas.focus({ preventScroll: true });
-        if (event.button !== 1) press = { id: event.pointerId, button: event.button, point, touch };
-        if (event.button !== 2) pointers.set(event.pointerId, { start: point, last: point });
-        if (pointers.size >= 2) {
-          // A second pointer pinches: the press it joins neither clicks nor drags.
-          press = undefined;
-          settle();
-          drop(null);
-          if (moves) input.capture(event.pointerId);
-          return;
-        }
-        if (touch && event.button === 0)
-          longPress = setTimeout(() => {
-            longPress = undefined;
-            press = undefined;
-            pointers.delete(event.pointerId);
-            drop(null);
-            void this.menu(point, 'pointer', inputModifiers(event));
-          }, LONG_PRESS_MS);
-        const grab = this.grab?.(event, point, mode);
-        if (grab) {
-          grabbed = { id: event.pointerId, grab };
-          if (press) press.grabbed = true;
-          input.capture(event.pointerId);
-        } else if (event.button === 2 || moves) input.capture(event.pointerId);
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'pointermove',
-      (event) => {
-        const point = input.point(event);
-        if (
-          press?.id === event.pointerId &&
-          Math.hypot(point[0] - press.point[0], point[1] - press.point[1]) > CLICK_PX
-        )
-          dragged = true;
-        this.pointer(point);
-        const entry = pointers.get(event.pointerId);
-        if (
-          longPress &&
-          entry &&
-          Math.hypot(point[0] - entry.start[0], point[1] - entry.start[1]) > CLICK_PX * 2
-        )
-          settle();
-        if (grabbed?.id === event.pointerId) {
-          grabbed.grab.move(point);
-          return;
-        }
-        if (!entry || !moves) return;
-        if (pointers.size >= 2) {
-          const other = [...pointers].find(([id]) => id !== event.pointerId)![1].last;
-          const before = Math.hypot(entry.last[0] - other[0], entry.last[1] - other[1]),
-            after = Math.hypot(point[0] - other[0], point[1] - other[1]);
-          if (before > 0 && after > 0)
-            this.zoom(after / before, [(point[0] + other[0]) / 2, (point[1] + other[1]) / 2]);
-          this.pan((point[0] - entry.last[0]) / 2, (point[1] - entry.last[1]) / 2);
-        } else if (
-          panning ||
-          Math.hypot(point[0] - entry.start[0], point[1] - entry.start[1]) > CLICK_PX
-        ) {
-          panning = true;
-          this.pan(point[0] - entry.last[0], point[1] - entry.last[1]);
-        } else return;
-        entry.last = point;
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    const lift = (event: PointerEvent, point: Point | null) => {
-      settle();
-      if (grabbed?.id === event.pointerId) drop(point);
-      if (pointers.delete(event.pointerId)) input.release(event.pointerId);
-      if (!pointers.size) panning = false;
-    };
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'lostpointercapture',
-      (event) => {
-        if (grabbed?.id === event.pointerId) drop(null);
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'pointerup',
-      (event) => {
-        lift(event, input.point(event));
-        if (press?.id !== event.pointerId || event.button !== press.button) return;
-        const { asked, button, touch, grabbed: taken } = press;
-        press = undefined;
-        if (button === 0) {
-          if (!dragged && !taken)
-            void this.click(input.point(event), inputModifiers(event), { touch }).catch(
-              (error: unknown) => this.fail(error),
-            );
-          return;
-        }
-        input.release(event.pointerId);
-        if (!asked) return;
-        if (!dragged) void this.menu(input.point(event), 'pointer', asked);
-        dragged = false;
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'pointercancel',
-      (event) => {
-        press = undefined;
-        lift(event, null);
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'dblclick',
-      (event) =>
-        void this.#open(input.point(event), navigate).catch((error: unknown) => this.fail(error)),
-      { signal },
-    );
-    canvas.ownerDocument.defaultView
-      ?.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)')
-      .addEventListener('change', () => this.invalidate(), { signal });
-    canvas.addEventListener('pointerleave', () => this.pointer(null), { signal });
-    canvas.addEventListener(
-      'contextmenu',
-      (event) => {
-        event.preventDefault();
-        if (press?.button === 2) press.asked = inputModifiers(event);
-        else if (press?.touch) {
-          // A touch the browser holds long enough for its menu opens ours once, there.
-          settle();
-          press = undefined;
-          drop(null);
-          void this.menu(input.point(event), 'pointer', inputModifiers(event));
-        } else if (dragged) dragged = false;
-        else void this.menu(input.point(event), 'pointer', inputModifiers(event));
-      },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    if (navigate && this.zoomed)
-      canvas.addEventListener(
-        'wheel',
-        (event) => {
-          if (options.wheel === 'modifier' && !event.ctrlKey && !event.metaKey) return;
-          event.preventDefault();
-          const delta = wheelDelta(event, { height: canvas.clientHeight });
-          this.zoom(Math.exp(-Math.max(-1000, Math.min(1000, delta)) * 0.002), input.point(event));
-        },
-        { signal, passive: false },
-      );
-    if (options.keyboard !== false)
-      canvas.addEventListener(
-        'keydown',
-        (event) => {
-          if (event.target !== canvas) return;
-          if (this.key?.(event, mode) || this.#key(event, navigate, canvas)) event.preventDefault();
-        },
-        { signal },
-      );
-    const own = this.listen?.(canvas, input, mode);
-    return () => {
-      own?.();
-      this.#asking?.abort();
-      input.destroy();
-      this.pointer(null);
-    };
-  }
-
-  #key(event: KeyboardEvent, navigate: boolean, canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): boolean {
-    const key = event.key;
-    if (key === 'Escape') {
-      if (!this.cancel?.()) this.choose([]);
-    } else if (key === 'Enter') {
-      const item = this.#selection[0];
-      if (item === undefined) return false;
-      this.emit('open', item);
-    } else if (key === 'ContextMenu' || (key === 'F10' && event.shiftKey)) {
-      const last = this.#selection.at(-1);
-      const point = (last !== undefined && this.position(last)) || [
-        canvas.clientWidth / 2,
-        canvas.clientHeight / 2,
-      ];
-      void this.menu(point as Point, 'keyboard', inputModifiers(event));
-    } else if (!navigate) return false;
-    else if (key === 'Home') this.fit(undefined, { animate: true });
-    else if ((key === '+' || key === '=') && this.zoomed) this.zoom(1.2);
-    else if (key === '-' && this.zoomed) this.zoom(1 / 1.2);
-    else return false;
-    return true;
-  }
-  /** Open the item under a double click; a double click on nothing fits the data while navigating. */
-  async #open(point: Point, navigate: boolean): Promise<void> {
-    const hits = await this.#ask(point, this.#style.pickRadiusPx, 1);
-    if (!hits) return;
-    if (hits.length) this.emit('open', hits[0]);
-    else if (navigate) this.fit(undefined, { animate: true });
-  }
-  /**
-   * Of hits found since the `presented`th frame, those the presented frame draws, at most `limit`:
-   * all of them unless another frame presented meanwhile.
-   */
-  #still(hits: readonly Hit[], presented: number, limit: number): readonly Hit[] {
-    const drawn = presented === this.#presented ? hits : hits.filter((hit) => this.contains(hit));
-    return drawn.length > limit ? drawn.slice(0, limit) : drawn;
-  }
-  /** What a gesture hit; undefined once a later gesture, or destroying the view, supersedes it. */
-  async #ask(point: Point, radiusPx: number, limit: number): Promise<readonly Hit[] | undefined> {
-    this.#asking?.abort();
-    const asking = (this.#asking = new AbortController()),
-      signal = AbortSignal.any([this.signal, asking.signal]),
-      presented = this.#presented;
-    try {
-      const hits = await this.hits(point, radiusPx, { limit, signal });
-      return signal.aborted ? undefined : this.#still(hits, presented, limit);
-    } catch (error) {
-      if (signal.aborted) return undefined;
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-  /** Replace the selection with distinct items; whether it changed. */
-  #replace(items: readonly Item[]): boolean {
-    const next = this.#unique(items),
-      last = this.#selection;
-    if (
-      next.length === last.length &&
-      next.every((item, i) => this.identify(item) === this.identify(last[i]))
-    )
-      return false;
-    this.#selection = next;
-    this.invalidate();
-    return true;
-  }
-  /**
-   * The camera a patch moves to from `current`, or the starting camera without one. A null option
-   * takes its default; moving a framed key stops fitting. Throws on an unknown key or invalid camera.
-   */
-  #resolvePatch(patch: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>, current: Camera | undefined): Camera {
-    if (!patch || typeof patch !== 'object' || Array.isArray(patch))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid camera');
-    const defaults = this.defaultCamera() as unknown as Record<string, unknown>,
-      values: Record<string, unknown> = {};
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(patch)) {
-      if (!Object.hasOwn(defaults, key))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown camera option: ' + key);
-      values[key] = value ?? defaults[key];
-    }
-    const moved = this.#framed.some((key) => Object.hasOwn(values, key)),
-      fit = (values.fit as boolean | undefined) ?? (moved ? false : (current?.fit ?? true));
-    return this.resolveCamera(
-      { ...(current ?? defaults), ...values, fit } as unknown as Camera,
-      current,
-    );
-  }
-  #move(next: Camera, options: View.SetOptions): void {
-    this.#animation = this.#ease(options);
-    this.#target = next;
-    this.#version++;
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  #ease(options: View.SetOptions): Animation<Camera> | undefined {
-    const from = this.#drawn,
-      duration = this.#style.animationMs;
-    return options.animate && from && duration > 0 && !this.reducedMotion
-      ? { from, duration }
-      : undefined;
-  }
-  #unique(items: readonly Item[]): readonly Item[] {
-    return Object.freeze([...new Map(items.map((item) => [this.identify(item), item])).values()]);
-  }
-  #publish(item: Hit | null): void {
-    const before = this.#hover;
-    if (
-      before === item ||
-      (before !== null &&
-        item !== null &&
-        this.identify(before) === this.identify(item) &&
-        this.detail?.(before) === this.detail?.(item))
-    )
-      return;
-    this.#hover = item;
-    this.emit('hover', item);
-  }
-  #settle(hover: Hovered<Hit>): void {
-    if (hover.state === 'budget') this.#suspended = true;
-    this.#hoverState = hover.state;
-    this.#hoverMs = hover.ms;
-    if (hover.final && hover.pointer === this.#pointerVersion) this.#publish(hover.item);
-    this.#clearWake();
-    if (
-      this.#pointer &&
-      this.#style.hover === 'auto' &&
-      !this.#suspended &&
-      performance.now() < this.#settleAt
-    )
-      this.#wakeAt(this.#settleAt);
-  }
-  #wakeAt(at: number): void {
-    if (this.#wake !== undefined) return;
-    this.#wake = setTimeout(
-      () => {
-        this.#wake = undefined;
-        if (this.#pointer) this.invalidate();
-      },
-      Math.max(1, at - performance.now()),
-    );
-  }
-  #clearWake(): void {
-    if (this.#wake !== undefined) clearTimeout(this.#wake);
-    this.#wake = undefined;
-  }
-  /** One pipeline variant, shared by every view of this kind on the Gpu. */
-  #variant(format: GPUTextureFormat, msaa: 1 | 4, shade: Shade): Promise<Pipelines> {
-    let kinds = variants.get(this.gpu);
-    if (!kinds) variants.set(this.gpu, (kinds = new WeakMap()));
-    let cache = kinds.get(this.constructor);
-    if (!cache) kinds.set(this.constructor, (cache = new Map<string, Promise<unknown>>()));
-    const key = format + ':' + msaa + ':' + shade.wgsl,
-      found = cache.get(key) as Promise<Pipelines> | undefined;
-    if (found) {
-      // The most recently used variant is the last evicted.
-      cache.delete(key);
-      cache.set(key, found);
-      return found;
-    }
-    const built = this.pipelines(format, msaa, shade),
-      held = cache;
-    held.set(key, built);
-    void built.catch(() => {
-      if (held.get(key) === built) held.delete(key);
-    });
-    if (held.size > VARIANTS) held.delete(held.keys().next().value!);
-    return built;
-  }
-  /** Compile a shade for every format in use, then swap it in; a later shade wins. */
-  #compile(shade: Shade): void {
-    const serial = ++this.#shadeSerial,
-      msaa = this.#style.msaa,
-      formats: GPUTextureFormat[] = this.#formats.size ? [...this.#formats] : ['rgba8unorm'];
-    Promise.all(formats.map((format) => this.#variant(format, msaa, shade))).then(
-      () => {
-        if (serial !== this.#shadeSerial || this.closed) return;
-        this.#shade = shade;
-        this.#parameters.fill(0);
-        this.#shadeAnimating = false;
-        this.shaded?.();
-        this.invalidate();
-      },
-      (error: unknown) => {
-        if (serial === this.#shadeSerial) this.fail(error);
-      },
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-/** A config's input options, which views keep expanded from a mode shorthand. */
-function inputOf(config: ItemView.Config): ItemView.Input {
-  const input = config.input ?? {};
-  if (typeof input !== 'object' || Array.isArray(input))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid input');
-  return input;
-}
-function isPoint(point: unknown): point is Point {
-  return Array.isArray(point) && point.length === 2 && point.every(Number.isFinite);
-}
-/** Shallow equality of camera values; tuples compare by element. */
-function same(a: object | undefined, b: object | undefined): boolean {
-  if (a === b) return true;
-  if (!a || !b) return false;
-  const x = a as Record<string, unknown>,
-    y = b as Record<string, unknown>;
-  const xs = Object.keys(x);
-  if (xs.length !== Object.keys(y).length) return false;
-  for (const key of xs) {
-    const u = x[key],
-      v = y[key];
-    if (u === v) continue;
-    if (!Array.isArray(u) || !Array.isArray(v) || u.length !== v.length) return false;
-    for (let i = 0; i < u.length; i++) if (u[i] !== v[i]) return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/layer.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/layer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f5222b80..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/layer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-import type { RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import type { Encoding, Preparation } from '../frame/render.js';
-import type { Light, ProjectedCamera } from './projection.js';
-import type { Point } from './view.js';
-import type { ItemView } from './item-view.js';
-/** What a host's frame tells the view it draws beneath itself. */
-export interface LayerScene {
-  /** The camera the host draws this frame with. */
-  readonly camera: ProjectedCamera;
-  /** The host's samples per pixel, which the layer's pipelines match. */
-  readonly msaa: 1 | 4;
-  /** The pointer, where the host found nothing under it: the layer's to hover, unless it takes no input. */
-  readonly pointer: Point | null;
-  /**
-   * The host's scene block this frame, the projection and the light its uniforms begin with, as
-   * `Projector.write` and `Projector.light` lay them out: the layer binds it in place of its own,
-   * so a frame writes its camera once.
-   */
-  readonly scene: GPUBufferBinding;
-}
-/** A layer's prepared frame, drawn inside its host's pass before the host's own draws. */
-export interface PreparedLayer {
-  /** Record work the draw reads, such as compute passes, before the host's pass begins. */
-  encode(frame: Encoding): void;
-  /** Draw into the host's pass: premultiplied color over a `depth32float` depth attachment. */
-  draw(pass: GPURenderPassEncoder): void;
-  submitted(): void;
-  discard(): void;
-}
-/** How a layer looks to its host: the sun it lights the scene with, and the ground's color. */
-export interface LayerLook {
-  /** The sun the layer lights the host's scene with, or none. */
-  readonly light: Light | null;
-  /** The color the layer fills the ground with, which what draws over it matches, as halos do. */
-  readonly fill: RGBA | null;
-}
-/** A layer's frame, captured with its host's, before anything prepares. */
-export interface CapturedLayer extends LayerLook {
-  prepare(frame: Preparation, scene: LayerScene): Promise<PreparedLayer>;
-  release(): void;
-}
-/**
- * A view another view draws beneath itself, in its own pass, with its camera, `at`, and depth: one
- * pass, one camera, nothing composited. While hosted, the view presents nowhere else. Input the host
- * leaves reaches it, unless its own `input` is `none`.
- */
-export interface Layer {
-  capture(): CapturedLayer;
-  /** Whether the layer wants another frame, as it eases or loads. */
-  readonly animating: boolean;
-  /** Settles once work the layer started, such as loading tiles, lands. */
-  readonly pending: Promise<void> | undefined;
-  /** Follow the layer's invalidations; returns the unsubscribe. */
-  invalidated(listener: () => void): () => void;
-  /** A click the host's own items left unclaimed: the layer selects what it hits there. */
-  click(point: Point, modifiers: ItemView.Modifiers, touch: boolean): Promise<void>;
-  /**
-   * A menu the host's own items left unclaimed: the layer reports it with its hits there, and
-   * resolves whether it did; over none, the host reports the menu itself.
-   */
-  menu(
-    point: Point,
-    trigger: 'pointer' | 'keyboard',
-    modifiers: ItemView.Modifiers,
-  ): Promise<boolean>;
-  /** Clear the layer's selection, as a click selects the host's own items. */
-  deselect(): void;
-  /** End hosting; the view may present again. */
-  release(): void;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/presentation.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/presentation.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c1f716b..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/presentation.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-import type { RenderTarget } from '../frame/render.js';
-import type { TargetSize } from './target.js';
-
-export type Canvas = HTMLCanvasElement | OffscreenCanvas;
-export interface Presentation extends RenderTarget {
-  readonly canvas: Canvas;
-  resize(size: TargetSize): void;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-
-/** Owns canvas configuration and backing dimensions; borrows the Gpu. */
-export function createPresentation(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  options: {
-    readonly canvas: Canvas;
-    readonly format?: GPUTextureFormat;
-    readonly alphaMode?: GPUCanvasAlphaMode;
-    readonly colorSpace?: PredefinedColorSpace;
-    readonly usage?: GPUTextureUsageFlags;
-  },
-): Presentation {
-  const { canvas } = options;
-  const context = canvas.getContext('webgpu') as GPUCanvasContext | null;
-  if (!context) throw failure('unavailable', 'Canvas has no WebGPU context');
-  const format = options.format ?? globalThis.navigator?.gpu?.getPreferredCanvasFormat();
-  if (!format) throw failure('unavailable', 'A canvas format is required without navigator.gpu');
-  const html = 'getAttribute' in canvas;
-  const saved = html
-    ? [canvas.getAttribute('width'), canvas.getAttribute('height')]
-    : [canvas.width, canvas.height];
-  const restore = (): void => {
-    if (html) {
-      for (const [i, name] of ['width', 'height'].entries()) {
-        if (saved[i] === null) canvas.removeAttribute(name);
-        else canvas.setAttribute(name, String(saved[i]));
-      }
-    } else {
-      canvas.width = saved[0] as number;
-      canvas.height = saved[1] as number;
-    }
-  };
-  let closed = false;
-  const assertLive = (): void => {
-    if (closed) throw failure('closed', 'Presentation is closed');
-  };
-  try {
-    context.configure({
-      device: gpu.device,
-      format,
-      alphaMode: options.alphaMode ?? 'premultiplied',
-      colorSpace: options.colorSpace ?? 'srgb',
-      usage: options.usage ?? GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-    });
-  } catch (error) {
-    try {
-      context.unconfigure();
-    } catch {
-      /* Preserve the configuration failure. */
-    }
-    try {
-      restore();
-    } catch {
-      /* Preserve the configuration failure. */
-    }
-    throw error;
-  }
-  return {
-    canvas,
-    device: gpu.device,
-    format,
-    get width() {
-      return canvas.width;
-    },
-    get height() {
-      return canvas.height;
-    },
-    texture() {
-      assertLive();
-      return context.getCurrentTexture();
-    },
-    resize(size) {
-      assertLive();
-      integer(size.width, 'canvas width', 1, gpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-      integer(size.height, 'canvas height', 1, gpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-      if (canvas.width !== size.width) canvas.width = size.width;
-      if (canvas.height !== size.height) canvas.height = size.height;
-    },
-    destroy() {
-      if (closed) return;
-      closed = true;
-      try {
-        context.unconfigure();
-      } finally {
-        restore();
-      }
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/projected-view.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/projected-view.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e58efee..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/projected-view.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import type { FrameInfo, Viewport } from '../frame/render.js';
-import type { Bounds2D } from './camera.js';
-import { BaseItemView, type Grab, type ItemShape, type ItemView } from './item-view.js';
-import { Projector, type ProjectedCamera } from './projection.js';
-import { MAX_PITCH, type ProjectedStyle, type ResolvedViewStyle } from './style.js';
-import type { Point } from './view.js';
-
-type Mode = NonNullable<ItemView.Input['mode']>;
-/** Degrees of bearing, and of pitch, a CSS pixel of a drag turns the camera. */
-const TURN_BEARING = 0.4,
-  TURN_PITCH = 0.25;
-/** Degrees an orbit at rate 1 turns each millisecond, and the most time one step covers. */
-const ORBIT = 0.012,
-  ORBIT_STEP_MS = 100;
-/** How far an arrow key turns the camera, in CSS pixels of a drag. */
-const ARROW_PX = 24;
-
-/**
- * The base of every view with a projected camera, over a plane or the earth. It fits from the
- * style's pitch and bearing, eases within a projection, pans, zooms, turns with the right button,
- * Shift, or Shift and an arrow, and orbits while motion is allowed; a view supplies the rest.
- */
-export abstract class ProjectedView<
-  Config extends ItemView.Config,
-  Item,
-  Hit extends Item,
-  Events extends ItemView.Events<Item, Hit, ProjectedCamera>,
-  Resolved,
-  Prepared,
-  Pipelines,
-  Records extends keyof Config = never,
-  Merged extends keyof Config = never,
-> extends BaseItemView<
-  Config,
-  Item,
-  Hit,
-  ProjectedCamera,
-  Events,
-  Resolved,
-  Prepared,
-  Pipelines,
-  Records,
-  Merged
-> {
-  /** When the last presented frame turned the orbit, in the frames' clock. */
-  #orbitTime?: number;
-  readonly #orbiting = new WeakSet<FrameInfo>();
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: Config, shape: Omit<ItemShape<ProjectedCamera>, 'framed'>) {
-    super(gpu, config, {
-      ...shape,
-      framed: ['projection', 'center', 'scale', 'pitch', 'bearing'],
-    });
-  }
-  /** The view's resolved style, which holds the projected style. */
-  protected abstract get style(): Required<ProjectedStyle> & ResolvedViewStyle;
-
-  protected defaultCamera(): ProjectedCamera {
-    return Projector.camera;
-  }
-  /** Orbiting needs motion and a tilt: turning it on tilts a flat camera. */
-  protected resolveCamera(
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    current: ProjectedCamera | undefined,
-  ): ProjectedCamera {
-    let next: ProjectedCamera = { ...camera, orbit: camera.orbit && !this.reducedMotion };
-    if (next.orbit && !current?.orbit && next.projection === 'flat')
-      next = { ...next, projection: 'tilt', pitch: this.style.fitPitch };
-    return Projector.check(next);
-  }
-  protected interpolate(
-    from: ProjectedCamera,
-    to: ProjectedCamera,
-    t: number,
-  ): ProjectedCamera | undefined {
-    return from.projection === to.projection ? Projector.mix(from, to, t) : undefined;
-  }
-  protected panned(camera: ProjectedCamera, dx: number, dy: number): ProjectedCamera {
-    return { ...Projector.move(camera, dx, dy), orbit: false };
-  }
-  protected zoomed(
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    factor: number,
-    anchor: Point,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): ProjectedCamera {
-    return { ...Projector.zoom(camera, factor, anchor, viewport), orbit: false };
-  }
-  /** Turn the camera as a drag of canvas pixels does: a flat plane tilts to turn, the mercator plane only turns. */
-  protected turn(dx: number, dy: number): void {
-    const camera = this.camera;
-    this.moveCamera(
-      {
-        projection: camera.projection === 'flat' ? 'tilt' : camera.projection,
-        bearing: camera.bearing + dx * TURN_BEARING,
-        pitch: Math.max(0, Math.min(MAX_PITCH, camera.pitch - dy * TURN_PITCH)),
-        orbit: false,
-      },
-      {},
-    );
-  }
-  /** The right button, or Shift, turns the camera; any other press pans as every view does. */
-  protected grab(event: PointerEvent, point: Point, mode: Mode): Grab | undefined {
-    if (mode === 'inspect' || (event.button !== 2 && !event.shiftKey)) return undefined;
-    let last = point;
-    return {
-      move: (next) => {
-        this.turn(next[0] - last[0], next[1] - last[1]);
-        last = next;
-      },
-      end() {},
-    };
-  }
-  /** Shift and an arrow turn the camera; plain arrows pan as in every view. */
-  protected key(event: KeyboardEvent, mode: Mode): boolean {
-    const step = arrowStep(event);
-    if (!step || mode === 'inspect') return false;
-    if (event.shiftKey) this.turn(step[0], step[1]);
-    else this.pan(step[0], step[1]);
-    return true;
-  }
-  /** The camera keys that frame bounds, from the style's pitch and bearing. */
-  protected fitted(
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    bounds: Bounds2D,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): Partial<ProjectedCamera> {
-    const { fitPaddingPx, fitPitch, fitBearing } = this.style;
-    const { center, scale, pitch, bearing } = Projector.fit(
-      camera,
-      bounds,
-      viewport,
-      fitPaddingPx,
-      {
-        pitch: fitPitch,
-        bearing: fitBearing,
-      },
-    );
-    return { center, scale, pitch, bearing };
-  }
-  /**
-   * The camera a frame draws, turned by its orbit since the last presented frame, and recorded as
-   * the frame's own. Only presented frames turn it, and never under reduced motion: an export
-   * draws the camera where it is.
-   */
-  protected orbited(frame: FrameInfo, camera: ProjectedCamera): ProjectedCamera {
-    if (!camera.orbit || !frame.presented || this.reducedMotion) return camera;
-    const last = this.#orbitTime,
-      dt = last === undefined ? 0 : Math.max(0, Math.min(ORBIT_STEP_MS, frame.timeMs - last));
-    const next = {
-      ...camera,
-      fit: false,
-      bearing: camera.bearing + dt * ORBIT * this.style.orbitRate,
-    };
-    this.#orbiting.add(frame);
-    this.drawCamera(frame, next);
-    return next;
-  }
-  protected presented(frame: FrameInfo): void {
-    super.presented(frame);
-    this.#orbitTime = this.#orbiting.has(frame) ? frame.timeMs : undefined;
-  }
-  /** An orbit keeps frames coming, unless motion is reduced. */
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return super.animating || (this.camera.orbit && !this.reducedMotion);
-  }
-}
-/** The canvas pixels an arrow key moves by, or null for any other key. */
-export function arrowStep(event: KeyboardEvent): Point | null {
-  switch (event.key) {
-    case 'ArrowLeft':
-      return [ARROW_PX, 0];
-    case 'ArrowRight':
-      return [-ARROW_PX, 0];
-    case 'ArrowUp':
-      return [0, ARROW_PX];
-    case 'ArrowDown':
-      return [0, -ARROW_PX];
-  }
-  return null;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/projection.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/projection.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6618f59e..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/projection.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,604 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Viewport } from '../frame/render.js';
-import { clipStroke, type ClipPoint } from '../style/stroke.js';
-import { fitCamera, zoomCamera, type Bounds2D, type Insets } from './camera.js';
-import type { ItemView } from './item-view.js';
-
-/** The camera every projected view shares: where it looks, how close, and from what angle. */
-export interface ProjectedCamera extends ItemView.Camera {
-  readonly projection: ProjectedCamera.Projection;
-  /** Model coordinates; longitude and latitude in degrees for geographic data. */
-  readonly center: readonly [x: number, y: number];
-  /** Pixels per model unit. */
-  readonly scale: number;
-  /** Degrees from straight down, up to 80; zero unless the projection pitches. */
-  readonly pitch: number;
-  /** Degrees clockwise. */
-  readonly bearing: number;
-  /** Turn about the center. */
-  readonly orbit: boolean;
-}
-export declare namespace ProjectedCamera {
-  /** How a view lays its coordinates out: a plane, the mercator plane, a tilted plane, or a globe. */
-  type Projection = 'flat' | 'mercator' | 'tilt' | 'globe';
-}
-/** Each projection's traits: whether it needs geographic coordinates, and whether it pitches. */
-export const PROJECTIONS: Readonly<
-  Record<ProjectedCamera.Projection, { readonly geographic: boolean; readonly pitched: boolean }>
-> = Object.freeze({
-  flat: Object.freeze({ geographic: false, pitched: false }),
-  mercator: Object.freeze({ geographic: true, pitched: false }),
-  tilt: Object.freeze({ geographic: false, pitched: true }),
-  globe: Object.freeze({ geographic: true, pitched: true }),
-});
-/** The sun lighting a projected scene: where it shines from, and how dark night gets. */
-export interface Light {
-  /** Unit direction toward the sun, in the globe's frame. */
-  readonly sun: readonly [number, number, number];
-  /** How bright night stays, from 0 to 1. */
-  readonly nightFloor: number;
-  /** How wide the band from day to night is, in the dot product of normal and sun. */
-  readonly terminatorWidth: number;
-}
-/** Where a point lands: canvas pixels, depth, whether it shows, and where it lies in the world. */
-export interface Projected {
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-  readonly depth: number;
-  readonly visible: boolean;
-  readonly world: readonly [number, number, number];
-  readonly clip: ClipPoint;
-}
-
-const DEG = Math.PI / 180;
-/** Mercator stops short of the poles, where it runs to infinity. */
-const MERCATOR_LIMIT = 85.0511287798;
-/** The globe's center along the view axis, in world units below the camera's ground point. */
-const NEAR = 0.001;
-/** Floats in the projection block every projected pipeline binds: six vec4. */
-const BLOCK = 24;
-/** Floats in the scene block every projected view's uniforms begin with: the projection, then the light. */
-const SCENE = 32;
-
-/** The shortest turn from one angle to another in degrees, from -180 to 180. */
-function turn(a: number, b: number): number {
-  return ((((b - a) % 360) + 540) % 360) - 180;
-}
-/** A latitude on the mercator plane, in degrees of longitude at the equator. */
-function mercator(latitude: number): number {
-  const l = Math.max(-MERCATOR_LIMIT, Math.min(MERCATOR_LIMIT, latitude)) * DEG;
-  return Math.log(Math.tan(Math.PI / 4 + l / 2)) / DEG;
-}
-/** The latitude a mercator coordinate stands for. */
-function unmercator(y: number): number {
-  return (2 * Math.atan(Math.exp(y * DEG)) - Math.PI / 2) / DEG;
-}
-/** The sun's direction at a time, in the globe's frame. */
-function sunAt(timeMs: number): readonly [number, number, number] {
-  const date = new Date(timeMs),
-    day = (timeMs - Date.UTC(date.getUTCFullYear(), 0, 1)) / 86400000;
-  const declination = -23.44 * Math.cos((2 * Math.PI * (day + 10)) / 365.25) * DEG,
-    longitude = (0.5 - (timeMs % 86400000) / 86400000) * Math.PI * 2;
-  return [
-    Math.cos(declination) * Math.cos(longitude),
-    Math.sin(declination),
-    -Math.cos(declination) * Math.sin(longitude),
-  ];
-}
-/** A plane's y for a model y: the latitude's place on the mercator plane, or itself. */
-function planeY(camera: ProjectedCamera, y: number): number {
-  return camera.projection === 'mercator' ? mercator(y) : y;
-}
-
-/**
- * A camera on a viewport: projects model points to the canvas as every projected shader does, and
- * writes the projection block those shaders read. Its statics move and check cameras.
- */
-export class Projector {
-  /** Floats the projection block takes in a uniform buffer: six vec4. */
-  static readonly floats = BLOCK;
-  /**
-   * Floats of the scene block a projected view's uniforms begin with: the projection, then the
-   * light at `floats`. A view drawn beneath another binds its host's in place of its own.
-   */
-  static readonly scene = SCENE;
-  /** The shortest turn from one angle to another in degrees, from -180 to 180. */
-  static readonly turn = turn;
-  /** A latitude's place on the mercator plane, in degrees of longitude at the equator. */
-  static readonly mercator = mercator;
-  /** The latitude a place on the mercator plane stands for. */
-  static readonly latitude = unmercator;
-  /** The sun's direction at a time, in the globe's frame. */
-  static readonly sun = sunAt;
-  /** Write a light, or none, into a uniform buffer at `at`: two vec4, as the shader's `Light`. */
-  static readonly light = writeLight;
-  /** Where a camera starts: flat at the origin, following the data. */
-  static readonly camera: ProjectedCamera = Object.freeze({
-    projection: 'flat',
-    center: Object.freeze([0, 0]) as unknown as ProjectedCamera['center'],
-    scale: 1,
-    pitch: 0,
-    bearing: 0,
-    fit: true,
-    orbit: false,
-  });
-  /** The camera, checked and normalized: an unpitched projection holds no pitch. */
-  static check(camera: ProjectedCamera): ProjectedCamera {
-    if (
-      !Object.hasOwn(PROJECTIONS, camera.projection) ||
-      camera.center?.length !== 2 ||
-      ![...camera.center, camera.scale, camera.pitch, camera.bearing].every(Number.isFinite) ||
-      camera.scale <= 0 ||
-      camera.pitch < 0 ||
-      camera.pitch > 80 ||
-      typeof camera.fit !== 'boolean' ||
-      typeof camera.orbit !== 'boolean'
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid camera');
-    const pitched = PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].pitched;
-    return Object.freeze({ ...camera, pitch: pitched ? camera.pitch : 0 });
-  }
-  /** The camera framing model bounds with padding, at the given pitch and bearing where it pitches. */
-  static fit(
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    bounds: Bounds2D,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-    padding: Insets,
-    view: { readonly pitch: number; readonly bearing: number },
-  ): ProjectedCamera {
-    const mercatorPlane = camera.projection === 'mercator';
-    const plane: Bounds2D = mercatorPlane
-      ? [bounds[0], mercator(bounds[1]), bounds[2], mercator(bounds[3])]
-      : bounds;
-    const pose = fitCamera(plane, viewport, padding);
-    return {
-      ...camera,
-      center: [pose.center[0], mercatorPlane ? unmercator(pose.center[1]) : pose.center[1]],
-      scale: pose.scale[0],
-      fit: true,
-      bearing: view.bearing,
-      pitch: PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].pitched ? view.pitch : 0,
-    };
-  }
-  /** The camera zoomed by a factor about a canvas point, which stays where it is. */
-  static zoom(
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    factor: number,
-    anchor: readonly [number, number],
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): ProjectedCamera {
-    const y = planeY(camera, camera.center[1]);
-    const result = zoomCamera(
-      { center: [camera.center[0], y], scale: [camera.scale, camera.scale], yDirection: 'up' },
-      factor,
-      anchor,
-      viewport,
-    );
-    return {
-      ...camera,
-      center: [
-        result.center[0],
-        camera.projection === 'mercator' ? unmercator(result.center[1]) : result.center[1],
-      ],
-      scale: Math.max(1e-12, Math.min(1e12, result.scale[0])),
-      fit: false,
-    };
-  }
-  /** The camera moved by canvas pixels, along its bearing and pitch. */
-  static move(camera: ProjectedCamera, dx: number, dy: number): ProjectedCamera {
-    const b = camera.bearing * DEG,
-      cp = Math.max(0.15, Math.cos(camera.pitch * DEG));
-    const x = -dx / camera.scale,
-      y = dy / camera.scale / cp,
-      limit = camera.projection === 'globe' ? 89.9 : Infinity;
-    const cx = camera.center[0] + Math.cos(b) * x - Math.sin(b) * y;
-    let cy = camera.center[1];
-    if (camera.projection === 'mercator')
-      cy = unmercator(mercator(cy) + Math.sin(b) * x + Math.cos(b) * y);
-    else cy = Math.max(-limit, Math.min(limit, cy + Math.sin(b) * x + Math.cos(b) * y));
-    return { ...camera, center: [cx, cy], fit: false };
-  }
-  /** A camera part way from one to another of the same projection: the short way round a globe. */
-  static mix(a: ProjectedCamera, b: ProjectedCamera, t: number): ProjectedCamera {
-    return {
-      ...b,
-      center: [
-        a.center[0] +
-          (PROJECTIONS[b.projection].geographic
-            ? turn(a.center[0], b.center[0])
-            : b.center[0] - a.center[0]) *
-            t,
-        a.center[1] + (b.center[1] - a.center[1]) * t,
-      ],
-      scale: Math.exp(Math.log(a.scale) + (Math.log(b.scale) - Math.log(a.scale)) * t),
-      pitch: a.pitch + (b.pitch - a.pitch) * t,
-      bearing: a.bearing + turn(a.bearing, b.bearing) * t,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /** Pixels per world unit: the camera's scale, per radian on a globe. */
-  private readonly unit: number;
-  /** How far the eye stands from the ground point, in world units. */
-  private readonly distance: number;
-  private readonly cosBearing: number;
-  private readonly sinBearing: number;
-  private readonly cosPitch: number;
-  private readonly sinPitch: number;
-  /** The center's place on its plane: its mercator y on the mercator plane. */
-  private readonly centerY: number;
-  constructor(
-    readonly camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    readonly viewport: Viewport,
-  ) {
-    this.unit = camera.scale / (camera.projection === 'globe' ? DEG : 1);
-    this.distance = Math.max(1e-9, (viewport.height * 1.5) / this.unit);
-    this.cosBearing = Math.cos(camera.bearing * DEG);
-    this.sinBearing = Math.sin(camera.bearing * DEG);
-    this.cosPitch = Math.cos(camera.pitch * DEG);
-    this.sinPitch = Math.sin(camera.pitch * DEG);
-    this.centerY = planeY(camera, camera.center[1]);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Write the projection block at `at`: the viewport and kind, scale and distance, bearing and
-   * pitch, the center's latitude and the drawn height, the center, and the center split into
-   * high and low parts, which places points held relative to their own origins precisely.
-   * `geographic` says whether the data's coordinates are longitude and latitude, which daylight
-   * and the mercator plane read.
-   */
-  write(into: Float32Array, at: number, geographic: boolean, height = 0): void {
-    const { camera, viewport } = this,
-      kind = camera.projection === 'globe' ? 2 : camera.projection === 'tilt' ? 1 : 0,
-      plane = camera.projection === 'mercator' ? 2 : geographic ? 1 : 0,
-      [x, y] = camera.center,
-      hx = Math.fround(x),
-      hy = Math.fround(y);
-    into.set(
-      [
-        viewport.width,
-        viewport.height,
-        viewport.pixelRatio,
-        kind,
-        this.unit,
-        this.distance,
-        this.centerY,
-        0,
-        this.cosBearing,
-        this.sinBearing,
-        this.cosPitch,
-        this.sinPitch,
-        Math.sin(camera.center[1] * DEG),
-        Math.cos(camera.center[1] * DEG),
-        height,
-        plane,
-        camera.center[0],
-        camera.center[1],
-        Math.sin(camera.center[0] * DEG),
-        Math.cos(camera.center[0] * DEG),
-        hx,
-        hy,
-        x - hx,
-        y - hy,
-      ],
-      at,
-    );
-  }
-  /** Where a model point and height land, as the shaders place them. */
-  project(x: number, y: number, height = 0): Projected {
-    const { camera, viewport, distance } = this;
-    let dx = x - camera.center[0],
-      dy = planeY(camera, y) - this.centerY,
-      z = height,
-      facing = true;
-    if (camera.projection === 'globe') {
-      const lon = turn(camera.center[0], x) * DEG,
-        lat = y * DEG,
-        anchor = camera.center[1] * DEG;
-      const ca = Math.cos(anchor),
-        sa = Math.sin(anchor),
-        cl = Math.cos(lat),
-        sl = Math.sin(lat);
-      dx = cl * Math.sin(lon) * (1 + height);
-      dy = (sl * ca - cl * Math.cos(lon) * sa) * (1 + height);
-      const normal = sl * sa + cl * Math.cos(lon) * ca;
-      z = normal * (1 + height) - 1;
-      // The eye, in the frame the point lies in: a point faces it when it lies past the horizon plane.
-      const cy = -this.sinPitch * distance,
-        cz = 1 + this.cosPitch * distance;
-      facing = dx * -this.sinBearing * cy + dy * this.cosBearing * cy + normal * cz > 1;
-    }
-    const flat = !PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].pitched;
-    const rx = dx * this.cosBearing + dy * this.sinBearing,
-      ry = -dx * this.sinBearing + dy * this.cosBearing;
-    const w = flat ? distance : distance + ry * this.sinPitch - z * this.cosPitch,
-      sy = flat ? ry : ry * this.cosPitch + z * this.sinPitch;
-    const depth = flat
-      ? 0.5 - height / (distance * 4)
-      : (1 - (distance * NEAR) / w) / (1 - NEAR / 1000);
-    return {
-      x: viewport.width / 2 + (rx * this.unit * distance) / w,
-      y: viewport.height / 2 - (sy * this.unit * distance) / w,
-      depth,
-      visible:
-        facing &&
-        w > distance * NEAR &&
-        depth >= 0 &&
-        depth <= 1 &&
-        [x, y, height].every(Number.isFinite),
-      world: [dx, dy, z],
-      clip: [
-        (rx * this.unit * distance * 2) / viewport.width,
-        (sy * this.unit * distance * 2) / viewport.height,
-        depth * w,
-        w,
-      ],
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * The model point under a canvas point on the ground: the plane, or the globe's surface; null
-   * off the globe or above the horizon.
-   */
-  unproject(point: readonly [number, number]): readonly [number, number] | null {
-    const { camera, viewport, distance } = this;
-    const ndcX = (point[0] / viewport.width) * 2 - 1,
-      ndcY = 1 - (point[1] / viewport.height) * 2;
-    // The ray from the eye through the pixel, in the camera's turned frame.
-    const right = [this.cosBearing, this.sinBearing, 0],
-      front = [this.sinBearing * this.sinPitch, -this.cosBearing * this.sinPitch, this.cosPitch],
-      up = [-this.sinBearing * this.cosPitch, this.cosBearing * this.cosPitch, this.sinPitch];
-    const sx = (ndcX * viewport.width) / (2 * this.unit),
-      sy = (ndcY * viewport.height) / (2 * this.unit);
-    if (!PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].pitched) {
-      const dx = sx * right[0] + sy * up[0],
-        dy = sx * right[1] + sy * up[1];
-      return [camera.center[0] + dx, this.modelY(this.centerY + dy)];
-    }
-    const eye = front.map((v) => v * distance),
-      direction = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => right[i] * sx + up[i] * sy - front[i] * distance);
-    if (camera.projection === 'tilt') {
-      if (Math.abs(direction[2]) < 1e-9) return null;
-      const t = -eye[2] / direction[2];
-      if (t < 0) return null;
-      const dx = eye[0] + direction[0] * t,
-        dy = eye[1] + direction[1] * t;
-      return [camera.center[0] + dx, camera.center[1] + dy];
-    }
-    // The globe: where the ray meets the unit sphere centered one unit below the ground point.
-    const oc = [eye[0], eye[1], eye[2] + 1],
-      a = direction.reduce((n, v) => n + v * v, 0),
-      b = direction.reduce((n, v, i) => n + v * oc[i], 0),
-      c = oc.reduce((n, v) => n + v * v, 0) - 1,
-      disc = b * b - a * c;
-    if (disc < 0) return null;
-    const t = (-b - Math.sqrt(disc)) / a;
-    if (t < 0) return null;
-    const hit = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => eye[i] + direction[i] * t);
-    const n = [hit[0], hit[1], hit[2] + 1],
-      ca = Math.cos(camera.center[1] * DEG),
-      sa = Math.sin(camera.center[1] * DEG);
-    // Back from the camera-centered frame to longitude and latitude.
-    const north = n[1] * ca + n[2] * sa,
-      east = n[0],
-      toward = n[2] * ca - n[1] * sa;
-    return [
-      camera.center[0] + Math.atan2(east, toward) / DEG,
-      Math.asin(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, north))) / DEG,
-    ];
-  }
-  /** A segment between two projected points clipped to the view, or null when none of it shows. */
-  stroke(a: Projected, b: Projected): readonly [Projected, Projected] | null {
-    if (![...a.world, ...b.world].every(Number.isFinite)) return null;
-    const range = clipStroke(a.clip, b.clip);
-    if (!range) return null;
-    const { viewport } = this;
-    const sample = (t: number): Projected => {
-      const clip = a.clip.map((v, i) => v + (b.clip[i] - v) * t) as unknown as ClipPoint;
-      const world = a.world.map(
-        (v, i) => v + (b.world[i] - v) * t,
-      ) as unknown as Projected['world'];
-      return {
-        x: ((clip[0] / clip[3] + 1) * viewport.width) / 2,
-        y: ((1 - clip[1] / clip[3]) * viewport.height) / 2,
-        depth: clip[2] / clip[3],
-        clip,
-        world,
-        visible: true,
-      };
-    };
-    return [range[0] === 0 ? a : sample(range[0]), range[1] === 1 ? b : sample(range[1])];
-  }
-  /** Whether a world point shows: the globe hides what lies behind it, raised points included. */
-  visible(world: Projected['world']): boolean {
-    if (this.camera.projection !== 'globe') return true;
-    const eye = [
-      this.sinBearing * this.sinPitch * this.distance,
-      -this.cosBearing * this.sinPitch * this.distance,
-      this.cosPitch * this.distance,
-    ];
-    const d = world.map((v, i) => v - eye[i]),
-      oc = [eye[0], eye[1], eye[2] + 1];
-    const aa = d.reduce((n, v) => n + v * v, 0),
-      bb = d.reduce((n, v, i) => n + v * oc[i], 0),
-      c = oc.reduce((n, v) => n + v * v, 0) - 1;
-    const disc = bb * bb - aa * c;
-    if (disc < 0 || aa === 0) return true;
-    const t = (-bb - Math.sqrt(disc)) / aa;
-    return t < 0 || t >= 0.9999;
-  }
-  /** A plane's y back as a model y: a latitude on the mercator plane. */
-  private modelY(y: number): number {
-    return this.camera.projection === 'mercator' ? unmercator(y) : y;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * WGSL every projected pipeline includes: the `Projection` block `Projector.write` fills, the sun's
- * `Light`, and where points land, the ground and the globe's surface under a pixel, billboard depth,
- * daylight, and the mercator plane.
- */
-export function projectionShader(): string {
-  return `
-struct Projection { view: vec4f, pose: vec4f, rotation: vec4f, geo: vec4f, center: vec4f, split: vec4f }
-struct Light { sun: vec4f, night: vec4f }
-/** What a projected view's uniforms begin with, and what a view drawn beneath another binds of its host's. */
-struct Scene { projection: Projection, light: Light }
-const PROJECTION_DEGREE: f32 = 0.017453292519943295;
-/** Clip position of a world point relative to the camera's ground point. */
-fn projection_clip(p: vec3f, q: Projection) -> vec4f {
-  let rx = p.x * q.rotation.x + p.y * q.rotation.y;
-  let ry = -p.x * q.rotation.y + p.y * q.rotation.x;
-  let distance = q.pose.y;
-  if (q.view.w < 0.5) {
-    return vec4f(rx * q.pose.x * 2.0 / q.view.x, ry * q.pose.x * 2.0 / q.view.y, 0.5 - p.z / (distance * 4.0), 1.0);
-  }
-  let w = distance + ry * q.rotation.w - p.z * q.rotation.z;
-  let y = ry * q.rotation.z + p.z * q.rotation.w;
-  let depth = (w - distance * 0.001) / (1.0 - 0.001 / 1000.0);
-  return vec4f(rx * q.pose.x * distance * 2.0 / q.view.x, y * q.pose.x * distance * 2.0 / q.view.y, depth, w);
-}
-/** A latitude's place on the mercator plane, in degrees of longitude at the equator. */
-fn projection_mercator(latitude: f32) -> f32 {
-  let l = clamp(latitude, -85.0511287798, 85.0511287798) * PROJECTION_DEGREE;
-  return log(tan(0.7853981633974483 + l * 0.5)) / PROJECTION_DEGREE;
-}
-/** The latitude a place on the mercator plane stands for. */
-fn projection_latitude(y: f32) -> f32 {
-  return (2.0 * atan(exp(y * PROJECTION_DEGREE)) - 1.5707963267948966) / PROJECTION_DEGREE;
-}
-/**
- * Where a longitude and latitude, the longitude relative to the camera's, lie at a height: on the
- * unit globe, on the mercator plane, or on the plane of the data's own coordinates.
- */
-fn projection_world(relative: vec2f, height: f32, q: Projection) -> vec3f {
-  if (q.view.w > 1.5) {
-    let lon = relative.x * PROJECTION_DEGREE;
-    let lat = (relative.y + q.center.y) * PROJECTION_DEGREE;
-    let cl = cos(lat);let sl = sin(lat);
-    let dx = cl * sin(lon);
-    let dy = sl * q.geo.y - cl * cos(lon) * q.geo.x;
-    let normal = sl * q.geo.x + cl * cos(lon) * q.geo.y;
-    return vec3f(dx, dy, normal) * (1.0 + height) - vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-  }
-  if (q.geo.w > 1.5) { return vec3f(relative.x, projection_mercator(relative.y + q.center.y) - q.pose.z, height); }
-  return vec3f(relative, height);
-}
-/** Where a point held relative to an origin lies relative to the camera's center: the origin split, high then low parts, as the center is. */
-fn projection_relative(origin: vec4f, local: vec2f, q: Projection) -> vec2f {
-  return (origin.xy - q.split.xy) + (origin.zw - q.split.zw) + local;
-}
-/** CSS pixels a degree spans at the camera's center. */
-fn projection_pixels(q: Projection) -> f32 {
-  return select(q.pose.x, q.pose.x * PROJECTION_DEGREE, q.view.w > 1.5);
-}
-/** The globe's outward normal at an absolute longitude and latitude. */
-fn projection_normal(lonlat: vec2f) -> vec3f {
-  let lon = lonlat.x * PROJECTION_DEGREE;let lat = lonlat.y * PROJECTION_DEGREE;
-  return vec3f(cos(lat) * cos(lon), sin(lat), -cos(lat) * sin(lon));
-}
-/** Where the ray through a pixel meets the globe, in the world; a w of 0 where it misses. */
-fn projection_globe_hit(ndc: vec2f, q: Projection) -> vec4f { return projection_sphere_hit(ndc, q, 1.0); }
-/** Where the ray through a pixel meets a sphere about the globe's center, \`radius\` globes across. */
-fn projection_sphere_hit(ndc: vec2f, q: Projection, radius: f32) -> vec4f {
-  let right = vec3f(q.rotation.x, q.rotation.y, 0.0);
-  let up = vec3f(-q.rotation.y * q.rotation.z, q.rotation.x * q.rotation.z, q.rotation.w);
-  let front = vec3f(q.rotation.y * q.rotation.w, -q.rotation.x * q.rotation.w, q.rotation.z);
-  let eye = front * q.pose.y;
-  let direction = right * ndc.x * q.view.x / (2.0 * q.pose.x) + up * ndc.y * q.view.y / (2.0 * q.pose.x) - front * q.pose.y;
-  let oc = eye - vec3f(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
-  let a = dot(direction, direction);
-  let b = dot(oc, direction);
-  let disc = b * b - a * (dot(oc, oc) - radius * radius);
-  if (disc < 0.0) { return vec4f(0.0); }
-  let t = (-b - sqrt(disc)) / a;
-  if (t < 0.0) { return vec4f(0.0); }
-  return vec4f(eye + direction * t, 1.0);
-}
-/** Where the ray through a pixel meets the ground, and the ray itself. */
-struct GroundPoint {
-  /** From the camera's center: degrees on the globe and the mercator plane, the data's units on the planes. */
-  relative: vec2f,
-  /** The point in the world, on the globe and the tilted plane. */
-  world: vec3f,
-  /** The ray, from the eye toward the pixel. */
-  eye: vec3f,
-  direction: vec3f,
-  hit: bool,
-}
-/** Where the ray through a pixel meets the ground: the plane, the mercator plane, the tilted plane, or the globe. */
-fn projection_ground_point(ndc: vec2f, q: Projection) -> GroundPoint {
-  let right = vec3f(q.rotation.x, q.rotation.y, 0.0);
-  let up = vec3f(-q.rotation.y * q.rotation.z, q.rotation.x * q.rotation.z, q.rotation.w);
-  let front = vec3f(q.rotation.y * q.rotation.w, -q.rotation.x * q.rotation.w, q.rotation.z);
-  let sx = ndc.x * q.view.x / (2.0 * q.pose.x);
-  let sy = ndc.y * q.view.y / (2.0 * q.pose.x);
-  var g: GroundPoint;
-  g.eye = front * q.pose.y;
-  g.direction = right * sx + up * sy - front * q.pose.y;
-  g.hit = true;
-  if (q.view.w > 1.5) {
-    let oc = g.eye + vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-    let a = dot(g.direction, g.direction);
-    let b = dot(oc, g.direction);
-    let disc = b * b - a * (dot(oc, oc) - 1.0);
-    if (disc < 0.0) { g.hit = false; return g; }
-    g.world = g.eye + g.direction * ((-b - sqrt(disc)) / a);
-    let n = g.world + vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-    let sinLat = n.y * q.geo.y + n.z * q.geo.x;
-    let toward = n.z * q.geo.y - n.y * q.geo.x;
-    g.relative = vec2f(atan2(n.x, toward), asin(clamp(sinLat, -1.0, 1.0))) / PROJECTION_DEGREE - vec2f(0.0, q.center.y);
-  } else if (q.view.w > 0.5) {
-    if (abs(g.direction.z) < 0.000001 || -g.eye.z / g.direction.z < 0.0) { g.hit = false; return g; }
-    g.world = g.eye + g.direction * (-g.eye.z / g.direction.z);
-    g.relative = g.world.xy;
-  } else {
-    g.relative = (right * sx + vec3f(-q.rotation.y, q.rotation.x, 0.0) * sy).xy;
-    // On the mercator plane, back from where mercator stretches a latitude.
-    if (q.geo.w > 1.5) { g.relative.y = projection_latitude(g.relative.y + q.pose.z) - q.center.y; }
-  }
-  return g;
-}
-/**
- * A fragment's depth on a globe: its own, but never behind the surface under its pixel, less
- * \`lift\`, which bulges toward the camera across a marker or a label and would cut it.
- */
-fn projection_billboard_depth(position: vec4f, q: Projection, lift: f32) -> f32 {
-  if (q.view.w < 1.5) { return position.z; }
-  let size = q.view.xy * q.view.z;
-  let hit = projection_globe_hit(vec2f(position.x / size.x * 2.0 - 1.0, 1.0 - position.y / size.y * 2.0), q);
-  if (hit.w == 0.0) { return position.z; }
-  let clip = projection_clip(hit.xyz, q);
-  return clamp(min(position.z, clip.z / clip.w - 0.000001 - lift), 0.0, 1.0);
-}
-/**
- * A fragment's depth where it lies on a globe at \`world\`, while that point faces the eye: as high
- * over the surface under its pixel as it stands, and never beneath it. A line between two points on
- * the surface, whose chord dips under it and whose round ends stand out over it, takes the surface's
- * own depth at every pixel, so it never sinks in, and its pieces never hide one another where they
- * meet. Behind the horizon, where the globe hides it, its own.
- */
-fn projection_ground_depth(position: vec4f, world: vec3f, q: Projection, lift: f32) -> f32 {
-  if (q.view.w < 1.5) { return position.z; }
-  let sphere = world + vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-  let front = vec3f(q.rotation.y * q.rotation.w, -q.rotation.x * q.rotation.w, q.rotation.z);
-  if (dot(sphere, front * q.pose.y - world) <= 0.0) { return position.z; }
-  let size = q.view.xy * q.view.z;
-  let ndc = vec2f(position.x / size.x * 2.0 - 1.0, 1.0 - position.y / size.y * 2.0);
-  let hit = projection_sphere_hit(ndc, q, max(length(sphere), 1.0));
-  if (hit.w == 0.0) { return position.z; }
-  let clip = projection_clip(hit.xyz, q);
-  return clamp(clip.z / clip.w - 0.000001 - lift, 0.0, 1.0);
-}
-/** How lit a surface facing \`normal\` is: 1 in day, the night floor at night, eased across the terminator. */
-fn projection_daylight(normal: vec3f, light: Light) -> f32 {
-  if (light.sun.w < 0.5) { return 1.0; }
-  return mix(light.night.x, 1.0, smoothstep(-light.night.y, light.night.y, dot(normal, light.sun.xyz)));
-}
-`;
-}
-/** Write a light, or none, into a uniform buffer at `at`: the sun and whether it shines, then the night. */
-function writeLight(into: Float32Array, at: number, light: Light | null): void {
-  if (!light) {
-    into.fill(0, at, at + 8);
-    return;
-  }
-  into.set([...light.sun, 1, light.nightFloor, Math.max(0.0001, light.terminatorWidth), 0, 0], at);
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/style.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/style.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b160ee3..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/style.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { validateRgba, type RGBA } from '../colors/color.js';
-import type { TextRasterizer } from '../text/text.js';
-import { insetSides, type Insets } from './camera.js';
-import type { ItemView } from './item-view.js';
-export type ResolvedViewStyle = Required<ItemView.Style>;
-
-/** The shared style's defaults, which each view's own defaults may override. */
-export const viewStyle: ResolvedViewStyle = Object.freeze({
-  background: [0.025, 0.038, 0.06, 1] as RGBA,
-  msaa: 4,
-  hover: 'auto',
-  hoverBudgetMs: 2,
-  pickRadiusPx: 8,
-  fitPaddingPx: 32,
-  revealPaddingPx: 48,
-  animationMs: 300,
-  motion: 'auto',
-  hoverColor: [1, 0.72, 0.28, 1] as RGBA,
-  selectedColor: [1, 0.4, 0.24, 1] as RGBA,
-  hoverWidthPx: 6,
-  selectedWidthPx: 8,
-  unselectedAlpha: 1,
-  font: Object.freeze({ family: 'system-ui, sans-serif' }),
-  fontSizePx: 12,
-  textColor: [0.92, 0.94, 0.98, 1] as RGBA,
-});
-
-/** How lines dash and carry comets, in every view that draws lines. */
-export interface LineStyle {
-  /** How far a dash and the gap after it run, in CSS pixels. */
-  readonly dashPeriodPx?: number;
-  /** The comets a line's `flowPx` moves along it, `flowSpacingPx` apart; 0 draws none. */
-  readonly flowColor?: RGBA;
-  readonly flowSpacingPx?: number;
-}
-export const lineStyle: Required<LineStyle> = Object.freeze({
-  dashPeriodPx: 12,
-  flowColor: [0.95, 0.97, 1, 0.9] as RGBA,
-  flowSpacingPx: 32,
-});
-/** Style every view with a projected camera understands, over a plane or the earth. */
-export interface ProjectedStyle {
-  /** The pitch a fit tilts a pitched projection to, in degrees from looking straight down. */
-  readonly fitPitch?: number;
-  /** The bearing a fit turns to, in degrees clockwise from north. */
-  readonly fitBearing?: number;
-  /** How fast an orbiting camera turns: 1 turns 12 degrees a second, and negative the other way. */
-  readonly orbitRate?: number;
-  /** How far the ground's halo reaches around label text, in CSS pixels. */
-  readonly labelHaloPx?: number;
-}
-export const projectedStyle: Required<ProjectedStyle> = Object.freeze({
-  fitPitch: 45,
-  fitBearing: 0,
-  orbitRate: 1,
-  labelHaloPx: 2,
-});
-/** A grid beneath what a view draws, spaced for the zoom. */
-export interface GridStyle {
-  readonly grid?: boolean;
-  readonly gridColor?: RGBA;
-  /** How close the grid's lines may draw, in CSS pixels; it picks the nicest step at least this. */
-  readonly gridMinSpacingPx?: number;
-}
-export const gridStyle: Required<GridStyle> = Object.freeze({
-  grid: false,
-  gridColor: [0.3, 0.38, 0.46, 0.4] as RGBA,
-  gridMinSpacingPx: 64,
-});
-/** The steepest a camera tilts, in degrees. */
-export const MAX_PITCH = 80;
-
-/**
- * What a style option takes where its default does not say: any finite number (`signed`), one
- * above zero (`positive`), or one from 0 to 1 (`unit`); the only values it takes, beside a color
- * for a color; or a check, which may throw its own failure.
- */
-export type StyleRule =
-  'signed' | 'positive' | 'unit' | readonly unknown[] | ((value: unknown) => boolean);
-export type StyleRules<T> = { readonly [K in keyof T]?: StyleRule };
-
-const VIEW_RULES: StyleRules<ResolvedViewStyle> = {
-  msaa: [1, 4],
-  hover: ['auto', 'on', 'off'],
-  motion: ['auto', 'reduce', 'full'],
-  selectedColor: ['none'],
-  font: (value) => typeof (value as TextRasterizer.Font | null)?.family === 'string',
-  fitPaddingPx: insetsRule,
-  revealPaddingPx: insetsRule,
-  hoverBudgetMs: 'positive',
-  fontSizePx: 'positive',
-  unselectedAlpha: 'unit',
-};
-/** Rules for the shared pieces of a view's own style. */
-const SHARED_RULES: StyleRules<Required<ProjectedStyle & GridStyle>> = {
-  fitPitch: (value) => typeof value === 'number' && value >= 0 && value <= MAX_PITCH,
-  fitBearing: 'signed',
-  orbitRate: 'signed',
-  gridMinSpacingPx: 'positive',
-};
-
-/**
- * A style over its defaults; throws on an invalid option. A color takes RGBA, a boolean option a
- * boolean, and a number one finite and not negative, unless a rule says otherwise. A view resolves
- * its own options on the shared style it resolved, `base`.
- */
-export function resolveStyle<T extends object, Base extends object = object>(
-  config: { readonly [K in keyof T]?: unknown },
-  defaults: T,
-  rules: StyleRules<T> = {},
-  base?: Base,
-): Readonly<T & Base> {
-  const style: Record<string, unknown> = { ...base, ...(defaults as Record<string, unknown>) };
-  for (const key of Object.keys(defaults) as (keyof T & string)[]) {
-    const value = config[key];
-    if (value === undefined) continue;
-    const rule = rules[key] ?? SHARED_RULES[key as keyof (ProjectedStyle & GridStyle)];
-    if (!accepts(key, value, defaults[key], rule)) fail('Invalid ' + key);
-    style[key] = value;
-  }
-  return Object.freeze(style) as Readonly<T & Base>;
-}
-/** The shared style a config describes over a view's defaults; throws on an invalid option. */
-export function resolveViewStyle(
-  config: ItemView.Style,
-  defaults: Partial<ResolvedViewStyle> = {},
-): ResolvedViewStyle {
-  return resolveStyle(config, { ...viewStyle, ...defaults }, VIEW_RULES);
-}
-function accepts(key: string, value: unknown, fallback: unknown, rule?: StyleRule): boolean {
-  const color = key.endsWith('Color') || key === 'background';
-  if (typeof rule === 'function') return rule(value);
-  if (Array.isArray(rule)) return rule.includes(value) || (color && isRgba(value, key));
-  if (color) return isRgba(value, key);
-  if (typeof fallback === 'boolean') return typeof value === 'boolean';
-  if (typeof value !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(value)) return false;
-  if (rule === 'signed') return true;
-  if (rule === 'positive') return value > 0;
-  return value >= 0 && (rule !== 'unit' || value <= 1);
-}
-function isRgba(value: unknown, name: string): boolean {
-  validateRgba(value, name);
-  return true;
-}
-function insetsRule(value: unknown): boolean {
-  insetSides(value as Insets);
-  return true;
-}
-function fail(message: string): never {
-  throw failure('invalid-input', message);
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/target.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/target.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7911d627..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/target.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import { integer } from '../error.js';
-import { targetResources, type RenderTarget } from '../frame/render.js';
-
-export interface TargetSize {
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-}
-export interface TextureTarget extends RenderTarget {
-  resize(size: TargetSize): void;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-
-/** A texture to render into, such as for images or a view's offscreen panels; resizable. */
-export function createTextureTarget(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  options: TargetSize & { readonly format?: GPUTextureFormat; readonly label?: string },
-): TextureTarget {
-  const format = options.format ?? 'rgba8unorm';
-  const allocate = (size: TargetSize) => {
-    integer(size.width, 'target width', 1, gpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-    integer(size.height, 'target height', 1, gpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-    return gpu.texture({
-      label: options.label ?? 'render target',
-      size: [size.width, size.height],
-      format,
-      usage:
-        GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT |
-        GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING |
-        GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC,
-    });
-  };
-  let resource = allocate(options);
-  let width = options.width,
-    height = options.height,
-    closed = false;
-  const assertLive = (): void => {
-    if (closed) throw failure('closed', 'Render target is closed');
-  };
-  const target: TextureTarget = {
-    device: gpu.device,
-    format,
-    get width() {
-      return width;
-    },
-    get height() {
-      return height;
-    },
-    texture() {
-      assertLive();
-      return resource.texture;
-    },
-    resize(size) {
-      assertLive();
-      if (width === size.width && height === size.height) return;
-      const next = allocate(size);
-      const previous = resource;
-      resource = next;
-      width = size.width;
-      height = size.height;
-      previous.destroy();
-    },
-    destroy() {
-      if (!closed) {
-        closed = true;
-        resource.destroy();
-        targetResources.delete(target);
-      }
-    },
-  };
-  targetResources.set(target, () => {
-    assertLive();
-    return resource;
-  });
-  return target;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/view.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/view.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1607dc40..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/view.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,953 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, isFailure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Gpu } from '../gpu.js';
-import { plain, same } from './changes.js';
-import { createPresentation, type Presentation } from './presentation.js';
-import { createTextureTarget, type TextureTarget } from './target.js';
-import type {
-  Encoding,
-  FrameInfo,
-  CapturedFrame,
-  Preparation,
-  Renderer,
-  RenderTarget,
-} from '../frame/render.js';
-import type { Layer, PreparedLayer } from './layer.js';
-import type { ItemView } from './item-view.js';
-/** A canvas point in CSS pixels. */
-export type Point = readonly [x: number, y: number];
-
-const IMAGE_FORMATS: readonly string[] = ['png', 'jpeg', 'webp'];
-
-/** What every latkit view shares. */
-export interface View<
-  Config extends View.Config = View.Config,
-  Events extends View.Events = View.Events,
-> {
-  /** The config as given, with every patch applied. Where the camera is lives on `camera`. */
-  readonly config: Omit<Config, 'camera'>;
-  set(patch: View.Patch<Config>, options?: View.SetOptions): void;
-  stats(): View.Stats;
-  /**
-   * Render at any size and coordinate. A view on a canvas or in a composition stays as it is; a
-   * view with neither presents in its images, so pick and locate follow the latest one.
-   */
-  image(options?: View.ImageOptions): Promise<Blob>;
-  on<K extends keyof Events>(event: K, listener: (value: Events[K]) => void): () => void;
-  /** Releases its canvas, input, and GPU resources; never its Gpu or sources. */
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-export declare namespace View {
-  /** Config every view understands. */
-  interface Config {
-    /** Present on this canvas. Omit to render only images and video. */
-    readonly canvas?: HTMLCanvasElement | null;
-    /** Model coordinate shown, such as a time. */
-    readonly at?: number | null;
-    /** Stop presenting; config and state are kept. */
-    readonly paused?: boolean;
-  }
-  interface Events {
-    /** A frame was drawn: where the view presents, or exported when not `presented`. */
-    readonly frame: FrameInfo;
-    /** A failure no call could report, such as a frame that failed to render. */
-    readonly error: unknown;
-  }
-  interface ImageOptions {
-    /** Output size in pixels. Defaults to the canvas's, else 1280 × 720. */
-    readonly width?: number;
-    readonly height?: number;
-    /** Pixels per CSS pixel. Defaults to the canvas's, else 1. */
-    readonly pixelRatio?: number;
-    /** Model coordinate shown; defaults to the view's. */
-    readonly at?: number;
-    /** `png` by default. */
-    readonly format?: 'png' | 'jpeg' | 'webp';
-    /** From 0 to 1, for `jpeg` and `webp`. */
-    readonly quality?: number;
-    readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-  }
-  /** What every view measures. */
-  interface Stats {
-    readonly frames: number;
-    /** Preparation time of the latest drawn frame. */
-    readonly prepareMs: number;
-    readonly drawCalls: number;
-    readonly pickingBytes: number;
-    readonly hover: ItemView.HoverState;
-    /** Hover search time in the latest frame; zero when it did not search. */
-    readonly hoverMs: number;
-  }
-  interface SetOptions {
-    /**
-     * Ease what the change draws over `animationMs`: the camera, a diagram's positions, and a
-     * network's positions, colors, sizes, widths, flow, and marker inputs.
-     */
-    readonly animate?: boolean;
-    /**
-     * `set` only: the patch is the whole config, so what it leaves out resets. The canvas, `at`,
-     * `paused`, and camera change only when given.
-     */
-    readonly replace?: boolean;
-  }
-  /**
-   * A set() argument. Keyed records, such as `vertices`, merge per entry and each entry per option;
-   * camera, input, and limits merge per option. `null` removes an entry or resets an option. Any other
-   * value replaces, unless it equals what is there: plain objects, arrays, and typed arrays compare by
-   * what they hold, so a view keeps what it built from them.
-   */
-  type Patch<C, Records extends keyof C = never, Merged extends keyof C = never> = {
-    readonly [K in keyof C]?:
-      | (K extends Records
-          ? { readonly [E in keyof NonNullable<C[K]>]?: OptionsPatch<NonNullable<C[K]>[E]> | null }
-          : K extends Merged
-            ? OptionsPatch<NonNullable<C[K]>>
-            : C[K])
-      | null;
-  };
-  /** Some of an object's options, each of which may be null to reset it. */
-  type OptionsPatch<T> = T extends object ? { readonly [K in keyof T]?: T[K] | null } : T;
-}
-
-/** How set() merges a view's config keys; every other key replaces. */
-export interface ConfigShape {
-  /** Keyed records that merge per entry, such as `vertices`. */
-  readonly records?: readonly string[];
-  /** Objects that merge per option, such as `camera`. */
-  readonly merged?: readonly string[];
-}
-
-type Listener = (value: never) => void;
-type Queued = readonly [event: PropertyKey, value: unknown];
-const PRESENTATION = new Set(['canvas', 'at', 'paused']);
-type Plain = Record<string, unknown>;
-
-/**
- * An object with a patch's options applied, each through `each`; `replace` resets those the patch
- * leaves out. `base` itself when nothing changes, so what keys on it stays.
- */
-function merge(
-  base: Plain | undefined,
-  patch: Plain,
-  replace: boolean | ((key: string) => boolean),
-  each: (before: unknown, value: unknown, key: string) => unknown = (before, value, key) =>
-    same(before, value, key) ? before : value,
-): Plain | undefined {
-  let next: Plain | undefined;
-  const put = (key: string, value: unknown) => {
-    if (value == null ? !(base && key in base) : value === base?.[key]) return;
-    next ??= { ...base };
-    if (value == null) delete next[key];
-    else next[key] = value;
-  };
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(patch))
-    if (value !== undefined) put(key, value === null ? null : each(base?.[key], value, key));
-  if (replace && base)
-    for (const key of Object.keys(base))
-      if (patch[key] === undefined && (replace === true || replace(key))) put(key, null);
-  return next ?? base;
-}
-/** The config with a patch applied, following the view's shape, keeping every value that stays. */
-function applyPatch<C>(config: C, patch: Plain, shape: ConfigShape, replace: boolean): C {
-  // A record merges each entry, and each entry and merged object per option.
-  const options = (before: unknown, value: unknown) =>
-    plain(value) ? (merge(before as Plain | undefined, value, replace) ?? {}) : value;
-  const option = (before: unknown, value: unknown, key: string) =>
-    plain(value) && shape.records?.includes(key)
-      ? merge(before as Plain | undefined, value, replace, options)
-      : plain(value) && shape.merged?.includes(key)
-        ? merge(before as Plain | undefined, value, replace)
-        : same(before, value, key)
-          ? before
-          : value;
-  const resets = replace && ((key: string) => !PRESENTATION.has(key));
-  return (merge(config as Plain, patch, resets, option) ?? config) as C;
-}
-
-/**
- * The base every latkit view extends. It owns the config and what it resolves to, presentation on a
- * canvas, input, images, and events. A view resolves its config, prepares a frame, and encodes what
- * it prepared; the base carries the prepared value from one step to the next.
- */
-export abstract class BaseView<
-  Config extends View.Config,
-  Events extends View.Events,
-  Resolved = Config,
-  Prepared = void,
-  Records extends keyof Config = never,
-  Merged extends keyof Config = never,
-> {
-  #config: Config;
-  #resolved?: Resolved;
-  /** A checked config and what it resolves to, until that config applies. */
-  #checked?: { readonly config: Config; readonly resolved: Resolved };
-  /** Aborts when the view is destroyed. */
-  readonly #alive = new AbortController();
-  /** Input a composition routes here from the panel this view draws in. */
-  #routed?: { readonly surface: HTMLCanvasElement; detach?: () => void };
-  #closed = false;
-  #listeners = new Map<PropertyKey, Set<Listener>>();
-  #events: Queued[] = [];
-  #invalidated = new Set<() => void>();
-  #captured = false;
-  #frameConfig?: Config;
-  #configuration?: { previous: Config; next: Config; options: View.SetOptions };
-  #changes = new Map<string, () => void>();
-  #frames = 0;
-  #prepareMs = 0;
-  readonly #renderer: Renderer;
-  #canvas?: CanvasState;
-  #held = 0;
-  #queue: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve();
-  /** Settles once the latest captured frame is released, and the renderer is free again. */
-  #released: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve();
-  #composed = 0;
-  /** The Gpu stopped: stop drawing, and report anything but an intended close. */
-  readonly #stopped = (): void => {
-    const reason: unknown = this.gpu.signal.reason;
-    this.#stopFrame(reason);
-    if (!isFailure(reason, 'closed')) this.fail(reason);
-  };
-
-  constructor(
-    protected readonly gpu: Gpu,
-    config: Config,
-    private readonly shape: ConfigShape = {},
-  ) {
-    gpu.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    // The camera is where a view starts, not state: set({ camera }) moves it and the view reports it.
-    const { camera, ...rest } = config as Plain;
-    void camera;
-    this.#config = normalized(rest as unknown as Config);
-    const view = this as BaseView<Config, Events, Resolved, Prepared, Records, Merged>;
-    this.#renderer = {
-      get pending() {
-        return view.pending;
-      },
-      get animating() {
-        return view.animating;
-      },
-      capture: () => this.#capture(),
-      on: (_event, listener) => {
-        this.#invalidated.add(listener);
-        return () => this.#invalidated.delete(listener);
-      },
-      destroy: () => this.destroy(),
-    };
-    internals.set(this, {
-      gpu,
-      renderer: this.#renderer,
-      closed: () => this.#closed,
-      hold: () => this.hold(),
-      route: (surface) => {
-        const routed: { readonly surface: HTMLCanvasElement; detach?: () => void } = {
-          surface,
-          detach: this.#input(surface),
-        };
-        this.#routed = routed;
-        return () => {
-          routed.detach?.();
-          if (this.#routed === routed) this.#routed = undefined;
-        };
-      },
-      compose: () => {
-        if (this.#config.canvas)
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'A composed view presents through its composition');
-        this.#composed++;
-        let released = false;
-        return () => {
-          if (!released) {
-            released = true;
-            this.#composed--;
-          }
-        };
-      },
-    });
-  }
-  /**
-   * Follow the Gpu and present on the config's canvas; call once the subclass is ready to render.
-   * A view whose construction throws first holds nothing.
-   */
-  protected start(): void {
-    void this.resolved;
-    this.gpu.signal.addEventListener('abort', this.#stopped, { once: true });
-    if (this.#config.canvas) this.#attach(this.#config.canvas);
-  }
-
-  get config(): Omit<Config, 'camera'> {
-    return this.#config;
-  }
-  set(patch: View.Patch<Config, Records, Merged>, options: View.SetOptions = {}): void {
-    this.live();
-    void this.resolved;
-    const { camera, ...rest } = patch as Plain;
-    const previous = this.#config;
-    // The input shorthand expands before merging, so `input: 'inspect'` keeps the other options.
-    const next = applyPatch(
-      previous,
-      normalized(rest as unknown as Config) as Plain,
-      this.shape,
-      options.replace === true,
-    );
-    if (next.canvas !== previous.canvas && next.canvas && this.#composed)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'A composed view presents through its composition');
-    // Presentation keys are the base's alone, so playback's set({ at }) stays constant time; a
-    // patch that changes nothing else configures nothing.
-    const own =
-      next !== previous &&
-      [...Object.keys(rest), ...(options.replace ? Object.keys(previous) : [])].some(
-        (key) => !PRESENTATION.has(key) && (next as Plain)[key] !== (previous as Plain)[key],
-      );
-    if (own) {
-      this.check(next);
-      // Keyed by config: a patch rejected after this never applies what it resolved to.
-      this.#checked = { config: next, resolved: this.resolve(next) };
-    }
-    // Every part of the patch is valid before any of it applies.
-    const move = camera === undefined ? undefined : this.cameraMove(camera as Plain | null);
-    this.#config = next;
-    if (own) {
-      if (this.#captured) {
-        this.#configuration = {
-          previous: this.#configuration?.previous ?? previous,
-          next,
-          options,
-        };
-        this.invalidate();
-      } else this.#configure(previous, next, options);
-    }
-    move?.(options);
-    if (previous.canvas !== next.canvas) {
-      this.#detach();
-      if (next.canvas) this.#attach(next.canvas);
-    } else if ((previous as Plain).input !== (next as Plain).input) {
-      if (this.#canvas) {
-        this.#canvas.input?.();
-        this.#canvas.input = this.#input(this.#canvas.canvas);
-      }
-      if (this.#routed) {
-        this.#routed.detach?.();
-        this.#routed.detach = this.#input(this.#routed.surface);
-      }
-    }
-    if (previous.paused !== next.paused) {
-      if (next.paused) {
-        this.#stopFrame(new DOMException('View paused', 'AbortError'));
-        this.paused();
-      } else this.invalidate();
-    }
-    if (previous.at !== next.at) this.invalidate();
-  }
-  on<K extends keyof Events>(event: K, listener: (value: Events[K]) => void): () => void {
-    this.live();
-    let set = this.#listeners.get(event);
-    if (!set) this.#listeners.set(event, (set = new Set()));
-    set.add(listener as Listener);
-    return () => set.delete(listener as Listener);
-  }
-  /** Every event dispatches on one microtask, in the order emitted; never inside a frame. */
-  protected emit<K extends keyof Events>(event: K, value: Events[K]): void {
-    if (this.#events.push([event, value]) === 1)
-      queueMicrotask(() => {
-        const events = this.#events;
-        this.#events = [];
-        if (this.#closed) return;
-        for (const [name, payload] of events)
-          for (const listener of [...(this.#listeners.get(name) ?? [])]) listener(payload as never);
-      });
-  }
-  stats(): View.Stats {
-    return {
-      frames: this.#frames,
-      prepareMs: this.#prepareMs,
-      drawCalls: 0,
-      pickingBytes: 0,
-      hover: 'off',
-      hoverMs: 0,
-      ...this.measure(),
-    };
-  }
-  /** Whether destroy has run; `live()` throws instead. */
-  protected get closed(): boolean {
-    return this.#closed;
-  }
-  /** Report a failure no caller awaits; unobserved failures reach the console. */
-  protected fail(error: unknown): void {
-    if (this.#listeners.get('error')?.size) this.emit('error', error as Events['error']);
-    else console.error(error);
-  }
-  /** Schedule the latest desired state. A valid captured frame is allowed to finish. */
-  protected invalidate(): void {
-    if (this.#closed) return;
-    for (const listener of this.#invalidated) listener();
-    const state = this.#canvas;
-    if (!state) return;
-    state.wanted = true;
-    this.#schedule();
-  }
-  /** Configuration seen by the captured frame; config itself always exposes the latest request. */
-  protected get frameConfig(): Config {
-    return this.#frameConfig ?? this.#config;
-  }
-  /** What the current config means to this view, resolved once per config. */
-  protected get resolved(): Resolved {
-    return (this.#resolved ??= this.resolve(this.#config));
-  }
-  /** Aborts when the view is destroyed, for the view's own background work. */
-  protected get signal(): AbortSignal {
-    return this.#alive.signal;
-  }
-  /** Follow every invalidation, as a composition of this view does; returns the unsubscribe. */
-  protected onInvalidate(listener: () => void): () => void {
-    this.#invalidated.add(listener);
-    return () => this.#invalidated.delete(listener);
-  }
-  /** Coalesce changes to renderer state until the captured snapshot has settled. */
-  protected defer(key: string, change: () => void): boolean {
-    if (!this.#captured) return false;
-    this.#changes.set(key, change);
-    this.invalidate();
-    return true;
-  }
-  #configure(previous: Config, next: Config, options: View.SetOptions): void {
-    const before = this.resolved,
-      checked = this.#checked;
-    this.#checked = undefined;
-    const after = checked?.config === next ? checked.resolved : this.resolve(next);
-    this.#resolved = after;
-    this.changed(previous, next, options);
-    this.configure(after, before, options);
-  }
-  #capture(): CapturedFrame {
-    const snapshot = this.#snapshot();
-    return {
-      prepare: async (frame) => {
-        const started = performance.now(),
-          prepared = await this.prepare(frame);
-        return {
-          encode: (encoding) => this.encode(encoding, prepared),
-          ...snapshot.settle(frame, prepared, started),
-        };
-      },
-      release: snapshot.release,
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Capture for a host that draws this view in its own pass, as a frame of the view's own is
-   * captured: the config holds still until release, and only a submitted frame advances state.
-   */
-  protected captureHosted<Scene>(
-    run: (frame: Preparation, scene: Scene) => Promise<Prepared>,
-    encode: (frame: Encoding, prepared: Prepared) => void,
-    draw: (pass: GPURenderPassEncoder, prepared: Prepared) => void,
-  ): {
-    prepare(frame: Preparation, scene: Scene): Promise<PreparedLayer>;
-    release(): void;
-  } {
-    const snapshot = this.#snapshot();
-    return {
-      prepare: async (frame, scene) => {
-        const started = performance.now(),
-          prepared = await run(frame, scene);
-        return {
-          encode: (encoding) => encode(encoding, prepared),
-          draw: (pass) => draw(pass, prepared),
-          ...snapshot.settle(frame, prepared, started),
-        };
-      },
-      release: snapshot.release,
-    };
-  }
-  /** Hold the config still for one frame, and settle that frame once: submitted or discarded. */
-  #snapshot(): {
-    settle(
-      frame: Preparation,
-      prepared: Prepared,
-      started: number,
-    ): { submitted(): void; discard(): void };
-    release(): void;
-  } {
-    this.live();
-    if (this.#captured) throw failure('busy', 'View already has a captured frame');
-    this.#captured = true;
-    this.#frameConfig = this.#config;
-    let free!: () => void;
-    this.#released = new Promise<void>((resolve) => (free = resolve));
-    let children: readonly { release(): void }[];
-    try {
-      children = this.captureChildren();
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.#captured = false;
-      this.#frameConfig = undefined;
-      free();
-      throw error;
-    }
-    let released = false;
-    return {
-      settle: (frame, prepared, started) => {
-        const prepareMs = performance.now() - started;
-        let settled = false;
-        return {
-          submitted: () => {
-            if (settled) return;
-            settled = true;
-            this.#frames++;
-            this.#prepareMs = prepareMs;
-            this.emit('frame', frameInfo(frame) as Events['frame']);
-            this.submitted(frame, prepared);
-            // Exported frames draw the view's state; only presented ones advance it.
-            if (frame.presented) this.presented(frame);
-          },
-          discard: () => {
-            if (settled) return;
-            settled = true;
-            this.discard(prepared);
-          },
-        };
-      },
-      release: () => {
-        if (released) return;
-        released = true;
-        try {
-          const failures: unknown[] = [];
-          for (const child of children) {
-            try {
-              child.release();
-            } catch (error) {
-              failures.push(error);
-            }
-          }
-          this.#captured = false;
-          this.#frameConfig = undefined;
-          const configuration = this.#configuration;
-          const changes = [...this.#changes.values()];
-          this.#configuration = undefined;
-          this.#changes.clear();
-          if (!this.#closed) {
-            try {
-              if (configuration)
-                this.#configure(configuration.previous, configuration.next, configuration.options);
-            } catch (error) {
-              failures.push(error);
-            }
-            for (const change of changes) {
-              try {
-                change();
-              } catch (error) {
-                failures.push(error);
-              }
-            }
-          }
-          if (failures.length) throw new AggregateError(failures, 'Snapshot release failed');
-        } finally {
-          free();
-        }
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  protected live(): void {
-    if (this.#closed) throw failure('closed', 'View is destroyed');
-  }
-
-  async image(options: View.ImageOptions = {}): Promise<Blob> {
-    this.live();
-    options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    const format = options.format ?? 'png',
-      quality = options.quality;
-    if (!IMAGE_FORMATS.includes(format)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unsupported image format');
-    if (quality !== undefined && !(quality >= 0 && quality <= 1))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Image quality must be between 0 and 1');
-    const canvas = this.#config.canvas;
-    const ratio =
-      options.pixelRatio ?? (canvas ? canvas.ownerDocument.defaultView?.devicePixelRatio || 1 : 1);
-    const width = options.width ?? (canvas ? Math.round(canvas.clientWidth * ratio) : 1280),
-      height = options.height ?? (canvas ? Math.round(canvas.clientHeight * ratio) : 720);
-    const release = await this.hold();
-    let target: TextureTarget | undefined, buffer: GPUBuffer | undefined;
-    try {
-      target = createTextureTarget(this.gpu, { width, height, label: 'view image' });
-      await this.gpu.render({
-        completion: 'complete',
-        timeMs: performance.now(),
-        signal: options.signal,
-        views: [
-          {
-            renderer: this.#renderer,
-            target,
-            at: options.at ?? this.#config.at ?? undefined,
-            viewport: { width: width / ratio, height: height / ratio, pixelRatio: ratio },
-            // A view that shows nowhere else presents in its images.
-            presented: !canvas && !this.#composed,
-          },
-        ],
-      });
-      const rowBytes = Math.ceil((width * 4) / 256) * 256,
-        device = this.gpu.device;
-      buffer = device.createBuffer({
-        label: 'view image readback',
-        size: rowBytes * height,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ,
-      });
-      const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
-      encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
-        { texture: target.texture() },
-        { buffer, bytesPerRow: rowBytes },
-        [width, height],
-      );
-      device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
-      await buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-      const rows = new Uint8Array(buffer.getMappedRange()),
-        pixels = new Uint8ClampedArray(width * height * 4);
-      for (let y = 0; y < height; y++)
-        pixels.set(rows.subarray(y * rowBytes, y * rowBytes + width * 4), y * width * 4);
-      buffer.unmap();
-      const image = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
-      image.getContext('2d')!.putImageData(new ImageData(pixels, width, height), 0, 0);
-      return await image.convertToBlob({ type: 'image/' + format, quality });
-    } finally {
-      buffer?.destroy();
-      target?.destroy();
-      release();
-    }
-  }
-  /** Take the renderer from the canvas until release, for images and video. */
-  protected hold(): Promise<() => void> {
-    let done!: () => void;
-    const finished = new Promise<void>((resolve) => (done = resolve));
-    const turn = this.#queue.then(async () => {
-      this.#held++;
-      const active = this.#canvas?.frame;
-      this.#canvas?.active?.abort(new DOMException('Canvas frame held', 'AbortError'));
-      await active;
-      // An aborted frame may still be preparing; the renderer is free once its capture is released.
-      await this.#released;
-    });
-    this.#queue = turn.then(() => finished);
-    return turn.then(() => {
-      let released = false;
-      return () => {
-        if (released) return;
-        released = true;
-        this.#held--;
-        done();
-        this.invalidate();
-      };
-    });
-  }
-
-  destroy(): void {
-    if (this.#closed) return;
-    this.#closed = true;
-    this.#alive.abort(new DOMException('View destroyed', 'AbortError'));
-    this.gpu.signal.removeEventListener('abort', this.#stopped);
-    try {
-      this.#detach();
-      this.#routed?.detach?.();
-      this.#routed = undefined;
-    } finally {
-      this.#invalidated.clear();
-      this.release();
-      this.#listeners.clear();
-      internals.delete(this);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** Validate a config before it resolves; throw to reject a patch. */
-  protected check(config: Config): void {
-    void config;
-  }
-  /** What a config means to this view: pure, resolved once per config; throw to reject it. */
-  protected resolve(config: Config): Resolved {
-    return config as unknown as Resolved;
-  }
-  /** React to a resolved config replacing the previous one; `resolved` is already the next. */
-  protected abstract configure(next: Resolved, previous: Resolved, options: View.SetOptions): void;
-  /** View-specific measures merged into stats(). */
-  protected measure(): Partial<View.Stats> {
-    return {};
-  }
-  /** Base-class step before configure; views implement configure instead. */
-  /** The view paused: let go of background work that serves only presented frames. */
-  protected paused(): void {}
-  protected changed(previous: Config, next: Config, options: View.SetOptions): void {
-    void previous;
-    void next;
-    void options;
-  }
-  /** Base-class step after a presented frame is submitted; views implement submitted instead. */
-  protected presented(frame: FrameInfo): void {
-    void frame;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Validate a camera patch, a partial camera or null to follow the data, and return the move that
-   * applies it; throw on an invalid one. Views without a camera ignore it.
-   */
-  protected cameraMove(
-    camera: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>> | null,
-  ): ((options: View.SetOptions) => void) | undefined {
-    void camera;
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  /** Attach input to the canvas; return the detach. */
-  protected attach(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): (() => void) | undefined {
-    void canvas;
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  /** Release GPU and source subscriptions; the canvas is already detached. */
-  protected abstract release(): void;
-  /** Prepare a frame: read, upload, and build what `encode` draws. Never change shown state here. */
-  protected abstract prepare(frame: Preparation): Promise<Prepared>;
-  /** Record a prepared frame's commands; synchronous. */
-  protected abstract encode(frame: Encoding, prepared: Prepared): void;
-  /** Capture what the view draws with its own frame, released when that frame's capture is. */
-  protected captureChildren(): readonly { release(): void }[] {
-    return [];
-  }
-  /** A prepared frame was dropped before submission. */
-  protected discard(prepared: Prepared): void {
-    void prepared;
-  }
-  /** A prepared frame was submitted: commit what it shows. */
-  protected submitted(frame: FrameInfo, prepared: Prepared): void {
-    void frame;
-    void prepared;
-  }
-  protected get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  #input(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): (() => void) | undefined {
-    const input = (this.#config as Plain).input as { mode?: string } | undefined;
-    return input?.mode === 'none' ? undefined : this.attach(canvas);
-  }
-  #attach(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): void {
-    const window = canvas.ownerDocument.defaultView;
-    if (!window) throw failure('unavailable', 'Canvas has no window');
-    const presentation = createPresentation(this.gpu, { canvas });
-    const state: CanvasState = { canvas, presentation, window, wanted: true, raf: 0 };
-    this.#canvas = state;
-    const resize = () => this.invalidate();
-    const ratio = () => {
-      state.ratio?.removeEventListener('change', onRatio);
-      state.ratio = window.matchMedia('(resolution: ' + (window.devicePixelRatio || 1) + 'dppx)');
-      state.ratio.addEventListener('change', onRatio, { once: true });
-    };
-    const onRatio = () => {
-      ratio();
-      resize();
-    };
-    state.cleanup = () => {
-      state.observer?.disconnect();
-      window.removeEventListener('resize', resize);
-      state.ratio?.removeEventListener('change', onRatio);
-    };
-    try {
-      if (typeof ResizeObserver !== 'undefined') {
-        state.observer = new ResizeObserver(resize);
-        try {
-          state.observer.observe(canvas, { box: 'device-pixel-content-box' });
-        } catch {
-          state.observer.observe(canvas);
-        }
-      }
-      window.addEventListener('resize', resize);
-      ratio();
-      state.input = this.#input(canvas);
-      this.#schedule();
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.#detach();
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-  #detach(): void {
-    const state = this.#canvas;
-    if (!state) return;
-    this.#canvas = undefined;
-    state.active?.abort(new DOMException('Canvas detached', 'AbortError'));
-    if (state.raf) state.window.cancelAnimationFrame(state.raf);
-    try {
-      state.input?.();
-      state.cleanup?.();
-    } finally {
-      state.presentation.destroy();
-    }
-  }
-  #stopFrame(reason: unknown): void {
-    const state = this.#canvas;
-    if (!state) return;
-    state.active?.abort(reason);
-    if (state.raf) state.window.cancelAnimationFrame(state.raf);
-    state.raf = 0;
-    state.pendingTime = undefined;
-  }
-  #schedule(): void {
-    const state = this.#canvas;
-    if (
-      state &&
-      state.wanted &&
-      !state.raf &&
-      !this.#held &&
-      !this.#config.paused &&
-      !this.#closed &&
-      !this.gpu.signal.aborted
-    )
-      state.raf = state.window.requestAnimationFrame((now) => this.#frame(state, now));
-  }
-  #frame(state: CanvasState, now: number): void {
-    state.raf = 0;
-    if (this.#canvas !== state || this.#held || this.#config.paused || !state.wanted) return;
-    if (state.active) {
-      state.pendingTime = now;
-      if (this.animating) this.#schedule();
-      return;
-    }
-    this.#draw(state, now);
-  }
-  #draw(state: CanvasState, now: number): void {
-    if (state.raf) {
-      state.window.cancelAnimationFrame(state.raf);
-      state.raf = 0;
-    }
-    const { canvas, window, presentation } = state;
-    const width = canvas.clientWidth,
-      height = canvas.clientHeight;
-    if (!width || !height) return;
-    state.wanted = false;
-    const limit = this.gpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D;
-    const scale = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, limit / width, limit / height);
-    const size = {
-      width: Math.max(1, Math.floor(width * scale)),
-      height: Math.max(1, Math.floor(height * scale)),
-    };
-    const target: RenderTarget = {
-      device: this.gpu.device,
-      format: presentation.format,
-      ...size,
-      texture() {
-        presentation.resize(size);
-        return presentation.texture();
-      },
-    };
-    const own = new AbortController();
-    state.active = own;
-    state.frame = this.gpu
-      .render({
-        timeMs: now,
-        signal: own.signal,
-        views: [
-          {
-            renderer: this.#renderer,
-            target,
-            at: this.#config.at ?? undefined,
-            viewport: { width, height, pixelRatio: scale },
-          },
-        ],
-      })
-      .then(
-        () => {
-          if (!own.signal.aborted && this.animating) state.wanted = true;
-        },
-        (error: unknown) => {
-          if (own.signal.aborted || this.#closed) return;
-          if (isFailure(error, 'busy')) state.wanted = true;
-          else this.fail(error);
-        },
-      )
-      .finally(() => {
-        if (state.active === own) state.active = undefined;
-        const pendingTime = state.pendingTime;
-        state.pendingTime = undefined;
-        if (
-          pendingTime !== undefined &&
-          state.wanted &&
-          this.#canvas === state &&
-          !this.#held &&
-          !this.#config.paused
-        )
-          this.#draw(state, pendingTime);
-        else this.#schedule();
-      });
-    if (this.animating) {
-      state.wanted = true;
-      this.#schedule();
-    }
-  }
-}
-interface CanvasState {
-  readonly canvas: HTMLCanvasElement;
-  readonly presentation: Presentation;
-  readonly window: Window;
-  wanted: boolean;
-  raf: number;
-  active?: AbortController;
-  pendingTime?: number;
-  frame?: Promise<void>;
-  observer?: ResizeObserver;
-  ratio?: MediaQueryList;
-  input?: () => void;
-  cleanup?: () => void;
-}
-/** What a frame was, without what preparing it borrowed. */
-function frameInfo(frame: FrameInfo): FrameInfo {
-  const { width, height, at, timeMs, viewport, format, presented } = frame;
-  return { width, height, at, timeMs, viewport, format, presented };
-}
-/** Expand the input shorthand: `input: 'edit'` means `{ mode: 'edit' }`. */
-function normalized<C extends View.Config>(config: C): C {
-  const input = (config as Plain).input;
-  return (typeof input === 'string' ? { ...config, input: { mode: input } } : config) as C;
-}
-interface Internals {
-  readonly gpu: Gpu;
-  readonly renderer: Renderer;
-  closed(): boolean;
-  hold(): Promise<() => void>;
-  /** Attach the view's input to a surface a composition routes events to; returns the detach. */
-  route(surface: HTMLCanvasElement): () => void;
-  compose(): () => void;
-  /** What a host draws beneath itself, for views that can be drawn so. */
-  layer?: () => Layer;
-}
-const internals = new WeakMap<object, Internals>();
-/** Offer the view as a layer a host draws beneath itself; item views that can be call this once. */
-export function offerLayer(view: object, layer: () => Layer): void {
-  const found = internals.get(view);
-  if (found) found.layer = layer;
-}
-/**
- * The view as a layer a host draws beneath itself, in the host's pass with its camera, until the
- * layer's release. It presents nowhere else meanwhile.
- */
-export function layerOf(view: object): Layer {
-  const found = of(view);
-  if (!found.layer) throw failure('invalid-input', 'This view cannot be drawn beneath another');
-  return found.layer();
-}
-function of(view: object): Internals {
-  const found = internals.get(view);
-  if (!found) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a latkit view');
-  if (found.closed()) throw failure('closed', 'View is destroyed');
-  return found;
-}
-/** The renderer behind a view, for compositions and video. */
-export function rendererOf(view: object): Renderer {
-  return of(view).renderer;
-}
-/** The Gpu a view renders with. */
-export function gpuOf(view: object): Gpu {
-  return of(view).gpu;
-}
-/** Take a view's renderer from its canvas until release, for rendering it elsewhere. */
-export function hold(view: object): Promise<() => void> {
-  return of(view).hold();
-}
-/** Route a composed view's input from the surface of its panel until the returned detach. */
-export function route(view: object, surface: HTMLCanvasElement): () => void {
-  return of(view).route(surface);
-}
-/** Mark a view as presented by a composition until release. */
-export function compose(view: object): () => void {
-  return of(view).compose();
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/src/view/wiring.ts b/packages/gpu/src/view/wiring.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e7d1229..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/src/view/wiring.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  assertIndex,
-  failure,
-  rowCount,
-  type Data,
-  type Index,
-  type Schema,
-  type Reader,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-
-/**
- * The rows a selection names, ids included, in the order the source holds them, and their index;
- * every rows of the type without one. Views resolve a selection once, here, and test rows against it.
- */
-export async function readRows(
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  source: Data,
-  from: string,
-  rows?: Index.Selection,
-): Promise<{ readonly index?: Index; readonly rows: Uint32Array }> {
-  let index: Index | undefined,
-    out = new Uint32Array(64),
-    length = 0;
-  for await (const block of reader.read(source, {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    from,
-    select: [],
-    ...(rows ? { rows } : {}),
-  })) {
-    if (index) assertIndex(index, block.index);
-    else index = block.index;
-    const n = rowCount(block.rows);
-    if (length + n > out.length) {
-      const grown = new Uint32Array(Math.max(out.length * 2, length + n));
-      grown.set(out.subarray(0, length));
-      out = grown;
-    }
-    if (block.rows.kind === 'range')
-      for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) out[length + i] = block.rows.offset + i;
-    else out.set(block.rows.values, length);
-    length += n;
-  }
-  return { index, rows: out.slice(0, length) };
-}
-
-/** One end of an edge: the edge type's reference field and the vertex type it names. */
-export interface End {
-  readonly field: string;
-  readonly type: string;
-}
-/** A vertex type's reference field naming a net, which draws as a port. */
-export interface Port {
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly field: string;
-  readonly direction?: 'in' | 'out';
-}
-/** How one drawn edge type joins drawn vertex types: its own two ends, or the ports naming it. */
-export type Wiring =
-  | { readonly kind: 'ends'; readonly ends: readonly [End, End] }
-  | { readonly kind: 'net'; readonly ports: readonly Port[] };
-
-/** How each drawn edge type joins drawn vertex types. Schema only; each view does its own reads. */
-export function wiring(
-  schema: Schema,
-  vertices: readonly string[],
-  edges: Readonly<Record<string, { readonly ends?: readonly [string, string] }>>,
-): ReadonlyMap<string, Wiring> {
-  const drawn = new Set(vertices);
-  const target = (type: string, field: string) => {
-    const t = schema.types[type]?.fields[field]?.type;
-    return typeof t === 'object' && t.kind === 'reference' ? t.to : undefined;
-  };
-  const result = new Map<string, Wiring>();
-  for (const [edge, { ends }] of Object.entries(edges)) {
-    if (!schema.types[edge]) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown edge type: ' + edge);
-    if (ends) {
-      const [a, b] = ends.map((field): End => {
-        const type = target(edge, field);
-        if (type === undefined || !drawn.has(type))
-          throw failure('invalid-input', `Edge end ${edge}.${field} must reference a vertex type`);
-        return { field, type };
-      });
-      result.set(edge, { kind: 'ends', ends: [a, b] });
-      continue;
-    }
-    const ports = vertices.flatMap((type) =>
-      Object.entries(schema.types[type]?.fields ?? {})
-        .filter(([field]) => target(type, field) === edge)
-        .map(([field, definition]): Port => ({
-          type,
-          field,
-          ...(definition.direction ? { direction: definition.direction } : {}),
-        })),
-    );
-    if (!ports.length) throw failure('invalid-input', 'No vertex type references net ' + edge);
-    result.set(edge, { kind: 'net', ports });
-  }
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/boolean.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/boolean.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8927d457..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/boolean.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type GpuPage } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { bytes, fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { field } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-it('keeps boolean values and null validity as separate packed bitmaps', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const block: Block.Fields = {
-    kind: 'fields',
-    index: { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 1000000, count: 3 },
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    presence: {},
-    columns: {
-      visible: {
-        kind: 'boolean',
-        values: Uint8Array.of(0b00010100),
-        offset: 2,
-        length: 3,
-        validity: Uint8Array.of(0b00001100),
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  let page!: GpuPage;
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    page = frame.upload(block, { select: ['visible'] })[0];
-  });
-  const column = page.columns.visible;
-  expect(column.kind === 'value' && column.type).toBe('boolean');
-  expect(field(page, 'visible').offset).toBe(2);
-  expect(bytes(field(page, 'visible').binding)[0]).toBe(0b00010100);
-  expect(field(page, 'visible').validity?.offset).toBe(2);
-  expect(bytes(field(page, 'visible').validity!.binding)[0]).toBe(0b00001100);
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(100);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.html b/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 51bb11c4..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-  <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-  <title>Latkit GPU foundation</title>
-  <style>
-    * {
-      box-sizing: border-box;
-    }
-    body {
-      margin: 0;
-      background: #edf1f5;
-      color: #152638;
-      font:
-        15px/1.5 system-ui,
-        sans-serif;
-    }
-    main {
-      max-width: 1280px;
-      margin: 44px auto;
-      padding: 0 24px;
-    }
-    .eyebrow {
-      font-size: 12px;
-      letter-spacing: 0.14em;
-      font-weight: 700;
-      color: #397182;
-    }
-    h1 {
-      font-size: 34px;
-      letter-spacing: -0.04em;
-      margin: 8px 0;
-    }
-    p {
-      color: #536577;
-      max-width: 850px;
-    }
-    .bar {
-      display: flex;
-      align-items: center;
-      gap: 24px;
-      margin: 24px 0;
-    }
-    button {
-      font: inherit;
-      background: #17364a;
-      color: white;
-      border: 0;
-      padding: 10px 18px;
-      border-radius: 7px;
-      cursor: pointer;
-    }
-    input {
-      vertical-align: middle;
-    }
-    .panels {
-      display: grid;
-      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
-      gap: 16px;
-    }
-    canvas {
-      width: 100%;
-      height: auto;
-      border-radius: 12px;
-      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px #15263818;
-    }
-    #stats {
-      font:
-        13px ui-monospace,
-        monospace;
-      margin: 22px 0;
-      color: #397182;
-    }
-    details {
-      background: white;
-      padding: 16px 20px;
-      border: 1px solid #d5dee7;
-      border-radius: 10px;
-    }
-    summary {
-      font-weight: 600;
-      cursor: pointer;
-    }
-    pre {
-      white-space: pre-wrap;
-      font-size: 12px;
-      color: #435467;
-    }
-    #status {
-      font-weight: 600;
-      color: #236b55;
-    }
-    footer {
-      margin-top: 22px;
-      color: #66778a;
-      font-size: 13px;
-    }
-    @media (max-width: 800px) {
-      .panels {
-        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
-      }
-      main {
-        margin: 24px auto;
-      }
-    }
-  </style>
-  <script type="importmap">
-    {
-      "imports": {
-        "culori/fn": "/packages/gpu/node_modules/culori/src/index-fn.js",
-        "@latkit/model": "/packages/model/dist/index.js"
-      }
-    }
-  </script>
-  <main>
-    <div class="eyebrow">LATKIT / SHARED GPU FOUNDATION</div>
-    <h1>One data path. Three views.</h1>
-    <p>
-      A live integration fixture for native fields, Float64 rebasing, shared shader bindings, and
-      shaped text. These are test primitives for the renderer migration, not the migrated renderer
-      packages.
-    </p>
-    <div class="bar">
-      <button id="animate">Animate anchors</button
-      ><label
-        >Geometry scale <input id="zoom" type="range" min="0.6" max="1.3" step="0.01" value="1"
-      /></label>
-    </div>
-    <div class="panels">
-      <canvas aria-label="Native field points"></canvas
-      ><canvas aria-label="Text and diagram primitives"></canvas
-      ><canvas aria-label="Observation primitives"></canvas>
-    </div>
-    <div id="stats">Preparing shared resources...</div>
-    <p id="status">Running real WebGPU checks?</p>
-    <details>
-      <summary>Numerical checks and resource measurements</summary>
-      <pre id="report"></pre>
-    </details>
-    <footer>
-      All three views use the same Gpu owner, field layout, atlas, and frame submission. Move the
-      slider or animate the anchors to exercise cached data and text.
-    </footer>
-  </main>
-  <script type="module">
-    globalThis.gpuCheck = import('./check.js')
-      .then((module) => module.check())
-      .then(async (result) => {
-        const visible = await import('./visible.js').then((module) => module.show());
-        const report = { ...result, visible };
-        document.querySelector('#status').textContent =
-          'Passed: actual GPU computation and text pixel readback';
-        document.querySelector('#report').textContent = JSON.stringify(report, null, 2);
-        return report;
-      });
-    gpuCheck.catch((error) => {
-      document.querySelector('#status').textContent = 'Failed';
-      document.querySelector('#report').textContent = error.stack;
-      document.querySelector('details').open = true;
-    });
-  </script>
-</html>
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.js b/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5fcdef44..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,374 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from './snapshot.js';
-import { checkFoundation } from './foundation.js';
-import { rowCount } from '@latkit/model';
-/* global GPUBufferUsage, GPUMapMode, GPUShaderStage */
-import { createGpu, kit } from '../../dist/index.js';
-
-import { checkColors } from './colors.js';
-
-function assert(condition, message) {
-  if (!condition) throw new Error(message);
-}
-/** A rows or samples literal as the fields block an upload takes. */
-function fieldsBlock(block) {
-  return {
-    kind: 'fields',
-    index: block.index,
-    rows: block.rows,
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    columns: block.columns,
-    presence: {},
-    ...(block.kind === 'samples'
-      ? { samples: { firstFrame: block.firstFrame, coordinates: block.coordinates } }
-      : {}),
-  };
-}
-
-export async function check() {
-  const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter();
-  if (!adapter) throw new Error('No real WebGPU adapter is available');
-  const device = await adapter.requestDevice();
-  const failures = [];
-  device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (event) => failures.push(event.error.message));
-  device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device, pageBytes: 64 * 1024 });
-  const output = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 16, height: 16 });
-  const checks = [];
-  try {
-    const module = device.createShaderModule({
-      code:
-        kit.fieldShader({ group: 0 }) +
-        `
-      struct Info { rows: u32, frames: u32, destination: u32, slot: u32 }
-      @group(1) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> output: array<f32>;
-      @group(1) @binding(1) var<uniform> info: Info;
-      @compute @workgroup_size(64) fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
-        if (id.x >= info.rows * info.frames) { return; }
-        let row = id.x % info.rows; let frame = id.x / info.rows;
-        var value = -999.0;
-        if (fieldValid(info.slot, row, frame)) { value = fieldFloat(info.slot, row, frame, 0u); }
-        output[info.destination + id.x] = value;
-      }`,
-    });
-    const resultLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'storage' } },
-        { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      ],
-    });
-    const pipeline = await gpu.computePipeline({
-      layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, resultLayout] }),
-      compute: { module, entryPoint: 'main' },
-    });
-
-    async function readColumns(block, policy, owner = gpu, renderTarget = output) {
-      const count =
-        rowCount(block.rows) * (block.kind === 'samples' ? block.coordinates.length : 1);
-      const result = owner.buffer({
-        size: count * 4,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
-      });
-      const readback = owner.buffer({
-        size: count * 4,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-      });
-      let groups = [],
-        expected = [];
-      const renderer = {
-        ...snapshotRenderer(
-          async (frame) => {
-            const destination = frame.buffer(result);
-            frame.buffer(readback);
-            const pages = frame.upload(fieldsBlock(block), {
-              select: Object.keys(block.columns),
-              float64: policy,
-            });
-            groups = [];
-            expected = [];
-            for (const page of pages) {
-              const column = page.columns.value;
-              const rows = rowCount(page.rows),
-                frames = page.samples?.count ?? 1;
-              const info = frame.uniforms(
-                Uint32Array.of(rows, frames, expected.length, column.slot),
-              );
-              const group = device.createBindGroup({
-                layout: resultLayout,
-                entries: [
-                  { binding: 0, resource: destination },
-                  { binding: 1, resource: info },
-                ],
-              });
-              groups.push({ group, fields: page.bindGroup, count: rows * frames });
-              const native = block.columns.value;
-              const frameStart = page.samples ? page.samples.firstFrame - block.firstFrame : 0;
-              for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
-                for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
-                  const address =
-                    native.offset +
-                    (frameStart + f) * (native.frameStride ?? 0) +
-                    (page.rowOffset + r) * (native.rowStride ?? 1);
-                  const present =
-                    !native.validity || native.validity[address >>> 3] & (1 << (address & 7));
-                  expected.push(
-                    present
-                      ? Math.fround(native.values[address] - (column.origin?.[0] ?? 0))
-                      : -999,
-                  );
-                }
-            }
-          },
-          (frame) => {
-            const pass = frame.encoder.beginComputePass();
-            pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-            for (const { group, fields, count } of groups) {
-              pass.setBindGroup(0, fields);
-              pass.setBindGroup(1, group);
-              pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(count / 64));
-            }
-            pass.end();
-            frame.encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(result.buffer, 0, readback.buffer, 0, count * 4);
-          },
-        ),
-      };
-      await owner.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer, target: renderTarget }] });
-      await readback.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-      const actual = new Float32Array(readback.buffer.getMappedRange());
-      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++)
-        assert(
-          Object.is(actual[i], expected[i]),
-          'Column mismatch at ' + i + ': ' + actual[i] + ' != ' + expected[i],
-        );
-      readback.buffer.unmap();
-      await owner.idle();
-      result.destroy();
-      readback.destroy();
-      return renderer;
-    }
-
-    const index = { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i0' };
-    await readColumns({
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(900000, 4) },
-      rowOffset: 0,
-      firstFrame: 70,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.of(1e12, 1e12 + 0.25),
-      columns: {
-        value: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          values: Float32Array.of(999, 10, 20, 88, 88, 30, 40),
-          offset: 1,
-          length: 6,
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: 4,
-          validity: Uint8Array.of(0b00100110),
-        },
-      },
-    });
-    checks.push('strided sparse nullable samples');
-    await readColumns(
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index,
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 3 },
-        columns: {
-          value: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            values: Float64Array.of(1e12, 1e12 + 0.25, 1e12 + 0.5),
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 3,
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      'relative',
-    );
-    checks.push('Float64 rebasing before narrowing');
-
-    const vertex = device.createShaderModule({
-      code: `
-      @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) id: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4f {
-        let points = array(vec2f(-1, -1), vec2f(3, -1), vec2f(-1, 3)); return vec4f(points[id], 0, 1);
-      }
-      @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> color: vec4f;
-      @fragment fn fs() -> @location(0) vec4f { return color; }`,
-    });
-    const descriptor = {
-      layout: 'auto',
-      vertex: { module: vertex, entryPoint: 'vs' },
-      fragment: { module: vertex, entryPoint: 'fs', targets: [{ format: 'rgba8unorm' }] },
-    };
-    const colors = [
-      [1, 0, 0, 1],
-      [0, 0, 1, 1],
-    ];
-    const targets = colors.map(() => kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 16, height: 16 }));
-    const pixels = gpu.buffer({
-      size: 8192,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    });
-    const renderers = colors.map((color) => {
-      let pipeline, group;
-      return {
-        ...snapshotRenderer(
-          async (frame) => {
-            pipeline = await gpu.renderPipeline(descriptor);
-            frame.buffer(pixels);
-            group = device.createBindGroup({
-              layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-              entries: [{ binding: 0, resource: frame.uniforms(Float32Array.from(color)) }],
-            });
-          },
-          (frame) => {
-            const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-              colorAttachments: [
-                { view: frame.target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 0] },
-              ],
-            });
-            pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, group);
-            pass.draw(3);
-            pass.end();
-          },
-        ),
-      };
-    });
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: renderers.map((renderer, i) => ({ renderer, target: targets[i] })),
-      encode(encoder) {
-        for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++)
-          encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
-            { texture: targets[i].texture() },
-            { buffer: pixels.buffer, offset: i * 4096, bytesPerRow: 256 },
-            [16, 16],
-          );
-      },
-    });
-    await pixels.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-    const rgba = new Uint8Array(pixels.buffer.getMappedRange());
-    assert(
-      rgba[0] === 255 && rgba[2] === 0 && rgba[4096] === 0 && rgba[4098] === 255,
-      "Views overwrote each other's uniforms",
-    );
-    pixels.buffer.unmap();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    pixels.destroy();
-    targets.forEach((target) => target.destroy());
-    checks.push('two render passes and readback in one submission');
-
-    const atlas = new kit.TextureData({ width: 3, height: 2, format: 'r8unorm' });
-    atlas.write({ x: 0, y: 0, width: 3, height: 2, data: Uint8Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) });
-    const atlasReadback = gpu.buffer({
-      size: 512,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    });
-    let atlasTexture;
-    const atlasRenderer = {
-      ...snapshotRenderer(
-        async (frame) => {
-          atlasTexture = frame.texture(atlas);
-          frame.buffer(atlasReadback);
-        },
-        (frame) => {
-          frame.encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
-            { texture: atlasTexture },
-            { buffer: atlasReadback.buffer, bytesPerRow: 256 },
-            [3, 2],
-          );
-        },
-      ),
-    };
-    for (let iteration = 0; iteration < 2; iteration++) {
-      if (iteration) atlas.write({ x: 1, y: 1, width: 1, height: 1, data: Uint8Array.of(9) });
-      await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: atlasRenderer, target: output }] });
-      await atlasReadback.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-      const bytes = new Uint8Array(atlasReadback.buffer.getMappedRange());
-      const expected = [1, 2, 3, 4, iteration ? 9 : 5, 6];
-      for (let i = 0; i < expected.length; i++)
-        assert(
-          bytes[Math.floor(i / 3) * 256 + (i % 3)] === expected[i],
-          'Texture upload or dirty row mismatch',
-        );
-      atlasReadback.buffer.unmap();
-      await gpu.idle();
-    }
-    atlasReadback.destroy();
-    checks.push('unaligned pixel rows and incremental texture upload');
-
-    checks.push(await checkColors(gpu, output));
-    gpu.trim();
-    const rows = 1_000_000;
-    const large = {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: rows },
-      columns: {
-        value: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          values: Float32Array.from({ length: rows }, (_, i) => i),
-          offset: 0,
-          length: rows,
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    const before = gpu.stats();
-    const start = performance.now();
-    await readColumns(large);
-    const elapsedMs = performance.now() - start;
-    const after = gpu.stats();
-    assert(
-      after.stagedBytes === before.stagedBytes,
-      'Float32 numeric payload was unnecessarily materialized',
-    );
-    checks.push('one million rows, paged compute and full numerical readback');
-    const fragmented = await createGpu({ device, pageBytes: 8 * 1024 ** 2 });
-    const fragmentedTarget = kit.createTextureTarget(fragmented, { width: 16, height: 16 });
-    const consolidation = {
-      ...large,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 65536 },
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(
-        Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => [
-          i ? 'extra' + i : 'value',
-          {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 65536,
-            values: Float32Array.from({ length: 65536 }, (_, row) => row + i),
-          },
-        ]),
-      ),
-    };
-    // Ten fields bind across the page's value banks directly; the copy that packs more is unit-tested.
-    await readColumns(consolidation, undefined, fragmented, fragmentedTarget);
-    assert(fragmented.stats().gpuCopiedBytes === 0, 'Ten fields needed a consolidation copy');
-    const hits = fragmented.stats().uploadHits;
-    await readColumns(consolidation, undefined, fragmented, fragmentedTarget);
-    assert(fragmented.stats().uploadHits > hits, 'Resident fields were not reused');
-    assert(fragmented.stats().gpuCopiedBytes === 0, 'Resident fields were copied');
-    fragmentedTarget.destroy();
-    fragmented.destroy();
-    checks.push('ten fields across value banks, without copies, and resident reuse');
-    checks.push(...(await checkFoundation(gpu, output)));
-    const validation = await device.popErrorScope();
-    assert(
-      !validation && !failures.length,
-      'WebGPU validation: ' + [validation?.message, ...failures].join('; '),
-    );
-    return {
-      checks,
-      adapter: adapter.info?.description || adapter.info?.architecture || 'available',
-      large: {
-        rows,
-        elapsedMs,
-        uploadedBytes: after.uploadedBytes - before.uploadedBytes,
-        stagedBytes: after.stagedBytes - before.stagedBytes,
-        peakGpuBytes: after.peakGpuBytes,
-      },
-    };
-  } finally {
-    output.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-    device.destroy();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/colors.js b/packages/gpu/tests/browser/colors.js
deleted file mode 100644
index fc95ed96..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/colors.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,179 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from './snapshot.js';
-/* global GPUBufferUsage, GPUMapMode, GPUShaderStage, document, CSS */
-import {
-  colormaps,
-  createColormap,
-  reverseColormap,
-  colormapCss,
-  kit,
-  resolveColor,
-} from '../../dist/index.js';
-const assert = (condition, message) => {
-  if (!condition) throw new Error(message);
-};
-export async function checkColors(gpu, target) {
-  const device = gpu.device;
-  const tests = [
-    ...Object.values(colormaps),
-    reverseColormap(colormaps.viridis),
-    reverseColormap(colormaps.phase),
-    createColormap({
-      colors: [
-        [1, 0, 0, 0],
-        [0, 0, 1, 1],
-      ],
-    }),
-    createColormap({
-      colors: [
-        [1, 0.5, 0, 0.125],
-        [0, 0.5, 1, 0.75],
-      ],
-    }),
-  ];
-  const values = Float32Array.from([
-    -2,
-    -0.5,
-    0,
-    ...Array.from({ length: 257 }, (_, i) => i / 256),
-    1,
-    1.5,
-    2,
-    3.4028234663852886e38,
-    -3.4028234663852886e38,
-    NaN,
-    Infinity,
-    -Infinity,
-  ]);
-  const bytes = values.length * 32;
-  const result = gpu.buffer({
-    size: bytes,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
-  });
-  const readback = gpu.buffer({
-    size: bytes,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-  });
-  const input = gpu.buffer({
-    size: values.byteLength,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-  });
-  device.queue.writeBuffer(input.buffer, 0, values);
-  const layout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-      { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'storage' } },
-    ],
-  });
-  const module = device.createShaderModule({
-    code:
-      kit.colormapShader({ group: 0 }) +
-      `
-    @group(1) @binding(0) var<storage,read> values:array<f32>;
-    @group(1) @binding(1) var<storage,read_write> results:array<vec4f>;
-    @compute @workgroup_size(64) fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id:vec3u) {
-      if(id.x>=arrayLength(&values)){return;}
-      results[id.x*2u]=colormapColor(values[id.x]);
-      results[id.x*2u+1u]=paletteColor(id.x);
-    }`,
-  });
-  const pipeline = await gpu.computePipeline({
-    layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.colormapLayout, layout] }),
-    compute: { module, entryPoint: 'main' },
-  });
-  let palette, data;
-  let maxError = 0;
-  for (const map of tests) {
-    assert(
-      CSS.supports('background-image', colormapCss(map)),
-      'Invalid CSS gradient: ' + map.label,
-    );
-    const renderer = {
-      ...snapshotRenderer(
-        async (frame) => {
-          palette = frame.colormap(map);
-          data = device.createBindGroup({
-            layout,
-            entries: [
-              { binding: 0, resource: frame.buffer(input) },
-              { binding: 1, resource: frame.buffer(result) },
-            ],
-          });
-          frame.buffer(readback);
-        },
-        (frame) => {
-          const pass = frame.encoder.beginComputePass();
-          pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-          pass.setBindGroup(0, palette);
-          pass.setBindGroup(1, data);
-          pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(values.length / 64));
-          pass.end();
-          frame.encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(result.buffer, 0, readback.buffer, 0, bytes);
-        },
-      ),
-    };
-    await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer, target }] });
-    await readback.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-    const actual = new Float32Array(readback.buffer.getMappedRange());
-    for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
-      const expected = Number.isFinite(values[i])
-        ? kit.sampleColormap(map, values[i])
-        : [0, 0, 0, 0];
-      for (let c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
-        // Compare visible, premultiplied contributions; division near zero alpha amplifies irrelevant RGB error.
-        const error = Math.abs(
-          actual[i * 8 + c] * (c < 3 ? actual[i * 8 + 3] : 1) -
-            expected[c] * (c < 3 ? expected[3] : 1),
-        );
-        maxError = Math.max(maxError, error);
-        assert(
-          error <= 1 / 255 + 1e-6,
-          `Palette mismatch ${map.label} t=${values[i]} channel=${c}: ${error}`,
-        );
-      }
-      const color = map.colors[i];
-      const alpha = color ? Math.round(color[3] * 255) / 255 : 0;
-      for (let c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
-        const expectedIndex =
-          c === 3 ? alpha : alpha ? Math.round(color[c] * alpha * 255) / (alpha * 255) : 0;
-        assert(
-          Math.abs(actual[i * 8 + 4 + c] - expectedIndex) < 1e-6,
-          'Integer palette lookup blended categories',
-        );
-      }
-    }
-    readback.buffer.unmap();
-  }
-  await gpu.idle();
-  input.destroy();
-  result.destroy();
-  readback.destroy();
-  const context = document.createElement('div');
-  context.style.color = 'rgb(20, 40, 60)';
-  context.style.setProperty('--accent', '#ff8000');
-  document.body.append(context);
-  try {
-    const close = (actual, expected) =>
-      actual && actual.every((v, i) => Math.abs(v - expected[i]) < 1e-6);
-    assert(
-      close(resolveColor('currentColor', context), [20 / 255, 40 / 255, 60 / 255, 1]),
-      'currentColor resolution',
-    );
-    assert(
-      close(resolveColor('var(--accent)', context), [1, 128 / 255, 0, 1]),
-      'Custom property resolution',
-    );
-    assert(
-      close(resolveColor('var(--missing, blue)', context), [0, 0, 1, 1]),
-      'Custom property fallback',
-    );
-    assert(
-      resolveColor('var(--missing)', context) === null,
-      'Unresolved variable must not inherit silently',
-    );
-    assert(resolveColor('nonsense', context) === null, 'Invalid CSS must not inherit silently');
-    assert(context.children.length === 0, 'CSS resolution leaked DOM probes');
-  } finally {
-    context.remove();
-  }
-  return `${tests.length} palettes: GPU/CPU agreement, categorical indices, alpha, cyclic seams, CSS and contextual colors (max error ${maxError.toFixed(6)})`;
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/foundation.js b/packages/gpu/tests/browser/foundation.js
deleted file mode 100644
index a00cde80..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/foundation.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from './snapshot.js';
-/* global GPUBufferUsage, GPUMapMode, GPUShaderStage */
-import { kit } from '../../dist/index.js';
-export async function checkFoundation(gpu, target) {
-  const device = gpu.device,
-    rows = 3,
-    buckets = 5,
-    slots = rows * buckets * 4;
-  const numeric = Float64Array.from({ length: slots }, (_, i) => 1e12 + i / 4),
-    coordinates = Float64Array.from({ length: slots }, (_, i) => 1e10 + Math.floor(i / 4) * 0.125),
-    frames = Float64Array.from({ length: slots }, (_, i) => 2 ** 40 + i),
-    validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(slots / 8)).fill(255),
-    continuous = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil((rows * buckets) / 8));
-  for (let cell = 0; cell < rows * buckets; cell++) {
-    if (cell % 2 === 0) continuous[cell >>> 3] |= 1 << (cell & 7);
-  }
-  const block = {
-    kind: 'envelope',
-    index: { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 10, count: rows },
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    firstBucket: 0,
-    bucketCount: buckets,
-    columns: {
-      value: {
-        values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: slots, values: numeric, validity },
-        coordinates,
-        frames,
-        continuous,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const output = gpu.buffer({
-    size: rows * buckets * 16 * 4,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
-  });
-  const readback = gpu.buffer({
-    size: output.buffer.size,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-  });
-  const layout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      { binding: 0, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'storage' } },
-      { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      { binding: 2, visibility: GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-    ],
-  });
-  const module = device.createShaderModule({
-    code:
-      kit.fieldShader({ group: 0 }) +
-      `
-    struct Info {shape:vec4u,slots:vec4u}
-    @group(1) @binding(0) var<storage,read_write> result:array<f32>;
-    @group(1) @binding(1) var<uniform> info:Info;
-    @group(1) @binding(2) var<uniform> channels:array<LatkitChannel,3>;
-    @compute @workgroup_size(64) fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id:vec3u) {
-      if(id.x>=info.shape.x*info.shape.y){return;}
-      let row=id.x%info.shape.x;let bucket=id.x/info.shape.x;
-      let to=((row+info.shape.z)*5u+bucket+info.shape.w)*16u;
-      for(var lane=0u;lane<4u;lane++) {
-        result[to+lane]=fieldFloat(info.slots.x,row,bucket,lane);
-        result[to+4u+lane]=fieldFloat(info.slots.y,row,bucket,lane);
-        result[to+8u+lane]=fieldFloat(info.slots.z,row,bucket,lane);
-      }
-      result[to+12u]=select(0.0,1.0,fieldBool(info.slots.w,row,bucket));
-      result[to+13u]=channelNumber(channels[0],row,bucket);
-      result[to+14u]=channelNumber(channels[1],row,bucket);
-      result[to+15u]=channelNumber(channels[2],row,bucket);
-    }`,
-  });
-  const errors = (await module.getCompilationInfo()).messages.filter((m) => m.type === 'error');
-  if (errors.length) throw new Error(errors.map((m) => m.message).join(';'));
-  const pipeline = await gpu.computePipeline({
-    layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, layout] }),
-    compute: { module, entryPoint: 'main' },
-  });
-  let draws = [],
-    expected = new Float32Array(rows * buckets * 16);
-  // A linear scale over a relative Float64 domain, a constant domain's midpoint, and an empty one.
-  const channelWords = (values) => {
-    const words = new Uint32Array(24);
-    for (const [i, domain, range] of [
-      [0, [1e12, 1e12 + 100], [0, 1]],
-      [1, [5, 5], [2, 8]],
-      [2, null, [0, 1]],
-    ])
-      kit.writeChannel(
-        words,
-        i * 8,
-        { component: 0, scale: kit.resolveScale({ range }, domain), fallback: -99 },
-        values,
-      );
-    return words;
-  };
-  const renderer = {
-    ...snapshotRenderer(
-      async (frame) => {
-        const destination = frame.buffer(output);
-        frame.buffer(readback);
-        draws = [];
-        for (const page of frame.upload(block, { select: ['value'], maxPageBytes: 1024 })) {
-          const field = page.columns.value,
-            nr = page.rows.count,
-            nf = page.envelope.count;
-          const group = device.createBindGroup({
-            layout,
-            entries: [
-              { binding: 0, resource: destination },
-              {
-                binding: 1,
-                resource: frame.uniforms(
-                  Uint32Array.of(
-                    nr,
-                    nf,
-                    page.rowOffset,
-                    page.envelope.firstBucket,
-                    field.values.slot,
-                    field.coordinates.slot,
-                    field.frames.slot,
-                    field.continuous.slot,
-                  ),
-                ),
-              },
-              {
-                binding: 2,
-                resource: frame.uniforms(channelWords(field.values)),
-              },
-            ],
-          });
-          draws.push({ group, fields: page.bindGroup, count: nr * nf });
-          for (let r = 0; r < nr; r++)
-            for (let b = 0; b < nf; b++) {
-              const cell = (page.rowOffset + r) * buckets + page.envelope.firstBucket + b,
-                at = cell * 16;
-              for (let lane = 0; lane < 4; lane++) {
-                expected[at + lane] = numeric[cell * 4 + lane] - field.values.origin[lane];
-                expected[at + 4 + lane] =
-                  coordinates[cell * 4 + lane] - field.coordinates.origin[lane];
-                expected[at + 8 + lane] = frames[cell * 4 + lane] - field.frames.origin[lane];
-              }
-              expected[at + 12] = cell % 2 === 0 ? 1 : 0;
-              expected[at + 13] = (numeric[cell * 4] - 1e12) / 100;
-              expected[at + 14] = 5;
-              expected[at + 15] = -99;
-            }
-        }
-      },
-      (frame) => {
-        const pass = frame.encoder.beginComputePass();
-        pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-        for (const draw of draws) {
-          pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.fields);
-          pass.setBindGroup(1, draw.group);
-          pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(draw.count / 64));
-        }
-        pass.end();
-        frame.encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(output.buffer, 0, readback.buffer, 0, output.buffer.size);
-      },
-    ),
-  };
-  try {
-    await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer, target }] });
-    await readback.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-    const actual = new Float32Array(readback.buffer.getMappedRange());
-    for (let i = 0; i < actual.length; i++)
-      if (Math.abs(actual[i] - expected[i]) > 1e-6)
-        throw new Error(`Envelope/scale GPU mismatch at ${i}: ${actual[i]} != ${expected[i]}`);
-    readback.buffer.unmap();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    const effect = device.createShaderModule({
-      code:
-        kit.shadeShader() +
-        kit.outputShader() +
-        `fn shade(f:ShadeFragment)->vec4f{return f.color;} @compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main(){ let color=outputColor(shade(ShadeFragment(vec4f(1),shadeContext.pointer.xy,0)),1); }`,
-    });
-    if ((await effect.getCompilationInfo()).messages.some((m) => m.type === 'error'))
-      throw new Error('Shared effect ABI did not compile');
-    return [
-      'native envelope GPU paging / values / coordinates / exact-relative frame identities / continuity',
-      'CPU-WGSL channel agreement / constant / empty domains',
-      'shared shade context and premultiplied output shader',
-    ];
-  } finally {
-    output.destroy();
-    readback.destroy();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/run.mjs b/packages/gpu/tests/browser/run.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index 76611bcd..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/run.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-import { createServer } from 'node:http';
-import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
-import { readFile, writeFile, mkdtemp, mkdir, rm } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
-import path from 'node:path';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-
-const root = fileURLToPath(new URL('../../../../', import.meta.url));
-const executable =
-  process.env.LATKIT_BROWSER ??
-  [
-    'C:/Program Files/Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe',
-    'C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft/Edge/Application/msedge.exe',
-    '/usr/bin/chromium',
-    '/usr/bin/google-chrome',
-    '/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome',
-  ].find(existsSync);
-if (!executable) throw new Error('Set LATKIT_BROWSER to a Chromium executable');
-const headed = process.argv.includes('--headed'),
-  keepOpen = process.argv.includes('--keep-open');
-if (keepOpen && !headed) throw new Error('--keep-open requires --headed');
-const profile = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'latkit-gpu-'));
-const server = createServer(async (request, response) => {
-  try {
-    const requested = decodeURIComponent(new URL(request.url, 'http://localhost').pathname);
-    const filename = path.resolve(root, '.' + requested);
-    if (!filename.startsWith(path.resolve(root) + path.sep)) throw new Error('Outside repository');
-    response.setHeader(
-      'content-type',
-      filename.endsWith('.html') ? 'text/html' : 'text/javascript',
-    );
-    response.end(await readFile(filename));
-  } catch {
-    response.statusCode = 404;
-    response.end('not found');
-  }
-});
-await new Promise((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
-const port = server.address().port;
-const child = spawn(
-  executable,
-  [
-    ...(headed ? ['--new-window', '--window-size=1440,1100'] : ['--headless=new']),
-    '--no-first-run',
-    '--no-default-browser-check',
-    '--enable-unsafe-webgpu',
-    '--enable-unsafe-swiftshader',
-    '--remote-debugging-port=0',
-    '--user-data-dir=' + profile,
-    'about:blank',
-  ],
-  { stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'pipe'], windowsHide: !headed },
-);
-let stderr = '';
-child.stderr.on('data', (chunk) => {
-  stderr = (stderr + chunk).slice(-16000);
-});
-let socket;
-const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
-try {
-  let debugging;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    try {
-      debugging = (await readFile(path.join(profile, 'DevToolsActivePort'), 'utf8')).split('\n')[0];
-      break;
-    } catch {
-      await sleep(50);
-    }
-  }
-  if (!debugging) throw new Error('Browser did not start: ' + stderr);
-  const tabs = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:' + debugging + '/json/list')).json();
-  socket = new WebSocket(tabs.find((tab) => tab.type === 'page').webSocketDebuggerUrl);
-  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    socket.addEventListener('open', resolve, { once: true });
-    socket.addEventListener('error', reject, { once: true });
-  });
-  let next = 0;
-  const calls = new Map();
-  socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
-    const message = JSON.parse(event.data);
-    const pending = calls.get(message.id);
-    if (pending) {
-      calls.delete(message.id);
-      message.error ? pending.reject(message.error) : pending.resolve(message.result);
-    }
-  });
-  const call = (method, params = {}) =>
-    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const id = ++next;
-      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
-        calls.delete(id);
-        reject(new Error('CDP timeout: ' + method));
-      }, 60000);
-      calls.set(id, {
-        resolve: (result) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          resolve(result);
-        },
-        reject: (error) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          reject(error);
-        },
-      });
-      socket.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }));
-    });
-  await call('Page.enable');
-  await call('Runtime.enable');
-  await call('Page.navigate', {
-    url: 'http://127.0.0.1:' + port + '/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.html',
-  });
-  let ready = false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-      expression: 'typeof globalThis.gpuCheck !== "undefined"',
-      returnByValue: true,
-    });
-    if (result.result.value) {
-      ready = true;
-      break;
-    }
-    await sleep(50);
-  }
-  if (!ready) throw new Error('Browser fixture did not load');
-  const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-    expression: 'globalThis.gpuCheck',
-    awaitPromise: true,
-    returnByValue: true,
-  });
-  if (result.exceptionDetails)
-    throw new Error(
-      result.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? JSON.stringify(result.exceptionDetails),
-    );
-  await mkdir(path.join(root, 'output'), { recursive: true });
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'output/gpu-browser.json'),
-    JSON.stringify(result.result.value, null, 2) + '\n',
-  );
-  console.log(JSON.stringify(result.result.value, null, 2));
-  await mkdir(path.join(root, 'output/playwright'), { recursive: true });
-  const screenshot = await call('Page.captureScreenshot', {
-    format: 'png',
-    captureBeyondViewport: true,
-  });
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'output/playwright/gpu-foundation.png'),
-    Buffer.from(screenshot.data, 'base64'),
-  );
-  if (keepOpen) {
-    console.log(
-      'Visible GPU fixture: http://127.0.0.1:' + port + '/packages/gpu/tests/browser/check.html',
-    );
-    console.log('Browser debugging port: ' + debugging);
-    await new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve));
-  }
-} finally {
-  socket?.close();
-  child.kill();
-  await Promise.race([new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve)), sleep(2000)]);
-  await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
-  if (
-    path.dirname(path.resolve(profile)) === path.resolve(tmpdir()) &&
-    path.basename(profile).startsWith('latkit-gpu-')
-  )
-    await rm(profile, { recursive: true, force: true, maxRetries: 10, retryDelay: 100 });
-  else console.error('Refusing to remove unexpected browser profile path');
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/snapshot.js b/packages/gpu/tests/browser/snapshot.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 96983ad5..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/snapshot.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-/** Browser fixture renderer using the same explicit snapshot lifecycle as production views. */
-export function renderer(prepare, encode, submitted = () => {}) {
-  return {
-    capture: () => ({
-      prepare: async (frame) => {
-        await prepare(frame);
-        return { encode, submitted: () => submitted(frame), discard() {} };
-      },
-      release() {},
-    }),
-    destroy() {},
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/visible.js b/packages/gpu/tests/browser/visible.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fff49a0..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/browser/visible.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,370 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from './snapshot.js';
-import { rowCount } from '@latkit/model';
-/* global GPUShaderStage, GPUTextureUsage, GPUBufferUsage, GPUMapMode, document, requestAnimationFrame */
-import { createGpu, kit } from '../../dist/index.js';
-
-export async function show() {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ pageBytes: 65536 }),
-    device = gpu.device;
-  const errors = [];
-  device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (event) => errors.push(event.error.message));
-  device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-  const controls = device.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      {
-        binding: 0,
-        visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,
-        buffer: { type: 'uniform' },
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  const format = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat();
-  const shared = `
-    struct View { size: vec2f, origin: vec2f, kind: f32, phase: f32, scale: f32, pad: f32 }
-    @group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> view: View;
-    struct Vertex { @builtin(position) position: vec4f, @location(0) uv: vec2f, @location(1) color: vec4f }
-  `;
-  const module = device.createShaderModule({
-    code:
-      kit.fieldShader({ group: 0 }) +
-      shared +
-      `
-    @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertex: u32, @builtin(instance_index) row: u32) -> Vertex {
-      let corners = array<vec2f, 6>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(-1,1),vec2f(-1,1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(1,1));
-      let uv = corners[vertex];
-      let p = fieldVec2f(0u,row,0u) + view.origin;
-      let radius = fieldFloat(1u,row,0u,0u);
-      let shape = fieldUint(4u,row,0u,0u);
-      let pulse = 1.0 + 0.06 * sin(view.phase + fieldFloat(7u,row,0u,0u));
-      var extent = vec2f(radius);
-      if (shape == 1u) { extent = vec2f(radius * 2.8, radius); }
-      if (shape == 2u) { extent = vec2f(2.0, radius * pulse); }
-      var position = p + uv * extent * pulse;
-      position = (position - view.size * 0.5) * view.scale + view.size * 0.5;
-      var color = fieldVec4f(2u,row,0u);
-      let opacity = fieldFloat(3u,row,0u,0u);
-      let width = fieldFloat(5u,row,0u,0u);
-      let selected = fieldBool(8u,row,0u);
-      let order = fieldUint(9u,row,0u,0u);
-      color = vec4f(mix(color.rgb, vec3f(1.0), select(0.0, 0.18, selected)), color.a * opacity);
-      if (!fieldValid(0u,row,0u) || !fieldBool(6u,row,0u) || width < 0.0 || order == 0xffffffffu) { position = vec2f(-10000); }
-      return Vertex(vec4f(position / view.size * vec2f(2,-2) + vec2f(-1,1), 0, 1), uv, color);
-    }
-    @fragment fn fs(input: Vertex) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-      if (view.kind == 0.0 && dot(input.uv,input.uv) > 1.0) { discard; }
-      return vec4f(input.color.rgb * input.color.a, input.color.a);
-    }
-  `,
-  });
-  const text = device.createShaderModule({
-    code:
-      kit.textShader({ group: 0 }) +
-      shared +
-      `
-    @vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vertex: u32, @builtin(instance_index) instance: u32) -> Vertex {
-      let item = textVertex(vertex,instance);
-      var position = item.position;
-      if (item.anchor != 0u) { position.x += sin(view.phase) * 6.0; }
-      return Vertex(vec4f(position / view.size * vec2f(2,-2) + vec2f(-1,1),0,1), item.uv, item.color);
-    }
-    @fragment fn fs(input: Vertex) -> @location(0) vec4f { return textColor(input.uv,input.color,vec4f(0),0.0); }
-  `,
-  });
-  const blend = {
-    color: { srcFactor: 'one', dstFactor: 'one-minus-src-alpha' },
-    alpha: { srcFactor: 'one', dstFactor: 'one-minus-src-alpha' },
-  };
-  const pipeline = await gpu.renderPipeline({
-    layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, controls] }),
-    vertex: { module, entryPoint: 'vs' },
-    fragment: { module, entryPoint: 'fs', targets: [{ format, blend }] },
-  });
-  const textPipeline = await gpu.renderPipeline({
-    layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.textLayout, controls] }),
-    vertex: { module: text, entryPoint: 'vs' },
-    fragment: { module: text, entryPoint: 'fs', targets: [{ format, blend }] },
-  });
-  const dimensions = [400, 300],
-    views = [];
-  let capture,
-    uniformBytes = 0;
-  let scale = 1,
-    phase = 0,
-    moving = false,
-    closed = false;
-  const labels = ['Native fields', 'Shared text atlas', 'Recording observations'];
-  const descriptions = [
-    '2,400 points · 10 fields',
-    'Shaped runs · reusable anchors',
-    '1,200 observations · native rows',
-  ];
-  for (let kind = 0; kind < 3; kind++) {
-    const canvas = document.querySelectorAll('canvas')[kind];
-    canvas.width = dimensions[0];
-    canvas.height = dimensions[1];
-    const target = kit.createPresentation(gpu, {
-      canvas,
-      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC,
-    });
-    const count = [2400, 6, 1200][kind],
-      index = { source: 'fixture', type: 'mark', version: 'rows' },
-      rows = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count };
-    const positions = new Float64Array(count * 2);
-    const radius = new Float32Array(count),
-      color = new Float32Array(count * 4);
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      let x, y;
-      if (kind === 0) {
-        const theta = i * 2.39996,
-          r = Math.sqrt(i / count) * 120;
-        x = 200 + Math.cos(theta) * r * 1.35;
-        y = 178 + Math.sin(theta) * r * 0.68;
-        radius[i] = 1.2 + (i % 7) * 0.14;
-      } else if (kind === 1) {
-        x = 90 + (i % 2) * 220;
-        y = 122 + Math.floor(i / 2) * 62;
-        radius[i] = 18;
-      } else {
-        x = 25 + (i / count) * 350;
-        y = 180 + Math.sin(i / 90) * 36 + Math.sin(i / 27) * 14;
-        radius[i] = 1.5;
-      }
-      positions.set([1e12 + x, 1e12 + y], i * 2);
-      color.set(
-        [0.2 + (0.4 * (i % 19)) / 19, 0.65 + 0.25 * Math.sin(i / 100) ** 2, 0.92, 1],
-        i * 4,
-      );
-    }
-    const numeric = (values) => ({ kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values });
-    const vector = (values, size) => ({
-      kind: 'vector',
-      offset: 0,
-      length: count,
-      size,
-      values: numeric(values),
-    });
-    const local = (values) => ({ index, rows, values });
-    const fields = {
-      position: local(vector(positions, 2)),
-      radius: local(numeric(radius)),
-      color: local(vector(color, 4)),
-      opacity: local(numeric(new Float32Array(count).fill(0.9))),
-      shape: local(numeric(new Uint32Array(count).fill(kind))),
-      width: local(numeric(new Float32Array(count).fill(1))),
-      active: local({
-        kind: 'boolean',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: count,
-        values: new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8)).fill(255),
-      }),
-      gain: local(numeric(Float32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i / 20))),
-      selected: local({
-        kind: 'boolean',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: count,
-        values: new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8)).fill(17),
-      }),
-      order: local(numeric(Uint32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i))),
-    };
-    const runs = [
-      {
-        text: labels[kind],
-        position: [24, 32],
-        size: 20,
-        color: [0.91, 0.95, 1, 1],
-        font: { family: 'sans-serif', weight: 600 },
-      },
-      { text: descriptions[kind], position: [24, 56], size: 12, color: [0.55, 0.66, 0.76, 1] },
-      {
-        text: 'office · Δx 0.25 · العربية',
-        position: [24, 284],
-        size: 14,
-        color: [0.72, 0.86, 0.94, 1],
-        anchor: 1,
-      },
-    ];
-    if (kind === 1)
-      for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++)
-        runs.push({
-          text: ['Input', 'Output', 'Layout', 'Text', 'Fields', 'Frame'][i],
-          position: [positions[i * 2] - 1e12 - 27, positions[i * 2 + 1] - 1e12 + 5],
-          size: 14,
-          color: [0.03, 0.08, 0.12, 1],
-        });
-    let draws = [],
-      textPages = [],
-      textGroup;
-    const rowSource = {
-      schema: { types: { [index.type]: { fields: {} } } },
-      tables: {},
-    };
-    const renderer = {
-      ...snapshotRenderer(
-        async (frame) => {
-          if (capture) frame.buffer(capture);
-          draws = [];
-          for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({
-            source: rowSource,
-            from: index.type,
-            rows: { ...rows, index },
-            fields,
-          }))
-            for (const page of frame.upload(native, {
-              select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-              float64: 'relative',
-            })) {
-              uniformBytes += 32;
-              const origin = page.columns.position.origin;
-              const binding = frame.uniforms(
-                Float32Array.of(
-                  ...dimensions,
-                  origin[0] - 1e12,
-                  origin[1] - 1e12,
-                  kind,
-                  phase,
-                  scale,
-                  0,
-                ),
-              );
-              draws.push({
-                page,
-                group: device.createBindGroup({
-                  layout: controls,
-                  entries: [{ binding: 0, resource: binding }],
-                }),
-              });
-            }
-          textPages = await frame.text({ runs });
-          uniformBytes += 32;
-          textGroup = device.createBindGroup({
-            layout: controls,
-            entries: [
-              {
-                binding: 0,
-                resource: frame.uniforms(Float32Array.of(...dimensions, 0, 0, kind, phase, 1, 0)),
-              },
-            ],
-          });
-        },
-        (frame) => {
-          const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-            colorAttachments: [
-              {
-                view: frame.target,
-                loadOp: 'clear',
-                storeOp: 'store',
-                clearValue: [0.027, 0.047, 0.075, 1],
-              },
-            ],
-          });
-          pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-          for (const { page, group } of draws) {
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, page.bindGroup);
-            pass.setBindGroup(1, group);
-            pass.draw(6, rowCount(page.rows));
-          }
-          pass.setPipeline(textPipeline);
-          pass.setBindGroup(1, textGroup);
-          for (const page of textPages) {
-            pass.setBindGroup(0, page.bindGroup);
-            pass.draw(6, page.count);
-          }
-          pass.end();
-        },
-      ),
-    };
-    views.push({ renderer, target });
-  }
-  const stats = () => {
-    const s = gpu.stats();
-    document.querySelector('#stats').textContent =
-      `${views.length} views · ${s.submissions} submissions · ${(s.gpuBytes / 1048576).toFixed(1)} MiB GPU · ${s.uploadHits} upload cache hits · ${(s.gpuCopiedBytes / 1024).toFixed(0)} KiB GPU consolidation`;
-  };
-  const render = async () => {
-    uniformBytes = 0;
-    await gpu.render({ timeMs: performance.now(), views });
-    await gpu.idle();
-    stats();
-  };
-  await render();
-  const before = gpu.stats();
-  await render();
-  const residentUploadedBytes = gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - before.uploadedBytes;
-  if (residentUploadedBytes !== uniformBytes || gpu.stats().stagedBytes !== before.stagedBytes)
-    throw new Error(
-      `Unchanged fixture reuploaded data or text: ${residentUploadedBytes} bytes for ${uniformBytes} of uniforms, ${gpu.stats().stagedBytes - before.stagedBytes} staged`,
-    );
-  // Read back real text pixels from the first canvas before handing control to the user.
-  const pixels = gpu.buffer({
-    size: 256 * 200,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-  });
-  capture = pixels;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views,
-    encode(encoder) {
-      encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
-        { texture: views[0].target.texture(), origin: [24, 12] },
-        { buffer: pixels.buffer, bytesPerRow: 256 },
-        [64, 30],
-      );
-    },
-  });
-  await pixels.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-  const data = new Uint8Array(pixels.buffer.getMappedRange());
-  let bright = 0;
-  for (let y = 0; y < 30; y++)
-    for (let x = 0; x < 64; x++) if (data[y * 256 + x * 4] > 100) bright++;
-  pixels.buffer.unmap();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  pixels.destroy();
-  capture = undefined;
-  if (bright < 30) throw new Error('Text shader produced no visible text');
-  const validation = await device.popErrorScope();
-  if (validation || errors.length) throw new Error([validation?.message, ...errors].join('\n'));
-  stats();
-  let busy = false;
-  const tick = async () => {
-    if (closed) return;
-    if (!busy) {
-      busy = true;
-      try {
-        if (moving) phase += 0.035;
-        await render();
-      } catch (error) {
-        document.querySelector('#status').textContent = error.stack;
-        moving = false;
-      } finally {
-        busy = false;
-      }
-    }
-    if (moving) requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-  };
-  document.querySelector('#animate').onclick = (event) => {
-    moving = !moving;
-    event.target.textContent = moving ? 'Pause animation' : 'Animate anchors';
-    if (moving) void tick();
-  };
-  document.querySelector('#zoom').oninput = (event) => {
-    scale = Number(event.target.value);
-    if (!moving) void tick();
-  };
-  globalThis.fixture = {
-    gpu,
-    errors,
-    render,
-    close() {
-      closed = true;
-      for (const view of views) view.target.destroy();
-      gpu.destroy();
-    },
-  };
-  return {
-    fieldsPerPage: 10,
-    views: 3,
-    textPixels: bright,
-    residentUniformBytes: residentUploadedBytes,
-    text: 'shared shaped-run SDF atlas, actual pixel readback',
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/camera.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/camera.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index fd887135..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/camera.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { cameraPoint, fitCamera, worldPoint, zoomCamera } from '../src/kit.js';
-const viewport = { width: 800, height: 600, pixelRatio: 2 };
-it('fits asymmetric padding and roundtrips large coordinates in double precision', () => {
-  const camera = fitCamera([1e12, 1e12, 1e12 + 100, 1e12 + 50], viewport, [20, 40, 60, 120]);
-  const center = cameraPoint(camera, [1e12 + 50, 1e12 + 25], viewport);
-  expect(center[0]).toBeCloseTo(440, 2);
-  expect(center[1]).toBeCloseTo(280, 2);
-  const point = [1e12 + 0.125, 1e12 + 10.5] as const;
-  expect(worldPoint(camera, cameraPoint(camera, point, viewport), viewport)).toEqual(point);
-});
-it('keeps the pointer anchor fixed while zooming', () => {
-  const camera = {
-      center: [500, -200] as const,
-      scale: [2, 2] as const,
-      yDirection: 'up' as const,
-    },
-    anchor = [111, 222] as const;
-  const before = worldPoint(camera, anchor, viewport),
-    next = zoomCamera(camera, 3, anchor, viewport);
-  expect(worldPoint(next, anchor, viewport)).toEqual(before);
-});
-it('handles degenerate bounds and rejects invalid fit and zoom inputs', () => {
-  expect(fitCamera([5, 5, 5, 5], viewport).scale).toEqual([64, 64]);
-  expect(() => fitCamera([2, 0, 1, 1], viewport)).toThrow();
-  expect(() => fitCamera([0, 0, 1, 1], viewport, -1)).toThrow();
-  expect(() =>
-    zoomCamera({ center: [0, 0], scale: [1, 1], yDirection: 'up' }, 0, [0, 0], viewport),
-  ).toThrow();
-});
-
-it('fits independent axes and keeps anchors with downward world coordinates', () => {
-  const camera = fitCamera([0, 0, 100, 10], viewport, 0, {
-    aspect: 'independent',
-    yDirection: 'down',
-  });
-  expect(camera.scale).toEqual([8, 60]);
-  expect(cameraPoint(camera, [0, 0], viewport)).toEqual([0, 0]);
-  expect(cameraPoint(camera, [100, 10], viewport)).toEqual([800, 600]);
-  const anchor = [37, 83] as const,
-    before = worldPoint(camera, anchor, viewport);
-  expect(worldPoint(zoomCamera(camera, [2, 4], anchor, viewport), anchor, viewport)).toEqual(
-    before,
-  );
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/channels.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/channels.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 05e54f15..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/channels.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Block, FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import {
-  bindChannels,
-  channelOn,
-  resolveChannel,
-  channelValue,
-  resolveScale,
-  writeChannel,
-  type GpuField,
-} from '../src/kit.js';
-
-const KINDS = { x: 'raw', y: 'raw', size: [2, 8], color: 'color', visible: 'raw' } as const;
-
-it('binds constants, fields, lanes, and scales, sharing one column per field', () => {
-  const position: FieldInput.Values = {
-    index: { source: 's', type: 'T', version: '1' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 0 },
-    values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 0, values: new Float64Array() },
-  };
-  const { fields, channels } = bindChannels(
-    {
-      x: { field: position, component: 0 },
-      y: { field: position, component: 1 },
-      size: 'load',
-      color: { field: 'load', colormap: 'viridis', missing: [1, 0, 0, 1] },
-      visible: false,
-    },
-    KINDS,
-  );
-  // One column per distinct field, named by the first channel reading it.
-  expect(fields).toEqual({ x: position, size: 'load' });
-  expect(channels.x).toEqual({ field: position, component: 0, column: 'x' });
-  expect(channels.y).toMatchObject({ column: 'x', component: 1 });
-  expect(channels.y.scale).toBeUndefined();
-  expect(channels.size).toMatchObject({ column: 'size', scale: { range: [2, 8] } });
-  expect(channels.color).toMatchObject({
-    column: 'size',
-    color: true,
-    scale: { range: [0, 1] },
-    colormap: 'viridis',
-    missing: [1, 0, 0, 1],
-  });
-  expect(channels.visible).toEqual({ component: 0, constant: 0 });
-  // A raw channel maps only when given a range; a scaled one takes its own range by default.
-  expect(
-    bindChannels({ x: { field: 'lon', range: [0, 1] }, size: { field: 'w' } }, KINDS).channels,
-  ).toMatchObject({ x: { scale: { range: [0, 1] } }, size: { scale: { range: [2, 8] } } });
-  expect(bindChannels({ color: [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1] }, KINDS).channels.color.constant).toEqual([
-    0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1,
-  ]);
-  for (const bad of [{ size: NaN }, { size: [1, 2, 3, 4] }, { color: 3 }, { x: '' }])
-    expect(() => bindChannels(bad, KINDS)).toThrow();
-  expect(() => bindChannels({ x: { field: 'p', component: 1.5 } }, KINDS)).toThrow();
-  expect(() => bindChannels({ color: { field: 'p', missing: [2, 0, 0, 1] } }, KINDS)).toThrow();
-});
-
-it('reads a row as the shader does: lanes, booleans, presence, scales, and the fallback', () => {
-  const block = {
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 3 },
-    presence: { x: Uint8Array.of(0b011) },
-    columns: {
-      x: {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        size: 2,
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 3,
-        values: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 6,
-          values: Float64Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
-        },
-      },
-      on: { kind: 'boolean', offset: 0, length: 3, values: Uint8Array.of(0b101) },
-      load: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 3,
-        validity: Uint8Array.of(0b110),
-        values: Float32Array.of(0, 5, 10),
-      },
-    },
-  } as unknown as Block.Fields;
-  const y = resolveChannel({ column: 'x', component: 1 }, undefined, Infinity);
-  expect([0, 1, 2].map((row) => channelValue(y, block, row))).toEqual([2, 4, Infinity]);
-  const on = resolveChannel({ column: 'on', component: 0 }, undefined, 1);
-  expect([0, 1, 2].map((row) => channelValue(on, block, row))).toEqual([1, 0, 1]);
-  expect([0, 1, 2].map((row) => channelOn(on, block, row))).toEqual([true, false, true]);
-  // A boolean channel is on only where positive.
-  expect(channelOn(resolveChannel({ component: 0, constant: -1 }, null, 1), block, 0)).toBe(false);
-  // A scale's `missing` fills rows its field leaves empty.
-  const missing = resolveChannel(
-    { column: 'load', component: 0, scale: { range: [2, 8] }, missing: 1 },
-    resolveScale({ range: [2, 8] }, [0, 10]),
-    4,
-  );
-  expect(channelValue(missing, block, 0)).toBe(1);
-  const size = resolveChannel(
-    { column: 'load', component: 0, scale: { range: [2, 8] } },
-    resolveScale({ range: [2, 8] }, [0, 10]),
-    4,
-  );
-  expect([0, 1, 2].map((row) => channelValue(size, block, row))).toEqual([4, 5, 8]);
-  // A scale whose domain is unknown, and a constant, read their fallbacks.
-  const unknown = resolveChannel(
-    { column: 'load', component: 0, scale: { range: [2, 8] } },
-    null,
-    3,
-  );
-  expect(channelValue(unknown, block, 1)).toBe(3);
-  expect(channelValue(resolveChannel({ component: 0, constant: 7 }, null, 3), block, 1)).toBe(7);
-});
-
-it('writes a channel as a field shader reads it: slot, lane, mapping, origin, and fallback', () => {
-  const words = new Uint32Array(8),
-    floats = new Float32Array(words.buffer);
-  const field: GpuField = {
-    kind: 'value',
-    slot: 3,
-    type: 'float32',
-    components: 2,
-    origin: Float64Array.of(1e12, 5),
-  };
-  // A relative Float64 scale maps from its rebased domain.
-  writeChannel(
-    words,
-    0,
-    resolveChannel(
-      { column: 'p', component: 0, scale: { range: [2, 0] } },
-      resolveScale({ range: [2, 0] }, [1e12, 1e12 + 1]),
-      -1,
-    ),
-    field,
-  );
-  expect([...floats.slice(0, 4)]).toEqual([0, 1, 2, -2]);
-  expect([words[4], words[5], floats[7]]).toEqual([3, 1 | 4, -1]);
-  // A raw lane adds its own origin, or the one the view rebases to.
-  writeChannel(words, 0, resolveChannel({ column: 'p', component: 1 }, null, 0), field);
-  expect([words[5], floats[6]]).toEqual([1 << 4, 5]);
-  writeChannel(words, 0, resolveChannel({ column: 'p', component: 1 }, null, 0), field, 0);
-  expect(floats[6]).toBe(0);
-  // Without a field, the shader reads only the fallback.
-  writeChannel(words, 0, resolveChannel({ component: 0, constant: 9 }, null, 0), undefined);
-  expect([words[4], words[5] & 3, floats[7]]).toEqual([0xffffffff, 3, 9]);
-  expect(() =>
-    writeChannel(words, 0, resolveChannel({ column: 'p', component: 2 }, null, 0), field),
-  ).toThrow();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/coherence.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/coherence.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 83c4bcea..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/coherence.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { Source } from './fixtures/source.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-it('prepares independent application data without requiring a common provider', async () => {
-  const a = new Source(4),
-    b = new Source(4);
-  b.publish();
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for (const source of [a, b])
-      for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source.data, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: 'node',
-        select: ['value'],
-      }))
-        expect((block.columns.value as Column.Numeric).values.buffer).toBe(source.values.buffer);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('leaving one computation does not cancel another consumer of its data', async () => {
-  const data = new Source(100, { blockRows: 10 }).data,
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    const query = { kind: 'rows', from: 'node', select: ['value'] } as const;
-    await Promise.all([
-      (async () => {
-        for await (const _block of frame.reader.read(data, query)) break;
-      })(),
-      (async () => {
-        let n = 0;
-        for await (const block of frame.reader.read(data, query)) n += block.columns.value.length;
-        expect(n).toBe(100);
-      })(),
-    ]);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/colormaps.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/colormaps.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 096c11a0..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/colormaps.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { colormaps, createGpu, reverseColormap } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type Preparation } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw, renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-it('shares palette textures and bindings across views and frames without uploading again', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const groups: GPUBindGroup[] = [];
-  const prepare = (frame: Preparation) => {
-    groups.push(frame.colormap(colormaps.viridis));
-  };
-  const renderTarget = target(fake.device);
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      { renderer: renderer(prepare), target: renderTarget },
-      { renderer: renderer(prepare), target: renderTarget },
-    ],
-  });
-  await gpu.idle();
-  const uploaded = gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-  expect(fake.queue.writeTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  await draw(gpu, prepare);
-  expect(new Set(groups).size).toBe(1);
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(uploaded);
-  expect(
-    fake.native.createBindGroup.mock.calls.filter(([d]) => d.label === 'colormap'),
-  ).toHaveLength(1);
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    frame.colormap(reverseColormap(colormaps.viridis));
-  });
-  expect(fake.queue.writeTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  gpu.trim();
-  await draw(gpu, prepare);
-  expect(groups[groups.length - 1]).not.toBe(groups[0]);
-  expect(fake.queue.writeTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('pins palettes until submission completes and scopes resources to the GPU owner', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice({ deferCompletion: true }),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  let stale!: Preparation;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        target: target(fake.device),
-        renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-          stale = frame;
-          frame.colormap(colormaps.phase);
-        }),
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  const texture = fake.textures.find((t) => t.width === colormaps.phase.colors.length + 1)!;
-  expect(texture).toBeDefined();
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(texture.destroyed).toBe(false);
-  expect(() => stale.colormap()).toThrow();
-  fake.finish();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(texture.destroyed).toBe(true);
-  const other = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const rendering = other.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        target: target(fake.device),
-        renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-          frame.colormap(colormaps.phase);
-        }),
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  await rendering;
-  fake.finish();
-  await other.idle();
-  expect(fake.queue.writeTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  other.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/colors.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/colors.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c69ba37b..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/colors.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
-import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  colormaps,
-  createColormap,
-  reverseColormap,
-  colormapCss,
-  colorCss,
-  parseColor,
-  type RGBA,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import { sampleColormap, validateRgba } from '../src/kit.js';
-
-const black: RGBA = [0, 0, 0, 1],
-  white: RGBA = [1, 1, 1, 1];
-describe('color values', () => {
-  it('parses CSS Color syntax without a document and preserves straight alpha', () => {
-    expect(parseColor('rebeccapurple')).toEqual([0.4, 0.2, 0.6, 1]);
-    expect(parseColor(' rgb(255 0 0 / 50%) ')).toEqual([1, 0, 0, 0.5]);
-    expect(parseColor('hsl(120deg 100% 50%)')).toEqual([0, 1, 0, 1]);
-    expect(parseColor('transparent')).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
-    for (const css of ['oklch(60% 0.2 40)', 'color(display-p3 1 0 0)', 'lab(50% 30 40)']) {
-      const color = parseColor(css);
-      expect(color).not.toBeNull();
-      expect(() => validateRgba(color)).not.toThrow();
-    }
-    for (const css of ['', 'not-a-color', 'currentColor', 'var(--accent)', 'rgb(nope)'])
-      expect(parseColor(css)).toBeNull();
-    const value: RGBA = [0.12345, 0.8, 0.45678, 0.375];
-    expect(parseColor(colorCss(value))).toEqual(value);
-  });
-  it('rejects nonfinite, missing and out-of-range channels', () => {
-    for (const color of [
-      [0, 0, 0],
-      [0, 0, 0, NaN],
-      [Infinity, 0, 0, 1],
-      [-0.1, 0, 0, 1],
-    ])
-      expect(() => validateRgba(color)).toThrow();
-  });
-});
-
-describe('immutable colormaps', () => {
-  it('copies author data, samples once, and handles callbacks reusing a scratch color', () => {
-    const scratch: [number, number, number, number] = [0, 0, 0, 1];
-    const sample = vi.fn((t: number) => {
-      scratch[0] = t;
-      return scratch;
-    });
-    const map = createColormap({ sample, size: 3 });
-    expect(map.colors.map((c) => c[0])).toEqual([0, 0.5, 1]);
-    scratch[0] = 0.7;
-    sampleColormap(map, 0.3);
-    colormapCss(map);
-    expect(sample).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
-    expect(Object.isFrozen(map)).toBe(true);
-    expect(Object.isFrozen(map.colors)).toBe(true);
-    expect(map.colors.every(Object.isFrozen)).toBe(true);
-    const source: RGBA[] = [black, white];
-    const copy = createColormap({ colors: source });
-    source.reverse();
-    expect(copy.colors).toEqual([black, white]);
-    expect(copy.colors[0]).not.toBe(black);
-  });
-  it('interpolates author stops in explicit spaces, premultiplying transparency', () => {
-    const stops = [
-      { at: 0, color: black },
-      { at: 1, color: white },
-    ];
-    expect(createColormap({ stops, size: 3, interpolation: 'srgb' }).colors[1][0]).toBeCloseTo(
-      0.5,
-      6,
-    );
-    expect(
-      createColormap({ stops, size: 3, interpolation: 'srgb-linear' }).colors[1][0],
-    ).toBeCloseTo(0.735357, 5);
-    expect(createColormap({ stops, size: 3 }).colors[1][0]).toBeCloseTo(0.388573, 5);
-    const transparent = createColormap({
-      size: 3,
-      interpolation: 'srgb',
-      stops: [
-        { at: 0, color: [1, 0, 0, 0] },
-        { at: 1, color: [0, 0, 1, 1] },
-      ],
-    });
-    expect(transparent.colors[1]).toEqual([0, 0, 1, 0.5]);
-  });
-  it('validates stops and bounded size before invoking callbacks or allocating samples', () => {
-    const sample = vi.fn(() => black);
-    for (const size of [0, 1, 1.5, NaN, Infinity, 16385])
-      expect(() => createColormap({ sample, size })).toThrow();
-    expect(sample).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    for (const stops of [
-      [],
-      [
-        { at: 0.5, color: black },
-        { at: 1, color: white },
-      ],
-      [
-        { at: 0, color: black },
-        { at: 0, color: white },
-        { at: 1, color: white },
-      ],
-    ])
-      expect(() => createColormap({ stops })).toThrow();
-    expect(() =>
-      createColormap({
-        kind: 'cyclic',
-        stops: [
-          { at: 0, color: black },
-          { at: 1, color: white },
-        ],
-      }),
-    ).toThrow(/close/);
-  });
-  it('samples the rendering table with clamping, premultiplied alpha and exact endpoints', () => {
-    const map = createColormap({ colors: [black, white] });
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, -2)).toEqual(black);
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, 2)).toEqual(white);
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, 0.25)).toEqual([0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1]);
-    const alpha = createColormap({
-      colors: [
-        [1, 0, 0, 0],
-        [0, 0, 1, 1],
-      ],
-    });
-    expect(sampleColormap(alpha, 0.5)).toEqual([0, 0, 1, 0.5]);
-    expect(sampleColormap(alpha, 0)).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
-    for (const t of [NaN, Infinity, -Infinity]) expect(() => sampleColormap(map, t)).toThrow();
-  });
-  it('wraps cyclic samples, closes their seam and preserves phase when reversed', () => {
-    const map = createColormap({
-      kind: 'cyclic',
-      colors: [
-        [1, 0, 0, 1],
-        [0, 1, 0, 1],
-        [0, 0, 1, 1],
-      ],
-    });
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, 0)).toEqual(sampleColormap(map, 1));
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, -0.25)).toEqual(sampleColormap(map, 0.75));
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, 5 / 6)).toEqual([0.5, 0, 0.5, 1]);
-    expect(reverseColormap(map).colors[0]).toBe(map.colors[0]);
-    expect(sampleColormap(reverseColormap(map), 0.25)).toEqual(sampleColormap(map, -0.25));
-    expect(reverseColormap(reverseColormap(map))).toBe(map);
-    expect(reverseColormap(map)).toBe(reverseColormap(map));
-  });
-  it('never interpolates categories and includes every hard boundary in CSS', () => {
-    const map = createColormap({ kind: 'categorical', colors: [black, white] });
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, 0.49)).toEqual(black);
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, 0.5)).toEqual(white);
-    expect(sampleColormap(map, 1)).toEqual(white);
-    expect(colormapCss(map)).toContain('0% 50%');
-    expect(colormapCss(map)).toContain('50% 100%');
-    const single = createColormap({ kind: 'categorical', colors: [white] });
-    expect(sampleColormap(single, 0.5)).toEqual(white);
-  });
-});
-
-it('preserves every published catalog sample and source checksum', () => {
-  const provenance = JSON.parse(
-    readFileSync(new URL('../src/colors/presets/provenance.json', import.meta.url), 'utf8'),
-  ) as {
-    palettes: Record<string, { count: number; sha256: string }>;
-  };
-  expect(Object.keys(colormaps)).toHaveLength(46);
-  expect(Object.isFrozen(colormaps)).toBe(true);
-  for (const [name, map] of Object.entries(colormaps)) {
-    const record = provenance.palettes[name];
-    expect(record, name).toBeDefined();
-    expect(map.colors.length, name).toBe(record.count);
-    const bytes = Buffer.alloc(map.colors.length * 24);
-    map.colors.forEach((color, i) => {
-      validateRgba(color);
-      for (let c = 0; c < 3; c++) bytes.writeDoubleLE(color[c], i * 24 + c * 8);
-    });
-    expect(createHash('sha256').update(bytes).digest('hex'), name).toBe(record.sha256);
-    expect(map.colors).toBe(map.colors);
-    expect(Object.isFrozen(map.colors)).toBe(true);
-  }
-  expect(colormaps.viridis.colors[0]).toEqual([0.267004, 0.004874, 0.329415, 1]);
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/connect.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/connect.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index feb0c451..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/connect.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { pair, batch, fields, collect } from '../../connect/tests/fixture.js';
-import { createData, type Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type GpuPage } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { bytes, fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { field } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-it('reads and uploads the same native contract through connect without a renderer transport adapter', async () => {
-  const patch = batch(100000);
-  (patch.columns.value as Column.Numeric).values.set(
-    Float64Array.from({ length: 100000 }, (_, i) => i),
-  );
-  const h = await pair({
-    monitor: function* () {
-      yield patch;
-    },
-  });
-  let remote;
-  try {
-    const publications = await collect(h.model.monitor!(fields));
-    remote = createData(h.model.schema, publications.flat());
-  } finally {
-    await h.close();
-  }
-  const source = { index: patch.index, values: (patch.columns.value as Column.Numeric).values };
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, validate: true });
-  try {
-    const pages: GpuPage[] = [];
-    await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const block of frame.reader.read(remote, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: 'Node',
-        select: ['value'],
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 99990, count: 10 },
-      }))
-        pages.push(
-          ...frame.upload(
-            { ...block, kind: 'fields', presence: {} },
-            { select: ['value'], float64: 'float32' },
-          ),
-        );
-    });
-    expect(pages).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(pages[0].index).toEqual(source.index);
-    expect(pages[0].rows).toEqual({ kind: 'range', offset: 99990, count: 10 });
-    const stored = bytes(field(pages[0]).binding);
-    expect([...new Float32Array(stored.buffer, stored.byteOffset, 10)]).toEqual(
-      Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => 99990 + i),
-    );
-    const fields: GpuPage[] = [];
-    await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({
-        source: remote,
-        from: source.index.type,
-        rows: { index: source.index, kind: 'range', offset: 99990, count: 10 },
-        fields: { value: 'value' },
-      }))
-        for (const page of frame.upload(native, {
-          select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-          float64: 'float32',
-        }))
-          fields.push(page);
-    });
-    const prepared = bytes(field(fields[0]).binding);
-    expect([...new Float32Array(prepared.buffer, prepared.byteOffset, 10)]).toEqual(
-      Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => 99990 + i),
-    );
-    expect(source.values.byteLength).toBe(800000);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  } finally {
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/contract.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/contract.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bbae1ec5..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/contract.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
-import * as model from '@latkit/model';
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import * as api from '../src/index.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw, renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-import { Source } from './fixtures/source.js';
-
-/** The failure code a call throws, or undefined when it returns. */
-function codeOf(call: () => unknown): string | undefined {
-  try {
-    call();
-  } catch (error) {
-    return (error as { code?: string }).code;
-  }
-  return undefined;
-}
-
-describe('public contract and allocation boundaries', () => {
-  it('exports an app surface and keeps renderer authoring under kit', () => {
-    expect(Object.keys(api).sort()).toEqual(
-      [
-        'createGpu',
-        'createComposition',
-        'createTextRasterizer',
-        'colormaps',
-        'createColormap',
-        'reverseColormap',
-        'parseColor',
-        'resolveColor',
-        'colorCss',
-        'colormapCss',
-        'spotlight',
-        'pulse',
-        'shape',
-        'gauge',
-        'pie',
-        'icon',
-        'kit',
-      ].sort(),
-    );
-    expect(Object.keys(api.kit).sort()).toEqual(
-      [
-        'BaseView',
-        'BaseItemView',
-        'ProjectedView',
-        'resolveLimits',
-        'resolveStyle',
-        'resolveViewStyle',
-        'viewStyle',
-        'lineStyle',
-        'projectedStyle',
-        'Feedback',
-        'Attachments',
-        'rendererOf',
-        'gpuOf',
-        'gridLines',
-        'gridShader',
-        'gridStyle',
-        'hold',
-        'layerOf',
-        'Projector',
-        'PROJECTIONS',
-        'projectionShader',
-        'validateRgba',
-        'clearColor',
-        'sampleColormap',
-        'colormapShader',
-        'BufferData',
-        'TextureData',
-        'fieldShader',
-        'clipStroke',
-        'strokeShader',
-        'textShader',
-        'TextBank',
-        'textOrigin',
-        'textBox',
-        'createPresentation',
-        'createTextureTarget',
-        'fitCamera',
-        'cameraPoint',
-        'worldPoint',
-        'zoomCamera',
-        'wiring',
-        'readRows',
-        'fieldScale',
-        'resolveScale',
-        'scaleValue',
-        'resolveLabels',
-        'bindChannels',
-        'resolveChannels',
-        'resolveChannel',
-        'channelValue',
-        'channelValues',
-        'checkMarker',
-        'markerShader',
-        'shapeShader',
-        'markerAtlas',
-        'MARKER_INPUTS',
-        'SHAPES',
-        'channelOn',
-        'writeChannel',
-        'BoxIndex',
-        'Occupancy',
-        'Graph',
-        'place',
-        'layoutOptions',
-        'sameReads',
-        'sameRecords',
-        'sameValues',
-        'shadeShader',
-        'premultipliedBlend',
-        'outputShader',
-        'inputModifiers',
-      ].sort(),
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('uses source, type, and index version to validate physical identity', () => {
-    const index = { source: 'a', type: 'node', version: 'v' };
-    expect(model.sameIndex(index, { ...index })).toBe(true);
-    for (const mismatch of [
-      { ...index, source: 'b' },
-      { ...index, type: 'edge' },
-      { ...index, version: 'v2' },
-    ])
-      expect(() => model.assertIndex(index, mismatch)).toThrow();
-    expect(model.rowAt({ kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(100, 7) }, 1)).toBe(7);
-    expect(() => model.rowCount({ kind: 'range', offset: 0xffffffff, count: 2 })).toThrow();
-  });
-
-  it('counts working buffers and textures in one budget, which runs over rather than refuse', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await api.createGpu({ device: fake.device, budget: { gpuBytes: 1024 } });
-    const data = gpu.buffer({ size: 512, usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE });
-    const texture = gpu.texture({
-      size: [8, 8],
-      format: 'rgba8unorm',
-      usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-    });
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(768);
-    // What is in use is never refused: past the budget, the pool runs over until it is let go.
-    const more = gpu.buffer({ size: 512, usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE });
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(1280);
-    data.destroy();
-    texture.destroy();
-    more.destroy();
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('rejects resources from another owner even on the same native device', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      a = await api.createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-      b = await api.createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const data = a.buffer({ size: 16, usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE });
-    await expect(
-      draw(b, (frame) => {
-        frame.buffer(data);
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-    a.destroy();
-    b.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('rejects targets from a different device before preparation starts', async () => {
-    const a = fakeDevice(),
-      b = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await api.createGpu({ device: a.device });
-    let prepared = false;
-    await expect(
-      gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [
-          {
-            renderer: renderer(() => {
-              prepared = true;
-            }),
-            target: target(b.device),
-          },
-        ],
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-    expect(prepared).toBe(false);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('deduplicates whole borrowed backing allocations across cached chunks', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await api.createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const source = new Source(1_000_000, { blockRows: 10000 });
-    await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source.data, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: 'node',
-        select: ['value'],
-      }))
-        void block;
-    });
-    expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(source.values.byteLength);
-    expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBeLessThan(source.values.byteLength + 100_000);
-    expect(gpu.stats().stagedBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.trim();
-    expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('trims all unreferenced caches and leaves owned resources alive', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await api.createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const owned = gpu.buffer({ size: 16, usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE });
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(new api.kit.BufferData({ size: 256 }));
-    });
-    gpu.trim();
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(16);
-    owned.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-    expect(gpu.stats()).toMatchObject({ cpuBytes: 0, gpuBytes: 0, stagingBytes: 0, entries: 0 });
-  });
-
-  it('journals disjoint byte changes and resets newly grown bytes', () => {
-    fakeDevice();
-    const data = new api.kit.BufferData({ size: 4096 });
-    const revision = data.revision;
-    data.write({ data: Uint8Array.of(9), offset: 0 });
-    data.write({ data: Uint8Array.of(8), offset: 4000 });
-    expect(data.changesSince(revision)).toEqual([
-      { offset: 0, size: 1 },
-      { offset: 4000, size: 1 },
-    ]);
-    data.resize(1);
-    data.resize(4096);
-    expect(data.bytes[4000]).toBe(0);
-    expect(() => data.write({ data: new Uint8Array(8), offset: 4095 })).toThrow();
-  });
-
-  it('updates whole records in one revision, and an unchanged update in none', () => {
-    fakeDevice();
-    const data = new api.kit.BufferData({ size: 4 }),
-      records = new Uint32Array(64 * 100);
-    data.update(records, 256);
-    const revision = data.revision;
-    data.update(records, 256);
-    expect(data.revision).toBe(revision);
-    // A word in each of many records changes one revision, and changed neighbors join a range.
-    for (let record = 0; record < 80; record++) records[record * 64 + 3] = record + 1;
-    records[95 * 64] = 7;
-    data.update(records, 256);
-    expect(data.revision).toBe(revision + 1);
-    expect(data.changesSince(revision)).toEqual([
-      { offset: 0, size: 80 * 256 },
-      { offset: 95 * 256, size: 256 },
-    ]);
-  });
-});
-
-it('normalizes single-use texture extents before accounting and native allocation', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await api.createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  function* size() {
-    yield 8;
-    yield 4;
-  }
-  const texture = gpu.texture({
-    size: size(),
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  expect(texture.texture.width).toBe(8);
-  expect(texture.texture.height).toBe(4);
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(128);
-  texture.destroy();
-  const volume = gpu.texture({
-    size: { width: 8, height: 4, depthOrArrayLayers: 2 },
-    dimension: '3d',
-    mipLevelCount: 4,
-    format: 'r8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
-  });
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(75);
-  volume.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('rejects invalid texture extents and sample counts before allocating', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await api.createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const base: GPUTextureDescriptor = {
-    size: [8, 8],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  };
-  for (const changes of [
-    { sampleCount: 2 },
-    { size: [8193, 1] },
-    { mipLevelCount: 5 },
-    { dimension: '1d' as const },
-    { sampleCount: 4, mipLevelCount: 2 },
-    { size: [8, 8, 2], sampleCount: 4 },
-  ])
-    expect(codeOf(() => gpu.texture({ ...base, ...changes }))).toBeTypeOf('string');
-  expect(fake.native.createTexture).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/data.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/data.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 98fc7ca2..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/data.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { Source } from './fixtures/source.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-import { type Data, type Column, type Block } from '@latkit/model';
-const query = { kind: 'rows', from: 'node', select: ['value'] } as const;
-async function collect(source: AsyncIterable<Block.Rows>) {
-  const values: Block.Rows[] = [];
-  for await (const block of source) values.push(block);
-  return values;
-}
-it('coalesces equivalent local computations and reuses their completed results', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(1000, { blockRows: 100 }).data,
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    const [a, b] = await Promise.all([
-      collect(frame.reader.read(source, query)),
-      collect(frame.reader.read(source, query)),
-    ]);
-    expect(a).toHaveLength(10);
-    expect(b).toEqual(a);
-  });
-  const queries = gpu.stats().queries;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    expect(await collect(frame.reader.read(source, query))).toHaveLength(10);
-  });
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(queries);
-  expect(gpu.stats().queryHits).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('processes data larger than its cache within the CPU budget', async () => {
-  const source = new Source(100000, { blockRows: 256 }).data,
-    budget = 256 * 1024,
-    gpu = await createGpu({
-      device: fakeDevice().device,
-      budget: { cpuBytes: budget, stagingBytes: 65536 },
-      maxBlockBytes: 8192,
-    });
-  let count = 0;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source, query)) count += block.columns.value.length;
-  });
-  expect(count).toBe(100000);
-  expect(gpu.stats().peakCpuBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(budget);
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('does not share cached reads between distinct data of the same shape', async () => {
-  const a = new Source(4),
-    b = new Source(4);
-  b.values = Float32Array.of(40, 41, 42, 43);
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    const first = await collect(frame.reader.read(a.data, query)),
-      second = await collect(frame.reader.read(b.data, query));
-    expect((first[0].columns.value as Column.Numeric).values[0]).toBe(0);
-    expect((second[0].columns.value as Column.Numeric).values[0]).toBe(40);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('an application replacement does not change an in-progress data value', async () => {
-  const app = new Source(8, { blockRows: 2 }),
-    original = app.data,
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    const iterator = frame.reader.read(original, query)[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-    const first = await iterator.next();
-    app.values = Float32Array.from({ length: 8 }, () => 99);
-    app.publish();
-    expect(app.data).not.toBe(original);
-    let sum = 0;
-    for (let next = first; !next.done; next = await iterator.next())
-      for (const value of (next.value.columns.value as Column.Numeric).values) sum += value;
-    expect(sum).toBe(28);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('ordinary data values remain usable after GPU teardown', async () => {
-  const data: Data = new Source(8).data,
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const reads = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    await collect(reads.read(data, query));
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  gpu.destroy();
-  expect(Object.keys(data).sort()).toEqual(['schema', 'tables']);
-  expect((data.tables.node.fields.value.at(0)!.column as Column.Numeric).values[0]).toBe(0);
-});
-it('cancels a local reader without affecting another reader of the same data', async () => {
-  const data = new Source(1000, { blockRows: 100 }).data,
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const stop = new AbortController(),
-    first = gpu.reader.open({ signal: stop.signal }),
-    second = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const a = first.read(data, query)[Symbol.asyncIterator](),
-      b = second.read(data, query)[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-    await a.next();
-    const head = await b.next();
-    stop.abort();
-    await expect(a.next()).rejects.toBeDefined();
-    let count = 0;
-    for (let next = head; !next.done; next = await b.next())
-      count += next.value.columns.value.length;
-    expect(count).toBe(1000);
-  } finally {
-    first.close();
-    second.close();
-  }
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/extents.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/extents.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 293617d1..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/extents.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { createData } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-import { FieldSource } from './fixtures/field-source.js';
-it('resolves full selection extents, reuses static cache, and invalidates relevant changes', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(100),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  source.blockRows = 7;
-  const request = {
-    source: source.data,
-    from: source.index.type,
-    rows: { kind: 'range' as const, index: source.index, offset: 5, count: 85 },
-    field: 'value',
-  };
-  const render = () =>
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      expect(await frame.reader.extent(request)).toEqual([5, 89]);
-    });
-  await render();
-  const queries = gpu.stats().queries;
-  await render();
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(queries);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('ignores null, missing, and nonfinite values, preserving a constant or empty result', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    index = { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: '1' },
-    rows = { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count: 4 },
-    source = createData({ types: { node: { fields: {} } } }, []);
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    const values = {
-      index,
-      rows,
-      values: {
-        kind: 'numeric' as const,
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 4,
-        values: Float64Array.of(NaN, 5, 99, Infinity),
-        validity: Uint8Array.of(0b1011),
-      },
-    };
-    expect(
-      await frame.reader.extent({ source, from: 'node', rows: { ...rows, index }, field: values }),
-    ).toEqual([5, 5]);
-    expect(
-      await frame.reader.extent({
-        source,
-        from: 'node',
-        rows: { kind: 'range', index, offset: 5, count: 1 },
-        field: values,
-      }),
-    ).toBeNull();
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('uses a row read for a sampled coordinate when a source does not advertise aggregates', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    expect(
-      await frame.reader.extent({
-        source: source.data,
-        from: source.index.type,
-        rows: { kind: 'range', index: source.index, offset: 1, count: 3 },
-        field: 'observed',
-        window: { kind: 'at', value: 4 },
-      }),
-    ).toEqual([1e12 + 5, 1e12 + 7]);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('reduces sampled application values and caches the local result', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const request = {
-    source: source.data,
-    from: source.index.type,
-    rows: { kind: 'range' as const, index: source.index, offset: 0, count: 8 },
-    field: 'observed',
-    window: { kind: 'frames' as const, offset: 0, count: 2 },
-  };
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    expect(await frame.reader.extent(request)).toEqual([1e12, 1e12 + 8]);
-    const count = gpu.stats().queries;
-    expect(await frame.reader.extent(request)).toEqual([1e12, 1e12 + 8]);
-    expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(count);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fields.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fields.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e7d3cbcd..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fields.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Reader } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type GpuPage } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { bytes, fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { field, values } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-import { FieldSource } from './fixtures/field-source.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-function request(source: FieldSource): Reader.FieldsRequest {
-  return {
-    source: source.data,
-    from: source.index.type,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', index: source.index, offset: 0, count: source.count },
-    fields: {
-      x: 'value',
-      same: 'value',
-      position: 'position',
-      color: 'color',
-      visible: 'visible',
-      observation: 'observed',
-    },
-  };
-}
-it('batches fields by dependency and preserves static CPU/GPU residency across a new data value sharing unchanged pages', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const pages: GpuPage[][] = [];
-  const render = async () => {
-    const result: GpuPage[] = [];
-    await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const native of frame.reader.fields(request(source)))
-        for (const page of frame.upload(native, {
-          select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-          float64: 'relative',
-        }))
-          result.push(page);
-    });
-    pages.push(result);
-  };
-  await render();
-  expect(field(pages[0][0], 'x').binding).toEqual(field(pages[0][0], 'same').binding);
-  const bytesBefore = gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-  await render();
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(bytesBefore);
-  source.publish();
-  await render();
-  expect(field(pages[0][0], 'position').binding).toEqual(field(pages[2][0], 'position').binding);
-  expect(values(pages[2][0], 'x')).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('aligns reordered multi-block inputs and explicit sparse observations without dropping draw rows', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    observed = new FieldSource();
-  observed.captured = new Set([1, 3]);
-  source.reversed = true;
-  source.blockRows = 2;
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const input = request(source);
-  let page!: GpuPage;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({
-      ...input,
-      fields: {
-        value: 'value',
-        overlay: {
-          source: observed.data,
-          from: 'node',
-          field: 'observed',
-          rows: { kind: 'indices', index: source.index, values: Uint32Array.of(1, 3) },
-        },
-      },
-    }))
-      for (const result of frame.upload(native, {
-        select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-        float64: 'relative',
-      }))
-        page = result;
-  });
-  expect(values(page)).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
-  expect(bytes(field(page, 'overlay').presence!.binding)[0]).toBe(0b1010);
-  expect((page.columns.overlay as import('../src/kit.js').GpuValueField).origin?.[0]).toBe(
-    1e12 + 1,
-  );
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const _page of frame.reader.fields({
-        ...input,
-        fields: { overlay: { source: observed.data, from: 'node', field: 'observed' } },
-      })) {
-        /* consume */
-      }
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('keeps boolean/vector types even when an explicit overlay has no rows', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  let page!: GpuPage;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({
-      ...request(source),
-      fields: {
-        visible: {
-          source: source.data,
-          from: 'node',
-          field: 'visible',
-          rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 99, count: 0 },
-        },
-        position: {
-          source: source.data,
-          from: 'node',
-          field: 'position',
-          rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 99, count: 0 },
-        },
-      },
-    }))
-      for (const result of frame.upload(native, {
-        select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-        float64: 'relative',
-      }))
-        page = result;
-  });
-  expect((page.columns.visible as import('../src/kit.js').GpuValueField).type).toBe('boolean');
-  expect((page.columns.position as import('../src/kit.js').GpuValueField).components).toBe(2);
-  expect(bytes(field(page, 'position').presence!.binding)[0]).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('reuses native local slices without staging and rejects stale index identity', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(4096),
-    fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, pageBytes: 4096 });
-  const input = {
-    index: source.index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count: 4096 },
-    values: {
-      kind: 'numeric' as const,
-      offset: 0,
-      length: 4096,
-      values: Float32Array.from({ length: 4096 }, (_, i) => i),
-    },
-  };
-  const result: number[] = [];
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({
-      ...request(source),
-      fields: { value: input },
-    }))
-      for (const page of frame.upload(native, {
-        select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-        float64: 'relative',
-      }))
-        result.push(...values(page));
-  });
-  expect(result).toEqual([...input.values.values]);
-  expect(gpu.stats().stagedBytes).toBe(0);
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const _page of frame.reader.fields({
-        ...request(source),
-        fields: { value: { ...input, index: { ...source.index, version: 'stale' } } },
-      })) {
-        /* consume */
-      }
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'conflict' });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('bounds the binding count when fifteen fields occupy more than four slabs', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice({
-      limits: {
-        maxStorageBufferBindingSize: 1024,
-        minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment: 256,
-        maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage: 5,
-      },
-    }),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, pageBytes: 1024 });
-  const source = new FieldSource(40),
-    fields: Reader.FieldsRequest['fields'] = Object.fromEntries(
-      Array.from({ length: 15 }, (_, i) => [
-        'v' + i,
-        {
-          index: source.index,
-          rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 40 },
-          values: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 40,
-            values: Float32Array.from({ length: 40 }, (_, row) => i * 100 + row),
-          },
-        },
-      ]),
-    );
-  let pages: GpuPage[] = [];
-  const render = () =>
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      pages = [];
-      for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({ ...request(source), fields }))
-        for (const page of frame.upload(native, {
-          select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-          float64: 'relative',
-        }))
-          pages.push(page);
-    });
-  await render();
-  for (let i = 0; i < 15; i++)
-    expect(pages.flatMap((page) => values(page, 'v' + i))).toEqual(
-      Array.from({ length: 40 }, (_, row) => i * 100 + row),
-    );
-  expect(
-    fake.native.createBindGroup.mock.calls.every(
-      ([descriptor]) => [...descriptor.entries].length === 5,
-    ),
-  ).toBe(true);
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuCopiedBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  const before = gpu.stats();
-  await render();
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(before.uploadedBytes);
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuCopiedBytes).toBe(before.gpuCopiedBytes);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('aligns native block boundaries across sources without materializing matching columns', async () => {
-  const a = new FieldSource(1000),
-    b = new FieldSource(1000);
-  a.blockRows = 71;
-  b.blockRows = 113;
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const actual: number[] = [];
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({
-      source: a.data,
-      from: a.index.type,
-      rows: { index: a.index, kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1000 },
-      fields: { value: 'value', other: { source: b.data, from: 'node', field: 'value' } },
-    }))
-      for (const page of frame.upload(native, {
-        select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-        float64: 'relative',
-      })) {
-        expect(page.rowOffset).toBe(actual.length);
-        actual.push(...values(page));
-        expect(values(page, 'other')).toEqual(values(page));
-      }
-  });
-  expect(actual).toEqual(Array.from({ length: 1000 }, (_, i) => i));
-  expect(gpu.stats().stagedBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/device.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/device.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ad3d3cd..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/device.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
-import { vi } from 'vitest';
-
-export function deferred<T>() {
-  let resolve!: (value: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void;
-  let reject!: (reason?: unknown) => void;
-  const promise = new Promise<T>((yes, no) => {
-    resolve = yes;
-    reject = no;
-  });
-  return { promise, resolve, reject };
-}
-
-export interface FakeBuffer extends GPUBuffer {
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-  readonly destroyed: boolean;
-}
-export interface FakeTexture extends GPUTexture {
-  readonly destroyed: boolean;
-}
-
-export function fakeDevice(
-  options: { readonly deferCompletion?: boolean; readonly limits?: Record<string, number> } = {},
-) {
-  vi.stubGlobal('GPUBufferUsage', {
-    MAP_READ: 1,
-    MAP_WRITE: 2,
-    COPY_SRC: 4,
-    COPY_DST: 8,
-    INDEX: 16,
-    VERTEX: 32,
-    UNIFORM: 64,
-    STORAGE: 128,
-    INDIRECT: 256,
-    QUERY_RESOLVE: 512,
-  });
-  vi.stubGlobal('GPUTextureUsage', {
-    COPY_SRC: 1,
-    COPY_DST: 2,
-    TEXTURE_BINDING: 4,
-    STORAGE_BINDING: 8,
-    RENDER_ATTACHMENT: 16,
-  });
-  vi.stubGlobal('GPUShaderStage', { VERTEX: 1, FRAGMENT: 2, COMPUTE: 4 });
-  vi.stubGlobal('GPUMapMode', { READ: 1, WRITE: 2 });
-  const loss = deferred<GPUDeviceLostInfo>();
-  const buffers: FakeBuffer[] = [];
-  const textures: FakeTexture[] = [];
-  const completions: ReturnType<typeof deferred<void>>[] = [];
-  const executions: (() => void)[][] = [];
-  let current: (() => void)[] = [];
-  const queue = {
-    writeBuffer: vi.fn(
-      (
-        buffer: FakeBuffer,
-        offset: number,
-        data: ArrayBuffer,
-        from: number = 0,
-        size: number = data.byteLength - from,
-      ) => {
-        if (buffer.destroyed || offset & 3 || size & 3 || offset + size > buffer.size)
-          throw new Error('Invalid fake GPU write');
-        buffer.bytes.set(new Uint8Array(data, from, size), offset);
-      },
-    ),
-    writeTexture: vi.fn(),
-    submit: vi.fn((commands: { execute: () => void }[]) => {
-      for (const command of commands) command.execute();
-      executions.push(current);
-      current = [];
-    }),
-    onSubmittedWorkDone: vi.fn(() => {
-      if (!options.deferCompletion) return Promise.resolve();
-      const next = deferred<void>();
-      completions.push(next);
-      return next.promise;
-    }),
-  };
-  const device = {
-    limits: {
-      maxStorageBuffersPerShaderStage: 8,
-      maxBufferSize: 256 * 1024 ** 2,
-      maxStorageBufferBindingSize: 128 * 1024 ** 2,
-      maxUniformBufferBindingSize: 65536,
-      minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment: 256,
-      minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment: 256,
-      maxTextureDimension1D: 8192,
-      maxTextureDimension2D: 8192,
-      maxTextureDimension3D: 2048,
-      maxTextureArrayLayers: 256,
-      ...options.limits,
-    },
-    features: new Set(),
-    queue,
-    lost: loss.promise,
-    destroy: vi.fn(() =>
-      loss.resolve({ reason: 'destroyed', message: 'destroyed' } as GPUDeviceLostInfo),
-    ),
-    createSampler: vi.fn(() => ({})),
-    createBindGroupLayout: vi.fn((descriptor: GPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor) => ({ descriptor })),
-    createBindGroup: vi.fn((descriptor: GPUBindGroupDescriptor) => ({ descriptor })),
-    createBuffer: vi.fn((descriptor: GPUBufferDescriptor) => {
-      let destroyed = false;
-      const bytes = new Uint8Array(descriptor.size);
-      const buffer = {
-        size: descriptor.size,
-        usage: descriptor.usage,
-        bytes,
-        get destroyed() {
-          return destroyed;
-        },
-        destroy: vi.fn(() => {
-          destroyed = true;
-        }),
-        mapAsync: vi.fn(() => Promise.resolve()),
-        getMappedRange: (offset = 0, size = descriptor.size - offset) =>
-          bytes.buffer.slice(offset, offset + size),
-        unmap: vi.fn(),
-      } as unknown as FakeBuffer;
-      buffers.push(buffer);
-      return buffer;
-    }),
-    createTexture: vi.fn((descriptor: GPUTextureDescriptor) => {
-      let destroyed = false;
-      const size = [...(descriptor.size as Iterable<number>)];
-      const texture = {
-        width: size[0],
-        height: size[1] ?? 1,
-        depthOrArrayLayers: size[2] ?? 1,
-        format: descriptor.format,
-        usage: descriptor.usage,
-        get destroyed() {
-          return destroyed;
-        },
-        destroy: vi.fn(() => {
-          destroyed = true;
-        }),
-        createView: vi.fn(() => ({ texture })),
-      } as unknown as FakeTexture;
-      textures.push(texture);
-      return texture;
-    }),
-    createCommandEncoder: vi.fn(() => {
-      const work: (() => void)[] = [];
-      const encoder = {
-        copyBufferToBuffer(
-          source: FakeBuffer,
-          from: number,
-          destination: FakeBuffer,
-          to: number,
-          size: number,
-        ) {
-          work.push(() => destination.bytes.set(source.bytes.subarray(from, from + size), to));
-        },
-        finish: vi.fn(() => ({
-          execute: () => {
-            for (const task of work) task();
-          },
-        })),
-        record(task: () => void) {
-          work.push(task);
-        },
-      };
-      return encoder;
-    }),
-    createShaderModule: vi.fn((descriptor: GPUShaderModuleDescriptor) => ({
-      label: descriptor.label ?? '',
-      getCompilationInfo: async () => ({ messages: [] }),
-    })),
-    pushErrorScope: vi.fn(),
-    popErrorScope: vi.fn(async () => null),
-    createRenderPipelineAsync: vi.fn(async (_descriptor: GPURenderPipelineDescriptor) => ({
-      kind: 'render',
-    })),
-    createComputePipelineAsync: vi.fn(async (_descriptor: GPUComputePipelineDescriptor) => ({
-      kind: 'compute',
-    })),
-  };
-  return {
-    device: device as unknown as GPUDevice,
-    native: device,
-    queue,
-    buffers,
-    textures,
-    completions,
-    lose: (message = 'test loss') =>
-      loss.resolve({ reason: 'unknown', message } as GPUDeviceLostInfo),
-    finish: () => {
-      for (const completion of completions.splice(0)) completion.resolve();
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function bytes(binding: GPUBufferBinding): Uint8Array {
-  const buffer = binding.buffer as FakeBuffer;
-  return buffer.bytes.subarray(
-    binding.offset ?? 0,
-    (binding.offset ?? 0) + (binding.size ?? buffer.size),
-  );
-}
-
-export function record(encoder: GPUCommandEncoder, task: () => void): void {
-  (encoder as unknown as { record(task: () => void): void }).record(task);
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/field-source.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/field-source.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c5a3f0b2..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/field-source.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  createData,
-  read,
-  textColumn,
-  type Data,
-  type Schema,
-  type Query,
-  type Column,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-export class FieldSource {
-  readonly index = { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i0' };
-  captured?: Set<number>;
-  reversed = false;
-  blockRows = 1024;
-  private cached?: Data;
-  readonly schema: Schema = {
-    axis: { name: 'time' },
-    types: {
-      node: {
-        fields: {
-          value: { type: 'float32' },
-          position: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-          color: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float32', size: 4 } },
-          visible: { type: 'boolean', nullable: true },
-          observed: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, nullable: true },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  constructor(readonly count = 8) {}
-  get data(): Data {
-    if (this.cached) return this.cached;
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [];
-    for (let offset = 0; offset < this.count; offset += this.blockRows) {
-      const count = Math.min(this.blockRows, this.count - offset),
-        rows = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => offset + i);
-      if (this.reversed) rows.reverse();
-      const columns: Record<string, Column> = {};
-      const numeric = (values: Float32Array | Float64Array) => ({
-        kind: 'numeric' as const,
-        offset: 0,
-        length: values.length,
-        values,
-      });
-      columns.value = numeric(Float32Array.from(rows));
-      columns.position = {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: count,
-        size: 2,
-        values: numeric(Float64Array.from(rows.flatMap((r) => [1e12 + r, 1e12 + r + 0.25]))),
-      };
-      columns.color = {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: count,
-        size: 4,
-        values: numeric(Float32Array.from(rows.flatMap((r) => [r / 8, 0.5, 1, 1]))),
-      };
-      const values = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8)),
-        validity = new Uint8Array(values.length);
-      rows.forEach((r, i) => {
-        if (r % 2 === 0) values[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-        if (r !== 2) validity[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-      });
-      columns.visible = { kind: 'boolean', offset: 0, length: count, values, validity };
-      batches.push({
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index,
-        rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.from(rows) },
-        columns,
-        ids: textColumn(rows.map(String)),
-      });
-      const selected = this.captured ? rows.filter((r) => this.captured!.has(r)) : rows;
-      for (let f = 0; f < 8; f++)
-        batches.push({
-          kind: 'samples',
-          index: this.index,
-          rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.from(selected) },
-          firstFrame: f,
-          coordinates: Float64Array.of(f),
-          columns: {
-            observed: {
-              ...numeric(Float64Array.from(selected, (r) => 1e12 + r + f)),
-              rowStride: 1,
-              frameStride: Math.max(1, selected.length),
-            },
-          },
-        });
-    }
-    return (this.cached = createData(this.schema, batches));
-  }
-  /** A new data value sharing every unchanged page. */
-  publish(): void {
-    if (this.cached) this.cached = { ...this.cached };
-  }
-  query<Q extends Query>(query: Q, options?: Query.Options) {
-    return read(this.data, query, options);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/fields.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/fields.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 621259e3..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/fields.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-import type { GpuField, GpuValueField, GpuPage } from '../../src/kit.js';
-import { bytes } from './device.js';
-
-function bindings(page: GpuPage): GPUBufferBinding[] {
-  const group = page.bindGroup as unknown as { descriptor: GPUBindGroupDescriptor };
-  return [...group.descriptor.entries].map((entry) => entry.resource as GPUBufferBinding);
-}
-function words(page: GpuPage): Uint32Array {
-  const data = bytes(bindings(page)[0]);
-  return new Uint32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength / 4);
-}
-/** Decode the public shader ABI independently of the uploader implementation. */
-export function field(page: GpuPage, selected: string | GpuField = 'value') {
-  const item = typeof selected === 'string' ? page.columns[selected] : selected;
-  if (item.kind === 'envelope') throw new Error('Choose one envelope descriptor');
-  const table = words(page),
-    f = table.subarray(7 + item.slot * 16, 23 + item.slot * 16),
-    banks = bindings(page).slice(1);
-  const mask = (start: number) => {
-    if (f[start] === 0xffffffff) return undefined;
-    const bit = f[start + 1],
-      offset = bit % 32;
-    const count = offset + (table[0] - 1) * f[start + 2] + (table[1] - 1) * f[start + 3] + 1;
-    return {
-      offset,
-      binding: {
-        buffer: banks[f[start]].buffer,
-        offset: Math.floor(bit / 32) * 4,
-        size: Math.ceil(count / 32) * 4,
-      },
-    };
-  };
-  const span =
-    ((item === page.samples?.coordinates ? 1 : table[0]) - 1) * f[2] + (table[1] - 1) * f[3] + f[5];
-  return {
-    binding: {
-      buffer: banks[f[0]].buffer,
-      offset: (item as GpuValueField).type === 'boolean' ? Math.floor(f[1] / 32) * 4 : f[1] * 4,
-      size:
-        (item as GpuValueField).type === 'boolean'
-          ? Math.ceil(((f[1] % 32) + span) / 32) * 4
-          : span * 4,
-    },
-    offset: (item as GpuValueField).type === 'boolean' ? f[1] % 32 : 0,
-    rowStride: f[2],
-    frameStride: f[3],
-    validity: mask(6),
-    presence: mask(10),
-  };
-}
-export function rowMap(page: GpuPage): GPUBufferBinding | undefined {
-  const table = words(page);
-  return table[3]
-    ? { buffer: bindings(page)[1 + table[5]].buffer, offset: table[6] * 4, size: table[0] * 4 }
-    : undefined;
-}
-export function values(page: GpuPage, name = 'value'): number[] {
-  const descriptor = field(page, name),
-    data = bytes(descriptor.binding),
-    type = (page.columns[name] as GpuValueField).type;
-  const view =
-    type === 'uint32'
-      ? new Uint32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength / 4)
-      : type === 'int32'
-        ? new Int32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength / 4)
-        : new Float32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength / 4);
-  const count = page.rows.kind === 'range' ? page.rows.count : page.rows.values.length;
-  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, row) => view[row * descriptor.rowStride]);
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/history.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/history.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a59a7500..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/history.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, read, sliceSamples, type Data, type Schema, type Query } from '@latkit/model';
-export class HistorySource {
-  readonly index = { source: 'history', type: 'node', version: 'i0' };
-  readonly firstFrame = 2 ** 40;
-  blockFrames = 2;
-  reverseFrames = false;
-  readonly values: Float64Array;
-  readonly validity: Uint8Array;
-  readonly labels = {
-    kind: 'text' as const,
-    offset: 1,
-    length: 2,
-    bytes: new TextEncoder().encode('!\u03b1beta'),
-    offsets: Int32Array.of(0, 1, 3, 7),
-  };
-  constructor(
-    readonly coordinates = Float64Array.of(0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6),
-    readonly count = 2,
-  ) {
-    this.values = Float64Array.from({ length: coordinates.length * count }, (_, i) =>
-      count === 2 && coordinates.length === 7
-        ? [
-            [9, 2, 10, NaN, 1, 8, 4],
-            [3, 5, 8, 2, 2, 9, 0],
-          ][i % count][Math.floor(i / count)]
-        : Math.sin(i),
-    );
-    this.validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(this.values.length / 8)).fill(255);
-    if (count === 2 && coordinates.length === 7) this.validity[0] &= ~(1 << 3);
-  }
-  private cached?: Data;
-  readonly schema: Schema = {
-    axis: { name: 'coordinate' },
-    types: {
-      node: {
-        fields: {
-          value: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, nullable: true },
-          weight: { type: 'float32' },
-          label: { type: 'text' },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  get data(): Data {
-    if (this.cached) return this.cached;
-    const rows = { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count: this.count };
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index,
-        rows,
-        ids: this.labels,
-        columns: {
-          label: this.labels,
-          weight: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: this.count,
-            values: Float32Array.from({ length: this.count }, (_, i) => i + 10),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    ];
-    for (let f = 0; f < this.coordinates.length; f += this.blockFrames) {
-      const count = Math.min(this.blockFrames, this.coordinates.length - f);
-      const column = sliceSamples(
-        {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: this.values.length,
-          values: this.values,
-          validity: this.validity,
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: this.count,
-        },
-        0,
-        this.count,
-        f,
-        count,
-      );
-      batches.push({
-        kind: 'samples',
-        index: this.index,
-        rows,
-        firstFrame: this.firstFrame + f,
-        coordinates: this.coordinates.subarray(f, f + count),
-        columns: { value: column },
-      });
-    }
-    if (this.reverseFrames) batches.reverse();
-    return (this.cached = createData(this.schema, batches));
-  }
-  /** Rebuild the data value from the same application arrays. */
-  publish(): void {
-    this.cached = undefined;
-  }
-  query<Q extends Query>(query: Q, options?: Query.Options) {
-    return read(this.data, query, options);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ed7c40c7..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import type { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-export function renderer(
-  prepare: (frame: kit.Preparation) => void | Promise<void>,
-  encode: (frame: kit.Encoding) => void = () => {},
-  submitted: () => void = () => {},
-  discard: () => void = () => {},
-): kit.Renderer {
-  return {
-    capture: () => ({
-      prepare: async (frame) => {
-        await prepare(frame);
-        return { encode, submitted, discard };
-      },
-      release() {},
-    }),
-    destroy() {},
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/render.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/render.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index dd8ef6ab..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/render.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-import type { Gpu } from '../../src/index.js';
-import type { Preparation, Renderer, RenderTarget, Encoding } from '../../src/kit.js';
-
-export function target(device: GPUDevice): RenderTarget {
-  const texture = device.createTexture({
-    size: [16, 16],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  return { device, format: 'rgba8unorm', width: 16, height: 16, texture: () => texture };
-}
-export function renderer(
-  prepare: (frame: Preparation) => void | Promise<void>,
-  encode: (frame: Encoding) => void = () => {},
-  submitted: () => void = () => {},
-  discard: () => void = () => {},
-): Renderer {
-  return {
-    capture: () => ({
-      prepare: async (frame) => {
-        await prepare(frame);
-        return { encode, submitted, discard };
-      },
-      release() {},
-    }),
-    destroy() {},
-  };
-}
-export async function draw(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  prepare: (frame: Preparation) => void | Promise<void>,
-): Promise<void> {
-  await gpu.render({
-    views: [{ renderer: renderer(prepare), target: target(gpu.device), at: 0 }],
-    timeMs: 0,
-  });
-  await gpu.idle();
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/source.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/source.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d6d3a66..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/fixtures/source.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, read, type Data, type Schema, type Query } from '@latkit/model';
-/** Application-owned fixture; data values are independent of the mutable test harness. */
-export class Source {
-  values: Float32Array | Float64Array;
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  readonly index = { source: 'document', type: 'node', version: 'rows0' };
-  private cached?: Data;
-  constructor(
-    readonly count = 16,
-    readonly options: {
-      blockRows?: number;
-      sampled?: boolean;
-      frames?: number;
-      float64?: boolean;
-    } = {},
-  ) {
-    const length = count * (options.sampled ? (options.frames ?? 4) : 1);
-    this.values = options.float64
-      ? Float64Array.from({ length }, (_, i) => 1e12 + i / 4)
-      : Float32Array.from({ length }, (_, i) => i);
-    this.schema = {
-      types: {
-        node: {
-          fields: {
-            value: {
-              type: options.float64 ? 'float64' : 'float32',
-              ...(options.sampled ? { sampled: true as const } : {}),
-            },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      ...(options.sampled ? { axis: { name: 'coordinate', unit: 'step' } } : {}),
-    };
-  }
-  get data(): Data {
-    if (this.cached) return this.cached;
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [];
-    for (let f = 0; f < (this.options.sampled ? (this.options.frames ?? 4) : 1); f++)
-      for (let offset = 0; offset < this.count; offset += this.options.blockRows ?? 4096) {
-        const count = Math.min(this.options.blockRows ?? 4096, this.count - offset);
-        const column = {
-          kind: 'numeric' as const,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: count,
-          values: this.values.subarray(f * this.count + offset, f * this.count + offset + count),
-        };
-        const base = { index: this.index, rows: { kind: 'range' as const, offset, count } };
-        batches.push(
-          this.options.sampled
-            ? {
-                ...base,
-                kind: 'samples',
-                firstFrame: f,
-                coordinates: Float64Array.of(f),
-                columns: { value: { ...column, rowStride: 1, frameStride: count } },
-              }
-            : { ...base, kind: 'rows', columns: { value: column } },
-        );
-      }
-    return (this.cached = createData(this.schema, batches));
-  }
-  /** Rebuild the data value from the current application arrays. */
-  publish(): void {
-    this.cached = undefined;
-  }
-  query<Q extends Query>(query: Q, options?: Query.Options) {
-    return read(this.data, query, options);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/foundation.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/foundation.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 69fec913..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/foundation.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,298 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { pair, collect } from '../../connect/tests/fixture.js';
-import {
-  createData,
-  selectBatches,
-  bitAt,
-  numberAt,
-  sampleAt,
-  textAt,
-  validateBlock,
-  rowCount,
-  type Data,
-  type Block,
-  type Query,
-  type Column,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { resolveScale, scaleValue, type GpuPage } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { withinBudget } from '../src/view/input.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { field } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-import { HistorySource } from './fixtures/history.js';
-const query: Query.Envelope = {
-  kind: 'envelope',
-  from: 'node',
-  select: ['value'],
-  rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-  window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, 6] },
-  buckets: 3,
-};
-
-it('reads text without GPU allocation and decodes the requested sliced cell only', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const tile of frame.reader.fields({
-      source: source.data,
-      from: 'node',
-      fields: { label: 'label' },
-      ids: true,
-    })) {
-      expect(tile.columns.label.kind).toBe('text');
-      if (tile.columns.label.kind !== 'text') throw new Error();
-      expect(tile.columns.label.bytes.buffer).toBe(source.labels.bytes.buffer);
-      expect(textAt(tile.columns.label, 0)).toBe('\u03b1');
-      expect(textAt(tile.columns.label, 1)).toBe('beta');
-      expect(textAt(tile.ids!, 0)).toBe('\u03b1');
-      expect(() => frame.upload(tile, { select: ['label'] })).toThrow();
-    }
-  });
-  expect(gpu.stats()).toMatchObject({ uploadedBytes: 0, gpuBytes: 0 });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('keeps sampled strides/native backing and broadcasts static columns without expanding them', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const native: Block.Fields[] = [],
-    pages: GpuPage[] = [];
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const tile of frame.reader.fields({
-      source: source.data,
-      from: 'node',
-      fields: { value: 'value', weight: 'weight', label: 'label' },
-      window: { kind: 'frames', offset: source.firstFrame, count: 2 },
-    })) {
-      native.push(tile);
-      pages.push(...frame.upload(tile, { select: ['value', 'weight'], float64: 'relative' }));
-      expect((tile.columns.value as Column.Numeric).values.buffer).toBe(source.values.buffer);
-      expect(sampleAt(tile.columns.value as Column.Sample, 1, 1)).toBeNull();
-      expect(numberAt(tile.columns.weight as Column.Numeric, 1)).toBe(11);
-    }
-  });
-  expect(native).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(pages[0].samples?.firstFrame).toBe(source.firstFrame);
-  expect(field(pages[0], 'weight').frameStride).toBe(0);
-  expect((native[0].columns.weight as Column.Numeric).values.length).toBe(2);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('rejects incompatible observation coordinates rather than silently resampling bindings', async () => {
-  const a = new HistorySource(),
-    b = new HistorySource(Float64Array.of(0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6));
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const _ of frame.reader.fields({
-        source: a.data,
-        from: 'node',
-        fields: { a: 'value', b: { source: b.data, from: 'node', field: 'value' } },
-        window: { kind: 'frames', offset: a.firstFrame, count: 2 },
-      }))
-        void _;
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'conflict' });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('reduces unsorted native tiles to exact extrema identities, preserves gaps, and uploads the native envelope ABI', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource();
-  source.reverseFrames = true;
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device, validate: true });
-  let result!: Block.Envelope, page!: GpuPage;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source.data, query)) {
-      result = block;
-      page = frame.upload(block, { select: ['value'] })[0];
-    }
-  });
-  expect(validateBlock(source.schema, query, result)).toEqual([]);
-  const column = result.columns.value;
-  expect([...column.values.values]).toEqual([
-    9, 2, 10, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8, 4, 8, 4, 3, 3, 8, 8, 2, 2, 2, 2, 9, 0, 9, 0,
-  ]);
-  expect([...column.frames.subarray(0, 4)]).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 2].map((i) => source.firstFrame + i));
-  expect([...column.coordinates.subarray(0, 4)]).toEqual([0, 1, 1, 1]);
-  expect(Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, i) => bitAt(column.continuous, i))).toEqual([
-    true,
-    false,
-    true,
-    false,
-    true,
-    true,
-  ]);
-  const descriptor = page.columns.value;
-  if (descriptor.kind !== 'envelope') throw new Error('Expected native envelope descriptor');
-  expect(descriptor.values.components).toBe(4);
-  expect(descriptor.frames.origin?.[0]).toBe(source.firstFrame);
-  expect(page.envelope).toEqual({ firstBucket: 0, count: 3 });
-  const uploaded = gpu.stats().uploadedBytes,
-    requests = gpu.stats().queries;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source.data, query))
-      frame.upload(block, { select: ['value'] });
-  });
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(requests);
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(uploaded);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('includes boundary duplicates and context, leaves empty buckets invalid, and bounds summary working storage', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device, maxBlockBytes: 8192 });
-  const q = {
-    ...query,
-    window: { kind: 'range' as const, between: [1, 3] as const, context: { before: 1, after: 1 } },
-    buckets: 4,
-  };
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source.data, q)) {
-      const c = block.columns.value;
-      expect(c.coordinates[0]).toBe(0);
-      expect(c.coordinates[15]).toBe(4);
-      expect(bitAt(c.values.validity, 4)).toBe(false);
-    }
-  });
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const b of frame.reader.read(source.data, { ...query, buckets: 1e6 })) void b;
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'resource-limit' });
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('reduces delivered samples after the transport and producer have closed', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource();
-  const h = await pair(
-    {
-      monitor: (fields, { signal, maxBlockBytes }) =>
-        selectBatches(source.data, fields, { signal, maxBlockBytes }),
-    },
-    {},
-    source.schema,
-  );
-  let data;
-  try {
-    const publications = await collect(h.model.monitor!([{ from: 'node', select: ['value'] }]));
-    data = createData(h.model.schema, publications.flat());
-  } finally {
-    await h.close();
-  }
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device, validate: true });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.read(data, query)) {
-      expect([...block.columns.value.values.values].slice(0, 4)).toEqual([9, 2, 10, 10]);
-      expect(frame.upload(block, { select: ['value'] })[0].columns.value.kind).toBe('envelope');
-    }
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('keeps null, constant, reversed output ranges and relative Float64 scale semantics consistent', () => {
-  expect(scaleValue(5, resolveScale({}, null))).toBeNull();
-  expect(scaleValue(NaN, resolveScale({}, [0, 1]))).toBeNull();
-  expect(scaleValue(9, resolveScale({ range: [8, 2] }, [5, 5]))).toBe(5);
-  expect(scaleValue(1e12 + 0.25, resolveScale({ range: [2, 0] }, [1e12, 1e12 + 1]))).toBe(1.5);
-  expect(scaleValue(2, resolveScale({ clamp: false }, [0, 1]))).toBe(2);
-  expect(scaleValue(Number.MIN_VALUE, resolveScale({}, [0, Number.MIN_VALUE]))).toBe(1);
-  expect(scaleValue(0, resolveScale({}, [-Number.MAX_VALUE, Number.MAX_VALUE]))).toBe(0.5);
-});
-it('never publishes a partial picking result after its cooperative budget expires', () => {
-  const result = withinBudget((check) => {
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1e7; i++) check();
-    return 42;
-  }, 0.001);
-  expect(result.complete).toBe(false);
-  expect(withinBudget(() => 42)).toMatchObject({ complete: true, value: 42 });
-});
-
-it('rejects missing rows inside declared sampled coverage and preserves frame identities with float32 values', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource(),
-    missing = new HistorySource();
-  const absent: Data = {
-    ...missing.data,
-    tables: {
-      node: {
-        ...missing.data.tables.node,
-        fields: {
-          ...missing.data.tables.node.fields,
-          value: createData(missing.data.schema, [
-            {
-              kind: 'rows',
-              index: missing.index,
-              rows: missing.data.tables.node.rows,
-              columns: {},
-            },
-          ]).tables.node.fields.value,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const tile of frame.reader.fields({
-        source: source.data,
-        from: 'node',
-        fields: {
-          value: 'value',
-          overlay: {
-            source: absent,
-            from: 'node',
-            field: 'value',
-            rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-          },
-        },
-        window: { kind: 'frames', offset: source.firstFrame, count: 2 },
-      }))
-        void tile;
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source.data, query)) {
-      const column = frame.upload(block, { select: ['value'], float64: 'float32' })[0].columns
-        .value;
-      if (column.kind !== 'envelope') throw new Error('Expected envelope');
-      expect(column.values.origin).toBeUndefined();
-      expect(column.frames.origin?.[0]).toBe(source.firstFrame);
-      expect(column.coordinates.origin).toBeDefined();
-    }
-  });
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('streams a million historical observations into bounded native summaries', async () => {
-  const frames = 131072,
-    source = new HistorySource(
-      Float64Array.from({ length: frames }, (_, i) => i),
-      8,
-    );
-  source.blockFrames = 1024;
-  const cpuBytes = 16 * 1024 ** 2,
-    stagingBytes = 2 * 1024 ** 2;
-  const gpu = await createGpu({
-    device: fakeDevice().device,
-    budget: { cpuBytes, stagingBytes },
-    maxBlockBytes: 128 * 1024,
-  });
-  let rows = 0;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.read(source.data, {
-      ...query,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 8 },
-      window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, frames - 1] },
-      buckets: 512,
-    })) {
-      rows += rowCount(block.rows);
-      expect(block.columns.value.frames[0]).toBe(source.firstFrame);
-      expect(block.columns.value.frames[block.bucketCount * 4 - 1]).toBe(
-        source.firstFrame + frames - 1,
-      );
-    }
-  });
-  expect(rows).toBe(8);
-  expect(gpu.stats().peakCpuBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(cpuBytes);
-  expect(gpu.stats().peakStagingBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(stagingBytes);
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/images.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/images.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 727a3ade..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/images.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { TextureData } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw, renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-it('shares texture uploads and updates only changed rows per consumer', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const pixels = new TextureData({ width: 32, height: 32, format: 'r8unorm' });
-  let first!: GPUTexture, second!: GPUTexture;
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    first = frame.texture(pixels);
-    second = frame.texture(pixels);
-  });
-  expect(first).toBe(second);
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(1024);
-  pixels.write({ x: 3, y: 8, width: 2, height: 1, data: Uint8Array.of(1, 2) });
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    second = frame.texture(pixels);
-  });
-  expect(second).toBe(first);
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(1056);
-  const other = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  await draw(other, (frame) => {
-    frame.texture(pixels);
-  });
-  expect(other.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(1024);
-  other.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('uses a new texture while an earlier frame retains old pixels', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice({ deferCompletion: true }),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const pixels = new TextureData({ width: 4, height: 4 });
-  let first!: GPUTexture, second!: GPUTexture;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-          first = frame.texture(pixels);
-        }),
-        target: target(fake.device),
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  pixels.touch();
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-          second = frame.texture(pixels);
-        }),
-        target: target(fake.device),
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  expect(second).not.toBe(first);
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(128);
-  fake.finish();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('preserves overlapping pixels when the atlas grows and resets the upload extent', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const pixels = new TextureData({ width: 2, height: 2, format: 'r8unorm' });
-  pixels.write({ x: 0, y: 0, width: 2, height: 2, data: Uint8Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4) });
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    frame.texture(pixels);
-  });
-  pixels.resize({ width: 3, height: 3 });
-  expect([...pixels.bytes]).toEqual([1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    frame.texture(pixels);
-  });
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(13);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/invalidation.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/invalidation.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index fc786409..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/invalidation.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-it('captures every view before preparation and discards unsubmitted candidates', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const captured: number[] = [],
-    discarded = vi.fn();
-  const make = (id: number) => ({
-    capture() {
-      captured.push(id);
-      return {
-        prepare: async () => {
-          expect(captured).toEqual([1, 2]);
-          return {
-            encode() {
-              if (id === 2) throw new Error('failed encoding');
-            },
-            submitted: vi.fn(),
-            discard: discarded,
-          };
-        },
-        release() {},
-      };
-    },
-    destroy() {},
-  });
-  await expect(
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [1, 2].map((id) => ({ renderer: make(id), target: target(fake.device) })),
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('failed encoding');
-  expect(discarded).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  expect(fake.queue.submit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('notifies all views only after whole-frame submission and releases pins after notification failure', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice({ deferCompletion: true }),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const a = vi.fn(() => {
-      expect(fake.queue.submit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-      throw new Error('application hook');
-    }),
-    b = vi.fn();
-  const make = (submitted: () => void) =>
-    renderer(
-      (frame) => {
-        frame.uniforms(Float32Array.of(1));
-      },
-      undefined,
-      submitted,
-    );
-  await expect(
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [
-        { target: target(fake.device), renderer: make(a) },
-        { target: target(fake.device), renderer: make(b) },
-      ],
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('Frame submitted');
-  expect(a).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(b).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  fake.finish();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  // The frame's uniform buffer returns to the pool, which trim empties.
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('does not commit interaction state when a later view fails encoding', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    submitted = vi.fn();
-  await expect(
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [
-        { renderer: renderer(() => {}, undefined, submitted), target: target(fake.device) },
-        {
-          renderer: renderer(
-            () => {},
-            () => {
-              throw new Error('encoding');
-            },
-          ),
-          target: target(fake.device),
-        },
-      ],
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('encoding');
-  expect(submitted).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(fake.queue.submit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/item-view.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/item-view.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e9b18ae..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/item-view.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,856 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  createComposition,
-  createGpu,
-  type Gpu,
-  type Point,
-  type Viewport,
-  type ItemView,
-  type Channel,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import {
-  BaseItemView,
-  layerOf,
-  rendererOf,
-  type Encoding,
-  type Grab,
-  type Layer,
-  type Preparation,
-} from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-interface Plane {
-  readonly center: readonly [number, number];
-  readonly scale: number;
-  readonly fit: boolean;
-}
-interface Dot {
-  readonly id: string;
-}
-interface DotHit extends Dot {
-  readonly distance: number;
-}
-interface DotConfig extends ItemView.Config {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly dots: Readonly<Record<string, readonly [number, number]>>;
-  readonly marks?: Readonly<Record<string, { readonly color?: Channel.Color }>>;
-  readonly camera?: Partial<Plane>;
-}
-const source = { schema: { tables: {} }, tables: {} } as unknown as Data;
-const viewport: Viewport = { width: 100, height: 100, pixelRatio: 1 };
-
-class Dots extends BaseItemView<
-  DotConfig,
-  Dot,
-  DotHit,
-  Plane,
-  ItemView.Events<Dot, DotHit, Plane>,
-  DotConfig,
-  void,
-  null,
-  'marks'
-> {
-  drawn?: Plane;
-  searches = 0;
-  /** Search for hover asynchronously, as views whose hits read data do. */
-  async = false;
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: DotConfig) {
-    super(gpu, config, {
-      name: 'dots',
-      records: ['marks'],
-      options: ['dots'],
-      framed: ['center', 'scale'],
-      style: { animationMs: 100, hover: 'on' },
-    });
-    this.start();
-  }
-  get style() {
-    return this.viewStyle;
-  }
-  move(point: Point | null): void {
-    this.pointer(point);
-  }
-  userSelect(ids: readonly string[]): void {
-    this.choose(ids.map((id) => ({ id })));
-  }
-  protected defaultCamera(): Plane {
-    return { center: [0, 0], scale: 1, fit: true };
-  }
-  protected resolveCamera(camera: Plane): Plane {
-    if (!(camera.scale > 0)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid scale');
-    return camera;
-  }
-  private framing(items: readonly Dot[] | undefined): Partial<Plane> | undefined {
-    const points = (items?.map((item) => item.id) ?? Object.keys(this.config.dots)).map(
-      (id) => this.config.dots[id],
-    );
-    if (!points.length) return undefined;
-    const xs = points.map((p) => p[0]),
-      ys = points.map((p) => p[1]);
-    const span = Math.max(Math.max(...xs) - Math.min(...xs), Math.max(...ys) - Math.min(...ys), 1);
-    return {
-      center: [(Math.max(...xs) + Math.min(...xs)) / 2, (Math.max(...ys) + Math.min(...ys)) / 2],
-      scale: 50 / span,
-    };
-  }
-  protected interpolate(from: Plane, to: Plane, t: number): Plane {
-    const mix = (a: number, b: number) => a + (b - a) * t;
-    return {
-      ...to,
-      center: [mix(from.center[0], to.center[0]), mix(from.center[1], to.center[1])],
-      scale: mix(from.scale, to.scale),
-    };
-  }
-  protected panned(camera: Plane, dx: number, dy: number): Plane {
-    return {
-      ...camera,
-      center: [camera.center[0] - dx / camera.scale, camera.center[1] - dy / camera.scale],
-    };
-  }
-  protected zoomed(camera: Plane, factor: number): Plane {
-    return { ...camera, scale: camera.scale * factor };
-  }
-  protected position(item: Dot): Point | null {
-    const p = this.config.dots[item.id],
-      camera = this.drawn;
-    if (!p || !camera) return null;
-    return [
-      (p[0] - camera.center[0]) * camera.scale + viewport.width / 2,
-      (p[1] - camera.center[1]) * camera.scale + viewport.height / 2,
-    ];
-  }
-  protected identify(item: Dot): string {
-    return item.id;
-  }
-  protected accept(item: Dot): void {
-    if (!(item.id in this.config.dots)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown dot');
-  }
-  protected contains(item: Dot): boolean {
-    return item.id in this.config.dots;
-  }
-  protected hits(point: Point, radiusPx: number): readonly DotHit[] {
-    return Object.keys(this.config.dots)
-      .flatMap((id) => {
-        const p = this.position({ id });
-        return p ? [{ id, distance: Math.hypot(p[0] - point[0], p[1] - point[1]) }] : [];
-      })
-      .filter((hit) => hit.distance <= radiusPx)
-      .sort((a, b) => a.distance - b.distance);
-  }
-  /** Pipeline builds by every Dots view, which share each variant. */
-  static builds = 0;
-  protected async pipelines(): Promise<null> {
-    Dots.builds++;
-    return null;
-  }
-  protected check(config: DotConfig): void {
-    super.check(config);
-    if ('bad' in config.dots) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Bad dot');
-  }
-  protected configure(): void {
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  protected async prepare(frame: Preparation): Promise<void> {
-    await this.framePipelines(frame);
-    this.drawn = await this.frameCamera(frame, (items) => this.framing(items));
-    this.hoverFrame(frame, (point, radius) => {
-      this.searches++;
-      const hit = this.hits(point, radius)[0] ?? null;
-      return this.async ? Promise.resolve(hit) : hit;
-    });
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: Encoding): void {
-    void frame;
-  }
-  protected release(): void {}
-}
-
-async function setup(config: Partial<DotConfig> = {}) {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const view = new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0], b: [10, 0] }, ...config });
-  const events: [string, unknown][] = [];
-  for (const name of ['frame', 'camera', 'hover', 'select', 'error'] as const)
-    view.on(name, (value: unknown) => events.push([name, value]));
-  const frame = async (timeMs = 0) => {
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs,
-      views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(view), target: target(gpu.device), viewport }],
-    });
-    await Promise.resolve();
-  };
-  return { gpu, view, events, frame };
-}
-
-it('reports frame, camera, hover, and select on one microtask, in that order', async () => {
-  const { view, events, frame } = await setup();
-  view.move([50, 50]);
-  view.set({ dots: { a: [0, 0] } });
-  view.select([{ id: 'a' }]);
-  await frame();
-  expect(events.map(([name]) => name)).toEqual(['frame', 'camera', 'hover']);
-  expect(events[1][1]).toEqual({ center: [0, 0], scale: 50, fit: true });
-  expect(events[2][1]).toEqual({ id: 'a', distance: 0 });
-  events.length = 0;
-  view.set({ source: { ...source }, dots: { b: [0, 0] } });
-  await frame();
-  expect(events.map(([name]) => name)).toEqual(['frame', 'hover', 'select']);
-  expect(view.selection).toEqual([]);
-});
-
-it('selects silently and uniquely, and reports only user changes', async () => {
-  const { view, events, frame } = await setup();
-  view.select([{ id: 'a' }, { id: 'a' }, { id: 'b' }]);
-  expect(view.selection.map((item) => item.id)).toEqual(['a', 'b']);
-  expect(Object.isFrozen(view.selection)).toBe(true);
-  expect(() => view.select([{ id: 'z' }])).toThrow('Unknown dot');
-  await frame();
-  expect(events.some(([name]) => name === 'select')).toBe(false);
-  view.userSelect(['a', 'b']);
-  view.userSelect(['b']);
-  await Promise.resolve();
-  expect(events.filter(([name]) => name === 'select').map(([, value]) => value)).toEqual([
-    [{ id: 'b' }],
-  ]);
-});
-
-it('picks nearest first within a radius and limit, and rejects bad points', async () => {
-  const { view, frame } = await setup({ dots: { a: [0, 0], b: [1, 0], c: [4, 0] } });
-  await frame();
-  const hits = await view.pick([25, 50], { radiusPx: 20 });
-  expect(hits.map((hit) => hit.id)).toEqual(['a', 'b']);
-  expect((await view.pick([25, 50], { radiusPx: 20, limit: 1 })).map((hit) => hit.id)).toEqual([
-    'a',
-  ]);
-  await expect(view.pick([Number.NaN, 0])).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  await expect(view.pick([0, 0], { limit: 0 })).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  expect(view.locate({ id: 'a' })).toEqual([25, 50]);
-});
-
-it('follows the data while fit holds, and stops when a framed key moves', async () => {
-  const { view, frame } = await setup();
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.camera).toEqual({ center: [5, 0], scale: 5, fit: true });
-  view.set({ dots: { a: [0, 0], b: [20, 0] } });
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.camera).toEqual({ center: [10, 0], scale: 2.5, fit: true });
-  view.set({ camera: { scale: 1 } });
-  expect(view.camera.fit).toBe(false);
-  view.set({ dots: { a: [0, 0] } });
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.camera).toEqual({ center: [10, 0], scale: 1, fit: false });
-  view.set({ camera: null });
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.camera).toEqual({ center: [0, 0], scale: 50, fit: true });
-  expect(() => view.set({ camera: { scale: -1 } })).toThrow('Invalid scale');
-});
-
-it('frames items once, and eases moves that ask to animate', async () => {
-  const { view, frame } = await setup({ camera: { center: [0, 0], scale: 1 } });
-  await frame(0);
-  expect(view.camera.fit).toBe(false);
-  view.fit([{ id: 'b' }]);
-  await frame(0);
-  expect(view.camera).toEqual({ center: [10, 0], scale: 50, fit: false });
-  view.set({ camera: { scale: 25 } }, { animate: true });
-  await frame(1000);
-  expect(view.drawn!.scale).toBe(50);
-  await frame(1050);
-  expect(view.drawn!.scale).toBe(37.5);
-  await frame(1100);
-  expect(view.drawn!.scale).toBe(25);
-});
-
-it('reports hover once per change and clears it on leave', async () => {
-  const { view, events, frame } = await setup();
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.searches).toBe(0);
-  view.move([25, 50]);
-  await frame();
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.stats().hover).toBe('active');
-  view.move(null);
-  await Promise.resolve();
-  expect(events.filter(([name]) => name === 'hover').map(([, value]) => value)).toEqual([
-    { id: 'a', distance: 0 },
-    null,
-  ]);
-  view.set({ hover: 'off' });
-  expect(view.stats().hover).toBe('off');
-});
-
-it('keeps record entries as given, and their identity across unrelated patches', async () => {
-  const { view } = await setup({ marks: { a: { color: 'load' } } });
-  const mark = view.config.marks!.a;
-  expect(mark.color).toBe('load');
-  view.set({ hover: 'auto' });
-  expect(view.config.marks!.a).toBe(mark);
-});
-
-it('draws exported frames at their own size without changing the view', async () => {
-  const { gpu, view, events, frame } = await setup();
-  await frame();
-  const camera = view.camera;
-  view.select([{ id: 'a' }]);
-  view.fit([{ id: 'b' }]);
-  events.length = 0;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        renderer: rendererOf(view),
-        target: target(gpu.device),
-        viewport: { width: 200, height: 100, pixelRatio: 1 },
-        presented: false,
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  await Promise.resolve();
-  // The export frames what the view is going to show, and the view still waits to show it.
-  expect(view.drawn).toEqual({ center: [10, 0], scale: 50, fit: false });
-  expect(view.camera).toBe(camera);
-  expect(view.selection).toEqual([{ id: 'a' }]);
-  expect(events.map(([name]) => name)).toEqual(['frame']);
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.camera).toEqual({ center: [10, 0], scale: 50, fit: false });
-});
-
-it('rejects unknown camera and input options, and modes the view does not have', async () => {
-  const { gpu, view } = await setup();
-  expect(() => view.set({ camera: { zoom: 2 } as Partial<Plane> })).toThrow(
-    'Unknown camera option',
-  );
-  expect(() => view.set({ input: 'edit' })).toThrow('Unsupported input mode');
-  expect(() => view.set({ input: { mode: 'inspect', drag: true } as never })).toThrow(
-    'Unknown input option',
-  );
-  expect(view.config.input).toBeUndefined();
-  expect(() => new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: {}, camera: { zoom: 2 } as Partial<Plane> })).toThrow(
-    'Unknown camera option',
-  );
-  expect(() => new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: {}, input: { wheel: 'always' } as never })).toThrow(
-    'Invalid wheel',
-  );
-  expect(() => new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: {}, camera: { scale: 0 } })).toThrow('Invalid scale');
-});
-
-it('applies the style of a deferred patch, never that of a later rejected one', async () => {
-  const { view } = await setup();
-  const captured = rendererOf(view).capture();
-  view.set({ hoverWidthPx: 5 });
-  expect(() => view.set({ hoverWidthPx: 9, dots: { bad: [0, 0] } })).toThrow('Bad dot');
-  captured.release();
-  expect(view.style.hoverWidthPx).toBe(5);
-});
-
-/** A canvas that dispatches pointer events, with just enough DOM for a view to present on it. */
-function pointerCanvas(device: GPUDevice) {
-  vi.stubGlobal('navigator', { gpu: { getPreferredCanvasFormat: () => 'rgba8unorm' } });
-  vi.stubGlobal(
-    'ResizeObserver',
-    class {
-      observe() {}
-      disconnect() {}
-    },
-  );
-  const texture = device.createTexture({
-    size: [100, 100],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  const media = { matches: false, addEventListener() {}, removeEventListener() {} };
-  const window = Object.assign(new EventTarget(), {
-    devicePixelRatio: 1,
-    requestAnimationFrame: () => 1,
-    cancelAnimationFrame() {},
-    matchMedia: () => media,
-  });
-  const canvas = Object.assign(new EventTarget(), {
-    width: 100,
-    height: 100,
-    clientWidth: 100,
-    clientHeight: 100,
-    offsetWidth: 100,
-    offsetHeight: 100,
-    clientLeft: 0,
-    clientTop: 0,
-    tabIndex: -1,
-    style: {},
-    ownerDocument: { defaultView: window },
-    getContext: () => ({ configure() {}, unconfigure() {}, getCurrentTexture: () => texture }),
-    getBoundingClientRect: () => ({ left: 0, top: 0, width: 100, height: 100 }),
-    getAttribute: () => null,
-    setAttribute() {},
-    removeAttribute() {},
-    setPointerCapture() {},
-    releasePointerCapture() {},
-    hasPointerCapture: () => false,
-    focus() {},
-  });
-  const send = (
-    type: string,
-    x: number,
-    button = 2,
-    extra: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>> = {},
-  ) =>
-    canvas.dispatchEvent(
-      Object.assign(new Event(type, { cancelable: true }), {
-        button,
-        pointerId: 1,
-        pointerType: 'mouse',
-        clientX: x,
-        clientY: 50,
-        altKey: false,
-        ctrlKey: false,
-        metaKey: false,
-        shiftKey: false,
-        ...extra,
-      }),
-    );
-  return { canvas: canvas as unknown as HTMLCanvasElement, send };
-}
-
-it('opens the menu for a right click in place, never for a right drag, wherever it asks', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const { canvas, send } = pointerCanvas(gpu.device);
-  const view = new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0] }, canvas });
-  const menus: unknown[] = [];
-  view.on('contextmenu', (menu) => menus.push(menu));
-  const settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-  // Asked on press, as on macOS and Linux: the release decides.
-  send('pointerdown', 10);
-  send('contextmenu', 10);
-  send('pointermove', 40);
-  send('pointerup', 40);
-  // Asked after release, as on Windows.
-  send('pointerdown', 10);
-  send('pointermove', 40);
-  send('pointerup', 40);
-  send('contextmenu', 40);
-  await settle();
-  expect(menus).toHaveLength(0);
-  send('pointerdown', 10);
-  send('contextmenu', 10);
-  send('pointerup', 11);
-  await settle();
-  send('pointerdown', 10);
-  send('pointerup', 11);
-  send('contextmenu', 11);
-  await settle();
-  expect(menus).toMatchObject([
-    { point: [11, 50], trigger: 'pointer' },
-    { point: [11, 50], trigger: 'pointer' },
-  ]);
-  // A menu asked while another still finds its hits supersedes it.
-  menus.length = 0;
-  send('pointerdown', 10);
-  send('contextmenu', 10);
-  send('pointerup', 11);
-  send('pointerdown', 20);
-  send('contextmenu', 20);
-  send('pointerup', 21);
-  await settle();
-  expect(menus).toMatchObject([{ point: [21, 50], trigger: 'pointer' }]);
-  view.destroy();
-  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('shares pipeline variants between views of one kind on a Gpu', async () => {
-  const { gpu, frame } = await setup();
-  const other = new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0] } });
-  const builds = Dots.builds;
-  await frame();
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(other), target: target(gpu.device), viewport }],
-  });
-  // The first view built this variant already, or this frame built it once for both.
-  expect(Dots.builds - builds).toBeLessThanOrEqual(1);
-  const before = Dots.builds;
-  await frame();
-  expect(Dots.builds).toBe(before);
-  other.destroy();
-});
-
-it('publishes an asynchronous hover once and reuses it while nothing moves', async () => {
-  const { view, events, frame } = await setup();
-  view.async = true;
-  await frame();
-  view.move([25, 50]);
-  await frame();
-  await frame();
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.searches).toBe(1);
-  expect(events.filter(([name]) => name === 'hover').map(([, value]) => value)).toEqual([
-    { id: 'a', distance: 0 },
-  ]);
-  view.move([75, 50]);
-  await frame();
-  await frame();
-  expect(view.searches).toBe(2);
-  expect(events.filter(([name]) => name === 'hover').at(-1)?.[1]).toEqual({ id: 'b', distance: 0 });
-});
-
-const settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-function drawOnce(gpu: Gpu, view: Dots) {
-  return gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(view), target: target(gpu.device), viewport }],
-  });
-}
-
-it('cycles overlapping hits on clicks in place, toggles the topmost with a modifier, and clears on nothing', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const { canvas, send } = pointerCanvas(gpu.device);
-  // Drawn at 25, 25.5, and 75.
-  const view = new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0], b: [0.1, 0], c: [10, 0] }, canvas });
-  await drawOnce(gpu, view);
-  const selections: string[][] = [];
-  view.on('select', (items) => selections.push(items.map((item) => item.id)));
-  const click = async (x: number, extra = {}) => {
-    send('pointerdown', x, 0, extra);
-    send('pointerup', x, 0, extra);
-    await settle();
-  };
-  await click(25);
-  await click(25);
-  await click(25);
-  // A modifier toggles the topmost hit, however often it clicks in place.
-  await click(25, { shiftKey: true });
-  await click(25, { shiftKey: true });
-  await click(75, { shiftKey: true });
-  await click(75, { ctrlKey: true });
-  await click(50);
-  expect(selections).toEqual([['a'], ['b'], ['a'], [], ['a'], ['a', 'c'], ['a'], []]);
-  // Clicking in place again starts over when other items lie there: `a` again, not `d`.
-  await click(25);
-  view.set({ dots: { a: [0, 0], d: [0.05, 0], c: [10, 0] } });
-  await drawOnce(gpu, view);
-  await click(25);
-  expect(selections.at(-1)).toEqual(['a']);
-  expect(view.selection.map((item) => item.id)).toEqual(['a']);
-  view.destroy();
-  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('answers picks and clicks with what the presented frame draws, and selects again only on a change', async () => {
-  const { view, frame } = await setup();
-  await frame();
-  const clicks = view as unknown as {
-    click(point: Point, modifiers: object): Promise<void>;
-  };
-  const none = { shift: false, control: false, meta: false, alt: false };
-  // Hits found while a frame presents that no longer draws one come back without it, and select
-  // nothing of it.
-  let found!: () => void;
-  const hits = new Promise((resolve) => {
-    found = () =>
-      resolve([
-        { id: 'b', distance: 0 },
-        { id: 'a', distance: 1 },
-      ]);
-  });
-  Object.assign(view, { hits: () => hits });
-  const picked = view.pick([25, 50]),
-    clicked = clicks.click([25, 50], none);
-  view.set({ dots: { a: [0, 0] } });
-  await frame();
-  found();
-  expect((await picked).map((hit) => hit.id)).toEqual(['a']);
-  await clicked;
-  expect(view.selection.map((item) => item.id)).toEqual(['a']);
-  view.set({ dots: { a: [0, 0], b: [10, 0] } });
-  await frame();
-  // A click that a later one supersedes while it finds its hits selects nothing.
-  let release!: () => void;
-  Object.assign(view, {
-    hits: (point: Point) =>
-      point[0] === 1
-        ? new Promise((resolve) => (release = () => resolve([{ id: 'b', distance: 0 }])))
-        : [{ id: 'a', distance: 0 }],
-  });
-  const first = clicks.click([1, 50], none);
-  await clicks.click([25, 50], { ...none, shift: true });
-  release();
-  await first;
-  expect(view.selection.map((item) => item.id)).toEqual([]);
-  // The same selection again changes nothing; another does.
-  const invalidate = vi.spyOn(view as unknown as { invalidate(): void }, 'invalidate');
-  view.select([{ id: 'a' }]);
-  view.select([{ id: 'a' }]);
-  expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-  view.select([{ id: 'b' }]);
-  expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-});
-
-it('reports hover again when the same item is found with other detail', async () => {
-  class Detailed extends Dots {
-    protected detail(hit: DotHit): string {
-      return String(Math.round(hit.distance));
-    }
-  }
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const view = new Detailed(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0], b: [10, 0] } }),
-    hovers: unknown[] = [];
-  view.on('hover', (hit) => hovers.push(hit));
-  const frame = () => drawOnce(gpu, view).then(() => Promise.resolve());
-  await frame();
-  view.move([25, 50]);
-  await frame();
-  view.move([25.2, 50]);
-  await frame();
-  view.move([27, 50]);
-  await frame();
-  expect(hovers).toEqual([
-    { id: 'a', distance: 0 },
-    { id: 'a', distance: 2 },
-  ]);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('opens what a double click or Enter finds, and fits the data on a double click on nothing', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const { canvas, send } = pointerCanvas(gpu.device);
-  // Drawn at 50 and 60.
-  const view = new Dots(gpu, {
-    source,
-    dots: { a: [0, 0], b: [10, 0] },
-    canvas,
-    camera: { center: [0, 0], scale: 1 },
-  });
-  await drawOnce(gpu, view);
-  const opened: unknown[] = [];
-  view.on('open', (item) => opened.push(item));
-  send('dblclick', 50, 0);
-  await settle();
-  view.select([{ id: 'b' }]);
-  send('keydown', 0, 0, { key: 'Enter' });
-  await settle();
-  expect(opened).toEqual([{ id: 'a', distance: 0 }, { id: 'b' }]);
-  expect(view.camera.fit).toBe(false);
-  send('dblclick', 90, 0);
-  await settle();
-  expect(view.camera.fit).toBe(true);
-  view.destroy();
-  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('rejects options it does not know and configs without a source', async () => {
-  const { gpu, view } = await setup();
-  expect(() => view.set({ dotz: {} } as never)).toThrow('Unknown dots option: dotz');
-  expect(() => new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: {}, colour: 'red' } as never)).toThrow(
-    'Unknown dots option: colour',
-  );
-  expect(() => new Dots(gpu, { dots: {} } as never)).toThrow('A Data source is required');
-});
-
-it("routes a composition's input to the panel under the pointer, in that panel's points", async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const { canvas, send } = pointerCanvas(gpu.device);
-  const left = new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0] } }),
-    right = new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0] } });
-  const composition = createComposition(gpu, {
-    canvas,
-    views: [
-      { view: left, region: [0, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-      { view: right, region: [0.5, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-    ],
-  });
-  const heard: [string, unknown][] = [];
-  for (const [name, view] of [
-    ['left', left],
-    ['right', right],
-  ] as const) {
-    view.on('contextmenu', (menu) => heard.push([name, menu.point]));
-    view.on('open', () => heard.push([name, 'open']));
-  }
-  send('pointerdown', 80);
-  send('contextmenu', 80);
-  send('pointerup', 80);
-  await settle();
-  // Keys reach the panel pressed last.
-  left.select([{ id: 'a' }]);
-  right.select([{ id: 'a' }]);
-  send('keydown', 0, 0, { key: 'Enter' });
-  await settle();
-  expect(heard).toEqual([
-    ['right', [30, 50]],
-    ['right', 'open'],
-  ]);
-  composition.destroy();
-  left.destroy();
-  right.destroy();
-  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-/** Dots whose plain left press drags what it lands on, as a diagram's blocks are dragged. */
-class Grabbing extends Dots {
-  readonly drags: (readonly [string, Point | null])[] = [];
-  protected grab(event: PointerEvent, point: Point): Grab | undefined {
-    if (event.button !== 0 || event.shiftKey) return undefined;
-    this.drags.push(['grab', point]);
-    return {
-      move: (next) => this.drags.push(['move', next]),
-      end: (at) => this.drags.push(['end', at]),
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-it('lets a view take a press before navigation, which pans with the rest', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const { canvas, send } = pointerCanvas(gpu.device);
-  const view = new Grabbing(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0] }, canvas });
-  // Navigation moves the camera of a drawn frame.
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(view), target: target(gpu.device), viewport }],
-  });
-  const clicks: unknown[] = [];
-  view.on('select', (items) => clicks.push(items));
-  const center = view.camera.center;
-  send('pointerdown', 10, 0);
-  send('pointermove', 40, 0);
-  send('pointerup', 40, 0);
-  expect(view.drags).toEqual([
-    ['grab', [10, 50]],
-    ['move', [40, 50]],
-    ['end', [40, 50]],
-  ]);
-  expect(view.camera.center).toEqual(center);
-  // A drag cut short ends nowhere; a press taken and released in place is no click.
-  send('pointerdown', 10, 0);
-  send('pointercancel', 10, 0);
-  expect(view.drags.at(-1)).toEqual(['end', null]);
-  send('pointerdown', 10, 0);
-  send('pointerup', 10, 0);
-  await settle();
-  expect(clicks).toHaveLength(0);
-  // A press the view leaves alone pans once past a click's reach.
-  send('pointerdown', 10, 0, { shiftKey: true });
-  send('pointermove', 40, 0, { shiftKey: true });
-  send('pointerup', 40, 0, { shiftKey: true });
-  expect(view.camera.center[0]).toBeCloseTo(center[0] - 30 / view.camera.scale);
-  view.destroy();
-  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('opens the menu for a touch held in place, never for one that moves away', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const { canvas, send } = pointerCanvas(gpu.device);
-  const view = new Dots(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0] }, canvas });
-  const menus: unknown[] = [];
-  view.on('contextmenu', (menu) => menus.push(menu));
-  vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['setTimeout', 'clearTimeout'] });
-  try {
-    const touch = { pointerType: 'touch' };
-    send('pointerdown', 10, 0, touch);
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(400);
-    expect(menus).toHaveLength(0);
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200);
-    expect(menus).toMatchObject([{ point: [10, 50], trigger: 'pointer' }]);
-    send('pointerup', 10, 0, touch);
-    send('pointerdown', 10, 0, touch);
-    send('pointermove', 40, 0, touch);
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000);
-    send('pointerup', 40, 0, touch);
-    expect(menus).toHaveLength(1);
-  } finally {
-    vi.useRealTimers();
-  }
-  view.destroy();
-  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('leaves the page its scrolling in a view whose camera does not zoom', async () => {
-  class Fixed extends Dots {}
-  Object.defineProperty(Fixed.prototype, 'zoomed', { value: undefined });
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const { canvas, send } = pointerCanvas(gpu.device);
-  const view = new Fixed(gpu, { source, dots: { a: [0, 0] }, canvas });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(view), target: target(gpu.device), viewport }],
-  });
-  const center = view.camera.center,
-    scale = view.camera.scale;
-  send('pointerdown', 10, 0);
-  send('pointermove', 40, 0);
-  send('pointerup', 40, 0);
-  send('wheel', 40, 0, { deltaY: -100 });
-  expect(view.camera.center).toEqual(center);
-  expect(view.camera.scale).toBe(scale);
-  view.destroy();
-  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-/** Dots another view draws beneath itself. */
-class GroundDots extends Dots {
-  protected async prepareLayer(frame: Preparation): Promise<void> {
-    await this.prepare(frame);
-  }
-  protected drawLayer(): void {}
-}
-/** Dots drawn over a ground, clicked and asked for menus directly. */
-class HostDots extends Dots {
-  host(layer: Layer): void {
-    this.ground = layer;
-  }
-  tap(point: Point): Promise<void> {
-    return this.click(point, { alt: false, control: false, meta: false, shift: false });
-  }
-  ask(point: Point): Promise<boolean> {
-    return this.menu(point, 'pointer', { alt: false, control: false, meta: false, shift: false });
-  }
-}
-
-it('hands what it draws beneath only the input it takes, and reports menus over nothing itself', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const render = (view: Dots) =>
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(view), target: target(gpu.device), viewport }],
-    });
-  // The ground's one dot draws at the middle; the host's at a quarter and three quarters across.
-  const ground = new GroundDots(gpu, { source, dots: { g: [0, 0] } }),
-    host = new HostDots(gpu, { source, dots: { h: [0, 0], far: [100, 0] } });
-  await render(ground);
-  await render(host);
-  host.host(layerOf(ground));
-  const selected: string[][] = [],
-    menus: [string, readonly Dot[]][] = [];
-  ground.on('select', (items) => selected.push(items.map((item) => item.id)));
-  host.on('contextmenu', (menu) => menus.push(['host', menu.items]));
-  ground.on('contextmenu', (menu) => menus.push(['ground', menu.items]));
-  // A click the host's dots leave reaches the ground; one on the host's lets the ground's go.
-  await host.tap([50, 50]);
-  expect(ground.selection).toMatchObject([{ id: 'g' }]);
-  await host.tap([25, 50]);
-  expect(host.selection).toMatchObject([{ id: 'h' }]);
-  expect(selected).toEqual([['g'], []]);
-  // The ground reports a menu over its own dots; over nothing at all, the host does.
-  expect(await host.ask([50, 50])).toBe(true);
-  expect(await host.ask([90, 50])).toBe(true);
-  expect(menus).toEqual([
-    ['ground', [{ id: 'g', distance: 0 }]],
-    ['host', []],
-  ]);
-  // A ground that takes no input selects nothing and reports nothing.
-  ground.set({ input: 'none' });
-  menus.length = 0;
-  await host.tap([50, 50]);
-  await host.ask([50, 50]);
-  expect(ground.selection).toEqual([]);
-  expect(menus).toEqual([['host', []]]);
-  host.destroy();
-  ground.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/layout.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/layout.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e203ad2..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/layout.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,179 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { Work } from '@latkit/model';
-import { Graph, layoutOptions, place } from '../src/kit.js';
-import type { Layout } from '../src/index.js';
-/** A graph from edges as vertex lists. */
-function graph(count: number, edges: readonly (readonly number[])[]): Graph {
-  const offsets = new Uint32Array(edges.length + 1);
-  edges.forEach((e, i) => (offsets[i + 1] = offsets[i] + e.length));
-  return new Graph(count, { offsets, items: Uint32Array.from(edges.flat()) });
-}
-/** A w × h lattice, as a meshed grid is. */
-function lattice(w: number, h: number): Graph {
-  const edges: number[][] = [];
-  for (let r = 0; r < h; r++)
-    for (let c = 0; c < w; c++) {
-      if (c + 1 < w) edges.push([r * w + c, r * w + c + 1]);
-      if (r + 1 < h) edges.push([r * w + c, (r + 1) * w + c]);
-    }
-  return graph(w * h, edges);
-}
-const free = (count: number) => new Float64Array(count * 2).fill(NaN);
-const input = (pinned: Float64Array, extra: Partial<Layout.Input> = {}): Layout.Input => ({
-  pinned,
-  item: (vertex) => ({ kind: 'group', id: String(vertex) }),
-  ...extra,
-});
-const options = (layout: Layout = {}) =>
-  layoutOptions(layout, { algorithm: 'stress', vertexGap: 1, rankGap: 3 });
-const run = (g: Graph, i: Layout.Input, layout?: Layout) =>
-  place(g, i, options(layout), new Work(new AbortController().signal));
-/** Each edge's length. */
-function lengths(g: Graph, at: Float64Array): number[] {
-  const out: number[] = [];
-  for (let e = 0; e < g.edgeCount; e++) {
-    const [a, b] = g.endsOf(e);
-    out.push(Math.hypot(at[a * 2] - at[b * 2], at[a * 2 + 1] - at[b * 2 + 1]));
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-it('indexes each vertex edges and finds parts in order of their first vertex', () => {
-  // Two parts, an isolated vertex, and an edge without ends.
-  const g = graph(6, [[0, 1], [1, 2], [], [4, 3]]);
-  expect([...g.edgesOf(1)]).toEqual([0, 1]);
-  expect([...g.endsOf(3)]).toEqual([4, 3]);
-  const { count, vertices, edges, of } = g.parts;
-  expect(count).toBe(3);
-  expect([...of]).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2]);
-  expect([...vertices.items.subarray(vertices.offsets[1], vertices.offsets[2])]).toEqual([3, 4]);
-  expect([...edges.items.subarray(edges.offsets[0], edges.offsets[1])]).toEqual([0, 1]);
-  expect(edges.offsets[3] - edges.offsets[2]).toBe(0);
-  expect(g.bytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-});
-
-it('keeps a mesh even under stress: edges near their length, no vertex on another', async () => {
-  const g = lattice(30, 30),
-    at = await run(g, input(free(900)));
-  expect([...at].every(Number.isFinite)).toBe(true);
-  const sorted = lengths(g, at).sort((a, b) => a - b);
-  expect(sorted[sorted.length >> 1]).toBeGreaterThan(0.7);
-  expect(sorted[sorted.length >> 1]).toBeLessThan(1.4);
-  let nearest = Infinity;
-  for (let a = 0; a < 900; a++)
-    for (let b = a + 1; b < 900; b++)
-      nearest = Math.min(nearest, Math.hypot(at[a * 2] - at[b * 2], at[a * 2 + 1] - at[b * 2 + 1]));
-  expect(nearest).toBeGreaterThan(0.3);
-  // The same graph arranges the same way every time.
-  expect([...(await run(g, input(free(900))))]).toEqual([...at]);
-});
-
-it('spreads a large net around its first end instead of joining every pair', async () => {
-  const g = graph(2001, [Array.from({ length: 2001 }, (_, i) => i)]),
-    at = await run(g, input(free(2001)));
-  expect([...at].every(Number.isFinite)).toBe(true);
-  const reach = Array.from({ length: 2000 }, (_, i) =>
-    Math.hypot(at[(i + 1) * 2] - at[0], at[(i + 1) * 2 + 1] - at[1]),
-  ).sort((a, b) => a - b);
-  expect(reach[1000]).toBeGreaterThan(0.5);
-  expect(reach[1000]).toBeLessThan(4);
-});
-
-it('places free vertices among pinned ones, and leaves the pinned where they are', async () => {
-  // A path from a pin at 0 to a pin at 10.
-  const g = graph(
-      11,
-      Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => [i, i + 1]),
-    ),
-    pinned = free(11);
-  pinned.set([0, 0], 0);
-  pinned.set([10, 0], 20);
-  const at = await run(g, input(pinned));
-  expect([at[0], at[1], at[20], at[21]]).toEqual([0, 0, 10, 0]);
-  for (let i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
-    expect(at[i * 2]).toBeGreaterThan(at[(i - 1) * 2]);
-    expect(Math.abs(at[i * 2 + 1])).toBeLessThan(2);
-  }
-});
-
-it('packs parts nothing pins in rows below the pinned ones', async () => {
-  // A pinned pair, then three loose pairs and a lone vertex.
-  const g = graph(9, [
-      [0, 1],
-      [2, 3],
-      [4, 5],
-      [6, 7],
-    ]),
-    pinned = free(9);
-  pinned.set([0, 0, 1, 0], 0);
-  const at = await run(g, input(pinned));
-  for (let v = 2; v < 9; v++) expect(at[v * 2 + 1]).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(3);
-  const wide = await run(g, input(free(9)), { aspect: 100 });
-  // One row: every part's top at the same height.
-  expect(
-    new Set([2, 4, 6, 8].map((v) => Math.min(wide[v * 2 + 1], wide[(v - 1) * 2 + 1]))).size,
-  ).toBe(1);
-});
-
-it('flows layered parts along their direction, sources before targets', async () => {
-  const g = graph(4, [
-      [0, 1],
-      [1, 2],
-      [2, 3],
-    ]),
-    directions = Int8Array.from([1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1]),
-    sizes = new Float32Array(8).fill(10),
-    right = await run(g, input(free(4), { directions, sizes }), { algorithm: 'layered' }),
-    down = await run(g, input(free(4), { directions, sizes }), {
-      algorithm: 'layered',
-      direction: 'down',
-    });
-  for (let i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
-    expect(right[i * 2]).toBeGreaterThan(right[(i - 1) * 2] + 10);
-    expect(down[i * 2 + 1]).toBeGreaterThan(down[(i - 1) * 2 + 1] + 10);
-  }
-});
-
-it('orders nothing by an edge whose ends are all inputs, whose flow comes from outside', async () => {
-  const g = graph(3, [[0, 1, 2]]),
-    sizes = new Float32Array(6).fill(10),
-    at = await run(g, input(free(3), { sizes, directions: Int8Array.from([-1, -1, -1]) }), {
-      algorithm: 'layered',
-    });
-  expect(new Set([at[0], at[2], at[4]]).size).toBe(1);
-});
-
-it('calls a strategy of your own once for each part of more than one vertex', async () => {
-  const g = graph(7, [
-      [0, 1],
-      [1, 2],
-      [3, 4],
-    ]),
-    arrange = vi.fn((part: { vertices: Uint32Array }) =>
-      Array.from(part.vertices).flatMap((_, i) => [i, 0]),
-    );
-  await run(g, input(free(7)), { algorithm: { arrange } });
-  expect(arrange.mock.calls.map(([part]) => [...part.vertices])).toEqual([
-    [0, 1, 2],
-    [3, 4],
-  ]);
-  for (const result of [
-    [0, 0],
-    [NaN, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
-  ])
-    await expect(
-      run(graph(3, [[0, 1, 2]]), input(free(3)), { algorithm: { arrange: () => result } }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-});
-
-it('rejects invalid layout options', () => {
-  for (const layout of [
-    'stress',
-    { aspect: 0 },
-    { vertexGap: -1 },
-    { sweeps: 13 },
-    { direction: 'sideways' },
-    { algorithm: 'manual' },
-  ])
-    expect(() => options(layout as Layout)).toThrow();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/lists.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/lists.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 277211ae..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/lists.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-import { FieldSource } from './fixtures/field-source.js';
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type GpuPage, type Preparation, type UploadOptions } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice, bytes } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-import { field } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-const index = { source: 'd', type: 'path', version: '1' };
-function upload(
-  frame: Preparation,
-  input: FieldInput.Values,
-  options: Omit<UploadOptions, 'select'> = {},
-): readonly GpuPage[] {
-  return frame.upload(
-    {
-      kind: 'fields',
-      index: input.index,
-      rows: input.rows,
-      rowOffset: 0,
-      columns: { value: input.values },
-      presence: {},
-    },
-    { ...options, select: ['value'] },
-  );
-}
-function lists(): FieldInput.Values {
-  return {
-    index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 10, count: 3 },
-    values: {
-      kind: 'list',
-      offset: 1,
-      length: 3,
-      offsets: Int32Array.of(0, 1, 3, 3, 4),
-      validity: Uint8Array.of(0b1010),
-      values: {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        size: 2,
-        offset: 1,
-        length: 4,
-        values: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 1,
-          length: 10,
-          values: Float64Array.of(
-            999,
-            88,
-            88,
-            1e12,
-            1e12,
-            1e12 + 1,
-            1e12 + 2,
-            1e12 + 3,
-            1e12 + 4,
-            1e12 + 5,
-            1e12 + 6,
-          ),
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-it('uploads sliced list offsets and relative vector items in the shared field ABI', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  let page!: GpuPage;
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    page = upload(frame, lists(), { float64: 'relative' })[0];
-  });
-  const list = page.columns.value;
-  expect(list.kind).toBe('list');
-  if (list.kind !== 'list') throw new Error('Expected list descriptor');
-  expect(list.items.components).toBe(2);
-  expect(Array.from(list.items.origin!)).toEqual([1e12 + 1, 1e12 + 2]);
-  const binding = field(page, list.items).binding,
-    data = bytes({ ...binding, size: 24 });
-  expect(Array.from(new Float32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, 6))).toEqual([0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4]);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('gathers sparse native lists once and can retain controls without uploading them', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    input = lists();
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const page of frame.reader.fields({
-      source: new FieldSource().data,
-      from: index.type,
-      rows: { index, kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(12, 10) },
-      fields: {
-        points: input,
-        style: {
-          index,
-          rows: input.rows,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 3, values: Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3) },
-        },
-      },
-    })) {
-      const uploaded = frame.upload(page, { select: ['style'] });
-      expect(Object.keys(uploaded[0].columns)).toEqual(['style']);
-      const column = page.columns.points;
-      expect(column.kind).toBe('list');
-      if (column.kind === 'list') {
-        expect(Array.from(column.offsets)).toEqual([0, 1, 3]);
-        expect(column.values.length).toBe(3);
-      }
-    }
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('rejects oversized cells and implicit Float64 list conversion', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      upload(frame, lists());
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'precision' });
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      upload(frame, lists(), { float64: 'relative', maxPageBytes: 16 });
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'resource-limit' });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('ignores payloads under null parents when choosing a relative list origin', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    const page = upload(
-      frame,
-      {
-        index,
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-        values: {
-          kind: 'list',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 2,
-          offsets: Int32Array.of(0, 1, 2),
-          validity: Uint8Array.of(2),
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 2, values: Float64Array.of(1e300, 7) },
-        },
-      },
-      { float64: 'relative' },
-    )[0];
-    const list = page.columns.value;
-    expect(list.kind === 'list' && list.items.origin?.[0]).toBe(7);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/markers.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/markers.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e690373..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/markers.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { gauge, icon, pie, pulse, shape, type Marker } from '../src/index.js';
-import { kit } from '../src/index.js';
-
-/** The failure code a call throws, or undefined when it returns. */
-function codeOf(call: () => unknown): string | undefined {
-  try {
-    call();
-  } catch (error) {
-    return (error as { code?: string }).code;
-  }
-  return undefined;
-}
-/** Decoded pixels, as an `ImageData` holds them. */
-const pixels = (width: number, height: number, rgba: readonly number[]): Marker.Image =>
-  ({
-    width,
-    height,
-    data: Uint8ClampedArray.from({ length: width * height * 4 }, (_, i) => rgba[i % 4]!),
-  }) as unknown as Marker.Image;
-
-describe('markers', () => {
-  it('draws the shared shapes and markers by code, in CSS pixels', () => {
-    expect(kit.SHAPES).toEqual(['rounded', 'rectangle', 'ellipse', 'diamond']);
-    const shapes = kit.shapeShader();
-    kit.SHAPES.forEach((name, i) =>
-      expect(shapes).toContain(`const SHAPE_${name.toUpperCase()}: u32 = ${i}u;`),
-    );
-    expect(shape().wgsl).toContain('shapeDistance(2u, f.p, vec2f(f.radiusPx)');
-    expect(shape('diamond').wgsl).toContain('shapeDistance(3u');
-    expect(gauge({ fill: 'load', shape: 'rounded', ringPx: 3, gapPx: 0.5 })).toMatchObject({
-      inputs: { fill: 'load' },
-      wgsl: expect.stringContaining('gaugeMarker(f, 0u, f.fill, 3.0, 0.5)') as string,
-    });
-    const chart = pie({
-      slices: ['a', 'b'],
-      colors: [
-        [1, 0, 0, 1],
-        [0, 0, 1, 1],
-      ],
-      hole: 0.5,
-    });
-    expect(chart.inputs).toEqual({ s0: 'a', s1: 'b' });
-    expect(chart.wgsl).toContain('array<f32, 8>(f.s0, f.s1, 0.0');
-    expect(chart.wgsl).toContain('2u,\n    0.5,');
-    // An image's index steps between images; every other input eases.
-    expect(icon({ images: [pixels(1, 1, [255, 0, 0, 255])], image: 'kind' })).toMatchObject({
-      inputs: { image: 'kind' },
-      steps: ['image'],
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('rejects markers a view cannot draw', () => {
-    const wgsl =
-      'fn marker(f: MarkerFragment) -> MarkerColor { return MarkerColor(f.color, 0.0); }';
-    expect(codeOf(() => kit.checkMarker({ wgsl }))).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(codeOf(() => kit.checkMarker({ wgsl: 'fn other() {}' }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => kit.checkMarker({ wgsl, inputs: { p: 'x' } }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => kit.checkMarker({ wgsl, inputs: { Bad: 'x' } }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    const nine = Object.fromEntries(Array.from({ length: 9 }, (_, i) => ['v' + i, 'x']));
-    expect(codeOf(() => kit.checkMarker({ wgsl, inputs: nine }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => kit.checkMarker({ wgsl, inputs: { a: 'x' }, steps: ['b'] }))).toBe(
-      'invalid-input',
-    );
-    expect(
-      codeOf(() => kit.checkMarker({ wgsl, images: [{ width: 0, height: 1 } as Marker.Image] })),
-    ).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => gauge({ fill: 'x', ringPx: -1 }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => shape('star' as 'ellipse'))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => pie({ slices: ['a'], colors: [] }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => pie({ slices: ['a'], colors: [[1, 1, 1, 1]], hole: 1 }))).toBe(
-      'invalid-input',
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('builds a module that reads each input from its lane and binds the atlas where asked', () => {
-    const module = kit.markerShader(
-      { wgsl: shape().wgsl, inputs: { load: 'a', kind: 'b', ...{ c: 'c', d: 'd', e: 'e' } } },
-      { group: 0, binding: 11, columns: 2 },
-    );
-    expect(module.startsWith('diagnostic(off, derivative_uniformity);')).toBe(true);
-    expect(module).toContain('  load: f32,\n  kind: f32,');
-    expect(module).toContain('MarkerFragment(p, radiusPx, color, a.x, a.y, a.z, a.w, b.x)');
-    expect(module).toContain('@group(0) @binding(11) var markerAtlas');
-    expect(module).toContain('@group(0) @binding(12) var markerSampler');
-    expect(module).toContain('const MARKER_COLUMNS: f32 = 2.0;');
-    // Each layer carries its own coverage; the outline is what halos and shadows follow.
-    expect(module).toContain('fn filled(color: vec4f, d: f32) -> MarkerColor');
-    expect(module).not.toContain('background');
-    expect(codeOf(() => kit.markerShader({ wgsl: '' }, { group: 0, binding: 0, columns: 1 }))).toBe(
-      'invalid-input',
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('lays images into square cells, fitted, centered, averaged, and premultiplied', () => {
-    const wide = pixels(4, 2, [255, 0, 0, 255]),
-      half = pixels(2, 2, [0, 0, 255, 128]);
-    const atlas = kit.markerAtlas([wide, half, wide], 4);
-    expect(atlas).toMatchObject({ width: 8, height: 8, columns: 2 });
-    const at = (x: number, y: number) => [
-      ...atlas.data.subarray((y * 8 + x) * 4, (y * 8 + x) * 4 + 4),
-    ];
-    // The wide image fills its cell's width and the middle of its height.
-    expect(at(0, 0)).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
-    expect(at(0, 1)).toEqual([255, 0, 0, 255]);
-    expect(at(3, 2)).toEqual([255, 0, 0, 255]);
-    expect(at(0, 3)).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
-    // Half-covered blue, premultiplied.
-    expect(at(4, 0)).toEqual([0, 0, 128, 128]);
-    // The third image starts the second row; the last cell stays clear.
-    expect(at(0, 5)).toEqual([255, 0, 0, 255]);
-    expect(at(6, 6)).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
-  });
-
-  it('pulses rows with a positive shade, every frame', () => {
-    const shade = pulse({ periodMs: 1000, color: [1, 0, 0, 0.5] }),
-      parameters = new Float32Array(64);
-    expect(shade.wgsl).toContain('fn shade(f: ShadeFragment) -> vec4f');
-    expect(
-      shade.tick!(parameters, {
-        timeMs: 0,
-        pointerPx: null,
-        viewport: { width: 1, height: 1, pixelRatio: 1 },
-      }),
-    ).toBe(true);
-    expect([...parameters.subarray(0, 8)]).toEqual([1000, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0.5]);
-    expect(codeOf(() => pulse({ periodMs: 0 }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => pulse({ color: [1, 0, 0, 2] }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-    expect(codeOf(() => pulse({ color: [2, 0, 0, 1] }))).toBe('invalid-input');
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/memo.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/memo.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 068d628c..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/memo.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createData, type Data, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu, kit } from '../src/index.js';
-import type { Preparation, Renderer } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-const index = { source: 'memo', type: 'node', version: 'rows' };
-const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: {
-    node: {
-      fields: { load: { type: 'float32' }, voltage: { type: 'float32', sampled: true } },
-    },
-  },
-};
-function data(): Data {
-  const rows = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 } as const;
-  return createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows,
-      columns: {
-        load: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 2, values: Float32Array.of(1, 2) },
-      },
-    },
-    ...[0, 1].map((frame) => ({
-      kind: 'samples' as const,
-      index,
-      rows,
-      firstFrame: frame,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.of(frame),
-      columns: {
-        voltage: {
-          kind: 'numeric' as const,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 2,
-          values: Float32Array.of(frame, frame + 1),
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: 2,
-        },
-      },
-    })),
-  ]);
-}
-/** A renderer whose frames run `prepare`, and a render of it at a coordinate. */
-async function harness(prepare: (frame: Preparation) => Promise<void>) {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    surface = target(gpu.device);
-  const renderer: Renderer = {
-    capture: () => ({
-      prepare: async (frame) => {
-        await prepare(frame);
-        return { encode() {}, submitted() {}, discard() {} };
-      },
-      release() {},
-    }),
-    destroy() {},
-  };
-  const render = async (at: number) => {
-    await gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer, target: surface, at }], timeMs: 0 });
-    await gpu.idle();
-  };
-  return { gpu, render };
-}
-/** Upload a field's pages, as a view does, and count the builds. */
-function uploading(source: Data, field: string) {
-  const build = vi.fn(async (frame: Preparation, _previous?: readonly kit.GpuPage[]) => {
-    const pages: kit.GpuPage[] = [];
-    for await (const block of frame.reader.fields({
-      source,
-      from: 'node',
-      fields: { value: field },
-    }))
-      pages.push(...frame.upload(block, { select: ['value'] }));
-    return pages;
-  });
-  return build;
-}
-
-it('reuses work until its deps or the coordinate of its sampled reads change', async () => {
-  const source = data(),
-    still = uploading(source, 'load'),
-    playing = uploading(source, 'voltage');
-  let deps: unknown[] = [source];
-  const results: unknown[] = [];
-  const { gpu, render } = await harness(async (frame) => {
-    results.push(
-      await frame.memo('still', deps, still),
-      await frame.memo('playing', [source], playing),
-    );
-  });
-  await render(0);
-  const reads = gpu.stats().queries;
-  await render(1);
-  // Static reads hold at any coordinate, and reuse reads nothing.
-  expect(still).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(results[2]).toBe(results[0]);
-  expect(playing).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  await render(1);
-  expect(playing).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(reads + 1);
-  deps = [source, 'changed'];
-  await render(1);
-  expect(still).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  expect(still.mock.calls[1][1]).toBe(results[0]);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('rebuilds after a bound buffer is written, memory it held is evicted, or its slot goes unused', async () => {
-  const buffer = new kit.BufferData({ size: 16, label: 'memo test' });
-  let use = true;
-  const build = vi.fn((frame: Preparation) => frame.buffer(buffer));
-  const { gpu, render } = await harness(async (frame) => {
-    if (use) await frame.memo('bound', [], build);
-  });
-  await render(0);
-  await render(0);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  buffer.write({ data: Uint32Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4) });
-  await render(0);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  gpu.trim();
-  await render(0);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
-  use = false;
-  await render(0);
-  use = true;
-  await render(0);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('refuses per-frame uniforms inside memoized work', async () => {
-  const { gpu, render } = await harness(async (frame) => {
-    await frame.memo('uniforms', [], (inner) => inner.uniforms(Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4)));
-  });
-  await expect(render(0)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/native-fields.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/native-fields.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a18f9fa3..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/native-fields.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { FieldSource } from './fixtures/field-source.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-it('exposes immutable columns that need no acquisition or release', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  let native!: Block.Fields;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const page of frame.reader.fields({
-      source: source.data,
-      from: 'node',
-      fields: { position: 'position', value: 'value', alias: 'value' },
-    })) {
-      native = page;
-      expect(page.columns.value).toBe(page.columns.alias);
-      expect('retain' in page).toBe(false);
-    }
-  });
-  gpu.trim();
-  gpu.destroy();
-  expect(native.columns.position.kind).toBe('vector');
-  if (native.columns.position.kind === 'vector')
-    expect(native.columns.position.values.values[0]).toBe(1e12);
-});
-it('exposes presence separately from null validity on partial native overlays', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    observed = new FieldSource();
-  observed.captured = new Set([1, 3]);
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    for await (const page of frame.reader.fields({
-      source: source.data,
-      from: source.index.type,
-      rows: { index: source.index, kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 8 },
-      fields: {
-        value: {
-          source: observed.data,
-          from: 'node',
-          field: 'observed',
-          rows: { kind: 'indices', index: source.index, values: Uint32Array.of(1, 3) },
-        },
-      },
-    })) {
-      expect(page.presence.value[0]).toBe(0b1010);
-      expect(page.columns.value.validity).toBeUndefined();
-    }
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('rejects unknown native fields before executing a query', async () => {
-  const source = new FieldSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-      for await (const _page of frame.reader.fields({
-        source: source.data,
-        from: source.index.type,
-        rows: { index: source.index, kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 8 },
-        fields: { value: 'missing' },
-      })) {
-        /* consume */
-      }
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/progressive.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/progressive.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d8ecf84..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/progressive.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from './fixtures/render.js';
-import { it, expect } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type Renderer } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { HistorySource } from './fixtures/history.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { target, renderer } from './fixtures/render.js';
-it('standalone fields preserve borrowed sample backing', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    source = new HistorySource(),
-    reads = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const iterator = reads
-      .fields({
-        source: source.data,
-        from: 'node',
-        fields: { value: 'value' },
-        window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, 6] },
-      })
-      [Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-    const first = await iterator.next();
-    expect(first.done).toBe(false);
-    if (first.done) throw new Error('Expected a native tile');
-    expect(first.value.columns.value.kind).toBe('numeric');
-    if (first.value.columns.value.kind === 'numeric')
-      expect(first.value.columns.value.values.buffer).toBe(source.values.buffer);
-    await iterator.return?.();
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('complete drains bounded renderer submissions and encodes final output once', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  let remaining = 4,
-    encodes = 0,
-    finishes = 0;
-  const view: Renderer = {
-    ...snapshotRenderer(
-      async () => {},
-      () => {
-        encodes++;
-      },
-      () => {
-        remaining = Math.max(0, remaining - 1);
-      },
-    ),
-    get pending() {
-      return remaining ? Promise.resolve() : undefined;
-    },
-  };
-  await gpu.render({
-    views: [{ renderer: view, target: target(fake.device) }],
-    timeMs: 0,
-    completion: 'complete',
-    encode() {
-      finishes++;
-    },
-  });
-  expect(remaining).toBe(0);
-  expect(encodes).toBe(5);
-  expect(finishes).toBe(1);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('complete rendering can abort while waiting without submitting unfinished output', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    stop = new AbortController();
-  let finish = 0;
-  const view: Renderer = { ...renderer(() => {}), pending: new Promise(() => {}) };
-  const task = gpu.render({
-    views: [{ renderer: view, target: target(fake.device) }],
-    timeMs: 0,
-    completion: 'complete',
-    signal: stop.signal,
-    encode() {
-      finish++;
-    },
-  });
-  await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 0));
-  stop.abort();
-  await expect(task).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'AbortError' });
-  expect(finish).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('reuses a completed frame rectangle after an unrelated append', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    source = new HistorySource(),
-    query = {
-      kind: 'samples' as const,
-      from: 'node',
-      select: ['value'],
-      window: { kind: 'frames' as const, offset: source.firstFrame, count: 2 },
-    };
-  const reads = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const original = [];
-    for await (const block of reads.read(source.data, query)) original.push(block);
-    const queries = gpu.stats().queries;
-    const results = [];
-    for await (const block of reads.read({ ...source.data }, query)) results.push(block);
-    expect(results).toEqual(original);
-    expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(queries);
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('fallback envelopes work on a samples-only source with explicit rows and leading context', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    reads = gpu.reader.open();
-  let observed = false;
-  try {
-    for await (const block of reads.read(source.data, {
-      kind: 'envelope',
-      from: 'node',
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-      select: ['value'],
-      window: { kind: 'range', between: [-2, -1], context: { after: 1 } },
-      buckets: 1,
-    })) {
-      observed = true;
-      expect(block.columns.value.frames[0]).toBe(source.firstFrame);
-      expect(block.columns.value.values.values[0]).toBe(9);
-    }
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  expect(observed).toBe(true);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('invalidates an unchanged rectangle after a later data replacement', async () => {
-  const source = new HistorySource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    reads = gpu.reader.open();
-  const query = {
-    kind: 'samples' as const,
-    from: 'node',
-    select: ['value'],
-    window: { kind: 'frames' as const, offset: source.firstFrame, count: 2 },
-  };
-  try {
-    for await (const block of reads.read(source.data, query)) void block;
-    source.publish();
-    const previous = gpu.stats().queries;
-    for await (const block of reads.read(source.data, query)) void block;
-    expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(previous + 1);
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/projection.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/projection.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 088158a9..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/projection.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { kit, type ProjectedCamera } from '../src/index.js';
-
-const { Projector } = kit;
-const viewport = { width: 800, height: 600, pixelRatio: 1 };
-const camera = (patch: Partial<ProjectedCamera>): ProjectedCamera =>
-  Projector.check({ ...Projector.camera, ...patch });
-
-describe('projector', () => {
-  it('finds the model point under each canvas point, as it projects it', () => {
-    const cameras = [
-      camera({ projection: 'flat', center: [10, 20], scale: 40, bearing: 30 }),
-      camera({ projection: 'mercator', center: [-97, 31], scale: 60, bearing: -15 }),
-      camera({ projection: 'tilt', center: [5, -3], scale: 50, pitch: 50, bearing: 70 }),
-      camera({ projection: 'globe', center: [-100, 35], scale: 6, pitch: 30, bearing: 20 }),
-    ];
-    for (const view of cameras) {
-      const projector = new Projector(view, viewport);
-      for (const [dx, dy] of [
-        [0, 0],
-        [1.5, -0.8],
-        [-2.2, 1.1],
-        [0.4, 2.4],
-      ]) {
-        const x = view.center[0] + dx,
-          y = view.center[1] + dy;
-        const p = projector.project(x, y);
-        expect(p.visible).toBe(true);
-        const back = projector.unproject([p.x, p.y])!;
-        expect(back[0]).toBeCloseTo(x, 5);
-        expect(back[1]).toBeCloseTo(y, 5);
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  it('places latitudes on the mercator plane and back', () => {
-    for (const latitude of [-80, -45, -1, 0, 12.5, 60, 85]) {
-      expect(Projector.latitude(Projector.mercator(latitude))).toBeCloseTo(latitude, 9);
-    }
-    expect(Projector.mercator(0)).toBeCloseTo(0, 12);
-    // Mercator stretches toward the poles.
-    expect(Projector.mercator(60)).toBeGreaterThan(60);
-  });
-
-  it('frames bounds on the mercator plane, and moves and zooms along it', () => {
-    const fitted = Projector.fit(
-      camera({ projection: 'mercator' }),
-      [-100, 25, -90, 50],
-      viewport,
-      0,
-      { pitch: 45, bearing: 0 },
-    );
-    expect(fitted.pitch).toBe(0);
-    const projector = new Projector(fitted, viewport);
-    // The bounds' corners land inside the viewport, one pair of sides on its edges.
-    const south = projector.project(-95, 25),
-      north = projector.project(-95, 50);
-    expect(Math.min(south.y, north.y)).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(-1e-6);
-    expect(Math.max(south.y, north.y)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(viewport.height + 1e-6);
-    expect(Math.abs(north.y - south.y)).toBeCloseTo(viewport.height, 4);
-    // A zoom keeps the point under its anchor where it is.
-    const anchor = [200, 150] as const,
-      before = projector.unproject(anchor)!,
-      zoomed = new Projector(Projector.zoom(fitted, 3, anchor, viewport), viewport),
-      after = zoomed.unproject(anchor)!;
-    expect(after[0]).toBeCloseTo(before[0], 6);
-    expect(after[1]).toBeCloseTo(before[1], 6);
-    // Panning by pixels moves a point under the pointer by as many pixels.
-    const moved = new Projector(Projector.move(fitted, 30, -20), viewport),
-      p = projector.project(-95, 40),
-      q = moved.project(-95, 40);
-    expect(q.x - p.x).toBeCloseTo(30, 6);
-    expect(q.y - p.y).toBeCloseTo(-20, 6);
-  });
-
-  it('checks cameras and holds pitch only where the projection pitches', () => {
-    expect(camera({ projection: 'flat', pitch: 40 }).pitch).toBe(0);
-    expect(camera({ projection: 'tilt', pitch: 40 }).pitch).toBe(40);
-    expect(() => camera({ scale: 0 })).toThrow('Invalid camera');
-    expect(() => camera({ projection: 'sphere' as ProjectedCamera['projection'] })).toThrow();
-    expect(kit.PROJECTIONS.mercator).toEqual({ geographic: true, pitched: false });
-  });
-
-  it('keeps sub-unit positions near a large origin distinct', () => {
-    const projector = new Projector(camera({ center: [1e12, 1e12], scale: 100 }), {
-      ...viewport,
-      pixelRatio: 2,
-    });
-    const a = projector.project(1e12, 1e12),
-      b = projector.project(1e12 + 0.125, 1e12);
-    expect(b.x - a.x).toBe(12.5);
-    expect(a.depth).toBe(0.5);
-  });
-
-  it('projects the globe’s anchor to the center and rejects the far hemisphere', () => {
-    const projector = new Projector(
-      camera({ projection: 'globe', center: [-75, 30], scale: 5 }),
-      viewport,
-    );
-    const near = projector.project(-75, 30),
-      far = projector.project(105, -30);
-    expect(near.x).toBeCloseTo(400);
-    expect(near.y).toBeCloseTo(300);
-    expect(near.visible).toBe(true);
-    expect(far.visible).toBe(false);
-    expect(() => camera({ pitch: 81 })).toThrow();
-  });
-
-  it('clips near-plane crossings instead of discarding both endpoints', () => {
-    const projector = new Projector(
-      camera({ projection: 'tilt', pitch: 0, scale: 1, fit: false }),
-      viewport,
-    );
-    const a = projector.project(-10, 0, 1000),
-      b = projector.project(10, 0, 0);
-    expect(a.visible).toBe(false);
-    expect(b.visible).toBe(true);
-    const stroke = projector.stroke(a, b)!;
-    expect(stroke).not.toBeNull();
-    expect(stroke[0].depth).toBeCloseTo(0);
-    expect(stroke[1].depth).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  });
-
-  it('hides the globe’s far side and writes the block shaders read', () => {
-    const view = camera({ projection: 'globe', center: [0, 0], scale: 4 }),
-      projector = new Projector(view, viewport);
-    expect(projector.project(0, 0).visible).toBe(true);
-    expect(projector.project(180, 0).visible).toBe(false);
-    const block = new Float32Array(Projector.floats);
-    projector.write(block, 0, true, 0.1);
-    expect(block[3]).toBe(2);
-    expect(block[14]).toBeCloseTo(0.1);
-    expect(block[15]).toBe(1);
-    const light = new Float32Array(8);
-    Projector.light(light, 0, { sun: [1, 0, 0], nightFloor: 0.4, terminatorWidth: 0.1 });
-    expect([...light.subarray(0, 6)].map((v) => +v.toFixed(3))).toEqual([1, 0, 0, 1, 0.4, 0.1]);
-    Projector.light(light, 0, null);
-    expect(light.every((v) => v === 0)).toBe(true);
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/reads.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/reads.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 16177dbc..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/reads.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { createData, type Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import {
-  bindChannels,
-  channelValue,
-  channelValues,
-  readRows,
-  resolveChannel,
-  resolveLabels,
-  resolveScale,
-} from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-
-const index = { source: 'reads', type: 'node', version: '1' };
-const data = createData(
-  {
-    types: {
-      node: {
-        fields: {
-          load: { type: 'float32' },
-          at: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-  [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 5 },
-      columns: {
-        load: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 5, values: Float32Array.of(1, 2, NaN, 4, 5) },
-        at: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          size: 2,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 5,
-          values: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 10,
-            values: Float64Array.of(0, 10, 1, 11, 2, 12, 3, 13, 4, 14),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ],
-);
-
-it('reads the rows a type selects, and its index', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    reader = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const all = await readRows(reader, data, 'node');
-    expect(all.index).toEqual(index);
-    expect([...all.rows]).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
-    const some = await readRows(reader, data, 'node', {
-      kind: 'indices',
-      index,
-      values: Uint32Array.of(3, 1),
-    });
-    expect([...some.rows]).toEqual([3, 1]);
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('reads a channel at every row in one pass, as it reads each row', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    reader = gpu.reader.open();
-  try {
-    const { fields, channels } = bindChannels(
-      {
-        size: { field: 'load', domain: [0, 4], range: [0, 1] },
-        x: 'at',
-        y: { field: 'at', component: 1 },
-      },
-      { size: [0, 1], x: 'raw', y: 'raw' } as const,
-    );
-    let block!: Block.Fields;
-    for await (const tile of reader.fields({ source: data, from: 'node', fields })) block = tile;
-    const size = resolveChannel(channels.size, resolveScale(channels.size.scale!, [0, 4]), -1),
-      y = resolveChannel(channels.y, null, -1);
-    for (const channel of [size, y]) {
-      // Interleaved, two values a row from the second, as positions are laid out.
-      const out = new Float64Array(11).fill(7);
-      channelValues(channel, block, out, 1, 2);
-      expect([...out].filter((_, i) => i % 2 === 1)).toEqual(
-        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].map((row) => channelValue(channel, block, row)),
-      );
-      expect([...out].filter((_, i) => i % 2 === 0)).toEqual(Array(6).fill(7));
-    }
-    // A missing value reads the fallback; values past the domain clamp as a scale does.
-    expect(channelValue(size, block, 2)).toBe(-1);
-    expect(channelValue(y, block, 4)).toBe(14);
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('takes labels as a field name or checked options', () => {
-  expect(resolveLabels(null)).toBeUndefined();
-  expect(resolveLabels('name')).toEqual({ field: 'name' });
-  expect(resolveLabels({ field: 'name', maxCount: 3 })).toEqual({ field: 'name', maxCount: 3 });
-  expect(() => resolveLabels({} as never)).toThrow('Invalid labels');
-  expect(() => resolveLabels({ field: 'name', maxCount: -1 })).toThrow('Invalid label count');
-  expect(() => resolveLabels({ field: 'name', color: [2, 0, 0, 1] })).toThrow();
-  const sized = { field: 'name', fontSizePx: 11, repeatSpacingPx: 0 };
-  expect(resolveLabels(sized)).toBe(sized);
-  expect(() => resolveLabels({ field: 'name', fontSizePx: 0 })).toThrow('Invalid label fontSizePx');
-  expect(() => resolveLabels({ field: 'name', repeatSpacingPx: -1 })).toThrow(
-    'Invalid label repeatSpacingPx',
-  );
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/render.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/render.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e21787b..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/render.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { BufferData, createTextureTarget } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { deferred, fakeDevice, record, type FakeTexture } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw, renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-describe('frame ownership', () => {
-  it('prepares all views before encoding and submits composition once', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const order: string[] = [];
-    const make = (id: string) =>
-      renderer(
-        () => {
-          order.push('prepare ' + id);
-        },
-        (frame) => {
-          order.push('encode ' + id);
-          record(frame.encoder, () => order.push('draw ' + id));
-        },
-      );
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 123,
-      views: [
-        { renderer: make('a'), target: target(fake.device), at: 99 },
-        { renderer: make('b'), target: target(fake.device), at: 0.5 },
-      ],
-      encode: (encoder) => record(encoder, () => order.push('compose')),
-    });
-    expect(order).toEqual([
-      'prepare a',
-      'prepare b',
-      'encode a',
-      'encode b',
-      'draw a',
-      'draw b',
-      'compose',
-    ]);
-    expect(fake.queue.submit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('never submits a partially failed frame', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    await expect(
-      gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [
-          {
-            renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-              frame.uniforms(new Uint32Array(4));
-            }),
-            target: target(fake.device),
-          },
-          {
-            renderer: renderer(() => {
-              throw new Error('preparation failed');
-            }),
-            target: target(fake.device),
-          },
-        ],
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow('preparation failed');
-    expect(fake.queue.submit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    // The frame's uniform buffer returns to the pool, which trim empties.
-    gpu.trim();
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('rejects reentrant preparation of the same view', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const gate = deferred<void>();
-    const view = renderer(() => gate.promise),
-      output = target(fake.device);
-    const request = { timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: view, target: output }] };
-    const pending = gpu.render(request);
-    await expect(gpu.render(request)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'busy' });
-    gate.resolve();
-    await pending;
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('keeps cancelled, uncooperative renderers busy until preparation actually settles', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const gate = deferred<void>(),
-      abort = new AbortController();
-    const view = renderer(() => gate.promise),
-      output = target(fake.device);
-    const pending = gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      signal: abort.signal,
-      views: [{ renderer: view, target: output }],
-    });
-    const failure = expect(pending).rejects.toBe('stop');
-    await Promise.resolve();
-    abort.abort('stop');
-    await failure;
-    await expect(
-      gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: view, target: output }] }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'busy' });
-    gate.resolve();
-    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-    await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: view, target: output }] });
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('protects textures after their owner releases them until submitted work completes', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice({ deferCompletion: true }),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const output = createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 16, height: 16 });
-    const texture = output.texture() as FakeTexture;
-    await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: renderer(() => {}), target: output }] });
-    output.destroy();
-    expect(texture.destroyed).toBe(false);
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(1024);
-    fake.finish();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    expect(texture.destroyed).toBe(true);
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('bounds submissions even when independent preparations finish together', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice({ deferCompletion: true }),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, maxFramesInFlight: 1 });
-    const gate = deferred<void>();
-    const first = gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: renderer(() => gate.promise), target: target(fake.device) }],
-    });
-    const second = gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: renderer(() => gate.promise), target: target(fake.device) }],
-    });
-    gate.resolve();
-    await first;
-    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-    expect(fake.queue.submit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    fake.finish();
-    await second;
-    expect(fake.queue.submit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-    fake.finish();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('rejects buffers edited after preparation and before encoding', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const data = new BufferData({ size: 4 });
-    await expect(
-      draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-        frame.buffer(data);
-        data.write({ data: Float32Array.of(2) });
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'conflict' });
-    expect(fake.queue.submit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('builds pipelines while the Gpu lives and reports a failed build', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const descriptor = {
-      layout: 'auto',
-      vertex: { module: {} as GPUShaderModule, entryPoint: 'vs' },
-    } as const;
-    await gpu.renderPipeline(descriptor);
-    fake.native.createRenderPipelineAsync.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('shader failed'));
-    await expect(gpu.renderPipeline(descriptor)).rejects.toThrow('shader failed');
-    gpu.destroy();
-    await expect(gpu.renderPipeline(descriptor)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'closed' });
-  });
-
-  it('isolates device generations and never destroys a borrowed device', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(new BufferData({ size: 1024 }));
-    });
-    fake.lose();
-    await fake.device.lost;
-    expect(gpu.signal.reason).toMatchObject({ code: 'device-lost' });
-    await expect(draw(gpu, () => {})).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'device-lost' });
-    expect(fake.buffers.every((buffer) => buffer.destroyed)).toBe(true);
-    gpu.destroy();
-    expect(fake.native.destroy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  });
-
-  it('owns a requested device and validates required features on borrowed devices', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice();
-    vi.stubGlobal('navigator', {
-      gpu: { requestAdapter: async () => ({ requestDevice: async () => fake.device }) },
-    });
-    const gpu = await createGpu();
-    gpu.destroy();
-    expect(fake.native.destroy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    await expect(
-      createGpu({ device: fake.device, requiredFeatures: ['shader-f16'] }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'unsupported' });
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/sample-cache.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/sample-cache.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c899253..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/sample-cache.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,400 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  appendData,
-  createData,
-  textColumn,
-  type Data,
-  type Schema,
-  type Reader,
-  type Block,
-  type Query,
-  type Column,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu, type Gpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { fieldScale, type GpuPage } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { field, values } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-import { renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-const index = { source: 'sample-cache', type: 'node', version: 'rows' };
-const rows = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 } as const;
-const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: {
-    node: {
-      fields: {
-        static: { type: 'float32' },
-        a: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-        b: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-function samples(
-  name: string,
-  firstFrame: number,
-  coordinates: number[],
-  values: number[],
-): Data.SampleBatch {
-  return {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index,
-    rows,
-    firstFrame,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.from(coordinates),
-    columns: {
-      [name]: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: values.length,
-        values: Float32Array.from(values),
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: 2,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-function data() {
-  return createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows,
-      ids: textColumn(['left', 'right']),
-      columns: {
-        static: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 2, values: Float32Array.of(100, 200) },
-      },
-    },
-    samples('a', 10, [0, 1], [1, 2, 3, 4]),
-    samples('b', 20, [0.5, 2], [10, 20, 30, 40]),
-  ]);
-}
-async function collect(gpu: Gpu, source: Data, query: Query.Rows): Promise<Block.Rows[]> {
-  const reads = gpu.reader.open(),
-    blocks: Block.Rows[] = [];
-  try {
-    for await (const block of reads.read(source, query)) blocks.push(block);
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  return blocks;
-}
-function numbers(blocks: Block.Rows[], name: string) {
-  return blocks.flatMap((block) => {
-    const column = block.columns[name] as Column.Numeric;
-    return Array.from(column.values.subarray(column.offset, column.offset + column.length));
-  });
-}
-
-it('keys local queries by every selected, filtered, and ordered sample with independent coordinates', async () => {
-  const source = data(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const query = {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    from: 'node',
-    select: ['a'],
-    where: [{ field: 'b', operator: 'greaterThan', value: 15 }],
-    orderBy: [{ field: 'b', direction: 'descending' }],
-  } as const;
-  expect(numbers(await collect(gpu, source, { ...query, at: 1.1 }), 'a')).toEqual([4]);
-  const before = gpu.stats().queries;
-  expect(numbers(await collect(gpu, source, { ...query, at: 1.9 }), 'a')).toEqual([4]);
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(before);
-  expect(numbers(await collect(gpu, source, { ...query, at: 2 }), 'a')).toEqual([4, 3]);
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(before + 1);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it.each(['indexed', 'discovered', 'ids'] as const)(
-  'reuses %s field buffers, uploads, and automatic domains while the selected sample is unchanged',
-  async (mode) => {
-    let source = data();
-    const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-    const output = target(gpu.device);
-    const selected =
-      mode === 'indexed'
-        ? { ...rows, index }
-        : mode === 'ids'
-          ? { kind: 'ids' as const, ids: ['right', 'left'] }
-          : undefined;
-    const pages: GpuPage[][] = [];
-    const read = async (at: number) => {
-      const request: Reader.FieldsRequest = {
-        source,
-        from: 'node',
-        rows: selected,
-        fields: { color: 'a', height: 'a', static: 'static' },
-      };
-      const result: GpuPage[] = [];
-      await gpu.render({
-        timeMs: at,
-        views: [
-          {
-            target: output,
-            at,
-            renderer: renderer(async (frame) => {
-              for await (const native of frame.reader.fields(request)) {
-                result.push(
-                  ...frame.upload(native, {
-                    select: Object.keys(native.columns),
-                    float64: 'relative',
-                  }),
-                );
-              }
-              expect(
-                (
-                  await fieldScale(frame.reader, {
-                    source,
-                    from: 'node',
-                    rows: selected,
-                    field: 'a',
-                  })
-                ).domain,
-              ).toEqual(at >= 4 ? [5, 6] : [3, 4]);
-            }),
-          },
-        ],
-      });
-      await gpu.idle();
-      pages.push(result);
-      return gpu.stats();
-    };
-    const before = await read(1.1);
-    const warm = await read(1.9);
-    expect(warm.queries).toBe(before.queries);
-    expect(warm.uploadedBytes).toBe(before.uploadedBytes);
-    expect(field(pages[1][0], 'color').binding).toEqual(field(pages[0][0], 'color').binding);
-    expect(field(pages[1][0], 'height').binding).toEqual(field(pages[1][0], 'color').binding);
-    const previous = source;
-    source = appendData(source, [samples('a', 12, [4], [5, 6])]);
-    const appended = await read(1.2);
-    expect(appended.queries).toBe(before.queries);
-    expect(appended.uploadedBytes).toBe(before.uploadedBytes);
-    await read(4);
-    expect(pages[3].flatMap((page) => values(page, 'color'))).toEqual(
-      mode === 'ids' ? [6, 5] : [5, 6],
-    );
-    expect(pages[3].flatMap((page) => values(page, 'static'))).toEqual(
-      mode === 'ids' ? [200, 100] : [100, 200],
-    );
-    expect(field(pages[3][0], 'static').binding).toEqual(field(pages[0][0], 'static').binding);
-    expect(
-      numbers(
-        await collect(gpu, previous, { kind: 'rows', from: 'node', select: ['a'], at: 4 }),
-        'a',
-      ),
-    ).toEqual([3, 4]);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  },
-);
-
-it('refreshes the newest sample after an append, including a duplicate coordinate, and reuses it for an equal data value', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  let source = data();
-  const query = { kind: 'rows', from: 'node', select: ['a'], at: 1 } as const;
-  expect(numbers(await collect(gpu, source, query), 'a')).toEqual([3, 4]);
-  source = appendData(source, [samples('a', 12, [1], [7, 8])]);
-  const current = await collect(gpu, source, query);
-  expect(numbers(current, 'a')).toEqual([7, 8]);
-  const reads = gpu.stats().queries;
-  const later = await collect(gpu, { ...source }, { ...query, at: 1.5 });
-  expect(numbers(later, 'a')).toEqual([7, 8]);
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(reads);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('keeps empty reads, sample boundaries, rebuilt values, and invalid coordinates distinct', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const source = data();
-  const query = { kind: 'rows', from: 'node', select: ['a'] } as const;
-  expect(await collect(gpu, source, { ...query, at: -2 })).toEqual([]);
-  const queries = gpu.stats().queries;
-  expect(await collect(gpu, source, { ...query, at: -1 })).toEqual([]);
-  expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(queries);
-  expect(numbers(await collect(gpu, source, { ...query, at: 0 }), 'a')).toEqual([1, 2]);
-  const rebuilt = createData(schema, [samples('a', 10, [0], [90, 99])]);
-  expect(numbers(await collect(gpu, rebuilt, { ...query, at: 0 }), 'a')).toEqual([90, 99]);
-  await expect(collect(gpu, source, { ...query, at: NaN })).rejects.toMatchObject({
-    code: 'invalid-input',
-  });
-  await expect(collect(gpu, source, query)).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('does not share field results or domains across distinct data using the same schema and row identity', async () => {
-  const a = data();
-  const changed = createData(schema, [samples('a', 10, [0, 1], [70, 80, 90, 99])]);
-  const b = {
-    ...a,
-    tables: {
-      node: {
-        ...a.tables.node,
-        fields: {
-          ...a.tables.node.fields,
-          a: changed.tables.node.fields.a,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  for (const [source, expected] of [
-    [a, [3, 4]],
-    [b, [90, 99]],
-    [a, [3, 4]],
-  ] as const) {
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [
-        {
-          target: target(gpu.device),
-          at: 1.5,
-          renderer: renderer(async (frame) => {
-            for await (const native of frame.reader.fields({
-              source,
-              from: 'node',
-              rows: { ...rows, index },
-              fields: { value: 'a' },
-            })) {
-              const column = native.columns.value as Column.Numeric;
-              expect(
-                Array.from(column.values.subarray(column.offset, column.offset + column.length)),
-              ).toEqual(expected);
-            }
-            expect(
-              (
-                await fieldScale(frame.reader, {
-                  source,
-                  from: 'node',
-                  rows: { ...rows, index },
-                  field: 'a',
-                })
-              ).domain,
-            ).toEqual(expected);
-          }),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-  }
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('updates each bound field independently and rebinds compiled plans to current snapshots', async () => {
-  let source = data();
-  const external = data();
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const output = target(gpu.device);
-  const fields = { color: 'a', height: 'b', fixed: { source: external, from: 'node', field: 'a' } };
-  const seen: GpuPage[][] = [];
-  const draw = async (at: number) => {
-    const pages: GpuPage[] = [];
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: at,
-      views: [
-        {
-          target: output,
-          at,
-          renderer: renderer(async (frame) => {
-            for await (const tile of frame.reader.fields({
-              source,
-              from: 'node',
-              rows: { ...rows, index },
-              fields,
-            }))
-              pages.push(...frame.upload(tile, { select: Object.keys(fields) }));
-          }),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-    await gpu.idle();
-    seen.push(pages);
-  };
-  await draw(0.75);
-  await draw(1.25);
-  expect(values(seen[1][0], 'color')).toEqual([3, 4]);
-  expect(field(seen[1][0], 'height').binding).toEqual(field(seen[0][0], 'height').binding);
-  source = appendData(source, [samples('a', 12, [1], [7, 8])]);
-  await draw(1.25);
-  expect(values(seen[2][0], 'color')).toEqual([7, 8]);
-  expect(values(seen[2][0], 'fixed')).toEqual([3, 4]);
-  expect(field(seen[2][0], 'height').binding).toEqual(field(seen[1][0], 'height').binding);
-  await draw(2);
-  expect(values(seen[3][0], 'height')).toEqual([30, 40]);
-  expect(field(seen[3][0], 'color').binding).toEqual(field(seen[2][0], 'color').binding);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it.each([false, true])(
-  'batches cold field reads and keeps independent column reuse (sampled=%s)',
-  async (sampled) => {
-    const names = Array.from({ length: 12 }, (_, i) => 'field' + i);
-    const fields = Object.fromEntries(names.map((name) => [name, name]));
-    const columns = Object.fromEntries(
-      names.map((name, i) => [
-        name,
-        {
-          kind: 'numeric' as const,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 2,
-          values: Float32Array.of(i, i + 1),
-          ...(sampled ? { frameStride: 2, rowStride: 1 } : {}),
-        },
-      ]),
-    );
-    const modelSchema: Schema = {
-      ...schema,
-      types: {
-        node: {
-          fields: Object.fromEntries(
-            names.map((name) => [name, { type: 'float32', ...(sampled ? { sampled: true } : {}) }]),
-          ),
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    let source = createData(modelSchema, [
-      sampled
-        ? {
-            kind: 'samples',
-            index,
-            rows,
-            firstFrame: 0,
-            coordinates: Float64Array.of(0),
-            columns: columns as Data.SampleBatch['columns'],
-          }
-        : { kind: 'rows', index, rows, columns },
-    ]);
-    const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-    const output = target(gpu.device);
-    const draw = async () => {
-      const pages: GpuPage[] = [];
-      await gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [
-          {
-            target: output,
-            at: 1,
-            renderer: renderer(async (frame) => {
-              for await (const tile of frame.reader.fields({
-                source,
-                from: 'node',
-                rows: { ...rows, index },
-                fields,
-              }))
-                pages.push(...frame.upload(tile, { select: names }));
-            }),
-          },
-        ],
-      });
-      await gpu.idle();
-      return pages;
-    };
-    const first = await draw();
-    expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(1);
-    if (sampled) source = appendData(source, [samples(names[0], 1, [1], [90, 99])]);
-    const next = await draw();
-    expect(gpu.stats().queries).toBe(sampled ? 2 : 1);
-    expect(values(next[0], names[0])).toEqual(sampled ? [90, 99] : [0, 1]);
-    for (const name of names.slice(1))
-      expect(field(next[0], name).binding).toEqual(field(first[0], name).binding);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  },
-);
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/spatial.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/spatial.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b94ff40f..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/spatial.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { BoxIndex, Occupancy, type BoxRead } from '../src/spatial/boxes.js';
-
-/** Drive a build to its index, counting its pauses. */
-function build(count: number, extent: readonly [number, number, number, number], read: BoxRead) {
-  const steps = BoxIndex.build(count, extent, read);
-  let pauses = 0;
-  for (let step = steps.next(); ; step = steps.next(), pauses++)
-    if (step.done) return { index: step.value, pauses };
-}
-/** Every item a query visits, in visit order. */
-function query(index: BoxIndex, bounds: readonly [number, number, number, number]): number[] {
-  const out: number[] = [];
-  index.some(bounds, (item) => void out.push(item));
-  return out;
-}
-it.each([0, 1e9])('finds every box a query meets, never a non-finite one, about %d', (offset) => {
-  let seed = 7;
-  const random = () => ((seed = (seed * 16807) % 2147483647) - 1) / 2147483646;
-  const count = 5000,
-    boxes = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => {
-      if (i % 97 === 0) return [NaN, 0, 1, 1];
-      const x = offset + random() * 1000,
-        y = offset + random() * 1000,
-        size = i % 3 ? random() * 20 : 0;
-      return [x, y, x + size, y + size * random()];
-    });
-  const { index, pauses } = build(count, [offset, offset, offset + 1020, offset + 1020], (i, box) =>
-    box.set(boxes[i]),
-  );
-  expect(pauses).toBeGreaterThan(1);
-  expect(index.bytes).toBe(BoxIndex.bytes(count));
-  for (let q = 0; q < 200; q++) {
-    const x = offset + random() * 1100 - 50,
-      y = offset + random() * 1100 - 50,
-      r = q % 4 ? random() * 5 : random() * 200;
-    const bounds = [x - r, y - r, x + r, y + r] as const,
-      found = query(index, bounds);
-    const meets = (box: number[], slack: number) =>
-      box.every(Number.isFinite) &&
-      box[0] <= bounds[2] + slack &&
-      box[1] <= bounds[3] + slack &&
-      box[2] >= bounds[0] - slack &&
-      box[3] >= bounds[1] - slack;
-    expect(new Set(found).size).toBe(found.length);
-    // Float32 boxes about the data's center round outward by at most a few ulps of the extent.
-    for (const item of found) expect(meets(boxes[item], 1e-3)).toBe(true);
-    const exact = boxes.flatMap((box, i) => (meets(box, 0) ? [i] : []));
-    expect(found).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining(exact));
-  }
-});
-it('keeps about 21 bytes per item and queries an empty index', () => {
-  expect(BoxIndex.bytes(1_000_000) / 1_000_000).toBeCloseTo(21.07, 2);
-  const { index } = build(0, [0, 0, 0, 0], () => {});
-  expect(query(index, [-1, -1, 1, 1])).toEqual([]);
-  const single = build(1, [2, 3, 2, 3], (_, box) => box.set([2, 3, 2, 3])).index;
-  expect(query(single, [2, 3, 2, 3])).toEqual([0]);
-  expect(single.some([2, 3, 2, 3], (item) => item === 0)).toBe(true);
-  expect(query(single, [2.001, 3, 3, 4])).toEqual([]);
-});
-it('places boxes only where nothing placed overlaps them', () => {
-  const occupied = new Occupancy(16);
-  expect(occupied.place([0, 0, 10, 10])).toBe(true);
-  expect(occupied.place([5, 5, 30, 30])).toBe(false);
-  expect(occupied.place([10, 0, 40, 10])).toBe(true);
-  expect(occupied.free([-50, -50, -1, -1])).toBe(true);
-  occupied.add([-50, -50, -1, -1]);
-  expect(occupied.free([-20, -20, -10, -10])).toBe(false);
-  expect(BoxIndex.of(2, [0, 0, 4, 4], (i, box) => box.set([i * 4, 0, i * 4, 0])).bytes).toBe(
-    BoxIndex.bytes(2),
-  );
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/style.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/style.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b37e7d84..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/style.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, type ProjectedCamera } from '../src/index.js';
-import {
-  Feedback,
-  Projector,
-  gridLines,
-  lineStyle,
-  projectedStyle,
-  resolveStyle,
-  resolveViewStyle,
-} from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice, type FakeBuffer } from './fixtures/device.js';
-
-/** The failure code a call throws, or undefined when it returns. */
-function codeOf(call: () => unknown): string | undefined {
-  try {
-    call();
-  } catch (error) {
-    return (error as { code?: string }).code;
-  }
-  return undefined;
-}
-
-it('resolves a style over its defaults, checking each option as its default and rules say', () => {
-  const defaults = {
-    ...lineStyle,
-    ...projectedStyle,
-    edgeColor: 'ends' as const,
-    zScale: 1,
-    poles: false,
-    gap: 4,
-    share: 0.5,
-    shape: 'round',
-  };
-  const rules = {
-    edgeColor: ['ends'],
-    gap: 'positive',
-    share: 'unit',
-    shape: ['round', 'square'],
-  } as const;
-  const view = resolveViewStyle({});
-  const style = resolveStyle({ fitBearing: -30, orbitRate: -2, zScale: 0 }, defaults, rules, view);
-  expect([style.fitBearing, style.orbitRate, style.zScale, style.msaa]).toEqual([-30, -2, 0, 4]);
-  expect(resolveStyle({ edgeColor: [1, 0, 0, 1] }, defaults, rules).edgeColor).toEqual([
-    1, 0, 0, 1,
-  ]);
-  for (const config of [
-    { zScale: -1 },
-    { zScale: Infinity },
-    { gap: 0 },
-    { share: 1.5 },
-    { poles: 1 },
-    { shape: 'star' },
-    { edgeColor: 'none' },
-    { flowColor: [2, 0, 0, 1] },
-    // A projected camera tilts at most 80 degrees, so a fit does too.
-    { fitPitch: 85 },
-  ])
-    expect(codeOf(() => resolveStyle(config, defaults, rules))).toBe('invalid-input');
-  expect(Object.isFrozen(style)).toBe(true);
-});
-
-it('checks the shared view style once, over a view’s own defaults', () => {
-  expect(resolveViewStyle({}, { msaa: 1 }).msaa).toBe(1);
-  expect(resolveViewStyle({ selectedColor: 'none' }).selectedColor).toBe('none');
-  for (const config of [
-    { msaa: 2 },
-    { hover: 'always' },
-    { motion: 'slow' },
-    { font: {} },
-    { hoverBudgetMs: 0 },
-    { unselectedAlpha: 2 },
-    { fitPaddingPx: [1, 2] },
-  ])
-    expect(codeOf(() => resolveViewStyle(config as never))).toBe('invalid-input');
-});
-
-it('reads words the GPU wrote back once a frame completes, never more than its ring holds', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const reads: [number[], string][] = [];
-  const feedback = new Feedback<string>(
-    gpu,
-    (words, frame) => reads.push([[...words], frame]),
-    'test',
-  );
-  const source = fake.device.createBuffer({
-    size: 16,
-    usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
-  }) as FakeBuffer;
-  new Uint32Array(source.bytes.buffer).set([7, 9, 11]);
-  const frame = (name: string) => {
-    const encoder = fake.device.createCommandEncoder();
-    feedback.encode(encoder, source, 12, name);
-    fake.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
-  };
-  frame('a');
-  feedback.submitted();
-  await Promise.resolve();
-  await Promise.resolve();
-  expect(reads).toEqual([[[7, 9, 11], 'a']]);
-  // Frames the GPU has yet to finish hold their staging buffers; past the ring, a frame copies none.
-  for (const name of ['b', 'c', 'd', 'e']) frame(name);
-  feedback.submitted();
-  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-  expect(reads.map(([, name]) => name)).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']);
-  // A discarded frame's copy is never read.
-  frame('f');
-  feedback.discard();
-  feedback.submitted();
-  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-  expect(reads).toHaveLength(4);
-  feedback.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('spaces a grid at the nicest step past its least spacing, and places it under the center', () => {
-  const camera = (scale: number, center: readonly [number, number] = [0, 0]) =>
-    ({ ...Projector.camera, scale, center }) as ProjectedCamera;
-  // 64 CSS pixels at 1 pixel a unit wants 64 units: 100, of 1, 2, or 5 times a power of ten.
-  expect(gridLines(camera(1), 64, false)[0]).toBe(100);
-  expect(gridLines(camera(32), 64, false)[0]).toBe(2);
-  expect(gridLines(camera(100), 64, false)[0]).toBe(1);
-  expect(gridLines(camera(1000), 64, false)[0]).toBeCloseTo(0.1);
-  // Degrees past 10 step 15, then 30 at most.
-  expect(gridLines(camera(5), 64, true)[0]).toBe(15);
-  expect(gridLines(camera(0.1), 64, true)[0]).toBe(30);
-  // How far past a line the center lies, in steps, precisely at any distance from the origin.
-  const [step, x, y] = gridLines(camera(1, [1e9 + 250, -30]), 64, false);
-  expect([step, x]).toEqual([100, 0.5]);
-  expect(y).toBeCloseTo(0.7);
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/text.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/text.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a1b27ac0..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/text.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,294 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, kit, type TextRasterizer } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type TextPage, type TextRun } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { distanceField } from '../src/text/distance-field.js';
-import { bytes, deferred, fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { draw, renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-function rasterizer(): TextRasterizer & {
-  rasterize: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn<TextRasterizer['rasterize']>>;
-} {
-  return {
-    rasterize: vi.fn<TextRasterizer['rasterize']>(async (input) => ({
-      width: 8,
-      height: 8,
-      coverage: new Uint8Array(64).fill(255),
-      advance: input.text.length / 2,
-      left: -0.1,
-      top: -0.75,
-      ascent: 0.75,
-      descent: 0.2,
-    })),
-  };
-}
-const run = (text = 'office العربية'): TextRun => ({
-  text,
-  size: 16,
-  position: [20, 40],
-  anchor: 42,
-  color: [0.25, 0.5, 1, 0.8],
-});
-
-it('shares glyphs, atlas regions, and text geometry across strings, views, and frames', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    raster = rasterizer(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, text: { rasterizer: raster, atlasSize: 64 } });
-  const runs = [run()];
-  let pages: readonly TextPage[] = [];
-  const a = renderer(async (frame) => {
-    pages = await frame.text({ runs });
-  });
-  const b = renderer(async (frame) => {
-    await frame.text({ runs });
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      { renderer: a, target: target(fake.device) },
-      { renderer: b, target: target(fake.device) },
-    ],
-  });
-  await gpu.idle();
-  // One raster and one atlas region per distinct grapheme.
-  const graphemes = new Set(runs[0].text);
-  expect(raster.rasterize).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(graphemes.size);
-  expect(fake.queue.writeTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(graphemes.size);
-  // Both views share the one text geometry: its pages upload once.
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploads).toBe(graphemes.size + pages.length);
-  const layout = await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'ice', size: 10 });
-  // Layout measures the font once, from its capital H.
-  expect(raster.rasterize).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(graphemes.size + 1);
-  expect(layout.width).toBe(15);
-  expect(layout.runs).toEqual([
-    expect.objectContaining({ text: 'ice', size: 10, position: [0, 7.5] }),
-  ]);
-  const before = gpu.stats();
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    pages = await frame.text({ runs });
-  });
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(before.uploadedBytes);
-  const descriptor = (pages[0].bindGroup as unknown as { descriptor: GPUBindGroupDescriptor })
-    .descriptor;
-  const binding = [...descriptor.entries][0].resource as GPUBufferBinding,
-    data = bytes(binding);
-  expect(new Uint32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset)[12]).toBe(42);
-  expect(new Float32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset)[8]).toBe(0.25);
-  gpu.destroy();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  expect(gpu.stats().entries).toBe(0);
-});
-
-it('appends nonoverlapping atlas regions while prior frames remain in flight', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice({ deferCompletion: true }),
-    gpu = await createGpu({
-      device: fake.device,
-      text: { rasterizer: rasterizer(), atlasSize: 64 },
-    });
-  for (const text of ['first', 'second'])
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [
-        {
-          target: target(fake.device),
-          renderer: renderer(async (frame) => {
-            await frame.text({ runs: [run(text)] });
-          }),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-  const writes = fake.queue.writeTexture.mock.calls;
-  expect(writes).toHaveLength(new Set('firstsecond').size);
-  expect(writes[0][0].texture).toBe(writes[1][0].texture);
-  expect(writes[0][0].origin).not.toEqual(writes[1][0].origin);
-  fake.finish();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('font revision invalidates shaping and an aborted reader does not cancel another reader', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gate = deferred<void>(),
-    raster = rasterizer();
-  raster.rasterize.mockImplementationOnce(async () => {
-    await gate.promise;
-    return {
-      width: 1,
-      height: 1,
-      coverage: Uint8Array.of(255),
-      left: 0,
-      top: 0,
-      advance: 1,
-      ascent: 1,
-      descent: 0,
-    };
-  });
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, text: { rasterizer: raster, atlasSize: 64 } }),
-    controller = new AbortController();
-  const first = gpu.layoutText({ ...run(), text: 'x' }, { signal: controller.signal }),
-    second = gpu.layoutText({ ...run(), text: 'x' });
-  const rejection = expect(first).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'AbortError' });
-  controller.abort();
-  await rejection;
-  gate.resolve();
-  await second;
-  // The font's H, measured once for every reader, then x.
-  expect(raster.rasterize).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  await gpu.layoutText({ ...run(), text: 'x', font: { family: 'sans-serif', revision: '2' } });
-  expect(raster.rasterize).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('evicts bounded text caches and rebuilds cleanly after trim', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    raster = rasterizer(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({
-      device: fake.device,
-      text: { rasterizer: raster, atlasSize: 64 },
-      budget: { gpuBytes: 65536 },
-    });
-  const runs = [run()];
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    await frame.text({ runs });
-  });
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  const glyphs = raster.rasterize.mock.calls.length;
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    await frame.text({ runs });
-  });
-  expect(raster.rasterize.mock.calls.length).toBeGreaterThan(glyphs);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('distance fields preserve inside/outside, antialiasing, and transparent padding', () => {
-  const field = distanceField(Uint8Array.of(255, 128, 0), 3, 1, 2);
-  expect(field[2 * 7 + 2]).toBeGreaterThan(128);
-  expect(field[2 * 7 + 3]).toBeCloseTo(128, 0);
-  expect(field[2 * 7 + 4]).toBeLessThan(128);
-  expect(field[0]).toBe(0);
-});
-
-it('rejects a renderer that leaves asynchronous text preparation unawaited', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gate = deferred<void>(),
-    raster = rasterizer();
-  raster.rasterize.mockImplementationOnce(async () => {
-    await gate.promise;
-    return {
-      width: 1,
-      height: 1,
-      coverage: Uint8Array.of(255),
-      left: 0,
-      top: 0,
-      advance: 1,
-      ascent: 1,
-      descent: 0,
-    };
-  });
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, text: { rasterizer: raster, atlasSize: 64 } });
-  await expect(
-    draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      void frame.text({ runs: [run()] }).catch(() => {});
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-  expect(fake.queue.submit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  gate.resolve();
-  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('wraps between words, ellipsizes by advances, and breaks lines', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({
-      device: fake.device,
-      text: { rasterizer: rasterizer(), atlasSize: 64 },
-    });
-  // Every grapheme advances half an em: 5 units at size 10.
-  const lines = (layout: { runs: readonly TextRun[] }) => layout.runs.map((r) => r.text);
-  expect(
-    lines(await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'aa bb cc', size: 10, maxWidth: 25, overflow: 'wrap' })),
-  ).toEqual(['aa bb', 'cc']);
-  expect(
-    lines(await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'abcdefgh', size: 10, maxWidth: 20, overflow: 'wrap' })),
-  ).toEqual(['abcd', 'efgh']);
-  const cut = await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'abcdefgh', size: 10, maxWidth: 20 });
-  expect(lines(cut)).toEqual(['abc…']);
-  expect(cut.width).toBe(20);
-  const two = await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'a\nbc', size: 10 });
-  expect(lines(two)).toEqual(['a', 'bc']);
-  expect(two.runs[1].position[1]).toBeGreaterThan(two.runs[0].position[1]);
-  // Each line is the font's ascent and descent tall.
-  expect(two.lineHeight).toBeCloseTo(10 * (0.75 + 0.2));
-  expect(two.height).toBeCloseTo(2 * two.lineHeight);
-  expect((await gpu.layoutText({ text: '', size: 10 })).runs).toEqual([]);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('places every string of a font on one baseline, centered by its capitals', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({
-      device: fake.device,
-      text: { rasterizer: rasterizer(), atlasSize: 64 },
-    });
-  const short = await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'in', size: 10 }),
-    tall = await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'Hg', size: 10, align: 'center' });
-  expect(short.baseline).toBe(tall.baseline);
-  expect(short.capHeight).toBeCloseTo(7.5);
-  // Middle puts the point halfway up the capitals; the other sides and heights are exact.
-  const [x, y] = kit.textOrigin(short, [100, 50], 'center', 'middle');
-  expect(x).toBeCloseTo(100 - short.width / 2);
-  expect(y + short.baseline - short.capHeight / 2).toBeCloseTo(50);
-  expect(kit.textOrigin(short, [100, 50], 'end', 'bottom')).toEqual([
-    100 - short.width,
-    50 - short.height,
-  ]);
-  expect(kit.textOrigin(short, [100, 50], 'start', 'alphabetic')).toEqual([
-    100,
-    50 - short.baseline,
-  ]);
-  expect(kit.textBox(short, [1, 2], 1)).toEqual([0, 1, 2 + short.width, 3 + short.height]);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('keeps the runs of a bank key and moves only its anchor, placing where nothing overlaps', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({
-      device: fake.device,
-      text: { rasterizer: rasterizer(), atlasSize: 64 },
-    });
-  const label = await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'ab', size: 10 }),
-    other = await gpu.layoutText({ text: 'cd', size: 10 });
-  const bank = new kit.TextBank({ label: 'test text', local: true });
-  bank.add('a', label, [100, 200], { slot: 7 });
-  const [first] = bank.flush();
-  expect(first.origin).toEqual([100, 200]);
-  expect(first.runs).toEqual([expect.objectContaining({ text: 'ab', anchor: 0 })]);
-  const anchors = () =>
-    new Float32Array(first.anchors.bytes.buffer, first.anchors.bytes.byteOffset, 4);
-  // The anchor is relative to the page; its slot is stored one up, so zero hides it.
-  expect([...anchors()]).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 8]);
-  bank.hide();
-  bank.add('a', label, [110, 205], { slot: 7, depth: 0.5 });
-  const [moved] = bank.flush();
-  expect(moved.runs).toBe(first.runs);
-  expect([...anchors()]).toEqual([10, 5, 0.5, 8]);
-  bank.hide();
-  expect([...bank.flush()[0].anchors.bytes.slice(12, 16)]).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
-  // Placement takes the first candidate whose box is free, and claims it.
-  const occupied = new kit.Occupancy(16);
-  occupied.add([0, 0, 50, 50]);
-  const at = bank.place(
-    'b',
-    other,
-    [
-      [10, 10, 'start', 'top'],
-      [60, 10, 'start', 'top'],
-    ],
-    occupied,
-    { margin: 2 },
-  );
-  expect(at).toEqual([60, 10]);
-  expect(bank.place('c', other, [[61, 11, 'start', 'top']], occupied)).toBeNull();
-  expect(bank.flush()[0].runs).toHaveLength(2);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/tiles.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/tiles.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b244b46..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/tiles.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Block, Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { type GpuPage } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { field, rowMap } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-import { draw } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-it('shares frame coordinates across row tiles and physical row maps across frame tiles', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, pageBytes: 16 });
-  const value: Column.Sample = {
-    kind: 'numeric',
-    values: Float32Array.from({ length: 24 }, (_, i) => i),
-    offset: 0,
-    length: 24,
-    frameStride: 8,
-    rowStride: 1,
-  };
-  const block: Block.Fields = {
-    kind: 'fields',
-    index: { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i' },
-    rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2) },
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    columns: { value },
-    presence: {},
-    samples: { firstFrame: 100, coordinates: Float64Array.of(10, 20, 30) },
-  };
-  let pages: readonly GpuPage[] = [];
-  await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-    pages = frame.upload(block, { select: ['value'] });
-  });
-  expect(pages).toHaveLength(24);
-  expect(field(pages[0], pages[0].samples!.coordinates).binding).toEqual(
-    field(pages[1], pages[1].samples!.coordinates).binding,
-  );
-  expect(rowMap(pages[0])).toEqual(rowMap(pages[8]));
-  expect(rowMap(pages[0])).toEqual(rowMap(pages[16]));
-  expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(24 * 4 + 8 * 4 + 3 * 4 + 24 * 156);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/uploads.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/uploads.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e86052fa..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/uploads.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,377 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Block, Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createGpu } from '../src/index.js';
-import { BufferData, type GpuPage } from '../src/kit.js';
-import { bytes, fakeDevice, record } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { field } from './fixtures/fields.js';
-import { draw, renderer, target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-function block(values: Float32Array | Float64Array | Int32Array | Uint32Array): Block.Fields {
-  return {
-    kind: 'fields',
-    index: { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i0' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: values.length },
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    columns: { value: { kind: 'numeric', values, offset: 0, length: values.length } },
-    presence: {},
-  };
-}
-const f32 = (binding: GPUBufferBinding) => {
-  const data = bytes(binding);
-  return Array.from(new Float32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength / 4));
-};
-
-describe('native numeric uploads', () => {
-  it('uploads a borrowed Float32 view without an intermediate numeric copy', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const source = new Float32Array([90, 10, 20, 91]);
-    const value = block(source.subarray(1, 3));
-    let page!: GpuPage;
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      page = frame.upload(value, { select: ['value'] })[0];
-    });
-    expect(f32(field(page).binding)).toEqual([10, 20]);
-    expect(fake.queue.writeBuffer.mock.calls[0][2]).toBe(source.buffer);
-    expect(fake.queue.writeBuffer.mock.calls[0][3]).toBe(4);
-    expect(gpu.stats().peakStagingBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('shares uploaded pages between views and unchanged frames', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const value = block(Float32Array.of(1, 2));
-    const pages: GpuPage[] = [];
-    const a = renderer((frame) => {
-      pages.push(frame.upload(value, { select: ['value'] })[0]);
-    });
-    const b = renderer((frame) => {
-      pages.push(frame.upload(value, { select: ['value'] })[0]);
-    });
-    const request = {
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [
-        { renderer: a, target: target(fake.device) },
-        { renderer: b, target: target(fake.device) },
-      ],
-    };
-    await gpu.render(request);
-    await gpu.idle();
-    await gpu.render(request);
-    await gpu.idle();
-    expect(new Set(pages.map((page) => page.bindGroup)).size).toBe(1);
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploads).toBe(2);
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploadHits).toBe(3);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('preserves unsigned integer values without Float32 narrowing', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    let page!: GpuPage;
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      page = frame.upload(block(Uint32Array.of(0xffffffff, 16777217)), { select: ['value'] })[0];
-    });
-    const data = bytes(field(page).binding);
-    expect((page.columns.value as import('../src/kit.js').GpuValueField).type).toBe('uint32');
-    expect([...new Uint32Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, 2)]).toEqual([0xffffffff, 16777217]);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('preserves sparse physical rows, sample strides, offsets, and nulls', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const column: Column.Sample = {
-      kind: 'numeric',
-      values: Float32Array.of(999, 10, 20, 99, 99, 30, 40),
-      offset: 1,
-      length: 6,
-      frameStride: 4,
-      rowStride: 1,
-      validity: Uint8Array.of(0b00100110),
-    };
-    const value: Block.Fields = {
-      kind: 'fields',
-      index: { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i' },
-      rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(1000000000, 7) },
-      rowOffset: 40,
-      columns: { value: column },
-      presence: {},
-      samples: { firstFrame: 900, coordinates: Float64Array.of(1e12, 1e12 + 0.25) },
-    };
-    let page!: GpuPage;
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      page = frame.upload(value, { select: ['value'] })[0];
-    });
-    expect(page.rows).toEqual(value.rows);
-    expect(field(page).rowStride).toBe(1);
-    expect(field(page).frameStride).toBe(4);
-    expect(f32(field(page).binding)).toEqual([10, 20, 99, 99, 30, 40]);
-    expect(bytes(field(page).validity!.binding)[0]).toBe(0b0111);
-    expect(page.samples?.firstFrame).toBe(900);
-    expect(page.samples?.coordinates.origin?.[0]).toBe(1e12);
-    expect(f32(field(page, page.samples!.coordinates).binding)).toEqual([0, 0.25]);
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBeLessThan(300);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('tiles above device binding limits instead of rejecting the complete dataset', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice({
-      limits: {
-        maxStorageBufferBindingSize: 256,
-        maxBufferSize: 256,
-        minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment: 16,
-      },
-    });
-    const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const values = Float32Array.from({ length: 81 }, (_, i) => i + 1);
-    let pages: readonly GpuPage[] = [];
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      pages = frame.upload(block(values), { select: ['value'] });
-    });
-    expect(pages).toHaveLength(3);
-    expect(pages.flatMap((page) => f32(field(page).binding))).toEqual([...values]);
-    expect(pages.map((page) => page.rows)).toEqual([
-      { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 32 },
-      { kind: 'range', offset: 32, count: 32 },
-      { kind: 'range', offset: 64, count: 17 },
-    ]);
-    expect(fake.buffers.every((buffer) => buffer.size <= 256)).toBe(true);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('requires a Float64 policy and rebases before narrowing', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const value = block(Float64Array.of(1e12, 1e12 + 0.25, 1e12 + 0.5));
-    await expect(
-      draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-        frame.upload(value, { select: ['value'] });
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'precision' });
-    let page!: GpuPage;
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      page = frame.upload(value, { select: ['value'], float64: 'relative' })[0];
-    });
-    expect((page.columns.value as import('../src/kit.js').GpuValueField).origin?.[0]).toBe(1e12);
-    expect(f32(field(page).binding)).toEqual([0, 0.25, 0.5]);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('handles sliced vector parents and child offsets', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const value: Block.Fields = {
-      ...block(Float32Array.of(0, 0)),
-      columns: {
-        value: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          offset: 1,
-          length: 2,
-          size: 2,
-          validity: Uint8Array.of(0b10),
-          values: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 1,
-            length: 6,
-            values: Float64Array.of(999, 1, 2, 1e12, 1e12 + 1, 1e12 + 2, 1e12 + 3),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    let page!: GpuPage;
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      page = frame.upload(value, { select: ['value'], float64: 'relative' })[0];
-    });
-    expect([...(page.columns.value as import('../src/kit.js').GpuValueField).origin!]).toEqual([
-      1e12,
-      1e12 + 1,
-    ]);
-    expect(f32(field(page).binding)).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
-    expect(bytes(field(page).validity!.binding)[0]).toBe(1);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('rejects unrepresentable finite values and rolls back allocations', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    await expect(
-      draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-        frame.upload(block(Float64Array.of(1e300)), { select: ['value'], float64: 'float32' });
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'precision' });
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('uploads what a frame draws past the budget, dropping no page, and gives it back after', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, budget: { gpuBytes: 1024 }, pageBytes: 512 });
-    let pages: readonly unknown[] = [];
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      pages = frame.upload(block(new Float32Array(1024)), { select: ['value'] });
-    });
-    // All four kilobytes, in pages of half a kilobyte, past a one-kilobyte budget.
-    expect(pages.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(8);
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(4096);
-    expect(gpu.stats().peakGpuBytes).toBeGreaterThan(1024);
-    // Nothing holds the pages once the frame is done, so the pool lets them go when asked.
-    gpu.trim();
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(1024);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-});
-
-describe('mutable and frame-local buffers', () => {
-  it('uploads only touched aligned bytes and keeps independent consumer revisions', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const data = new BufferData({ size: 8192 });
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(data);
-    });
-    const before = gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-    data.write({ offset: 4000, data: Uint8Array.of(1, 2, 3) });
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(data);
-    });
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - before).toBe(4);
-    const second = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    await draw(second, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(data);
-    });
-    expect(second.stats().uploadedBytes).toBe(8192);
-    second.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('records several touched ranges as one revision, however many', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const data = new BufferData({ size: 8192 });
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(data);
-    });
-    const revision = data.revision;
-    let { uploads, uploadedBytes } = gpu.stats();
-    data.touch([
-      { offset: 0, size: 4 },
-      { offset: 4096, size: 8 },
-    ]);
-    expect(data.revision).toBe(revision + 1);
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(data);
-    });
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploads - uploads).toBe(2);
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - uploadedBytes).toBe(12);
-    // More ranges than the change journal holds still upload only the bytes between them.
-    ({ uploads, uploadedBytes } = gpu.stats());
-    data.touch(Array.from({ length: 100 }, (_, i) => ({ offset: i * 80, size: 4 })));
-    await draw(gpu, (frame) => {
-      frame.buffer(data);
-    });
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploads - uploads).toBe(1);
-    expect(gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - uploadedBytes).toBe(99 * 80 + 4);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('uses copy-on-write while earlier submissions hold a mutable buffer', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice({ deferCompletion: true }),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const data = new BufferData({ size: 4 });
-    data.write({ data: Float32Array.of(1) });
-    let first!: GPUBufferBinding, second!: GPUBufferBinding;
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [
-        {
-          target: target(fake.device),
-          renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-            first = frame.buffer(data);
-          }),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-    data.write({ data: Float32Array.of(2) });
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 1,
-      views: [
-        {
-          target: target(fake.device),
-          renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-            second = frame.buffer(data);
-          }),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-    expect(f32(first)).toEqual([1]);
-    expect(f32(second)).toEqual([2]);
-    expect(first.buffer !== second.buffer || first.offset !== second.offset).toBe(true);
-    fake.finish();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-
-  it('fits frame uniforms within a small GPU budget', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, budget: { gpuBytes: 1024 } });
-    let uniform!: GPUBufferBinding;
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [
-        {
-          renderer: renderer((frame) => {
-            uniform = frame.uniforms(Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3, 4));
-            frame.uniforms(Float32Array.of(5));
-          }),
-          target: target(fake.device),
-        },
-      ],
-    });
-    await gpu.idle();
-    expect(uniform.size).toBe(16);
-    expect(gpu.stats().peakGpuBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(1024);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-  it('does not overwrite earlier draws when several views upload uniforms', async () => {
-    const fake = fakeDevice(),
-      gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-    const observed: number[] = [];
-    const make = (value: number) => {
-      let uniform!: GPUBufferBinding;
-      return renderer(
-        (frame) => {
-          uniform = frame.uniforms(Float32Array.of(value));
-        },
-        (frame) => {
-          record(frame.encoder, () => observed.push(f32(uniform)[0]));
-        },
-      );
-    };
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [1, 2, 3].map((value) => ({ renderer: make(value), target: target(fake.device) })),
-    });
-    await gpu.idle();
-    expect(observed).toEqual([1, 2, 3]);
-    expect(fake.queue.submit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    // One buffer holds the frame's uniforms, written once; the next frame reuses it.
-    const uniformBuffers = () =>
-      fake.native.createBuffer.mock.calls.filter(([d]) => d.label === 'frame uniforms').length;
-    expect(uniformBuffers()).toBe(1);
-    const writes = fake.queue.writeBuffer.mock.calls.length;
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 1,
-      views: [4, 5].map((value) => ({ renderer: make(value), target: target(fake.device) })),
-    });
-    await gpu.idle();
-    expect(observed).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
-    expect(uniformBuffers()).toBe(1);
-    expect(fake.queue.writeBuffer.mock.calls.length - writes).toBe(1);
-    // The frame's uniform buffer returns to the pool, which trim empties.
-    gpu.trim();
-    expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-    gpu.destroy();
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tests/view.test.ts b/packages/gpu/tests/view.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bbe35ec7..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tests/view.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,673 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createComposition, createGpu, type FrameInfo, type Gpu, type View } from '../src/index.js';
-import {
-  BaseView,
-  createPresentation,
-  hold,
-  rendererOf,
-  type Encoding,
-  type Preparation,
-} from '../src/kit.js';
-import { deferred, fakeDevice } from './fixtures/device.js';
-import { target } from './fixtures/render.js';
-
-function canvasFixture(device: GPUDevice) {
-  let id = 0;
-  const frames = new Map<number, FrameRequestCallback>();
-  const media = { addEventListener: vi.fn(), removeEventListener: vi.fn() };
-  const window = {
-    devicePixelRatio: 2,
-    requestAnimationFrame: (callback: FrameRequestCallback) => {
-      frames.set(++id, callback);
-      return id;
-    },
-    cancelAnimationFrame: (id: number) => frames.delete(id),
-    addEventListener: vi.fn(),
-    removeEventListener: vi.fn(),
-    matchMedia: () => media,
-  };
-  const observers: { disconnect: () => void; notify: () => void }[] = [];
-  vi.stubGlobal(
-    'ResizeObserver',
-    class {
-      disconnect = vi.fn();
-      constructor(readonly callback: () => void) {
-        observers.push({ disconnect: this.disconnect, notify: callback });
-      }
-      observe() {}
-    },
-  );
-  vi.stubGlobal('navigator', { gpu: { getPreferredCanvasFormat: () => 'rgba8unorm' } });
-  const texture = device.createTexture({
-    size: [16, 16],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  const context = { configure: vi.fn(), unconfigure: vi.fn(), getCurrentTexture: () => texture };
-  const attributes = new Map([
-    ['width', '320'],
-    ['height', '200'],
-  ]);
-  const canvas = {
-    width: 320,
-    height: 200,
-    clientWidth: 100,
-    clientHeight: 80,
-    ownerDocument: { defaultView: window },
-    getContext: () => context,
-    getAttribute: (name: string) => attributes.get(name) ?? null,
-    setAttribute(name: string, value: string) {
-      attributes.set(name, value);
-      if (name === 'width') canvas.width = Number(value);
-      else canvas.height = Number(value);
-    },
-    removeAttribute: (name: string) => attributes.delete(name),
-  };
-  return {
-    canvas: canvas as unknown as HTMLCanvasElement,
-    context,
-    observers,
-    frames,
-    tick() {
-      const callbacks = [...frames.values()];
-      frames.clear();
-      for (const callback of callbacks) callback(1000);
-    },
-  };
-}
-const settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-
-interface TestConfig extends View.Config {
-  readonly items?: Readonly<Record<string, { readonly color?: string; readonly size?: number }>>;
-  readonly limits?: { readonly bytes?: number; readonly rows?: number };
-  readonly shade?: { readonly wgsl: string; readonly tick?: () => boolean };
-  readonly camera?: { readonly x?: number; readonly y?: number };
-  readonly input?:
-    'navigate' | 'none' | { readonly mode?: 'navigate' | 'none'; readonly wheel?: string };
-}
-class TestView extends BaseView<
-  TestConfig,
-  View.Events,
-  TestConfig,
-  void,
-  'items',
-  'limits' | 'input' | 'camera'
-> {
-  frames: FrameInfo[] = [];
-  configured: { previous: TestConfig; next: TestConfig; options: View.SetOptions }[] = [];
-  camera = { x: 0, y: 0 };
-  attached = 0;
-  detached = 0;
-  released = false;
-  animate = false;
-  constructor(
-    gpu: Gpu,
-    config: TestConfig,
-    private readonly wait: (frame: Preparation) => void | Promise<void> = () => {},
-  ) {
-    super(gpu, config, { records: ['items'], merged: ['limits', 'input'] });
-    this.start();
-  }
-  refresh(): void {
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  protected configure(next: TestConfig, previous: TestConfig, options: View.SetOptions): void {
-    this.configured.push({ previous, next, options });
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  protected cameraMove(camera: Record<string, unknown> | null): () => void {
-    if (camera && 'z' in camera) throw new Error('Unknown camera option: z');
-    return () => (this.camera = camera ? { ...this.camera, ...camera } : { x: 0, y: 0 });
-  }
-  protected attach(): () => void {
-    this.attached++;
-    return () => this.detached++;
-  }
-  protected async prepare(frame: Preparation): Promise<void> {
-    this.frames.push(frame);
-    await this.wait(frame);
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: Encoding): void {
-    void frame;
-  }
-  protected release(): void {
-    this.released = true;
-  }
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return this.animate;
-  }
-}
-
-it('presents on its canvas, coalescing frames, keeping at, pausing, and restoring the canvas', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas, at: 1 });
-  const error = vi.fn();
-  view.on('error', error);
-  view.set({ at: 2 });
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(1);
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  expect(view.frames).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(view.frames[0]).toMatchObject({
-    at: 2,
-    width: 200,
-    height: 160,
-    viewport: { width: 100, height: 80, pixelRatio: 2 },
-  });
-  view.refresh();
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  expect(view.frames[1].at).toBe(2);
-  view.set({ paused: true });
-  view.set({ at: 3 });
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(0);
-  view.set({ paused: false });
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  expect(view.frames[2].at).toBe(3);
-  expect(view.attached).toBe(1);
-  view.destroy();
-  expect(view.detached).toBe(1);
-  expect(view.released).toBe(true);
-  expect(fixture.context.unconfigure).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(fixture.canvas.width).toBe(320);
-  expect(fixture.canvas.height).toBe(200);
-  expect(fixture.observers[0].disconnect).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(error).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(() => view.set({ at: 4 })).toThrow('destroyed');
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('merges records per entry and options, removes with null, and replaces everything else', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const tick = () => true;
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, {
-    items: { a: { color: 'red', size: 2 }, b: { size: 1 } },
-    limits: { bytes: 8, rows: 4 },
-    shade: { wgsl: 'a', tick },
-    input: 'navigate',
-  });
-  expect(view.config.input).toEqual({ mode: 'navigate' });
-  view.set({
-    items: { a: { size: 3 }, b: null, c: { color: 'blue', size: null } },
-    limits: { rows: null },
-    shade: { wgsl: 'b' },
-    input: { wheel: 'modifier' },
-    camera: { x: 5 },
-  });
-  expect(view.config).toEqual({
-    items: { a: { color: 'red', size: 3 }, c: { color: 'blue' } },
-    limits: { bytes: 8 },
-    shade: { wgsl: 'b' },
-    input: { mode: 'navigate', wheel: 'modifier' },
-  });
-  expect(view.camera).toEqual({ x: 5, y: 0 });
-  // A shorthand names one option, so it merges like the object it stands for.
-  view.set({ input: 'none' });
-  expect(view.config.input).toEqual({ mode: 'none', wheel: 'modifier' });
-  view.set({ limits: null }, { animate: true });
-  expect(view.config.limits).toBeUndefined();
-  expect(view.configured.at(-1)?.options).toEqual({ animate: true });
-  // A patch with an invalid camera changes nothing.
-  const configured = view.configured.length;
-  expect(() =>
-    view.set({ items: { d: { size: 1 } }, camera: { z: 1 } as TestConfig['camera'] }),
-  ).toThrow('Unknown camera option');
-  expect(view.config.items).not.toHaveProperty('d');
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(configured);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('keeps every value a patch repeats, and configures nothing when nothing changes', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  const data = { schema: { types: {} }, tables: {} };
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, {
-    items: { a: { color: 'red', size: 2 }, b: { size: 1 } },
-    limits: { bytes: 8 },
-    shade: { wgsl: 'a' },
-    source: data,
-  } as TestConfig);
-  const before = view.config,
-    configured = view.configured.length;
-  // Equal plain values keep the objects already held, so nothing downstream rebuilds.
-  view.set({
-    items: { a: { color: 'red', size: 2 } },
-    limits: { bytes: 8 },
-    shade: { wgsl: 'a' },
-    source: data,
-  } as TestConfig);
-  expect(view.config).toBe(before);
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(configured);
-  view.set({ items: { a: { size: 3 } } });
-  expect(view.config.items!.b).toBe(before.items!.b);
-  expect(view.config.shade).toBe(before.shade);
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(configured + 1);
-  // Data is new as itself, whatever it holds, wherever a `source` holds it.
-  view.set({ source: { schema: { types: {} }, tables: {} } } as TestConfig);
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(configured + 2);
-  const own = { a: { source: { schema: { types: {} }, tables: {} } } };
-  view.set({ items: own } as TestConfig);
-  view.set({ items: { a: { source: { schema: { types: {} }, tables: {} } } } } as TestConfig);
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(configured + 4);
-  view.set({ items: own } as TestConfig);
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(configured + 5);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('replaces the whole config, resetting what it leaves out and keeping what it repeats', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(gpu.device);
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, {
-    canvas: fixture.canvas,
-    at: 4,
-    items: { a: { color: 'red', size: 2 }, b: { size: 1 } },
-    limits: { bytes: 8, rows: 4 },
-    shade: { wgsl: 'a' },
-    input: { mode: 'navigate', wheel: 'modifier' },
-  });
-  const before = view.config;
-  view.set(
-    { items: { a: { color: 'red' } }, limits: { bytes: 8, rows: 4 }, input: 'navigate' },
-    { replace: true },
-  );
-  expect(view.config).toEqual({
-    canvas: fixture.canvas,
-    at: 4,
-    items: { a: { color: 'red' } },
-    limits: { bytes: 8, rows: 4 },
-    input: { mode: 'navigate' },
-  });
-  expect(view.config.limits).toBe(before.limits);
-  const configured = view.configured.length;
-  view.set(
-    { items: { a: { color: 'red' } }, limits: { bytes: 8, rows: 4 }, input: 'navigate' },
-    { replace: true },
-  );
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(configured);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('reattaches input when the canvas or input changes, and attaches none for mode none', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, {});
-  expect(view.attached).toBe(0);
-  view.set({ canvas: fixture.canvas });
-  expect(view.attached).toBe(1);
-  view.set({ input: { wheel: 'modifier' } });
-  expect([view.attached, view.detached]).toEqual([2, 1]);
-  view.set({ input: 'none' });
-  expect([view.attached, view.detached]).toEqual([2, 2]);
-  view.set({ canvas: null });
-  expect(fixture.context.unconfigure).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('reports device loss as an error and stops scheduling', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas });
-  const error = vi.fn();
-  view.on('error', error);
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  fake.lose('removed');
-  await fake.device.lost;
-  await settle();
-  expect(error).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(error).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ code: 'device-lost' }));
-  // A stopped Gpu draws nothing more, so later changes report nothing.
-  const frames = view.frames.length;
-  view.animate = true;
-  view.refresh();
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(0);
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  expect(view.frames).toHaveLength(frames);
-  expect(error).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('reports nothing when its Gpu is destroyed on purpose, and frees the view', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas });
-  const error = vi.fn(),
-    remove = vi.spyOn(gpu.signal, 'removeEventListener');
-  view.on('error', error);
-  view.destroy();
-  expect(remove).toHaveBeenCalledWith('abort', expect.any(Function));
-  const other = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas });
-  other.on('error', error);
-  gpu.destroy();
-  await settle();
-  expect(error).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(() => new TestView(gpu, {})).toThrow('Gpu is closed');
-  other.destroy();
-});
-
-it('preserves the original configuration failure during cleanup', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  fixture.context.configure.mockImplementation(() => {
-    throw new Error('configuration');
-  });
-  fixture.context.unconfigure.mockImplementation(() => {
-    throw new Error('cleanup');
-  });
-  expect(() => createPresentation(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas })).toThrow('configuration');
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('keeps the presented backing size until asynchronous preparation completes', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const ready = deferred<void>();
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas }, () => ready.promise);
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  expect(fixture.canvas.width).toBe(320);
-  expect(fixture.canvas.height).toBe(200);
-  ready.resolve();
-  await settle();
-  expect(fixture.canvas.width).toBe(200);
-  expect(fixture.canvas.height).toBe(160);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('releases presentation when DOM observation cannot be installed', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const disconnect = vi.fn();
-  vi.stubGlobal(
-    'ResizeObserver',
-    class {
-      disconnect = disconnect;
-      observe() {
-        throw new Error('observation failed');
-      }
-    },
-  );
-  expect(() => new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas })).toThrow('observation failed');
-  expect(disconnect).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(fixture.context.unconfigure).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('lets a refresh finish, schedules animation, and holds the canvas while rendering elsewhere', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device),
-    gate = deferred<void>();
-  let signal!: AbortSignal;
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas }, async (frame) => {
-    signal = frame.signal;
-    await gate.promise;
-  });
-  view.animate = true;
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  view.refresh();
-  expect(signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-  gate.resolve();
-  await settle();
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(1);
-  const release = await hold(view);
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  const frames = view.frames.length;
-  await gpu.render({
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(view), target: target(fake.device) }],
-    timeMs: 0,
-  });
-  expect(view.frames).toHaveLength(frames + 1);
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(0);
-  release();
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(1);
-  view.destroy();
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('presents in its images only when it presents nowhere else', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const render = vi.spyOn(gpu, 'render');
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, {});
-  // Reading pixels back needs a DOM; what matters here is the frame each image renders.
-  await view.image({ width: 4, height: 4 }).catch(() => {});
-  view.set({ canvas: fixture.canvas });
-  await view.image({ width: 4, height: 4 }).catch(() => {});
-  expect(render.mock.calls.map(([options]) => options.views[0].presented)).toEqual([true, false]);
-  expect(view.frames.map((frame) => frame.presented)).toEqual([true, false]);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('holds a view once a canvas frame that ignores its abort has released it', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device),
-    gate = deferred<void>();
-  let waits = 1;
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas }, async () => {
-    if (waits-- > 0) await gate.promise;
-  });
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  let held = false;
-  const holding = hold(view).then((release) => {
-    held = true;
-    return release;
-  });
-  await settle();
-  // The aborted frame is still preparing, so its renderer is not free yet.
-  expect(held).toBe(false);
-  gate.resolve();
-  const release = await holding;
-  await gpu.render({
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(view), target: target(fake.device), presented: false }],
-    timeMs: 0,
-  });
-  expect(view.frames.at(-1)?.presented).toBe(false);
-  release();
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-/** Enough render-pass surface for a composition to draw its panels. */
-function compositing(fake: ReturnType<typeof fakeDevice>): void {
-  const device = fake.native as unknown as Record<string, (...args: never[]) => unknown>;
-  const pipeline = device.createRenderPipelineAsync,
-    encoder = device.createCommandEncoder;
-  device.createRenderPipelineAsync = vi.fn(async (descriptor: never) => ({
-    ...((await pipeline(descriptor)) as object),
-    getBindGroupLayout: () => ({}),
-  }));
-  device.createCommandEncoder = vi.fn(() =>
-    Object.assign(encoder() as object, {
-      beginRenderPass: () => ({
-        setPipeline() {},
-        setViewport() {},
-        setBindGroup() {},
-        draw() {},
-        end() {},
-      }),
-    }),
-  );
-}
-
-it('keeps the memos of each composed view apart from those of a sibling of its kind', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  compositing(fake);
-  const built: string[] = [],
-    seen: Record<string, string[]> = { a: [], b: [] };
-  const memoized = (name: string) => async (frame: Preparation) => {
-    // Nested memos are the view's own too.
-    const value = await frame.memo('work', [], (inner) =>
-      inner.memo('inner', [], () => {
-        built.push(name);
-        return name;
-      }),
-    );
-    seen[name].push(value);
-  };
-  const a = new TestView(gpu, {}, memoized('a')),
-    b = new TestView(gpu, {}, memoized('b'));
-  const composition = createComposition(gpu, {
-    views: [
-      { view: a, region: [0, 0, 1, 0.5] },
-      { view: b, region: [0, 0.5, 1, 0.5] },
-    ],
-  });
-  for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++)
-    await gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(composition), target: target(fake.device) }],
-      timeMs: i,
-    });
-  expect(seen).toEqual({ a: ['a', 'a'], b: ['b', 'b'] });
-  expect(built.sort()).toEqual(['a', 'b']);
-  composition.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('composes views into one view, and keeps composed views off their own canvases', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  compositing(fake);
-  const a = new TestView(gpu, {}),
-    b = new TestView(gpu, {});
-  const composition = createComposition(gpu, {
-    views: [
-      { view: a, region: [0, 0, 1, 0.5] },
-      { view: b, region: [0, 0.5, 1, 0.5] },
-    ],
-  });
-  expect(() => a.set({ canvas: fixture.canvas })).toThrow('composition');
-  expect(() => createComposition(gpu, { views: [{ view: a, region: [0, 0, 2, 1] }] })).toThrow(
-    'unit rectangle',
-  );
-  await gpu.render({
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(composition), target: target(fake.device) }],
-    timeMs: 0,
-  });
-  expect(a.frames[0]).toMatchObject({ width: 16, height: 8, presented: true });
-  expect(b.frames[0]).toMatchObject({ width: 16, height: 8, presented: true });
-  // Exporting a composition exports its views.
-  await gpu.render({
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(composition), target: target(fake.device), presented: false }],
-    timeMs: 0,
-  });
-  expect(a.frames[1].presented).toBe(false);
-  expect(b.frames[1].presented).toBe(false);
-  composition.destroy();
-  a.set({ canvas: fixture.canvas });
-  a.destroy();
-  b.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('reports each drawn frame', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const view = new TestView(gpu, { canvas: fixture.canvas, at: 3 });
-  const frames = vi.fn();
-  view.on('frame', frames);
-  fixture.tick();
-  await settle();
-  expect(frames).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  // What the frame was, never what preparing it borrowed.
-  expect(frames.mock.lastCall?.[0]).toEqual({
-    at: 3,
-    width: 200,
-    height: 160,
-    timeMs: 1000,
-    viewport: { width: 100, height: 80, pixelRatio: 2 },
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    presented: true,
-  });
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('coalesces playhead and configuration changes without cancelling a captured canvas frame', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    fixture = canvasFixture(fake.device);
-  const entered = deferred<void>(),
-    gate = deferred<void>();
-  let signal!: AbortSignal;
-  const view = new TestView(
-    gpu,
-    { canvas: fixture.canvas, at: 0, limits: { rows: 1 } },
-    async (frame) => {
-      signal = frame.signal;
-      if (frame.at === 0) {
-        entered.resolve();
-        await gate.promise;
-      }
-    },
-  );
-  const submitted: number[] = [];
-  view.on('frame', (frame) => submitted.push(frame.at!));
-  fixture.tick();
-  await entered.promise;
-  for (let at = 1; at <= 20; at++) view.set({ at, limits: { rows: at } });
-  expect(view.config.at).toBe(20);
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(0);
-  expect(signal.aborted).toBe(false);
-  fixture.tick(); // A newer presentation tick arrives while the first preparation is active.
-  gate.resolve();
-  await settle();
-  await settle();
-  expect(submitted).toEqual([0, 20]);
-  expect(view.configured).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(view.configured[0].next.limits?.rows).toBe(20);
-  expect(fixture.frames.size).toBe(0);
-  view.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('captures composition children before an asynchronous sibling changes their desired state', async () => {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  compositing(fake);
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const right = new TestView(gpu, { limits: { rows: 1 } }, () => {
-    expect(right.configured).toHaveLength(0);
-  });
-  const left = new TestView(gpu, {}, () => {
-    right.set({ limits: { rows: 99 } });
-  });
-  const composition = createComposition(gpu, {
-    views: [
-      { view: left, region: [0, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-      { view: right, region: [0.5, 0, 0.5, 1] },
-    ],
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: rendererOf(composition), target: target(fake.device) }],
-  });
-  expect(right.configured).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(right.config.limits?.rows).toBe(99);
-  composition.destroy();
-  left.destroy();
-  right.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tsconfig.json b/packages/gpu/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index de7a4069..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "node"],
-    "noEmit": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/gpu/tsup.config.ts b/packages/gpu/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ab78a1d..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: { banner: '/// <reference types="@webgpu/types" />' },
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  platform: 'browser',
-  splitting: false,
-});
diff --git a/packages/gpu/vitest.config.ts b/packages/gpu/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 94e72177..00000000
--- a/packages/gpu/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-export default defineConfig({
-  test: {
-    name: '@latkit/gpu',
-    include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'],
-    benchmark: { include: ['tests/**/*.bench.ts'] },
-  },
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/model/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a75ce3d..00000000
--- a/packages/model/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,500 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/model
-
-## 4.2.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: A geography package draws the earth alone or beneath a network, and network edges curve over the globe and pick on every projection.
-
-  Added
-
-  - geography: `createGeography` draws the ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data, `geojson()`, or `tiles()`, flat or on a globe. Data prepares in workers, simplified alike along shared borders, and each frame draws what is in view at the detail it shows.
-  - geography: `geojson()` reads a URL, as a string or a `URL`, as `tiles()` does; a Blob such as a local file; or bytes, gzipped or not; decoded and parsed in a worker.
-  - geography: `tiles()` reads vector tiles from a PMTiles archive by URL, as a local file, or as bytes; a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template; or TileJSON. A feature with an id is one item in every tile and zoom that holds it. `info.schema` holds each layer's fields as the tiles' metadata declares them.
-  - geography: tiles decode only the layers and properties records read, and every tile carries each field read, typed as declared, so a name no feature of a tile holds reads as empty there instead of failing the frame. Tiles share one schema, so what reads them plans once.
-  - geography: a record whose `visible` is false draws its labels alone; nothing of it hovers or picks.
-  - geography: lines take `dash` and `flowPx` as network edges do, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - network: `ground` draws a view beneath the graph, such as a geography, in its pass. Its sun lights the graph, and a gesture the graph leaves reaches it unless its `input` is `'none'`.
-  - network: the `mercator` projection, for geographic data.
-  - network: edges curve over the globe on the GPU, in as many pieces as the screen needs; geodesics also draw on flat and mercator maps.
-  - gpu: `Labels` takes `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx`, for every view that labels in CSS pixels.
-  - gpu: `ProjectedCamera`; `kit.Projector` and `kit.projectionShader`, one projection in TypeScript and WGSL; `kit.layerOf` and the `Layer` types, which draw one view beneath another; `stroke_comet` in `kit.strokeShader`; and `BaseView.paused`, called as a view pauses.
-  - model: `Work` takes a `Work.Priority`; `'background'` work yields to everything else.
-  - model: a `geographic` field may hold lists of positions, as polylines, and lists of those, as rings.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `grid` and `gridColor` draw lines of the data's x and y beneath the graph, as before longitude and latitude for geographic data and now also a plain plane's, the nicest step at least `gridMinSpacingPx` apart; over a ground, the ground's own `grid` draws instead.
-  - network: an edge's `route` defaults to `geodesic` on the globe and `straight` on flat maps.
-  - network: geographic positions start on the mercator plane, as a geography does.
-  - network: picking and hover query hit-test indexes on every projection, built in the background once the positions and the camera hold still. Only rows raised by `z` scan.
-  - network: a dashed edge picks along its whole length, gaps included.
-  - network: a camera move uploads no draw parameters, and a frame draws edges in one render pass.
-  - gpu: `ItemView.Config` holds no `source`; each view's config declares its own.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network: `paths`, `PathOptions`, and `LineOptions`. Draw lines that join no vertices as a geography's `lines`.
-  - network: `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight`, `sunTime`, `nightFloor`, `surfaceNightFloor`, `terminatorWidth`, `pathColor`, and `pathWidthPx`. Set `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight` (a time, `'now'`, or `false`), `nightFloor`, and `terminatorWidth` on a geography, and its `grid` for lines of longitude and latitude.
-  - network: `Camera` and `Projection`. Import `ProjectedCamera` from `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - network: `NetworkLabels`. Its `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx` are `Labels` options now.
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-## 4.1.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 6ebb914: Selected and hovered items glow in every view, picks answer with what the frame draws, and a network draws its selection over the rest, so a crowded region never hides it.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `itemKey(item, ...qualifiers)`, the identity every view's selection builds on.
-  - gpu: `unselectedAlpha` for every view, `glowAlpha` and `stroke_nearest` in the kit shaders, and a view's `detail` hook.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - gpu: `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` color a glow, and `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`, now 6 and 8, set its reach. `'none'` glows in each item's own color.
-  - gpu: clicks, double clicks, and menus answer with what the presented frame draws; a later one supersedes one still finding its hits. Clicking again in place cycles only while the same items lie there.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.touch` takes several ranges as one revision.
-  - network: selected and hovered rows, and the ends of a focused edge, draw over everything but labels. Picks keep one hit per item and take `limit`.
-  - diagram: selected, hovered, and targeted items glow. Selecting a row of another row space throws `conflict`.
-  - monitor: pick and hover hit a line anywhere it draws, one reading per row, and a reading selects its row. A selected trace glows, and a lone sample between gaps draws as a dot.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: its own `unselectedAlpha`, now every view's, and the selected traces' minimum width.
-
-## 4.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- df714d5: One text system, spatial index, memo, and change test for every view; schemas state facts and views bind every field; diagram styles on the GPU.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `samePages`; `fieldDefinition`; `geographic` on a position field; `ReadScope.recording` and `ReadScope.hold`, with `ReadRecord`.
-  - gpu: `gpu.layoutText`; `kit.BoxIndex`, `kit.Occupancy`, `kit.sameValues`, and `kit.sameRecords`; `kit.fieldShader({ colormap })` adds `fieldColor`, and the field shader carries the scale WGSL.
-  - gpu: `frame.memo(slot, deps, build)`, reused until its deps, the coordinate of a sampled read, a bound buffer, or held memory change.
-  - gpu: `kit.TextBank`, `kit.textOrigin`, and `kit.textBox`, with `TextCandidate` and `TextPlacement`; `TextAlign` and `TextBaseline`; `align` on `TextLayoutInput`; `baseline`, `lineHeight`, `capHeight`, and `align` on `TextLayout`; `latkitAnchor` and a pixel halo in `kit.textShader`.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update(values)`, which marks only the words that changed.
-  - monitor: `coordinateAt(point)`, the coordinate under a canvas point of the drawn plot.
-  - network: `repeatSpacingPx` on labels.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: positions are bound like every other field; without them, rows sit on a circle. Whether they are longitude and latitude comes from the bound fields' `geographic`.
-  - Text draws from one glyph atlas, one SDF per font and grapheme, and repeated layouts are cached. Lines are the font's ascent and descent tall, so every string of a font shares one baseline, and titles, port names, wire labels, and axis ticks center by their capitals.
-  - Every view draws its labels through `kit.TextBank`: a label's glyphs are prepared once, and frames move or hide only its anchor.
-  - `TextBitmap.ascent` and `descent` are the font's line metrics; the rasterizer reports `fontBoundingBox` values.
-  - `textColor(uv, color, halo, haloPx)` in `kit.textShader` takes a halo.
-  - network: labels try right, left, above, and below a marker, never over another marker, with a halo over lines; line labels center on their line.
-  - network and diagram: field reads, scales, style passes, and scene geometry are memoized, so a frame where nothing changed reads and uploads nothing.
-  - diagram: bound colors, widths, flow, shade, and status are written on the GPU, so restyling or playing them never rereads or reroutes the scene, and styles keep playing during a drag.
-  - diagram: wires route as net trees with separated tracks and rounded bends; ports, arrowheads, and junctions scale with the blocks; blocks draw a header band, outline, status ring, and shadow; titles read on any fill; picking holds typed arrays.
-  - diagram: `msaa` defaults to `1`, since every shape antialiases in its shader.
-  - monitor: a null visibility shows the trace; shade defaults to `0`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - diagram: `portSizePx` to `portSize` and `portFontSizePx` to `portFontSize`, in diagram units.
-  - gpu: `kit.BoxIndex.query` to `kit.BoxIndex.some`, which visits until told to stop and allocates nothing.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - model: `TypeDefinition.spatial`. A position field says whether it is `geographic`, and a view binds its positions itself. Schemas cross connect, so peers upgrade together.
-  - gpu: `TextLayout.ascent` and `descent`; `kit.scaleShader` (in `kit.fieldShader`), `kit.defaultShade`, and `kit.localPoint`.
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- df714d5: Every per-row option is a channel: one value for every row, a field, or a field through a scale. Positions are `x`, `y`, and `z` channels, every view reads its channels through one shader struct, and a view's defaults are named after the channels they stand in for.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `Channel` and `ColorChannel`; `component` on `Scale` and `ColorScale`, and `missing` on both.
-  - gpu: `kit.bindChannels`, `kit.resolveChannels`, `kit.resolveChannel`, `kit.channelValue`, `kit.channelOn`, `kit.writeChannel`, and `kit.resolveLabels`; `LatkitChannel`, `channelNumber`, `channelOn`, `channelColor`, and `finiteValue` in `kit.fieldShader`.
-  - gpu: `stride` on `BufferData.update`, which compares whole records.
-  - network: `x`, `y`, and `z` on vertices; `x` and `y` on a net, where its star meets; `dash` and `shade` on paths; `pathColor` and `pathWidthPx`; `LineOptions`, the options edges and paths share.
-  - diagram: `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height` on vertices; `Positions`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `y`; `traceColor` and `traceWidthPx`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network, diagram, and monitor: `radiusPx`, `widthPx`, `flowPx`, `visible`, `shade`, `dash`, and `status` each take one value, a field name, or a scale. A `widthPx` field draws each network and monitor line at its own width, and spans 1 to 4 CSS pixels in every view.
-  - `color` takes one color for every row, in place of `baseColor`; a scale's `missing` fills rows its field leaves empty.
-  - A boolean channel is on where it reads true or positive in every view; the diagram and monitor showed negative values.
-  - `null` in a config means unset everywhere: options that used it as a value take `'ends'`, `'now'`, or `'none'`.
-  - A view keeps a field name as given: `config` holds `color: 'load'`, not `{ field: 'load' }`.
-  - diagram: `arrange` and a move proposal's `positions` give each type's `{ x, y }`, to spread into its options.
-  - gpu: `revealPaddingPx` takes insets, like `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - gpu: the views of a composition keep their memoized work apart.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update` records one revision for all it changed, so a consumer uploads those ranges rather than everything.
-  - network: positions that change keep the drawn topology; only a type moving between circle, plane, and geographic placement rebuilds it.
-  - network: each page's uniform stays on the GPU between frames, and a frame uploads only the pages that changed; a frame where nothing moved uploads about an eighth of what it did at a million buses.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `height` to `z`, `sizePx` to `radiusPx`, and an edge's `junction` to `x` and `y`; `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor` (`'ends'` for `null`), `heightScale` to `zScale`, and `graticule` to `grid`; a label's `sizePx` to `fontSizePx`.
-  - diagram: `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor`, `flow` to `flowPx`, and a label's `size` to `fontSize`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `field` to `y`; the camera's `window` and `values` to `x` and `y`; `coordinateAxis` and `valueAxis` to `xAxis` and `yAxis`.
-  - gpu: `selectedColor: null` to `'none'`; network `sunTime: null` to `'now'`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network and diagram: `position` and `baseColor`. diagram: `size`, now `width` and `height`. monitor: `baseColor`.
-  - gpu: `Position2D`, `kit.Expanded`, `ConfigShape.fields` and `nested`, and `kit.scaleParameters`; `LatkitScale`, `scaleMapped`, `fieldNumber`, `fieldScaled`, and `fieldColor` in shaders.
-  - diagram: `DiagramEvents.open`, which every item view's events already carry.
-
-## 3.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- 35b7171: One failure, one item identity, one view contract, one option vocabulary, and one memory budget, with constant CPU work per frame.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `Item`, `sameItem`, and `itemId`; `FailureCode` and `isFailure`; `createMemory`, `Memory`, `MemoryBudget`, and `MemoryStats`; `Work` and `interruptible`.
-  - gpu: the types an app names at the root, including `ViewConfig`, `ViewEvents`, `Patch`, `FrameInfo`, `Viewport`, `Composition`, `Scale`, `ColorScale`, `Position2D`, `Labels`, and the text types; `kit.resolveLimits` and `kit.clearColor`.
-  - Item views: a click in place cycles through overlapping hits and a modifier toggles the topmost; a double click or Enter reports `open`, and a double click on nothing fits the data.
-  - Compositions route pointer, wheel, menu, and key input to the view under the pointer.
-  - network: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types, and `widthPx` on edge types. diagram: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types.
-  - connect: `protocol.forward(id, bytes)` frames a received publication for another stream without encoding it again.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Every package throws model `Failure`s. A peer's error keeps a code latkit knows, and malformed peer data reports `protocol`.
-  - `kit.BaseView`: `resolve` runs once per config, `configure` receives the resolved configs, and `prepare` returns what `encode` and `submitted` receive. `kit.BaseItemView` builds `pipelines` once per variant for every view of a kind, names the view in `kit.ItemShape`, and rejects options it does not know.
-  - One memory pool bounds the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources: `createReader({ memory })`, and `gpu.stats()` and `reader.stats()` return `MemoryStats`. Its defaults are the former sums.
-  - Frames pack their uniforms into shared buffers written once; upload cache hits allocate nothing; network dash phases hold while the camera moves; diagram drags move in the shader and reroute only the wires they touch, so a drag frame costs the same at any size.
-  - `image({ format, quality })` takes `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`, and video `quality` is a number from 0 to 1, as for images.
-  - connect checks a model before it opens a socket.
-  - Internal dependencies publish as caret ranges, and every package whose types name WebGPU depends on `@webgpu/types`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `size` to `sizePx`, a radius in CSS pixels; label `size` to `sizePx`; `curve: 'linear'` to `route: 'straight'`; `focusEnds` to `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds`; `Labels` to `NetworkLabels`.
-  - diagram: edge `width` to `widthPx`; `Labels` to `DiagramLabels`.
-  - connect limits drop `max`: `messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, and `logs`.
-  - gpu: `createRenderTarget` to `createTextureTarget`; `GpuStats` and `Budget` to model `MemoryStats` and `MemoryBudget`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `GpuError`, `GpuErrorCode`, `DataHit`, `kit.Work`, `kit.wheelDelta`, `kit.createCanvasInput`, and `kit.withinBudget`.
-  - network: `focusEnabled`, `hoverAlpha`, and `selectedAlpha`; the alpha of `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` sets the halos.
-  - monitor: the `pickingBytes` limit.
-  - model: `ReaderStats`; reader `maxBytes`, `maxStagingBytes`, and `maxEntries`; `resolveRows`, `RowMapping`, `samplePages`, `copyBuffers`, `sliceColumn`, and `DEFAULT_BLOCK_BYTES`.
-  - connect: `remoteFailure`.
-
-## 2.1.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: A model is a value both sides of a connection share, and either side may dial.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Model`, `Command`, `MonitorContext`, `CommandContext`, and `Publication` in model: the contract a
-    model meets, whether used in process or across a connection.
-  - `staticFields(schema)` and `sampledFields(schema, types?)` in model.
-  - `protocol.subprotocols`: `latkit.connect` for a dialing side that offers a model, `latkit.accept`
-    for one that accepts it.
-  - An accepted model can be offered onward as it is. Publications connect received go on as the bytes
-    that arrived when they fit the onward bounds, and the onward connections close with the model.
-  - A peer that closes a socket before registering rejects with its close reason.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `connectModel(model, { url } | { socket })` and `acceptModel({ url } | { socket })`: either side
-    dials a URL or answers on a socket a server accepted. The URL is dialed exactly; nothing is
-    appended to it.
-  - An accepted model is a `ConnectedModel`, a `Model` and a `Connection`. Commands run as
-    `model.commands[name].run(values, { outputs, publish, progress, log, signal })`, with the context a
-    model's own handler receives.
-  - `monitor` is absent when a model offers no reading, and an empty selection reads nothing.
-  - A log entry that carries a `dropped` count is counted, not forwarded as an entry.
-  - `Limits` is `ConnectLimits`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `model.run(name, values, { onData, onProgress, onLog })`, `format: 'encoded'`, `MonitorOptions`,
-    `RunOptions`, `EncodedMonitorOptions`, and `EncodedRunOptions`. `EncodedPublication` is in
-    `protocol`.
-  - `Command`, `CommandContext`, `MonitorContext`, `Publication`, and `Publish` from connect; the first
-    four are in model.
-  - `protocol.subprotocol`, and the `/models/<name>` connect appended to a URL.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: Exports never change a view, item views check every option the same way, and views stop cleanly with their Gpu.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `gpu.signal`: aborts when the Gpu stops, with `device-lost` or `closed`.
-  - `FrameInfo.presented` and `RenderView.presented`: video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, render frames that are not presented.
-  - `kit.ItemShape`: an item view describes its framed camera keys, input modes, and style defaults once.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, draw the view as it is and change nothing: its camera, hover, selection, and picking stay as presented. A monitor draws them into history of its own. A view with neither presents in its images.
-  - Unknown camera and input options, and input modes a view does not have, throw `invalid-input` in every view, and the patch changes nothing.
-  - A mode shorthand merges like the option it names: `set({ input: 'inspect' })` keeps `wheel` and `keyboard`.
-  - The `frame` event reports the frame's `FrameInfo` and nothing it borrowed.
-  - A right click opens the context menu where the button comes up; a right drag never opens it.
-  - Views stop drawing when their Gpu stops: device loss reports one `device-lost` error per view, and destroying the Gpu reports none. The Gpu no longer keeps destroyed views alive.
-  - `image()` and `exportVideo` wait for a canvas frame that cannot stop at once, instead of failing `busy`.
-  - `view.config` is typed without `camera`, which lives on `view.camera`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView` takes `(gpu, config, shape)`; `compileShade` receives the `msaa` to compile for; `kit.BaseView`'s `moveCamera` hook is `cameraMove`, which validates before a patch applies.
-  - Network: `pick`, clicks, and context menus wait for the background hit-test index, starting it at once, instead of building it on the main thread.
-  - Video: an export ends with the Gpu's `device-lost` error.
-  - Model: `sliceColumn` returns exactly its kind's keys, so a point read of a sampled field is a plain column however its pages lie; `selectRows` encodes each requested ID into one reused buffer.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Gpu.lost`; use `gpu.signal`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`'s `framed` and `inputMode` members; use `kit.ItemShape`.
-
-## 2.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Move the CPU data layer from gpu into model as one bounded `Reader`, and drop the data version.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `createReader`, `Reader`, `ReadScope` in model: memoized reads, joined fields, and extents under one budget.
-  - `sampleDomain(pages)` in model.
-  - `gpu.reader`, `frame.reader`, `kit.fieldScale`, `kit.wiring`.
-  - `protocol` namespace export in connect.
-  - `pixelRatio` option for `exportVideo`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createData(schema, batches)` and `appendData(previous, batches)`.
-  - Reads yield blocks only; `RowsBlock.position` is `rowOffset`; `TableData.ids` is `ColumnPages`.
-  - `FieldInput`, `FieldBinding`, `FieldValues`, `FieldsRequest`, `FieldsBlock` (was `NativeFields`), and `ExtentRequest` live in model; `ExtentRequest` takes `{ source, from, rows, field, window }`.
-  - `frame.upload` takes a `FieldsBlock` or `EnvelopeBlock`; `GpuPage.native` is `GpuPage.block`.
-  - `BufferData` and `TextureData` report `revision`.
-  - App-facing gpu types (`CompositionConfig`, `GpuStats`, `Budget`, `ImageOptions`, `TextOptions`, `ColormapOptions`, `ShadeFrame`, …) moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Field shader header is seven words; kinds are named `FIELD_*` constants.
-  - Connect frames carry no version field; the magic is `LATK` and the opcode is u32. Binary descriptors use `type: 'float32' | …`. `connectLattice` is `connectModel`; `maxBatchBytes` is `maxBlockBytes`.
-  - `exportVideo` keeps the view's `at` when no `at` mapping is given.
-  - Monitor `fit()` with no readings fits the recorded window; following appends no longer scans every page, and cached tiles before the window are pruned as it advances.
-  - Diagram re-reads its scene for a new `at` only when a sampled field is bound, and checks edge-end indices.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Data.version`, `QueryHeader`, block `version` fields, and monitor `Reading.version`.
-  - `Gpu.query`, `Gpu.fields`, `Gpu.envelope`, `frame.query`, `frame.fields`, `frame.envelope`, `frame.extent`, `frame.values`, `frame.scale`, `kit.createNativeReader`, `kit.NativeReader`, `kit.QueryResult`.
-  - The `@latkit/connect/protocol` subpath.
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Connect sizes publications for the wire, so producers never do.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `failure(code, message, details)` in model: the shared `Failure` constructor.
-  - `sliceSamples(column, row, rows, frame, frames)` in model: a strided view of sample cells.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `publish` and monitor yields deliver in the fewest messages within the negotiated limits. A group that fits stays one atomic message; batches share a message while they fit, and a larger sample batch is cut only between whole frames, so each message appends in turn. A row batch must still fit one message. `protocol.preparePublication` remains the strict one-message primitive.
-  - `selectRows` resolves ID selections through a UTF-8 index of the ID pages instead of a retained string map.
-  - Connect raises model's typed `failure`; errors reported by a peer keep the peer's code.
-
-- b958ddc: Monitors draw streamed frames reliably: each image keeps what it has drawn and draws only what it is missing. Network picking stays fast at a million vertices.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Progress.domain`: the coordinates a run covers, carried by connect.
-  - `sampleFrames(pages, window)` in model: the frames a sample window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Monitor history draws, each frame, what an image is missing, continuing from the last frame drawn. Arrivals reach the shown image first; a new window or value range redraws behind it while the shown image stretches to the camera's axes. Fixed windows at epoch coordinates, and monitors created before any samples, now stream.
-  - Monitor fitted values come from per-page extents, so appends never read history again.
-  - Monitor limits are `{ rows, segmentsPerFrame, historyBytes, pickingBytes }`; `segmentsPerFrame` bounds the lines drawn per frame.
-  - Network `pick` and hover use a compact hit-test index, built in the background within `limits.pickingBytes`: a million vertices and two million edges fit the default, and pick takes milliseconds instead of seconds. `stats().pickingBytes` counts the index as it builds.
-  - A hover budget miss suspends automatic hover until the scene moves or the view can search faster, as when its index is built.
-  - gpu field pages bind four value buffers, which needs five storage buffers per shader stage; pages keep every frame of their rows; buffers grow with use; cache eviction takes constant time in model and gpu.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - Monitor `camera.follow`, `detail`, `autoDomain`, `limits.frameMs`, `limits.observationsPerFrame`, `stats().pendingBytes`, and pointer pan and zoom.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Network, monitor, and diagram build on one item-view base, so camera, selection, picking, hover, style, input, and events behave the same in each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `ItemView`, `ItemViewConfig`, `ItemEvents`, `ViewCamera`, `ViewInput`, `PickOptions`, `ViewStats`, `ViewStyle`, `viewStyle`, and `Point` in gpu.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`, `kit.resolveViewStyle`, `kit.Attachments`, `kit.Work`, `kit.Expanded`, and `kit.HoverSearch`.
-  - `gpu.shaderModule(code, label)`: validated shader modules, shared by identical code.
-  - `stats()` on every view, with frames, preparation time, draw calls, picking bytes, and hover state and time; `pick(point, { radiusPx, limit, signal })` on every item view.
-  - `selectedColor: null`, which keeps each selected item's own color.
-  - `benchmark/`, with `pnpm bench`, `pnpm bench:update`, `pnpm bench:gate`, and a CI gate.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - One set of shared style options and defaults: `background` (was `backgroundColor`), `hoverWidthPx`, `selectedWidthPx`, `selectedColor`, `msaa`, `hover`, `hoverBudgetMs`, `pickRadiusPx`, `fitPaddingPx`, `revealPaddingPx`, `animationMs`, `motion`, `font`, `fontSizePx`, and `textColor`.
-  - `pick` returns hits nearest first, topmost breaking ties, at most 16 by default.
-  - `fit(items)` frames once; `fit()` and `set({ camera: null })` follow all the data. Moving a framed camera key turns `fit` off.
-  - Events arrive together after each frame, in order: `frame`, `camera`, `hover`, `select`.
-  - Unknown options and limits, and invalid cameras, throw `invalid-input`.
-  - `SetOptions`, `DataHit`, `ContextMenu`, `Modifiers`, and `HoverState` moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Network: `showVertices`, `showEdges`, `showPoles`, `showGraticule`, `showEarthAxis` → `markers`, `lines`, `poles`, `graticule`, `earthAxis`; `graticuleColor` → `gridColor`; `vertexHoverPx`/`edgeHoverPx` → `hoverWidthPx`; `vertexSelectedPx`/`edgeSelectedPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limits `maxVertices`, `maxSegments`, `cpuBytes` → `vertices`, `segments`, `geometryBytes`, `pickingBytes`. Items compare by kind, index, and row.
-  - Diagram: `selectionWidthPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limit `prepareMs` → `layoutMs`.
-  - Monitor: `focusColor` → `selectedColor`; `stats().traces` → `rows`; selection survives appends.
-  - Model: a sampled field bound both by name and as a binding to the request's own source is read once; such reads no longer stall under a frames window.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `kit.HoverOptions`, `NetworkInput`, `MonitorInput`, and monitor `PickOptions`; use `ViewStyle`, `ViewInput`, and `PickOptions`.
-
-## 1.0.0
-
-### Major Changes
-
-- 5f19f4e: Replace connect with demand-driven connectLattice and acceptModel endpoints. Registration carries metadata only; bounded binary publications, cumulative credit windows, cancellation, typed command arguments, bounded diagnostics, and encoded forwarding replace snapshots and transaction event plumbing.
-
-  Make model the shared data and command vocabulary: add CommandDescription, Parameters, Arguments, Progress, Diagnostic, validateBatch, validateSelection, and selectBatches. Remove Model, Commands, Routine, DataEvent, transactions, and schema delivery limits. Read limits belong to QueryOptions; connection limits belong to connect. Update GPU/monitor consumers accordingly. This intentionally breaks the previous connection and model contracts.
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 5f19f4e: Store field pages and sample indexes in persistent balanced collections. Appending shares earlier
-  storage instead of copying and reindexing the full history. TableData.fields now contains readonly
-  ColumnPages: use at() or iteration rather than array indexing and construct columns through
-  createData/appendData. copyBuffers preserves the indexed representation. Add appendedPages,
-  samplePages, and resolveRows for consistent indexed suffix, window, and row-coverage access.
-
-  Compile field bindings in the shared GPU layer independently of Data snapshots. Resolve row
-  identity without gathering bound values, and cache each point field independently so static
-  columns and slower sampled fields remain reusable through playback, including reordered IDs.
-  Index cached reads by their actual dependencies, and reuse network binding records across frames.
-  Monitor append detection now visits only added pages while preserving cancellation and replacement
-  semantics. Application view usage is unchanged.
-
-## 0.15.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- dc8b6a0: Replace data patch operations with complete construction and sample-only append. `createData`
-  accepts disjoint `RowBatch` and `SampleBatch` values; `appendData` accepts only new sampled
-  observations. Static changes require a fresh `Data` value. Overlapping writes, sample corrections,
-  backfilling, and the `replace` option reject without changing earlier values. Immutable payloads
-  remain shared, with cached per-field append boundaries and one assembly per changed table.
-
-  Remove `DataPatch`, `RowsPatch`, and `SamplesPatch` in favor of `DataBatch`, `RowBatch`, and
-  `SampleBatch`. Data events now carry `block` instead of `patch`. Connect protocol 4 requires
-  upgrading both peers together. Transaction assembly remains independent of commands and does
-  not accumulate history.
-
-- 70030a4: Add `locateSample` for consistent observation lookup. Reuse local query, field, and scale results by
-  immutable sample dependencies rather than exact playhead coordinates or whole data publications.
-  Playback benefits automatically through existing view APIs, including after sample appends.
-
-## 0.14.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 145a02d: Breaking change: remove model retention and historical reads. Models publish one-pass passive
-  transactions, commands are a separate optional capability, and applications own immutable
-  columnar Data. Views consume Data directly and accept updates with set({ source: nextData }).
-  Local read computes rows, samples, aggregates, and envelopes without contacting a producer.
-  Connect protocol 3 removes queryable roots, retained reference trees, and remote exports;
-  upgrade both peers together. Delivered values survive unsubscribe and disconnect. Shared
-  unchanged pages preserve local read caching and GPU uploads.
-
-## 0.13.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 1ade156: Topology is data: a reference field wires each row to a row of another type, and views draw
-  those types as vertices and edges.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Schema.types` with `TypeDefinition`, and `ReferenceColumn`: row numbers under the referenced
-    type's `Index`, read like any field. `numberAt` reads them.
-  - `direction: 'in' | 'out'` on reference fields.
-  - `ends` on network and diagram edges: the two reference fields a row joins. Without `ends` an edge
-    type is a net, joining the vertices whose references name each row.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `spatial.system` is `'geographic' | 'cartesian'`; the network reads its coordinates from it.
-  - Diagram ports are the reference fields that name a drawn net; `arrows` is a boolean.
-  - `ConnectProposal.replaces` names the net and the port leaving it.
-  - A `reference` parameter takes `to`; problem targets are `row` and `field` with a type.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Diagram: `components`/`connections` → `vertices`/`edges`, `setComponent`/`setConnection` →
-    `setVertex`/`setEdge`, item kinds `component`/`connection` → `vertex`/`edge`,
-    `ComponentOptions`/`ConnectionOptions` → `VertexOptions`/`EdgeOptions`, `EntityRef` → `RowRef`,
-    `ConnectionGesture` → `ConnectProposal`, `RouteEndpoint` → `RouteEnd`, `LayoutNode` →
-    `LayoutVertex`, `Group.components` → `Group.vertices`.
-  - Diagram options and limits: `nodePadding`, `nodeGap`, `componentBaseColor`, `connectionBaseColor`,
-    `connectionWidthPx`, `animationMaxComponents`, `connectionRadiusPx` → `vertexPadding`,
-    `vertexGap`, `vertexBaseColor`, `edgeBaseColor`, `edgeWidthPx`, `animationMaxVertices`,
-    `connectRadiusPx`; `components`/`connections`/`endpoints` → `vertices`/`edges`/`ends`.
-  - Network `focusEndpointMode` → `focusEnds`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `components`, `connections`, and `tables`, with `ComponentDefinition`, `ComponentPort`,
-    `ConnectionDefinition`, `ConnectionRole`, and `TableDefinition`.
-  - The `endpoints` and `links` queries and blocks.
-  - Network `coordinates` and `connectivity`; diagram roles and end ordinals.
-
-## 0.12.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 01975bd: Replace the previous model and rendering APIs with native Queryable data, explicit
-  retained acquisitions, shared GPU rendering, and worker/socket connections.
-
-  Network and monitor use the shared GPU and canvas-view lifecycle. Video exports
-  renderers directly, including composed views. Colors now come from @latkit/gpu.
-  Rewrite usage guides and package READMEs for these APIs.
-
-  This is a breaking pre-1.0 release. Migrate consumers together; the retired port,
-  colormaps, document-session, and scene-snapshot APIs have no compatibility exports.
-  The diagram package remains private and declaration-only.
diff --git a/packages/model/README.md b/packages/model/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a5bdf21..00000000
--- a/packages/model/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/model
-
-Immutable columnar data, bounded local reads, and the `Model` contract for Latkit.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/model
-```
-
-```ts
-import { createData, read } from '@latkit/model';
-
-const schema = {
-  types: { Bus: { fields: { load: { type: 'float64' } } } },
-} as const;
-const source = createData(schema, [
-  {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    index: { source: 'grid', type: 'Bus', version: 'rows-1' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 3 },
-    columns: { load: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 3, values: Float64Array.of(2, 4, 6) } },
-  },
-]);
-
-for await (const block of read(source, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Bus', select: ['load'] }))
-  console.log(block.columns.load);
-```
-
-`source` is a `Data` value, ready for any Latkit view.
-
-| Call                                   | Use                                                         |
-| -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `createData(schema, batches)`          | A complete value from row and sample batches                |
-| `appendData(previous, batches)`        | A new value with sampled observations appended              |
-| `read(data, query, options)`           | Bounded local rows, samples, aggregates, and envelopes      |
-| `createReader(options)`                | Memoized reads, joined fields, and extents in a memory pool |
-| `createMemory(budget)`                 | One budget for what reads, uploads, and GPU resources keep  |
-| `locateSample(pages, at)`              | The last observation at or before a coordinate              |
-| `appendedPages(before, after)`         | The pages an append added, or `undefined` for a replacement |
-| `selectBatches(data, fields, options)` | Selected fields of a value as batches, for a model          |
-| `staticFields`, `sampledFields`        | Selections of every static or sampled field of a schema     |
-| `failure(code, message, details)`      | The `Failure` every Latkit package throws                   |
-
-Check untrusted input with `validateSchema`, `validateSelection`, `validateBatch`, and
-`validateBlock`.
-
-A `Model` has a `name`, a `schema`, an optional `monitor` that yields batches, and `commands`. Each
-command is a `CommandDescription` of `Parameter`s with a `run(values, context)`; `Arguments` infers
-its values. A handler gets the same `Command.Context` in process and across `@latkit/connect`, and
-throws a `failure` to report a code, such as `invalid-input`, to its caller.
-
-[Data](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/document-sessions.html) ·
-[Models](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ports-and-protocols.html) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/model/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/model/package.json b/packages/model/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index fa7baec1..00000000
--- a/packages/model/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/model",
-  "version": "4.2.0",
-  "description": "Columnar values, passive observation, and local computation for Latkit.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/model"
-  },
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts"
-  },
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md"
-  ],
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/access.ts b/packages/model/src/data/access.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 52377850..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/access.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-import type { Index, Column } from './column.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-
-function integer(value: number, name: string, min = 0, max = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER): number {
-  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < min || value > max)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Invalid ${name}`);
-  return value;
-}
-export function sameIndex(a: Index, b: Index): boolean {
-  return a.source === b.source && a.type === b.type && a.version === b.version;
-}
-export function assertIndex(expected: Index, actual: Index): void {
-  if (!sameIndex(expected, actual))
-    throw failure('conflict', 'Physical row identities do not match');
-}
-export function rowCount(rows: Index.Rows): number {
-  if (rows.kind === 'range') {
-    integer(rows.offset, 'row offset', 0, 0x100000000);
-    return integer(rows.count, 'row count', 0, 0x100000000 - rows.offset);
-  }
-  if (!(rows.values instanceof Uint32Array))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Row indices must be Uint32Array');
-  return rows.values.length;
-}
-export function rowAt(rows: Index.Rows, position: number): number {
-  integer(position, 'row position', 0, rowCount(rows) - 1);
-  return rows.kind === 'range' ? rows.offset + position : rows.values[position];
-}
-/** A view into an immutable axis; sparse slices preserve their backing allocation. */
-export function sliceRows(rows: Index.Rows, offset: number, count: number): Index.Rows {
-  integer(offset, 'row slice offset', 0, rowCount(rows));
-  integer(count, 'row slice count', 0, rowCount(rows) - offset);
-  return rows.kind === 'range'
-    ? { kind: 'range', offset: rows.offset + offset, count }
-    : { kind: 'indices', values: rows.values.subarray(offset, offset + count) };
-}
-/** Tests an absolute bitmap address. An omitted bitmap means all present. */
-export function bitAt(bitmap: Uint8Array | undefined, position: number): boolean {
-  return !bitmap || (bitmap[position >>> 3] & (1 << (position & 7))) !== 0;
-}
-export function setBit(bitmap: Uint8Array, position: number): void {
-  bitmap[position >>> 3] |= 1 << (position & 7);
-}
-/** Null and present nonfinite observations are distinct. A reference reads as its row. */
-export function numberAt(
-  column: Column.Numeric | Column.Reference,
-  position: number,
-): number | null {
-  integer(position, 'column position', 0, column.length - 1);
-  const at = column.offset + position;
-  return bitAt(column.validity, at) ? column.values[at] : null;
-}
-const decoder = new TextDecoder();
-/** Decode only the requested UTF-8 cell. */
-export function textAt(column: Column.Text, position: number): string | null {
-  integer(position, 'column position', 0, column.length - 1);
-  const at = column.offset + position;
-  return bitAt(column.validity, at)
-    ? decoder.decode(column.bytes.subarray(column.offsets[at], column.offsets[at + 1]))
-    : null;
-}
-/** The observation of a row at a frame, both relative to the column; one bounds check per cell. */
-export function sampleAt(column: Column.Sample, row: number, frame: number): number | null {
-  const position = row * column.rowStride + frame * column.frameStride;
-  if (
-    !Number.isSafeInteger(row) ||
-    !Number.isSafeInteger(frame) ||
-    row < 0 ||
-    frame < 0 ||
-    position >= column.length
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid sample position');
-  const at = column.offset + position;
-  return bitAt(column.validity, at) ? column.values[at] : null;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/assemble.ts b/packages/model/src/data/assemble.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 799b7857..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/assemble.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-import { emptyPages } from './pages.js';
-import type { Data } from './data.js';
-import type { Index } from './column.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import { assertIndex, rowAt, rowCount } from './access.js';
-import { compactRows, containsRows } from './columns.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-import { PageAssembly } from './page-assembly.js';
-
-/** Construct a complete value from disjoint batches. Never overwrites existing cells. */
-export function createData<S extends Schema>(schema: S, batches: readonly Data.Batch[]): Data<S> {
-  return assemble(schema, batches);
-}
-
-/** Append new sampled observations to application-owned data. Static changes require createData.
- * Existing buffers are shared; earlier Data values remain valid. No model is contacted. */
-export function appendData<S extends Schema>(
-  previous: Data<S>,
-  batches: readonly Data.SampleBatch[],
-): Data<S> {
-  return assemble(previous.schema, batches, previous);
-}
-
-interface Draft {
-  readonly prior?: Data.Table;
-  readonly index: Index;
-  rows: Index.Rows;
-  readonly fields: Map<string, Data.Page[]>;
-  readonly ids: Data.Page[];
-}
-
-function assemble<S extends Schema>(
-  schema: S,
-  batches: readonly Data.Batch[],
-  previous?: Data<S>,
-): Data<S> {
-  const drafts = new Map<string, Draft>();
-  for (const batch of batches) {
-    if (previous && batch.kind !== 'samples')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'appendData accepts sampled observations only.');
-    if (batch.kind !== 'rows' && batch.kind !== 'samples')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown data batch kind.');
-    const name = batch.index.type;
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(schema.types, name)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown type: ' + name);
-    let draft = drafts.get(name);
-    if (!draft) {
-      const prior =
-        previous && Object.hasOwn(previous.tables, name) ? previous.tables[name] : undefined;
-      draft = {
-        prior,
-        index: prior?.index ?? batch.index,
-        rows: prior?.rows ?? batch.rows,
-        fields: new Map(),
-        ids: [],
-      };
-      drafts.set(name, draft);
-    }
-    assertIndex(draft.index, batch.index);
-    draft.rows = unionRows(draft.rows, batch.rows);
-    const samples =
-      batch.kind === 'samples'
-        ? { firstFrame: batch.firstFrame, coordinates: batch.coordinates }
-        : undefined;
-    for (const field of Object.keys(batch.columns)) {
-      let added = draft.fields.get(field);
-      if (added) {
-        if (Boolean(added[0].samples) !== Boolean(samples))
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Field shape differs from its schema: ' + field);
-      } else {
-        const definitions = schema.types[name].fields;
-        if (
-          !Object.hasOwn(definitions, field) ||
-          Boolean(definitions[field].sampled) !== Boolean(samples)
-        )
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Field shape differs from its schema: ' + field);
-      }
-      if (samples && (!samples.coordinates.length || !rowCount(batch.rows))) continue;
-      const column = batch.columns[field];
-      const page: Data.Page = samples
-        ? { rows: batch.rows, column, samples }
-        : { rows: batch.rows, column };
-      if (!added) draft.fields.set(field, (added = []));
-      added.push(page);
-    }
-    if (batch.kind === 'rows' && batch.ids) draft.ids.push({ rows: batch.rows, column: batch.ids });
-  }
-  const tables = Object.fromEntries(
-    [...drafts].map(([name, draft]) => {
-      const pages = new PageAssembly();
-      const fields: Record<string, Data.Pages> = {
-        ...(draft.prior?.fields ??
-          Object.fromEntries(
-            Object.entries(schema.types[name].fields)
-              .filter(([, field]) => field.sampled)
-              .map(([field]) => [field, emptyPages]),
-          )),
-        ...Object.fromEntries(
-          [...draft.fields].map(([field, added]) => [
-            field,
-            pages.append(draft.prior?.fields[field] ?? emptyPages, added),
-          ]),
-        ),
-      };
-      return [
-        name,
-        {
-          index: draft.index,
-          rows: draft.rows,
-          fields,
-          ids: draft.ids.length
-            ? new PageAssembly().append(emptyPages, draft.ids)
-            : (draft.prior?.ids ?? emptyPages),
-        },
-      ];
-    }),
-  );
-  return { schema, tables: { ...previous?.tables, ...tables } };
-}
-
-function unionRows(a: Data.Table['rows'], b: Data.Table['rows']): Data.Table['rows'] {
-  if (containsRows(a, b)) return a;
-  if (containsRows(b, a)) return b;
-  if (
-    a.kind === 'range' &&
-    b.kind === 'range' &&
-    a.offset <= b.offset + b.count &&
-    b.offset <= a.offset + a.count
-  ) {
-    const offset = Math.min(a.offset, b.offset);
-    return {
-      kind: 'range',
-      offset,
-      count: Math.max(a.offset + a.count, b.offset + b.count) - offset,
-    };
-  }
-  const values = new Set<number>();
-  for (const rows of [a, b]) for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(rows); i++) values.add(rowAt(rows, i));
-  return compactRows([...values].sort((x, y) => x - y));
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/buffers.ts b/packages/model/src/data/buffers.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5fc5946c..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/buffers.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-import { isColumnPages } from './pages.js';
-/** Deduplicated backing allocations. Only transfer these for a query requested with buffers: owned. */
-export function blockBuffers(block: unknown): readonly ArrayBufferLike[] {
-  const buffers = new Set<ArrayBufferLike>();
-  visit(block, (value) => {
-    if (ArrayBuffer.isView(value)) buffers.add(value.buffer);
-  });
-  return [...buffers];
-}
-
-/**
- * Payload accounting: union of exposed byte ranges per allocation, UTF-8 strings (including keys),
- * eight bytes per numeric metadata value, one per boolean/null. Excludes allocation/transport/object
- * overhead. Borrowed views may retain larger backing allocations; inspect blockBuffers for those.
- */
-export function blockByteLength(block: unknown): number {
-  return measure(block).bytes;
-}
-
-/** The binary part of blockByteLength: the union of exposed view ranges per allocation. */
-export function exposedBytes(block: unknown): number {
-  return measure(block).exposed;
-}
-
-function measure(block: unknown): { bytes: number; exposed: number } {
-  const ranges = new Map<ArrayBufferLike, [number, number][]>();
-  let bytes = 0;
-  visit(block, (value) => {
-    if (ArrayBuffer.isView(value)) {
-      const list = ranges.get(value.buffer) ?? [];
-      list.push([value.byteOffset, value.byteOffset + value.byteLength]);
-      ranges.set(value.buffer, list);
-    } else if (typeof value === 'string') bytes += utf8Length(value);
-    else if (typeof value === 'number') bytes += 8;
-    else if (typeof value === 'boolean' || value === null) bytes += 1;
-  });
-  let exposed = 0;
-  for (const list of ranges.values()) {
-    list.sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0]);
-    let end = 0;
-    for (const [start, next] of list) {
-      exposed += Math.max(0, next - Math.max(start, end));
-      end = Math.max(end, next);
-    }
-  }
-  return { bytes: bytes + exposed, exposed };
-}
-
-function visit(value: unknown, consume: (value: unknown) => void): void {
-  const seen = new Set<object>();
-  const pending: unknown[] = [value];
-  while (pending.length) {
-    const current = pending.pop();
-    if (typeof current === 'object' && current !== null) {
-      if (seen.has(current)) continue;
-      seen.add(current);
-      if (ArrayBuffer.isView(current)) consume(current);
-      else if (Array.isArray(current) || isColumnPages(current))
-        for (const item of current) pending.push(item);
-      else
-        for (const [key, item] of Object.entries(current)) {
-          consume(key);
-          pending.push(item);
-        }
-    } else consume(current);
-  }
-}
-
-function utf8Length(value: string): number {
-  let length = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
-    const code = value.charCodeAt(i);
-    if (code < 0x80) length++;
-    else if (code < 0x800) length += 2;
-    else if (
-      code >= 0xd800 &&
-      code <= 0xdbff &&
-      i + 1 < value.length &&
-      value.charCodeAt(i + 1) >= 0xdc00 &&
-      value.charCodeAt(i + 1) <= 0xdfff
-    ) {
-      length += 4;
-      i++;
-    } else length += 3;
-  }
-  return length;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/column.ts b/packages/model/src/data/column.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a2c3b8f..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/column.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-/** Opaque source-scoped token; compare only for equality. Never reused within its source. */
-export type Version = string;
-/** Finite, ordered inclusive coordinates. */
-export type Domain = readonly [minimum: number, maximum: number];
-export type Scalar = number | string | boolean | null;
-/** Domain values, including vectors and lists. Numbers must be finite. Null denotes absence. */
-export type Value = Scalar | readonly Value[];
-
-/** Stable identity of a type's physical row numbering in one application row space. Metadata only. */
-export interface Index {
-  /** Opaque identity of the application row space that numbers these rows. */
-  readonly source: string;
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly version: Version;
-}
-export declare namespace Index {
-  /**
-   * Physical rows in result order. Ranges avoid allocating identity index arrays. Published rows
-   * are immutable unless returned in an owned block.
-   */
-  type Rows =
-    | { readonly kind: 'range'; readonly offset: number; readonly count: number }
-    | { readonly kind: 'indices'; readonly values: Uint32Array };
-  /** The rows a read selects: by id, or by range or indices of an index; indices are uint32. */
-  type Selection =
-    | { readonly kind: 'ids'; readonly ids: readonly string[] }
-    | {
-        readonly kind: 'range';
-        readonly offset: number;
-        readonly count: number;
-        readonly index?: Index;
-      }
-    | { readonly kind: 'indices'; readonly index: Index; readonly values: Uint32Array };
-}
-
-/**
- * A logical slice. Bitmaps use least-significant-bit first and the same offset as values.
- * Missing bitmap means all present. Consumers ignore payloads under zero validity bits.
- * Offsets are relative to the supplied views, not their ArrayBuffer. Views may share backing.
- */
-interface Slice {
-  readonly offset: number;
-  readonly length: number;
-  readonly validity?: Uint8Array;
-}
-
-/** Arrow-compatible primitive buffer layouts; this is not an Arrow IPC envelope. */
-export type Column =
-  Column.Numeric | Column.Boolean | Column.Text | Column.Vector | Column.List | Column.Reference;
-export declare namespace Column {
-  type NumericArray = Float32Array | Float64Array | Int32Array | Uint32Array;
-  interface Numeric extends Slice {
-    readonly kind: 'numeric';
-    readonly values: NumericArray;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Strides address scalar positions relative to the numeric column slice. Padding is ignored.
-   * length is the addressed span including padding, not the number of frame/row cells.
-   */
-  interface Sample extends Numeric {
-    readonly frameStride: number;
-    readonly rowStride: number;
-  }
-  interface Boolean extends Slice {
-    readonly kind: 'boolean';
-    /** Bit-packed, using the same logical addressing as validity. */
-    readonly values: Uint8Array;
-  }
-  interface Text extends Slice {
-    readonly kind: 'text';
-    readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-    /** Nonnegative monotone UTF-8 byte offsets, including a terminal offset. */
-    readonly offsets: Int32Array;
-  }
-  interface Vector extends Slice {
-    readonly kind: 'vector';
-    readonly size: number;
-    /** Child logical position is (parent.offset + row) * size + lane. Lanes are non-nullable. */
-    readonly values: Numeric;
-  }
-  interface List extends Slice {
-    readonly kind: 'list';
-    /** Offsets address logical positions in values, including its own slice offset. */
-    readonly offsets: Int32Array;
-    /** List items are non-nullable; the list itself may be null. */
-    readonly values: Column;
-  }
-  /** Rows of the referenced type, numbered by its Index. A zero validity bit is unwired. */
-  interface Reference extends Slice {
-    readonly kind: 'reference';
-    readonly index: Index;
-    readonly values: Uint32Array;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/columns.ts b/packages/model/src/data/columns.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c4378c4..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/columns.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,425 +0,0 @@
-import { copyPages, isColumnPages } from './pages.js';
-import type { Data } from './data.js';
-import type { Column, Index } from './column.js';
-import { assertIndex, bitAt, rowCount, setBit } from './access.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-
-/** A row's position on an axis, or -1. Ascending index axes, the common case, search in place. */
-export function position(rows: Index.Rows, row: number): number {
-  if (rows.kind === 'range') {
-    const at = row - rows.offset;
-    return at >= 0 && at < rows.count ? at : -1;
-  }
-  const values = rows.values;
-  let index = rowIndexes.get(values);
-  if (index === undefined) {
-    index = ascending(values) || indexOf(values);
-    rowIndexes.set(values, index);
-  }
-  if (index !== true) return index.get(row) ?? -1;
-  let lo = 0,
-    hi = values.length;
-  while (lo < hi) {
-    const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-    if (values[m] < row) lo = m + 1;
-    else hi = m;
-  }
-  return lo < values.length && values[lo] === row ? lo : -1;
-}
-/** Per axis: true when ascending, else positions by row. */
-const rowIndexes = new WeakMap<Uint32Array, Map<number, number> | true>();
-function ascending(values: Uint32Array): boolean {
-  for (let i = 1; i < values.length; i++) if (values[i] <= values[i - 1]) return false;
-  return true;
-}
-function indexOf(values: Uint32Array): Map<number, number> {
-  const index = new Map<number, number>();
-  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) index.set(values[i], i);
-  return index;
-}
-
-export function compactRows(values: readonly number[]): Index.Rows {
-  if (!values.length || values.every((v, i) => v === values[0] + i))
-    return { kind: 'range', offset: values[0] ?? 0, count: values.length };
-  return { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.from(values) };
-}
-
-export function containsRows(haystack: Index.Rows, needle: Index.Rows): boolean {
-  if (haystack === needle) return true;
-  if (haystack.kind === 'range' && needle.kind === 'range')
-    return (
-      needle.offset >= haystack.offset &&
-      needle.offset + needle.count <= haystack.offset + haystack.count
-    );
-  const n = rowCount(needle);
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
-    if (position(haystack, needle.kind === 'range' ? needle.offset + i : needle.values[i]) < 0)
-      return false;
-  return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * Compact exposed views, preserving numeric backing and bitmap alignment. The slice has exactly its
- * kind's keys: a sample column slices to a plain numeric one, and only `sliceSamples` keeps strides.
- */
-export function sliceColumn(column: Column, start: number, count: number): Column {
-  if (start < 0 || count < 0 || start + count > column.length)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Column slice exceeds its values.');
-  const at = column.offset + start;
-  if (column.kind === 'numeric' || column.kind === 'reference') {
-    const base = column.validity ? at - (at & 7) : at;
-    const slice = {
-      offset: at - base,
-      length: count,
-      ...(column.validity
-        ? { validity: column.validity.subarray(base / 8, Math.ceil((at + count) / 8)) }
-        : {}),
-    };
-    return column.kind === 'numeric'
-      ? { kind: 'numeric', ...slice, values: column.values.subarray(base, at + count) }
-      : {
-          kind: 'reference',
-          ...slice,
-          index: column.index,
-          values: column.values.subarray(base, at + count),
-        };
-  }
-  if (column.kind === 'boolean') {
-    const base = at >>> 3;
-    return {
-      kind: 'boolean',
-      offset: at & 7,
-      length: count,
-      values: column.values.subarray(base, Math.ceil((at + count) / 8)),
-      ...(column.validity
-        ? { validity: column.validity.subarray(base, Math.ceil((at + count) / 8)) }
-        : {}),
-    };
-  }
-  if (column.kind === 'vector') {
-    const base = column.validity ? at - (at & 7) : at;
-    return {
-      kind: 'vector',
-      offset: at - base,
-      length: count,
-      size: column.size,
-      values: sliceColumn(
-        column.values,
-        base * column.size,
-        (at - base + count) * column.size,
-      ) as typeof column.values,
-      ...(column.validity
-        ? { validity: column.validity.subarray(base / 8, Math.ceil((at + count) / 8)) }
-        : {}),
-    };
-  }
-  const first = column.offsets[at],
-    end = column.offsets[at + count];
-  const offsets = column.offsets.subarray(at, at + count + 1);
-  // Offset zero and zero-based children need no allocation.
-  const normalized = first === 0 ? offsets : Int32Array.from(offsets, (value) => value - first);
-  const validity = copyValidity(column, start, count);
-  const common = {
-    offset: 0,
-    length: count,
-    offsets: normalized,
-    ...(validity ? { validity } : {}),
-  };
-  return column.kind === 'text'
-    ? { kind: 'text', ...common, bytes: column.bytes.subarray(first, end) }
-    : { kind: 'list', ...common, values: sliceColumn(column.values, first, end - first) };
-}
-
-/** A view of `rows` rows from `row` and `frames` frames from `frame`, keeping the column's strides. */
-export function sliceSamples(
-  column: Column.Sample,
-  row: number,
-  rows: number,
-  frame: number,
-  frames: number,
-): Column.Sample {
-  const start = row * column.rowStride + frame * column.frameStride;
-  const length =
-    rows && frames ? (rows - 1) * column.rowStride + (frames - 1) * column.frameStride + 1 : 0;
-  return {
-    ...(sliceColumn(column, start, length) as Column.Numeric),
-    rowStride: column.rowStride,
-    frameStride: column.frameStride,
-  };
-}
-
-function copyValidity(column: Column, start: number, count: number): Uint8Array | undefined {
-  if (!column.validity) return undefined;
-  const bits = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++)
-    if (bitAt(column.validity, column.offset + start + i)) bits[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-  return bits;
-}
-
-export interface Cell {
-  readonly column: Column;
-  readonly at: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * Gather only when a selection cannot be represented by a contiguous view. A missing cell reads as
- * null. List items are copied as contiguous runs, never one cell at a time.
- */
-export function gather(cells: readonly (Cell | undefined)[], empty: Column): Column {
-  const first = cells.find((cell) => cell)?.column ?? empty;
-  const start = cells[0];
-  if (start && cells.every((cell, i) => cell?.column === first && cell.at === start.at + i))
-    return sliceColumn(first, start.at, cells.length);
-  const count = cells.length;
-  for (const cell of cells)
-    if (
-      cell &&
-      (cell.column.kind !== first.kind ||
-        (cell.column.kind === 'vector' &&
-          first.kind === 'vector' &&
-          cell.column.size !== first.size))
-    )
-      throw failure('conflict', 'Column types differ.');
-  let validity: Uint8Array | undefined;
-  if (cells.some((cell) => !cell || cell.column.validity)) {
-    validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const cell = cells[i];
-      if (cell && bitAt(cell.column.validity, cell.column.offset + cell.at)) setBit(validity, i);
-    }
-  }
-  const common = { offset: 0, length: count, ...(validity ? { validity } : {}) };
-  if (first.kind === 'numeric' || first.kind === 'reference') {
-    const Constructor = first.values.constructor as { new (length: number): Column.NumericArray };
-    const values = new Constructor(count);
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const cell = cells[i];
-      if (!cell) continue;
-      const c = cell.column as typeof first;
-      if (c.kind === 'reference' && first.kind === 'reference') assertIndex(c.index, first.index);
-      values[i] = c.values[c.offset + cell.at];
-    }
-    return first.kind === 'numeric'
-      ? { kind: 'numeric', ...common, values }
-      : { kind: 'reference', ...common, index: first.index, values: values as Uint32Array };
-  }
-  if (first.kind === 'boolean') {
-    const values = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const cell = cells[i];
-      if (cell && bitAt((cell.column as typeof first).values, cell.column.offset + cell.at))
-        setBit(values, i);
-    }
-    return { kind: 'boolean', ...common, values };
-  }
-  if (first.kind === 'vector') {
-    const size = first.size;
-    const Constructor = first.values.values.constructor as {
-      new (length: number): Column.NumericArray;
-    };
-    const values = new Constructor(count * size);
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const cell = cells[i];
-      if (!cell) continue;
-      const c = cell.column as typeof first,
-        at = c.values.offset + (c.offset + cell.at) * size;
-      values.set(c.values.values.subarray(at, at + size), i * size);
-    }
-    return {
-      kind: 'vector',
-      ...common,
-      size,
-      values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: count * size, values },
-    };
-  }
-  const offsets = new Int32Array(count + 1);
-  let length = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const cell = cells[i];
-    if (cell) {
-      const c = cell.column as typeof first,
-        at = c.offset + cell.at;
-      if (bitAt(c.validity, at)) length += c.offsets[at + 1] - c.offsets[at];
-      if (length > 0x7fffffff) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Column offsets exceed int32.');
-    }
-    offsets[i + 1] = length;
-  }
-  if (first.kind === 'text') {
-    const bytes = new Uint8Array(length);
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const cell = cells[i];
-      if (!cell || offsets[i + 1] === offsets[i]) continue;
-      const c = cell.column as Column.Text,
-        at = c.offset + cell.at;
-      bytes.set(c.bytes.subarray(c.offsets[at], c.offsets[at + 1]), offsets[i]);
-    }
-    return { kind: 'text', ...common, offsets, bytes };
-  }
-  const parts: Part[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const cell = cells[i];
-    if (!cell || offsets[i + 1] === offsets[i]) continue;
-    const c = cell.column as typeof first,
-      at = c.offset + cell.at;
-    parts.push({ column: c.values, offset: c.offsets[at], count: offsets[i + 1] - offsets[i] });
-  }
-  return { kind: 'list', ...common, offsets, values: concatenate(parts, first.values, length) };
-}
-
-interface Part {
-  readonly column: Column;
-  readonly offset: number;
-  readonly count: number;
-}
-/** Concatenate runs of non-nullable list items. */
-function concatenate(parts: readonly Part[], prototype: Column, length: number): Column {
-  if (parts.length === 1) return sliceColumn(parts[0].column, parts[0].offset, parts[0].count);
-  const base = { offset: 0, length };
-  if (prototype.kind === 'list' || prototype.kind === 'text') {
-    const offsets = new Int32Array(length + 1);
-    let cursor = 0,
-      total = 0;
-    for (const part of parts) {
-      const column = part.column as typeof prototype,
-        start = column.offset + part.offset;
-      for (let i = 0; i < part.count; i++) {
-        total += column.offsets[start + i + 1] - column.offsets[start + i];
-        offsets[++cursor] = total;
-      }
-    }
-    if (prototype.kind === 'text') {
-      const bytes = new Uint8Array(total);
-      for (let i = 0, at = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-        const column = parts[i].column as Column.Text,
-          start = column.offset + parts[i].offset,
-          run = column.bytes.subarray(
-            column.offsets[start],
-            column.offsets[start + parts[i].count],
-          );
-        bytes.set(run, at);
-        at += run.length;
-      }
-      return { kind: 'text', ...base, offsets, bytes };
-    }
-    const children = parts.map((part) => {
-      const column = part.column as typeof prototype,
-        start = column.offset + part.offset;
-      return {
-        column: column.values,
-        offset: column.offsets[start],
-        count: column.offsets[start + part.count] - column.offsets[start],
-      };
-    });
-    return {
-      kind: 'list',
-      ...base,
-      offsets,
-      values: concatenate(children, prototype.values, total),
-    };
-  }
-  if (prototype.kind === 'boolean') {
-    const values = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(length / 8));
-    let cursor = 0;
-    for (const part of parts) {
-      const column = part.column as typeof prototype,
-        start = column.offset + part.offset;
-      for (let i = 0; i < part.count; i++)
-        if (bitAt(column.values, start + i)) setBit(values, cursor + i);
-      cursor += part.count;
-    }
-    return { kind: 'boolean', ...base, values };
-  }
-  const size = prototype.kind === 'vector' ? prototype.size : 1,
-    scalar = prototype.kind === 'vector' ? prototype.values : prototype;
-  const Constructor = scalar.values.constructor as { new (length: number): Column.NumericArray };
-  const values = new Constructor(length * size);
-  let cursor = 0;
-  for (const part of parts) {
-    const column = part.column as typeof prototype;
-    if (column.kind === 'vector') {
-      const at = column.values.offset + (column.offset + part.offset) * size;
-      values.set(column.values.values.subarray(at, at + part.count * size), cursor * size);
-    } else {
-      const at = column.offset + part.offset;
-      values.set(column.values.subarray(at, at + part.count), cursor);
-    }
-    cursor += part.count;
-  }
-  if (prototype.kind === 'vector')
-    return {
-      kind: 'vector',
-      ...base,
-      size,
-      values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: length * size, values },
-    };
-  if (prototype.kind === 'reference')
-    return { kind: 'reference', ...base, index: prototype.index, values: values as Uint32Array };
-  return { kind: 'numeric', ...base, values };
-}
-
-/** A text column of these values; a null value is absent. */
-export function textColumn(values: readonly (string | null)[]): Column.Text {
-  const encoder = new TextEncoder(),
-    encoded = values.map((value) => (value === null ? undefined : encoder.encode(value)));
-  const offsets = new Int32Array(values.length + 1);
-  let validity: Uint8Array | undefined;
-  for (let i = 0; i < encoded.length; i++) {
-    const value = encoded[i];
-    offsets[i + 1] = offsets[i] + (value?.length ?? 0);
-    if (value) continue;
-    validity ??= new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(values.length / 8)).fill(255);
-    validity[i >>> 3] &= ~(1 << (i & 7));
-  }
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(offsets.at(-1)!);
-  for (let i = 0; i < encoded.length; i++) if (encoded[i]) bytes.set(encoded[i]!, offsets[i]);
-  return {
-    kind: 'text',
-    bytes,
-    offsets,
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    ...(validity ? { validity } : {}),
-  };
-}
-
-/** Copy only exposed views; never detach buffers owned by an application or another consumer. */
-export function copyBuffers<T>(value: T): T {
-  const seen = new Map<object, unknown>();
-  const copy = (v: unknown): unknown => {
-    if (!v || typeof v !== 'object') return v;
-    const prior = seen.get(v);
-    if (prior !== undefined) return prior;
-    if (ArrayBuffer.isView(v)) {
-      if (v instanceof DataView) {
-        const result = new DataView(
-          new Uint8Array(v.buffer, v.byteOffset, v.byteLength).slice().buffer,
-        );
-        seen.set(v, result);
-        return result;
-      }
-      const result = (v as unknown as Uint8Array).slice();
-      seen.set(v, result);
-      return result;
-    }
-    if (isColumnPages(v)) {
-      const result = copyPages(v, (page) => copy(page) as Data.Page);
-      seen.set(v, result);
-      return result;
-    }
-    const result: unknown[] | Record<string, unknown> = Array.isArray(v) ? [] : {};
-    seen.set(v, result);
-    for (const [key, item] of Object.entries(v)) {
-      const copied = copy(item);
-      if (key === '__proto__')
-        Object.defineProperty(result, key, {
-          value: copied,
-          enumerable: true,
-          writable: true,
-          configurable: true,
-        });
-      else (result as Record<string, unknown>)[key] = copied;
-    }
-    return result;
-  };
-  return copy(value) as T;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/data.ts b/packages/model/src/data/data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 838ab29b..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-import type { Column, Index } from './column.js';
-import type { Block } from '../query/query.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-
-/** Immutable, application-owned values. A new value is a new object; there is no version to track. */
-export interface Data<S extends Schema = Schema> {
-  readonly schema: S;
-  readonly tables: Readonly<Record<string, Data.Table>>;
-}
-export declare namespace Data {
-  /** A type's rows: their index, their stable ids, and each field's pages. */
-  interface Table {
-    readonly index: Index;
-    readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-    /** Text pages of stable row identities. */
-    readonly ids: Pages;
-    readonly fields: Readonly<Record<string, Pages>>;
-  }
-  /** A page of actual values, never a provider handle or a deferred read. */
-  interface Page {
-    readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-    readonly column: Column;
-    readonly samples?: {
-      readonly firstFrame: number;
-      readonly coordinates: Float64Array;
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Immutable pages in publication order, which createData and appendData make. Iteration and
-   * at() expose existing pages without copying their payloads.
-   */
-  interface Pages extends Iterable<Page> {
-    readonly kind: 'column-pages';
-    readonly length: number;
-    at(index: number): Page | undefined;
-  }
-  /** Static values for a new Data value. Each cell may be supplied only once. */
-  type RowBatch = Pick<Block.Rows, 'kind' | 'index' | 'rows' | 'columns' | 'ids'>;
-  /** New observations. Keeping earlier observations is an application decision. */
-  type SampleBatch = Pick<
-    Block.Samples,
-    'kind' | 'index' | 'rows' | 'firstFrame' | 'coordinates' | 'columns'
-  >;
-  type Batch = RowBatch | SampleBatch;
-  /** Where an observation lies: its frame and coordinate, and the pages that hold it. */
-  interface Location {
-    readonly frame: number;
-    readonly coordinate: number;
-    /** Frame offset into each page's sample coordinates and column strides. */
-    readonly offset: number;
-    readonly pages: readonly Page[];
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/ids.ts b/packages/model/src/data/ids.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 552a9952..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/ids.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-import type { Data } from './data.js';
-import type { Column } from './column.js';
-import { bitAt, rowCount } from './access.js';
-
-const encoder = new TextEncoder();
-/** Shared by every lookup, which is synchronous: encodeInto writes at most three bytes per UTF-16 unit. */
-let scratch = new Uint8Array(256);
-
-/** Each ID's row, keyed by the UTF-8 bytes already in the ID pages: no string per row. As with a
- *  map, a later page wins a repeated ID, and null IDs are absent. */
-export class IdIndex {
-  private readonly pages: readonly Data.Page[];
-  /** Each page's first entry; the last is the entry count. */
-  private readonly starts: Uint32Array;
-  private readonly rows: Uint32Array;
-  /** Entry + 1 per slot, 0 when empty; a power of two, at most half full. */
-  private readonly slots: Uint32Array;
-
-  constructor(pages: Data.Pages) {
-    this.pages = Array.from(pages);
-    this.starts = new Uint32Array(this.pages.length + 1);
-    this.pages.forEach((page, p) => (this.starts[p + 1] = this.starts[p] + rowCount(page.rows)));
-    const count = this.starts[this.pages.length];
-    let size = 16;
-    while (size < 2 * count) size *= 2;
-    this.slots = new Uint32Array(size);
-    this.rows = new Uint32Array(count);
-    this.pages.forEach((page, p) => {
-      const column = page.column as Column.Text,
-        axis = page.rows;
-      for (let i = 0, n = this.starts[p + 1] - this.starts[p]; i < n; i++) {
-        const entry = this.starts[p] + i,
-          at = column.offset + i;
-        this.rows[entry] = axis.kind === 'range' ? axis.offset + i : axis.values[i];
-        if (bitAt(column.validity, at))
-          this.slots[this.probe(column.bytes, column.offsets[at], column.offsets[at + 1])] =
-            entry + 1;
-      }
-    });
-  }
-
-  /** The row holding `id`, if any. */
-  row(id: string): number | undefined {
-    if (scratch.length < 3 * id.length) scratch = new Uint8Array(3 * id.length);
-    const { written } = encoder.encodeInto(id, scratch);
-    const entry = this.slots[this.probe(scratch, 0, written)];
-    return entry ? this.rows[entry - 1] : undefined;
-  }
-
-  /** The slot holding these bytes, or the empty slot where they belong. */
-  private probe(bytes: Uint8Array, start: number, end: number): number {
-    const mask = this.slots.length - 1;
-    let slot = hash(bytes, start, end) & mask;
-    while (this.slots[slot] && !this.equals(this.slots[slot] - 1, bytes, start, end))
-      slot = (slot + 1) & mask;
-    return slot;
-  }
-
-  private equals(entry: number, bytes: Uint8Array, start: number, end: number): boolean {
-    let low = 0,
-      high = this.pages.length - 1;
-    while (low < high) {
-      const middle = (low + high + 1) >>> 1;
-      if (this.starts[middle] <= entry) low = middle;
-      else high = middle - 1;
-    }
-    const column = this.pages[low].column as Column.Text,
-      at = column.offset + entry - this.starts[low],
-      from = column.offsets[at];
-    if (column.offsets[at + 1] - from !== end - start) return false;
-    for (let i = 0; i < end - start; i++)
-      if (column.bytes[from + i] !== bytes[start + i]) return false;
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-function hash(bytes: Uint8Array, start: number, end: number): number {
-  let h = 0x811c9dc5;
-  for (let i = start; i < end; i++) h = Math.imul(h ^ bytes[i], 0x01000193);
-  return h >>> 0;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/page-assembly.ts b/packages/model/src/data/page-assembly.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 95179095..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/page-assembly.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-import { appendPages, framesOf } from './pages.js';
-import type { Index } from './column.js';
-import type { Data } from './data.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-
-interface Tail {
-  readonly end: number;
-  readonly coordinate: number;
-}
-const coordinatesChecked = new WeakSet<Float64Array>();
-type Range = readonly [number, number];
-const rowRanges = new WeakMap<Index.Rows, readonly Range[]>();
-
-interface Extent extends Tail {
-  readonly first: number;
-  readonly firstCoordinate: number;
-}
-
-/** One assembly shares layout validation across aligned columns, never across changed data. */
-export class PageAssembly {
-  private checked?: { pages: readonly Data.Page[]; extent?: Extent };
-
-  append(before: Data.Pages, added: readonly Data.Page[]): Data.Pages {
-    if (!added.length) return before;
-    const checked = this.checked;
-    const same =
-      checked &&
-      added.length === checked.pages.length &&
-      added.every(
-        (page, i) =>
-          page.rows === checked.pages[i].rows && page.samples === checked.pages[i].samples,
-      );
-    const extent = same ? checked.extent : checkPages(added);
-    this.checked = { pages: added, extent };
-    if (extent) {
-      const tail = sampleTail(before);
-      if (extent.first < tail.end || extent.firstCoordinate < tail.coordinate)
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Samples must append after existing observations.');
-    }
-    return appendPages(before, added);
-  }
-}
-
-function checkPages(added: readonly Data.Page[]): Extent | undefined {
-  let extent: Extent | undefined;
-  if (added[0].samples) {
-    const groups = new Map<number, { coordinates: Float64Array; rows: Index.Rows[] }>();
-    for (const page of added) {
-      const { firstFrame, coordinates } = page.samples!;
-      if (
-        !Number.isSafeInteger(firstFrame) ||
-        firstFrame < 0 ||
-        !Number.isSafeInteger(firstFrame + coordinates.length)
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid sample frame range.');
-      if (!coordinatesChecked.has(coordinates)) {
-        let last = -Infinity;
-        for (const coordinate of coordinates) {
-          if (!Number.isFinite(coordinate) || coordinate < last)
-            throw failure('conflict', 'Sample coordinates must be finite and nondecreasing.');
-          last = coordinate;
-        }
-        coordinatesChecked.add(coordinates);
-      }
-      const group = groups.get(firstFrame);
-      if (group) {
-        if (
-          coordinates !== group.coordinates &&
-          (coordinates.length !== group.coordinates.length ||
-            coordinates.some((c, i) => c !== group.coordinates[i]))
-        )
-          throw failure('conflict', 'Sample tile coordinates differ.');
-        group.rows.push(page.rows);
-      } else groups.set(firstFrame, { coordinates, rows: [page.rows] });
-    }
-    let tail: Tail = { end: 0, coordinate: -Infinity };
-    for (const [first, group] of [...groups].sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0])) {
-      if (first < tail.end || group.coordinates[0] < tail.coordinate)
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Samples must append after existing observations.');
-      checkRows(group.rows);
-      extent ??= { first, firstCoordinate: group.coordinates[0], end: 0, coordinate: -Infinity };
-      tail = { end: first + group.coordinates.length, coordinate: group.coordinates.at(-1)! };
-      extent = { ...extent, ...tail };
-    }
-  } else {
-    checkRows(added.map((page) => page.rows));
-  }
-  return extent;
-}
-
-function sampleTail(pages: Data.Pages): Tail {
-  const frames = framesOf(pages);
-  return { end: frames.end, coordinate: frames.groups.at(-1)?.coordinates.at(-1) ?? -Infinity };
-}
-
-/** Rectangular row tiles and sparse selections must not overwrite the same cells. */
-function checkRows(axes: readonly Index.Rows[]): void {
-  // Already ordered dense tiles are the common case. Avoid sorting or allocating
-  // a flattened range list unless the incoming physical row order requires it.
-  let end = -Infinity;
-  let ordered = true;
-  for (const axis of axes) {
-    for (const range of rangesOf(axis)) {
-      if (range[0] < end) {
-        ordered = false;
-        break;
-      }
-      end = range[1];
-    }
-    if (!ordered) break;
-  }
-  if (ordered) return;
-  const ranges = axes.flatMap((axis) => rangesOf(axis));
-  ranges.sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0]);
-  end = -Infinity;
-  for (const range of ranges) {
-    if (range[0] < end) throw failure('conflict', 'Data batches overlap the same cells.');
-    end = range[1];
-  }
-}
-
-function rangesOf(axis: Index.Rows): readonly Range[] {
-  let ranges = rowRanges.get(axis);
-  if (ranges) return ranges;
-  if (axis.kind === 'range') {
-    if (
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(axis.offset) ||
-      axis.offset < 0 ||
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(axis.count) ||
-      axis.count < 0 ||
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(axis.offset + axis.count)
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid row range.');
-    ranges = axis.count ? [[axis.offset, axis.offset + axis.count]] : [];
-  } else {
-    let values = axis.values;
-    for (let i = 1; i < values.length; i++)
-      if (values[i] <= values[i - 1]) {
-        values = values.slice().sort();
-        break;
-      }
-    const parts: Range[] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < values.length;) {
-      const start = values[i++];
-      let end = start + 1;
-      while (i < values.length && values[i] <= end) {
-        if (values[i] < end) throw failure('conflict', 'Duplicate physical row.');
-        end = values[i++] + 1;
-      }
-      parts.push([start, end]);
-    }
-    ranges = parts;
-  }
-  rowRanges.set(axis, ranges);
-  return ranges;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/pages.ts b/packages/model/src/data/pages.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 84849831..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/pages.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-import type { Data } from './data.js';
-import { rowAt, rowCount, sameIndex } from './access.js';
-import type { Column, Domain } from './column.js';
-import { Sequence } from './sequence.js';
-
-export interface FrameGroup {
-  readonly ordinal: number;
-  readonly first: number;
-  readonly coordinates: Float64Array;
-  readonly pages: readonly Data.Page[];
-  readonly ranges: boolean;
-}
-export interface Frames {
-  readonly count: number;
-  readonly groups: Sequence<FrameGroup>;
-  readonly first: number;
-  readonly end: number;
-}
-const emptyFrames: Frames = { count: 0, groups: Sequence.empty(), first: 0, end: 0 };
-
-// Keep storage out of the public type. Collections from another copy of this package
-// carry the same representation; neither reads nor copies depend on class identity.
-class PageCollection implements Data.Pages {
-  readonly kind = 'column-pages';
-  constructor(
-    readonly pages: Sequence<Data.Page>,
-    readonly frames: Frames,
-  ) {}
-  get length(): number {
-    return this.pages.length;
-  }
-  at(index: number): Data.Page | undefined {
-    return this.pages.at(index);
-  }
-  [Symbol.iterator](): Iterator<Data.Page> {
-    return this.pages[Symbol.iterator]();
-  }
-}
-function storage(pages: Data.Pages): PageCollection {
-  return pages as PageCollection;
-}
-export function isColumnPages(value: unknown): value is Data.Pages {
-  return (
-    typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && 'kind' in value && value.kind === 'column-pages'
-  );
-}
-
-export const emptyPages: Data.Pages = new PageCollection(Sequence.empty(), emptyFrames);
-
-/** Append already validated pages; only the newly added groups are indexed. */
-export function appendPages(before: Data.Pages, added: readonly Data.Page[]): Data.Pages {
-  const previous = storage(before);
-  if (!added.length) return before;
-  const grouped = new Map<number, Data.Page[]>();
-  for (const page of added)
-    if (page.samples) {
-      let parts = grouped.get(page.samples.firstFrame);
-      if (!parts) grouped.set(page.samples.firstFrame, (parts = []));
-      parts.push(page);
-    }
-  let count = previous.frames.count;
-  const groups = [...grouped]
-    .sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0])
-    .map(([first, parts]) => {
-      const coordinates = parts[0].samples!.coordinates;
-      const ordinal = count;
-      count += coordinates.length;
-      return {
-        first,
-        ordinal,
-        coordinates,
-        pages: parts.sort((a, b) => firstRow(a) - firstRow(b)),
-        ranges: parts.every((page) => page.rows.kind === 'range'),
-      };
-    });
-  const frames = groups.length
-    ? {
-        count,
-        groups: previous.frames.groups.append(groups),
-        first: previous.frames.groups.length ? previous.frames.first : groups[0].first,
-        end: groups.at(-1)!.first + groups.at(-1)!.coordinates.length,
-      }
-    : previous.frames;
-  return new PageCollection(previous.pages.append(added), frames);
-}
-export function copyPages(pages: Data.Pages, clone: (page: Data.Page) => Data.Page): Data.Pages {
-  return appendPages(emptyPages, Array.from(pages, clone));
-}
-function firstRow(page: Data.Page): number {
-  return rowCount(page.rows) ? rowAt(page.rows, 0) : 0;
-}
-export function framesOf(pages: Data.Pages): Frames {
-  return storage(pages).frames;
-}
-/** First and last recorded sample coordinates, or null without samples. Constant time. */
-export function sampleDomain(pages: Data.Pages | undefined): Domain | null {
-  const groups = pages && framesOf(pages).groups;
-  const first = groups?.at(0)?.coordinates[0],
-    last = groups?.at(-1)?.coordinates.at(-1);
-  return first === undefined || last === undefined ? null : [first, last];
-}
-export function frameGroup(index: Frames, frame: number): FrameGroup | undefined {
-  const next = index.groups.lowerBound((group) => group.first > frame);
-  if (!next) return undefined;
-  const group = index.groups.at(next - 1)!;
-  return frame < group.first + group.coordinates.length ? group : undefined;
-}
-/** Only groups overlapping this physical frame interval. */
-export function frameGroups(index: Frames, first: number, end: number): Iterable<FrameGroup> {
-  if (first >= end) return [];
-  const start = index.groups.lowerBound((group) => group.first + group.coordinates.length > first);
-  const stop = index.groups.lowerBound((group) => group.first >= end);
-  return index.groups.range(start, stop);
-}
-
-/** Pages appended after an unchanged prefix, or undefined for a replacement. No payloads are copied. */
-export function appendedPages(
-  before: Data.Pages,
-  after: Data.Pages,
-): Iterable<Data.Page> | undefined {
-  const previous = storage(before),
-    next = storage(after);
-  return next.pages.startsWith(previous.pages) ? next.pages.range(before.length) : undefined;
-}
-/**
- * Whether two collections hold the same rows and values, whatever their identity: a value
- * republished unchanged reads as unchanged. Linear in their bytes; conservative across layouts.
- */
-export function samePages(a: Data.Pages, b: Data.Pages): boolean {
-  if (a === b) return true;
-  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
-    const x = a.at(i)!,
-      y = b.at(i)!;
-    if (x === y) continue;
-    if (!sameRows(x.rows, y.rows) || !sameColumn(x.column, y.column)) return false;
-    if (x.samples !== y.samples)
-      if (
-        !x.samples ||
-        !y.samples ||
-        x.samples.firstFrame !== y.samples.firstFrame ||
-        !sameArray(x.samples.coordinates, y.samples.coordinates)
-      )
-        return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-function sameRows(a: Data.Page['rows'], b: Data.Page['rows']): boolean {
-  if (a.kind === 'range') return b.kind === 'range' && a.offset === b.offset && a.count === b.count;
-  return b.kind === 'indices' && sameArray(a.values, b.values);
-}
-function sameColumn(a: Column, b: Column): boolean {
-  if (a === b) return true;
-  if (a.kind !== b.kind || a.offset !== b.offset || a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  if (!sameArray(a.validity, b.validity)) return false;
-  switch (a.kind) {
-    case 'text':
-      return (
-        sameArray(a.offsets, (b as typeof a).offsets) && sameArray(a.bytes, (b as typeof a).bytes)
-      );
-    case 'vector':
-      return a.size === (b as typeof a).size && sameColumn(a.values, (b as typeof a).values);
-    case 'list':
-      return (
-        sameArray(a.offsets, (b as typeof a).offsets) &&
-        sameColumn(a.values, (b as typeof a).values)
-      );
-    case 'reference':
-      return (
-        sameIndex(a.index, (b as typeof a).index) && sameArray(a.values, (b as typeof a).values)
-      );
-    default: {
-      const x = a as { values: ArrayBufferView; rowStride?: number; frameStride?: number },
-        y = b as typeof x;
-      return (
-        x.values.constructor === y.values.constructor &&
-        x.rowStride === y.rowStride &&
-        x.frameStride === y.frameStride &&
-        sameArray(x.values, y.values)
-      );
-    }
-  }
-}
-function sameArray(a: ArrayBufferView | undefined, b: ArrayBufferView | undefined): boolean {
-  if (a === b) return true;
-  if (!a || !b || a.byteLength !== b.byteLength) return false;
-  if (a.buffer === b.buffer && a.byteOffset === b.byteOffset) return true;
-  const aligned = a.byteOffset % 4 === 0 && b.byteOffset % 4 === 0 && a.byteLength % 4 === 0,
-    x = aligned
-      ? new Uint32Array(a.buffer, a.byteOffset, a.byteLength / 4)
-      : new Uint8Array(a.buffer, a.byteOffset, a.byteLength),
-    y = aligned
-      ? new Uint32Array(b.buffer, b.byteOffset, b.byteLength / 4)
-      : new Uint8Array(b.buffer, b.byteOffset, b.byteLength);
-  for (let i = 0; i < x.length; i++) if (x[i] !== y[i]) return false;
-  return true;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/data/sequence.ts b/packages/model/src/data/sequence.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b7a975e8..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/data/sequence.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-/** Persistent concatenation tree. Leaf size follows the supplied batch, not a data limit. */
-type Node<T> = {
-  readonly length: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly last: T;
-} & ({ readonly values: readonly T[] } | { readonly left: Node<T>; readonly right: Node<T> });
-
-function branch<T>(left: Node<T>, right: Node<T>): Node<T> {
-  return {
-    left,
-    right,
-    length: left.length + right.length,
-    height: 1 + Math.max(left.height, right.height),
-    last: right.last,
-  };
-}
-function balance<T>(left: Node<T>, right: Node<T>): Node<T> {
-  if (left.height > right.height + 1 && 'left' in left) {
-    if (left.left.height >= left.right.height) return branch(left.left, branch(left.right, right));
-    const middle = left.right;
-    if ('left' in middle)
-      return branch(branch(left.left, middle.left), branch(middle.right, right));
-  }
-  if (right.height > left.height + 1 && 'left' in right) {
-    if (right.right.height >= right.left.height)
-      return branch(branch(left, right.left), right.right);
-    const middle = right.left;
-    if ('left' in middle)
-      return branch(branch(left, middle.left), branch(middle.right, right.right));
-  }
-  return branch(left, right);
-}
-function join<T>(left: Node<T> | undefined, right: Node<T> | undefined): Node<T> | undefined {
-  if (!left) return right;
-  if (!right) return left;
-  if (left.height > right.height + 1 && 'left' in left)
-    return balance(left.left, join(left.right, right)!);
-  if (right.height > left.height + 1 && 'left' in right)
-    return balance(join(left, right.left)!, right.right);
-  return branch(left, right);
-}
-function* range<T>(node: Node<T> | undefined, first: number, end: number): Generator<T> {
-  if (!node || first >= node.length || end <= 0 || first >= end) return;
-  if ('values' in node) {
-    for (let i = Math.max(0, first); i < Math.min(end, node.length); i++) yield node.values[i];
-  } else {
-    yield* range(node.left, first, end);
-    yield* range(node.right, first - node.left.length, end - node.left.length);
-  }
-}
-function equalRange<T>(a: Node<T>, ai: number, b: Node<T>, bi: number, count: number): boolean {
-  if (!count) return true;
-  while ('left' in a) {
-    if (ai >= a.left.length) {
-      ai -= a.left.length;
-      a = a.right;
-    } else if (ai + count <= a.left.length) a = a.left;
-    else break;
-  }
-  while ('left' in b) {
-    if (bi >= b.left.length) {
-      bi -= b.left.length;
-      b = b.right;
-    } else if (bi + count <= b.left.length) b = b.left;
-    else break;
-  }
-  if (a === b && ai === bi) return true;
-  if ('values' in a && 'values' in b) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) if (a.values[ai + i] !== b.values[bi + i]) return false;
-    return true;
-  }
-  const split = Math.min(
-    'left' in a ? a.left.length - ai : count,
-    'left' in b ? b.left.length - bi : count,
-  );
-  return equalRange(a, ai, b, bi, split) && equalRange(a, ai + split, b, bi + split, count - split);
-}
-export class Sequence<T> implements Iterable<T> {
-  private constructor(private readonly root?: Node<T>) {}
-  static empty<T>(): Sequence<T> {
-    return new Sequence<T>();
-  }
-  get length(): number {
-    return this.root?.length ?? 0;
-  }
-  append(values: readonly T[]): Sequence<T> {
-    if (!values.length) return this;
-    return new Sequence(
-      join(this.root, { values, length: values.length, height: 1, last: values.at(-1)! }),
-    );
-  }
-  at(index: number): T | undefined {
-    index = Math.trunc(index) || 0;
-    if (index < 0) index += this.length;
-    let node = this.root;
-    if (!node || index < 0 || index >= node.length) return undefined;
-    while (!('values' in node)) {
-      if (index < node.left.length) node = node.left;
-      else {
-        index -= node.left.length;
-        node = node.right;
-      }
-    }
-    return node.values[index];
-  }
-  /** First matching item for a monotone predicate, or length. Visits one tree path. */
-  lowerBound(matches: (value: T) => boolean): number {
-    let node = this.root,
-      offset = 0;
-    if (!node || !matches(node.last)) return this.length;
-    while (!('values' in node)) {
-      if (matches(node.left.last)) node = node.left;
-      else {
-        offset += node.left.length;
-        node = node.right;
-      }
-    }
-    let lo = 0,
-      hi = node.length;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-      const mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
-      if (matches(node.values[mid])) hi = mid;
-      else lo = mid + 1;
-    }
-    return offset + lo;
-  }
-  startsWith(other: Sequence<T>): boolean {
-    return (
-      other.length <= this.length &&
-      (!other.root || equalRange(this.root!, 0, other.root, 0, other.length))
-    );
-  }
-  range(first = 0, end = this.length): Iterable<T> {
-    return range(this.root, first, end);
-  }
-  [Symbol.iterator](): Iterator<T> {
-    return this.range()[Symbol.iterator]();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/failure.ts b/packages/model/src/failure.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e9b651bc..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/failure.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-/** Codes and public details survive transport; prototypes and stacks need not. */
-export interface Failure extends Error {
-  readonly code: Failure.Code;
-  readonly target?: Failure.Target;
-  readonly issues?: readonly Failure.Problem[];
-}
-export declare namespace Failure {
-  /** Why an operation failed, the same in every latkit package and across a connection. */
-  type Code =
-    | 'invalid-input'
-    | 'resource-limit'
-    | 'conflict'
-    | 'unsupported'
-    | 'busy'
-    | 'aborted'
-    | 'closed'
-    | 'unavailable'
-    | 'device-lost'
-    | 'precision'
-    | 'disconnected'
-    | 'protocol'
-    | 'timeout'
-    | 'io'
-    | 'internal';
-  /** What a failure or a problem is about: a row, a field of one, a parameter, or a path in a value. */
-  type Target =
-    | { readonly kind: 'row'; readonly type: string; readonly id: string }
-    | { readonly kind: 'field'; readonly type: string; readonly id: string; readonly field: string }
-    | { readonly kind: 'parameter'; readonly id: string }
-    | { readonly kind: 'path'; readonly path: readonly (string | number)[] };
-  /** One reason a value is invalid, as validation reports it. */
-  interface Problem {
-    readonly code: string;
-    readonly message: string;
-    readonly target?: Target;
-  }
-}
-
-/** A Failure: a code and message that survive transport, with an optional target, issues, and cause. */
-export function failure(
-  code: Failure.Code,
-  message: string = code,
-  details: Pick<Failure, 'target' | 'issues' | 'cause'> = {},
-): Failure {
-  const { cause, ...rest } = details;
-  return Object.assign(new Error(message, cause === undefined ? undefined : { cause }), {
-    code,
-    ...rest,
-  });
-}
-
-/** Whether an error is a Failure, of `code` when given, from any latkit package or a peer. */
-export function isFailure(error: unknown, code?: Failure.Code): error is Failure {
-  return (
-    error instanceof Error &&
-    typeof (error as { code?: unknown }).code === 'string' &&
-    (code === undefined || (error as Failure).code === code)
-  );
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/index.ts b/packages/model/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 989fde1f..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-/** Immutable data, bounded local reads, portable command descriptions, and the Model contract. */
-export type { Column, Domain, Index } from './data/column.js';
-export type { Data } from './data/data.js';
-export { createData, appendData } from './data/assemble.js';
-export { textColumn, sliceSamples } from './data/columns.js';
-export {
-  sameIndex,
-  assertIndex,
-  rowCount,
-  rowAt,
-  sliceRows,
-  bitAt,
-  numberAt,
-  textAt,
-  sampleAt,
-} from './data/access.js';
-export { appendedPages, sampleDomain, samePages } from './data/pages.js';
-export { blockBuffers, blockByteLength } from './data/buffers.js';
-
-export type { Schema } from './schema/schema.js';
-export { fieldDefinition } from './schema/field.js';
-export { validateSchema } from './validation/schema.js';
-
-export type { Query, Block } from './query/query.js';
-export { read, selectRows, itemId, locateSample, sampleFrames, sampleRuns } from './query/read.js';
-export { selectBatches, staticFields, sampledFields } from './query/select.js';
-export { validateQuery } from './validation/query.js';
-export { validateBlock } from './validation/block.js';
-
-export type { Item } from './item.js';
-export { itemKey } from './item.js';
-
-export type { Failure } from './failure.js';
-export { failure, isFailure } from './failure.js';
-export { Work, interruptible } from './work.js';
-
-export type { Reader } from './reader/reader.js';
-export { createReader } from './reader/reader.js';
-export type { FieldInput } from './reader/types.js';
-export type { Memory } from './reader/memory.js';
-export { createMemory } from './reader/memory.js';
-
-export type { Model, Command } from './model/model.js';
-export { validateBatch } from './validation/batch.js';
-export { validateSelection } from './validation/selection.js';
diff --git a/packages/model/src/item.ts b/packages/model/src/item.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b292908..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/item.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import type { Index } from './data/column.js';
-import type { Data } from './data/data.js';
-
-/**
- * A row of a table: what views select, hover, and pick, and what their proposals name. The index
- * names the row space, so an item outlives appends that replace the Data value it came from.
- */
-export interface Item {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly index: Index;
-  readonly row: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * An item's identity as a string: its row space and row, then what a view adds, such as a kind.
- * Items naming the same row of the same row space, with the same qualifiers, share it.
- */
-export function itemKey(item: Item, ...qualifiers: readonly (string | number)[]): string {
-  const { source, type, version } = item.index;
-  return JSON.stringify([source, type, version, item.row, ...qualifiers]);
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/model/model.ts b/packages/model/src/model/model.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0fd9f7af..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/model/model.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-import type { Domain } from '../data/column.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Query } from '../query/query.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-
-/**
- * A model: its types, a way to read its fields, and the commands it runs. `@latkit/connect` carries
- * one across a socket in either direction; using one needs no socket.
- */
-export interface Model<
-  C extends Record<string, Command.Parameters> = Record<string, Command.Parameters>,
-> {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  /** Read `fields`, once or live. Absent when the model offers no reading. */
-  readonly monitor?: (
-    fields: readonly Query.Selection[],
-    context: Model.MonitorContext,
-  ) => Iterable<Data.Batch | Model.Publication> | AsyncIterable<Data.Batch | Model.Publication>;
-  readonly commands?: { readonly [K in keyof C]: Command<C[K]> };
-}
-export declare namespace Model {
-  /**
-   * Batches published together. A group within a connection's message bounds arrives as one atomic
-   * message; a larger one arrives as several, in order, cutting sample batches only between frames.
-   */
-  type Publication = readonly Data.Batch[];
-  interface MonitorContext {
-    readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-    /**
-     * The batch size to publish in, which a connection sets from its message bounds. Larger sample
-     * batches are cut between frames; a row batch must fit one message.
-     */
-    readonly maxBlockBytes: number;
-  }
-}
-
-/** A command a model runs: its description, and the run itself. */
-export interface Command<
-  P extends Command.Parameters = Command.Parameters,
-> extends Command.Description<P> {
-  run(
-    values: Command.Arguments<P>,
-    context: Command.Context,
-  ): Command.Result | void | Promise<Command.Result | void>;
-}
-type Common = {
-  readonly label?: string;
-  readonly description?: string;
-  readonly optional?: boolean;
-  readonly unit?: string;
-};
-type Defaults<T> =
-  | { readonly multiple?: false; readonly default?: T }
-  | { readonly multiple: true; readonly default?: readonly T[] };
-type ScalarOf<P extends Command.Parameter> = {
-  number: number;
-  boolean: boolean;
-  file: File;
-  text: string;
-  reference: string;
-  choice: NonNullable<(P & { choices?: readonly string[] })['choices']>[number];
-}[P['type']];
-type Multiple<M, V> = M extends true ? readonly V[] : V;
-type Optional<O, V> = O extends true ? V | undefined : V;
-type ValueOf<P extends Command.Parameter> = Multiple<P['multiple'], ScalarOf<P>>;
-/** Portable command descriptions and values, shared by producers and consumers. */
-export declare namespace Command {
-  type Json = null | boolean | number | string | readonly Json[] | { readonly [key: string]: Json };
-  type Parameter = Common &
-    (
-      | ({
-          readonly type: 'number';
-          readonly min?: number;
-          readonly max?: number;
-          readonly integer?: boolean;
-        } & Defaults<number>)
-      | ({ readonly type: 'text' } & Defaults<string>)
-      | ({ readonly type: 'boolean' } & Defaults<boolean>)
-      | ({ readonly type: 'choice'; readonly choices: readonly string[] } & Defaults<string>)
-      | ({ readonly type: 'reference'; readonly to: string } & Defaults<string>)
-      | { readonly type: 'file'; readonly accept?: readonly string[]; readonly multiple?: boolean }
-    );
-  type Parameters = Readonly<Record<string, Parameter>>;
-  /** The values a run receives for its parameters. */
-  type Arguments<P extends Parameters> = {
-    readonly [K in keyof P]: undefined extends (P[K] & { default?: unknown })['default']
-      ? Optional<P[K]['optional'], ValueOf<P[K]>>
-      : ValueOf<P[K]>;
-  };
-  interface Description<P extends Parameters = Parameters> {
-    readonly label?: string;
-    readonly description?: string;
-    readonly parameters: P;
-  }
-  /** A value a caller supplies for a parameter, before it is checked. */
-  type Input = Json | File | readonly File[];
-  type Result = Json;
-  interface Progress {
-    readonly completed: number;
-    readonly total?: number;
-    readonly message?: string;
-    /** The coordinates the run covers, once the model knows them, such as its time span. */
-    readonly domain?: Domain;
-  }
-  interface Diagnostic {
-    readonly severity: 'info' | 'warning' | 'error';
-    readonly message: string;
-    readonly code?: string;
-  }
-  /** Log batches report loss explicitly; diagnostics never grow an unbounded queue. */
-  interface LogEntry extends Diagnostic {
-    readonly dropped?: number;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Where a run reports, the same on both sides of a connection: the model publishes into it, and
-   * whoever runs the command supplies it.
-   */
-  interface Context extends Model.MonitorContext {
-    readonly outputs: readonly Query.Selection[];
-    /**
-     * Resolves once the publication may be reused and the next may follow; await it before
-     * publishing again.
-     */
-    readonly publish: (publication: Data.Batch | Model.Publication) => Promise<void>;
-    /** Synchronous; coalesced on the way. */
-    readonly progress: (value: Progress) => void;
-    /** Synchronous; bounded on the way, with losses reported as `dropped`. */
-    readonly log: (value: LogEntry) => void;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/query/query.ts b/packages/model/src/query/query.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4089dccb..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/query/query.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,216 +0,0 @@
-import type { Column, Index, Domain } from '../data/column.js';
-
-/** Bound of one block when a read names none, for `read` and the Reader alike. */
-export const BLOCK_BYTES = 1024 ** 2;
-
-/** Options of work a signal can stop. */
-export interface RequestOptions {
-  readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-}
-
-/** What a read asks of one type's fields: its rows, samples, a summary of them, or their extremes. */
-export type Query = Query.Rows | Query.Samples | Query.Envelope | Query.Aggregate;
-export declare namespace Query {
-  interface Options extends RequestOptions {
-    /**
-     * Default borrowed: immutable application backing remains valid after the read ends. Never
-     * detach. Borrowed backing cannot be reused for mutable working storage while published views
-     * survive. Owned: read copies exposed buffers into independent allocations; caller may
-     * mutate/transfer it. No SharedArrayBuffer or alias into another block is allowed in owned
-     * mode. Sparse gathers and ownership conversion may copy; zero-copy is permitted, never
-     * promised.
-     */
-    readonly buffers?: 'borrowed' | 'owned';
-    /** Bound of one block. Defaults to 1 MiB. */
-    readonly maxBlockBytes?: number;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Fields of a type, and its rows: what queries and monitoring select. For sampled reads, omitted
-   * rows select the physical-order intersection of captured coverage for all sampled fields used by
-   * the query; explicit rows must be captured for each of those fields.
-   */
-  interface Selection {
-    readonly from: string;
-    readonly select: readonly string[];
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-  }
-  interface Rows extends Selection {
-    readonly kind: 'rows';
-    /**
-     * Physical row order by default; explicit selections retain their order. Unknown ids reject.
-     * Resolve range/index selections against this type; incompatible Index metadata rejects
-     * conflict.
-     */
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    /** Include stable domain identities only when needed. */
-    readonly ids?: boolean;
-    readonly where?: readonly Filter[];
-    /** Missing values last; physical row number breaks ties, independent of locale. */
-    readonly orderBy?: readonly {
-      readonly field: string;
-      readonly direction: 'ascending' | 'descending';
-    }[];
-    readonly offset?: number;
-    readonly limit?: number;
-    /** Total matches before offset/limit, repeated consistently on every block. */
-    readonly count?: boolean;
-    /** Required for sampled selections/predicates/order. Latest frame at or before this coordinate. */
-    readonly at?: number;
-  }
-  /** The frames a sampled read covers: a span of them, a coordinate range, or the one at a coordinate. */
-  type Window =
-    | { readonly kind: 'frames'; readonly offset: number; readonly count: number }
-    | Range
-    | { readonly kind: 'at'; readonly value: number };
-  interface Range {
-    readonly kind: 'range';
-    readonly between: Domain;
-    /**
-     * Extra available frames strictly before/after the inclusive interval; omitted counts are zero.
-     * Counts are nonnegative safe integers, measured in frames, not distinct coordinates. Include
-     * every boundary duplicate inside the interval. With no interior frames, use the immediate
-     * predecessor/successor at the insertion point. Clip context to recorded bounds. Resolve both
-     * boundaries and context against the same immutable value, without waiting for future frames.
-     * Aggregates include these same context frames when requested.
-     */
-    readonly context?: { readonly before?: number; readonly after?: number };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Sampled numeric fields. At selects the last duplicate coordinate; before first is empty.
-   * Native floating-point observations may be nonfinite; aggregates exclude them. Future frame
-   * ranges reject invalid-input. Only optional range context clips to recorded bounds; requested
-   * data is never silently truncated.
-   */
-  interface Samples extends Selection {
-    readonly kind: 'samples';
-    readonly window: Window;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Local summary computed over supplied samples. Equal-width coordinate buckets partition the
-   * inclusive window; only the final bucket includes its right boundary. A zero-width window
-   * requires one bucket. Duplicate coordinates stay in the same bucket. Context observations belong
-   * to the first/last bucket, respectively. Each slot is a finite source observation: first,
-   * minimum, maximum, last, in that fixed order. Extrema ties choose the earliest absolute frame.
-   * Slots may repeat; consumers order/deduplicate by frame when drawing. Null/nonfinite observations
-   * clear continuity, never become extrema. Empty buckets have all slots invalid and continuity
-   * false. Gaps cannot be reconstructed from a summary: never connect a discontinuous bucket
-   * without refining the raw samples. Appends preserve absolute frame identities.
-   */
-  interface Envelope extends Selection {
-    readonly kind: 'envelope';
-    readonly window: Range;
-    readonly buckets: number;
-  }
-  interface Aggregate extends Selection {
-    readonly kind: 'aggregate';
-    readonly measures: readonly ('min' | 'max')[];
-    /** Required for sampled data, forbidden for inputs; the two cannot be mixed. */
-    readonly window?: Window;
-  }
-  type Filter =
-    | {
-        readonly field: string;
-        readonly operator: 'equal' | 'notEqual';
-        readonly value: number | string | boolean | null;
-      }
-    | {
-        readonly field: string;
-        readonly operator: 'lessThan' | 'lessThanOrEqual' | 'greaterThan' | 'greaterThanOrEqual';
-        readonly value: number;
-      }
-    | { readonly field: string; readonly operator: 'contains'; readonly value: string };
-}
-
-/** What a read yields: bounded pieces of its result, each of the query's kind. */
-export type Block = Block.Rows | Block.Samples | Block.Envelope | Block.Aggregate;
-export declare namespace Block {
-  /** The block a query of its kind yields. */
-  type Of<Q extends Query> = Q extends Query.Rows
-    ? Rows
-    : Q extends Query.Samples
-      ? Samples
-      : Q extends Query.Envelope
-        ? Envelope
-        : Q extends Query.Aggregate
-          ? Aggregate
-          : Block;
-  interface Rows {
-    readonly kind: 'rows';
-    readonly index: Index;
-    /** Physical indices in result order. */
-    readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-    /** Position of the first row in the result, after filtering, sorting, and offset/limit. */
-    readonly rowOffset: number;
-    readonly ids?: Column.Text;
-    readonly total?: number;
-    readonly columns: Readonly<Record<string, Column>>;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Rectangular tiles partition both selected rows and frames without overlaps or gaps. rowOffset
-   * is a position in the query's row selection; rows are physical indices. firstFrame is absolute.
-   * Columns address frame * frameStride + row * rowStride relative to each column's logical slice
-   * and its own strides. Padding values/validity bits are ignored. Coordinate arrays may alias.
-   * Omitted rows select the physical-order intersection of captured rows for all selected fields.
-   * Explicit rows must be captured for every selected field.
-   */
-  interface Samples {
-    readonly kind: 'samples';
-    readonly index: Index;
-    readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-    readonly rowOffset: number;
-    readonly firstFrame: number;
-    readonly coordinates: Float64Array;
-    readonly columns: Readonly<Record<string, Column.Sample>>;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Row-major: ((row * bucketCount + bucket) * 4 + slot). Value validity also governs
-   * coordinates/frames. Their arrays have exactly values.length slots; values.offset addresses only
-   * values/validity, not the coordinate/frame arrays.
-   */
-  interface EnvelopeColumn {
-    readonly values: Column.Numeric;
-    readonly coordinates: Float64Array;
-    readonly frames: Float64Array;
-    /** Bit-packed per row/bucket. True iff nonempty and every source observation is finite/valid. */
-    readonly continuous: Uint8Array;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Complete rectangular row/bucket coverage, including empty buckets; no overlaps or gaps.
-   * rowOffset is in selection order; firstBucket is in the query's bucket axis.
-   */
-  interface Envelope {
-    readonly kind: 'envelope';
-    readonly index: Index;
-    readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-    readonly rowOffset: number;
-    readonly firstBucket: number;
-    readonly bucketCount: number;
-    readonly columns: Readonly<Record<string, EnvelopeColumn>>;
-  }
-  /** Each requested field appears exactly once over the stream. Counts exclude null/nonfinite data. */
-  interface Aggregate {
-    readonly kind: 'aggregate';
-    readonly values: Readonly<
-      Record<
-        string,
-        { readonly count: number; readonly min?: number | null; readonly max?: number | null }
-      >
-    >;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Fields a reader joined to one physical row order. Presence marks the rows a binding covers and
-   * is distinct from validity. Address columns using this block's row and sample axes.
-   */
-  interface Fields {
-    readonly kind: 'fields';
-    readonly index: Index;
-    readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-    /** Position of the first row among the request's rows. */
-    readonly rowOffset: number;
-    readonly ids?: Column.Text;
-    readonly columns: Readonly<Record<string, Column>>;
-    readonly presence: Readonly<Record<string, Uint8Array>>;
-    /** Sample columns carry strides; static columns broadcast without expanding their buffers. */
-    readonly samples?: { readonly firstFrame: number; readonly coordinates: Float64Array };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/query/read.ts b/packages/model/src/query/read.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a3b4351..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/query/read.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,997 +0,0 @@
-import { framesOf, frameGroup, frameGroups, type Frames } from '../data/pages.js';
-import type { Column, Index } from '../data/column.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Item } from '../item.js';
-import type { Query, Block } from './query.js';
-import { assertIndex, bitAt, rowAt, rowCount, sliceRows, textAt } from '../data/access.js';
-import {
-  compactRows,
-  containsRows,
-  copyBuffers,
-  gather,
-  position,
-  sliceColumn,
-  sliceSamples,
-} from '../data/columns.js';
-import { blockBuffers, blockByteLength } from '../data/buffers.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-import { yieldTask } from '../work.js';
-import { IdIndex } from '../data/ids.js';
-import { validateQuery, checkSampleWindow } from '../validation/query.js';
-import { BLOCK_BYTES } from './query.js';
-import { Check } from '../validation/check.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-/** Bounded local computation over application-owned values. Never performs I/O. */
-export function read<Q extends Query>(
-  data: Data,
-  query: Q,
-  options: Query.Options = {},
-): AsyncIterable<Block.Of<Q>> {
-  return execute(data, query, options) as AsyncIterable<Block.Of<Q>>;
-}
-
-async function* execute(data: Data, query: Query, options: Query.Options): AsyncGenerator<Block> {
-  options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-  const issues = validateQuery(data.schema, query);
-  if (issues.length) throw failure('invalid-input', issues[0].message, { issues });
-  const bound = options.maxBlockBytes ?? BLOCK_BYTES;
-  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(bound) || bound < 1)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid block byte limit.');
-  const table = data.tables[query.from];
-  if (!table) {
-    if (query.kind === 'aggregate')
-      for (const name of query.select)
-        yield {
-          kind: 'aggregate',
-          values: {
-            [name]: {
-              count: 0,
-              ...(query.measures.includes('min') ? { min: null } : {}),
-              ...(query.measures.includes('max') ? { max: null } : {}),
-            },
-          },
-        };
-    return;
-  }
-  const blocks =
-    query.kind === 'rows'
-      ? rows(data, table, query, bound)
-      : query.kind === 'samples'
-        ? samples(data, table, query, bound)
-        : query.kind === 'aggregate'
-          ? aggregate(data, table, query, bound, options.signal)
-          : envelope(data, table, query, bound, options.signal);
-  for await (const block of blocks) {
-    options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    const value = options.buffers === 'owned' ? copyBuffers(block) : block;
-    if (
-      blockByteLength(value) > bound ||
-      (options.buffers === 'owned' &&
-        blockBuffers(value).reduce((n, b) => n + b.byteLength, 0) > bound)
-    )
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'A value exceeds the block byte limit.');
-    yield value;
-  }
-}
-
-const idIndexes = new WeakMap<Data.Table['ids'], IdIndex>();
-const idSelections = new WeakMap<Data.Table['ids'], WeakMap<readonly string[], Index.Rows>>();
-export function selectRows(
-  table: Data.Table,
-  selection?: Index.Selection,
-  available = table.rows,
-): Index.Rows {
-  if (!selection) return available;
-  let selected: Index.Rows;
-  if (selection.kind === 'ids') {
-    let index = idIndexes.get(table.ids);
-    if (!index) idIndexes.set(table.ids, (index = new IdIndex(table.ids)));
-    let selections = idSelections.get(table.ids);
-    if (!selections) idSelections.set(table.ids, (selections = new WeakMap()));
-    let resolved = selections.get(selection.ids);
-    if (!resolved) {
-      resolved = compactRows(
-        selection.ids.map((id) => {
-          const row = index.row(id);
-          if (row === undefined) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown row id: ' + id);
-          return row;
-        }),
-      );
-      selections.set(selection.ids, resolved);
-    }
-    selected = resolved;
-  } else {
-    if (selection.index) assertIndex(table.index, selection.index);
-    selected = selection;
-  }
-  if (!containsRows(available, selected))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Rows are outside available data.');
-  return selected;
-}
-
-interface PageIndex {
-  readonly sorted: readonly Data.Page[];
-  readonly ranges: boolean;
-}
-const pageIndexes = new WeakMap<Data.Pages, PageIndex>();
-function pageIndex(pages: Data.Pages): PageIndex {
-  let index = pageIndexes.get(pages);
-  if (!index) {
-    const sorted = Array.from<Data.Page>(pages).sort(
-      (a, b) =>
-        (a.samples?.firstFrame ?? 0) - (b.samples?.firstFrame ?? 0) ||
-        rowAtOrZero(a.rows) - rowAtOrZero(b.rows),
-    );
-    index = { sorted, ranges: sorted.every((p) => p.rows.kind === 'range') };
-    pageIndexes.set(pages, index);
-  }
-  return index;
-}
-function rowAtOrZero(rows: Index.Rows): number {
-  return rows.kind === 'range' ? rows.offset : (rows.values[0] ?? 0);
-}
-
-/** The id of an item's row, for writing changes back by id. */
-export function itemId(item: Item): string {
-  const table = item.source.tables[item.index.type];
-  if (!table) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown type: ' + item.index.type);
-  assertIndex(table.index, item.index);
-  const page = findPage(table.ids, item.row),
-    at = page ? position(page.rows, item.row) : -1,
-    id = page && at >= 0 ? textAt(page.column as Column.Text, at) : null;
-  if (id === null)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `Row ${item.row} of ${item.index.type} has no id`);
-  return id;
-}
-
-function findPage(pages: Data.Pages, row: number, frame?: number): Data.Page | undefined {
-  // Frame groups have their own row index, keeping page lookup logarithmic for dense tiles.
-  if (frame !== undefined) {
-    const index = framesOf(pages),
-      group = frameGroup(index, frame);
-    if (!group) return undefined;
-    if (group.ranges) {
-      let lo = 0,
-        hi = group.pages.length;
-      while (lo < hi) {
-        const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-        if (rowAtOrZero(group.pages[m].rows) <= row) lo = m + 1;
-        else hi = m;
-      }
-      const page = group.pages[lo - 1];
-      return page && position(page.rows, row) >= 0 ? page : undefined;
-    }
-    return group.pages.find((p) => position(p.rows, row) >= 0);
-  }
-  const index = pageIndex(pages),
-    list = index.sorted;
-  if (frame === undefined && index.ranges) {
-    let lo = 0,
-      hi = list.length;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-      const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-      if (rowAtOrZero(list[m].rows) <= row) lo = m + 1;
-      else hi = m;
-    }
-    const page = list[lo - 1];
-    return page && !page.samples && position(page.rows, row) >= 0 ? page : undefined;
-  }
-  return list.find((p) => !p.samples && position(p.rows, row) >= 0);
-}
-
-function coordinateBound(index: Frames, value: number, upper: boolean): number {
-  const next = index.groups.lowerBound((group) => {
-    const last = group.coordinates.at(-1)!;
-    return last > value || (!upper && last === value);
-  });
-  const group = index.groups.at(next);
-  if (!group) return index.count;
-  let a = 0,
-    b = group.coordinates.length;
-  while (a < b) {
-    const m = (a + b) >>> 1,
-      coordinate = group.coordinates[m];
-    if (coordinate < value || (upper && coordinate === value)) a = m + 1;
-    else b = m;
-  }
-  return group.ordinal + a;
-}
-function frameRange(index: Frames, window: Query.Window): [number, number] {
-  if (!index.groups.length) {
-    if (window.kind === 'frames' && window.count)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Requested observations are unavailable.');
-    return [index.first, index.first];
-  }
-  if (window.kind === 'frames') {
-    if (window.offset < index.first || window.offset + window.count > index.end)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Requested observations are unavailable.');
-    let covered = window.offset;
-    for (const group of frameGroups(index, covered, window.offset + window.count)) {
-      if (group.first > covered) break;
-      covered = group.first + group.coordinates.length;
-      if (covered >= window.offset + window.count) break;
-    }
-    if (covered < window.offset + window.count)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Requested observations contain a gap.');
-    return [window.offset, window.offset + window.count];
-  }
-  if (window.kind === 'at') {
-    const end = coordinateBound(index, window.value, true);
-    if (!end) return [index.first, index.first];
-    const frame = ordinalFrame(index, end - 1);
-    return [frame, frame + 1];
-  }
-  const first = Math.max(
-    0,
-    coordinateBound(index, window.between[0], false) - (window.context?.before ?? 0),
-  );
-  const end = Math.min(
-    index.count,
-    coordinateBound(index, window.between[1], true) + (window.context?.after ?? 0),
-  );
-  const startFrame = ordinalFrame(index, first);
-  return [startFrame, end > first ? ordinalFrame(index, end - 1) + 1 : startFrame];
-}
-/** The last observation at or before a coordinate, shared across all row tiles. */
-
-/** Locate an observation without reading or copying its values. Equal coordinates select the
- * last observation; before the first observation, or with no samples, returns undefined. */
-export function locateSample(pages: Data.Pages, at: number): Data.Location | undefined {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(at)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sample coordinate must be finite.');
-  const index = framesOf(pages);
-  const [first, end] = frameRange(index, { kind: 'at', value: at });
-  if (first === end) return undefined;
-  const group = frameGroup(index, first)!;
-  const offset = first - group.first;
-  return { frame: first, coordinate: group.coordinates[offset], offset, pages: group.pages };
-}
-
-/** The absolute frames a sample window covers, `[first, end)`, from the shared sample index. */
-export function sampleFrames(pages: Data.Pages, window: Query.Window): readonly [number, number] {
-  const check = new Check();
-  checkSampleWindow(check, window, []);
-  if (check.issues.length) throw failure('invalid-input', check.issues[0].message);
-  return frameRange(framesOf(pages), window);
-}
-/**
- * The runs of frames held back to back within a sample window, `[first, end)` each, in order: a hole
- * between appended samples parts them, and a `frames` read stays within one.
- */
-export function sampleRuns(
-  pages: Data.Pages,
-  window: Query.Window,
-): readonly (readonly [number, number])[] {
-  const [first, end] = sampleFrames(pages, window),
-    runs: [number, number][] = [];
-  for (const group of frameGroups(framesOf(pages), first, end)) {
-    const from = Math.max(first, group.first),
-      to = Math.min(end, group.first + group.coordinates.length);
-    if (from >= to) continue;
-    const last = runs.at(-1);
-    if (last?.[1] === from) last[1] = to;
-    else runs.push([from, to]);
-  }
-  return runs;
-}
-/** Iterate only the pages covering a sample window, using the shared immutable sample index. */
-export function samplePages(pages: Data.Pages, window: Query.Window): Iterable<Data.Page> {
-  const [first, end] = sampleFrames(pages, window),
-    index = framesOf(pages);
-  return (function* () {
-    for (const group of frameGroups(index, first, end)) yield* group.pages;
-  })();
-}
-
-function ordinalFrame(index: Frames, ordinal: number): number {
-  if (ordinal >= index.count) return index.end;
-  const next = index.groups.lowerBound((group) => group.ordinal > ordinal);
-  const group = index.groups.at(next - 1)!;
-  return group.first + ordinal - group.ordinal;
-}
-
-function pagesFor(table: Data.Table, field: string): Data.Pages {
-  const pages = table.fields[field];
-  if (!pages) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Field has not been supplied: ' + field);
-  return pages;
-}
-function availableRows(pages: Data.Pages, frame: number): Index.Rows {
-  const group = frameGroup(framesOf(pages), frame);
-  if (!group) return { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 0 };
-  if (group.pages.length === 1) return group.pages[0].rows;
-  const first = rowAtOrZero(group.pages[0].rows);
-  let end = first;
-  if (
-    group.ranges &&
-    group.pages.every((p) => {
-      const r = p.rows as Extract<Index.Rows, { kind: 'range' }>;
-      if (r.offset !== end) return false;
-      end += r.count;
-      return true;
-    })
-  )
-    return { kind: 'range', offset: first, count: end - first };
-  return compactRows(
-    group.pages
-      .flatMap((p) => Array.from({ length: rowCount(p.rows) }, (_, i) => rowAt(p.rows, i)))
-      .sort((a, b) => a - b),
-  );
-}
-
-export function intersect(a: Index.Rows, b: Index.Rows): Index.Rows {
-  if (containsRows(b, a)) return a;
-  if (containsRows(a, b)) return b;
-  if (a.kind === 'range' && b.kind === 'range') {
-    const offset = Math.max(a.offset, b.offset);
-    return {
-      kind: 'range',
-      offset,
-      count: Math.max(0, Math.min(a.offset + a.count, b.offset + b.count) - offset),
-    };
-  }
-  const values: number[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(a); i++) {
-    const row = rowAt(a, i);
-    if (position(b, row) >= 0) values.push(row);
-  }
-  return compactRows(values);
-}
-function sampleRows(
-  table: Data.Table,
-  fields: readonly string[],
-  selection: Index.Selection | undefined,
-  first: number,
-  end: number,
-): Index.Rows {
-  let available = table.rows;
-  for (const field of fields)
-    for (const group of frameGroups(framesOf(pagesFor(table, field)), first, end)) {
-      if (group.first >= end) break;
-      if (group.first + group.coordinates.length <= first) continue;
-      available = intersect(available, availableRows(pagesFor(table, field), group.first));
-    }
-  return selectRows(table, selection, available);
-}
-
-function columnFor(
-  pages: Data.Pages,
-  selected: Index.Rows,
-  type: Schema.FieldType,
-  frame?: number,
-): Column {
-  const count = rowCount(selected);
-  if (!count) return pages.length ? sliceColumn(pages.at(0)!.column, 0, 0) : emptyColumn(type);
-  const first = findPage(pages, rowAt(selected, 0), frame);
-  if (
-    first &&
-    selected.kind === 'range' &&
-    first.rows.kind === 'range' &&
-    containsRows(first.rows, selected)
-  ) {
-    const row = selected.offset - first.rows.offset;
-    if (frame === undefined) return sliceColumn(first.column, row, count);
-    const column = first.column as Column.Sample;
-    if (column.rowStride === 1)
-      return sliceColumn(
-        column,
-        (frame - first.samples!.firstFrame) * column.frameStride + row,
-        count,
-      );
-  }
-  const cells = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => {
-    const row = rowAt(selected, i),
-      page = findPage(pages, row, frame);
-    if (!page)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Field does not cover the requested rows and observations.');
-    const c = page.column as Column.Sample,
-      at = position(page.rows, row);
-    return {
-      column: page.column,
-      at:
-        frame === undefined
-          ? at
-          : at * c.rowStride + (frame - page.samples!.firstFrame) * c.frameStride,
-    };
-  });
-  return gather(cells, pages.at(0)?.column ?? emptyColumn(type));
-}
-
-export function emptyColumn(type: Schema.FieldType): Column {
-  const base = { offset: 0, length: 0 };
-  if (typeof type === 'string') {
-    if (type === 'text')
-      return { kind: 'text', ...base, bytes: new Uint8Array(), offsets: new Int32Array(1) };
-    if (type === 'boolean') return { kind: 'boolean', ...base, values: new Uint8Array() };
-    const values =
-      type === 'float64'
-        ? new Float64Array()
-        : type === 'float32'
-          ? new Float32Array()
-          : type === 'int32'
-            ? new Int32Array()
-            : new Uint32Array();
-    return { kind: 'numeric', ...base, values };
-  }
-  if (type.kind === 'vector')
-    return {
-      kind: 'vector',
-      ...base,
-      size: type.size,
-      values: emptyColumn(type.items) as Column.Numeric,
-    };
-  if (type.kind === 'list')
-    return { kind: 'list', ...base, offsets: new Int32Array(1), values: emptyColumn(type.items) };
-  return {
-    kind: 'reference',
-    ...base,
-    values: new Uint32Array(),
-    index: { source: 'empty', type: type.to, version: 'empty' },
-  };
-}
-
-function scalar(column: Column, row: number, data?: Data): string | number | boolean | null {
-  const at = column.offset + row;
-  if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) return null;
-  if (column.kind === 'numeric') return column.values[at];
-  if (column.kind === 'reference') {
-    const target = data?.tables[column.index.type];
-    if (!target) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Reference target IDs have not been supplied.');
-    assertIndex(target.index, column.index);
-    const id = columnFor(
-      target.ids,
-      { kind: 'range', offset: column.values[at], count: 1 },
-      'text',
-    ) as Column.Text;
-    return textAt(id, 0);
-  }
-  if (column.kind === 'boolean') return bitAt(column.values, at);
-  if (column.kind === 'text') return textAt(column, row);
-  throw failure('unsupported', 'This operation requires scalar values.');
-}
-function matches(value: string | number | boolean | null, filter: Query.Filter): boolean {
-  switch (filter.operator) {
-    case 'equal':
-      return value === filter.value;
-    case 'notEqual':
-      return value !== filter.value;
-    case 'contains':
-      return (
-        typeof value === 'string' &&
-        typeof filter.value === 'string' &&
-        value.includes(filter.value)
-      );
-    case 'lessThan':
-      return typeof value === 'number' && value < filter.value;
-    case 'lessThanOrEqual':
-      return typeof value === 'number' && value <= filter.value;
-    case 'greaterThan':
-      return typeof value === 'number' && value > filter.value;
-    case 'greaterThanOrEqual':
-      return typeof value === 'number' && value >= filter.value;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Fields constrain available rows without reading or gathering their values. */
-export type RowMappingRequest = Pick<Query.Rows, 'from' | 'select' | 'rows' | 'at'>;
-export interface RowMapping {
-  readonly index: Data.Table['index'];
-  readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-}
-/** Resolve physical rows, including sampled coverage and ID order. Never copies field values. */
-export function resolveRows(data: Data, request: RowMappingRequest): RowMapping | undefined {
-  const issues = validateQuery(data.schema, {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    from: request.from,
-    select: request.select,
-    ...(request.rows ? { rows: request.rows } : {}),
-    ...(request.at !== undefined ? { at: request.at } : {}),
-  });
-  if (issues.length) throw failure('invalid-input', issues[0].message, { issues });
-  const table = data.tables[request.from];
-  if (!table) return undefined;
-  const resolved = fieldRows(data, table, request.select, request.rows, request.at);
-  return resolved && { index: table.index, rows: resolved.rows };
-}
-function fieldRows(
-  data: Data,
-  table: Data.Table,
-  fields: readonly string[],
-  selection?: Index.Selection,
-  at?: number,
-): { rows: Index.Rows; frames: Map<string, number> } | undefined {
-  const definitions = data.schema.types[table.index.type].fields;
-  const frames = new Map<string, number>();
-  let available = table.rows;
-  for (const name of fields)
-    if (definitions[name].sampled) {
-      const pages = pagesFor(table, name);
-      const sample = locateSample(pages, at!);
-      if (!sample) return undefined;
-      frames.set(name, sample.frame);
-      available = intersect(available, availableRows(pages, sample.frame));
-    }
-  return { rows: selectRows(table, selection, available), frames };
-}
-
-function* rows(
-  data: Data,
-  table: Data.Table,
-  query: Query.Rows,
-  bound: number,
-): Generator<Block.Rows> {
-  const definitions = data.schema.types[query.from].fields;
-  const used = [
-    ...new Set([
-      ...query.select,
-      ...(query.where ?? []).map((f) => f.field),
-      ...(query.orderBy ?? []).map((f) => f.field),
-    ]),
-  ];
-  const resolved = fieldRows(data, table, used, query.rows, query.at);
-  if (!resolved) return;
-  const { frames } = resolved;
-  let selected = resolved.rows;
-  if (query.where?.length || query.orderBy?.length) {
-    const fields = new Map(
-      used.map((name) => [
-        name,
-        columnFor(pagesFor(table, name), selected, definitions[name].type, frames.get(name)),
-      ]),
-    );
-    let positions = Array.from({ length: rowCount(selected) }, (_, i) => i);
-    if (query.where?.length)
-      positions = positions.filter((i) =>
-        query.where!.every((f) => matches(scalar(fields.get(f.field)!, i, data), f)),
-      );
-    if (query.orderBy?.length)
-      positions.sort((a, b) => {
-        for (const order of query.orderBy!) {
-          const left = scalar(fields.get(order.field)!, a),
-            right = scalar(fields.get(order.field)!, b);
-          const lm = left === null || (typeof left === 'number' && !Number.isFinite(left)),
-            rm = right === null || (typeof right === 'number' && !Number.isFinite(right));
-          if (lm !== rm) return lm ? 1 : -1;
-          if (lm) continue;
-          const comparison = left! < right! ? -1 : left! > right! ? 1 : 0;
-          if (comparison) return order.direction === 'ascending' ? comparison : -comparison;
-        }
-        return rowAt(selected, a) - rowAt(selected, b);
-      });
-    selected = compactRows(positions.map((i) => rowAt(selected, i)));
-  }
-  const total = rowCount(selected),
-    start = Math.min(total, query.offset ?? 0);
-  selected = sliceRows(selected, start, Math.min(total - start, query.limit ?? total));
-  const count = rowCount(selected);
-  const width = Math.max(
-    8,
-    query.select.reduce((n, field) => n + widthOf(definitions[field].type), query.ids ? 32 : 0),
-  );
-  for (let offset = 0; offset < count || (offset === 0 && !count && query.count);) {
-    let n = Math.min(count - offset, Math.max(1, Math.floor((bound - 512) / width)));
-    if (selected.kind === 'range' && n)
-      for (const name of query.select) {
-        const page = findPage(pagesFor(table, name), selected.offset + offset, frames.get(name));
-        if (page?.rows.kind === 'range')
-          n = Math.min(n, page.rows.offset + page.rows.count - selected.offset - offset);
-      }
-    let block: Block.Rows;
-    for (;;) {
-      const part = sliceRows(selected, offset, n);
-      const columns = Object.fromEntries(
-        query.select.map((name) => [
-          name,
-          columnFor(pagesFor(table, name), part, definitions[name].type, frames.get(name)),
-        ]),
-      );
-      block = {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: table.index,
-        rows: part,
-        rowOffset: offset,
-        columns,
-        ...(query.count ? { total } : {}),
-        ...(query.ids ? { ids: columnFor(table.ids, part, 'text') as Column.Text } : {}),
-      };
-      if (blockByteLength(block) <= bound || n <= 1) break;
-      n = Math.ceil(n / 2);
-    }
-    yield block;
-    if (!n) break;
-    offset += n;
-  }
-}
-function widthOf(type: Schema.FieldType): number {
-  if (typeof type === 'string') return type === 'float64' ? 9 : type === 'text' ? 32 : 5;
-  return type.kind === 'vector'
-    ? type.size * widthOf(type.items) + 1
-    : type.kind === 'reference'
-      ? 5
-      : 64;
-}
-
-function sampleColumn(
-  pages: Data.Pages,
-  selected: Index.Rows,
-  first: number,
-  nf: number,
-  type: Schema.FieldType,
-): Column.Sample {
-  const nr = rowCount(selected),
-    page = nr ? findPage(pages, rowAt(selected, 0), first) : undefined;
-  if (
-    page?.samples &&
-    selected.kind === 'range' &&
-    page.rows.kind === 'range' &&
-    containsRows(page.rows, selected) &&
-    first + nf <= page.samples.firstFrame + page.samples.coordinates.length
-  )
-    return sliceSamples(
-      page.column as Column.Sample,
-      selected.offset - page.rows.offset,
-      nr,
-      first - page.samples.firstFrame,
-      nf,
-    );
-  const template = emptyColumn(type) as Column.Numeric;
-  const Constructor = template.values.constructor as { new (length: number): Column.NumericArray };
-  const values = new Constructor(nr * nf),
-    validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(values.length / 8));
-  let nullable = false;
-  for (let f = 0; f < nf; f++) {
-    const contiguous =
-      nr && selected.kind === 'range' ? findPage(pages, selected.offset, first + f) : undefined;
-    if (
-      contiguous?.samples &&
-      selected.kind === 'range' &&
-      contiguous.rows.kind === 'range' &&
-      containsRows(contiguous.rows, selected)
-    ) {
-      const c = contiguous.column as Column.Sample,
-        at =
-          c.offset +
-          (selected.offset - contiguous.rows.offset) * c.rowStride +
-          (first + f - contiguous.samples.firstFrame) * c.frameStride;
-      if (c.rowStride === 1) {
-        values.set(c.values.subarray(at, at + nr), f * nr);
-        for (let r = 0; r < nr; r++) {
-          const to = f * nr + r;
-          if (bitAt(c.validity, at + r)) validity[to >>> 3] |= 1 << (to & 7);
-          else nullable = true;
-        }
-        continue;
-      }
-    }
-    for (let r = 0; r < nr; r++) {
-      const row = rowAt(selected, r),
-        p = findPage(pages, row, first + f);
-      if (!p?.samples)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Samples do not cover the requested rectangle.');
-      const c = p.column as Column.Sample,
-        at =
-          c.offset +
-          position(p.rows, row) * c.rowStride +
-          (first + f - p.samples.firstFrame) * c.frameStride,
-        to = f * nr + r;
-      values[to] = c.values[at];
-      if (bitAt(c.validity, at)) validity[to >>> 3] |= 1 << (to & 7);
-      else nullable = true;
-    }
-  }
-  return {
-    kind: 'numeric',
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    values,
-    rowStride: 1,
-    frameStride: nr,
-    ...(nullable ? { validity } : {}),
-  };
-}
-
-/** Largest contiguous prefix, without inventing frames across missing observations. */
-function frameSpan(index: Frames, first: number, count: number): number {
-  let frame = first;
-  while (frame < first + count) {
-    const group = frameGroup(index, frame);
-    if (!group) break;
-    frame = Math.min(first + count, group.first + group.coordinates.length);
-  }
-  return frame - first;
-}
-function coordinatesFor(index: Frames, first: number, count: number): Float64Array {
-  const group = frameGroup(index, first)!;
-  if (first + count <= group.first + group.coordinates.length)
-    return group.coordinates.subarray(first - group.first, first - group.first + count);
-  const result = new Float64Array(count);
-  for (let offset = 0; offset < count;) {
-    const part = frameGroup(index, first + offset)!,
-      at = first + offset - part.first,
-      n = Math.min(count - offset, part.coordinates.length - at);
-    result.set(part.coordinates.subarray(at, at + n), offset);
-    offset += n;
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-function* samples(
-  data: Data,
-  table: Data.Table,
-  query: Query.Samples,
-  bound: number,
-): Generator<Block.Samples> {
-  const definitions = data.schema.types[query.from].fields;
-  const indexes = query.select.map((name) => framesOf(pagesFor(table, name))),
-    index = indexes[0];
-  const [first, end] = frameRange(index, query.window);
-  if (first === end) return;
-  const selected = sampleRows(table, query.select, query.rows, first, end),
-    nr = rowCount(selected);
-  const width = query.select.reduce((n, f) => n + widthOf(definitions[f].type), 0);
-  let next = first;
-  for (const group of frameGroups(index, first, end)) {
-    const stop = Math.min(end, group.first + group.coordinates.length);
-    for (let frame = Math.max(next, group.first); frame < stop;) {
-      // Coalesce small publications into bounded local batches. Keep large delivered tiles as views.
-      let nf = Math.min(
-        64,
-        end - frame,
-        Math.max(1, Math.floor((bound - 1024) / Math.max(width, 8 + Math.min(nr, 1024) * width))),
-      );
-      const following = frameGroup(index, stop);
-      const currentValues = group.pages[0]?.column;
-      const nextValues = following?.pages[0]?.column;
-      // A lone last frame joins the next group, so a read from it always reaches the next frame.
-      if (
-        currentValues?.kind === 'numeric' &&
-        nextValues?.kind === 'numeric' &&
-        currentValues.values.buffer === nextValues.values.buffer &&
-        stop - frame > 1
-      )
-        nf = Math.min(nf, stop - frame);
-      for (const other of indexes) nf = Math.min(nf, frameSpan(other, frame, nf));
-      if (!nf) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sample field coverage differs.');
-      let strideBytes = 8;
-      for (let i = 0; i < query.select.length; i++) {
-        const current = frameGroup(indexes[i], frame)!;
-        if (frame + nf <= current.first + current.coordinates.length)
-          strideBytes += current.pages.reduce((max, page) => {
-            const c = page.column as Column.Sample;
-            return Math.max(max, c.frameStride * (c.values.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT + 1 / 8));
-          }, 1);
-      }
-      nf = Math.min(nf, Math.max(1, Math.floor((bound - 1024) / strideBytes)));
-      const coordinates = coordinatesFor(index, frame, nf);
-      for (const other of indexes.slice(1)) {
-        const values = coordinatesFor(other, frame, nf);
-        for (let f = 0; f < nf; f++)
-          if (values[f] !== coordinates[f])
-            throw failure('conflict', 'Sample coordinates differ across fields.');
-      }
-      for (let offset = 0; offset < nr;) {
-        let n = Math.min(
-          nr - offset,
-          Math.max(1, Math.floor((bound - 512 - nf * 8) / (nf * width))),
-        );
-        if (selected.kind === 'range')
-          for (const name of query.select) {
-            const page = findPage(pagesFor(table, name), selected.offset + offset, frame);
-            if (page?.rows.kind === 'range')
-              n = Math.min(n, page.rows.offset + page.rows.count - selected.offset - offset);
-          }
-        let block: Block.Samples;
-        for (;;) {
-          const part = sliceRows(selected, offset, n);
-          block = {
-            kind: 'samples',
-            index: table.index,
-            rows: part,
-            rowOffset: offset,
-            firstFrame: frame,
-            coordinates,
-            columns: Object.fromEntries(
-              query.select.map((name) => [
-                name,
-                sampleColumn(pagesFor(table, name), part, frame, nf, definitions[name].type),
-              ]),
-            ),
-          };
-          if (blockByteLength(block) <= bound || (n === 1 && nf === 1)) break;
-          if (n > 1) n = Math.ceil(n / 2);
-          else throw failure('resource-limit', 'Sample tile exceeds its byte bound.');
-        }
-        yield block;
-        offset += n;
-      }
-      frame += nf;
-      next = frame;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-async function* aggregate(
-  data: Data,
-  table: Data.Table,
-  query: Query.Aggregate,
-  bound: number,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): AsyncGenerator<Block.Aggregate> {
-  let yieldedAt = performance.now();
-  const values: Record<string, { count: number; min: number | null; max: number | null }> =
-    Object.fromEntries(query.select.map((name) => [name, { count: 0, min: null, max: null }]));
-  const input = query.window
-    ? samples(data, table, { ...query, kind: 'samples', window: query.window }, bound)
-    : rows(
-        data,
-        table,
-        { kind: 'rows', from: query.from, rows: query.rows, select: query.select },
-        bound,
-      );
-  for (const block of input) {
-    if (performance.now() - yieldedAt > 8) {
-      await yieldTask();
-      yieldedAt = performance.now();
-    }
-    signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    for (const name of query.select) {
-      const column = block.columns[name] as Column.Sample,
-        target = values[name];
-      const nr = rowCount(block.rows),
-        nf = block.kind === 'samples' ? block.coordinates.length : 1;
-      for (let f = 0; f < nf; f++)
-        for (let r = 0; r < nr; r++) {
-          const at =
-              column.offset +
-              (block.kind === 'samples' ? f * column.frameStride + r * column.rowStride : r),
-            value = column.values[at];
-          if (!bitAt(column.validity, at) || !Number.isFinite(value)) continue;
-          target.count++;
-          target.min = target.min === null ? value : Math.min(target.min, value);
-          target.max = target.max === null ? value : Math.max(target.max, value);
-        }
-    }
-  }
-  for (const name of query.select) {
-    const value = values[name];
-    yield {
-      kind: 'aggregate',
-      values: {
-        [name]: {
-          count: value.count,
-          ...(query.measures.includes('min') ? { min: value.min } : {}),
-          ...(query.measures.includes('max') ? { max: value.max } : {}),
-        },
-      },
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-async function* envelope(
-  data: Data,
-  table: Data.Table,
-  query: Query.Envelope,
-  bound: number,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
-): AsyncGenerator<Block.Envelope> {
-  let yieldedAt = performance.now();
-  const anchor = pagesFor(table, query.select[0]),
-    index = framesOf(anchor),
-    [first, end] = frameRange(index, query.window);
-  if (first === end) return;
-  const selected = sampleRows(table, query.select, query.rows, first, end);
-  const nr = rowCount(selected),
-    rowBytes =
-      query.buckets *
-      query.select.reduce(
-        (n, field) =>
-          n + (data.schema.types[query.from].fields[field].type === 'float64' ? 97 : 81),
-        0,
-      );
-  const capacity = Math.floor((bound - 1024) / rowBytes);
-  if (capacity < 1) throw failure('resource-limit', 'Envelope exceeds the block byte limit.');
-  for (let offset = 0; offset < nr; offset += capacity) {
-    const part = sliceRows(selected, offset, Math.min(capacity, nr - offset)),
-      count = rowCount(part),
-      columns: Record<string, Block.EnvelopeColumn> = {};
-    const invalid = new Map<string, Uint8Array>();
-    for (const name of query.select) {
-      const template = emptyColumn(
-        data.schema.types[query.from].fields[name].type,
-      ) as Column.Numeric;
-      const Constructor = template.values.constructor as {
-        new (length: number): Column.NumericArray;
-      };
-      const length = count * query.buckets * 4;
-      columns[name] = {
-        values: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length,
-          values: new Constructor(length),
-          validity: new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(length / 8)),
-        },
-        coordinates: new Float64Array(length),
-        frames: new Float64Array(length),
-        continuous: new Uint8Array(Math.ceil((count * query.buckets) / 8)),
-      };
-      invalid.set(name, new Uint8Array(count * query.buckets));
-    }
-    const lastFrames = new Float64Array(count).fill(-Infinity);
-    const [lo, hi] = query.window.between,
-      span = hi - lo;
-    for (const block of samples(
-      data,
-      table,
-      {
-        kind: 'samples',
-        from: query.from,
-        rows: { ...part, index: table.index },
-        select: query.select,
-        window: query.window,
-      },
-      bound,
-    )) {
-      if (performance.now() - yieldedAt > 8) {
-        await yieldTask();
-        yieldedAt = performance.now();
-      }
-      signal?.throwIfAborted();
-      for (let f = 0; f < block.coordinates.length; f++) {
-        const coordinate = block.coordinates[f],
-          bucket = span
-            ? Math.max(
-                0,
-                Math.min(query.buckets - 1, Math.floor(((coordinate - lo) / span) * query.buckets)),
-              )
-            : 0;
-        for (let r = 0; r < rowCount(block.rows); r++) {
-          const row = position(part, rowAt(block.rows, r)),
-            cell = row * query.buckets + bucket,
-            base = cell * 4;
-          const absolute = block.firstFrame + f;
-          const gap = Number.isFinite(lastFrames[row]) && absolute !== lastFrames[row] + 1;
-          lastFrames[row] = absolute;
-          for (const name of query.select) {
-            if (gap) invalid.get(name)![cell] = 1;
-            const c = block.columns[name],
-              at = c.offset + f * c.frameStride + r * c.rowStride,
-              value = c.values[at],
-              target = columns[name];
-            if (!bitAt(c.validity, at) || !Number.isFinite(value)) {
-              invalid.get(name)![cell] = 1;
-              continue;
-            }
-            const seen = bitAt(target.values.validity, base),
-              frame = block.firstFrame + f;
-            const write = (slot: number) => {
-              const i = base + slot;
-              target.values.values[i] = value;
-              target.coordinates[i] = coordinate;
-              target.frames[i] = frame;
-              target.values.validity![i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-            };
-            if (!seen) for (let slot = 0; slot < 4; slot++) write(slot);
-            else {
-              if (value < target.values.values[base + 1]) write(1);
-              if (value > target.values.values[base + 2]) write(2);
-              write(3);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    for (const name of query.select) {
-      const c = columns[name];
-      for (let i = 0; i < count * query.buckets; i++)
-        if (bitAt(c.values.validity, i * 4) && !invalid.get(name)![i])
-          c.continuous[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-    }
-    yield {
-      kind: 'envelope',
-      index: table.index,
-      rows: part,
-      rowOffset: offset,
-      firstBucket: 0,
-      bucketCount: query.buckets,
-      columns,
-    };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/query/select.ts b/packages/model/src/query/select.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e2be98e2..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/query/select.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Query } from './query.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import { sampleDomain } from '../data/pages.js';
-import { read } from './read.js';
-import { validateSelection } from '../validation/selection.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-
-/** Every field that is not sampled, of every type: what a model holds outside its runs. */
-export function staticFields(schema: Schema): Query.Selection[] {
-  return fieldsWhere(schema, Object.keys(schema.types), (field) => field.sampled !== true);
-}
-
-/** Every sampled field of `types`, all types by default: what a run can record. */
-export function sampledFields(
-  schema: Schema,
-  types: readonly string[] = Object.keys(schema.types),
-): Query.Selection[] {
-  return fieldsWhere(schema, types, (field) => field.sampled === true);
-}
-
-function fieldsWhere(
-  schema: Schema,
-  types: readonly string[],
-  keep: (field: Schema.Field) => boolean,
-): Query.Selection[] {
-  return types.flatMap((from) => {
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(schema.types, from)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown type: ' + from);
-    const select = Object.entries(schema.types[from].fields).flatMap(([name, field]) =>
-      keep(field) ? [name] : [],
-    );
-    return select.length ? [{ from, select }] : [];
-  });
-}
-
-/** Select supplied values locally. Captures one immutable Data value; never subscribes or fetches. */
-export async function* selectBatches(
-  data: Data,
-  selections: readonly Query.Selection[],
-  options: Query.Options = {},
-): AsyncGenerator<Data.Batch> {
-  for (const selection of selections) {
-    options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    const issues = validateSelection(data.schema, selection);
-    if (issues.length) throw failure('invalid-input', issues[0].message);
-    const table = data.tables[selection.from];
-    if (!table) continue;
-    const definitions = data.schema.types[selection.from].fields;
-    const fields = selection.select.filter((name) => !definitions[name].sampled);
-    if (fields.length || table.ids.length) {
-      for await (const block of read(
-        data,
-        { ...selection, kind: 'rows', select: fields, ids: table.ids.length > 0 },
-        options,
-      ))
-        yield {
-          kind: 'rows',
-          index: block.index,
-          rows: block.rows,
-          columns: block.columns,
-          ...(block.ids && { ids: block.ids }),
-        };
-    }
-    // One indexed read per sampled field: independent clocks and coverage stay independent.
-    for (const field of selection.select) {
-      if (!definitions[field].sampled) continue;
-      const between = sampleDomain(table.fields[field]);
-      if (!between) continue;
-      for await (const block of read(
-        data,
-        { ...selection, kind: 'samples', select: [field], window: { kind: 'range', between } },
-        options,
-      ))
-        yield {
-          kind: 'samples',
-          index: block.index,
-          rows: block.rows,
-          firstFrame: block.firstFrame,
-          coordinates: block.coordinates,
-          columns: block.columns,
-        };
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/reader/blocks.ts b/packages/model/src/reader/blocks.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e5bb0a07..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/reader/blocks.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
-import { blockBuffers, blockByteLength, exposedBytes } from '../data/buffers.js';
-import { copyBuffers } from '../data/columns.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Query, Block } from '../query/query.js';
-import { read as readData } from '../query/read.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import { validateBlock } from '../validation/block.js';
-import { validateQuery } from '../validation/query.js';
-import { validateSchema } from '../validation/schema.js';
-import type { Keys } from './keys.js';
-import type { Memory } from './memory.js';
-import { interruptible } from '../work.js';
-
-interface Chunk {
-  value: Block;
-  memory: Memory.Entry;
-}
-interface Reader {
-  next: number;
-  holding: boolean;
-}
-interface Read {
-  key: string;
-  schema: Schema;
-  query: Query;
-  meta: Memory.Entry;
-  controller: AbortController;
-  iterator: AsyncIterator<Block>;
-  chunks: Map<number, Chunk>;
-  readers: Set<Reader>;
-  produced: number;
-  done: boolean;
-  failed: boolean;
-  error?: unknown;
-  pulling?: Promise<void>;
-  changed: Promise<void>;
-  notify(): void;
-}
-
-/** Bounded memoization of local reads over immutable application data, shared by every reader. */
-export class Blocks {
-  private cache = new Map<string, Read>();
-  private live = new Set<Read>();
-  private valid = new WeakSet<Schema>();
-  private closed = false;
-
-  constructor(
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-    private readonly keys: Keys,
-    readonly maxBlockBytes: number,
-    private readonly validate: boolean,
-  ) {}
-
-  async *read(source: Data, query: Query, signal: AbortSignal): AsyncGenerator<Block> {
-    // Optional fields commonly arrive as explicit undefined from typed requests.
-    if (Object.values(query).some((value) => value === undefined))
-      query = Object.fromEntries(
-        Object.entries(query).filter(([, value]) => value !== undefined),
-      ) as unknown as Query;
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (this.closed) throw failure('closed', 'Reader is closed');
-    const key = this.keys.query(source, query);
-    const cache = this.cache;
-    let read = cache.get(key);
-    if (read?.meta.live) this.memory.queryHits++;
-    else {
-      read = this.open(source, query, key, cache);
-      cache.set(key, read);
-    }
-    const reader: Reader = { next: 0, holding: false };
-    read.meta.pin();
-    read.readers.add(reader);
-    for (const chunk of read.chunks.values()) chunk.memory.pin();
-    read.notify();
-    try {
-      for (;;) {
-        signal.throwIfAborted();
-        const chunk = read.chunks.get(reader.next);
-        if (chunk) {
-          reader.holding = true;
-          try {
-            yield chunk.value;
-          } finally {
-            reader.holding = false;
-            reader.next++;
-            chunk.memory.unpin();
-            read.notify();
-          }
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (read.done) {
-          if (read.failed) throw read.error;
-          return;
-        }
-        if ([...read.readers].some((other) => other.holding || other.next < read.produced)) {
-          await interruptible(read.changed, signal);
-          continue;
-        }
-        read.pulling ??= this.pull(read, cache).finally(() => {
-          read.pulling = undefined;
-          read.notify();
-        });
-        await interruptible(read.pulling, signal);
-      }
-    } finally {
-      read.readers.delete(reader);
-      for (const [position, chunk] of read.chunks)
-        if (position >= reader.next) chunk.memory.unpin();
-      read.meta.unpin();
-      if (!read.readers.size && !read.done) {
-        this.stop(
-          read,
-          signal.aborted ? signal.reason : new DOMException('Query consumer left', 'AbortError'),
-        );
-        if (cache.get(read.key) === read) cache.delete(read.key);
-        read.meta.close();
-      }
-      read.notify();
-    }
-  }
-
-  private open(source: Data, query: Query, key: string, cache: Map<string, Read>): Read {
-    if (this.validate) {
-      if (!this.valid.has(source.schema)) {
-        if (validateSchema(source.schema).length)
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid source schema');
-        this.valid.add(source.schema);
-      }
-      if (validateQuery(source.schema, query).length)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid query');
-    }
-    const controller = new AbortController();
-    let wake = (): void => {};
-    const read = {
-      key,
-      schema: source.schema,
-      query,
-      controller,
-      chunks: new Map<number, Chunk>(),
-      readers: new Set<Reader>(),
-      produced: 0,
-      done: false,
-      failed: false,
-      changed: Promise.resolve(),
-      notify: () => {},
-    } as unknown as Read;
-    read.notify = () => {
-      wake();
-      read.changed = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-        wake = resolve;
-      });
-    };
-    read.notify();
-    read.meta = this.memory.add([], 256 + key.length * 2, () => {
-      if (cache.get(read.key) === read) cache.delete(read.key);
-      this.live.delete(read);
-      if (!read.done) this.stop(read, failure('closed', 'Read cache was released'));
-      for (const chunk of read.chunks.values()) chunk.memory.close();
-    });
-    try {
-      read.iterator = readData(source, query, {
-        signal: controller.signal,
-        maxBlockBytes: this.maxBlockBytes,
-      })[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-      this.live.add(read);
-      this.memory.queries++;
-      read.meta.unpin();
-      return read;
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.memory.remove(read.meta);
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async pull(read: Read, cache: Map<string, Read>): Promise<void> {
-    try {
-      const result = await interruptible(
-        Promise.resolve(read.iterator.next()),
-        read.controller.signal,
-      );
-      read.controller.signal.throwIfAborted();
-      if (result.done) {
-        read.done = true;
-        return;
-      }
-      let value = result.value;
-      if (value.kind !== read.query.kind)
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Query block disagrees with its request');
-      const payload = blockByteLength(value);
-      if (payload > this.maxBlockBytes)
-        throw failure('resource-limit', 'Query block exceeds its requested byte bound');
-      if (
-        this.validate &&
-        validateBlock(read.schema, read.query, value, { maxBlockBytes: this.maxBlockBytes }).length
-      )
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid query block');
-      let backings = blockBuffers(value);
-      const metadata = Math.max(128, payload - exposedBytes(value));
-      const held = backings.reduce((total, backing) => total + backing.byteLength, 0);
-      if (
-        held > Math.max(payload * 4, this.memory.budget.cpuBytes / 2) ||
-        held + metadata > this.memory.budget.cpuBytes
-      ) {
-        // Borrowed views can pin far larger allocations; keep only the exposed bytes.
-        value = this.memory.stage(payload, () => copyBuffers(value));
-        backings = blockBuffers(value);
-      }
-      const position = read.produced;
-      const memory = this.memory.add(backings, metadata, () => {
-        read.chunks.delete(position);
-        if (cache.get(read.key) === read) cache.delete(read.key);
-      });
-      // Every current reader owns this chunk until it advances or leaves.
-      for (let i = 1; i < read.readers.size; i++) memory.pin();
-      read.chunks.set(position, { value, memory });
-      read.produced++;
-      if (!read.readers.size) memory.unpin();
-    } catch (error) {
-      read.error = error;
-      read.failed = true;
-      read.done = true;
-      if (cache.get(read.key) === read) cache.delete(read.key);
-      read.meta.close();
-      read.controller.abort(error);
-      void Promise.resolve(read.iterator.return?.()).catch(() => {});
-    }
-  }
-
-  private stop(read: Read, reason: unknown): void {
-    read.error = reason;
-    read.failed = true;
-    read.done = true;
-    read.controller.abort(reason);
-    void Promise.resolve(read.iterator?.return?.()).catch(() => {});
-    read.notify();
-  }
-
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.closed = true;
-    for (const read of [...this.live]) {
-      this.stop(read, failure('closed', 'Reader is closed'));
-      read.meta.close();
-    }
-    this.live.clear();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/reader/fields.ts b/packages/model/src/reader/fields.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f845765c..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/reader/fields.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1298 +0,0 @@
-import { assertIndex, bitAt, rowAt, rowCount, setBit, sliceRows } from '../data/access.js';
-import { blockBuffers } from '../data/buffers.js';
-import { gather, position, type Cell } from '../data/columns.js';
-import type { Column, Index, Domain } from '../data/column.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Query, Block } from '../query/query.js';
-import { emptyColumn, intersect, resolveRows } from '../query/read.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import type { Keys } from './keys.js';
-import type { Memory } from './memory.js';
-import { FieldPlans } from './plans.js';
-import type { FieldInput } from './types.js';
-import type { Reader } from './reader.js';
-/** What a field read needs from its scope: cached reads, a coordinate, and result holding. */
-export interface FieldScope {
-  readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-  readonly at?: number;
-  read<Q extends Query>(data: Data, query: Q): AsyncIterable<Block.Of<Q>>;
-  use(entry: Memory.Entry): void;
-}
-
-type Numeric = Exclude<Column, { kind: 'list' | 'text' | 'reference' }>;
-interface IndexedFields {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly index: Index;
-  readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-  readonly fields: Reader.FieldsRequest['fields'];
-}
-interface IndexedExtent {
-  readonly source?: Data;
-  readonly index: Index;
-  readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-  readonly field: FieldInput;
-  readonly window?: Query.Window;
-}
-interface Resolved {
-  columns: Record<string, Column>;
-  presence: Record<string, Uint8Array>;
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-}
-interface Cached {
-  index: Index;
-  chunks: Block.Rows[];
-  expected: Record<string, Column>;
-  selection: Index.Selection;
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  from: string;
-  sampled: boolean;
-  table: string;
-  dependencies: Readonly<Record<string, string>>;
-}
-interface Extent {
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  from: string;
-  sampled: boolean;
-  value: Domain | null;
-}
-interface SchemaState {
-  schema: Schema;
-  entry: Memory.Entry;
-  cache: Map<string, Cached>;
-  byField: Map<string, Set<Cached>>;
-  extents: Map<string, Extent>;
-}
-interface Group {
-  source: Data;
-  state: SchemaState;
-  from: string;
-  rows?: Index.Selection;
-  sampled: boolean;
-  fields: Map<string, string[]>;
-}
-interface ColumnRead {
-  group: Group;
-  index: Index;
-  rows: Index.Rows;
-  selected: Index.Selection;
-  fields: string[];
-  table: string;
-  dependencies: Record<string, string>;
-  key: string;
-}
-interface Tile {
-  index: Index;
-  rows: Index.Rows;
-  columns: Record<string, Column>;
-  presence: Record<string, Uint8Array>;
-}
-type FieldsPart = Omit<Block.Fields, 'kind'>;
-
-/** Resolves fields of one or more sources into one physical row order, in bounded tiles. */
-export class Fields {
-  private schemas = new WeakMap<Schema, SchemaState>();
-  private tiles = new Map<string, { entry: Memory.Entry; tile: Tile }>();
-  private readonly plans: FieldPlans;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-    private readonly keys: Keys,
-    private readonly tileBytes: number,
-  ) {
-    this.plans = new FieldPlans(memory, keys);
-  }
-
-  async *read(request: Reader.FieldsRequest, scope: FieldScope): AsyncGenerator<Block.Fields> {
-    if (!request.from) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Fields require a model type');
-    for await (const block of this.blocks(request, scope)) yield { kind: 'fields', ...block };
-  }
-
-  private async *blocks(
-    request: Reader.FieldsRequest,
-    scope: FieldScope,
-  ): AsyncGenerator<FieldsPart> {
-    if (request.window) {
-      yield* this.sampled(request, scope);
-      return;
-    }
-    if (request.rows && request.rows.kind !== 'ids' && request.rows.index && !request.ids) {
-      if (request.rows.index.type !== request.from)
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Selection belongs to another type');
-      yield* this.indexed({ ...request, index: request.rows.index, rows: request.rows }, scope);
-      return;
-    }
-    const compiled = this.plans.acquire(request.fields, request.source, request.from);
-    try {
-      scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-      const select = compiled.plan.points
-        .filter((group) => compiled.sources[group.slot] === request.source && !group.rows)
-        .flatMap((group) => [...group.fields.keys()]);
-      const sampled = select.some(
-        (name) => request.source.schema.types[request.from].fields[name].sampled,
-      );
-      const mapping = resolveRows(request.source, {
-        from: request.from,
-        select,
-        rows: request.rows,
-        ...(sampled ? { at: scope.at } : {}),
-      });
-      if (!mapping) return;
-      if (!request.ids) {
-        yield* this.indexed({ ...request, ...mapping }, scope);
-        return;
-      }
-      // IDs are gathered separately; field values retain their independent cache identities.
-      for await (const block of scope.read(request.source, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: request.from,
-        rows: { ...mapping.rows, index: mapping.index },
-        select: [],
-        ids: true,
-      })) {
-        const held = this.memory.add(blockBuffers(block), 128, () => {});
-        try {
-          for await (const tile of this.indexed(
-            { ...request, index: block.index, rows: block.rows },
-            scope,
-          )) {
-            const ids = block.ids && {
-              ...block.ids,
-              offset: block.ids.offset + tile.rowOffset,
-              length: rowCount(tile.rows),
-            };
-            scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-            yield { ...tile, rowOffset: block.rowOffset + tile.rowOffset, ...(ids ? { ids } : {}) };
-          }
-        } finally {
-          this.memory.remove(held);
-        }
-      }
-    } finally {
-      compiled.entry.unpin();
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async *sampled(
-    request: Reader.FieldsRequest,
-    scope: FieldScope,
-  ): AsyncGenerator<FieldsPart> {
-    const compiled = this.plans.acquire(request.fields, request.source, request.from);
-    try {
-      const groups = compiled.plan.samples.map((group) => ({
-        ...group,
-        source: compiled.sources[group.slot],
-      }));
-      const statics = Object.fromEntries(
-        compiled.plan.statics.map((alias) => [alias, request.fields[alias]]),
-      );
-      if (!groups.length) throw failure('invalid-input', 'A sample window requires sampled fields');
-      const anchor = groups.find((g) => !g.rows);
-      if (!anchor)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'A sampled read requires one complete field binding');
-      for await (const block of scope.read(anchor.source, {
-        kind: 'samples',
-        from: request.from,
-        rows: request.rows,
-        select: [...anchor.fields.keys()],
-        window: request.window!,
-      })) {
-        const held = this.memory.add(blockBuffers(block), 128, () => {}),
-          joined: Memory.Entry[] = [];
-        try {
-          const sampledColumns: Record<string, Column.Sample> = {};
-          const sampledPresence: Record<string, Uint8Array> = {};
-          for (const [field, aliases] of anchor.fields)
-            for (const alias of aliases) sampledColumns[alias] = block.columns[field];
-          for (const group of groups) {
-            if (group === anchor) continue;
-            const chunks: Block.Samples[] = [],
-              entries: Memory.Entry[] = [];
-            const selected = intersectSelection(block.rows, group.rows, block.index);
-            try {
-              for await (const part of scope.read(group.source, {
-                kind: 'samples',
-                from: request.from,
-                rows: selected,
-                select: [...group.fields.keys()],
-                window: {
-                  kind: 'frames',
-                  offset: block.firstFrame,
-                  count: block.coordinates.length,
-                },
-              })) {
-                assertIndex(block.index, part.index);
-                chunks.push(part);
-                entries.push(this.memory.add(blockBuffers(part), 128, () => {}));
-              }
-              const merged = joinSamples(
-                block,
-                chunks,
-                [...group.fields.keys()],
-                !!group.rows,
-                this.memory,
-                selected.kind === 'ids' ? undefined : selected,
-              );
-              joined.push(this.memory.add(blockBuffers(merged), 128, () => {}));
-              for (const [field, aliases] of group.fields)
-                for (const alias of aliases) {
-                  sampledColumns[alias] = merged.columns[field];
-                  if (merged.presence[field]) sampledPresence[alias] = merged.presence[field];
-                }
-            } finally {
-              for (const entry of entries) this.memory.remove(entry);
-            }
-          }
-          // Static columns retain their native row addressing and broadcast over the sample axis.
-          for await (const tile of this.indexed(
-            { source: request.source, index: block.index, rows: block.rows, fields: statics },
-            scope,
-          )) {
-            const columns: Record<string, Column> = { ...tile.columns };
-            for (const [name, column] of Object.entries(sampledColumns))
-              columns[name] = {
-                ...column,
-                offset: column.offset + tile.rowOffset * column.rowStride,
-                length:
-                  (block.coordinates.length - 1) * column.frameStride +
-                  (rowCount(tile.rows) - 1) * column.rowStride +
-                  1,
-              };
-            const presence = { ...tile.presence };
-            for (const [name, mask] of Object.entries(sampledPresence))
-              presence[name] = this.memory.stage(Math.ceil(rowCount(tile.rows) / 8), () =>
-                sliceBits(mask, tile.rowOffset, rowCount(tile.rows)),
-              );
-            let ids: Column.Text | undefined;
-            let identityEntry: Memory.Entry | undefined;
-            if (request.ids) {
-              const chunks: Block.Rows[] = [],
-                heldIds: Memory.Entry[] = [];
-              try {
-                for await (const part of scope.read(request.source, {
-                  kind: 'rows',
-                  from: request.from,
-                  rows: { ...tile.rows, index: tile.index },
-                  select: [],
-                  ids: true,
-                })) {
-                  assertIndex(tile.index, part.index);
-                  if (!part.ids) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Identity query omitted ids');
-                  heldIds.push(this.memory.add(blockBuffers(part), 128, () => {}));
-                  chunks.push({ ...part, columns: { ids: part.ids } });
-                }
-                ids = assemble(tile.rows, ['ids'], chunks, false, this.memory).columns
-                  .ids as Column.Text;
-                identityEntry = this.memory.add(blockBuffers(ids), 128, () => {});
-              } finally {
-                for (const entry of heldIds) this.memory.remove(entry);
-              }
-            }
-            try {
-              const data: FieldsPart = {
-                ...tile,
-                rowOffset: block.rowOffset + tile.rowOffset,
-                columns,
-                presence,
-                ...(ids ? { ids } : {}),
-                samples: { firstFrame: block.firstFrame, coordinates: block.coordinates },
-              };
-              const entry = this.memory.add(blockBuffers(data), 128, () => {});
-              try {
-                scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-                yield data;
-              } finally {
-                this.memory.remove(entry);
-              }
-            } finally {
-              if (identityEntry) this.memory.remove(identityEntry);
-            }
-          }
-        } finally {
-          for (const entry of joined) this.memory.remove(entry);
-          this.memory.remove(held);
-        }
-      }
-    } finally {
-      compiled.entry.unpin();
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async *indexed(request: IndexedFields, scope: FieldScope): AsyncGenerator<FieldsPart> {
-    const count = rowCount(request.rows);
-    if (!count) return;
-    const compiled = this.plans.acquire(request.fields, request.source, request.index.type);
-    const { plan, sources } = compiled;
-    const { names, width } = plan;
-    const states = new Map<Data, SchemaState>();
-    const groups: Group[] = [];
-    const values = plan.locals.map(
-      (name) => [name, request.fields[name] as FieldInput.Values] as const,
-    );
-    try {
-      for (const [, input] of values) assertIndex(request.index, input.index);
-      for (const planned of plan.points) {
-        scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-        const source = sources[planned.slot];
-        let state = states.get(source);
-        if (!state) {
-          state = this.schemaState(source, scope.signal);
-          states.set(source, state);
-          scope.use(state.entry);
-        }
-        groups.push({ ...planned, source, state });
-      }
-      // Both gathering and upload conversion are bounded; the stream never gathers the full model.
-      const tileRows = Math.max(
-        1,
-        Math.floor(Math.min(this.tileBytes, this.memory.budget.stagingBytes / 2) / width),
-      );
-      for (let offset = 0; offset < count; offset += tileRows) {
-        scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-        const rows = sliceRows(request.rows, offset, Math.min(tileRows, count - offset));
-        const reads = await this.resolveAll(groups, request.index, rows, scope);
-        try {
-          const cuts = new Set([0, rowCount(rows)]);
-          for (const resolved of reads.values())
-            for (const cut of boundaries(resolved.chunks, rows)) cuts.add(cut);
-          const sorted = [...cuts].sort((a, b) => a - b);
-          for (let part = 1; part < sorted.length; part++) {
-            const selected = sliceRows(rows, sorted[part - 1], sorted[part] - sorted[part - 1]);
-            const columns = Object.create(null) as Record<string, Column>,
-              presence = Object.create(null) as Record<string, Uint8Array>;
-            const assembled: Memory.Entry[] = [];
-            try {
-              for (const [group, read] of reads) {
-                const resolved = this.assemble(read, selected, group);
-                assembled.push(resolved.entry);
-                for (const [field, aliases] of group.fields)
-                  for (const alias of aliases) {
-                    columns[alias] = resolved.columns[field];
-                    if (resolved.presence[field]) presence[alias] = resolved.presence[field];
-                  }
-              }
-              for (const [name, input] of values) {
-                const resolved = this.local(input, selected);
-                assembled.push(resolved.entry);
-                columns[name] = resolved.columns.value;
-                if (resolved.presence.value) presence[name] = resolved.presence.value;
-              }
-              const key = JSON.stringify([
-                request.index,
-                this.keys.axis(selected),
-                names.map((name) => [
-                  name,
-                  this.keys.id(columns[name]),
-                  this.keys.id(presence[name]),
-                ]),
-              ]);
-              let cached = this.tiles.get(key);
-              if (!cached?.entry.live) {
-                const tile = { index: request.index, rows: selected, columns, presence };
-                const entry = this.memory.add(
-                  blockBuffers(tile),
-                  256 + names.length * 128 + key.length * 2,
-                  () => this.tiles.delete(key),
-                );
-                cached = { tile, entry };
-                this.tiles.set(key, cached);
-                entry.unpin();
-              }
-              cached.entry.pin();
-              try {
-                scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-                yield {
-                  index: request.index,
-                  rows: selected,
-                  rowOffset: offset + sorted[part - 1],
-                  columns: cached.tile.columns,
-                  presence: cached.tile.presence,
-                };
-              } finally {
-                cached.entry.unpin();
-              }
-            } finally {
-              for (const entry of assembled) entry.unpin();
-            }
-          }
-        } finally {
-          for (const read of reads.values()) read.entry.unpin();
-        }
-      }
-    } finally {
-      for (const state of states.values()) state.entry.unpin();
-      compiled.entry.unpin();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** The finite extent of one field over the requested rows, cached by the values it reads. */
-  async extent(request: Reader.ExtentRequest, scope: FieldScope): Promise<Domain | null> {
-    const { source, from, rows, field, window } = request;
-    if (rows && rows.kind !== 'ids' && rows.index)
-      return this.extentOf({ source, index: rows.index, rows, field, window }, scope);
-    if (!window) {
-      const name =
-        typeof field === 'string'
-          ? field
-          : 'field' in field && field.source === source && field.from === from && !field.rows
-            ? field.field
-            : undefined;
-      const sampled = name && source.schema.types[from]?.fields[name]?.sampled;
-      scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-      const mapping = resolveRows(source, {
-        from,
-        select: name ? [name] : [],
-        rows,
-        ...(sampled ? { at: scope.at } : {}),
-      });
-      return mapping ? this.extentOf({ source, ...mapping, field }, scope) : null;
-    }
-    const binding =
-      typeof field === 'string'
-        ? { source, from, field }
-        : 'field' in field && field.from === from && !field.rows
-          ? field
-          : undefined;
-    // A whole field over a window is one reduction; its sample blocks never enter the cache.
-    if (binding && (binding.source === source || rows?.kind !== 'ids'))
-      return aggregateExtent(scope, binding, rows, window);
-    let lo = Infinity,
-      hi = -Infinity;
-    for await (const tile of this.read(
-      { source, from, rows, fields: { value: field }, window },
-      scope,
-    )) {
-      const extent = tileExtent(tile, 'value');
-      if (extent) {
-        lo = Math.min(lo, extent[0]);
-        hi = Math.max(hi, extent[1]);
-      }
-    }
-    return lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : null;
-  }
-
-  private async extentOf(request: IndexedExtent, scope: FieldScope): Promise<Domain | null> {
-    scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    const input = request.field;
-    let lo = Infinity,
-      hi = -Infinity;
-    const include = (value: number) => {
-      if (Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        lo = Math.min(lo, value);
-        hi = Math.max(hi, value);
-      }
-    };
-    const scan = (column: Column, count: number, presence?: Uint8Array) => {
-      if (column.kind !== 'numeric')
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Extents require scalar numeric fields');
-      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        const at = column.offset + i;
-        if (bitAt(presence, i) && bitAt(column.validity, at)) include(column.values[at]);
-      }
-    };
-    if (typeof input === 'object' && 'values' in input) {
-      if (request.window) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Local values have no sample window');
-      assertIndex(request.index, input.index);
-      const local = this.local(input, request.rows);
-      try {
-        scan(local.columns.value, rowCount(request.rows), local.presence.value);
-      } finally {
-        local.entry.unpin();
-      }
-      return lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : null;
-    }
-    if (typeof input === 'string' && !request.source)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'String fields require a source');
-    const binding: FieldInput.Binding =
-      typeof input === 'string'
-        ? { source: request.source!, from: request.index.type, field: input }
-        : input;
-    if (binding.from !== request.index.type)
-      throw failure('conflict', 'Extent field must belong to the selected index');
-    const state = this.schemaState(binding.source, scope.signal);
-    try {
-      scope.use(state.entry);
-      const definition = state.schema.types[binding.from];
-      const field = definition?.fields[binding.field];
-      if (!field || !['float32', 'float64', 'int32', 'uint32'].includes(field.type as string))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Extents require scalar numeric fields');
-      const sampled = field.sampled === true;
-      if (request.window && !sampled)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Static fields have no sample window');
-      const window =
-        request.window ??
-        (sampled && scope.at !== undefined ? { kind: 'at' as const, value: scope.at } : undefined);
-      if (sampled && !window)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sampled extents require a coordinate or window');
-      const rows = intersectSelection(request.rows, binding.rows, request.index);
-      const table = this.keys.table(binding.source, binding.from);
-      const dependency = this.keys.field(binding.source, binding.from, binding.field, window);
-      const key = JSON.stringify([
-        table,
-        request.index,
-        this.keys.axis(request.rows),
-        this.keys.selection(binding.rows),
-        binding.field,
-        dependency,
-        window?.kind === 'at' ? 'at' : window,
-      ]);
-      const cached = state.extents.get(key);
-      if (cached?.entry.live) {
-        scope.use(cached.entry);
-        this.memory.queryHits++;
-        return cached.value;
-      }
-      const native =
-        !request.window &&
-        [...(state.byField.get(readKey(table, binding.field, dependency)) ?? [])].find(
-          (cached) =>
-            cached.entry.live &&
-            cached.from === binding.from &&
-            cached.sampled === sampled &&
-            cached.table === table &&
-            cached.dependencies[binding.field] === dependency &&
-            binding.field in cached.expected &&
-            cached.selection.kind !== 'ids' &&
-            rows.kind !== 'ids' &&
-            contiguous(cached.selection, rows) !== undefined &&
-            cached.index.source === request.index.source &&
-            cached.index.version === request.index.version,
-        );
-      const group: Group = {
-        source: binding.source,
-        state,
-        from: binding.from,
-        sampled,
-        rows: binding.rows,
-        fields: new Map([[binding.field, ['value']]]),
-      };
-      if (native) {
-        const assembled = this.assemble(native, request.rows, group);
-        try {
-          scan(
-            assembled.columns[binding.field],
-            rowCount(request.rows),
-            assembled.presence[binding.field],
-          );
-        } finally {
-          assembled.entry.unpin();
-        }
-      } else if (rows.kind !== 'ids') {
-        const extent = await aggregateExtent(scope, binding, rows, window);
-        if (extent) {
-          include(extent[0]);
-          include(extent[1]);
-        }
-      } else if (window && window.kind !== 'at') {
-        // Window reads use the same native scalar/stride rules as field uploads.
-        const selected = request.rows.kind === 'indices' ? new Set(request.rows.values) : undefined;
-        for await (const block of scope.read(binding.source, {
-          kind: 'samples',
-          from: binding.from,
-          select: [binding.field],
-          rows,
-          window,
-        })) {
-          assertIndex(request.index, block.index);
-          const column = block.columns[binding.field];
-          if (
-            !column ||
-            !Number.isSafeInteger(column.rowStride) ||
-            column.rowStride < 1 ||
-            !Number.isSafeInteger(column.frameStride) ||
-            column.frameStride < 1
-          )
-            throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid sampled extent column');
-          const count = rowCount(block.rows);
-          const last =
-            column.offset +
-            (count - 1) * column.rowStride +
-            (block.coordinates.length - 1) * column.frameStride;
-          if (
-            count &&
-            block.coordinates.length &&
-            (last >= column.values.length || last - column.offset >= column.length)
-          )
-            throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sample column does not cover its axes');
-          for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            const row = rowAt(block.rows, i);
-            if (
-              request.rows.kind === 'range'
-                ? row < request.rows.offset || row >= request.rows.offset + request.rows.count
-                : !selected!.has(row)
-            )
-              continue;
-            for (let f = 0; f < block.coordinates.length; f++) {
-              const at = column.offset + i * column.rowStride + f * column.frameStride;
-              if (bitAt(column.validity, at)) include(column.values[at]);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        const read = await this.resolve(
-          group,
-          request.index,
-          request.rows,
-          window?.kind === 'at' ? { ...scope, at: window.value } : scope,
-        );
-        try {
-          const gathered = this.assemble(read, request.rows, group);
-          try {
-            scan(
-              gathered.columns[binding.field],
-              rowCount(request.rows),
-              gathered.presence[binding.field],
-            );
-          } finally {
-            gathered.entry.unpin();
-          }
-        } finally {
-          read.entry.unpin();
-        }
-      }
-      scope.signal.throwIfAborted();
-      const value: Domain | null = lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : null;
-      const entry = this.memory.add([], 128 + key.length * 2, () => {
-        if (state.extents.get(key)?.entry === entry) state.extents.delete(key);
-      });
-      state.extents.set(key, { entry, from: binding.from, sampled, value });
-      scope.use(entry);
-      entry.unpin();
-      return value;
-    } finally {
-      state.entry.unpin();
-    }
-  }
-
-  private schemaState(source: Data, signal: AbortSignal): SchemaState {
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    let state = this.schemas.get(source.schema);
-    if (state?.entry.live) {
-      state.entry.pin();
-      return state;
-    }
-    const schema = source.schema;
-    const entry = this.memory.add([], 256 + JSON.stringify(schema).length * 2, () => {});
-    state = { schema, entry, cache: new Map(), byField: new Map(), extents: new Map() };
-    this.schemas.set(source.schema, state);
-    return state;
-  }
-
-  private lookup(group: Group, index: Index, rows: Index.Rows, at?: number): Cached | ColumnRead {
-    const selected = intersectSelection(rows, group.rows, index),
-      fields = [...group.fields.keys()].sort();
-    const table = this.keys.table(group.source, group.from);
-    const window =
-      group.sampled && at !== undefined ? { kind: 'at' as const, value: at } : undefined;
-    const dependencies = Object.fromEntries(
-      fields.map((name) => [name, this.keys.field(group.source, group.from, name, window)]),
-    );
-    const key = JSON.stringify([
-      table,
-      index,
-      this.keys.axis(rows),
-      this.keys.selection(group.rows),
-      dependencies,
-      group.sampled ? (window ? 'at' : 'missing-coordinate') : 'static',
-    ]);
-    let hit = group.state.cache.get(key);
-    if (!hit)
-      for (const cached of group.state.byField.get(
-        readKey(table, fields[0], dependencies[fields[0]]),
-      ) ?? []) {
-        if (
-          cached.entry.live &&
-          cached.from === group.from &&
-          cached.sampled === group.sampled &&
-          cached.table === table &&
-          fields.every((name) => cached.dependencies[name] === dependencies[name]) &&
-          cached.selection.kind !== 'ids' &&
-          selected.kind !== 'ids' &&
-          fields.every((name) => name in cached.expected) &&
-          contiguous(cached.selection, selected) !== undefined &&
-          cached.index.source === index.source &&
-          cached.index.version === index.version
-        ) {
-          hit = cached;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    if (hit?.entry.live) {
-      hit.entry.pin();
-      this.memory.queryHits++;
-      return hit;
-    }
-    return { group, index, rows, selected, fields, table, dependencies, key };
-  }
-  private async resolve(
-    group: Group,
-    index: Index,
-    rows: Index.Rows,
-    scope: FieldScope,
-  ): Promise<Cached> {
-    return (await this.resolveAll([group], index, rows, scope)).get(group)!;
-  }
-  private async resolveAll(
-    groups: readonly Group[],
-    index: Index,
-    rows: Index.Rows,
-    scope: FieldScope,
-  ): Promise<Map<Group, Cached>> {
-    const resolved = new Map<Group, Cached>();
-    const batches = new Map<string, ColumnRead[]>();
-    try {
-      for (const group of groups) {
-        // Only a sampled read consults the coordinate, so a recording scope learns it depends on it.
-        const found = this.lookup(group, index, rows, group.sampled ? scope.at : undefined);
-        if ('entry' in found) {
-          resolved.set(group, found);
-          continue;
-        }
-        const key = JSON.stringify([
-          this.keys.id(group.source),
-          group.from,
-          group.sampled,
-          this.keys.selection(group.rows),
-        ]);
-        let batch = batches.get(key);
-        if (!batch) batches.set(key, (batch = []));
-        batch.push(found);
-      }
-      // Share each cold read across compatible columns, while caching each dependency separately.
-      for (const batch of batches.values()) {
-        const { group, selected } = batch[0];
-        const fields = [...new Set(batch.flatMap((read) => read.fields))];
-        const chunks: Block.Rows[] = [],
-          held: Memory.Entry[] = [];
-        try {
-          if (selected.kind === 'ids' || rowCount(selected)) {
-            for await (const block of scope.read(group.source, {
-              kind: 'rows',
-              from: group.from,
-              select: fields,
-              rows: selected,
-              ...(group.sampled ? { at: scope.at } : {}),
-            })) {
-              assertIndex(index, block.index);
-              for (const field of fields) {
-                const column = block.columns[field];
-                if (!column) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Query omitted a requested field');
-                validateNative(column, rowCount(block.rows));
-              }
-              held.push(this.memory.add(blockBuffers(block), 128, () => {}));
-              chunks.push(block);
-            }
-          }
-          for (const read of batch) {
-            const columns =
-              batch.length === 1
-                ? chunks
-                : chunks.map((block) => ({
-                    ...block,
-                    columns: Object.fromEntries(
-                      read.fields.map((name) => [name, block.columns[name]]),
-                    ),
-                  }));
-            resolved.set(read.group, this.storeRead(read, columns));
-          }
-        } finally {
-          for (const entry of held) this.memory.remove(entry);
-        }
-      }
-      return resolved;
-    } catch (error) {
-      for (const read of resolved.values()) read.entry.unpin();
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-  private storeRead(read: ColumnRead, chunks: Block.Rows[]): Cached {
-    const { group, index, rows, selected, fields, table, dependencies, key } = read;
-    const definition = group.state.schema.types[group.from];
-    const expected = Object.fromEntries(
-      fields.map((field) => {
-        const type = definition!.fields[field].type;
-        if (typeof type === 'object' && type.kind === 'reference')
-          throw failure(
-            'unsupported',
-            'Fields require numeric, vector, boolean, text, or list data',
-          );
-        return [field, emptyColumn(type)];
-      }),
-    );
-    const state = group.state;
-    const related = fields.map((field) => readKey(table, field, dependencies[field]));
-    state.entry.pin();
-    let entry: Memory.Entry;
-    try {
-      entry = this.memory.add(
-        blockBuffers({ rows, chunks, selection: selected }),
-        256 + key.length * 2 + related.reduce((n, key) => n + key.length * 2 + 128, 0),
-        () => {
-          if (state.cache.get(key)?.entry === entry) state.cache.delete(key);
-          for (const name of related) {
-            const reads = state.byField.get(name);
-            reads?.delete(result);
-            if (!reads?.size) state.byField.delete(name);
-          }
-          state.entry.unpin();
-        },
-      );
-    } catch (error) {
-      state.entry.unpin();
-      throw error;
-    }
-    const result: Cached = {
-      index,
-      chunks,
-      expected,
-      selection: selected,
-      entry,
-      from: group.from,
-      sampled: group.sampled,
-      table,
-      dependencies,
-    };
-    state.cache.set(key, result);
-    for (const name of related) {
-      let reads = state.byField.get(name);
-      if (!reads) state.byField.set(name, (reads = new Set()));
-      reads.add(result);
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  private assemble(read: Cached, rows: Index.Rows, group: Group): Resolved {
-    const key =
-      'read:' +
-      this.keys.id(read) +
-      ':' +
-      JSON.stringify([this.keys.axis(rows), [...group.fields.keys()].sort()]);
-    const hit = this.tiles.get(key);
-    if (hit?.entry.live) {
-      hit.entry.pin();
-      return { ...hit.tile, entry: hit.entry };
-    }
-    // A sampled field has no value for a row not yet observed at the coordinate, as before its first
-    // frame: such a row reads as absent, as rows an overlay leaves out do.
-    const result = assemble(
-      rows,
-      [...group.fields.keys()],
-      read.chunks,
-      !!group.rows || group.sampled,
-      this.memory,
-      read.expected,
-      read.selection.kind === 'ids' || group.sampled ? undefined : read.selection,
-    );
-    const tile = { index: read.index, rows, ...result };
-    const entry = this.memory.add(blockBuffers(tile), 256 + key.length * 2, () =>
-      this.tiles.delete(key),
-    );
-    this.tiles.set(key, { entry, tile });
-    return { ...result, entry };
-  }
-
-  private local(input: FieldInput.Values, rows: Index.Rows): Resolved {
-    validateNative(input.values, rowCount(input.rows));
-    const key =
-      'local:' +
-      this.keys.id(input.values) +
-      ':' +
-      JSON.stringify([this.keys.axis(input.rows), this.keys.axis(rows)]);
-    const hit = this.tiles.get(key);
-    if (hit?.entry.live) {
-      hit.entry.pin();
-      return { ...hit.tile, entry: hit.entry };
-    }
-    const result = assemble(
-      rows,
-      ['value'],
-      [{ rows: input.rows, columns: { value: input.values } }],
-      true,
-      this.memory,
-    );
-    const tile = { index: input.index, rows, ...result };
-    const entry = this.memory.add(blockBuffers(tile), 256, () => this.tiles.delete(key));
-    this.tiles.set(key, { entry, tile });
-    return { ...result, entry };
-  }
-}
-
-async function aggregateExtent(
-  scope: FieldScope,
-  binding: FieldInput.Binding,
-  rows: Index.Selection | undefined,
-  window: Query.Window | undefined,
-): Promise<Domain | null> {
-  let extent: Domain | null | undefined;
-  for await (const block of scope.read(binding.source, {
-    kind: 'aggregate',
-    from: binding.from,
-    select: [binding.field],
-    ...(rows ? { rows } : {}),
-    measures: ['min', 'max'],
-    ...(window ? { window } : {}),
-  })) {
-    const value = block.values[binding.field];
-    if (!value || extent !== undefined)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Aggregate must return each field exactly once');
-    if (
-      value.count &&
-      (value.min == null ||
-        value.max == null ||
-        !Number.isFinite(value.min) ||
-        !Number.isFinite(value.max) ||
-        value.min > value.max)
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid aggregate extent');
-    extent = value.count ? [value.min!, value.max!] : null;
-  }
-  if (extent === undefined) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Aggregate omitted its field');
-  return extent;
-}
-function readKey(table: string, field: string, dependency: string): string {
-  return JSON.stringify([table, field, dependency]);
-}
-function intersectSelection(
-  rows: Index.Rows,
-  selected: Index.Selection | undefined,
-  index: Index,
-): Index.Selection {
-  if (!selected) return { ...rows, index };
-  if (selected.kind === 'ids') return selected;
-  if (selected.index) assertIndex(index, selected.index);
-  return { ...intersect(rows, selected), index };
-}
-
-/** Whether every row is present. A missing row the draw requires is an error. */
-function covered(
-  present: Uint8Array,
-  rows: Index.Rows,
-  partial: boolean,
-  required?: Index.Rows,
-): boolean {
-  let complete = true;
-  for (let i = 0, n = rowCount(rows); i < n; i++)
-    if (!bitAt(present, i)) {
-      complete = false;
-      if (!partial || (required && position(required, rowAt(rows, i)) >= 0))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Query did not cover the requested draw rows');
-    }
-  return complete;
-}
-
-function assemble(
-  rows: Index.Rows,
-  fields: string[],
-  chunks: readonly Pick<Block.Rows, 'rows' | 'columns'>[],
-  partial: boolean,
-  memory: Memory,
-  expected: Record<string, Column> = {},
-  required?: Index.Rows,
-): Pick<Resolved, 'columns' | 'presence'> {
-  const count = rowCount(rows),
-    columns: Record<string, Column> = Object.create(null) as Record<string, Column>,
-    presence: Record<string, Uint8Array> = Object.create(null) as Record<string, Uint8Array>;
-  for (const chunk of chunks) {
-    const offset = contiguous(chunk.rows, rows);
-    if (offset === undefined) continue;
-    for (const name of fields) {
-      const column = chunk.columns[name];
-      if (!column) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Query omitted a requested field');
-      columns[name] =
-        offset === 0 && column.length === count
-          ? column
-          : { ...column, offset: column.offset + offset, length: count };
-    }
-    return { columns, presence };
-  }
-  const positions = new Map<number, number[]>();
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const row = rowAt(rows, i),
-      list = positions.get(row) ?? [];
-    list.push(i);
-    positions.set(row, list);
-  }
-  const maskBytes = Math.ceil(count / 8);
-  for (const name of fields) {
-    const sample = chunks.find((chunk) => chunk.columns[name])?.columns[name] ?? expected[name];
-    if (sample?.kind === 'text' || sample?.kind === 'list') {
-      // Variable-length values gather through the model's one gather, item runs included.
-      const cells = new Array<Cell | undefined>(count);
-      const present = new Uint8Array(maskBytes);
-      let items = 0;
-      for (const chunk of chunks) {
-        const column = chunk.columns[name];
-        if (
-          column?.kind !== sample.kind ||
-          (column.kind === 'list' && column.values.kind !== (sample as typeof column).values.kind)
-        )
-          throw failure('conflict', 'Field type changed across blocks');
-        for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(chunk.rows); i++)
-          for (const target of positions.get(rowAt(chunk.rows, i)) ?? []) {
-            if (bitAt(present, target))
-              throw failure('invalid-input', 'Query returned a physical row twice');
-            setBit(present, target);
-            const at = column.offset + i;
-            if (bitAt(column.validity, at)) items += column.offsets[at + 1] - column.offsets[at];
-            cells[target] = { column, at: i };
-          }
-      }
-      const complete = covered(present, rows, partial, required);
-      columns[name] = memory.stage((count + 1) * 4 + maskBytes + items * 32, () =>
-        gather(cells, sample),
-      );
-      if (!complete) presence[name] = present;
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (
-      sample &&
-      sample.kind !== 'numeric' &&
-      sample.kind !== 'vector' &&
-      sample.kind !== 'boolean'
-    )
-      throw failure('unsupported', 'Fields require numeric, vector, boolean, text, or list data');
-    const numeric = sample as Numeric | undefined,
-      components = numeric?.kind === 'vector' ? numeric.size : 1;
-    const scalar = numeric?.kind === 'vector' ? numeric.values : numeric;
-    const size = count * components;
-    const Constructor = (scalar?.values.constructor ?? Float32Array) as {
-      new (length: number): Column.NumericArray;
-      readonly BYTES_PER_ELEMENT: number;
-    };
-    const bytes =
-      (numeric?.kind === 'boolean' ? maskBytes : size * Constructor.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT) +
-      maskBytes * 2;
-    const result = memory.stage(bytes, () => {
-      const values =
-        numeric?.kind === 'boolean' ? new Uint8Array(maskBytes) : new Constructor(size);
-      const valid = new Uint8Array(maskBytes),
-        present = new Uint8Array(maskBytes);
-      let hasNull = false;
-      for (const chunk of chunks) {
-        const column = chunk.columns[name] as Numeric;
-        if (!column) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Query omitted a requested field');
-        if (
-          numeric &&
-          (column.kind !== numeric.kind || (column.kind === 'vector' && column.size !== components))
-        )
-          throw failure('conflict', 'Field type changed across query blocks');
-        for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(chunk.rows); i++)
-          for (const target of positions.get(rowAt(chunk.rows, i)) ?? []) {
-            if (bitAt(present, target))
-              throw failure('invalid-input', 'Query returned a physical row twice');
-            setBit(present, target);
-            const at = column.offset + i;
-            if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) {
-              hasNull = true;
-              continue;
-            }
-            setBit(valid, target);
-            if (column.kind === 'boolean') {
-              if (bitAt(column.values, at)) setBit(values as Uint8Array, target);
-            } else if (column.kind === 'vector')
-              for (let lane = 0; lane < components; lane++)
-                values[target * components + lane] =
-                  column.values.values[column.values.offset + at * components + lane];
-            else values[target] = column.values[at];
-          }
-      }
-      const complete = covered(present, rows, partial, required);
-      const base = { offset: 0, length: count, validity: hasNull ? valid : undefined };
-      const column: Numeric =
-        numeric?.kind === 'boolean'
-          ? { ...base, kind: 'boolean', values: values as Uint8Array }
-          : numeric?.kind === 'vector'
-            ? {
-                ...base,
-                kind: 'vector',
-                size: components,
-                values: {
-                  kind: 'numeric',
-                  offset: 0,
-                  length: size,
-                  values: values as Column.NumericArray,
-                },
-              }
-            : { ...base, kind: 'numeric', values: values as Column.NumericArray };
-      return { column, present: complete ? undefined : present };
-    });
-    columns[name] = result.column;
-    if (result.present) presence[name] = result.present;
-  }
-  return { columns, presence };
-}
-
-function contiguous(source: Index.Rows, target: Index.Rows): number | undefined {
-  if (source.kind === 'range' && target.kind === 'range') {
-    const offset = target.offset - source.offset;
-    if (offset >= 0 && offset + target.count <= source.count) return offset;
-  }
-  if (
-    source.kind === 'indices' &&
-    target.kind === 'indices' &&
-    source.values.buffer === target.values.buffer
-  ) {
-    const offset = (target.values.byteOffset - source.values.byteOffset) / 4;
-    if (offset >= 0 && offset + target.values.length <= source.values.length) return offset;
-  }
-  if (!rowCount(target)) return 0;
-  const first = rowAt(target, 0);
-  const offset = source.kind === 'range' ? first - source.offset : source.values.indexOf(first);
-  if (offset < 0 || offset + rowCount(target) > rowCount(source)) return;
-  for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(target); i++)
-    if (rowAt(source, offset + i) !== rowAt(target, i)) return;
-  return offset;
-}
-function boundaries(chunks: readonly Block.Rows[], rows: Index.Rows): number[] {
-  const result: number[] = [];
-  let offset = 0;
-  for (const chunk of chunks) {
-    const count = rowCount(chunk.rows);
-    if (
-      !count ||
-      offset + count > rowCount(rows) ||
-      contiguous(chunk.rows, sliceRows(rows, offset, count)) !== 0
-    )
-      return [];
-    offset += count;
-    result.push(offset);
-  }
-  return offset === rowCount(rows) ? result : [];
-}
-
-function validateNative(column: Column, rows: number): void {
-  if (!column || !Number.isSafeInteger(column.offset) || column.offset < 0 || column.length < rows)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Column does not cover its rows');
-}
-function sliceBits(mask: Uint8Array, offset: number, count: number): Uint8Array {
-  if (offset % 8 === 0) return mask.subarray(offset / 8, Math.ceil((offset + count) / 8));
-  const result = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) if (bitAt(mask, offset + i)) setBit(result, i);
-  return result;
-}
-function joinSamples(
-  anchor: Block.Samples,
-  chunks: readonly Block.Samples[],
-  names: readonly string[],
-  partial: boolean,
-  memory: Memory,
-  required?: Index.Rows,
-): { columns: Record<string, Column.Sample>; presence: Record<string, Uint8Array> } {
-  const rows = rowCount(anchor.rows),
-    frames = anchor.coordinates.length;
-  if (
-    chunks.length === 1 &&
-    chunks[0].firstFrame === anchor.firstFrame &&
-    chunks[0].coordinates.length === frames &&
-    contiguous(chunks[0].rows, anchor.rows) === 0 &&
-    rowCount(chunks[0].rows) === rows
-  ) {
-    for (let f = 0; f < frames; f++)
-      if (chunks[0].coordinates[f] !== anchor.coordinates[f])
-        throw failure('conflict', 'Sample coordinates differ across bindings');
-    return { columns: { ...chunks[0].columns }, presence: {} };
-  }
-  return memory.stage(rows * frames * names.length * 10 + rows * 16, () => {
-    const positions = new Map<number, number>();
-    for (let i = 0; i < rows; i++) positions.set(rowAt(anchor.rows, i), i);
-    const columns: Record<string, Column.Sample> = {},
-      presence: Record<string, Uint8Array> = {};
-    for (const name of names) {
-      const prototype = chunks[0]?.columns[name];
-      const Constructor = (prototype?.values.constructor ?? Float64Array) as {
-        new (length: number): Column.NumericArray;
-      };
-      const values = new Constructor(rows * frames),
-        validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil((rows * frames) / 8)),
-        seen = new Uint8Array(validity.length),
-        covers = new Uint32Array(rows);
-      for (const chunk of chunks) {
-        const column = chunk.columns[name];
-        if (!column) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sample query omitted a field');
-        for (let f = 0; f < chunk.coordinates.length; f++) {
-          const targetFrame = chunk.firstFrame + f - anchor.firstFrame;
-          if (
-            targetFrame < 0 ||
-            targetFrame >= frames ||
-            chunk.coordinates[f] !== anchor.coordinates[targetFrame]
-          )
-            throw failure('conflict', 'Sample coordinates differ across bindings');
-          for (let r = 0; r < rowCount(chunk.rows); r++) {
-            const targetRow = positions.get(rowAt(chunk.rows, r));
-            if (targetRow === undefined) continue;
-            const to = targetFrame * rows + targetRow,
-              from = column.offset + f * column.frameStride + r * column.rowStride;
-            if (bitAt(seen, to)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Overlapping sample tiles');
-            setBit(seen, to);
-            covers[targetRow]++;
-            if (bitAt(column.validity, from)) {
-              setBit(validity, to);
-              values[to] = column.values[from];
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      const mask = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(rows / 8));
-      let complete = true;
-      for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
-        if (covers[r] === frames) setBit(mask, r);
-        else if (
-          covers[r] ||
-          !partial ||
-          (required && position(required, rowAt(anchor.rows, r)) >= 0)
-        )
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Sample query did not cover its requested rectangle');
-        else complete = false;
-      }
-      columns[name] = {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: values.length,
-        values,
-        validity,
-        frameStride: rows,
-        rowStride: 1,
-      };
-      if (!complete) presence[name] = mask;
-    }
-    return { columns, presence };
-  });
-}
-
-const tileExtents = new WeakMap<object, { key: string; value: Domain | null }>();
-function tileExtent(tile: Block.Fields, name: string): Domain | null {
-  const column = tile.columns[name];
-  if (column.kind !== 'numeric')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Scales require scalar numeric fields');
-  const sampled = column as Column.Sample,
-    rows = rowCount(tile.rows),
-    frames = tile.samples?.coordinates.length ?? 1;
-  const mask = tile.presence[name];
-  // Cache only complete columns: partial overlays have independent presence masks.
-  const key = [
-    column.offset,
-    column.length,
-    rows,
-    frames,
-    sampled.rowStride,
-    sampled.frameStride,
-  ].join(':');
-  const cache = tileExtents.get(column);
-  if (!mask && cache?.key === key) return cache.value;
-  let lo = Infinity,
-    hi = -Infinity;
-  for (let row = 0; row < rows; row++) {
-    if (!bitAt(mask, row)) continue;
-    for (let frame = 0; frame < frames; frame++) {
-      const at =
-          column.offset + row * (sampled.rowStride ?? 1) + frame * (sampled.frameStride ?? 0),
-        value = column.values[at];
-      if (bitAt(column.validity, at) && Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        lo = Math.min(lo, value);
-        hi = Math.max(hi, value);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  const result: Domain | null = lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : null;
-  if (!mask) tileExtents.set(column, { key, value: result });
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/reader/keys.ts b/packages/model/src/reader/keys.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 99b47c4e..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/reader/keys.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-import { locateSample, samplePages } from '../query/read.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Index } from '../data/column.js';
-import type { Query } from '../query/query.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-
-/** One identity space for every cache key: the immutable values a computation actually reads. */
-export class Keys {
-  private readonly objects = new WeakMap<object, number>();
-  private readonly pageKeys = new WeakMap<readonly Data.Page[], string>();
-  private readonly tableKeys = new WeakMap<Data.Table, WeakMap<Schema, string>>();
-  private serial = 0;
-
-  id(value: object | undefined): number {
-    if (!value) return 0;
-    let id = this.objects.get(value);
-    if (!id) {
-      id = ++this.serial;
-      this.objects.set(value, id);
-    }
-    return id;
-  }
-  axis(rows: Index.Rows): unknown {
-    return rows.kind === 'range'
-      ? ['range', rows.offset, rows.count]
-      : ['indices', this.id(rows.values.buffer), rows.values.byteOffset, rows.values.length];
-  }
-  selection(rows?: Index.Selection): string {
-    return JSON.stringify(
-      !rows
-        ? null
-        : rows.kind === 'ids'
-          ? ['ids', this.id(rows.ids)]
-          : [this.axis(rows), rows.index],
-    );
-  }
-
-  table(data: Data, from: string): string {
-    const table = data.tables[from];
-    let schemas = table && this.tableKeys.get(table);
-    const cached = schemas?.get(data.schema);
-    if (cached !== undefined) return cached;
-    const key = this.key([this.id(data.schema), table?.index, table?.rows, this.id(table?.ids)]);
-    if (table) {
-      if (!schemas) this.tableKeys.set(table, (schemas = new WeakMap()));
-      schemas.set(data.schema, key);
-    }
-    return key;
-  }
-
-  field(data: Data, from: string, name: string, window?: Query.Window): string {
-    const pages = data.tables[from]?.fields[name];
-    const definition = data.schema.types[from]?.fields[name];
-    let selected: unknown = this.id(pages);
-    if (definition?.sampled && pages && window?.kind === 'at') {
-      const sample = locateSample(pages, window.value);
-      selected = sample ? [this.pages(sample.pages), sample.frame] : null;
-    } else if (definition?.sampled && pages && window?.kind === 'frames') {
-      selected = Array.from(samplePages(pages, window), (page) => this.id(page)).join(',');
-    }
-    const type = definition?.type;
-    const reference =
-      typeof type === 'object' && type.kind === 'reference'
-        ? [data.tables[type.to]?.index, this.id(data.tables[type.to]?.ids)]
-        : null;
-    return this.key([selected, reference]);
-  }
-
-  query(data: Data, query: Query): string {
-    const used = new Set(query.select);
-    if (query.kind === 'rows') {
-      for (const filter of query.where ?? []) used.add(filter.field);
-      for (const order of query.orderBy ?? []) used.add(order.field);
-    }
-    const window =
-      query.kind === 'rows'
-        ? query.at !== undefined
-          ? { kind: 'at' as const, value: query.at }
-          : undefined
-        : query.window;
-    // Keep the request intact for execution. Only the key uses the resolved observation.
-    const point = window?.kind === 'at' && Number.isFinite(window.value);
-    const request = point
-      ? query.kind === 'rows'
-        ? { ...query, at: 'resolved' }
-        : { ...query, window: { kind: 'at' } }
-      : query;
-    return this.key([
-      this.table(data, query.from),
-      [...used].sort().map((name) => [name, this.field(data, query.from, name, window)]),
-      request,
-    ]);
-  }
-
-  private pages(pages: readonly Data.Page[]): string {
-    let key = this.pageKeys.get(pages);
-    if (key === undefined) {
-      key = pages.map((page) => this.id(page)).join(',');
-      this.pageKeys.set(pages, key);
-    }
-    return key;
-  }
-  private key(value: unknown): string {
-    if (value === undefined) return 'undefined';
-    if (value === null || typeof value !== 'object') return JSON.stringify(value);
-    if (ArrayBuffer.isView(value)) return '@' + this.id(value);
-    if ('kind' in value && value.kind === 'ids' && 'ids' in value && Array.isArray(value.ids)) {
-      const { ids, ...rest } = value;
-      return this.key(rest) + ':ids@' + this.id(ids);
-    }
-    if (Array.isArray(value)) return '[' + value.map((item) => this.key(item)).join(',') + ']';
-    return (
-      '{' +
-      Object.entries(value)
-        .filter(([, item]) => item !== undefined)
-        .sort(([a], [b]) => (a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0))
-        .map(([name, item]) => JSON.stringify(name) + ':' + this.key(item))
-        .join(',') +
-      '}'
-    );
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/reader/memory.ts b/packages/model/src/reader/memory.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0839231f..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/reader/memory.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-
-class Held implements Memory.Entry {
-  pins = 1;
-  live = true;
-  retire = false;
-  /** When it was last released or used, for choosing between kinds. */
-  used = 0;
-  constructor(
-    readonly pool: Memory,
-    readonly backings: readonly ArrayBufferLike[],
-    readonly metadata: number,
-    readonly dispose: () => void,
-    readonly kind: 'cpu' | 'gpu',
-  ) {}
-  pin(): void {
-    if (!this.live || this.retire) throw failure('closed', 'Cached result is closed');
-    if (this.pins++ === 0) this.pool.busy(this);
-  }
-  unpin(): void {
-    if (!this.live) return;
-    if (this.pins <= 0) throw failure('internal', 'Unbalanced release');
-    if (--this.pins) return;
-    if (this.retire) this.pool.remove(this);
-    else this.pool.idle(this);
-  }
-  /** Mark a cache hit as just used. */
-  touch(): void {
-    if (this.live && !this.pins) this.pool.idle(this);
-  }
-  close(): void {
-    this.retire = true;
-    if (!this.pins) this.pool.remove(this);
-  }
-}
-
-function integer(value: number, label: string, minimum: number): number {
-  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < minimum)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', `${label} must be an integer of at least ${minimum}`);
-  return value;
-}
-
-/**
- * Least-recently-used accounting of cached reads, uploads, and GPU resources. A buffer that several
- * entries share counts once.
- *
- * The budget bounds what the pool keeps for later, never what is in use: to make room, the pool lets
- * go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what views hold to draw runs over the
- * budget when it must, until they let it go. So no frame ever fails for want of memory the pool
- * could otherwise have kept. Views bound what they hold with limits of their own.
- */
-export class Memory {
-  readonly budget: Memory.Budget;
-  readonly entries = new Set<Memory.Entry>();
-  /** Unpinned entries by kind, least recently used first: eviction takes the first. */
-  private readonly lru = { cpu: new Set<Memory.Entry>(), gpu: new Set<Memory.Entry>() };
-  private clock = 0;
-  private backings = new Map<ArrayBufferLike, { count: number; bytes: number }>();
-  private cpu = 0;
-  private gpu = 0;
-  private staging = 0;
-  private peakCpu = 0;
-  private peakGpu = 0;
-  private peakStaging = 0;
-  private staged = 0;
-  queries = 0;
-  queryHits = 0;
-  uploads = 0;
-  uploadedBytes = 0;
-  uploadHits = 0;
-  gpuCopiedBytes = 0;
-  allocations = 0;
-  submissions = 0;
-  evictions = 0;
-
-  constructor(budget: Partial<Memory.Budget> = {}) {
-    this.budget = Object.freeze({
-      cpuBytes: integer(budget.cpuBytes ?? 128 * 1024 ** 2, 'CPU budget', 1),
-      gpuBytes: integer(budget.gpuBytes ?? 256 * 1024 ** 2, 'GPU budget', 4),
-      stagingBytes: integer(budget.stagingBytes ?? 24 * 1024 ** 2, 'Staging budget', 4),
-      entries: integer(budget.entries ?? 8192, 'Cache entries', 1),
-    });
-  }
-
-  stats(): Memory.Stats {
-    return {
-      cpuBytes: this.cpu,
-      gpuBytes: this.gpu,
-      stagingBytes: this.staging,
-      peakCpuBytes: this.peakCpu,
-      peakGpuBytes: this.peakGpu,
-      peakStagingBytes: this.peakStaging,
-      stagedBytes: this.staged,
-      entries: this.entries.size,
-      queries: this.queries,
-      queryHits: this.queryHits,
-      uploads: this.uploads,
-      uploadedBytes: this.uploadedBytes,
-      uploadHits: this.uploadHits,
-      gpuCopiedBytes: this.gpuCopiedBytes,
-      allocations: this.allocations,
-      submissions: this.submissions,
-      evictions: this.evictions,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /** Hold a result: room for it comes from what no one holds, and past that it runs over. */
-  add(
-    backings: readonly ArrayBufferLike[],
-    metadata: number,
-    dispose: () => void,
-    kind: 'cpu' | 'gpu' = 'cpu',
-  ): Memory.Entry {
-    const unique = [...new Set(backings)];
-    const cost = (): number =>
-      metadata +
-      unique.reduce((n, buffer) => n + (this.backings.has(buffer) ? 0 : buffer.byteLength), 0);
-    while (this.cpu + cost() > this.budget.cpuBytes || this.entries.size >= this.budget.entries)
-      if (!this.evict()) break;
-    for (const buffer of unique) {
-      const existing = this.backings.get(buffer);
-      if (existing) existing.count++;
-      else {
-        this.backings.set(buffer, { count: 1, bytes: buffer.byteLength });
-        this.cpu += buffer.byteLength;
-      }
-    }
-    this.cpu += metadata;
-    this.peakCpu = Math.max(this.peakCpu, this.cpu);
-    const entry = new Held(this, unique, metadata, dispose, kind);
-    this.entries.add(entry);
-    return entry;
-  }
-
-  /** Count a GPU allocation: room for it comes from GPU results no one holds, and past that it runs over. */
-  reserveGpu(bytes: number): void {
-    integer(bytes, 'GPU allocation bytes', 0);
-    while (this.gpu + bytes > this.budget.gpuBytes) if (!this.evict('gpu')) break;
-    this.gpu += bytes;
-    this.peakGpu = Math.max(this.peakGpu, this.gpu);
-    this.allocations++;
-  }
-  releaseGpu(bytes: number): void {
-    this.gpu -= bytes;
-  }
-  stage<T>(bytes: number, work: () => T): T {
-    this.reserveStaging(bytes);
-    try {
-      return work();
-    } finally {
-      this.staging -= bytes;
-    }
-  }
-  async stageAsync<T>(bytes: number, work: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
-    this.reserveStaging(bytes);
-    try {
-      return await work();
-    } finally {
-      this.staging -= bytes;
-    }
-  }
-  /** Transient copies; reads size their blocks to the staging budget, which these never refuse. */
-  private reserveStaging(bytes: number): void {
-    this.staging += bytes;
-    this.staged += bytes;
-    this.peakStaging = Math.max(this.peakStaging, this.staging);
-  }
-
-  /** An entry no longer held: the most recently used of the evictable. */
-  idle(entry: Memory.Entry): void {
-    const lru = this.lru[entry.kind];
-    lru.delete(entry);
-    lru.add(entry);
-    entry.used = ++this.clock;
-  }
-  /** An entry held again: not evictable until released. */
-  busy(entry: Memory.Entry): void {
-    this.lru[entry.kind].delete(entry);
-  }
-  /** Evict the least recently used entry, of either kind or only of GPU resources. */
-  private evict(kind?: 'gpu'): boolean {
-    const [gpu] = this.lru.gpu,
-      [cpu] = kind ? [] : this.lru.cpu;
-    const oldest = !cpu ? gpu : !gpu ? cpu : cpu.used < gpu.used ? cpu : gpu;
-    if (!oldest) return false;
-    this.evictions++;
-    this.remove(oldest);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  remove(entry: Memory.Entry): void {
-    if (!entry.live) return;
-    entry.live = false;
-    this.entries.delete(entry);
-    this.lru[entry.kind].delete(entry);
-    this.cpu -= entry.metadata;
-    for (const buffer of entry.backings) {
-      const held = this.backings.get(buffer)!;
-      if (--held.count === 0) {
-        this.cpu -= held.bytes;
-        this.backings.delete(buffer);
-      }
-    }
-    entry.dispose();
-  }
-
-  /** Evict everything no one holds. */
-  trim(): void {
-    // Disposing an entry may release others, which then become evictable too.
-    while (this.lru.cpu.size || this.lru.gpu.size)
-      for (const entry of [...this.lru.cpu, ...this.lru.gpu]) this.remove(entry);
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    for (const entry of [...this.entries]) this.remove(entry);
-  }
-}
-
-/** A memory pool to share between a reader and a Gpu, so one budget bounds both. */
-export function createMemory(budget?: Partial<Memory.Budget>): Memory {
-  return new Memory(budget);
-}
-export declare namespace Memory {
-  /**
-   * What one memory pool keeps, shared by a reader and the Gpu that reads into it: what no one
-   * holds goes first to stay within it, and what is held runs over it rather than fail.
-   */
-  interface Budget {
-    /** Cached reads, uploads, and their bookkeeping. */
-    readonly cpuBytes: number;
-    readonly gpuBytes: number;
-    /** Transient gathers and copies. */
-    readonly stagingBytes: number;
-    /** Cached results of every kind. */
-    readonly entries: number;
-  }
-
-  /** Managed allocations of one pool, not process or driver memory estimates. */
-  interface Stats {
-    readonly cpuBytes: number;
-    readonly gpuBytes: number;
-    readonly stagingBytes: number;
-    readonly peakCpuBytes: number;
-    readonly peakGpuBytes: number;
-    readonly peakStagingBytes: number;
-    readonly stagedBytes: number;
-    readonly entries: number;
-    readonly queries: number;
-    readonly queryHits: number;
-    readonly uploads: number;
-    readonly uploadedBytes: number;
-    readonly uploadHits: number;
-    readonly gpuCopiedBytes: number;
-    readonly allocations: number;
-    readonly submissions: number;
-    readonly evictions: number;
-  }
-  /** One cached result: its backing buffers, held while pinned and evictable once released. */
-  interface Entry {
-    pins: number;
-    live: boolean;
-    retire: boolean;
-    /** When it was last released or used, for choosing between kinds. */
-    used: number;
-    readonly pool: Memory;
-    readonly backings: readonly ArrayBufferLike[];
-    readonly metadata: number;
-    readonly dispose: () => void;
-    readonly kind: 'cpu' | 'gpu';
-    pin(): void;
-    unpin(): void;
-    /** Mark a cache hit as just used. */
-    touch(): void;
-    close(): void;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/reader/plans.ts b/packages/model/src/reader/plans.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b38aa8c3..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/reader/plans.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-import { blockBuffers } from '../data/buffers.js';
-import type { Column, Index } from '../data/column.js';
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import type { Keys } from './keys.js';
-import type { Memory } from './memory.js';
-import type { FieldInput } from './types.js';
-import type { Reader } from './reader.js';
-export interface PlannedGroup {
-  readonly slot: number;
-  readonly from: string;
-  readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-  readonly sampled: boolean;
-  readonly fields: Map<string, string[]>;
-}
-export interface FieldPlan {
-  readonly names: readonly string[];
-  readonly external: readonly string[];
-  /** Bindings to the request's own source, read with its plain fields. */
-  readonly aliased: readonly string[];
-  readonly locals: readonly string[];
-  readonly statics: readonly string[];
-  readonly points: readonly PlannedGroup[];
-  readonly samples: readonly PlannedGroup[];
-  readonly width: number;
-}
-interface Cached {
-  readonly plan: FieldPlan;
-  readonly entry: Memory.Entry;
-}
-/** Compile immutable binding structure; plans never retain a Data snapshot. */
-export class FieldPlans {
-  private readonly plans = new Map<string, Cached>();
-  private readonly hints = new WeakMap<object, WeakMap<Schema, Map<string, string>>>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly memory: Memory,
-    private readonly keys: Keys,
-  ) {}
-  acquire(
-    fields: Reader.FieldsRequest['fields'],
-    source: Data,
-    from: string,
-  ): Cached & { sources: Data[] } {
-    let schemas = this.hints.get(fields);
-    if (!schemas) this.hints.set(fields, (schemas = new WeakMap()));
-    let names = schemas.get(source.schema);
-    if (!names) schemas.set(source.schema, (names = new Map<string, string>()));
-    const hint = names.get(from),
-      hit = hint === undefined ? undefined : this.plans.get(hint);
-    if (hit?.entry.live && this.fits(hit.plan, fields, source)) {
-      hit.entry.pin();
-      return { ...hit, sources: this.sources(hit.plan, fields, source) };
-    }
-    const external: string[] = [],
-      aliased: string[] = [],
-      sources = [source],
-      // A binding to the request's own source is that source's plain field: one read serves both.
-      slots = new Map<Data, number>([[source, 0]]);
-    const descriptors: unknown[] = [];
-    const inputs: { alias: string; slot: number; binding: FieldInput.Binding }[] = [];
-    const locals: string[] = [];
-    for (const [alias, input] of Object.entries(fields)) {
-      if (typeof input !== 'string' && 'values' in input) {
-        locals.push(alias);
-        descriptors.push([alias, 'local', this.keys.id(input)]);
-        continue;
-      }
-      const binding: FieldInput.Binding =
-        typeof input === 'string' ? { source, from, field: input } : input;
-      if (binding.from !== from) throw failure('conflict', 'Fields must belong to one model type');
-      let slot = 0;
-      if (typeof input !== 'string') {
-        const existing = slots.get(binding.source);
-        if (existing === 0) aliased.push(alias);
-        if (existing !== undefined) slot = existing;
-        else {
-          slot = sources.length;
-          slots.set(binding.source, slot);
-          sources.push(binding.source);
-          external.push(alias);
-        }
-      }
-      descriptors.push([
-        alias,
-        slot,
-        from,
-        this.keys.selection(binding.rows),
-        binding.field,
-        this.keys.id(binding.source.schema),
-      ]);
-      inputs.push({ alias, slot, binding });
-    }
-    const key = JSON.stringify([from, this.keys.id(source.schema), descriptors]);
-    let cached = this.plans.get(key);
-    if (cached?.entry.live) cached.entry.pin();
-    else {
-      const statics = [...locals];
-      const points: PlannedGroup[] = [],
-        samples: PlannedGroup[] = [];
-      const pointGroups = new Map<string, PlannedGroup>(),
-        sampleGroups = new Map<string, PlannedGroup>();
-      let width = 4;
-      for (const alias of locals) width += bytesPerRow((fields[alias] as FieldInput.Values).values);
-      for (const { alias, slot, binding } of inputs) {
-        const definition = binding.source.schema.types[from]?.fields[binding.field];
-        if (!definition)
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown field: ' + from + '.' + binding.field);
-        const sampled = definition.sampled === true;
-        if (!sampled) statics.push(alias);
-        width += definitionBytes(definition);
-        const base = [slot, from, this.keys.selection(binding.rows)];
-        const add = (map: Map<string, PlannedGroup>, groups: PlannedGroup[], groupKey: string) => {
-          let group = map.get(groupKey);
-          if (!group) {
-            group = { slot, from, rows: binding.rows, sampled, fields: new Map() };
-            map.set(groupKey, group);
-            groups.push(group);
-          }
-          const aliases = group.fields.get(binding.field);
-          if (aliases) aliases.push(alias);
-          else group.fields.set(binding.field, [alias]);
-        };
-        // Point observations have independent clocks and dependencies, even within one source.
-        add(pointGroups, points, JSON.stringify([...base, binding.field]));
-        // Explicit sample windows retain their existing coordinate-alignment contract.
-        if (sampled) add(sampleGroups, samples, JSON.stringify(base));
-      }
-      const plan: FieldPlan = {
-        names: Object.keys(fields),
-        external,
-        aliased,
-        locals,
-        statics,
-        points,
-        samples,
-        width,
-      };
-      const entry = this.memory.add(
-        blockBuffers(points.map((group) => group.rows)),
-        256 + key.length * 2 + plan.names.length * 192,
-        () => {
-          this.plans.delete(key);
-        },
-      );
-      cached = { plan, entry };
-      this.plans.set(key, cached);
-    }
-    names.set(from, key);
-    return { ...cached, sources };
-  }
-  /** Whether a plan hinted for these fields still assigns each binding's source to the same slot. */
-  private fits(plan: FieldPlan, fields: Reader.FieldsRequest['fields'], source: Data): boolean {
-    return (
-      plan.aliased.every((alias) => (fields[alias] as FieldInput.Binding).source === source) &&
-      plan.external.every((alias) => (fields[alias] as FieldInput.Binding).source !== source)
-    );
-  }
-  private sources(plan: FieldPlan, fields: Reader.FieldsRequest['fields'], source: Data): Data[] {
-    return [source, ...plan.external.map((alias) => (fields[alias] as FieldInput.Binding).source)];
-  }
-}
-function definitionBytes(field: Schema.Field): number {
-  const type = field.type;
-  if (typeof type === 'object' && type.kind === 'list') return 17;
-  if (typeof type === 'object' && type.kind === 'vector') return type.size * 8 + 1;
-  if (['float32', 'float64', 'int32', 'uint32', 'boolean'].includes(type as string)) return 9;
-  return 17;
-}
-function bytesPerRow(column: Column): number {
-  if (column.kind === 'text') return 5 + column.bytes.byteLength / Math.max(1, column.length);
-  if (column.kind === 'list')
-    return 8 + (bytesPerRow(column.values) * column.values.length) / Math.max(1, column.length);
-  return (column.kind === 'vector' ? column.size : 1) * 8 + 1;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/reader/reader.ts b/packages/model/src/reader/reader.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f64926e..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/reader/reader.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '../failure.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Index, Domain } from '../data/column.js';
-import { BLOCK_BYTES, type Block, type Query } from '../query/query.js';
-import { Blocks } from './blocks.js';
-import { Fields, type FieldScope } from './fields.js';
-import { Keys } from './keys.js';
-import { Memory } from './memory.js';
-import { interruptible } from '../work.js';
-import type { FieldInput } from './types.js';
-
-/** Bounded, memoized local reads over immutable Data, shared by everything that reads through it. */
-export interface Reader {
-  /** Reads whose results stay cached and held until the scope closes. */
-  open(options?: { readonly signal?: AbortSignal; readonly at?: number }): Reader.Scope;
-  /** The stats of the reader's memory pool. */
-  stats(): Memory.Stats;
-  /** Evict every result no one holds from the reader's memory pool. */
-  trim(): void;
-  destroy(): void;
-}
-export declare namespace Reader {
-  interface Options {
-    /**
-     * The pool that holds memoized blocks, field tiles, and extents, and bounds transient copies.
-     * Borrowed: destroy never destroys it. Defaults to a pool of the reader's own.
-     */
-    readonly memory?: Memory;
-    /** Bound of one read block. Defaults to 1 MiB. */
-    readonly maxBlockBytes?: number;
-    /** Validate schemas, queries, and blocks at this boundary. Defaults to false. */
-    readonly validate?: boolean;
-  }
-  /** Reads that stay cached and held until it closes. */
-  interface Scope {
-    readonly signal: AbortSignal;
-    /** Coordinate sampled fields read at when a request has no window. */
-    readonly at?: number;
-    read<Q extends Query>(data: Data, query: Q): AsyncIterable<Block.Of<Q>>;
-    fields(request: FieldsRequest): AsyncIterable<Block.Fields>;
-    extent(request: ExtentRequest): Promise<Domain | null>;
-    /**
-     * The same scope, noting in `dependencies` what its reads hold and whether any read sampled
-     * fields at the scope's coordinate: what work derived from the reads depends on.
-     */
-    recording(dependencies: Dependencies): Scope;
-    /** Hold results again, as reused work derived from them does; false if any was evicted. */
-    hold(entries: Iterable<Memory.Entry>): boolean;
-    /** Iterators not yet finished, or extents still pending. */
-    readonly busy: boolean;
-    /** Stop reads and release every result this scope held. Idempotent. */
-    close(): void;
-  }
-  /** What reads through a recording scope held, and whether they read at its coordinate. */
-  interface Dependencies {
-    readonly entries: Set<Memory.Entry>;
-    sampled: boolean;
-  }
-  /** Fields joined to the rows of one type of a source. */
-  interface FieldsRequest {
-    readonly source: Data;
-    readonly from: string;
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    /** Output names to inputs. */
-    readonly fields: Readonly<Record<string, FieldInput>>;
-    /** Omitted reads static fields, and sampled fields at the scope's coordinate. */
-    readonly window?: Query.Window;
-    readonly ids?: boolean;
-  }
-  /** The finite extent of one scalar numeric field over the requested rows. */
-  interface ExtentRequest {
-    readonly source: Data;
-    readonly from: string;
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    readonly field: FieldInput;
-    /** Omitted reads static fields, and sampled fields at the scope's coordinate. */
-    readonly window?: Query.Window;
-  }
-}
-
-export function createReader(options: Reader.Options = {}): Reader {
-  return new Cache(options);
-}
-
-class Cache implements Reader {
-  readonly #memory: Memory;
-  /** Whether the reader made its pool, and so destroys it. */
-  readonly #owned: boolean;
-  readonly #keys = new Keys();
-  readonly #blocks: Blocks;
-  readonly #fields: Fields;
-  readonly #stopped = new AbortController();
-
-  constructor(options: Reader.Options) {
-    this.#owned = !options.memory;
-    this.#memory = options.memory ?? new Memory();
-    const blockBytes = options.maxBlockBytes ?? BLOCK_BYTES;
-    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(blockBytes) || blockBytes < 1)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Block bytes must be a positive integer');
-    const bound = Math.max(
-      1,
-      Math.floor(
-        Math.min(blockBytes, this.#memory.budget.cpuBytes / 4, this.#memory.budget.stagingBytes),
-      ),
-    );
-    this.#blocks = new Blocks(this.#memory, this.#keys, bound, options.validate ?? false);
-    this.#fields = new Fields(this.#memory, this.#keys, bound);
-  }
-
-  open(options: { readonly signal?: AbortSignal; readonly at?: number } = {}): Reader.Scope {
-    this.#stopped.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (options.at !== undefined && !Number.isFinite(options.at))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Read coordinate must be finite');
-    const stop = new AbortController();
-    const signal = AbortSignal.any([
-      this.#stopped.signal,
-      stop.signal,
-      ...(options.signal ? [options.signal] : []),
-    ]);
-    const held = new Set<Memory.Entry>(),
-      iterators = new Set<AsyncIterator<unknown>>();
-    let pending = 0,
-      closed = false;
-    const use = (entry: Memory.Entry) => {
-      if (closed) throw failure('closed', 'Read scope is closed');
-      if (!held.has(entry)) {
-        entry.pin();
-        held.add(entry);
-      }
-    };
-    const guard = <T>(items: () => AsyncIterable<T>): AsyncIterable<T> => ({
-      async *[Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
-        signal.throwIfAborted();
-        const iterator = items()[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
-        iterators.add(iterator);
-        try {
-          for (;;) {
-            const next = await interruptible(iterator.next(), signal);
-            if (next.done) return;
-            yield next.value;
-          }
-        } finally {
-          iterators.delete(iterator);
-          void Promise.resolve(iterator.return?.(undefined)).catch(() => {});
-        }
-      },
-    });
-    const fields = this.#fields;
-    /** The scope, noting into each record what its reads hold and whether they read at `at`. */
-    const scope = (records: readonly Reader.Dependencies[]): Reader.Scope => {
-      const fieldScope: FieldScope = {
-        signal,
-        get at() {
-          for (const record of records) record.sampled = true;
-          return options.at;
-        },
-        read: <Q extends Query>(data: Data, query: Q) =>
-          this.#blocks.read(data, query, signal) as AsyncIterable<Block.Of<Q>>,
-        use: (entry) => {
-          use(entry);
-          for (const record of records) record.entries.add(entry);
-        },
-      };
-      return {
-        signal,
-        at: options.at,
-        read: (data, query) => guard(() => fieldScope.read(data, query)),
-        fields: (request) => guard(() => fields.read(request, fieldScope)),
-        extent(request) {
-          signal.throwIfAborted();
-          const work = fields.extent(request, fieldScope);
-          pending++;
-          const settle = () => void pending--;
-          void work.then(settle, settle);
-          return interruptible(work, signal);
-        },
-        recording: (record) => scope([...records, record]),
-        hold(entries) {
-          for (const entry of entries) {
-            if (!entry.live || entry.retire) return false;
-            fieldScope.use(entry);
-          }
-          return true;
-        },
-        get busy() {
-          return iterators.size > 0 || pending > 0;
-        },
-        close() {
-          if (closed) return;
-          closed = true;
-          stop.abort(new DOMException('Read scope closed', 'AbortError'));
-          for (const entry of held) entry.unpin();
-          held.clear();
-        },
-      };
-    };
-    return scope([]);
-  }
-
-  stats(): Memory.Stats {
-    return this.#memory.stats();
-  }
-  trim(): void {
-    this.#memory.trim();
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    if (this.#stopped.signal.aborted) return;
-    this.#stopped.abort(failure('closed', 'Reader is closed'));
-    this.#blocks.destroy();
-    if (this.#owned) this.#memory.destroy();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/reader/types.ts b/packages/model/src/reader/types.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a8f3c6f8..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/reader/types.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import type { Column, Index } from '../data/column.js';
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-
-/** A field of the request's own source and type, another source's field, or local values. */
-export type FieldInput = string | FieldInput.Binding | FieldInput.Values;
-export declare namespace FieldInput {
-  /** A field of another source, joined to the requested rows by physical row. */
-  interface Binding {
-    readonly source: Data;
-    readonly from: string;
-    readonly field: string;
-    /** Explicit coverage for a partial overlay. Omitted means every requested row is required. */
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-  }
-  /** Immutable application values, in explicitly identified physical row order. */
-  interface Values {
-    readonly index: Index;
-    readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-    readonly values: Column;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/schema/field.ts b/packages/model/src/schema/field.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b8c07296..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/schema/field.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-import type { Data } from '../data/data.js';
-import type { Schema } from './schema.js';
-import type { FieldInput } from '../reader/types.js';
-
-/** The definition of the field an input names: in `from` of `source`, in another source, or none for local values. */
-export function fieldDefinition(
-  source: Data,
-  from: string,
-  input: FieldInput,
-): Schema.Field | undefined {
-  if (typeof input === 'string') return source.schema.types[from]?.fields[input];
-  return 'source' in input ? input.source.schema.types[input.from]?.fields[input.field] : undefined;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/schema/schema.ts b/packages/model/src/schema/schema.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1af1b90a..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/schema/schema.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-/** The types and column shapes published by a model. */
-export interface Schema {
-  /** Topology is data: a reference field wires each row to a row of another type. */
-  readonly types: Readonly<Record<string, Schema.Type>>;
-  /** Coordinate axis for sampled fields. Independent of commands. */
-  readonly axis?: Schema.Axis;
-}
-export declare namespace Schema {
-  /** A type's fields. Styling, layout, and inspector configuration belong to the host. */
-  interface Type {
-    readonly label?: string;
-    readonly description?: string;
-    readonly fields: Readonly<Record<string, Field>>;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Both static and sampled fields may be monitored. Absent values read as null and require
-   * nullable. Bounds describe scalar numeric data.
-   */
-  type Field = {
-    readonly label?: string;
-    readonly description?: string;
-    readonly nullable?: boolean;
-    readonly unit?: string;
-    /** References only: the way it carries flow, such as a block's input or output. Omitted is undirected. */
-    readonly direction?: 'in' | 'out';
-    /**
-     * Longitude and latitude in degrees, rather than plane coordinates: a 2D/3D vector, a list of
-     * them, or one numeric axis of a position.
-     */
-    readonly geographic?: boolean;
-  } & (
-    | { readonly sampled: true; readonly type: NumericType; readonly bounds?: never }
-    | { readonly sampled?: false; readonly type: FieldType; readonly bounds?: Bounds }
-  );
-  type NumericType = 'float32' | 'float64' | 'int32' | 'uint32';
-  /** A deliberately small columnar vocabulary; no arbitrary object cells. */
-  type FieldType =
-    | NumericType
-    | 'text'
-    | 'boolean'
-    /** A row of type `to`: how one row is wired to another. */
-    | { readonly kind: 'reference'; readonly to: string }
-    | { readonly kind: 'vector'; readonly items: NumericType; readonly size: number }
-    | { readonly kind: 'list'; readonly items: FieldType };
-  /** Meaning of observation coordinates; never an implicitly chosen wall clock. */
-  interface Axis {
-    readonly name: string;
-    readonly unit?: string;
-  }
-  interface Bound {
-    readonly value: number;
-    /** Defaults to true. */
-    readonly inclusive?: boolean;
-  }
-  interface Bounds {
-    readonly lower?: Bound;
-    readonly upper?: Bound;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/axis.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/axis.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 072baf96..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/axis.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-import { Check } from './check.js';
-import type { Path } from './check.js';
-
-/** Validation uses constant-space access to ranges; never expand identity arrays. */
-export function rowAxis(
-  c: Check,
-  value: unknown,
-  path: Path,
-):
-  | {
-      length: number;
-      at: (position: number) => number;
-      range?: { offset: number; count: number };
-    }
-  | undefined {
-  const axis = c.object(value, path);
-  if (axis.kind === 'range') {
-    const start = c.integer(axis.offset, [...path, 'offset'], 0, 0xffffffff);
-    const count = c.integer(axis.count, [...path, 'count'], 0, 0x100000000);
-    if (!start || !count) return;
-    const offset = axis.offset as number;
-    const length = axis.count as number;
-    if (offset + length > 0x100000000) {
-      c.issue(path, 'Range exceeds uint32 address space.');
-      return;
-    }
-    return { length, at: (i) => offset + i, range: { offset, count: length } };
-  }
-  if (axis.kind !== 'indices' || !(axis.values instanceof Uint32Array)) {
-    c.issue(path, 'Expected a physical row range or Uint32 index selection.');
-    return;
-  }
-  const values = axis.values;
-  if (new Set(values).size !== values.length) c.issue(path, 'Duplicate physical row.');
-  return { length: values.length, at: (i) => values[i] };
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/batch.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/batch.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index af6a637c..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/batch.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import type { Query } from '../query/query.js';
-import { Check, record } from './check.js';
-import { validateBlock } from './block.js';
-import { validateQuery } from './query.js';
-import type { Failure } from '../failure.js';
-/** Validate a columnar batch directly. Delivery size is an operation option, not schema meaning. */
-export function validateBatch(
-  schema: Schema,
-  value: unknown,
-  options: Query.Options = {},
-): readonly Failure.Problem[] {
-  const c = new Check();
-  const batch = c.object(value, []);
-  c.enum(batch.kind, ['rows', 'samples'], ['kind']);
-  if (!record(batch.columns) || !record(batch.index))
-    return [...c.issues, { code: 'invalid-input', message: 'Missing columns or row identity.' }];
-  const query =
-    batch.kind === 'samples'
-      ? {
-          kind: 'samples',
-          from: batch.index.type,
-          select: Object.keys(batch.columns),
-          window: {
-            kind: 'frames',
-            offset: batch.firstFrame,
-            count: batch.coordinates instanceof Float64Array ? batch.coordinates.length : 0,
-          },
-        }
-      : {
-          kind: 'rows',
-          from: batch.index.type,
-          select: Object.keys(batch.columns),
-          ...(batch.ids ? { ids: true } : {}),
-        };
-  const issues = validateQuery(schema, query);
-  if (issues.length) return [...c.issues, ...issues];
-  return [
-    ...c.issues,
-    ...validateBlock(schema, query as Query, { ...batch, rowOffset: 0 }, options),
-  ];
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/block.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/block.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d260cd1b..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/block.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,370 +0,0 @@
-import { blockBuffers, blockByteLength } from '../data/buffers.js';
-import type { Query, Block } from '../query/query.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import { Check, index, own, record } from './check.js';
-import { bytes, column, identities } from './column.js';
-import { fieldsOf } from './query.js';
-import { rowAxis } from './axis.js';
-import type { Failure } from '../failure.js';
-/**
- * Validate one block against a previously validated schema/request. Does not prove exclusive
- * ownership, row existence, stream completeness, or cross-block coherence; those need source tests.
- * Full validation is explicit boundary work, not an implicit cost on every local read.
- */
-export function validateBlock(
-  schema: Schema,
-  query: Query,
-  value: unknown,
-  options: Query.Options = {},
-): readonly Failure.Problem[] {
-  const c = new Check();
-  const block = c.object(value, []);
-  if (block.kind !== query.kind) {
-    c.issue(['kind'], 'Block kind differs from its query.');
-    return c.issues;
-  }
-  if (options.maxBlockBytes !== undefined)
-    c.integer(options.maxBlockBytes, ['options', 'maxBlockBytes'], 1);
-  if (options.buffers !== undefined)
-    c.enum(options.buffers, ['borrowed', 'owned'], ['options', 'buffers']);
-  if (c.issues.length) return c.issues;
-  const bound = options.maxBlockBytes ?? Infinity;
-  const allocations = blockBuffers(value as Block);
-  if (
-    blockByteLength(value as Block) > bound ||
-    (options.buffers === 'owned' &&
-      allocations.reduce((sum, buffer) => sum + buffer.byteLength, 0) > bound)
-  ) {
-    c.issue([], 'Block exceeds its payload or owned-allocation bound.', 'resource-limit');
-    return c.issues;
-  }
-  if (
-    options.buffers === 'owned' &&
-    allocations.some((buffer) => !(buffer instanceof ArrayBuffer))
-  ) {
-    c.issue([], 'Owned blocks cannot use shared backing allocations.');
-    return c.issues;
-  }
-  const fields = fieldsOf(schema, query.from) ?? {};
-  if (query.kind !== 'aggregate') {
-    index(c, block.index, ['index'], query.from);
-    if (query.rows && query.rows.kind !== 'ids' && query.rows.index) {
-      const supplied = c.object(block.index, ['index']);
-      for (const key of ['source', 'type', 'version'] as const)
-        if (supplied[key] !== query.rows.index[key])
-          c.issue(
-            ['index', key],
-            'Selection index is stale or belongs to another source.',
-            'conflict',
-          );
-    }
-  }
-  if (query.kind === 'rows' || query.kind === 'samples' || query.kind === 'envelope') {
-    const rows = rowAxis(c, block.rows, ['rows']);
-    if (rows && query.rows?.kind === 'range') {
-      const { offset, count } = query.rows;
-      if (rows.range) {
-        if (
-          rows.length &&
-          (rows.range.offset < offset || rows.range.offset + rows.length > offset + count)
-        )
-          c.issue(['rows'], 'Row lies outside the requested range.');
-      } else
-        for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i++)
-          if (rows.at(i) < offset || rows.at(i) >= offset + count) {
-            c.issue(['rows'], 'Row lies outside the requested range.');
-            break;
-          }
-    }
-    if (rows && query.rows?.kind === 'indices') {
-      const selected = new Set(query.rows.values);
-      if (rows.length > selected.size) c.issue(['rows'], 'Too many rows for the selection.');
-      else
-        for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i++)
-          if (!selected.has(rows.at(i))) {
-            c.issue(['rows'], 'Row lies outside the requested selection.');
-            break;
-          }
-    }
-    if (query.kind === 'rows') {
-      c.integer(block.rowOffset, ['rowOffset']);
-      if (own(block, 'total')) c.integer(block.total, ['total'], rows?.length ?? 0);
-      if (query.count && !own(block, 'total')) c.issue(['total'], 'Count was requested.');
-      if (query.ids) identities(c, block.ids, ['ids'], rows?.length);
-      else if (own(block, 'ids')) c.issue(['ids'], 'Identity strings were not requested.');
-      const columns = c.object(block.columns, ['columns']);
-      exactKeys(c, columns, query.select, ['columns']);
-      for (const field of query.select)
-        if (own(fields, field)) {
-          column(
-            c,
-            columns[field],
-            fields[field].type,
-            fields[field].nullable === true,
-            ['columns', field],
-            rows?.length,
-            0,
-            !fields[field].sampled,
-          );
-          references(columns[field], (target, path) =>
-            sameSource(c, block.index, target.index, ['columns', field, ...path, 'index']),
-          );
-        }
-    } else if (query.kind === 'samples') {
-      c.integer(block.rowOffset, ['rowOffset']);
-      c.integer(block.firstFrame, ['firstFrame']);
-      let frames = 0;
-      if (!(block.coordinates instanceof Float64Array))
-        c.issue(['coordinates'], 'Expected Float64Array.');
-      else {
-        frames = block.coordinates.length;
-        const range = query.window.kind === 'range' ? query.window : undefined;
-        let before = 0;
-        let after = 0;
-        for (let i = 0; i < frames; i++) {
-          const coordinate = block.coordinates[i];
-          if (!Number.isFinite(coordinate) || (i > 0 && coordinate < block.coordinates[i - 1])) {
-            c.issue(['coordinates', i], 'Coordinates must be finite and nondecreasing.');
-            break;
-          }
-          if (range) {
-            if (coordinate < range.between[0]) before++;
-            else if (coordinate > range.between[1]) after++;
-          }
-        }
-        // A block can bound context counts, but nearest neighbors and total coverage across
-        // frame/row tiles require whole-stream checks against the source's pinned frame index.
-        if (range && (before > (range.context?.before ?? 0) || after > (range.context?.after ?? 0)))
-          c.issue(['coordinates'], 'Coordinates exceed the requested interval and context.');
-        if (
-          query.window.kind === 'at' &&
-          (frames !== 1 || block.coordinates[0] > query.window.value)
-        )
-          c.issue(['coordinates'], 'Invalid at-coordinate result.');
-      }
-      if (!frames || !rows?.length) c.issue([], 'Sample tiles must have nonempty axes.');
-      if (
-        query.window.kind === 'frames' &&
-        typeof block.firstFrame === 'number' &&
-        (block.firstFrame < query.window.offset ||
-          block.firstFrame + frames > query.window.offset + query.window.count)
-      )
-        c.issue(['firstFrame'], 'Tile lies outside the requested frame interval.');
-      const columns = c.object(block.columns, ['columns']);
-      exactKeys(c, columns, query.select, ['columns']);
-      for (const field of query.select)
-        if (own(fields, field)) {
-          const path = ['columns', field];
-          const col = c.object(columns[field], path);
-          const fs = c.integer(col.frameStride, [...path, 'frameStride'], 1);
-          const rs = c.integer(col.rowStride, [...path, 'rowStride'], 1);
-          if (!fs || !rs || !rows || !frames) continue;
-          const frameStride = col.frameStride as number;
-          const rowStride = col.rowStride as number;
-          const divisor = gcd(frameStride, rowStride);
-          if (frames > rowStride / divisor && rows.length > frameStride / divisor)
-            c.issue(path, 'Sample strides alias distinct cells.');
-          const span = (frames - 1) * frameStride + (rows.length - 1) * rowStride + 1;
-          if (!c.integer(span, path, 1, 0x7fffffff)) continue;
-          column(c, col, fields[field].type, true, path, span);
-          if (
-            !fields[field].nullable &&
-            col.validity instanceof Uint8Array &&
-            typeof col.offset === 'number' &&
-            Number.isSafeInteger(col.offset) &&
-            col.offset >= 0
-          ) {
-            const mask = col.validity;
-            // Do not scan malformed storage, or unaddressed stride padding.
-            if (mask.length < Math.ceil((col.offset + span) / 8)) continue;
-            let missing = false;
-            for (let frame = 0; frame < frames && !missing; frame++)
-              for (let row = 0; row < rows.length; row++) {
-                const address = col.offset + frame * frameStride + row * rowStride;
-                if (!(mask[address >>> 3] & (1 << (address & 7)))) {
-                  missing = true;
-                  break;
-                }
-              }
-            if (missing) c.issue([...path, 'validity'], 'Null in a non-nullable sample cell.');
-          }
-        }
-    } else if (query.kind === 'envelope') {
-      c.integer(block.rowOffset, ['rowOffset']);
-      const first = c.integer(block.firstBucket, ['firstBucket'], 0, query.buckets - 1);
-      const size = c.integer(block.bucketCount, ['bucketCount'], 1, query.buckets);
-      if (
-        first &&
-        size &&
-        (block.firstBucket as number) + (block.bucketCount as number) > query.buckets
-      )
-        c.issue(['bucketCount'], 'Tile exceeds the bucket axis.');
-      if (!rows?.length) c.issue(['rows'], 'Envelope tiles must have nonempty rows.');
-      const columns = c.object(block.columns, ['columns']);
-      exactKeys(c, columns, query.select, ['columns']);
-      if (rows && size)
-        for (const field of query.select) {
-          const path = ['columns', field];
-          const item = c.object(columns[field], path);
-          const cells = rows.length * (block.bucketCount as number),
-            slots = cells * 4;
-          if (!c.integer(slots, path, 4, 0x7fffffff)) continue;
-          const values = c.object(item.values, [...path, 'values']);
-          column(c, item.values, fields[field].type, true, [...path, 'values'], slots, 0, true);
-          for (const key of ['coordinates', 'frames']) {
-            if (!(item[key] instanceof Float64Array) || item[key].length !== slots)
-              c.issue([...path, key], 'Expected one Float64 slot per value.');
-          }
-          const continuity = bytes(c, item.continuous, [...path, 'continuous']);
-          if (continuity && continuity.length !== Math.ceil(cells / 8))
-            c.issue([...path, 'continuous'], 'Continuity must cover exactly the row/bucket axis.');
-          if (
-            !(
-              values.values instanceof Float32Array ||
-              values.values instanceof Float64Array ||
-              values.values instanceof Int32Array ||
-              values.values instanceof Uint32Array
-            ) ||
-            typeof values.offset !== 'number' ||
-            !Number.isSafeInteger(values.offset) ||
-            values.offset < 0 ||
-            values.offset + slots > values.values.length ||
-            !(item.coordinates instanceof Float64Array) ||
-            !(item.frames instanceof Float64Array)
-          )
-            continue;
-          const valid = (i: number): boolean =>
-            !(values.validity instanceof Uint8Array) ||
-            !!(
-              values.validity[((values.offset as number) + i) >>> 3] &
-              (1 << (((values.offset as number) + i) & 7))
-            );
-          for (let cell = 0; cell < cells; cell++) {
-            const start = cell * 4,
-              populated = valid(start);
-            for (let slot = 0; slot < 4; slot++) {
-              const i = start + slot;
-              if (valid(i) !== populated)
-                c.issue(path, 'All four slots must be present or absent together.');
-              if (!populated) continue;
-              if (
-                !Number.isFinite(item.coordinates[i]) ||
-                !Number.isSafeInteger(item.frames[i]) ||
-                item.frames[i] < 0
-              )
-                c.issue(
-                  path,
-                  'Envelope identities require finite coordinates and exact absolute frames.',
-                );
-              const coordinate = item.coordinates[i],
-                [lo, hi] = query.window.between,
-                bucket = (block.firstBucket as number) + (cell % (block.bucketCount as number));
-              if (coordinate < lo) {
-                if (bucket !== 0 || !query.window.context?.before)
-                  c.issue(path, 'Unexpected leading context observation.');
-              } else if (coordinate > hi) {
-                if (bucket !== query.buckets - 1 || !query.window.context?.after)
-                  c.issue(path, 'Unexpected trailing context observation.');
-              } else {
-                const span = hi - lo;
-                const expected =
-                  lo === hi
-                    ? 0
-                    : Math.min(
-                        query.buckets - 1,
-                        Math.floor(
-                          (Number.isFinite(span)
-                            ? (coordinate - lo) / span
-                            : (coordinate / 2 - lo / 2) / (hi / 2 - lo / 2)) * query.buckets,
-                        ),
-                      );
-                if (bucket !== expected)
-                  c.issue(path, 'Observation belongs to a different coordinate bucket.');
-              }
-            }
-            if (!populated && continuity && continuity[cell >>> 3] & (1 << (cell & 7)))
-              c.issue(path, 'An empty bucket cannot be continuous.');
-            if (populated) {
-              const v = values.values,
-                at = values.offset + start,
-                f = item.frames;
-              if (
-                v[at + 1] > v[at] ||
-                v[at + 1] > v[at + 3] ||
-                v[at + 2] < v[at] ||
-                v[at + 2] < v[at + 3] ||
-                v[at + 1] > v[at + 2]
-              )
-                c.issue(path, 'Invalid envelope extrema.');
-              if (
-                f[start] > f[start + 1] ||
-                f[start] > f[start + 2] ||
-                f[start + 3] < f[start + 1] ||
-                f[start + 3] < f[start + 2]
-              )
-                c.issue(path, 'Extrema must lie between first and last frame.');
-            }
-          }
-        }
-    }
-  } else {
-    const values = c.object(block.values, ['values']);
-    if (!Object.keys(values).length)
-      c.issue(['values'], 'Aggregate blocks must contain at least one requested field.');
-    for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(values)) {
-      if (!query.select.includes(name)) c.issue(['values', name], 'Unrequested field.');
-      const entry = c.object(value, ['values', name]);
-      c.integer(entry.count, ['values', name, 'count']);
-      exactKeys(c, entry, ['count', ...query.measures], ['values', name]);
-      for (const measure of query.measures) {
-        if (
-          entry.count === 0
-            ? entry[measure] !== null
-            : !c.finite(entry[measure], ['values', name, measure])
-        )
-          c.issue(
-            ['values', name, measure],
-            'Empty aggregates use null; populated aggregates are finite.',
-          );
-      }
-      if (typeof entry.min === 'number' && typeof entry.max === 'number' && entry.min > entry.max)
-        c.issue(['values', name], 'Minimum exceeds maximum.');
-    }
-  }
-  return c.issues;
-}
-
-function exactKeys(
-  c: Check,
-  object: Record<string, unknown>,
-  expected: readonly string[],
-  path: readonly (string | number)[],
-): void {
-  for (const name of expected)
-    if (!own(object, name)) c.issue([...path, name], 'Missing requested value.');
-  for (const name of Object.keys(object))
-    if (!expected.includes(name)) c.issue([...path, name], 'Unrequested value.');
-}
-/** Every reference column within a column, nested ones included. */
-function references(
-  value: unknown,
-  visit: (column: Record<string, unknown>, path: readonly (string | number)[]) => void,
-  path: readonly (string | number)[] = [],
-): void {
-  if (!record(value)) return;
-  if (value.kind === 'reference') visit(value, path);
-  else if (value.kind === 'vector' || value.kind === 'list')
-    references(value.values, visit, [...path, 'values']);
-}
-function sameSource(c: Check, a: unknown, b: unknown, path: readonly (string | number)[]): void {
-  if (record(a) && record(b) && a.source !== b.source)
-    c.issue(path, 'Indices refer to different sources.');
-}
-function gcd(a: number, b: number): number {
-  while (b) {
-    const remainder = a % b;
-    a = b;
-    b = remainder;
-  }
-  return a;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/check.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/check.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 18500898..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/check.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-import type { Failure } from '../failure.js';
-
-export type Path = readonly (string | number)[];
-export const numeric = ['float32', 'float64', 'int32', 'uint32'];
-export const kinds = ['rows', 'samples', 'envelope', 'aggregate'];
-export const own = (object: object, key: PropertyKey): boolean => Object.hasOwn(object, key);
-export const record = (value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> =>
-  typeof value === 'object' &&
-  value !== null &&
-  !Array.isArray(value) &&
-  !ArrayBuffer.isView(value);
-
-export class Check {
-  readonly issues: Failure.Problem[] = [];
-  issue(path: Path, message: string, code = 'invalid-input'): void {
-    this.issues.push({ code, message, target: { kind: 'path', path } });
-  }
-  object(value: unknown, path: Path): Record<string, unknown> {
-    if (record(value)) return value;
-    this.issue(path, 'Expected an object.');
-    return {};
-  }
-  array(value: unknown, path: Path): readonly unknown[] {
-    if (Array.isArray(value)) return value as readonly unknown[];
-    this.issue(path, 'Expected an array.');
-    return [];
-  }
-  text(value: unknown, path: Path, empty = false): value is string {
-    if (typeof value === 'string' && (empty || value.length > 0)) return true;
-    this.issue(path, 'Expected a nonempty string.');
-    return false;
-  }
-  integer(value: unknown, path: Path, min = 0, max = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER): value is number {
-    if (typeof value === 'number' && Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value >= min && value <= max)
-      return true;
-    this.issue(path, 'Expected an integer in [' + min + ', ' + max + '].');
-    return false;
-  }
-  finite(value: unknown, path: Path): value is number {
-    if (typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value)) return true;
-    this.issue(path, 'Expected a finite number.');
-    return false;
-  }
-  enum(value: unknown, choices: readonly string[], path: Path): boolean {
-    if (typeof value === 'string' && choices.includes(value)) return true;
-    this.issue(path, 'Expected one of: ' + choices.join(', ') + '.');
-    return false;
-  }
-  optional(
-    object: Record<string, unknown>,
-    key: string,
-    check: (value: unknown, path: Path) => unknown,
-    path: Path,
-  ): void {
-    if (own(object, key)) check(object[key], [...path, key]);
-  }
-  bool(value: unknown, path: Path): void {
-    if (typeof value !== 'boolean') this.issue(path, 'Expected a boolean.');
-  }
-  strings(
-    value: unknown,
-    path: Path,
-    choices?: readonly string[],
-    nonempty = false,
-  ): readonly string[] {
-    const list = this.array(value, path);
-    const result: string[] = [];
-    const seen = new Set<string>();
-    const allowed = choices && new Set(choices);
-    for (const [i, item] of list.entries()) {
-      if (this.text(item, [...path, i])) {
-        if (seen.has(item)) this.issue([...path, i], 'Duplicate selection.');
-        if (allowed && !allowed.has(item)) this.issue([...path, i], 'Unknown selection.');
-        seen.add(item);
-        result.push(item);
-      }
-    }
-    if (nonempty && !list.length) this.issue(path, 'Selection must not be empty.');
-    return result;
-  }
-}
-
-export function index(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path, type?: string): void {
-  const idx = c.object(value, path);
-  for (const key of ['source', 'type', 'version']) c.text(idx[key], [...path, key]);
-  if (type !== undefined && idx.type !== type)
-    c.issue([...path, 'type'], 'Index belongs to a different type.');
-}
-
-export function bounds(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path): void {
-  const b = c.object(value, path);
-  for (const key of ['lower', 'upper'])
-    if (own(b, key)) {
-      const edge = c.object(b[key], [...path, key]);
-      c.finite(edge.value, [...path, key, 'value']);
-      c.optional(edge, 'inclusive', c.bool.bind(c), [...path, key]);
-    }
-  if (
-    record(b.lower) &&
-    record(b.upper) &&
-    typeof b.lower.value === 'number' &&
-    typeof b.upper.value === 'number'
-  ) {
-    if (
-      b.lower.value > b.upper.value ||
-      (b.lower.value === b.upper.value &&
-        (b.lower.inclusive === false || b.upper.inclusive === false))
-    )
-      c.issue(path, 'Bounds describe an empty interval.');
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/column.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/column.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 60dc82c3..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/column.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-import { Check, index, own } from './check.js';
-import type { Path } from './check.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-const arrays = {
-  float32: Float32Array,
-  float64: Float64Array,
-  int32: Int32Array,
-  uint32: Uint32Array,
-};
-const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8', { fatal: true, ignoreBOM: true });
-
-export function column(
-  c: Check,
-  value: unknown,
-  type: Schema.FieldType,
-  nullable: boolean,
-  path: Path,
-  length?: number,
-  depth = 0,
-  finite = false,
-  active: (row: number) => boolean = () => true,
-): void {
-  if (depth > 32) {
-    c.issue(path, 'Column nesting exceeds 32 levels.');
-    return;
-  }
-  const col = c.object(value, path);
-  const offsetValid = c.integer(col.offset, [...path, 'offset'], 0, 0x7fffffff);
-  const lengthValid = c.integer(col.length, [...path, 'length'], 0, 0x7fffffff);
-  if (!offsetValid || !lengthValid) return;
-  const offset = col.offset as number;
-  const count = col.length as number;
-  const end = offset + count;
-  if (end > 0x7fffffff) {
-    c.issue(path, 'Slice exceeds signed 32-bit offsets.');
-    return;
-  }
-  if (length !== undefined && count !== length)
-    c.issue([...path, 'length'], 'Column length differs from its logical axis.');
-  const mask = own(col, 'validity') ? bytes(c, col.validity, [...path, 'validity']) : undefined;
-  if (mask && mask.length < Math.ceil(end / 8)) {
-    c.issue([...path, 'validity'], 'Validity bitmap is too short.');
-    return;
-  }
-  const present = (i: number): boolean => !mask || Boolean(mask[i >>> 3] & (1 << (i & 7)));
-  if (!nullable && mask)
-    for (let i = offset; i < end; i++)
-      if (active(i - offset) && !present(i)) {
-        c.issue([...path, 'validity'], 'Null in a non-nullable column.');
-        break;
-      }
-  if (typeof type === 'string' && own(arrays, type)) {
-    const constructor = arrays[type as keyof typeof arrays];
-    if (col.kind !== 'numeric' || !(col.values instanceof constructor))
-      c.issue(path, 'Numeric storage does not match its field type.');
-    else if (col.values.length < end) c.issue([...path, 'values'], 'Numeric view is too short.');
-    else if (finite)
-      for (let i = offset; i < end; i++)
-        if (active(i - offset) && present(i) && !Number.isFinite(col.values[i])) {
-          c.issue([...path, 'values', i], 'Input values must be finite.');
-          break;
-        }
-  } else if (type === 'boolean') {
-    if (col.kind !== 'boolean') c.issue([...path, 'kind'], 'Expected boolean column.');
-    const values = bytes(c, col.values, [...path, 'values']);
-    if (values && values.length < Math.ceil(end / 8))
-      c.issue([...path, 'values'], 'Boolean bitmap is too short.');
-  } else if (type === 'text') {
-    if (col.kind !== 'text') c.issue([...path, 'kind'], 'Expected text column.');
-    const values = bytes(c, col.bytes, [...path, 'bytes']);
-    const offsets = offsetsOf(c, col.offsets, offset, end, values?.length ?? 0, [
-      ...path,
-      'offsets',
-    ]);
-    if (values && offsets)
-      for (let i = offset; i < end; i++)
-        if (active(i - offset) && present(i)) {
-          try {
-            decoder.decode(values.subarray(offsets[i], offsets[i + 1]));
-          } catch {
-            c.issue([...path, i], 'Invalid UTF-8.');
-          }
-        }
-  } else if (typeof type === 'object' && type.kind === 'reference') {
-    if (col.kind !== 'reference') c.issue([...path, 'kind'], 'Expected reference column.');
-    index(c, col.index, [...path, 'index'], type.to);
-    const values = uints(c, col.values, [...path, 'values']);
-    if (values && values.length < end) c.issue([...path, 'values'], 'Reference view is too short.');
-  } else if (typeof type === 'object' && type.kind === 'vector') {
-    if (col.kind !== 'vector' || col.size !== type.size)
-      c.issue(path, 'Vector layout does not match its type.');
-    column(
-      c,
-      col.values,
-      type.items,
-      false,
-      [...path, 'values'],
-      undefined,
-      depth + 1,
-      finite,
-      (childRow) => {
-        const row = Math.floor(childRow / type.size) - offset;
-        return row >= 0 && row < count && active(row) && present(offset + row);
-      },
-    );
-    const child = c.object(col.values, [...path, 'values']);
-    if (typeof child.length === 'number' && child.length < end * type.size)
-      c.issue([...path, 'values'], 'Vector child is too short.');
-  } else if (typeof type === 'object' && type.kind === 'list') {
-    if (col.kind !== 'list') c.issue([...path, 'kind'], 'Expected list column.');
-    const child = c.object(col.values, [...path, 'values']);
-    const offsets = offsetsOf(
-      c,
-      col.offsets,
-      offset,
-      end,
-      typeof child.length === 'number' ? child.length : 0,
-      [...path, 'offsets'],
-    );
-    column(
-      c,
-      col.values,
-      type.items,
-      false,
-      [...path, 'values'],
-      undefined,
-      depth + 1,
-      finite,
-      (childRow) => {
-        if (!offsets) return false;
-        // Locate the parent interval. Empty lists contribute no items.
-        let lo = offset;
-        let hi = end;
-        while (lo < hi) {
-          const mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
-          if (offsets[mid + 1] <= childRow) lo = mid + 1;
-          else hi = mid;
-        }
-        return lo < end && offsets[lo] <= childRow && active(lo - offset) && present(lo);
-      },
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-/** Row identities: a text column of nonempty strings. */
-export function identities(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path, length?: number): void {
-  const before = c.issues.length;
-  column(c, value, 'text', false, path, length);
-  if (c.issues.length !== before) return;
-  const col = value as { offset: number; length: number; offsets: Int32Array };
-  for (let i = col.offset; i < col.offset + col.length; i++)
-    if (col.offsets[i] === col.offsets[i + 1]) {
-      c.issue([...path, i], 'Row identity must be nonempty.');
-      return;
-    }
-}
-
-export function bytes(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path): Uint8Array | undefined {
-  if (value instanceof Uint8Array) return value;
-  c.issue(path, 'Expected Uint8Array.');
-}
-
-function uints(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path, length?: number): Uint32Array | undefined {
-  if (!(value instanceof Uint32Array)) {
-    c.issue(path, 'Expected Uint32Array.');
-    return;
-  }
-  if (length !== undefined && value.length !== length)
-    c.issue(path, 'Array length differs from its axis.');
-  return value;
-}
-
-function offsetsOf(
-  c: Check,
-  value: unknown,
-  start: number,
-  end: number,
-  max: number,
-  path: Path,
-): Int32Array | undefined {
-  if (!(value instanceof Int32Array)) {
-    c.issue(path, 'Expected Int32Array.');
-    return;
-  }
-  if (value.length < end + 1) {
-    c.issue(path, 'Missing terminal offset.');
-    return;
-  }
-  let previous = 0;
-  for (let i = start; i <= end; i++) {
-    if (value[i] < previous || value[i] > max) {
-      c.issue([...path, i], 'Offsets must be monotone and within the child buffer.');
-      return;
-    }
-    previous = value[i];
-  }
-  return value;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/query.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/query.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 77ddfcd7..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/query.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import { Check, index, kinds, numeric, own } from './check.js';
-import type { Path } from './check.js';
-import { domainValue } from './schema.js';
-import type { Failure } from '../failure.js';
-export function fieldsOf(
-  schema: Schema,
-  name: string,
-): Readonly<Record<string, Schema.Field>> | undefined {
-  if (own(schema.types, name)) return schema.types[name].fields;
-}
-
-/** Validate request shape and described capabilities. Identity existence/staleness is source-owned. */
-export function validateQuery(schema: Schema, value: unknown): readonly Failure.Problem[] {
-  const c = new Check();
-  const q = c.object(value, []);
-  if (!c.enum(q.kind, kinds, ['kind'])) return c.issues;
-  const validFrom = c.text(q.from, ['from']);
-  const fields = validFrom ? fieldsOf(schema, q.from as string) : undefined;
-  if (!fields) c.issue(['from'], 'Unknown source type.');
-  if (own(q, 'rows')) selection(c, q.rows, ['rows'], typeof q.from === 'string' ? q.from : '');
-  const selected = c.strings(q.select, ['select'], Object.keys(fields ?? {}), q.kind !== 'rows');
-  const used = [...selected];
-  if (q.kind === 'rows') {
-    for (const key of ['count', 'ids']) c.optional(q, key, c.bool.bind(c), []);
-    c.optional(q, 'offset', c.integer.bind(c), []);
-    c.optional(q, 'limit', (v, p) => c.integer(v, p, 1), []);
-    c.optional(q, 'at', c.finite.bind(c), []);
-    if (own(q, 'where'))
-      for (const [i, value] of c.array(q.where, ['where']).entries()) {
-        const path = ['where', i];
-        const filter = c.object(value, path);
-        if (!c.text(filter.field, [...path, 'field']) || !fields || !own(fields, filter.field)) {
-          c.issue([...path, 'field'], 'Unknown field.');
-          continue;
-        }
-        used.push(filter.field);
-        const field = fields[filter.field];
-        c.enum(
-          filter.operator,
-          [
-            'equal',
-            'notEqual',
-            'lessThan',
-            'lessThanOrEqual',
-            'greaterThan',
-            'greaterThanOrEqual',
-            'contains',
-          ],
-          [...path, 'operator'],
-        );
-        if (typeof field.type === 'object' && field.type.kind !== 'reference')
-          c.issue(path, 'Filtering list/vector values is unsupported.');
-        if (filter.operator === 'contains') {
-          if (field.type !== 'text') c.issue(path, 'Contains requires text.');
-          c.text(filter.value, [...path, 'value'], true);
-        } else if (filter.operator === 'equal' || filter.operator === 'notEqual')
-          domainValue(c, filter.value, field.type, true, [...path, 'value']);
-        else {
-          if (typeof field.type !== 'string' || !numeric.includes(field.type))
-            c.issue(path, 'Ordered comparison requires numeric data.');
-          c.finite(filter.value, [...path, 'value']);
-        }
-      }
-    if (own(q, 'orderBy')) {
-      const seen = new Set<string>();
-      for (const [i, value] of c.array(q.orderBy, ['orderBy']).entries()) {
-        const path = ['orderBy', i];
-        const order = c.object(value, path);
-        if (c.text(order.field, [...path, 'field'])) {
-          if (!fields || !own(fields, order.field)) c.issue([...path, 'field'], 'Unknown field.');
-          else if (typeof fields[order.field].type === 'object')
-            c.issue(path, 'Ordering list, vector, or reference values is unsupported.');
-          if (seen.has(order.field)) c.issue(path, 'Duplicate sort field.');
-          seen.add(order.field);
-          used.push(order.field);
-        }
-        c.enum(order.direction, ['ascending', 'descending'], [...path, 'direction']);
-      }
-    }
-    const hasSamples = used.some((id) => fields && own(fields, id) && fields[id].sampled);
-    if (hasSamples && !schema.axis)
-      c.issue(
-        ['at'],
-        'This source declares outputs but has no readable observations.',
-        'unsupported',
-      );
-    if (hasSamples !== own(q, 'at'))
-      c.issue(['at'], 'A coordinate is required exactly when reading sampled fields.');
-  } else {
-    for (const id of selected)
-      if (fields && own(fields, id)) {
-        const field = fields[id];
-        if (typeof field.type !== 'string' || !numeric.includes(field.type))
-          c.issue(['select'], 'This query requires scalar numeric fields.');
-        if ((q.kind === 'samples' || q.kind === 'envelope') && !field.sampled)
-          c.issue(['select'], 'Samples require sampled fields.');
-      }
-    if (q.kind === 'envelope') {
-      c.integer(q.buckets, ['buckets'], 1, 0x7fffffff);
-      const range = c.object(q.window, ['window']);
-      if (range.kind !== 'range') c.issue(['window'], 'Envelopes require a coordinate range.');
-      if (Array.isArray(range.between) && range.between[0] === range.between[1] && q.buckets !== 1)
-        c.issue(['buckets'], 'A zero-width interval requires one bucket.');
-      if (!schema.axis)
-        c.issue(['window'], 'This source has no readable observations.', 'unsupported');
-    }
-    if (q.kind === 'aggregate') {
-      c.strings(q.measures, ['measures'], ['min', 'max'], true);
-      const sampled = selected.filter(
-        (id) => fields && own(fields, id) && fields[id].sampled,
-      ).length;
-      if (sampled && !schema.axis)
-        c.issue(['window'], 'This source has no readable observations.', 'unsupported');
-      if (sampled && sampled !== selected.length)
-        c.issue(['select'], 'Input and sampled aggregates cannot be mixed.');
-      if (Boolean(sampled) !== own(q, 'window'))
-        c.issue(['window'], 'A window is required exactly for sampled aggregates.');
-    }
-    if (q.kind === 'samples' || q.kind === 'envelope' || own(q, 'window'))
-      checkSampleWindow(c, q.window, ['window']);
-  }
-  return c.issues;
-}
-
-function selection(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path, from: string): void {
-  const rows = c.object(value, path);
-  if (rows.kind === 'ids') c.strings(rows.ids, [...path, 'ids']);
-  else if (rows.kind === 'range') {
-    if (own(rows, 'index')) index(c, rows.index, [...path, 'index'], from);
-    const a = c.integer(rows.offset, [...path, 'offset'], 0, 0xffffffff);
-    const b = c.integer(rows.count, [...path, 'count'], 0, 0x100000000);
-    if (a && b && (rows.offset as number) + (rows.count as number) > 0x100000000)
-      c.issue(path, 'Row range exceeds uint32 address space.');
-  } else if (rows.kind === 'indices') {
-    index(c, rows.index, [...path, 'index'], from);
-    if (!(rows.values instanceof Uint32Array))
-      c.issue([...path, 'values'], 'Expected Uint32Array.');
-    else if (new Set(rows.values).size !== rows.values.length)
-      c.issue([...path, 'values'], 'Duplicate row index.');
-  } else c.issue([...path, 'kind'], 'Unknown row selection.');
-}
-
-export function checkSampleWindow(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path): void {
-  const w = c.object(value, path);
-  if (own(w, 'context') && w.kind !== 'range')
-    c.issue([...path, 'context'], 'Context requires a coordinate range.');
-  if (w.kind === 'frames') {
-    const a = c.integer(w.offset, [...path, 'offset']);
-    const b = c.integer(w.count, [...path, 'count']);
-    if (a && b && !Number.isSafeInteger((w.offset as number) + (w.count as number)))
-      c.issue(path, 'Frame range exceeds safe integer precision.');
-  } else if (w.kind === 'range') {
-    if (own(w, 'context')) {
-      const contextPath = [...path, 'context'];
-      const context = c.object(w.context, contextPath);
-      c.optional(context, 'before', c.integer.bind(c), contextPath);
-      c.optional(context, 'after', c.integer.bind(c), contextPath);
-    }
-    const pair = c.array(w.between, [...path, 'between']);
-    if (pair.length !== 2) c.issue([...path, 'between'], 'Expected an inclusive coordinate pair.');
-    if (
-      c.finite(pair[0], [...path, 'between', 0]) &&
-      c.finite(pair[1], [...path, 'between', 1]) &&
-      pair[0] > pair[1]
-    )
-      c.issue(path, 'Reversed coordinate range.');
-  } else if (w.kind === 'at') c.finite(w.value, [...path, 'value']);
-  else c.issue([...path, 'kind'], 'Unknown sample window.');
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/schema.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/schema.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 25408d48..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/schema.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-import { bounds, Check, numeric, own, record } from './check.js';
-import type { Path } from './check.js';
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import type { Failure } from '../failure.js';
-/** Structural/domain-description validation. Does not inspect implementation state or mutate input. */
-export function validateSchema(value: unknown): readonly Failure.Problem[] {
-  const c = new Check();
-  const schema = c.object(value, []);
-  const types = c.object(schema.types, ['types']);
-  const names = new Set(Object.keys(types));
-  for (const [id, value] of Object.entries(types)) {
-    const path = ['types', id];
-    c.text(id, path);
-    const definition = c.object(value, path);
-    for (const key of ['label', 'description'])
-      c.optional(definition, key, (v, p) => c.text(v, p, true), path);
-    const fields = c.object(definition.fields, [...path, 'fields']);
-    for (const [name, fieldValue] of Object.entries(fields)) {
-      const p = [...path, 'fields', name];
-      c.text(name, p);
-      const field = c.object(fieldValue, p);
-      dataType(c, field.type, [...p, 'type'], names);
-      for (const key of ['nullable', 'sampled']) c.optional(field, key, c.bool.bind(c), p);
-      for (const key of ['label', 'description', 'unit'])
-        c.optional(field, key, (v, at) => c.text(v, at, true), p);
-      if (own(field, 'direction')) {
-        c.enum(field.direction, ['in', 'out'], [...p, 'direction']);
-        if (!record(field.type) || field.type.kind !== 'reference')
-          c.issue([...p, 'direction'], 'Only a reference has a direction.');
-      }
-      if (field.sampled === true) {
-        c.enum(field.type, numeric, [...p, 'type']);
-        if (own(field, 'bounds'))
-          c.issue([...p, 'bounds'], 'Sampled fields cannot declare bounds.');
-      } else if (own(field, 'bounds')) {
-        if (typeof field.type !== 'string' || !numeric.includes(field.type))
-          c.issue([...p, 'bounds'], 'Bounds require a scalar numeric field.');
-        bounds(c, field.bounds, [...p, 'bounds']);
-      }
-      if (own(field, 'geographic')) {
-        c.bool(field.geographic, [...p, 'geographic']);
-        const type = field.type;
-        // Lists of positions, as polylines, and lists of those, as rings, are geographic too.
-        let vector: unknown = type;
-        while (record(vector) && vector.kind === 'list') vector = vector.items;
-        const axis = typeof type === 'string' && numeric.includes(type),
-          position =
-            record(vector) && vector.kind === 'vector' && (vector.size === 2 || vector.size === 3);
-        if (!axis && !position)
-          c.issue([...p, 'geographic'], 'Only a position field is geographic.');
-      }
-    }
-    if (own(definition, 'spatial'))
-      c.issue([...path, 'spatial'], 'A position field says whether it is geographic.');
-  }
-  if (
-    own(schema, 'axis') ||
-    Object.values(types).some(
-      (value) =>
-        record(value) &&
-        record(value.fields) &&
-        Object.values(value.fields).some((field) => record(field) && field.sampled === true),
-    )
-  ) {
-    const axis = c.object(schema.axis, ['axis']);
-    c.text(axis.name, ['axis', 'name']);
-    c.optional(axis, 'unit', c.text.bind(c), ['axis']);
-  }
-  return c.issues;
-}
-
-function dataType(c: Check, value: unknown, path: Path, names: Set<string>, depth = 0): boolean {
-  const before = c.issues.length;
-  if (depth > 32) {
-    c.issue(path, 'Type nesting exceeds 32 levels.');
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (typeof value === 'string') c.enum(value, [...numeric, 'text', 'boolean'], path);
-  else {
-    const type = c.object(value, path);
-    if (type.kind === 'reference') {
-      if (c.text(type.to, [...path, 'to']) && !names.has(type.to))
-        c.issue([...path, 'to'], 'Unknown reference type.');
-    } else if (type.kind === 'vector') {
-      c.enum(type.items, numeric, [...path, 'items']);
-      c.integer(type.size, [...path, 'size'], 1, 0x7fffffff);
-    } else if (type.kind === 'list') dataType(c, type.items, [...path, 'items'], names, depth + 1);
-    else c.issue([...path, 'kind'], 'Unknown data type.');
-  }
-  return before === c.issues.length;
-}
-
-export function domainValue(
-  c: Check,
-  value: unknown,
-  type: Schema.FieldType,
-  nullable: boolean,
-  path: Path,
-): void {
-  if (value === null) {
-    if (!nullable) c.issue(path, 'Null requires nullable.');
-    return;
-  }
-  if (typeof type === 'string') {
-    if (type === 'text') c.text(value, path, true);
-    else if (type === 'boolean') c.bool(value, path);
-    else if (c.finite(value, path)) {
-      if (type === 'uint32') c.integer(value, path, 0, 0xffffffff);
-      if (type === 'int32') c.integer(value, path, -0x80000000, 0x7fffffff);
-      if (type === 'float32' && !Number.isFinite(Math.fround(value)))
-        c.issue(path, 'Value exceeds float32 range.');
-    }
-  } else if (type.kind === 'reference') c.text(value, path);
-  else {
-    const items = c.array(value, path);
-    if (type.kind === 'vector' && items.length !== type.size)
-      c.issue(path, 'Vector length differs from its size.');
-    for (const [i, item] of items.entries()) domainValue(c, item, type.items, false, [...path, i]);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/validation/selection.ts b/packages/model/src/validation/selection.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 578f3dda..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/validation/selection.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import type { Schema } from '../schema/schema.js';
-import { record } from './check.js';
-import { validateQuery } from './query.js';
-import type { Failure } from '../failure.js';
-/** Validate field/row demand without pretending it is a historical query. */
-export function validateSelection(schema: Schema, value: unknown): readonly Failure.Problem[] {
-  if (!record(value)) return [{ code: 'invalid-input', message: 'Expected a field selection.' }];
-  const fields =
-    typeof value.from === 'string' && Object.hasOwn(schema.types, value.from)
-      ? schema.types[value.from].fields
-      : undefined;
-  const sampled =
-    Array.isArray(value.select) &&
-    value.select.some(
-      (name: unknown) =>
-        typeof name === 'string' && fields && Object.hasOwn(fields, name) && fields[name].sampled,
-    );
-  return validateQuery(schema, { ...value, kind: 'rows', ...(sampled ? { at: 0 } : {}) });
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/src/work.ts b/packages/model/src/work.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ee570007..00000000
--- a/packages/model/src/work.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/prefer-promise-reject-errors -- Preserve native AbortSignal reasons. */
-import { failure } from './failure.js';
-
-/** Stop waiting on cancellation while still observing the work's outcome. */
-export function interruptible<T>(promise: PromiseLike<T>, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<T> {
-  if (signal.aborted) {
-    void Promise.resolve(promise).catch(() => {});
-    return Promise.reject(signal.reason);
-  }
-  return new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const abort = (): void => {
-      signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-      reject(signal.reason);
-    };
-    signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
-    void Promise.resolve(promise).then(
-      (value) => {
-        signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-        resolve(value);
-      },
-      (error) => {
-        signal.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
-        reject(error);
-      },
-    );
-  });
-}
-
-interface Scheduler {
-  readonly yield?: () => Promise<void>;
-  readonly postTask?: (
-    task: () => void,
-    options: { readonly priority: 'background' },
-  ) => Promise<void>;
-}
-/**
- * Let other tasks run, then continue. In the foreground, `scheduler.yield()` resumes ahead of other
- * queued tasks and without the timer clamp nested timeouts get; in the background,
- * `scheduler.postTask` resumes behind them. Elsewhere this waits for a timeout.
- */
-export function yieldTask(priority: Work.Priority = 'foreground'): Promise<void> {
-  const scheduler = (globalThis as { readonly scheduler?: Scheduler }).scheduler;
-  if (priority === 'background' && scheduler?.postTask)
-    return scheduler.postTask(() => {}, { priority: 'background' });
-  if (priority === 'foreground' && scheduler?.yield) return scheduler.yield();
-  return new Promise<void>((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-}
-
-/** Cooperative CPU work: yields to the event loop between slices, stops on abort, and bounds its total time. */
-export class Work {
-  readonly #started = performance.now();
-  #nextYield: number;
-  constructor(
-    readonly signal: AbortSignal,
-    private readonly limitMs = Infinity,
-    private readonly sliceMs = 8,
-    private readonly priority: Work.Priority = 'foreground',
-  ) {
-    this.#nextYield = this.#started + sliceMs;
-  }
-  /** Throw when aborted or past the time limit. */
-  check(): void {
-    this.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (performance.now() - this.#started > this.limitMs)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Work exceeded its time limit');
-  }
-  /** Yield once the current slice is spent. */
-  async step(): Promise<void> {
-    this.check();
-    if (performance.now() < this.#nextYield) return;
-    await yieldTask(this.priority);
-    this.#nextYield = performance.now() + this.sliceMs;
-    this.check();
-  }
-  /** Await a task, stopping at abort while still observing its outcome. */
-  wait<T>(task: PromiseLike<T>): Promise<T> {
-    return interruptible(task, this.signal);
-  }
-}
-export declare namespace Work {
-  /**
-   * How work shares the page: `foreground` work someone waits on resumes ahead of other queued
-   * tasks; `background` work resumes after them, so a frame waiting on the GPU never waits on it.
-   */
-  type Priority = 'foreground' | 'background';
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/access.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/access.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 196e6ced..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/access.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  numberAt,
-  sampleAt,
-  textAt,
-  rowAt,
-  rowCount,
-  sliceRows,
-  sameIndex,
-  assertIndex,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-it('honors offsets, bitmaps and sample strides without conflating null and present NaN', () => {
-  const column = {
-    kind: 'numeric' as const,
-    offset: 1,
-    length: 4,
-    values: Float64Array.of(99, 1, NaN, 3, 4),
-    validity: Uint8Array.of(0b10110),
-  };
-  expect(numberAt(column, 0)).toBe(1);
-  expect(numberAt(column, 1)).toBeNaN();
-  expect(numberAt(column, 2)).toBeNull();
-  expect(sampleAt({ ...column, rowStride: 1, frameStride: 2 }, 1, 1)).toBe(4);
-  expect(() => numberAt(column, 4)).toThrow();
-  expect(() => sampleAt({ ...column, rowStride: 1, frameStride: 2 }, -1, 0)).toThrow();
-  const text = {
-    kind: 'text' as const,
-    offset: 1,
-    length: 2,
-    bytes: new TextEncoder().encode('!hello'),
-    offsets: Int32Array.of(0, 1, 1, 6),
-    validity: Uint8Array.of(0b110),
-  };
-  expect(textAt(text, 0)).toBe('');
-  expect(textAt(text, 1)).toBe('hello');
-});
-it('preserves sparse axis buffers and enforces physical index identity', () => {
-  const values = Uint32Array.of(9, 3, 7),
-    slice = sliceRows({ kind: 'indices', values }, 1, 2);
-  expect(slice.kind === 'indices' && slice.values.buffer).toBe(values.buffer);
-  expect(rowAt(slice, 0)).toBe(3);
-  expect(rowCount(slice)).toBe(2);
-  const index = { source: 'd', type: 't', version: 'v' };
-  expect(sameIndex(index, { ...index })).toBe(true);
-  expect(() => assertIndex(index, { ...index, version: 'x' })).toThrow();
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/conformance.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/conformance.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a833511..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/conformance.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-import { copyBuffers } from '../src/data/columns.js';
-import { queryConformance } from './conformance.js';
-import { staticData } from './fixture.js';
-const query = { kind: 'rows', from: 'Node', select: ['value'] } as const;
-for (const copied of [false, true])
-  queryConformance(copied ? 'copied application data' : 'shared application data', async () => ({
-    source: copied ? copyBuffers(staticData()) : staticData(),
-    query,
-    expectedRows: [0, 1, 2, 3],
-    close: async () => {},
-  }));
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/conformance.ts b/packages/model/tests/conformance.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c4a0b4fc..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/conformance.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-/** Reusable read-contract checks. Supply another implementation/transport without changing tests. */
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Data, Query } from '../src/index.js';
-import {
-  read,
-  rowCount as axisLength,
-  rowAt,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateSchema,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-
-const axisValues = (rows: import('../src/index.js').Index.Rows) =>
-  Array.from({ length: axisLength(rows) }, (_, i) => rowAt(rows, i));
-
-export function queryConformance(
-  name: string,
-  open: () => Promise<{
-    source: Data;
-    query: Query.Rows;
-    expectedRows: readonly number[];
-    close: () => Promise<void>;
-  }>,
-): void {
-  describe(name, () => {
-    it('streams one coherent index and complete ordered rows', async () => {
-      const { source, query, expectedRows, close } = await open();
-      try {
-        expect(validateSchema(source.schema)).toEqual([]);
-        const actual: number[] = [];
-        let index: unknown;
-        for await (const block of read(source, query)) {
-          expect(validateBlock(source.schema, query, block)).toEqual([]);
-          index ??= block.index;
-          expect(block.index).toEqual(index);
-          expect(block.rowOffset).toBe(actual.length);
-          actual.push(...axisValues(block.rows));
-        }
-        expect(actual).toEqual(expectedRows);
-      } finally {
-        await close();
-      }
-    });
-    it('supports early return and subsequent independent reads', async () => {
-      const { source, query, expectedRows, close } = await open();
-      try {
-        for await (const block of read(source, query)) {
-          expect(block.kind).toBe('rows');
-          break;
-        }
-        let count = 0;
-        for await (const block of read(source, query)) count += axisLength(block.rows);
-        expect(count).toBe(expectedRows.length);
-      } finally {
-        await close();
-      }
-    });
-    it('rejects an aborted request without closing the source', async () => {
-      const { source, query, close } = await open();
-      try {
-        const signal = AbortSignal.abort();
-        await expect(
-          read(source, query, { signal })[Symbol.asyncIterator]().next(),
-        ).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'AbortError' });
-        expect(source.schema).toBeDefined();
-      } finally {
-        await close();
-      }
-    });
-  });
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/connectivity.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/connectivity.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c69f2b19..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/connectivity.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  createData,
-  read,
-  numberAt,
-  rowCount as axisLength,
-  blockBuffers,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateSchema,
-  type Schema,
-  type Column,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import { collect } from './fixture.js';
-class Wiring {
-  readonly branches = { source: 'test', type: 'Branch', version: 'branches1' };
-  readonly buses = { source: 'test', type: 'Bus', version: 'buses1' };
-  readonly schema: Schema = {
-    types: {
-      Bus: { fields: {} },
-      Branch: {
-        fields: {
-          bus1: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } },
-          bus2: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' }, nullable: true },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  readonly data;
-  constructor(
-    readonly bus1 = Uint32Array.of(0, 1, 2),
-    readonly bus2 = Uint32Array.of(1, 2, 0),
-    readonly wired = Uint8Array.of(3),
-  ) {
-    const column = (values: Uint32Array): Column.Reference => ({
-      kind: 'reference',
-      index: this.buses,
-      offset: 0,
-      length: values.length,
-      values,
-    });
-    this.data = createData(this.schema, [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.branches,
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: bus1.length },
-        columns: { bus1: column(bus1), bus2: { ...column(bus2), validity: wired } },
-      },
-    ]);
-  }
-}
-const query = { kind: 'rows', from: 'Branch', select: ['bus1', 'bus2'] } as const;
-
-it('reads wiring as native row numbers of the referenced type, without copying', async () => {
-  const source = new Wiring();
-  expect(validateSchema(source.schema)).toEqual([]);
-  const [block] = await collect(read(source.data, query));
-  expect(validateBlock(source.schema, query, block)).toEqual([]);
-  const bus1 = block.columns.bus1 as Column.Reference,
-    bus2 = block.columns.bus2 as Column.Reference;
-  expect(bus1.index).toEqual(source.buses);
-  expect([0, 1, 2].map((i) => numberAt(bus1, i))).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
-  expect([0, 1, 2].map((i) => numberAt(bus2, i))).toEqual([1, 2, null]);
-  expect(blockBuffers(block)).toContain(source.bus1.buffer);
-});
-
-it('splits a large wiring read within the block bound', async () => {
-  const count = 2000;
-  const source = new Wiring(
-    Uint32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i),
-    Uint32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => (i + 1) % count),
-    new Uint8Array(count / 8).fill(255),
-  );
-  let next = 0;
-  for (const block of await collect(read(source.data, query, { maxBlockBytes: 1024 }))) {
-    expect(validateBlock(source.schema, query, block, { maxBlockBytes: 1024 })).toEqual([]);
-    expect(block.rowOffset).toBe(next);
-    next += axisLength(block.rows);
-  }
-  expect(next).toBe(count);
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/context.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/context.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 26ff39da..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/context.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  read,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateQuery,
-  type Domain,
-  type Query,
-  type Block,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import { schema, index } from './data.js';
-import { sampledData, collect } from './fixture.js';
-const samples = (window: Query.Window): Query.Samples => ({
-  kind: 'samples',
-  from: 'Node',
-  select: ['output'],
-  rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-  window,
-});
-describe('range context validation', () => {
-  it.each([{}, { before: 0 }, { after: 1 }, { before: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, after: 2 }])(
-    'accepts nonnegative frame counts: %j',
-    (context) => {
-      expect(validateQuery(schema, samples({ kind: 'range', between: [2, 2], context }))).toEqual(
-        [],
-      );
-    },
-  );
-  it.each([-1, 0.5, NaN, Infinity, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1, '1', null])(
-    'rejects invalid counts on either side: %j',
-    (value) => {
-      for (const side of ['before', 'after']) {
-        const query = {
-          ...samples({ kind: 'range', between: [2, 2] }),
-          window: { kind: 'range', between: [2, 2], context: { [side]: value } },
-        };
-        expect(validateQuery(schema, query)).not.toEqual([]);
-      }
-    },
-  );
-  it.each([null, [], 1, 'context', undefined])('rejects a malformed context: %j', (context) => {
-    expect(
-      validateQuery(schema, {
-        ...samples({ kind: 'range', between: [2, 2] }),
-        window: { kind: 'range', between: [2, 2], context },
-      }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it.each([
-    { kind: 'at', value: 2 },
-    { kind: 'frames', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-  ])('rejects context on other window kinds: %j', (window) => {
-    expect(
-      validateQuery(schema, {
-        ...samples({ kind: 'at', value: 2 }),
-        window: { ...window, context: { before: 1 } },
-      }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('bounds context per tile while retaining ordinary range validation', () => {
-    const block = (values: number[]): Block.Samples => ({
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-      rowOffset: 0,
-      firstFrame: 0,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.from(values),
-      columns: {
-        output: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          values: Float64Array.from(values),
-          offset: 0,
-          length: values.length,
-          frameStride: 1,
-          rowStride: 1,
-        },
-      },
-    });
-    const query = samples({
-      kind: 'range',
-      between: [2, 2],
-      context: { before: 2, after: 1 },
-    });
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block([0, 1, 2, 2, 4]))).toEqual([]);
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block([0, 1]))).toEqual([]);
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block([4]))).toEqual([]);
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block([-1, 0, 1, 2]))).not.toEqual([]);
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block([2, 4, 5]))).not.toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, samples({ kind: 'range', between: [2, 2] }), block([1, 2])),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('local coordinate selection', () => {
-  const cases: readonly [
-    Domain,
-    { before?: number; after?: number } | undefined,
-    readonly number[],
-  ][] = [
-    [[2, 2], undefined, [2, 2]],
-    [[2, 2], {}, [2, 2]],
-    [[2, 2], { before: 1, after: 1 }, [0, 2, 2, 5]],
-    [[3, 4], { before: 1, after: 1 }, [2, 5]],
-    [[3, 4], { before: 2 }, [2, 2]],
-    [[-3, -1], { before: 1, after: 1 }, [0]],
-    [[9, 10], { before: 1, after: 1 }, [8]],
-    [[0, 8], { before: 10, after: 10 }, [0, 2, 2, 5, 8]],
-    [[3, 4], { before: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, after: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER }, [0, 2, 2, 5, 8]],
-  ];
-  it.each(cases)('selects context for %j / %j', async (between, context, expected) => {
-    const data = sampledData([0, 2, 2, 5, 8]),
-      window: Query.Window = {
-        kind: 'range',
-        between,
-        ...(context === undefined ? {} : { context }),
-      },
-      query = samples(window);
-    const blocks = await collect(read(data, query, { maxBlockBytes: 1024 }));
-    expect(blocks.flatMap((b) => [...b.coordinates])).toEqual(expected);
-    for (const block of blocks)
-      expect(validateBlock(data.schema, query, block, { maxBlockBytes: 1024 })).toEqual([]);
-    const aggregate = await collect(
-      read(data, {
-        kind: 'aggregate',
-        from: 'Node',
-        select: ['output'],
-        rows: query.rows,
-        measures: ['min', 'max'],
-        window,
-      }),
-    );
-    expect(aggregate[0].values.output).toEqual({
-      count: expected.length,
-      min: expected.length ? Math.min(...expected) + 1 : null,
-      max: expected.length ? Math.max(...expected) + 1 : null,
-    });
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/data.ts b/packages/model/tests/data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7bab133e..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-import type { Index, Schema, Column, Block } from '../src/index.js';
-
-export const index: Index = { source: 'model', type: 'Node', version: 'rows:1' };
-export const hubs: Index = { source: 'model', type: 'Hub', version: 'rows:1' };
-export const schema: Schema = {
-  types: {
-    Node: {
-      fields: {
-        value: {
-          type: 'float64',
-          bounds: { lower: { value: 0, inclusive: false } },
-        },
-        label: { type: 'text', nullable: true },
-        enabled: { type: 'boolean' },
-        output: { type: 'float64', sampled: true },
-        position: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 }, nullable: true },
-        route: {
-          type: { kind: 'list', items: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-          nullable: true,
-        },
-        parent: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Node' }, nullable: true },
-        hub: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Hub' }, direction: 'out' },
-      },
-    },
-    Hub: { fields: {} },
-    Settings: { fields: { value: { type: 'float64' } } },
-  },
-  axis: { name: 'time', unit: 's' },
-};
-
-export function numbers(values: readonly number[]): Column.Numeric {
-  return { kind: 'numeric', values: Float64Array.from(values), offset: 0, length: values.length };
-}
-export function references(
-  values: readonly (number | null)[],
-  target: Index = index,
-): Column.Reference {
-  const validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(values.length / 8));
-  values.forEach((value, i) => {
-    if (value !== null) validity[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-  });
-  return {
-    kind: 'reference',
-    index: target,
-    values: Uint32Array.from(values, (value) => value ?? 0),
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    ...(values.includes(null) ? { validity } : {}),
-  };
-}
-export function text(values: readonly string[]): Column.Text {
-  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
-  const encoded = values.map((v) => encoder.encode(v));
-  const offsets = new Int32Array(values.length + 1);
-  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) offsets[i + 1] = offsets[i] + encoded[i].length;
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(offsets[values.length]);
-  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) bytes.set(encoded[i], offsets[i]);
-  return { kind: 'text', bytes, offsets, offset: 0, length: values.length };
-}
-export function rows(): Block.Rows {
-  return {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    columns: { value: numbers([10, 20]) },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/envelope.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/envelope.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ccfca719..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/envelope.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  validateBlock,
-  validateQuery,
-  validateSchema,
-  blockBuffers,
-  blockByteLength,
-  type Schema,
-  type Query,
-  type Block,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'coordinate' },
-
-  types: { node: { fields: { value: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, nullable: true } } } },
-};
-const query: Query.Envelope = {
-  kind: 'envelope',
-  from: 'node',
-  select: ['value'],
-  window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, 4] },
-  buckets: 2,
-};
-function block(): Block.Envelope {
-  return {
-    kind: 'envelope',
-    index: { source: 'd', type: 'node', version: 'i' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    firstBucket: 0,
-    bucketCount: 2,
-    columns: {
-      value: {
-        values: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 8,
-          values: Float64Array.of(2, 1, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-          validity: Uint8Array.of(15),
-        },
-        coordinates: Float64Array.of(0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-        frames: Float64Array.of(2 ** 40, 2 ** 40 + 1, 2 ** 40 + 2, 2 ** 40 + 2, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-        continuous: Uint8Array.of(1),
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-it('validates optional native summaries and accounts every exposed backing', () => {
-  expect(validateSchema(schema)).toEqual([]);
-  expect(validateQuery(schema, query)).toEqual([]);
-  expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block())).toEqual([]);
-  expect(blockBuffers(block())).toHaveLength(5);
-  expect(blockByteLength(block())).toBeGreaterThan(3 * 8 * 8);
-  expect(validateSchema({ ...schema, axis: undefined })).not.toEqual([]);
-  expect(validateQuery(schema, query)).toEqual([]);
-});
-it('rejects invented times, partial slots, nonfinite summaries, invalid extrema and truncated bitmaps', () => {
-  for (const change of [
-    (b: Block.Envelope) => {
-      b.columns.value.coordinates[1] = 3;
-    },
-    (b: Block.Envelope) => {
-      b.columns.value.frames[1] = 0.5;
-    },
-    (b: Block.Envelope) => {
-      b.columns.value.values.validity![0] = 7;
-    },
-    (b: Block.Envelope) => {
-      b.columns.value.values.values[2] = Infinity;
-    },
-    (b: Block.Envelope) => {
-      b.columns.value.values.values[1] = 99;
-    },
-    (b: Block.Envelope) => {
-      b.columns.value.continuous[0] = 3;
-    },
-  ]) {
-    const b = block();
-    change(b);
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, b)).not.toEqual([]);
-  }
-  expect(validateBlock(schema, query, { ...block(), bucketCount: 3 })).not.toEqual([]);
-});
-it('requires coordinate buckets and a single bucket for a zero-width interval', () => {
-  expect(
-    validateQuery(schema, { ...query, window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 0, count: 5 } }),
-  ).not.toEqual([]);
-  expect(
-    validateQuery(schema, { ...query, window: { kind: 'range', between: [2, 2] } }),
-  ).not.toEqual([]);
-  expect(validateQuery(schema, { ...query, buckets: 0 })).not.toEqual([]);
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/fixture.ts b/packages/model/tests/fixture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d385f34e..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/fixture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, textColumn, type Data, type Schema } from '../src/index.js';
-export const fixtureSchema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: {
-    Node: {
-      fields: {
-        value: { type: 'float64' },
-        output: { type: 'float64', sampled: true },
-        other: { type: 'float64', sampled: true },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-export function staticData(count = 4, pageRows = 4096): Data {
-  const batches: Data.Batch[] = [];
-  for (let offset = 0; offset < count; offset += pageRows) {
-    const n = Math.min(pageRows, count - offset);
-    batches.push({
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index: { source: 'fixture', type: 'Node', version: 'rows1' },
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset, count: n },
-      columns: {
-        value: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: n,
-          values: Float64Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => ((offset + i) % 1009) - 504),
-        },
-      },
-      ...(count <= 10000
-        ? { ids: textColumn(Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => 'n' + (offset + i))) }
-        : {}),
-    });
-  }
-  return createData(fixtureSchema, batches);
-}
-export function sampledData(coordinates: readonly number[], count = 4): Data {
-  return createData(
-    fixtureSchema,
-    coordinates.map((coordinate, frame) => ({
-      kind: 'samples' as const,
-      index: { source: 'fixture', type: 'Node', version: 'rows1' },
-      rows: { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count },
-      firstFrame: frame,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.of(coordinate),
-      columns: {
-        output: {
-          kind: 'numeric' as const,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: count,
-          values: Float64Array.from({ length: count }, (_, row) => coordinate + row + 1),
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: count,
-        },
-      },
-    })),
-  );
-}
-export async function collect<B>(stream: AsyncIterable<B>): Promise<B[]> {
-  const values: B[] = [];
-  for await (const value of stream) values.push(value);
-  return values;
-}
-export function failure(code: string, message = code) {
-  return Object.assign(new Error(message), { code });
-}
-export function byteStream(bytes: Uint8Array): ReadableStream<Uint8Array> {
-  return new ReadableStream({
-    start(controller) {
-      controller.enqueue(bytes);
-      controller.close();
-    },
-  });
-}
-export async function readBytes(stream: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>): Promise<Uint8Array> {
-  const reader = stream.getReader(),
-    chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
-  try {
-    for (;;) {
-      const result = await reader.read();
-      if (result.done) break;
-      chunks.push(result.value);
-    }
-  } finally {
-    await reader.cancel();
-    reader.releaseLock();
-  }
-  const result = new Uint8Array(chunks.reduce((n, c) => n + c.length, 0));
-  let offset = 0;
-  for (const chunk of chunks) {
-    result.set(chunk, offset);
-    offset += chunk.length;
-  }
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/item.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/item.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5cab984c..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/item.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  createData,
-  failure,
-  isFailure,
-  itemId,
-  itemKey,
-  textAt,
-  textColumn,
-  type Schema,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import { position } from '../src/data/columns.js';
-
-const schema: Schema = { types: { Node: { fields: {} } } };
-const index = { source: 'items', type: 'Node', version: '1' };
-const data = createData(schema, [
-  {
-    kind: 'rows',
-    index,
-    rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(2, 5, 9) },
-    ids: textColumn(['a', 'b', 'c']),
-    columns: {},
-  },
-]);
-
-it('names a row by its row space and number, and reads its id back', () => {
-  const item = { source: data, index, row: 5 };
-  expect(itemId(item)).toBe('b');
-  // The row space names the row, so a later Data value names the same item, then what a view adds.
-  const later = { source: createData(schema, []), index: { ...index }, row: 5 };
-  expect(itemKey(later)).toBe(itemKey(item));
-  expect(itemKey(later, 'edge')).not.toBe(itemKey(item));
-  expect(itemKey({ ...item, row: 9 })).not.toBe(itemKey(item));
-  expect(itemKey({ ...item, index: { ...index, version: '2' } })).not.toBe(itemKey(item));
-  expect(() => itemId({ ...item, row: 3 })).toThrow('has no id');
-  expect(() => itemId({ ...item, index: { ...index, version: '2' } })).toThrow(
-    'identities do not match',
-  );
-});
-
-it('finds rows on ascending and unordered sparse axes', () => {
-  const ascending = { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(1, 4, 9) } as const,
-    unordered = { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(9, 1, 4) } as const;
-  expect([1, 4, 9, 5, 0, 10].map((row) => position(ascending, row))).toEqual([0, 1, 2, -1, -1, -1]);
-  expect([9, 1, 4, 5].map((row) => position(unordered, row))).toEqual([0, 1, 2, -1]);
-});
-
-it('encodes null text as absent', () => {
-  const column = textColumn(['x', null, 'zz']);
-  expect([0, 1, 2].map((i) => textAt(column, i))).toEqual(['x', null, 'zz']);
-  expect(textColumn(['x']).validity).toBeUndefined();
-});
-
-it('recognizes failures by code, from any package or peer', () => {
-  expect(isFailure(failure('busy'), 'busy')).toBe(true);
-  expect(isFailure(failure('busy'), 'closed')).toBe(false);
-  expect(isFailure(Object.assign(new Error('peer'), { code: 'timeout' }))).toBe(true);
-  expect(isFailure(new Error('plain'))).toBe(false);
-  expect(failure('io', 'read', { cause: 'disk' }).cause).toBe('disk');
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/materialized.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/materialized.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 21d61906..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/materialized.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,595 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { sliceColumn } from '../src/data/columns.js';
-import {
-  appendData,
-  locateSample,
-  createData,
-  read,
-  selectRows,
-  textColumn,
-  rowAt,
-  rowCount,
-  numberAt,
-  sampleAt,
-  validateBlock,
-  blockBuffers,
-  blockByteLength,
-  type Column,
-  type Schema,
-  validateBatch,
-  type Index,
-  type Data,
-  type Query,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: {
-    Node: {
-      fields: {
-        value: { type: 'float64' },
-        output: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, nullable: true },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-const index = { source: 'test', type: 'Node', version: 'rows-1' };
-const values = Float64Array.of(4, 1, 2, 2);
-const batch: Data.Batch = {
-  kind: 'rows',
-  index,
-  rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 4 },
-  ids: textColumn(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
-  columns: { value: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 4, values } },
-};
-const rows = { kind: 'rows', from: 'Node', select: ['value'] } as const;
-async function collect<T>(stream: AsyncIterable<T>): Promise<T[]> {
-  const out: T[] = [];
-  for await (const value of stream) out.push(value);
-  return out;
-}
-function history(nr = 2, nf = 7) {
-  const coordinates =
-    nf === 7
-      ? Float64Array.of(0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6)
-      : Float64Array.from({ length: nf }, (_, i) => i);
-  const values = Float64Array.from({ length: nr * nf }, (_, i) => i);
-  const validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(values.length / 8)).fill(255);
-  return createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: nr },
-      firstFrame: 2 ** 40,
-      coordinates,
-      columns: {
-        output: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: values.length,
-          values,
-          validity,
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: nr,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ]);
-}
-it('data is a value with no acquisition, query or close protocol', async () => {
-  const data = createData(schema, [batch]);
-  expect(Object.keys(data).sort()).toEqual(['schema', 'tables']);
-  expect(data.tables.Node.fields.value.at(0)!.column).toBe(batch.columns.value);
-  const blocks = await collect(read(data, rows));
-  expect(blocks[0]).toMatchObject({ kind: 'rows', rowOffset: 0 });
-  const block = blocks.find((b) => b.kind === 'rows')!;
-  expect(blockBuffers(block)).toContain(values.buffer);
-  expect(validateBlock(schema, rows, block)).toEqual([]);
-});
-it('selects identities, filters, sorts with stable physical ties, and counts before pagination', async () => {
-  const data = createData(schema, [batch]);
-  const blocks = await collect(
-    read(data, {
-      ...rows,
-      ids: true,
-      where: [{ field: 'value', operator: 'greaterThan', value: 1 }],
-      orderBy: [{ field: 'value', direction: 'ascending' }],
-      offset: 1,
-      limit: 2,
-      count: true,
-    }),
-  );
-  const block = blocks.find((b) => b.kind === 'rows')!;
-  expect(block.total).toBe(3);
-  expect([rowAt(block.rows, 0), rowAt(block.rows, 1)]).toEqual([3, 0]);
-  const selected = await collect(read(data, { ...rows, rows: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['d', 'b'] } }));
-  expect(selected.find((b) => b.kind === 'rows')!.rows).toEqual({
-    kind: 'indices',
-    values: Uint32Array.of(3, 1),
-  });
-});
-it('resolves IDs across pages by their bytes, skipping nulls and letting a later page win', () => {
-  const nulls = { ...textColumn(['x', 'twin', 'é']), validity: Uint8Array.of(0b110) };
-  const table = createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 3 },
-      ids: textColumn(['ä/1', 'twin', 'z']),
-      columns: {},
-    },
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(5, 9, 7) },
-      ids: nulls,
-      columns: {},
-    },
-  ]).tables.Node;
-  expect(selectRows(table, { kind: 'ids', ids: ['é', 'ä/1', 'twin'] })).toEqual({
-    kind: 'indices',
-    values: Uint32Array.of(7, 0, 9),
-  });
-  for (const id of ['x', 'missing', ''])
-    expect(() => selectRows(table, { kind: 'ids', ids: [id] })).toThrow('Unknown row id');
-});
-it('resolves IDs longer than the shared encoding buffer', () => {
-  const long = ['x'.repeat(300), 'é'.repeat(200), 'x'.repeat(299)];
-  const table = createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 3 },
-      ids: textColumn(long),
-      columns: {},
-    },
-  ]).tables.Node;
-  expect(selectRows(table, { kind: 'ids', ids: [long[1], long[0], long[2]] })).toEqual({
-    kind: 'indices',
-    values: Uint32Array.of(1, 0, 2),
-  });
-  expect(() => selectRows(table, { kind: 'ids', ids: ['x'.repeat(301)] })).toThrow(
-    'Unknown row id',
-  );
-});
-it('has independent transferred copies and immutable shared pages', async () => {
-  const data = createData(schema, [batch]);
-  const block = (await collect(read(data, rows, { buffers: 'owned' }))).find(
-    (b) => b.kind === 'rows',
-  )!;
-  expect(blockBuffers(block)).not.toContain(values.buffer);
-  const cloned = structuredClone(block, { transfer: [...blockBuffers(block)] as ArrayBuffer[] });
-  expect(numberAt(cloned.columns.value as Column.Numeric, 0)).toBe(4);
-  expect(values[0]).toBe(4);
-  const next = appendData(data, []);
-  expect(next.tables.Node).toBe(data.tables.Node);
-});
-it('keeps stored values independently of producer lifetime', async () => {
-  const result = createData(schema, [batch]);
-  expect((await collect(read(result, rows))).find((b) => b.kind === 'rows')!.rows).toEqual(
-    batch.rows,
-  );
-});
-it.each([
-  { kind: 'at', value: -1 },
-  { kind: 'at', value: 1 },
-  { kind: 'range', between: [1, 1], context: { before: 1, after: 1 } },
-] as const)('resolves sampled duplicates and context: %j', async (window) => {
-  const data = history();
-  const q: Query.Samples = { kind: 'samples', from: 'Node', select: ['output'], window };
-  const blocks = (await collect(read(data, q))).filter((b) => b.kind === 'samples');
-  const coordinates = blocks.filter((b) => b.rowOffset === 0).flatMap((b) => [...b.coordinates]);
-  expect(coordinates).toEqual(window.kind === 'at' ? (window.value < 0 ? [] : [1]) : [0, 1, 1, 2]);
-  for (const block of blocks) expect(validateBlock(schema, q, block)).toEqual([]);
-});
-it('tiles every addressed sample exactly once under a tight payload bound without repacking dense backing', async () => {
-  const data = history(113, 79),
-    seen = new Uint8Array(113 * 79);
-  const q: Query.Samples = {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    from: 'Node',
-    select: ['output'],
-    window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 2 ** 40, count: 79 },
-  };
-  for await (const b of read(data, q, { maxBlockBytes: 2048 }))
-    if (b.kind === 'samples') {
-      expect(blockByteLength(b)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(2048);
-      expect(validateBlock(data.schema, q, b)).toEqual([]);
-      for (let f = 0; f < b.coordinates.length; f++)
-        for (let r = 0; r < rowCount(b.rows); r++) {
-          const at = (b.firstFrame + f - 2 ** 40) * 113 + rowAt(b.rows, r);
-          expect(seen[at]++).toBe(0);
-          expect(sampleAt(b.columns.output, r, f)).toBe(at);
-        }
-    }
-  expect(seen.every((v) => v === 1)).toBe(true);
-});
-it('reduces samples locally and preserves exact envelope extrema and gaps', async () => {
-  const data = history();
-  const q = {
-    kind: 'envelope',
-    from: 'Node',
-    select: ['output'],
-    window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, 6] },
-    buckets: 2,
-  } as const;
-  const blocks = (await collect(read(data, q))).filter((b) => b.kind === 'envelope');
-  for (const b of blocks) expect(validateBlock(schema, q, b)).toEqual([]);
-  expect([...blocks[0].columns.output.values.values].slice(0, 4)).toEqual([0, 0, 6, 6]);
-  const aggregate = (
-    await collect(
-      read(data, {
-        kind: 'aggregate',
-        from: 'Node',
-        select: ['output'],
-        measures: ['min', 'max'],
-        window: { kind: 'range', between: [0, 6] },
-      }),
-    )
-  ).find((b) => b.kind === 'aggregate')!;
-  expect(aggregate.values.output).toEqual({ count: 14, min: 0, max: 13 });
-});
-it('rejects stale identities, absent fields, impossible bounds and cancelled work', async () => {
-  const data = createData(schema, [batch]);
-  await expect(
-    collect(
-      read(data, {
-        ...rows,
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1, index: { ...index, version: 'stale' } },
-      }),
-    ),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'conflict' });
-  await expect(collect(read(data, rows, { maxBlockBytes: 1 }))).rejects.toMatchObject({
-    code: 'resource-limit',
-  });
-  // An aborted read rejects with the signal's reason, as every latkit read does.
-  await expect(collect(read(data, rows, { signal: AbortSignal.abort() }))).rejects.toMatchObject({
-    name: 'AbortError',
-  });
-});
-
-it('resolves coordinate windows and context across gaps in stored frame numbers', async () => {
-  const batches: Data.Batch[] = [0, 5].map((frame) => ({
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-    firstFrame: frame,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.of(frame),
-    columns: {
-      output: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 1,
-        values: Float64Array.of(frame),
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: 1,
-      },
-    },
-  }));
-  const data = createData(schema, batches);
-  const base = { kind: 'samples', from: 'Node', select: ['output'] } as const;
-  const at = (await collect(read(data, { ...base, window: { kind: 'at', value: 3 } }))).filter(
-    (b) => b.kind === 'samples',
-  );
-  expect(at.map((b) => b.firstFrame)).toEqual([0]);
-  const context = (
-    await collect(
-      read(data, {
-        ...base,
-        window: { kind: 'range', between: [2, 3], context: { before: 1, after: 1 } },
-      }),
-    )
-  ).filter((b) => b.kind === 'samples');
-  expect(context.flatMap((b) => [...b.coordinates])).toEqual([0, 5]);
-  await expect(
-    collect(read(data, { ...base, window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 0, count: 6 } })),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-});
-it('reads a sampled field at a coordinate as a plain column, sliced or gathered', async () => {
-  const rows = (offset: number, count: number) =>
-    ({ kind: 'range', offset, count }) satisfies Index.Rows;
-  const data = createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: rows(0, 4),
-      firstFrame: 0,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.of(0, 1),
-      columns: {
-        output: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 8,
-          values: Float64Array.of(0, 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13),
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: 4,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ]);
-  const at = async (selection: Index.Selection) => {
-    const [block] = (
-      await collect(
-        read(data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Node', select: ['output'], rows: selection, at: 1 }),
-      )
-    ).filter((b) => b.kind === 'rows');
-    return block.columns.output;
-  };
-  // A contiguous selection slices the page; a sparse one gathers. Both are plain numeric columns.
-  for (const column of [
-    await at({ kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 2, index }),
-    await at({ kind: 'indices', index, values: Uint32Array.of(3, 1) }),
-  ])
-    expect(Object.keys(column).sort()).toEqual(['kind', 'length', 'offset', 'values']);
-  expect([...numericValues(await at({ kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 2, index }))]).toEqual([
-    11, 12,
-  ]);
-  const sliced = sliceColumn(
-    {
-      kind: 'numeric',
-      offset: 0,
-      length: 8,
-      values: new Float64Array(8),
-      rowStride: 1,
-      frameStride: 4,
-    } as Column.Sample,
-    4,
-    2,
-  );
-  expect(sliced).not.toHaveProperty('frameStride');
-});
-function numericValues(column: Column): Float64Array {
-  if (column.kind !== 'numeric') throw new Error('Expected a numeric column');
-  return column.values.subarray(column.offset, column.offset + column.length) as Float64Array;
-}
-it('constructs replacement static data without mutating earlier application data', async () => {
-  const previous = createData(schema, [batch]);
-  const next = createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: batch.rows,
-      ids: textColumn(['a', 'replacement', 'c', 'd']),
-      columns: {
-        value: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 4, values: Float64Array.of(4, 99, 2, 2) },
-      },
-    },
-  ]);
-  const selected = (
-    await collect(read(next, { ...rows, rows: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['replacement'] } }))
-  ).find((b) => b.kind === 'rows')!;
-  expect(numberAt(selected.columns.value as Column.Numeric, 0)).toBe(99);
-  const original = (
-    await collect(read(previous, { ...rows, rows: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['b'] } }))
-  ).find((b) => b.kind === 'rows')!;
-  expect(numberAt(original.columns.value as Column.Numeric, 0)).toBe(1);
-  await expect(
-    collect(read(next, { ...rows, rows: { kind: 'ids', ids: ['b'] } })),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'invalid-input' });
-});
-
-function observations(
-  firstFrame: number,
-  count = 1,
-  rows: Index.Rows = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-): Data.SampleBatch {
-  const nr = rowCount(rows);
-  return {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index,
-    rows,
-    firstFrame,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => firstFrame + i),
-    columns: {
-      output: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: nr * count,
-        values: Float64Array.from({ length: nr * count }, (_, i) => firstFrame * 10 + i),
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: nr,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-it('rejects row appends even when a JavaScript caller bypasses the type contract', () => {
-  const data = createData(schema, [batch]);
-  expect(() => appendData(data, [batch] as unknown as Data.SampleBatch[])).toThrow(
-    /sampled observations only/,
-  );
-  expect(data.tables.Node.fields.value.at(0)!.column).toBe(batch.columns.value);
-});
-
-it('rejects old publication payloads rather than treating them as empty batches', () => {
-  expect(
-    validateBatch(schema, { kind: 'data', version: 'v1', patch: batch }).length,
-  ).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-});
-
-it('rejects overlapping static cells and identities while allowing separate columns', () => {
-  const overlap: Data.RowBatch = {
-    ...batch,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 1 },
-    ids: undefined,
-  };
-  expect(() => createData(schema, [batch, overlap])).toThrow(/overlap/);
-  expect(() =>
-    createData(schema, [batch, { ...overlap, columns: {}, ids: textColumn(['x']) }]),
-  ).toThrow(/overlap/);
-  const data = createData(schema, [
-    { ...batch, ids: undefined },
-    { ...batch, columns: {} },
-  ]);
-  expect(data.tables.Node.ids.at(0)!.column).toBe(batch.ids);
-  expect(data.tables.Node.fields.value.at(0)!.column).toBe(batch.columns.value);
-});
-
-it('validates sparse row collisions without changing supplied row order', () => {
-  const sparse: Index.Rows = { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(3, 1) };
-  const column = { kind: 'numeric' as const, offset: 0, length: 2, values: Float64Array.of(3, 1) };
-  const a: Data.RowBatch = { kind: 'rows', index, rows: sparse, columns: { value: column } };
-  const b: Data.RowBatch = { ...a, rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 1 } };
-  expect(() => createData(schema, [a, b])).toThrow(/overlap/);
-  expect(() =>
-    createData(schema, [{ ...a, rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(1, 1) } }]),
-  ).toThrow(/Duplicate/);
-  const data = createData(schema, [a]);
-  expect(data.tables.Node.fields.value.at(0)!.rows).toBe(sparse);
-  expect([...sparse.values]).toEqual([3, 1]);
-});
-
-it('appends row-tiled samples atomically and shares every old payload', async () => {
-  const first = observations(0, 2);
-  const previous = createData(schema, [batch, first]);
-  const upper = observations(2, 2, { kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 1 });
-  const lower = observations(2, 2, { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 });
-  const next = appendData(previous, [upper, lower]);
-  expect(previous.tables.Node.fields.output).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(next.tables.Node.fields.output).toHaveLength(3);
-  expect(next.tables.Node.fields.output.at(0)!).toBe(previous.tables.Node.fields.output.at(0)!);
-  expect(next.tables.Node.fields.output.at(1)!.column).toBe(upper.columns.output);
-  expect(next.tables.Node.fields.value).toBe(previous.tables.Node.fields.value);
-  expect(next.tables.Node.ids).toBe(previous.tables.Node.ids);
-  const result = await collect(
-    read(next, {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      from: 'Node',
-      select: ['output'],
-      window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 0, count: 4 },
-    }),
-  );
-  expect(
-    result
-      .filter((b) => b.kind === 'samples')
-      .reduce((n, b) => n + rowCount(b.rows) * b.coordinates.length, 0),
-  ).toBe(8);
-});
-
-it('checks a complete append before publishing, including duplicate and backfilled tiles', () => {
-  const previous = createData(schema, [observations(5)]);
-  for (const incoming of [
-    [observations(5)],
-    [observations(2)],
-    [observations(6), observations(6)],
-  ]) {
-    expect(() => appendData(previous, incoming)).toThrow();
-    expect(previous.tables.Node.fields.output).toHaveLength(1);
-  }
-  const next = appendData(previous, [observations(6)]);
-  expect(next.tables.Node.fields.output).toHaveLength(2);
-});
-
-it('accepts new frame batches supplied out of order and then advances the append boundary', () => {
-  const previous = createData(schema, [observations(0)]);
-  const next = appendData(previous, [observations(3), observations(1)]);
-  expect(() => appendData(next, [observations(2)])).toThrow(/append after/);
-  expect(appendData(next, [observations(4)]).tables.Node.fields.output).toHaveLength(4);
-});
-
-it('rejects conflicting tile coordinates and backward coordinates, and preserves duplicates', () => {
-  const a = observations(0, 2, { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 });
-  const b = observations(0, 2, { kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 1 });
-  expect(() => createData(schema, [a, { ...b, coordinates: Float64Array.of(0, 2) }])).toThrow(
-    /coordinates differ/,
-  );
-  expect(() => createData(schema, [{ ...a, coordinates: Float64Array.of(1, 0) }])).toThrow(
-    /nondecreasing/,
-  );
-  const previous = createData(schema, [a]);
-  expect(() =>
-    appendData(previous, [{ ...observations(2), coordinates: Float64Array.of(0) }]),
-  ).toThrow(/append after/);
-  expect(
-    appendData(previous, [{ ...observations(2), coordinates: Float64Array.of(1) }]).tables.Node
-      .fields.output,
-  ).toHaveLength(2);
-});
-
-it('preserves append boundaries when column storage is reused in a Data value', () => {
-  const value = createData(schema, [observations(10)]);
-  const foreign = {
-    ...value,
-    tables: {
-      Node: { ...value.tables.Node, fields: { output: value.tables.Node.fields.output } },
-    },
-  };
-  expect(() => appendData(foreign, [observations(9)])).toThrow(/append after/);
-  expect(appendData(foreign, [observations(11)]).tables.Node.fields.output).toHaveLength(2);
-});
-
-it('validates each aligned field against its own committed boundary', () => {
-  const otherSchema: Schema = {
-    ...schema,
-    types: {
-      Node: { fields: { ...schema.types.Node.fields, extra: { type: 'float64', sampled: true } } },
-    },
-  };
-  const early = observations(0);
-  const late = observations(5);
-  const previous = createData(otherSchema, [
-    early,
-    { ...late, columns: { extra: late.columns.output } },
-  ]);
-  const next = observations(2);
-  const aligned: Data.SampleBatch = {
-    ...next,
-    columns: { output: next.columns.output, extra: next.columns.output },
-  };
-  expect(() => appendData(previous, [aligned])).toThrow(/append after/);
-  expect(previous.tables.Node.fields.output).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(previous.tables.Node.fields.extra).toHaveLength(1);
-});
-
-it('does not reuse layout validation for differently tiled columns', () => {
-  const twoFields: Schema = {
-    ...schema,
-    types: { Node: { fields: { ...schema.types.Node.fields, extra: { type: 'float64' } } } },
-  };
-  const a: Data.RowBatch = {
-    ...batch,
-    ids: undefined,
-    columns: { value: batch.columns.value, extra: batch.columns.value },
-  };
-  const b: Data.RowBatch = {
-    ...a,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 1 },
-    columns: { extra: batch.columns.value },
-  };
-  expect(() => createData(twoFields, [a, b])).toThrow(/overlap/);
-});
-
-it('locates the same observation as reads at duplicate coordinates and across frame gaps', async () => {
-  const source = history();
-  const pages = source.tables.Node.fields.output;
-  for (const at of [-1, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.99, 2, 5, 6, 100]) {
-    const location = locateSample(pages, at);
-    const blocks = (
-      await collect(
-        read(source, {
-          kind: 'samples',
-          from: 'Node',
-          select: ['output'],
-          window: { kind: 'at', value: at },
-        }),
-      )
-    ).filter((b) => b.kind === 'samples');
-    if (at < 0) expect(location).toBeUndefined();
-    else {
-      expect(location!.frame).toBe(blocks[0].firstFrame);
-      expect(location!.coordinate).toBe(blocks[0].coordinates[0]);
-      expect(location!.pages[0]).toBe(pages.at(0));
-      expect(location!.offset).toBe(location!.frame - 2 ** 40);
-    }
-  }
-  const grouped = createData(schema, [observations(0), observations(8)]);
-  expect(locateSample(grouped.tables.Node.fields.output, 3)!.frame).toBe(0);
-  expect(locateSample(grouped.tables.Node.fields.output, 8)!.frame).toBe(8);
-  expect(
-    locateSample(
-      createData(schema, [{ ...observations(0), coordinates: new Float64Array() }]).tables.Node
-        .fields.output,
-      0,
-    ),
-  ).toBeUndefined();
-  expect(() => locateSample(pages, Infinity)).toThrow(/finite/);
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/memory.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/memory.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f05b8ec..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/memory.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { createMemory } from '../src/index.js';
-
-it('never refuses what is held: room comes from what no one holds, and past that the pool runs over', () => {
-  const memory = createMemory({ cpuBytes: 1024, gpuBytes: 1024, entries: 2 }),
-    disposed: string[] = [];
-  const a = memory.add([new ArrayBuffer(600)], 0, () => disposed.push('a')),
-    b = memory.add([new ArrayBuffer(600)], 0, () => disposed.push('b'));
-  // Both are held, past the budget.
-  expect(memory.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(1200);
-  a.unpin();
-  // Room for the next comes from what no one holds, least recently used first.
-  const c = memory.add([new ArrayBuffer(100)], 0, () => disposed.push('c'));
-  expect(disposed).toEqual(['a']);
-  expect(memory.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(700);
-  // Past the entry budget too, while everything is held.
-  memory.add([], 16, () => disposed.push('d'));
-  expect(memory.stats().entries).toBe(3);
-  // GPU resources run over in the same way, and their room comes back when they go.
-  memory.reserveGpu(4096);
-  expect(memory.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(4096);
-  memory.releaseGpu(4096);
-  expect(memory.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  // Transient copies are never refused either.
-  expect(memory.stage(1 << 30, () => 'staged')).toBe('staged');
-  b.unpin();
-  c.unpin();
-  memory.trim();
-  expect(disposed.sort()).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'c']);
-  memory.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/pages.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/pages.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e4ad7962..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/pages.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  appendData,
-  appendedPages,
-  blockBuffers,
-  createData,
-  locateSample,
-  read,
-  sampleFrames,
-  sampleRuns,
-  textColumn,
-  type Data,
-  type Schema,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import { Sequence } from '../src/data/sequence.js';
-import { copyBuffers } from '../src/data/columns.js';
-import { resolveRows, samplePages } from '../src/query/read.js';
-const index = { source: 'pages', type: 'node', version: 'rows' };
-const rows = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 } as const;
-const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: {
-    node: {
-      fields: { a: { type: 'float32', sampled: true }, b: { type: 'float32', sampled: true } },
-    },
-  },
-};
-function batch(
-  frame: number,
-  time: number,
-  field = 'a',
-  axis: { readonly kind: 'range'; readonly offset: number; readonly count: number } = rows,
-): Data.SampleBatch {
-  return {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index,
-    rows: axis,
-    firstFrame: frame,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.of(time),
-    columns: {
-      [field]: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: axis.count,
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: axis.count,
-        values: new Float32Array(axis.count).fill(frame),
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-it('preserves snapshots and duplicate-coordinate lookup through thousands of appends and frame gaps', async () => {
-  let data = createData(schema, [batch(0, 0)]);
-  const versions: Data[] = [data];
-  for (let i = 1; i < 2048; i++) {
-    data = appendData(data, [batch(i * 3, Math.floor(i / 4))]);
-    if (i % 127 === 0) versions.push(data);
-  }
-  const pages = data.tables.node.fields.a;
-  expect(pages.length).toBe(2048);
-  expect(pages.at(-1)).toBe([...pages].at(-1));
-  for (let coordinate = 0; coordinate < 512; coordinate += 7)
-    expect(locateSample(pages, coordinate)?.frame).toBe((coordinate * 4 + 3) * 3);
-  for (const old of versions) {
-    const prefix = old.tables.node.fields.a;
-    expect([...appendedPages(prefix, pages)!]).toHaveLength(pages.length - prefix.length);
-    expect(locateSample(prefix, 1e6)?.frame).toBe((prefix.length - 1) * 3);
-    expect(pages.at(prefix.length - 1)).toBe(prefix.at(-1));
-    expect(appendedPages(pages, prefix)).toBeUndefined();
-  }
-  const copied = copyBuffers(data);
-  expect(appendedPages(pages, copied.tables.node.fields.a)).toBeUndefined();
-  const originals = new Set(blockBuffers(data));
-  expect(blockBuffers(copied).some((buffer) => originals.has(buffer))).toBe(false);
-  expect(locateSample(copied.tables.node.fields.a, 511)?.frame).toBe(6141);
-  const blocks = [];
-  for await (const block of read(data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'node', select: ['a'], at: 511 }))
-    if (block.kind === 'rows') blocks.push(block);
-  expect(blocks).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect([...samplePages(pages, { kind: 'at', value: 511 })]).toEqual([pages.at(-1)]);
-  expect(() => samplePages(pages, { kind: 'frames', offset: 1, count: 3 })).toThrow(/gap/);
-  expect(() => samplePages(pages, { kind: 'at', value: NaN })).toThrow();
-  expect([...samplePages(pages, { kind: 'frames', offset: 0, count: 0 })]).toEqual([]);
-});
-it('resolves independent sample coverage and stable ID ordering without gathering values', () => {
-  const source = createData(schema, [
-    { kind: 'rows', index, rows, ids: textColumn(['left', 'right']), columns: {} },
-    batch(0, 0),
-    batch(1, 1, 'a', { ...rows, offset: 1, count: 1 }),
-    batch(8, 0, 'b'),
-  ]);
-  const selection = { kind: 'ids', ids: ['right', 'left'] } as const;
-  const first = resolveRows(source, { from: 'node', select: ['a', 'b'], rows: selection, at: 0 })!;
-  const next = appendData(source, [batch(9, 2, 'b')]);
-  expect(
-    resolveRows(next, { from: 'node', select: ['a', 'b'], rows: selection, at: 0 })?.rows,
-  ).toBe(first.rows);
-  expect(resolveRows(source, { from: 'node', select: ['a', 'b'], at: 1 })?.rows).toEqual({
-    kind: 'range',
-    offset: 1,
-    count: 1,
-  });
-  expect(resolveRows(source, { from: 'node', select: ['a'], at: -1 })).toBeUndefined();
-  expect(() =>
-    resolveRows(source, { from: 'node', select: ['a'], rows: selection, at: 1 }),
-  ).toThrow(/outside/);
-  expect(() => resolveRows(source, { from: 'node', select: ['a'] })).toThrow();
-});
-it('searches and slices irregular persistent batches like a flat sequence without changing earlier values', () => {
-  let sequence = Sequence.empty<number>();
-  const flat: number[] = [],
-    snapshots: { value: Sequence<number>; length: number }[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
-    const batch = Array.from({ length: ((i * 31) % 17) + 1 }, (_, j) => flat.length + j);
-    sequence = sequence.append(batch);
-    flat.push(...batch);
-    if (i % 137 === 0) snapshots.push({ value: sequence, length: flat.length });
-  }
-  expect([...sequence]).toEqual(flat);
-  for (let i = 0; i < flat.length; i += 101) {
-    expect(sequence.at(i)).toBe(i);
-    expect(sequence.lowerBound((value) => value >= i)).toBe(i);
-    expect([...sequence.range(i, i + 13)]).toEqual(flat.slice(i, i + 13));
-  }
-  for (const old of snapshots) {
-    expect(sequence.startsWith(old.value)).toBe(true);
-    expect([...old.value]).toEqual(flat.slice(0, old.length));
-    expect(old.value.startsWith(sequence)).toBe(false);
-  }
-  expect(sequence.startsWith(Sequence.empty<number>().append([0, -1]))).toBe(false);
-});
-
-it('reads and appends indexed data across independent package copies', async () => {
-  const packaged = await import('../dist/index.js');
-  for (const [producer, consumer] of [
-    [{ createData, appendData }, packaged],
-    [packaged, { appendData, appendedPages, locateSample, read }],
-  ] as const) {
-    const original = producer.createData(schema, [batch(0, 0)]);
-    const next = consumer.appendData(original, [batch(1, 1)]);
-    const pages = next.tables.node.fields.a;
-    expect(consumer.locateSample(pages, 1)?.frame).toBe(1);
-    expect([...consumer.appendedPages(original.tables.node.fields.a, pages)!]).toHaveLength(1);
-    const blocks = [];
-    for await (const block of consumer.read(next, {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      from: 'node',
-      select: ['a'],
-      at: 1,
-    }))
-      if (block.kind === 'rows') blocks.push(block);
-    expect(blocks).toHaveLength(1);
-  }
-});
-
-it('reports the frames a window covers, with context, in one index lookup', () => {
-  let data = createData(schema, [batch(0, 10)]);
-  for (let frame = 1; frame < 5; frame++) data = appendData(data, [batch(frame, 10 + frame * 10)]);
-  const pages = data.tables.node.fields.a;
-  expect(sampleFrames(pages, { kind: 'range', between: [15, 35] })).toEqual([1, 3]);
-  expect(
-    sampleFrames(pages, { kind: 'range', between: [15, 35], context: { before: 1, after: 1 } }),
-  ).toEqual([0, 4]);
-  expect(sampleFrames(pages, { kind: 'frames', offset: 2, count: 2 })).toEqual([2, 4]);
-});
-
-it('splits a window into runs of frames, apart where frames were never recorded', () => {
-  let data = createData(schema, [batch(0, 0)]);
-  for (const frame of [1, 2, 10, 11]) data = appendData(data, [batch(frame, frame)]);
-  const pages = data.tables.node.fields.a;
-  // Pages that follow one another join one run; a gap starts the next.
-  expect(sampleRuns(pages, { kind: 'range', between: [0, 11] })).toEqual([
-    [0, 3],
-    [10, 12],
-  ]);
-  expect(sampleRuns(pages, { kind: 'range', between: [1, 10] })).toEqual([
-    [1, 3],
-    [10, 11],
-  ]);
-  expect(sampleRuns(pages, { kind: 'range', between: [3, 9] })).toEqual([]);
-  expect(sampleRuns(pages, { kind: 'at', value: 11 })).toEqual([[11, 12]]);
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/public-api.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/public-api.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 60b5d10f..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/public-api.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, expectTypeOf, it } from 'vitest';
-import * as api from '../src/index.js';
-import type { Data, Block } from '../src/index.js';
-it('exports its values, and scopes its types under a few roots', () => {
-  expect(Object.keys(api).sort()).toEqual([
-    'Work',
-    'appendData',
-    'appendedPages',
-    'assertIndex',
-    'bitAt',
-    'blockBuffers',
-    'blockByteLength',
-    'createData',
-    'createMemory',
-    'createReader',
-    'failure',
-    'fieldDefinition',
-    'interruptible',
-    'isFailure',
-    'itemId',
-    'itemKey',
-    'locateSample',
-    'numberAt',
-    'read',
-    'rowAt',
-    'rowCount',
-    'sameIndex',
-    'samePages',
-    'sampleAt',
-    'sampleDomain',
-    'sampleFrames',
-    'sampleRuns',
-    'sampledFields',
-    'selectBatches',
-    'selectRows',
-    'sliceRows',
-    'sliceSamples',
-    'staticFields',
-    'textAt',
-    'textColumn',
-    'validateBatch',
-    'validateBlock',
-    'validateQuery',
-    'validateSchema',
-    'validateSelection',
-  ]);
-});
-function usage(data: Data) {
-  expectTypeOf(api.read(data, { kind: 'rows', from: 'Node', select: ['value'] })).toEqualTypeOf<
-    AsyncIterable<Block.Rows>
-  >();
-  expectTypeOf(
-    api.read(data, {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      from: 'Node',
-      select: ['output'],
-      window: { kind: 'at', value: 0 },
-    }),
-  ).toEqualTypeOf<AsyncIterable<Block.Samples>>();
-  // @ts-expect-error Data has no read capability or provider lifetime.
-  void data.query;
-  const pages = data.tables.Node.fields.output;
-  expectTypeOf(pages.at(0)).toEqualTypeOf<Data.Page | undefined>();
-  // @ts-expect-error Indexed columns are not mutable flat arrays.
-  void pages.push;
-  // @ts-expect-error Indexed page access uses at(), not an array subscript.
-  void pages[0];
-  // @ts-expect-error Data needs no close.
-  void data.close;
-}
-function appendUsage(data: Data, rows: Data.RowBatch, samples: Data.SampleBatch) {
-  api.createData(data.schema, [rows, samples]);
-  api.appendData(data, [samples]);
-  // @ts-expect-error Static rows require complete construction, never append.
-  api.appendData(data, [rows]);
-  // @ts-expect-error Row batches have no replacement operation.
-  void rows.replace;
-}
-void appendUsage;
-void usage;
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/reader.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/reader.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1896ee01..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/reader.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  createData,
-  createMemory,
-  createReader,
-  type Data,
-  type Index,
-  type Schema,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-
-const index: Index = { source: 'reader', type: 'node', version: 'rows' };
-const schema: Schema = {
-  types: {
-    node: {
-      fields: {
-        value: { type: 'float32' },
-        position: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
-function data(count = 8): Data {
-  return createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i) },
-      columns: {
-        value: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: count,
-          values: Float32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i),
-        },
-        position: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: count,
-          size: 2,
-          values: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: count * 2,
-            values: Float64Array.from({ length: count * 2 }, (_, i) => 1e12 + i),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ]);
-}
-
-it('resolves indexed fields and releases a closed scope', async () => {
-  const source = data(),
-    reader = createReader(),
-    reads = reader.open();
-  try {
-    let tiles = 0;
-    for await (const tile of reads.fields({
-      source,
-      from: index.type,
-      rows: { index, kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 8 },
-      fields: { position: 'position', value: 'value' },
-    })) {
-      tiles++;
-      expect(tile.columns.position.kind).toBe('vector');
-      expect(tile.index).toEqual(index);
-    }
-    expect(tiles).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  reader.trim();
-  expect(reader.stats()).toMatchObject({ cpuBytes: 0, entries: 0 });
-  await expect(async () => {
-    for await (const _tile of reads.fields({
-      source,
-      from: index.type,
-      fields: { value: 'value' },
-    })) {
-      throw new Error('Closed scope yielded data');
-    }
-  }).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'AbortError' });
-  reader.destroy();
-});
-
-it('shares a borrowed memory pool, which outlives its readers', async () => {
-  const memory = createMemory({ cpuBytes: 1024 ** 2 }),
-    first = createReader({ memory }),
-    second = createReader({ memory }),
-    reads = first.open();
-  try {
-    for await (const tile of reads.fields({
-      source: data(),
-      from: index.type,
-      fields: { value: 'value' },
-    }))
-      expect(tile.index).toEqual(index);
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-  }
-  const held = memory.stats().entries;
-  expect(held).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  // Both readers report the pool they share, so one budget bounds them together.
-  expect(second.stats()).toEqual(memory.stats());
-  first.destroy();
-  second.destroy();
-  // The pool stays live for its owner: its other results remain, and a new reader reads into it.
-  expect(memory.stats().entries).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  const third = createReader({ memory }),
-    more = third.open();
-  for await (const tile of more.fields({
-    source: data(),
-    from: index.type,
-    fields: { value: 'value' },
-  }))
-    expect(tile.index).toEqual(index);
-  more.close();
-  third.destroy();
-  memory.destroy();
-  expect(memory.stats()).toMatchObject({ cpuBytes: 0, entries: 0 });
-});
-
-it('rejects reads from a canceled scope', async () => {
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-  controller.abort();
-  const reader = createReader(),
-    reads = reader.open({ signal: controller.signal });
-  try {
-    await expect(async () => {
-      for await (const _tile of reads.fields({
-        source: data(),
-        from: index.type,
-        fields: { value: 'value' },
-      })) {
-        throw new Error('Canceled scope yielded data');
-      }
-    }).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: 'AbortError' });
-  } finally {
-    reads.close();
-    reader.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-it('reads one sampled field bound by name and by binding without reading it twice', async () => {
-  const sampled: Schema = {
-    axis: { name: 'time' },
-    types: { node: { fields: { signal: { type: 'float32', sampled: true } } } },
-  };
-  const frame = (f: number) => ({
-    kind: 'samples' as const,
-    index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count: 4 },
-    firstFrame: f,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.of(f),
-    columns: {
-      signal: {
-        kind: 'numeric' as const,
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 4,
-        values: Float32Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, i) => f * 10 + i),
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: 4,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  const source = createData(sampled, [
-    { kind: 'rows', index, rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 4 }, columns: {} },
-    frame(0),
-    frame(1),
-  ]);
-  const reader = createReader(),
-    scope = reader.open();
-  const blocks = [];
-  for await (const block of scope.fields({
-    source,
-    from: 'node',
-    window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-    fields: { value: 'signal', shade: { source, from: 'node', field: 'signal' } },
-  }))
-    blocks.push(block);
-  scope.close();
-  expect(blocks).toHaveLength(1);
-  expect(blocks[0].columns.shade).toEqual(blocks[0].columns.value);
-  expect(reader.stats().queries).toBe(1);
-  reader.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/sampled-rows.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/sampled-rows.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 52608ac3..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/sampled-rows.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { appendData, createData, createReader, textColumn } from '../src/index.js';
-
-it('reads static and sampled fields of explicit rows at every coordinate a playback passes', async () => {
-  const count = 30,
-    frames = 301,
-    dt = 1 / 30,
-    index = { source: 'case', type: 'Machine', version: '1' };
-  const numeric = (values: Float32Array) => ({
-    kind: 'numeric' as const,
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    values,
-  });
-  let data = createData(
-    {
-      axis: { name: 'Time' },
-      types: {
-        Machine: {
-          fields: {
-            power: { type: 'float32' },
-            speed: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index,
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-        ids: textColumn(Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => 'm' + i)),
-        columns: { power: numeric(new Float32Array(count).fill(1)) },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-  data = appendData(data, [
-    {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-      firstFrame: 0,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.from({ length: frames }, (_, f) => f * dt),
-      columns: {
-        speed: {
-          ...numeric(Float32Array.from({ length: frames * count }, (_, i) => i)),
-          frameStride: count,
-          rowStride: 1,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ]);
-  const reader = createReader();
-  // A playback may land just before the first frame, where no row has a value yet.
-  for (let step = -2; step < 240; step++) {
-    const at = step * 0.004167;
-    const scope = reader.open({ at });
-    try {
-      let rows = 0;
-      for await (const tile of scope.fields({
-        source: data,
-        from: 'Machine',
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count, index },
-        fields: { color: 'speed', radiusPx: 'power' },
-      })) {
-        rows += tile.columns.radiusPx.length;
-        // Before the first frame every row is absent; after it, every row is present.
-        expect(tile.presence.color === undefined).toBe(at >= 0);
-        if (tile.presence.color)
-          expect([...tile.presence.color].every((bits) => bits === 0)).toBe(true);
-      }
-      expect(rows).toBe(count);
-    } finally {
-      scope.close();
-    }
-  }
-  reader.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/scale.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/scale.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1849fa61..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/scale.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { staticData } from './fixture.js';
-import { verifyRows, inputAt } from './scale/verify.js';
-it.each(['borrowed', 'owned'] as const)(
-  'checks every cell of a million-row %s read within its bound',
-  async (buffers) => {
-    const data = staticData(1000000, 4096),
-      result = await verifyRows(data, 1000000, { buffers, maxBlockBytes: 65536 });
-    expect(result.cells).toBe(1000000);
-    expect(result.maxBlockBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(65536);
-    if (buffers === 'owned') expect(result.maxBackingBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(65536);
-  },
-);
-it('checks sparse ordering independently of the local reader', async () => {
-  const data = staticData(10000),
-    selected = [1, 100, 3000, 7000, 9999].sort((a, b) => inputAt(a) - inputAt(b) || a - b);
-  const result = await verifyRows(
-    data,
-    selected.length,
-    {},
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      from: 'Node',
-      select: ['value'],
-      rows: {
-        kind: 'indices',
-        index: data.tables.Node.index,
-        values: Uint32Array.of(9999, 7000, 3000, 100, 1),
-      },
-      orderBy: [{ field: 'value', direction: 'ascending' }],
-    },
-    (i) => selected[i],
-  );
-  expect(result.cells).toBe(5);
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/scale/verify.ts b/packages/model/tests/scale/verify.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index da796b85..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/scale/verify.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import type { Data, Query, Column } from '../../src/index.js';
-import {
-  read,
-  blockByteLength,
-  blockBuffers,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateSchema,
-} from '../../src/index.js';
-export const inputAt = (row: number): number => row - Math.floor(row / 1009) * 1009 - 504;
-export interface ScanResult {
-  cells: number;
-  blocks: number;
-  payloadBytes: number;
-  maxBlockBytes: number;
-  maxBackingBytes: number;
-  checksum: number;
-}
-/** Independent oracle: each cell, row identity, block position and complete coverage is checked. */
-export async function verifyRows(
-  source: Data,
-  count: number,
-  options: Query.Options = {},
-  query: Query.Rows = { kind: 'rows', from: 'Node', select: ['value'] },
-  rowAt: (position: number) => number = (position) => position,
-  expected: (row: number) => number = inputAt,
-): Promise<ScanResult> {
-  assert.deepEqual(validateSchema(source.schema), []);
-  let cells = 0,
-    blocks = 0,
-    payloadBytes = 0,
-    checksum = 0,
-    maxBlockBytes = 0,
-    maxBackingBytes = 0;
-  for await (const block of read(source, query, options)) {
-    assert.equal(block.rowOffset, cells);
-    assert.deepEqual(validateBlock(source.schema, query, block, options), []);
-    const size = blockByteLength(block);
-    payloadBytes += size;
-    maxBlockBytes = Math.max(maxBlockBytes, size);
-    maxBackingBytes = Math.max(
-      maxBackingBytes,
-      blockBuffers(block).reduce((n, b) => n + b.byteLength, 0),
-    );
-    blocks++;
-    const column = block.columns[query.select[0]] as Column.Numeric;
-    const length = block.rows.kind === 'range' ? block.rows.count : block.rows.values.length;
-    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      const row: number =
-        block.rows.kind === 'range' ? block.rows.offset + i : block.rows.values[i];
-      if (row !== rowAt(cells)) assert.fail('Row order/coverage mismatch at ' + cells);
-      const value = column.values[column.offset + i];
-      if (value !== expected(row)) assert.fail('Value mismatch at row ' + row + ': ' + value);
-      if (block.ids) {
-        const at: number = block.ids.offset + i;
-        assert.equal(
-          new TextDecoder().decode(
-            block.ids.bytes.subarray(block.ids.offsets[at], block.ids.offsets[at + 1]),
-          ),
-          'n' + row,
-        );
-      }
-      checksum += value;
-      cells++;
-    }
-  }
-  assert.equal(cells, count);
-  return {
-    cells,
-    blocks,
-    payloadBytes,
-    maxBlockBytes,
-    maxBackingBytes,
-    checksum,
-  };
-}
-export async function verifySamples(
-  source: Data,
-  rows: number,
-  frames: number,
-  first = 0,
-  factor = 2,
-  expected = inputAt,
-): Promise<ScanResult> {
-  const query: Query.Samples = {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    from: 'Node',
-    select: ['output'],
-    window: { kind: 'frames', offset: first, count: frames },
-  };
-  const seen = new Uint32Array(frames);
-  assert.deepEqual(validateSchema(source.schema), []);
-  let blocks = 0,
-    cells = 0,
-    checksum = 0,
-    payloadBytes = 0,
-    maxBlockBytes = 0,
-    maxBackingBytes = 0;
-  for await (const block of read(source, query)) {
-    assert.deepEqual(validateBlock(source.schema, query, block), []);
-    blocks++;
-    const size = blockByteLength(block);
-    payloadBytes += size;
-    maxBlockBytes = Math.max(maxBlockBytes, size);
-    maxBackingBytes = Math.max(
-      maxBackingBytes,
-      blockBuffers(block).reduce((n, b) => n + b.byteLength, 0),
-    );
-    const column = block.columns.output,
-      count = block.rows.kind === 'range' ? block.rows.count : block.rows.values.length;
-    for (let f = 0; f < block.coordinates.length; f++) {
-      const frame: number = block.firstFrame + f - first;
-      assert.ok(frame >= 0 && frame < frames);
-      assert.equal(block.rowOffset, seen[frame]);
-      assert.equal(block.coordinates[f], first + frame);
-      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        const row: number =
-          block.rows.kind === 'range' ? block.rows.offset + i : block.rows.values[i];
-        if (row !== seen[frame]++) assert.fail('Sample row coverage mismatch');
-        const value = column.values[column.offset + f * column.frameStride + i * column.rowStride];
-        if (value !== expected(row) * factor + block.coordinates[f])
-          assert.fail('Sample mismatch at row ' + row);
-        checksum += value;
-        cells++;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  for (const count of seen) assert.equal(count, rows);
-  return {
-    cells,
-    blocks,
-    payloadBytes,
-    maxBlockBytes,
-    maxBackingBytes,
-    checksum,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/selection.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/selection.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cc93c0e..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/selection.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  createData,
-  sampledFields,
-  selectBatches,
-  staticFields,
-  validateBatch,
-  validateSelection,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import type { Schema, Data } from '../src/index.js';
-const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: {
-    Node: {
-      fields: { a: { type: 'float64', sampled: true }, b: { type: 'float64', sampled: true } },
-    },
-  },
-};
-function batch(firstFrame: number, field: string): Data.SampleBatch {
-  return {
-    kind: 'samples',
-    index: { source: 'test', type: 'Node', version: 'rows' },
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-    firstFrame,
-    coordinates: Float64Array.of(firstFrame),
-    columns: {
-      [field]: {
-        kind: 'numeric',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 2,
-        values: Float64Array.of(1, 2),
-        rowStride: 1,
-        frameStride: 2,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-it('selects independent fields across gaps and out-of-order publication pages', async () => {
-  const data = createData(schema, [batch(9, 'a'), batch(1, 'a'), batch(5, 'b')]);
-  const result = [];
-  for await (const value of selectBatches(data, [{ from: 'Node', select: ['a', 'b'] }]))
-    result.push(value);
-  expect(
-    result.filter((b) => b.kind === 'samples').map((b) => [b.firstFrame, Object.keys(b.columns)]),
-  ).toEqual([
-    [1, ['a']],
-    [9, ['a']],
-    [5, ['b']],
-  ]);
-  for (const value of result) expect(validateBatch(schema, value)).toEqual([]);
-});
-it('validates demand directly against the schema', () => {
-  expect(validateSelection(schema, { from: 'Node', select: ['a'] })).toEqual([]);
-  expect(validateSelection(schema, { from: 'Node', select: ['missing'] })).not.toEqual([]);
-  expect(validateBatch(schema, batch(1, 'a'), { maxBlockBytes: 1 })).not.toEqual([]);
-});
-it('selects every static or every sampled field by type, omitting types with none', () => {
-  const grid: Schema = {
-    axis: { name: 'time' },
-    types: {
-      Bus: {
-        fields: {
-          name: { type: 'text' },
-          voltage: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-          angle: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-        },
-      },
-      Line: { fields: { from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' } } } },
-      Meter: { fields: { reading: { type: 'float64', sampled: true } } },
-    },
-  };
-  expect(staticFields(grid)).toEqual([
-    { from: 'Bus', select: ['name'] },
-    { from: 'Line', select: ['from'] },
-  ]);
-  expect(sampledFields(grid)).toEqual([
-    { from: 'Bus', select: ['voltage', 'angle'] },
-    { from: 'Meter', select: ['reading'] },
-  ]);
-  expect(sampledFields(grid, ['Meter', 'Line'])).toEqual([{ from: 'Meter', select: ['reading'] }]);
-  expect(() => sampledFields(grid, ['Gen'])).toThrow('Unknown type: Gen');
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tests/validation.test.ts b/packages/model/tests/validation.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e7ce0121..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tests/validation.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,496 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { MessageChannel } from 'node:worker_threads';
-import type { Query, Schema, Block } from '../src/index.js';
-import {
-  blockBuffers,
-  blockByteLength,
-  validateBlock,
-  validateQuery,
-  validateSchema,
-} from '../src/index.js';
-import { hubs, index, numbers, references, rows, schema, text } from './data.js';
-
-const rowQuery = { kind: 'rows', from: 'Node', select: ['value'] } as const;
-const samplesQuery = {
-  kind: 'samples',
-  from: 'Node',
-  select: ['output'],
-  window: { kind: 'frames', offset: 10, count: 2 },
-} as const;
-const wiringQuery = { kind: 'rows', from: 'Node', select: ['parent', 'hub'] } as const;
-function wiring(): Block.Rows {
-  return {
-    ...rows(),
-    columns: { parent: references([1, null]), hub: references([7, 9], hubs) },
-  };
-}
-
-describe('schema and query boundaries', () => {
-  it('supports tabular, wired, nested, and sampled data in one schema', () => {
-    expect(validateSchema(schema)).toEqual([]);
-    const queries: Query[] = [
-      rowQuery,
-      samplesQuery,
-      wiringQuery,
-      { ...rowQuery, where: [{ field: 'hub', operator: 'equal', value: 'h1' }] },
-      { kind: 'aggregate', from: 'Node', select: ['value'], measures: ['min', 'max'] },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: 'Settings',
-        select: ['value'],
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-      },
-    ];
-    for (const q of queries) expect(validateQuery(schema, q)).toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('takes positions, polylines of them, and rings of those as geographic', () => {
-    const point = { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } as const,
-      line = { kind: 'list', items: point } as const;
-    const shapes: Schema = {
-      types: {
-        Area: {
-          fields: {
-            position: { type: point, geographic: true },
-            points: { type: line, geographic: true },
-            rings: { type: { kind: 'list', items: line }, geographic: true },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    expect(validateSchema(shapes)).toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it.each([null, [], {}, { types: null }, { queries: ['wrong'] }])(
-    'reports malformed schema without throwing: %j',
-    (value) => {
-      expect(validateSchema(value).length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    },
-  );
-  it('rejects empty bounds, sampled bounds, unknown references, stray directions, and unknown systems', () => {
-    const bad = {
-      ...schema,
-      types: {
-        ...schema.types,
-        Bad: {
-          fields: {
-            broken: {
-              type: 'float64',
-              bounds: { lower: { value: 1, inclusive: false }, upper: { value: 1 } },
-            },
-            ref: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'missing' } },
-            output: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, bounds: { lower: { value: 0 } } },
-            flow: { type: 'float64', direction: 'in' },
-            wire: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Hub' }, direction: 'both' },
-            position: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 }, geographic: 'yes' },
-            name: { type: 'text', geographic: true },
-          },
-          spatial: { field: 'position', system: 'cartesian' },
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    expect(validateSchema(bad).map((problem) => problem.target)).toEqual([
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'fields', 'broken', 'bounds'] },
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'fields', 'ref', 'type', 'to'] },
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'fields', 'output', 'bounds'] },
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'fields', 'flow', 'direction'] },
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'fields', 'wire', 'direction'] },
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'fields', 'position', 'geographic'] },
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'fields', 'name', 'geographic'] },
-      { kind: 'path', path: ['types', 'Bad', 'spatial'] },
-    ]);
-  });
-  it('bounds recursive descriptions', () => {
-    const type: { kind: 'list'; items?: unknown } = { kind: 'list' };
-    type.items = type;
-    expect(
-      validateSchema({ ...schema, types: { Recursive: { fields: { v: { type } } } } }),
-    ).toEqual(
-      expect.arrayContaining([
-        expect.objectContaining({ message: 'Type nesting exceeds 32 levels.' }),
-      ]),
-    );
-  });
-  it.each([
-    { ...rowQuery, rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0xffffffff, count: 2 } },
-    {
-      ...rowQuery,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1, index: { ...index, type: 'wrong' } },
-    },
-    { ...rowQuery, rows: { kind: 'indices', index, values: new Uint32Array([1, 1]) } },
-    {
-      ...rowQuery,
-      rows: { kind: 'indices', index: { ...index, type: 'other' }, values: new Uint32Array([1]) },
-    },
-    { ...rowQuery, select: ['output'] },
-    { ...rowQuery, where: [{ field: 'position', operator: 'equal', value: [0, 0] }] },
-    { ...samplesQuery, window: { kind: 'range', between: [2, 1] } },
-    { kind: 'aggregate', from: 'Node', select: ['value', 'output'], measures: ['min'] },
-    { kind: 'aggregate', from: 'Node', select: ['hub'], measures: ['min'] },
-    { ...rowQuery, orderBy: [{ field: 'parent', direction: 'ascending' }] },
-  ])('rejects invalid requests: %j', (query) =>
-    expect(validateQuery(schema, query).length).toBeGreaterThan(0),
-  );
-  it('validates local queries without producer capability flags', () => {
-    expect(validateQuery(schema, samplesQuery)).toEqual([]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('columnar layout', () => {
-  it('reads numeric slices and bit offsets without repacking', () => {
-    const values = new Float64Array([99, 99, 10, 20]);
-    const block: Block.Rows = {
-      ...rows(),
-      columns: {
-        value: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          values,
-          offset: 2,
-          length: 2,
-          validity: new Uint8Array([0b1100]),
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, block)).toEqual([]);
-    expect(blockBuffers(block)).toContain(values.buffer);
-    expect(values[2]).toBe(10);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, {
-        ...block,
-        columns: { value: { ...block.columns.value, validity: new Uint8Array([0b0100]) } },
-      }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('accepts UTF-8, packed booleans, vectors, and lists of vectors using the same row boundary', () => {
-    const block: Block.Rows = {
-      ...rows(),
-      ids: text(['Node/1', 'Node/2']),
-      columns: {
-        label: text(['?', '??']),
-        enabled: { kind: 'boolean', values: new Uint8Array([0b100]), offset: 1, length: 2 },
-        position: { kind: 'vector', size: 2, offset: 0, length: 2, values: numbers([1, 2, 3, 4]) },
-        route: {
-          kind: 'list',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 2,
-          offsets: new Int32Array([0, 1, 3]),
-          values: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            size: 2,
-            offset: 1,
-            length: 3,
-            values: numbers([99, 99, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
-          },
-        },
-        parent: references([1, 0]),
-      },
-    };
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, { ...rowQuery, ids: true, select: Object.keys(block.columns) }, block),
-    ).toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('rejects truncated offsets, invalid UTF-8, and mismatched array kinds', () => {
-    for (const col of [
-      { ...text(['x', 'y']), offsets: new Int32Array([0, 1]) },
-      { ...text(['x', 'y']), offsets: new Int32Array([0, 2, 1]) },
-      { ...text(['x', 'y']), bytes: new Uint8Array([0xff, 0xff]) },
-    ])
-      expect(
-        validateBlock(
-          schema,
-          { ...rowQuery, select: ['label'] },
-          { ...rows(), columns: { label: col } },
-        ),
-      ).not.toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, {
-        ...rows(),
-        columns: { value: { ...numbers([1, 2]), values: new Float32Array([1, 2]) } },
-      }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('validates rectangular sample tiles in either native orientation', () => {
-    const block: Block.Samples = {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'indices', values: new Uint32Array([7, 8, 9]) },
-      rowOffset: 0,
-      firstFrame: 10,
-      coordinates: new Float64Array([0, 1]),
-      columns: { output: { ...numbers([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]), frameStride: 3, rowStride: 1 } },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, samplesQuery, block)).toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, samplesQuery, {
-        ...block,
-        columns: { output: { ...block.columns.output, frameStride: 1, rowStride: 2 } },
-      }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, samplesQuery, {
-        ...block,
-        columns: { output: { ...numbers([1, 2, 3, 4]), frameStride: 1, rowStride: 1 } },
-      }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, samplesQuery, { ...block, coordinates: new Float64Array([1, 0]) }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('rejects stale row selections without conflating data and index versions', () => {
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(
-        schema,
-        {
-          ...rowQuery,
-          rows: {
-            kind: 'indices',
-            index: { ...index, version: 'old' },
-            values: new Uint32Array([0, 1]),
-          },
-        },
-        rows(),
-      )[0].code,
-    ).toBe('conflict');
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(
-        schema,
-        { ...rowQuery, rows: { kind: 'indices', index, values: new Uint32Array([0, 1]) } },
-        { ...rows(), version: 'new-input' },
-      ),
-    ).toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('validates references against the referenced type and source', () => {
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, wiringQuery, wiring())).toEqual([]);
-    for (const hub of [
-      references([7, 9], index),
-      references([7, 9], { ...hubs, source: 'different' }),
-      references([7, null], hubs),
-      { ...references([7, 9], hubs), values: new Uint32Array([7]) },
-      { ...references([7, 9], hubs), values: new Int32Array([7, 9]) },
-      text(['h7', 'h9']),
-    ])
-      expect(
-        validateBlock(schema, wiringQuery, { ...wiring(), columns: { ...wiring().columns, hub } }),
-      ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('requires nonempty row identities', () => {
-    const query = { ...rowQuery, ids: true };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, { ...rows(), ids: text(['n1', 'n2']) })).toEqual([]);
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, { ...rows(), ids: text(['n1', '']) })).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('enforces requested aggregate measures and empty semantics', () => {
-    const q: Query = { kind: 'aggregate', from: 'Node', select: ['value'], measures: ['min'] };
-    const block = {
-      kind: 'aggregate',
-      values: { value: { count: 0, min: null } },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, q, block)).toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, q, { ...block, values: { value: { count: 0, min: 0 } } }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('padding and input invariants', () => {
-  it('ignores nested null payloads and unselected child prefixes without copying', () => {
-    const block: Block.Rows = {
-      ...rows(),
-      columns: {
-        position: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          size: 2,
-          offset: 1,
-          length: 2,
-          validity: new Uint8Array([0b100]),
-          values: numbers([NaN, NaN, NaN, NaN, 3, 4]),
-        },
-        route: {
-          kind: 'list',
-          offset: 1,
-          length: 2,
-          validity: new Uint8Array([0b100]),
-          offsets: new Int32Array([0, 1, 2, 3]),
-          values: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 3,
-            size: 2,
-            values: numbers([NaN, NaN, NaN, NaN, 3, 4]),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    const query = { ...rowQuery, select: ['position', 'route'] };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, block)).toEqual([]);
-    const bad = {
-      ...block,
-      columns: {
-        ...block.columns,
-        position: { ...block.columns.position, validity: new Uint8Array([0b110]) },
-      },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, query, bad)).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('ignores unused sample padding bits but checks addressed cells', () => {
-    const block: Block.Samples = {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'indices', values: new Uint32Array([0, 1]) },
-      rowOffset: 0,
-      firstFrame: 10,
-      coordinates: new Float64Array([0, 1]),
-      columns: {
-        output: {
-          ...numbers([1, 2, NaN, NaN, 3, 4]),
-          frameStride: 4,
-          rowStride: 1,
-          validity: new Uint8Array([0b110011]),
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, samplesQuery, block)).toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, samplesQuery, {
-        ...block,
-        columns: { output: { ...block.columns.output, validity: new Uint8Array([0b100011]) } },
-      }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('rejects nonfinite inputs while preserving native sampled floating-point output', () => {
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, { ...rows(), columns: { value: numbers([NaN, 1]) } }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(
-        schema,
-        { ...rowQuery, select: ['output'], at: 0 },
-        { ...rows(), columns: { output: numbers([NaN, 1]) } },
-      ),
-    ).toEqual([]);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('allocation and transport boundary', () => {
-  it('deduplicates shared allocation ranges and separates views from retained backing', () => {
-    const backing = new ArrayBuffer(1024);
-    const block = {
-      ...rows(),
-      columns: { value: { ...numbers([1, 2]), values: new Float64Array(backing, 16, 2) } },
-    };
-    expect(blockByteLength(block)).toBeLessThan(1024);
-    expect(blockBuffers(block).reduce((n, b) => n + b.byteLength, 0)).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1024);
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, block, { maxBlockBytes: 8 })[0].code).toBe(
-      'resource-limit',
-    );
-    const alias = { ...block, columns: { value: block.columns.value, other: block.columns.value } };
-    expect(blockByteLength(alias) - blockByteLength(block)).toBe('other'.length);
-  });
-  it('owned storage forbids shared backing', () => {
-    const block = {
-      ...rows(),
-      columns: {
-        value: { ...numbers([1, 2]), values: new Float64Array(new SharedArrayBuffer(16)) },
-      },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, block, { buffers: 'borrowed' })).toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, block, { buffers: 'owned', maxBlockBytes: 65536 }),
-    ).not.toEqual([]);
-  });
-  it('transfers native buffers through MessageChannel without JSON arrays or reshaping', async () => {
-    const block = wiring();
-    const { port1, port2 } = new MessageChannel();
-    try {
-      const received = new Promise<unknown>((resolve) => port2.once('message', resolve));
-      const buffers = blockBuffers(block) as ArrayBuffer[];
-      port1.postMessage(block, buffers);
-      expect(buffers.every((buffer) => buffer.byteLength === 0)).toBe(true);
-      const result = await received;
-      expect(validateBlock(schema, wiringQuery, result, { buffers: 'owned' })).toEqual([]);
-      expect((result as Block.Rows).columns.hub).toMatchObject({ values: new Uint32Array([7, 9]) });
-    } finally {
-      port1.close();
-      port2.close();
-    }
-  });
-  it('documents that a validated block does not prove whole-stream completeness', () => {
-    const q: Query = { ...rowQuery, limit: 1000 };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, q, rows(), { maxBlockBytes: blockByteLength(rows()) })).toEqual(
-      [],
-    );
-  });
-});
-
-describe('independent sample storage and bounded validation', () => {
-  it('permits each field to retain its native orientation and offset', () => {
-    const extended: Schema = {
-      ...schema,
-      types: {
-        ...schema.types,
-        Node: {
-          ...schema.types.Node,
-          fields: { ...schema.types.Node.fields, other: { type: 'float64', sampled: true } },
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    const query = { ...samplesQuery, select: ['output', 'other'] };
-    const block: Block.Samples = {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 3 },
-      rowOffset: 0,
-      firstFrame: 10,
-      coordinates: new Float64Array([0, 1]),
-      columns: {
-        output: { ...numbers([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]), frameStride: 3, rowStride: 1 },
-        other: {
-          ...numbers([99, 10, 40, 20, 50, 30, 60]),
-          offset: 1,
-          length: 6,
-          frameStride: 1,
-          rowStride: 2,
-        },
-      },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(extended, query, block)).toEqual([]);
-    for (let frame = 0; frame < 2; frame++)
-      for (let row = 0; row < 3; row++) {
-        const a = block.columns.output,
-          b = block.columns.other;
-        expect(b.values[b.offset + frame * b.frameStride + row * b.rowStride]).toBe(
-          10 * a.values[a.offset + frame * a.frameStride + row * a.rowStride],
-        );
-      }
-  });
-  it('rejects truncated huge logical slices without scanning their alleged length', () => {
-    const block = {
-      ...rows(),
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 0x7fffffff },
-      columns: { value: { ...numbers([1]), length: 0x7fffffff, validity: new Uint8Array([1]) } },
-    };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, block)).toEqual(
-      expect.arrayContaining([
-        expect.objectContaining({ message: 'Validity bitmap is too short.' }),
-      ]),
-    );
-  });
-  it('checks complete owned allocations even when the exposed view fits', () => {
-    const values = new Float64Array(new ArrayBuffer(1024 * 1024), 0, 2);
-    values.set([1, 2]);
-    const block = { ...rows(), columns: { value: { ...numbers([1, 2]), values } } };
-    expect(validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, block)).toEqual([]);
-    expect(
-      validateBlock(schema, rowQuery, block, { buffers: 'owned', maxBlockBytes: 65536 }),
-    ).toMatchObject([{ code: 'resource-limit' }]);
-  });
-});
-
-it('reports the exact duplicate position in a large ID selection', () => {
-  const ids = Array.from({ length: 5000 }, (_, i) => 'row-' + i);
-  ids.push(ids[0]);
-  expect(validateQuery(schema, { ...rowQuery, rows: { kind: 'ids', ids } })).toEqual([
-    {
-      code: 'invalid-input',
-      message: 'Duplicate selection.',
-      target: { kind: 'path', path: ['rows', 'ids', 5000] },
-    },
-  ]);
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/tsconfig.json b/packages/model/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 420cfe92..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM"],
-    "types": ["node"],
-    "noEmit": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/model/tsup.config.ts b/packages/model/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 77a94516..00000000
--- a/packages/model/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: true,
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  splitting: false,
-});
diff --git a/packages/model/vitest.config.ts b/packages/model/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b8ec1c29..00000000
--- a/packages/model/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-export default defineConfig({
-  test: { name: '@latkit/model', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] },
-});
diff --git a/packages/monitor/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/monitor/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index bb79ae66..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,597 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/monitor
-
-## 0.18.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: Stacked and outlined monitor plots, network restyles that reach laid-out vertices and laned edges, and video coordinates that wait for their data.
-
-  Added
-
-  - monitor: `tickLabels: false` keeps an axis's line and grid without tick labels or their room; `outline` closes the plot on the sides its axes leave open.
-  - video: `at` may resolve later, once the views are ready to draw its coordinate, and receives the export's signal. It is asked while the frame before encodes, so loading overlaps encoding.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - monitor: the plot leaves room only for what its axes write, from the options alone: an x axis without a label no longer reserves a label row. A tick offset ends its axis's tick labels, at the right of the x labels and atop the y labels, instead of joining the axis label.
-  - monitor: a tick offset is the window's start rounded down to a power of ten no smaller than its span, so it stays short and stands as the window moves; ticks fall on their step and move with the values. A negative offset reads `-600010`, not `+-600010`.
-  - monitor: an axis's `grid` and `tickLabels`, and `outline`, must be booleans.
-  - network: a new style draws over vertices layout placed and edges in lanes; they kept the old one.
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.19.0
-  - @latkit/model@4.2.0
-
-## 0.17.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 6ebb914: Selected and hovered items glow in every view, picks answer with what the frame draws, and a network draws its selection over the rest, so a crowded region never hides it.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `itemKey(item, ...qualifiers)`, the identity every view's selection builds on.
-  - gpu: `unselectedAlpha` for every view, `glowAlpha` and `stroke_nearest` in the kit shaders, and a view's `detail` hook.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - gpu: `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` color a glow, and `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`, now 6 and 8, set its reach. `'none'` glows in each item's own color.
-  - gpu: clicks, double clicks, and menus answer with what the presented frame draws; a later one supersedes one still finding its hits. Clicking again in place cycles only while the same items lie there.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.touch` takes several ranges as one revision.
-  - network: selected and hovered rows, and the ends of a focused edge, draw over everything but labels. Picks keep one hit per item and take `limit`.
-  - diagram: selected, hovered, and targeted items glow. Selecting a row of another row space throws `conflict`.
-  - monitor: pick and hover hit a line anywhere it draws, one reading per row, and a reading selects its row. A selected trace glows, and a lone sample between gaps draws as a dot.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: its own `unselectedAlpha`, now every view's, and the selected traces' minimum width.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [6ebb914]
-  - @latkit/model@4.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.18.0
-
-## 0.16.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- d36979c: A monitor draws history only when lines move: a new domain or colormap, or an animated shade, recolors traces colored by a field without drawing a line again, and fitted values grow with headroom, so a live run's new extremes draw history again a few times rather than at each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - monitor: `stats().segments`, the line segments drawn into history.
-  - gpu: `kit.sameReads`, whether two options differ only in how their color channels look.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - monitor: history keeps a layer per look, holding only what composition cannot recover. Traces of fixed colors share one layer of colors, as before. Traces colored by what they plot keep coverage alone, at 1 byte a pixel, as the value of a line is where it lies. Traces colored by another field keep their color values, at 8 bytes a pixel. An image keeps up to four looks apart within a quarter of `historyBytes`; later looks bake into the color layer, as every look did before.
-  - monitor: `camera.fit` fits each window tightly, then grows the values by half the data's span past each side new data overflows.
-  - monitor: an appending source keeps drawn history even when the same `set` changes traces. A trace that reads differently draws its layer again, and nothing else.
-  - gpu: `set()` compares typed arrays by what they hold, so equal rows keep what a view built.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [d36979c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.17.0
-
-## 0.15.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 7e03209: A network draws each vertex with a marker: a shape, gauge, pie, or icon, or WGSL of your own, in CSS pixels. Animated changes ease on the GPU, flow moves as comets, and every view that zooms navigates the same way.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `shape`, `gauge`, `pie`, and `icon`, with the `Marker`, `MarkerImage`, and `Shape` types; `pulse`, a shade for rows whose `shade` is positive.
-  - gpu: `kit.checkMarker`, `kit.markerShader`, `kit.shapeShader`, `kit.markerAtlas`, `kit.SHAPES`, and `kit.MARKER_INPUTS`; `kit.readRows`; `kit.Grab`, which a view's `grab` returns to take a press before navigation.
-  - gpu: marker WGSL: `MarkerFragment` and `MarkerColor`, and the shared `shapeDistance`, `filled`, `over`, `gaugeMarker`, `pieMarker`, and `markerImage`. A marker's layers carry their own coverage; its distance is its outline, which halos and shadows follow.
-  - network: a vertex type's `marker`; `flowPx` on edges and paths, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`; `shadows`, `hoverScale`, and `labelHaloPx`.
-  - network: `edgeSpacingPx`, which draws edges joining the same two vertices apart, straight or geodesic, in drawing, picking, and labels; a type with `bends` follows its own routes.
-  - Every view that zooms: a touch held in place opens the context menu, and two pointers pinch.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `set(…, { animate: true })` eases positions, colors, sizes, widths, flow, and marker inputs over `animationMs`, on the GPU, the short way round a globe; labels follow as the GPU mixes. Rows new to the drawing ease in from nothing, and a transition the GPU budget cannot hold steps. Per-frame CPU work stays the same.
-  - network: labels' halo takes the color of the ground they lie on, `surfaceColor`, in place of `background`.
-  - network: on a globe, the surface no longer cuts markers and labels where it bulges toward the camera across them.
-  - network: a marker's shade colors what the row draws, and its hover and selected halos draw over that, as a diagram's do; a line's do too.
-  - network: hover grows a vertex's marker by `hoverScale`, 1.25 by default.
-  - network: a vertex's label sits in the widest gap between its edges.
-  - diagram: blocks draw with the shared shapes and shadow, and drag through the views' `grab`.
-  - monitor: a fit leaves `fitPaddingPx` clear around the values, in pixels, as every view's fit does. The monitor has no pointer navigation, so the page keeps wheel and touch scrolling.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: `domainPadding`; use `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - diagram: `Shape`, now in `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - gpu: `clicks` in a view's definition; a view takes the presses it handles with `grab`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.16.0
-
-## 0.14.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- df714d5: Every per-row option is a channel: one value for every row, a field, or a field through a scale. Positions are `x`, `y`, and `z` channels, every view reads its channels through one shader struct, and a view's defaults are named after the channels they stand in for.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `Channel` and `ColorChannel`; `component` on `Scale` and `ColorScale`, and `missing` on both.
-  - gpu: `kit.bindChannels`, `kit.resolveChannels`, `kit.resolveChannel`, `kit.channelValue`, `kit.channelOn`, `kit.writeChannel`, and `kit.resolveLabels`; `LatkitChannel`, `channelNumber`, `channelOn`, `channelColor`, and `finiteValue` in `kit.fieldShader`.
-  - gpu: `stride` on `BufferData.update`, which compares whole records.
-  - network: `x`, `y`, and `z` on vertices; `x` and `y` on a net, where its star meets; `dash` and `shade` on paths; `pathColor` and `pathWidthPx`; `LineOptions`, the options edges and paths share.
-  - diagram: `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height` on vertices; `Positions`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `y`; `traceColor` and `traceWidthPx`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network, diagram, and monitor: `radiusPx`, `widthPx`, `flowPx`, `visible`, `shade`, `dash`, and `status` each take one value, a field name, or a scale. A `widthPx` field draws each network and monitor line at its own width, and spans 1 to 4 CSS pixels in every view.
-  - `color` takes one color for every row, in place of `baseColor`; a scale's `missing` fills rows its field leaves empty.
-  - A boolean channel is on where it reads true or positive in every view; the diagram and monitor showed negative values.
-  - `null` in a config means unset everywhere: options that used it as a value take `'ends'`, `'now'`, or `'none'`.
-  - A view keeps a field name as given: `config` holds `color: 'load'`, not `{ field: 'load' }`.
-  - diagram: `arrange` and a move proposal's `positions` give each type's `{ x, y }`, to spread into its options.
-  - gpu: `revealPaddingPx` takes insets, like `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - gpu: the views of a composition keep their memoized work apart.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update` records one revision for all it changed, so a consumer uploads those ranges rather than everything.
-  - network: positions that change keep the drawn topology; only a type moving between circle, plane, and geographic placement rebuilds it.
-  - network: each page's uniform stays on the GPU between frames, and a frame uploads only the pages that changed; a frame where nothing moved uploads about an eighth of what it did at a million buses.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `height` to `z`, `sizePx` to `radiusPx`, and an edge's `junction` to `x` and `y`; `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor` (`'ends'` for `null`), `heightScale` to `zScale`, and `graticule` to `grid`; a label's `sizePx` to `fontSizePx`.
-  - diagram: `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor`, `flow` to `flowPx`, and a label's `size` to `fontSize`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `field` to `y`; the camera's `window` and `values` to `x` and `y`; `coordinateAxis` and `valueAxis` to `xAxis` and `yAxis`.
-  - gpu: `selectedColor: null` to `'none'`; network `sunTime: null` to `'now'`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network and diagram: `position` and `baseColor`. diagram: `size`, now `width` and `height`. monitor: `baseColor`.
-  - gpu: `Position2D`, `kit.Expanded`, `ConfigShape.fields` and `nested`, and `kit.scaleParameters`; `LatkitScale`, `scaleMapped`, `fieldNumber`, `fieldScaled`, and `fieldColor` in shaders.
-  - diagram: `DiagramEvents.open`, which every item view's events already carry.
-
-- df714d5: One text system, spatial index, memo, and change test for every view; schemas state facts and views bind every field; diagram styles on the GPU.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `samePages`; `fieldDefinition`; `geographic` on a position field; `ReadScope.recording` and `ReadScope.hold`, with `ReadRecord`.
-  - gpu: `gpu.layoutText`; `kit.BoxIndex`, `kit.Occupancy`, `kit.sameValues`, and `kit.sameRecords`; `kit.fieldShader({ colormap })` adds `fieldColor`, and the field shader carries the scale WGSL.
-  - gpu: `frame.memo(slot, deps, build)`, reused until its deps, the coordinate of a sampled read, a bound buffer, or held memory change.
-  - gpu: `kit.TextBank`, `kit.textOrigin`, and `kit.textBox`, with `TextCandidate` and `TextPlacement`; `TextAlign` and `TextBaseline`; `align` on `TextLayoutInput`; `baseline`, `lineHeight`, `capHeight`, and `align` on `TextLayout`; `latkitAnchor` and a pixel halo in `kit.textShader`.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update(values)`, which marks only the words that changed.
-  - monitor: `coordinateAt(point)`, the coordinate under a canvas point of the drawn plot.
-  - network: `repeatSpacingPx` on labels.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: positions are bound like every other field; without them, rows sit on a circle. Whether they are longitude and latitude comes from the bound fields' `geographic`.
-  - Text draws from one glyph atlas, one SDF per font and grapheme, and repeated layouts are cached. Lines are the font's ascent and descent tall, so every string of a font shares one baseline, and titles, port names, wire labels, and axis ticks center by their capitals.
-  - Every view draws its labels through `kit.TextBank`: a label's glyphs are prepared once, and frames move or hide only its anchor.
-  - `TextBitmap.ascent` and `descent` are the font's line metrics; the rasterizer reports `fontBoundingBox` values.
-  - `textColor(uv, color, halo, haloPx)` in `kit.textShader` takes a halo.
-  - network: labels try right, left, above, and below a marker, never over another marker, with a halo over lines; line labels center on their line.
-  - network and diagram: field reads, scales, style passes, and scene geometry are memoized, so a frame where nothing changed reads and uploads nothing.
-  - diagram: bound colors, widths, flow, shade, and status are written on the GPU, so restyling or playing them never rereads or reroutes the scene, and styles keep playing during a drag.
-  - diagram: wires route as net trees with separated tracks and rounded bends; ports, arrowheads, and junctions scale with the blocks; blocks draw a header band, outline, status ring, and shadow; titles read on any fill; picking holds typed arrays.
-  - diagram: `msaa` defaults to `1`, since every shape antialiases in its shader.
-  - monitor: a null visibility shows the trace; shade defaults to `0`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - diagram: `portSizePx` to `portSize` and `portFontSizePx` to `portFontSize`, in diagram units.
-  - gpu: `kit.BoxIndex.query` to `kit.BoxIndex.some`, which visits until told to stop and allocates nothing.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - model: `TypeDefinition.spatial`. A position field says whether it is `geographic`, and a view binds its positions itself. Schemas cross connect, so peers upgrade together.
-  - gpu: `TextLayout.ascent` and `descent`; `kit.scaleShader` (in `kit.fieldShader`), `kit.defaultShade`, and `kit.localPoint`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-  - @latkit/model@4.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.15.0
-
-## 0.13.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 35b7171: One failure, one item identity, one view contract, one option vocabulary, and one memory budget, with constant CPU work per frame.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `Item`, `sameItem`, and `itemId`; `FailureCode` and `isFailure`; `createMemory`, `Memory`, `MemoryBudget`, and `MemoryStats`; `Work` and `interruptible`.
-  - gpu: the types an app names at the root, including `ViewConfig`, `ViewEvents`, `Patch`, `FrameInfo`, `Viewport`, `Composition`, `Scale`, `ColorScale`, `Position2D`, `Labels`, and the text types; `kit.resolveLimits` and `kit.clearColor`.
-  - Item views: a click in place cycles through overlapping hits and a modifier toggles the topmost; a double click or Enter reports `open`, and a double click on nothing fits the data.
-  - Compositions route pointer, wheel, menu, and key input to the view under the pointer.
-  - network: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types, and `widthPx` on edge types. diagram: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types.
-  - connect: `protocol.forward(id, bytes)` frames a received publication for another stream without encoding it again.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Every package throws model `Failure`s. A peer's error keeps a code latkit knows, and malformed peer data reports `protocol`.
-  - `kit.BaseView`: `resolve` runs once per config, `configure` receives the resolved configs, and `prepare` returns what `encode` and `submitted` receive. `kit.BaseItemView` builds `pipelines` once per variant for every view of a kind, names the view in `kit.ItemShape`, and rejects options it does not know.
-  - One memory pool bounds the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources: `createReader({ memory })`, and `gpu.stats()` and `reader.stats()` return `MemoryStats`. Its defaults are the former sums.
-  - Frames pack their uniforms into shared buffers written once; upload cache hits allocate nothing; network dash phases hold while the camera moves; diagram drags move in the shader and reroute only the wires they touch, so a drag frame costs the same at any size.
-  - `image({ format, quality })` takes `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`, and video `quality` is a number from 0 to 1, as for images.
-  - connect checks a model before it opens a socket.
-  - Internal dependencies publish as caret ranges, and every package whose types name WebGPU depends on `@webgpu/types`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `size` to `sizePx`, a radius in CSS pixels; label `size` to `sizePx`; `curve: 'linear'` to `route: 'straight'`; `focusEnds` to `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds`; `Labels` to `NetworkLabels`.
-  - diagram: edge `width` to `widthPx`; `Labels` to `DiagramLabels`.
-  - connect limits drop `max`: `messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, and `logs`.
-  - gpu: `createRenderTarget` to `createTextureTarget`; `GpuStats` and `Budget` to model `MemoryStats` and `MemoryBudget`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `GpuError`, `GpuErrorCode`, `DataHit`, `kit.Work`, `kit.wheelDelta`, `kit.createCanvasInput`, and `kit.withinBudget`.
-  - network: `focusEnabled`, `hoverAlpha`, and `selectedAlpha`; the alpha of `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` sets the halos.
-  - monitor: the `pickingBytes` limit.
-  - model: `ReaderStats`; reader `maxBytes`, `maxStagingBytes`, and `maxEntries`; `resolveRows`, `RowMapping`, `samplePages`, `copyBuffers`, `sliceColumn`, and `DEFAULT_BLOCK_BYTES`.
-  - connect: `remoteFailure`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [35b7171]
-  - @latkit/model@3.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.14.0
-
-## 0.12.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: Exports never change a view, item views check every option the same way, and views stop cleanly with their Gpu.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `gpu.signal`: aborts when the Gpu stops, with `device-lost` or `closed`.
-  - `FrameInfo.presented` and `RenderView.presented`: video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, render frames that are not presented.
-  - `kit.ItemShape`: an item view describes its framed camera keys, input modes, and style defaults once.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, draw the view as it is and change nothing: its camera, hover, selection, and picking stay as presented. A monitor draws them into history of its own. A view with neither presents in its images.
-  - Unknown camera and input options, and input modes a view does not have, throw `invalid-input` in every view, and the patch changes nothing.
-  - A mode shorthand merges like the option it names: `set({ input: 'inspect' })` keeps `wheel` and `keyboard`.
-  - The `frame` event reports the frame's `FrameInfo` and nothing it borrowed.
-  - A right click opens the context menu where the button comes up; a right drag never opens it.
-  - Views stop drawing when their Gpu stops: device loss reports one `device-lost` error per view, and destroying the Gpu reports none. The Gpu no longer keeps destroyed views alive.
-  - `image()` and `exportVideo` wait for a canvas frame that cannot stop at once, instead of failing `busy`.
-  - `view.config` is typed without `camera`, which lives on `view.camera`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView` takes `(gpu, config, shape)`; `compileShade` receives the `msaa` to compile for; `kit.BaseView`'s `moveCamera` hook is `cameraMove`, which validates before a patch applies.
-  - Network: `pick`, clicks, and context menus wait for the background hit-test index, starting it at once, instead of building it on the main thread.
-  - Video: an export ends with the Gpu's `device-lost` error.
-  - Model: `sliceColumn` returns exactly its kind's keys, so a point read of a sampled field is a plain column however its pages lie; `selectRows` encodes each requested ID into one reused buffer.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Gpu.lost`; use `gpu.signal`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`'s `framed` and `inputMode` members; use `kit.ItemShape`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-  - @latkit/model@2.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.13.0
-
-## 0.11.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Move the CPU data layer from gpu into model as one bounded `Reader`, and drop the data version.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `createReader`, `Reader`, `ReadScope` in model: memoized reads, joined fields, and extents under one budget.
-  - `sampleDomain(pages)` in model.
-  - `gpu.reader`, `frame.reader`, `kit.fieldScale`, `kit.wiring`.
-  - `protocol` namespace export in connect.
-  - `pixelRatio` option for `exportVideo`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createData(schema, batches)` and `appendData(previous, batches)`.
-  - Reads yield blocks only; `RowsBlock.position` is `rowOffset`; `TableData.ids` is `ColumnPages`.
-  - `FieldInput`, `FieldBinding`, `FieldValues`, `FieldsRequest`, `FieldsBlock` (was `NativeFields`), and `ExtentRequest` live in model; `ExtentRequest` takes `{ source, from, rows, field, window }`.
-  - `frame.upload` takes a `FieldsBlock` or `EnvelopeBlock`; `GpuPage.native` is `GpuPage.block`.
-  - `BufferData` and `TextureData` report `revision`.
-  - App-facing gpu types (`CompositionConfig`, `GpuStats`, `Budget`, `ImageOptions`, `TextOptions`, `ColormapOptions`, `ShadeFrame`, …) moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Field shader header is seven words; kinds are named `FIELD_*` constants.
-  - Connect frames carry no version field; the magic is `LATK` and the opcode is u32. Binary descriptors use `type: 'float32' | …`. `connectLattice` is `connectModel`; `maxBatchBytes` is `maxBlockBytes`.
-  - `exportVideo` keeps the view's `at` when no `at` mapping is given.
-  - Monitor `fit()` with no readings fits the recorded window; following appends no longer scans every page, and cached tiles before the window are pruned as it advances.
-  - Diagram re-reads its scene for a new `at` only when a sampled field is bound, and checks edge-end indices.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Data.version`, `QueryHeader`, block `version` fields, and monitor `Reading.version`.
-  - `Gpu.query`, `Gpu.fields`, `Gpu.envelope`, `frame.query`, `frame.fields`, `frame.envelope`, `frame.extent`, `frame.values`, `frame.scale`, `kit.createNativeReader`, `kit.NativeReader`, `kit.QueryResult`.
-  - The `@latkit/connect/protocol` subpath.
-
-- b958ddc: Network, monitor, and diagram build on one item-view base, so camera, selection, picking, hover, style, input, and events behave the same in each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `ItemView`, `ItemViewConfig`, `ItemEvents`, `ViewCamera`, `ViewInput`, `PickOptions`, `ViewStats`, `ViewStyle`, `viewStyle`, and `Point` in gpu.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`, `kit.resolveViewStyle`, `kit.Attachments`, `kit.Work`, `kit.Expanded`, and `kit.HoverSearch`.
-  - `gpu.shaderModule(code, label)`: validated shader modules, shared by identical code.
-  - `stats()` on every view, with frames, preparation time, draw calls, picking bytes, and hover state and time; `pick(point, { radiusPx, limit, signal })` on every item view.
-  - `selectedColor: null`, which keeps each selected item's own color.
-  - `benchmark/`, with `pnpm bench`, `pnpm bench:update`, `pnpm bench:gate`, and a CI gate.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - One set of shared style options and defaults: `background` (was `backgroundColor`), `hoverWidthPx`, `selectedWidthPx`, `selectedColor`, `msaa`, `hover`, `hoverBudgetMs`, `pickRadiusPx`, `fitPaddingPx`, `revealPaddingPx`, `animationMs`, `motion`, `font`, `fontSizePx`, and `textColor`.
-  - `pick` returns hits nearest first, topmost breaking ties, at most 16 by default.
-  - `fit(items)` frames once; `fit()` and `set({ camera: null })` follow all the data. Moving a framed camera key turns `fit` off.
-  - Events arrive together after each frame, in order: `frame`, `camera`, `hover`, `select`.
-  - Unknown options and limits, and invalid cameras, throw `invalid-input`.
-  - `SetOptions`, `DataHit`, `ContextMenu`, `Modifiers`, and `HoverState` moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Network: `showVertices`, `showEdges`, `showPoles`, `showGraticule`, `showEarthAxis` → `markers`, `lines`, `poles`, `graticule`, `earthAxis`; `graticuleColor` → `gridColor`; `vertexHoverPx`/`edgeHoverPx` → `hoverWidthPx`; `vertexSelectedPx`/`edgeSelectedPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limits `maxVertices`, `maxSegments`, `cpuBytes` → `vertices`, `segments`, `geometryBytes`, `pickingBytes`. Items compare by kind, index, and row.
-  - Diagram: `selectionWidthPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limit `prepareMs` → `layoutMs`.
-  - Monitor: `focusColor` → `selectedColor`; `stats().traces` → `rows`; selection survives appends.
-  - Model: a sampled field bound both by name and as a binding to the request's own source is read once; such reads no longer stall under a frames window.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `kit.HoverOptions`, `NetworkInput`, `MonitorInput`, and monitor `PickOptions`; use `ViewStyle`, `ViewInput`, and `PickOptions`.
-
-- b958ddc: Monitors draw streamed frames reliably: each image keeps what it has drawn and draws only what it is missing. Network picking stays fast at a million vertices.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Progress.domain`: the coordinates a run covers, carried by connect.
-  - `sampleFrames(pages, window)` in model: the frames a sample window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Monitor history draws, each frame, what an image is missing, continuing from the last frame drawn. Arrivals reach the shown image first; a new window or value range redraws behind it while the shown image stretches to the camera's axes. Fixed windows at epoch coordinates, and monitors created before any samples, now stream.
-  - Monitor fitted values come from per-page extents, so appends never read history again.
-  - Monitor limits are `{ rows, segmentsPerFrame, historyBytes, pickingBytes }`; `segmentsPerFrame` bounds the lines drawn per frame.
-  - Network `pick` and hover use a compact hit-test index, built in the background within `limits.pickingBytes`: a million vertices and two million edges fit the default, and pick takes milliseconds instead of seconds. `stats().pickingBytes` counts the index as it builds.
-  - A hover budget miss suspends automatic hover until the scene moves or the view can search faster, as when its index is built.
-  - gpu field pages bind four value buffers, which needs five storage buffers per shader stage; pages keep every frame of their rows; buffers grow with use; cache eviction takes constant time in model and gpu.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - Monitor `camera.follow`, `detail`, `autoDomain`, `limits.frameMs`, `limits.observationsPerFrame`, `stats().pendingBytes`, and pointer pan and zoom.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-  - @latkit/model@2.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.12.0
-
-## 0.10.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- 5f19f4e: Replace connect with demand-driven connectLattice and acceptModel endpoints. Registration carries metadata only; bounded binary publications, cumulative credit windows, cancellation, typed command arguments, bounded diagnostics, and encoded forwarding replace snapshots and transaction event plumbing.
-
-  Make model the shared data and command vocabulary: add CommandDescription, Parameters, Arguments, Progress, Diagnostic, validateBatch, validateSelection, and selectBatches. Remove Model, Commands, Routine, DataEvent, transactions, and schema delivery limits. Read limits belong to QueryOptions; connection limits belong to connect. Update GPU/monitor consumers accordingly. This intentionally breaks the previous connection and model contracts.
-
-- 5f19f4e: Store field pages and sample indexes in persistent balanced collections. Appending shares earlier
-  storage instead of copying and reindexing the full history. TableData.fields now contains readonly
-  ColumnPages: use at() or iteration rather than array indexing and construct columns through
-  createData/appendData. copyBuffers preserves the indexed representation. Add appendedPages,
-  samplePages, and resolveRows for consistent indexed suffix, window, and row-coverage access.
-
-  Compile field bindings in the shared GPU layer independently of Data snapshots. Resolve row
-  identity without gathering bound values, and cache each point field independently so static
-  columns and slower sampled fields remain reusable through playback, including reordered IDs.
-  Index cached reads by their actual dependencies, and reuse network binding records across frames.
-  Monitor append detection now visits only added pages while preserving cancellation and replacement
-  semantics. Application view usage is unchanged.
-
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-  - @latkit/model@1.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.1
-
-## 0.10.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- dc8b6a0: Replace renderer prepare/encode hooks with captured and prepared frame contracts. Ordinary
-  invalidation schedules the latest state without cancelling valid work; canvas playback coalesces
-  requests without adding an extra animation-frame wait. Compositions capture every child before
-  preparation, and images and video share submission and discard behavior.
-
-  Monitor append progress survives cancelled frames and tracks independently sampled fields.
-  Bounded camera-independent tiles reuse geometry and exact bounds for domain changes, with local
-  refinement at summary boundaries and local rereads on cache misses. Models and transport remain
-  free of observation retention and replay.
-
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [70030a4]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.15.0
-
-## 0.10.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 145a02d: Breaking change: remove model retention and historical reads. Models publish one-pass passive
-  transactions, commands are a separate optional capability, and applications own immutable
-  columnar Data. Views consume Data directly and accept updates with set({ source: nextData }).
-  Local read computes rows, samples, aggregates, and envelopes without contacting a producer.
-  Connect protocol 3 removes queryable roots, retained reference trees, and remote exports;
-  upgrade both peers together. Delivered values survive unsubscribe and disconnect. Shared
-  unchanged pages preserve local read caching and GPU uploads.
-- 145a02d: A renderer is its own view: `createX(gpu, config)` draws on the config's canvas, handles its input,
-  and shares one API with every other view.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `View`: `config`, `set(patch, { animate })`, `image(options)`, `on`, `destroy`. Networks,
-    monitors, diagrams, and compositions add `camera`, `selection`, `select(items)`, `pick(point)`,
-    `locate`, `fit(items?)`, `reveal`, and `stats`.
-  - Config keys every view shares: `canvas`, `at`, `paused`, `input`, `camera`, `shade`, `limits`.
-  - `set` merges keyed records per entry, `camera`/`input`/`limits`/`layout` per option, and removes
-    with `null`.
-  - `frame`, `camera`, and `error` events; `select` reports arrays everywhere.
-  - Shorthands: `color: 'load'`, `labels: 'name'`, `colormap: 'viridis'`, `layout: 'layered'`,
-    `valueAxis: 'Temperature'`.
-  - Networks halo any number of selected items.
-  - `kit`: the renderer-authoring namespace of `@latkit/gpu`, with `kit.BaseView`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createNetwork(gpu, config)`, `createMonitor(gpu, config)`, `createDiagram(gpu, config)`,
-    `createComposition(gpu, { views: [{ view, region: [x, y, w, h] }] })`,
-    `exportVideo(view, options)`, and `arrange(gpu, config, { signal })`.
-  - Style options sit on the config; the `data` and `options` buckets are gone.
-  - `pick` is asynchronous everywhere.
-  - Network camera: `center: [x, y]`, plus `fit` and `orbit`. Diagram camera: `{ center, scale, fit }`.
-    Monitor camera: `{ window, values, fit, follow }`, holding the former `data.window`,
-    `valueDomain`, and `follow`.
-  - `@latkit/gpu` exports only the app surface; renderer plumbing moved under `kit`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Network `vertices`/`edges`/`poles`/`graticule`/`earthAxis` options → `showVertices`/`showEdges`/
-    `showPoles`/`showGraticule`/`showEarthAxis`.
-  - `hitTest` → `pick`.
-  - `Limits` → `NetworkLimits`, `MonitorLimits`, `DiagramLimits`; `InputOptions` → `NetworkInput`,
-    `MonitorInput`, `DiagramInput`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `createCanvasView` and `attachNetworkInput`/`attachMonitorInput`/`attachDiagramInput`: views own
-    their canvas and input.
-  - Every `set*` method, `getCamera`, `panBy`/`rotateBy`/`zoomBy`, `orbit()`, `setPointer`, `toData`,
-    and `toDiagram`.
-  - `invalidate`, `fit`, `orbit`, `window`, and `valueDomain` events.
-  - `PROJECTIONS` and the `Options` exports.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-  - @latkit/model@0.14.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.10.0
-
-## 0.9.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 1ade156: Topology is data: a reference field wires each row to a row of another type, and views draw
-  those types as vertices and edges.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Schema.types` with `TypeDefinition`, and `ReferenceColumn`: row numbers under the referenced
-    type's `Index`, read like any field. `numberAt` reads them.
-  - `direction: 'in' | 'out'` on reference fields.
-  - `ends` on network and diagram edges: the two reference fields a row joins. Without `ends` an edge
-    type is a net, joining the vertices whose references name each row.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `spatial.system` is `'geographic' | 'cartesian'`; the network reads its coordinates from it.
-  - Diagram ports are the reference fields that name a drawn net; `arrows` is a boolean.
-  - `ConnectProposal.replaces` names the net and the port leaving it.
-  - A `reference` parameter takes `to`; problem targets are `row` and `field` with a type.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Diagram: `components`/`connections` → `vertices`/`edges`, `setComponent`/`setConnection` →
-    `setVertex`/`setEdge`, item kinds `component`/`connection` → `vertex`/`edge`,
-    `ComponentOptions`/`ConnectionOptions` → `VertexOptions`/`EdgeOptions`, `EntityRef` → `RowRef`,
-    `ConnectionGesture` → `ConnectProposal`, `RouteEndpoint` → `RouteEnd`, `LayoutNode` →
-    `LayoutVertex`, `Group.components` → `Group.vertices`.
-  - Diagram options and limits: `nodePadding`, `nodeGap`, `componentBaseColor`, `connectionBaseColor`,
-    `connectionWidthPx`, `animationMaxComponents`, `connectionRadiusPx` → `vertexPadding`,
-    `vertexGap`, `vertexBaseColor`, `edgeBaseColor`, `edgeWidthPx`, `animationMaxVertices`,
-    `connectRadiusPx`; `components`/`connections`/`endpoints` → `vertices`/`edges`/`ends`.
-  - Network `focusEndpointMode` → `focusEnds`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `components`, `connections`, and `tables`, with `ComponentDefinition`, `ComponentPort`,
-    `ConnectionDefinition`, `ConnectionRole`, and `TableDefinition`.
-  - The `endpoints` and `links` queries and blocks.
-  - Network `coordinates` and `connectivity`; diagram roles and end ordinals.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies
-- Updated dependencies [1ade156]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.9.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.13.0
-
-## 0.8.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 01975bd: Replace the previous model and rendering APIs with native Queryable data, explicit
-  retained acquisitions, shared GPU rendering, and worker/socket connections.
-
-  Network and monitor use the shared GPU and canvas-view lifecycle. Video exports
-  renderers directly, including composed views. Colors now come from @latkit/gpu.
-  Rewrite usage guides and package READMEs for these APIs.
-
-  This is a breaking pre-1.0 release. Migrate consumers together; the retired port,
-  colormaps, document-session, and scene-snapshot APIs have no compatibility exports.
-  The diagram package remains private and declaration-only.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [01975bd]
-  - @latkit/model@0.12.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.8.0
diff --git a/packages/monitor/README.md b/packages/monitor/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 20f20a3c..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/monitor
-
-Plot sampled fields over a coordinate such as time with WebGPU, live as frames append.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/model @latkit/gpu @latkit/monitor
-```
-
-```ts
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { appendData } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source: observations,
-  traces: { temperature: { from: 'sensor', y: 'temperature' } },
-  camera: { x: [0, 30] },
-  yAxis: 'Temperature',
-});
-monitor.set({ source: appendData(observations, samples) });
-```
-
-[Guide](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/monitor-quickstart.html) ·
-[Views](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/views.html) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/monitor/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/monitor/package.json b/packages/monitor/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6913696b..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/monitor",
-  "version": "0.18.0",
-  "description": "Progressive native observation rendering on the shared Latkit GPU.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/monitor"
-  },
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md"
-  ],
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts",
-    "test:browser": "pnpm --filter @latkit/monitor... build && tsup tests/fixture.ts --config false --format esm --out-dir tests/browser/generated --external @latkit/model && node tests/browser/run.mjs"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:^",
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:^",
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71"
-  },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/axes.ts b/packages/monitor/src/axes.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d03f23a2..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/axes.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-import { type Gpu, type Point, type RGBA, kit, type Viewport } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { buffer } from './rendering/painter.js';
-import type { Domain } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Style } from './config.js';
-import { insets } from './config.js';
-import { ticks, type Ticks } from './ticks.js';
-export interface Plot {
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-}
-export interface Axes {
-  plot: Plot;
-  /** Tick labels and captions, as the monitor's text bank last placed them. */
-  text: readonly kit.TextBankPage[];
-  lines: kit.BufferData;
-  lineCount: number;
-  gridCount: number;
-}
-/**
- * The plot inside a view, less the room its axes write in: their tick labels where shown, and a
- * row for each label. The room follows from the options alone, never the window, so the plot and
- * its history keep their size as the window moves.
- */
-export function plot(view: Viewport, options: Style): Plot {
-  const [top, right, bottom, left] = insets(options.paddingPx),
-    size = options.fontSizePx,
-    { xAxis, yAxis } = options;
-  const x = left + (yAxis && yAxis.tickLabels !== false ? Math.max(64, size * 7) : 0),
-    y = top + (yAxis?.label ? size * 1.8 : 0),
-    below =
-      (xAxis && xAxis.tickLabels !== false ? size * 1.8 : 0) + (xAxis?.label ? size * 1.2 : 0);
-  return {
-    x,
-    y,
-    width: Math.max(1, view.width - x - right),
-    height: Math.max(1, view.height - y - bottom - below),
-  };
-}
-/** Whether a canvas point lies on a plot. */
-export function onPlot(p: Plot, point: Point): boolean {
-  return (
-    point[0] >= p.x && point[0] <= p.x + p.width && point[1] >= p.y && point[1] <= p.y + p.height
-  );
-}
-/** The canvas x of a coordinate on a plot of `window`, and its inverse. */
-export function plotX(p: Plot, window: Domain, coordinate: number): number {
-  return p.x + ((coordinate - window[0]) / (window[1] - window[0])) * p.width;
-}
-export function plotCoordinate(p: Plot, window: Domain, x: number): number {
-  return window[0] + ((x - p.x) / p.width) * (window[1] - window[0]);
-}
-/** The canvas y of a value on a plot of `values`. */
-export function plotY(p: Plot, values: Domain, value: number): number {
-  return p.y + ((values[1] - value) / (values[1] - values[0])) * p.height;
-}
-export async function axes(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  view: Viewport,
-  x: Domain,
-  y: Domain,
-  options: Style,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-  /** The monitor's labels by text, so ticks that stay keep their glyphs as the window moves. */
-  text: kit.TextBank,
-): Promise<Axes> {
-  text.hide();
-  const area = plot(view, options),
-    lines: number[] = [],
-    grid: number[] = [];
-  const sx = kit.resolveScale({ range: [area.x, area.x + area.width] }, x),
-    sy = kit.resolveScale({ range: [area.y + area.height, area.y] }, y),
-    size = options.fontSizePx,
-    right = area.x + area.width,
-    bottom = area.y + area.height;
-  const line = (a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, color: RGBA) =>
-    (color === options.gridColor ? grid : lines).push(a, b, c, d, ...color);
-  /** `value` with its `align` side and `baseline` at `at`; with `room`, only where it is free. */
-  const label = async (
-    key: string,
-    value: string,
-    at: Point,
-    align: kit.TextAlign,
-    baseline: kit.TextBaseline,
-    room?: kit.Occupancy,
-  ) => {
-    const layout = await gpu.layoutText(
-      { text: value, font: options.font, size, color: options.textColor },
-      { signal },
-    );
-    if (!room) text.add(key, layout, kit.textOrigin(layout, at, align, baseline));
-    else text.place(key, layout, [[at[0], at[1], align, baseline]], room, { margin: 3 });
-  };
-  /**
-   * An axis's tick labels at `places`, each where no other of its own lies. The offset they share
-   * comes first, at `offset` on its `side`, so a tick it would cover goes unlabelled.
-   */
-  const tickLabels = async (
-    name: string,
-    t: Ticks,
-    places: readonly Point[],
-    align: kit.TextAlign,
-    baseline: kit.TextBaseline,
-    offset: Point,
-    side: kit.TextAlign,
-  ) => {
-    const room = new kit.Occupancy();
-    if (t.offset) {
-      const value = (t.offset > 0 ? '+' : '') + String(t.offset);
-      await label(name + ' offset', value, offset, side, 'top', room);
-    }
-    for (let i = 0; i < t.items.length; i++) {
-      const value = t.items[i].label ?? String(t.items[i].value);
-      await label(name + value, value, places[i], align, baseline, room);
-    }
-  };
-  if (options.xAxis !== null) {
-    const axis = options.xAxis,
-      t = ticks(x, area.width, axis),
-      at = t.items.map((tick) => kit.scaleValue(tick.value, sx)!),
-      row = bottom + size * 0.5;
-    line(area.x, bottom, right, bottom, options.axisColor);
-    if (axis.grid !== false) for (const px of at) line(px, area.y, px, bottom, options.gridColor);
-    if (axis.tickLabels !== false)
-      // The offset ends the row at the plot's right.
-      await tickLabels(
-        'x',
-        t,
-        at.map((px): Point => [px, row]),
-        'center',
-        'top',
-        [right, row],
-        'end',
-      );
-    if (axis.label)
-      await label('x caption', axis.label, [right, view.height - 4], 'end', 'alphabetic');
-  }
-  if (options.yAxis !== null) {
-    const axis = options.yAxis,
-      t = ticks(y, area.height, { minSpacingPx: 40, ...axis }),
-      at = t.items.map((tick) => kit.scaleValue(tick.value, sy)!),
-      column = area.x - 8;
-    line(area.x, area.y, area.x, bottom, options.axisColor);
-    if (axis.grid !== false) for (const py of at) line(area.x, py, right, py, options.gridColor);
-    if (axis.tickLabels !== false)
-      // The offset tops the column from its left edge, so a long one runs toward the plot, never
-      // off the view.
-      await tickLabels(
-        'y',
-        t,
-        at.map((py): Point => [column, py]),
-        'end',
-        'middle',
-        [insets(options.paddingPx)[3], area.y],
-        'start',
-      );
-    if (axis.label)
-      await label(
-        'y caption',
-        axis.label,
-        [area.x, Math.max(size, area.y - 8)],
-        'start',
-        'alphabetic',
-      );
-  }
-  // An outline closes the plot on the sides its axes leave open.
-  if (options.outline) {
-    line(area.x, area.y, right, area.y, options.axisColor);
-    line(right, area.y, right, bottom, options.axisColor);
-    if (options.xAxis === null) line(area.x, bottom, right, bottom, options.axisColor);
-    if (options.yAxis === null) line(area.x, area.y, area.x, bottom, options.axisColor);
-  }
-  return {
-    plot: area,
-    text: text.flush(),
-    lines: buffer(new Float32Array([...grid, ...lines]), 'monitor axes'),
-    gridCount: grid.length / 8,
-    lineCount: lines.length / 8,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/bindings.ts b/packages/monitor/src/bindings.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fed54ac..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/bindings.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,287 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Colormap, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import {
-  failure,
-  fieldDefinition,
-  rowCount,
-  type Data,
-  type Schema,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Domain,
-  type Index,
-  type Reader,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import type { MonitorData } from './data.js';
-import { domain, finite, fail } from './config.js';
-import type { LayerKind } from './rendering/history.js';
-import type { Monitor } from './monitor.js';
-/** What a trace reads: its values, and its channels; colors and widths map over their extents. */
-const TRACE = {
-  y: 'raw',
-  color: 'color',
-  widthPx: [1, 4],
-  visible: 'raw',
-  shade: 'raw',
-} as const satisfies Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-export type TraceChannel = keyof typeof TRACE;
-/** A row selection with its ids resolved. */
-export type Rows = Exclude<Index.Selection, { readonly kind: 'ids' }>;
-/** How a trace's lines look over what they read: none of it is a reason to read again. */
-export interface Look {
-  /** The colormap's domain: the values axis for a trace colored by what it plots; null draws `base` alone. */
-  readonly domain: Domain | 'values' | null;
-  readonly colormap?: Colormap | Colormap.Name;
-  /** The color of rows without a color value: the trace's own, or the style's `traceColor` when null. */
-  readonly base: RGBA | null;
-  readonly clamp: boolean;
-  /**
-   * What history keeps for it: colors when the color is fixed; coverage alone when the color reads
-   * the plotted field, whose value is where a line lies; else the color values themselves.
-   */
-  readonly layer: LayerKind;
-}
-export interface Binding {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly trace: Monitor.TraceOptions;
-  readonly source: Data;
-  /** The field the trace plots. */
-  readonly field: string;
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  /** The rows the trace draws, ids resolved; every row without one. */
-  readonly rows?: Rows;
-  /** Rows the trace draws. */
-  readonly count: number;
-  /** What one read of the trace requests: its values as `y`, and each channel's field. */
-  readonly fields: Readonly<Record<string, FieldInput>>;
-  readonly bound: kit.BoundChannels<TraceChannel>;
-  /** Each channel ready to read; the color's scale is its look's, left unresolved here. */
-  readonly channels: Readonly<Record<TraceChannel, kit.ResolvedChannel>>;
-  /** Whether the color follows the values axis rather than a domain of its own. */
-  readonly colorFollows: boolean;
-  /** New with each description: a layer stands only while the versions it drew do. */
-  readonly version: number;
-  readonly look: Look;
-  /** Mapped traces whose looks share a key share a value layer. */
-  readonly lookKey: string;
-}
-let versions = 0;
-
-export function validateData(data: MonitorData): void {
-  if (!data.source?.schema || !data.source.tables) fail('Monitor requires materialized data');
-  for (const [name, trace] of Object.entries(data.traces)) {
-    if (!name || !trace.from || !trace.y) fail('Trace requires a name, type and sampled field');
-    if (typeof trace.y !== 'string' && !('field' in trace.y))
-      fail('Trace requires a sampled field binding');
-    if (
-      trace.interpolation &&
-      !['linear', 'step-before', 'step-after'].includes(trace.interpolation)
-    )
-      fail('Invalid interpolation');
-    const { channels } = kit.bindChannels(trace, TRACE),
-      { scale } = channels.color;
-    if (Array.isArray(scale?.domain)) domain(scale.domain as Domain);
-    if (typeof channels.widthPx.constant === 'number')
-      finite(channels.widthPx.constant, 'trace width', 0.1, 64);
-  }
-}
-export function binding(
-  input: FieldInput,
-  source: Data,
-  from: string,
-): FieldInput.Binding | undefined {
-  return typeof input === 'string'
-    ? { source, from, field: input }
-    : 'field' in input
-      ? input
-      : undefined;
-}
-/** Whether two configs of a trace read the same, differing at most in how its color looks. */
-export function sameReads(a: Monitor.TraceOptions, b: Monitor.TraceOptions): boolean {
-  return kit.sameReads(a, b, TRACE);
-}
-/** A trace's channels; a field name reads the request's source, so a trace named by field follows appends. */
-function bindTrace(
-  trace: Monitor.TraceOptions,
-  main: FieldInput.Binding,
-): kit.BoundChannels<TraceChannel> {
-  return kit.bindChannels(
-    { ...trace, y: typeof trace.y === 'string' ? trace.y : { ...main, rows: undefined } },
-    TRACE,
-  );
-}
-/** How a trace's color reads its values: the plotted field, and over the values axis too. */
-interface Colored {
-  /** The color reads the field the trace plots. */
-  readonly own: boolean;
-  /** And without a domain of its own, so it follows the values axis. */
-  readonly follows: boolean;
-}
-/** Check a trace's visual fields, and how its color reads them. */
-function visuals(
-  bound: kit.BoundChannels<TraceChannel>,
-  data: MonitorData,
-  from: string,
-  main: FieldInput.Binding,
-): Colored {
-  let own = false;
-  for (const alias of ['color', 'widthPx', 'visible', 'shade'] as const) {
-    const input = bound.channels[alias].field;
-    if (input === undefined) continue;
-    const other = binding(input, data.source, from);
-    if (!other) continue;
-    if (other.from !== from) fail('Visual fields must use the trace type');
-    const definition = fields(other.source.schema, other.from)[other.field];
-    if (!definition) fail('Unknown visual field ' + other.field);
-    if (
-      ![
-        'float32',
-        'float64',
-        'int32',
-        'uint32',
-        ...(alias === 'visible' ? ['boolean'] : []),
-      ].includes(definition.type as string)
-    )
-      fail('Visual fields must be scalar numeric data, or boolean visibility');
-    if (alias === 'color')
-      own = other.source === main.source && other.field === main.field && !other.rows;
-  }
-  return { own, follows: own && (bound.channels.color.scale?.domain ?? 'auto') === 'auto' };
-}
-/** The traces `names` names as the monitor reads them; sampled domains fit `window`. */
-export async function describeBindings(
-  reads: Reader.Scope,
-  data: MonitorData,
-  window: Domain,
-  names: readonly string[] = Object.keys(data.traces),
-): Promise<Binding[]> {
-  const result: Binding[] = [];
-  for (const name of names) {
-    const trace = data.traces[name],
-      main = binding(trace.y, data.source, trace.from)!;
-    if (main.from !== trace.from) fail('Trace and field must belong to the same type');
-    const schema = main.source.schema,
-      field = fields(schema, trace.from)[main.field];
-    if (
-      !field?.sampled ||
-      !['float32', 'float64', 'int32', 'uint32'].includes(field.type as string)
-    )
-      fail('Trace field must be sampled numeric data');
-    if (trace.rows && main.rows && JSON.stringify(trace.rows) !== JSON.stringify(main.rows))
-      fail('Specify the trace row selection once');
-    const bound = bindTrace(trace, main),
-      colored = visuals(bound, data, trace.from, main),
-      selected = trace.rows ?? main.rows,
-      table = main.source.tables[trace.from];
-    // Ids resolve once here, so fitting, picking, and reading all test the same rows.
-    let rows: Rows | undefined;
-    if (selected?.kind === 'ids') {
-      const read = await kit.readRows(reads, main.source, trace.from, selected),
-        index = read.index ?? table?.index;
-      rows = index
-        ? { kind: 'indices', index, values: read.rows }
-        : { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 0 };
-    } else rows = selected;
-    // The color's scale is its look, resolved apart: a new domain reads nothing history drew.
-    const unscaled = {
-      ...bound,
-      channels: { ...bound.channels, color: { ...bound.channels.color, scale: undefined } },
-    };
-    const channels = await kit.resolveChannels(
-      reads,
-      { source: data.source, from: trace.from, rows, window: { kind: 'range', between: window } },
-      unscaled,
-      // The style's trace width stands in for a width each draw reads.
-      { y: NaN, visible: 1 },
-    );
-    const look = await lookOf(reads, data.source, trace.from, rows, bound, colored, window);
-    result.push({
-      name,
-      trace,
-      source: main.source,
-      field: main.field,
-      schema,
-      rows,
-      count: rows ? rowCount(rows) : table ? rowCount(table.rows) : 0,
-      fields: bound.fields,
-      bound,
-      channels,
-      colorFollows: colored.follows,
-      version: ++versions,
-      look,
-      lookKey: lookKey(look),
-    });
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-/** A trace whose look alone changed: what it reads, and its version, stand. */
-export async function relook(
-  reads: Reader.Scope,
-  data: MonitorData,
-  previous: Binding,
-  trace: Monitor.TraceOptions,
-  window: Domain,
-): Promise<Binding> {
-  const main = binding(trace.y, data.source, trace.from)!,
-    bound = bindTrace(trace, main),
-    colored = visuals(bound, data, trace.from, main),
-    look = await lookOf(reads, data.source, trace.from, previous.rows, bound, colored, window);
-  return {
-    ...previous,
-    trace,
-    bound,
-    colorFollows: colored.follows,
-    look,
-    lookKey: lookKey(look),
-  };
-}
-async function lookOf(
-  reads: Reader.Scope,
-  source: Data,
-  from: string,
-  rows: Rows | undefined,
-  bound: kit.BoundChannels<TraceChannel>,
-  colored: Colored,
-  window: Domain,
-): Promise<Look> {
-  const tint = bound.channels.color,
-    shade = bound.channels.shade,
-    base = Array.isArray(tint.constant)
-      ? (tint.constant as RGBA)
-      : Array.isArray(tint.missing)
-        ? (tint.missing as RGBA)
-        : null,
-    look = { base, colormap: tint.colormap, clamp: tint.scale?.clamp ?? true },
-    // A line's place is its value only when it shades by nothing a pixel must remember.
-    mapped: LayerKind =
-      colored.own && shade.field === undefined && shade.constant === undefined
-        ? 'coverage'
-        : 'value';
-  if (tint.field === undefined || !tint.scale) return { ...look, domain: null, layer: 'color' };
-  if (colored.follows) return { ...look, domain: 'values', layer: mapped };
-  const scale = await kit.fieldScale(reads, {
-    ...tint.scale,
-    source,
-    from,
-    rows,
-    field: tint.field,
-    window: fieldDefinition(source, from, tint.field)?.sampled
-      ? { kind: 'range', between: window }
-      : undefined,
-  });
-  return { ...look, domain: scale.domain, layer: scale.domain ? mapped : 'color' };
-}
-const colormapIds = new WeakMap<object, number>();
-let colormapCount = 0;
-function lookKey(look: Look): string {
-  let colormap: unknown = look.colormap ?? null;
-  if (typeof colormap === 'object' && colormap !== null) {
-    let id = colormapIds.get(colormap);
-    if (id === undefined) colormapIds.set(colormap, (id = ++colormapCount));
-    colormap = id;
-  }
-  return JSON.stringify([look.layer, look.domain, colormap, look.base, look.clamp]);
-}
-export function fields(schema: Schema, type: string) {
-  const result = schema.types[type]?.fields;
-  if (!result) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown model type ' + type);
-  return result;
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/camera.ts b/packages/monitor/src/camera.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 017f140f..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/camera.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-import type { Domain } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Plot } from './axes.js';
-import { domain, expanded, fail } from './config.js';
-import type { Monitor } from './monitor.js';
-export const DEFAULT_CAMERA: Monitor.Camera = Object.freeze({
-  x: [0, 1] as Domain,
-  y: [0, 1] as Domain,
-  fit: true,
-});
-/** A valid, frozen camera of exactly the monitor's keys. */
-export function checkCamera(camera: Monitor.Camera): Monitor.Camera {
-  if (typeof camera.fit !== 'boolean') fail('Invalid camera fit');
-  return Object.freeze({
-    x: domain(camera.x, 'camera x'),
-    y: expanded(domain(camera.y, 'camera y')),
-    fit: camera.fit,
-  });
-}
-export function mixCamera(from: Monitor.Camera, to: Monitor.Camera, t: number): Monitor.Camera {
-  const mix = (a: Domain, b: Domain): Domain => [
-    a[0] + (b[0] - a[0]) * t,
-    a[1] + (b[1] - a[1]) * t,
-  ];
-  return { ...to, x: mix(from.x, to.x), y: mix(from.y, to.y) };
-}
-/** The camera moved by canvas pixels, for revealing a reading. */
-export function move(camera: Monitor.Camera, dx: number, dy: number, plot: Plot): Monitor.Camera {
-  const [x0, x1] = camera.x,
-    [y0, y1] = camera.y;
-  const sx = (dx * (x1 - x0)) / plot.width,
-    sy = (dy * (y1 - y0)) / plot.height;
-  return { ...camera, x: [x0 - sx, x1 - sx], y: [y0 + sy, y1 + sy] };
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/config.ts b/packages/monitor/src/config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a15ea74..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Domain } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type RGBA, type Insets } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Monitor } from './monitor.js';
-type Own = Required<Omit<Monitor.Style, 'xAxis' | 'yAxis'>> & {
-  readonly xAxis: Monitor.AxisOptions | null;
-  readonly yAxis: Monitor.AxisOptions | null;
-};
-/** The monitor's own style over the shared view style, every option resolved. */
-export type Style = Own & kit.ResolvedViewStyle;
-export const DEFAULTS: Own = Object.freeze({
-  xAxis: {},
-  yAxis: {},
-  traceColor: [0.23, 0.72, 0.88, 0.7] as RGBA,
-  traceWidthPx: 1.25,
-  axisColor: [0.48, 0.58, 0.67, 0.8] as RGBA,
-  gridColor: [0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.13] as RGBA,
-  cursorColor: [1, 0.71, 0.25, 0.9] as RGBA,
-  paddingPx: 12,
-  outline: false,
-});
-/**
- * Shared style a monitor draws differently: one sample, since history images would cost four times
- * the memory; no easing, since each eased step would redraw history; monospace axes; selected
- * traces in their own colors; and the rest faded.
- */
-export const VIEW_DEFAULTS: Partial<kit.ResolvedViewStyle> = Object.freeze({
-  msaa: 1,
-  animationMs: 0,
-  font: Object.freeze({ family: 'ui-monospace, monospace' }),
-  textColor: [0.78, 0.84, 0.91, 1] as RGBA,
-  selectedColor: 'none',
-  unselectedAlpha: 0.25,
-});
-export const LIMITS: Required<Monitor.Limits> = Object.freeze({
-  rows: 100000,
-  segmentsPerFrame: 1_000_000,
-  historyBytes: 64 * 1024 ** 2,
-});
-export function fail(message: string): never {
-  throw failure('invalid-input', message);
-}
-export function finite(
-  value: number,
-  name: string,
-  minimum = -Infinity,
-  maximum = Infinity,
-): number {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value < minimum || value > maximum) fail('Invalid ' + name);
-  return value;
-}
-export function domain(value: Domain, name = 'domain'): Domain {
-  if (
-    !Array.isArray(value) ||
-    value.length !== 2 ||
-    !value.every(Number.isFinite) ||
-    value[1] < value[0]
-  )
-    fail('Invalid ' + name);
-  return [value[0], value[1]];
-}
-/**
- * A domain grown so it fills `sizePx` pixels less `beforePx` and `afterPx` at its ends, as a fit
- * leaves `fitPaddingPx` clear; an empty domain grows by a hair.
- */
-export function expanded(value: Domain, beforePx = 0, afterPx = 0, sizePx = 1): Domain {
-  const d = value[1] - value[0],
-    unit = d / Math.max(1, sizePx - beforePx - afterPx),
-    tiny = Math.max(Math.abs(value[0]) * 1e-6, 1e-6);
-  const lo = value[0] - (d > 0 ? unit * beforePx : tiny),
-    hi = value[1] + (d > 0 ? unit * afterPx : tiny);
-  if (!Number.isFinite(lo) || !Number.isFinite(hi) || !(hi > lo))
-    fail('Domain cannot be represented');
-  return [lo, hi];
-}
-/** An axis option as its axis: a label alone, none for `false`, or the options as given. */
-const axis = (value: unknown): Monitor.AxisOptions | null =>
-  value === false
-    ? null
-    : typeof value === 'string'
-      ? { label: value }
-      : (value as Monitor.AxisOptions);
-const RULES: kit.StyleRules<Own> = {
-  traceWidthPx: (value) => typeof value === 'number' && value >= 0.1 && value <= 64,
-  paddingPx: (value) => insets(value as Insets).length === 4,
-  xAxis: (value) => (checkAxis(axis(value)), true),
-  yAxis: (value) => (checkAxis(axis(value)), true),
-};
-/** The style a config describes: its own options over the defaults, on the shared view style. */
-export function resolveStyle(config: Monitor.Style, view: kit.ResolvedViewStyle): Style {
-  const style = kit.resolveStyle(config, DEFAULTS, RULES, view);
-  return Object.freeze({ ...style, xAxis: axis(style.xAxis), yAxis: axis(style.yAxis) });
-}
-function checkAxis(axis: Monitor.AxisOptions | null): void {
-  if (axis === null) return;
-  if (axis.minSpacingPx !== undefined) finite(axis.minSpacingPx, 'tick spacing', 8, 10000);
-  if (
-    axis.precision !== undefined &&
-    (!Number.isInteger(axis.precision) || axis.precision < 0 || axis.precision > 15)
-  )
-    fail('Invalid axis precision');
-  if (axis.format && !['auto', 'fixed', 'scientific', 'engineering'].includes(axis.format))
-    fail('Invalid axis format');
-  if (axis.label && axis.label.length > 256) fail('Axis label is too long');
-  for (const part of ['grid', 'tickLabels'] as const)
-    if (axis[part] !== undefined && typeof axis[part] !== 'boolean') fail('Invalid axis ' + part);
-  if (axis.ticks) {
-    if (axis.ticks.length > 128) fail('Too many ticks');
-    let last = -Infinity;
-    for (const tick of axis.ticks) {
-      finite(tick.value, 'tick');
-      if (tick.value <= last || (tick.label?.length ?? 0) > 256) fail('Invalid ticks');
-      last = tick.value;
-    }
-  }
-}
-export function insets(padding: Insets): readonly number[] {
-  const p = typeof padding === 'number' ? [padding, padding, padding, padding] : padding;
-  if (p.length !== 4 || !p.every((n) => Number.isFinite(n) && n >= 0)) fail('Invalid padding');
-  return p;
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/data.ts b/packages/monitor/src/data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2490b07f..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-import { appendedPages, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Monitor } from './monitor.js';
-/** What the monitor draws. */
-export interface MonitorData {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly traces: Readonly<Record<string, Monitor.TraceOptions>>;
-}
-/** The drawn traces of a config. */
-export function monitorData({ source, traces }: MonitorData): MonitorData {
-  return { source, traces: traces ?? {} };
-}
-/** Whether `after` only appends observations to `before`: every drawn frame stands. */
-export function continues(before: Data, after: Data): boolean {
-  if (
-    before.schema !== after.schema ||
-    Object.keys(before.tables).length !== Object.keys(after.tables).length
-  )
-    return false;
-  for (const [type, a] of Object.entries(before.tables)) {
-    const b = after.tables[type];
-    if (
-      !b ||
-      a.rows !== b.rows ||
-      a.ids !== b.ids ||
-      a.index.source !== b.index.source ||
-      a.index.type !== b.index.type ||
-      a.index.version !== b.index.version
-    )
-      return false;
-    for (const [field, definition] of Object.entries(before.schema.types[type].fields)) {
-      const x = a.fields[field],
-        y = b.fields[field];
-      if (x === y) continue;
-      if (!definition.sampled || !x || !y || !appendedPages(x, y)) return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/extents.ts b/packages/monitor/src/extents.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a6e8ffa..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/extents.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  appendedPages,
-  rowAt,
-  rowCount,
-  sampleAt,
-  type Data,
-  type Domain,
-  type Column,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Binding, Rows } from './bindings.js';
-
-export function mergeDomain(a: Domain | null, b: Domain | null): Domain | null {
-  return !a ? b : !b ? a : [Math.min(a[0], b[0]), Math.max(a[1], b[1])];
-}
-/** The value pages a trace draws. */
-export function tracePages(trace: Binding): Data.Pages | undefined {
-  return trace.source.tables[trace.trace.from]?.fields[trace.field];
-}
-/** The rows of a trace, as a cache key and a membership test. */
-interface Selection {
-  readonly key: string;
-  has(row: number): boolean;
-}
-function selection(rows: Rows | undefined): Selection {
-  if (rows?.kind === 'range')
-    return {
-      key: 'range:' + rows.offset + ':' + rows.count,
-      has: (row) => row >= rows.offset && row < rows.offset + rows.count,
-    };
-  if (rows?.kind === 'indices') {
-    const set = new Set(rows.values);
-    return { key: 'indices:' + [...rows.values].join(','), has: (row) => set.has(row) };
-  }
-  return { key: '', has: () => true };
-}
-
-/** Whole-page extents never change, so each is measured once per row selection. */
-const measured = new WeakMap<Data.Page, Map<string, Domain | null>>();
-/** The extent of a page's selected rows over the frames inside `window`. */
-function extent(page: Data.Page, rows: Selection, window: Domain): Domain | null {
-  const coordinates = page.samples!.coordinates;
-  let first = 0,
-    end = coordinates.length;
-  while (first < end && coordinates[first] < window[0]) first++;
-  while (end > first && coordinates[end - 1] > window[1]) end--;
-  if (first === end) return null;
-  const whole = first === 0 && end === coordinates.length;
-  let cache = measured.get(page);
-  if (whole && cache?.has(rows.key)) return cache.get(rows.key)!;
-  const column = page.column as Column.Sample;
-  let lo = Infinity,
-    hi = -Infinity;
-  for (let r = 0; r < rowCount(page.rows); r++) {
-    if (!rows.has(rowAt(page.rows, r))) continue;
-    for (let f = first; f < end; f++) {
-      const value = sampleAt(column, r, f);
-      if (value !== null && Number.isFinite(value)) {
-        if (value < lo) lo = value;
-        if (value > hi) hi = value;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  const result: Domain | null = lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : null;
-  if (whole) {
-    if (!cache) measured.set(page, (cache = new Map<string, Domain | null>()));
-    cache.set(rows.key, result);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-/** The traces' value extent over a window: measured once, then folding in each appended page. */
-export class Fit {
-  #window?: Domain;
-  #extent: Domain | null = null;
-  /** What each trace folded in, by name; a trace gone, or described again, measures the window again. */
-  readonly #folded = new Map<string, { version: number; pages: Data.Pages; rows: Selection }>();
-  values(traces: readonly Binding[], window: Domain): Domain | null {
-    const stale = [...this.#folded].some(
-      ([name, folded]) =>
-        !traces.some((trace) => trace.name === name && trace.version === folded.version),
-    );
-    if (stale || !this.#window || this.#window[0] !== window[0] || this.#window[1] !== window[1]) {
-      this.#window = window;
-      this.#extent = null;
-      this.#folded.clear();
-    }
-    for (const trace of traces) {
-      const pages = tracePages(trace),
-        folded = this.#folded.get(trace.name);
-      if (!pages || pages === folded?.pages) continue;
-      const added = folded && appendedPages(folded.pages, pages);
-      if (folded && !added) {
-        // Not an append: measure the window again.
-        this.#window = undefined;
-        return this.values(traces, window);
-      }
-      const rows = folded?.rows ?? selection(trace.rows);
-      for (const page of added ?? pages)
-        this.#extent = mergeDomain(this.#extent, extent(page, rows, window));
-      this.#folded.set(trace.name, { version: trace.version, pages, rows });
-    }
-    return this.#extent;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/index.ts b/packages/monitor/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 863f5f6b..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-/** Draw sampled fields over a coordinate such as time: live, progressive, and inspectable. */
-export { createMonitor } from './monitor.js';
-export type { Monitor } from './monitor.js';
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/monitor.ts b/packages/monitor/src/monitor.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ce4acaf8..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/monitor.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1230 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  kit,
-  type Gpu,
-  type ItemView,
-  type Point,
-  type Shade,
-  type FrameInfo,
-  type Viewport,
-  type View,
-  type Channel,
-  type RGBA,
-  type Insets,
-} from '@latkit/gpu';
-import {
-  Work,
-  failure,
-  itemKey,
-  rowCount,
-  sameIndex,
-  sampleDomain,
-  sampleFrames,
-  sampleRuns,
-  type Data,
-  type Domain,
-  type Block,
-  type Index,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Item,
-  type Query,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { continues, monitorData, type MonitorData } from './data.js';
-import {
-  DEFAULTS,
-  VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-  resolveStyle,
-  LIMITS,
-  expanded,
-  fail,
-  insets,
-  type Style,
-} from './config.js';
-import { DEFAULT_CAMERA, checkCamera, mixCamera, move } from './camera.js';
-import {
-  binding,
-  describeBindings,
-  relook,
-  sameReads,
-  validateData,
-  type Binding,
-} from './bindings.js';
-import { axes, onPlot, plot, plotCoordinate, plotX, plotY, type Axes, type Plot } from './axes.js';
-import { Fit, mergeDomain, tracePages } from './extents.js';
-import { pipelines, type Lines, type Pipelines } from './rendering/pipelines.js';
-import {
-  bindDraws,
-  composite,
-  paint,
-  prepareScreen,
-  traceDraws,
-  type Composited,
-  type Draw,
-  type Screen,
-} from './rendering/painter.js';
-import {
-  destroyImage,
-  enroll,
-  image,
-  imageBytes,
-  plan,
-  reconcile,
-  sameTransform,
-  type Group,
-  type Image,
-  type Layer,
-  type Progress,
-  type Transform,
-} from './rendering/history.js';
-import { pick, type Shown } from './picking.js';
-
-/** A row of the model, which each of the view's items is; named apart from the view's own Item. */
-type ModelItem = Item;
-type Records = 'traces';
-type Merged = 'camera' | 'input' | 'limits';
-/**
- * Selects rows, each narrowed to one trace when it names a `trace`, and picks exact readings.
- * `at` draws the playhead.
- */
-export interface Monitor extends ItemView<
-  Monitor.Config,
-  Monitor.Item,
-  Monitor.Reading,
-  Monitor.Camera,
-  Monitor.Events
-> {
-  set(patch: View.Patch<Monitor.Config, Records, Merged>, options?: View.SetOptions): void;
-  /** The coordinate under a canvas point of the latest drawn plot; null off the plot or before a frame. */
-  coordinateAt(point: Point): number | null;
-  stats(): Monitor.Stats;
-}
-export declare namespace Monitor {
-  interface Config extends ItemView.Config, Style {
-    /** Borrowed: destroy never closes it. */
-    readonly source: Data;
-    /** Lines by name; several may read one type. */
-    readonly traces: Readonly<Record<string, TraceOptions>>;
-    /** Where the camera starts; `monitor.camera` is where it is. y fits the data by default. */
-    readonly camera: Partial<Camera> & { readonly x: Domain };
-    readonly limits?: Limits;
-  }
-  type Events = ItemView.Events<Item, Reading, Camera>;
-  interface Stats extends View.Stats {
-    /** Rows the traces draw. */
-    readonly rows: number;
-    readonly historyBytes: number;
-    /** Whether history is drawn. */
-    readonly visible: boolean;
-    /** Whether some frame in the window is not drawn yet. */
-    readonly refining: boolean;
-    /** Line segments drawn into history so far; a new domain or colormap draws none. */
-    readonly segments: number;
-  }
-  /** What the monitor shows: the coordinates along x, such as seconds, and the values along y. */
-  interface Camera extends ItemView.Camera {
-    readonly x: Domain;
-    readonly y: Domain;
-    /**
-     * Fit y to the data in x: tightly for each window, then with headroom as data arrives in it, so
-     * new extremes draw history again a few times rather than at each. Setting y turns it off.
-     */
-    readonly fit: boolean;
-  }
-  /**
-   * A sampled field of one type's rows, drawn as a line per row over the coordinate. Each channel
-   * takes one value for every row, a field, or a scale: `color: 'voltage'`, `widthPx: 2`.
-   */
-  interface TraceOptions {
-    readonly from: string;
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    /** The sampled field each row draws, against the values axis. */
-    readonly y: string | FieldInput.Binding;
-    readonly interpolation?: 'linear' | 'step-before' | 'step-after';
-    /** A field colors over its extent in the window; the plotted field, over the values axis. */
-    readonly color?: Channel.Color;
-    /** Line width in CSS pixels; a field spans 1 to 4. 1.25 by default. */
-    readonly widthPx?: Channel;
-    readonly visible?: Channel<boolean>;
-    readonly shade?: Channel;
-  }
-  /** A row a monitor draws: selected in every trace of its type, or in one when it names `trace`. */
-  interface Item extends ModelItem {
-    readonly trace?: string;
-  }
-  /** An exact observation. */
-  interface Reading extends Item {
-    readonly trace: string;
-    readonly field: string;
-    readonly frame: number;
-    readonly coordinate: number;
-    readonly value: number;
-    readonly point: Point;
-  }
-  interface AxisOptions {
-    readonly label?: string;
-    readonly ticks?: readonly Tick[];
-    readonly minSpacingPx?: number;
-    readonly format?: 'auto' | 'fixed' | 'scientific' | 'engineering';
-    readonly precision?: number;
-    readonly grid?: boolean;
-    /**
-     * Whether ticks are labelled, with the offset they share at the labels' end; without, the axis
-     * keeps its line and grid and takes no room for them. True by default.
-     */
-    readonly tickLabels?: boolean;
-  }
-  interface Tick {
-    readonly value: number;
-    readonly label?: string;
-  }
-  /** How a monitor draws, beyond the shared view style; every option has a default. */
-  interface Style {
-    /** A trace's `color` and `widthPx` where it leaves them unset. */
-    readonly traceColor?: RGBA;
-    readonly traceWidthPx?: number;
-    /** A label, axis options, or false to hide the axis. */
-    readonly xAxis?: string | AxisOptions | false;
-    readonly yAxis?: string | AxisOptions | false;
-    readonly axisColor?: RGBA;
-    readonly gridColor?: RGBA;
-    /** The playhead at `at`. */
-    readonly cursorColor?: RGBA;
-    readonly paddingPx?: Insets;
-    /** Lines along the plot's sides its axes leave open, in the axis color. */
-    readonly outline?: boolean;
-  }
-  interface Limits {
-    /** Rows the traces draw together. */
-    readonly rows?: number;
-    /** Line segments drawn per frame; what is drawn is never drawn again. */
-    readonly segmentsPerFrame?: number;
-    /**
-     * GPU memory for history: 4 bytes a pixel for traces of fixed colors, 1 for each look of traces
-     * colored by what they plot, and 8 for each look of traces colored by another field; five times
-     * each under MSAA. An image keeps up to four looks apart within a quarter of it, and bakes the
-     * rest with the fixed colors.
-     */
-    readonly historyBytes?: number;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Draw sampled fields over a coordinate such as time, on a canvas or offscreen. */
-export function createMonitor(gpu: Gpu, config: Monitor.Config): Monitor {
-  return new MonitorView(gpu, config);
-}
-/** A replacement for a new size waits until resizing pauses. */
-const RESIZE_MS = 120;
-/** What a config means to the monitor: its traces, limits, and style. */
-interface Resolved {
-  readonly config: Monitor.Config;
-  readonly data: MonitorData;
-  readonly limits: Required<Monitor.Limits>;
-  readonly style: Style;
-}
-/** The camera that shows readings: their coordinates and values, padded. */
-function frameReadings(
-  items: readonly Monitor.Item[],
-  camera: Monitor.Camera,
-  area: Plot,
-  [top, right, bottom, left]: readonly number[],
-): Partial<Monitor.Camera> {
-  let lo = Infinity,
-    hi = -Infinity,
-    low = Infinity,
-    high = -Infinity;
-  for (const item of items) {
-    const { coordinate, value } = item as Partial<Monitor.Reading>;
-    if (coordinate !== undefined && Number.isFinite(coordinate)) {
-      lo = Math.min(lo, coordinate);
-      hi = Math.max(hi, coordinate);
-    }
-    if (typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value)) {
-      low = Math.min(low, value);
-      high = Math.max(high, value);
-    }
-  }
-  const half = (camera.x[1] - camera.x[0]) / 2;
-  return {
-    ...(lo <= hi
-      ? {
-          x:
-            hi > lo
-              ? expanded([lo, hi], left, right, area.width)
-              : ([lo - half, lo + half] as Domain),
-        }
-      : {}),
-    ...(low <= high ? { y: expanded([low, high], bottom, top, area.height) } : {}),
-  };
-}
-const sameDomain = (a: Domain, b: Domain) => a[0] === b[0] && a[1] === b[1];
-/**
- * The values a fit shows as data grows in one window: those shown while the data fits inside them,
- * else wider by half the data's span past each side it overflows.
- */
-function grown(wanted: Domain, shown: Domain): Domain {
-  if (wanted[0] >= shown[0] && wanted[1] <= shown[1]) return shown;
-  const half = (wanted[1] - wanted[0]) / 2;
-  return [
-    wanted[0] < shown[0] ? wanted[0] - half : shown[0],
-    wanted[1] > shown[1] ? wanted[1] + half : shown[1],
-  ];
-}
-function includes(rows: Index.Rows, row: number): boolean {
-  return rows.kind === 'range'
-    ? row >= rows.offset && row < rows.offset + rows.count
-    : rows.values.includes(row);
-}
-/** The selected rows a trace draws, ascending; undefined when it draws none. */
-function focused(selection: readonly Monitor.Item[], trace: Binding): Index.Selection | undefined {
-  const index = trace.source.tables[trace.trace.from]?.index;
-  // The index names the rows, so a selection survives appends that replace the Data value.
-  const rows = index
-    ? selection.filter(
-        (item) =>
-          sameIndex(item.index, index) &&
-          (!item.trace || item.trace === trace.name) &&
-          (!trace.rows || includes(trace.rows, item.row)),
-      )
-    : [];
-  if (!index || !rows.length) return undefined;
-  const values = Uint32Array.from(new Set(rows.map((item) => item.row))).sort();
-  return values.length === 1
-    ? { kind: 'range', index, offset: values[0], count: 1 }
-    : { kind: 'indices', index, values };
-}
-/**
- * The runs of frames a trace draws for an image, each `[first, end)`: the window plus one frame on
- * each side, parted where the frames held have a hole, which the line does not cross.
- */
-function spans(trace: Binding, target: Image): readonly (readonly [number, number])[] {
-  const pages = tracePages(trace);
-  return pages ? sampleRuns(pages, shown(target)) : [];
-}
-/** The frame after the last a trace draws for an image, in one index lookup; undefined with none. */
-function shownEnd(trace: Binding, target: Image): number | undefined {
-  const pages = tracePages(trace);
-  if (!pages) return undefined;
-  const [first, end] = sampleFrames(pages, shown(target));
-  return first < end ? end : undefined;
-}
-/** The frames an image shows: its window, and a frame either side. */
-function shown(target: Image): Query.Range {
-  return { kind: 'range', between: target.window, context: { before: 1, after: 1 } };
-}
-/** An image's groups, and the layer each has in it. */
-interface Planned {
-  readonly groups: readonly Group[];
-  readonly layers: readonly (Layer | undefined)[];
-}
-/** Whether an image's layers hold every frame its window shows of their traces, once `advanced` lands. */
-function complete(target: Image, planned: Planned, advanced: Prepared['advanced'] = []): boolean {
-  return planned.groups.every((group, i) => {
-    const layer = planned.layers[i];
-    return (
-      !!layer &&
-      group.traces.every((trace) => {
-        const end = shownEnd(trace, target);
-        if (end === undefined) return true;
-        let progress = layer.progress.get(trace.name);
-        for (const item of advanced)
-          if (item.layer === layer && item.trace === trace.name) progress = item.progress;
-        return !progress?.chunk && (progress?.through ?? -Infinity) >= end - 1;
-      })
-    );
-  });
-}
-/**
- * What one frame may draw: lines, and the blocks and bytes of observations it holds until the frame
- * is submitted. A frame group always finishes, so every frame makes progress.
- */
-class Budget {
-  constructor(
-    private segments: number,
-    private bytes: number,
-    private blocks: number,
-  ) {}
-  spend(block: Block.Fields, segments: number): void {
-    this.segments -= segments;
-    this.blocks--;
-    this.bytes -=
-      rowCount(block.rows) *
-      block.samples!.coordinates.length *
-      Object.keys(block.columns).length *
-      8;
-  }
-  get spent(): boolean {
-    return this.segments <= 0 || this.bytes <= 0 || this.blocks <= 0;
-  }
-}
-/** History drawn for one output: the image shown, its replacement, and the selected rows. */
-interface Surface {
-  front?: Image;
-  back?: Image;
-  focus?: Image;
-  /** The selection the focus image draws. */
-  focusFor: readonly Monitor.Item[];
-  /** The plot size and when it last changed, to wait out a resize. */
-  sized: { width: number; height: number; at: number };
-  /** Whether its images hold every frame their windows show. */
-  complete: boolean;
-}
-function surface(): Surface {
-  return { focusFor: [], sized: { width: 0, height: 0, at: 0 }, complete: false };
-}
-function destroySurface(value: Surface): void {
-  for (const image of new Set([value.front, value.back, value.focus])) destroyImage(image);
-  value.front = value.back = value.focus = undefined;
-}
-/** What a prepared frame draws, and how far each layer gets once it is submitted. */
-interface Prepared {
-  readonly surface: Surface;
-  readonly pipeline: Pipelines;
-  /** Selected lines' pipelines, while there is a selection. */
-  readonly focus?: Lines;
-  readonly screen: Screen;
-  /** Each image's groups, and their layers. */
-  readonly plans: ReadonlyMap<Image, Planned>;
-  readonly paint: Map<Layer, Draw[]>;
-  /** The layers the screen shows; a fresh one still clears. */
-  readonly composed: readonly Layer[];
-  readonly advanced: {
-    readonly layer: Layer;
-    readonly trace: string;
-    readonly progress: Progress;
-  }[];
-  /** Line segments its draws add to history. */
-  readonly segments: number;
-  readonly shown: Shown;
-}
-/** Whether two frames drew the same lines, so one's readings stand for the other's. */
-function sameShown(a: Shown, b: Shown): boolean {
-  return (
-    a.source === b.source &&
-    a.traces === b.traces &&
-    a.plot === b.plot &&
-    a.widthPx === b.widthPx &&
-    sameDomain(a.window, b.window) &&
-    sameDomain(a.values, b.values)
-  );
-}
-
-class MonitorView
-  extends kit.BaseItemView<
-    Monitor.Config,
-    Monitor.Item,
-    Monitor.Reading,
-    Monitor.Camera,
-    Monitor.Events,
-    Resolved,
-    Prepared | undefined,
-    Pipelines,
-    Records,
-    Merged
-  >
-  implements Monitor
-{
-  private traces?: Binding[];
-  /** Traces whose config changed since they were described: to read again, or only to look again. */
-  private readonly stale = new Map<string, 'read' | 'look'>();
-  private setup?: Promise<void>;
-  private setupStop?: AbortController;
-  private error?: unknown;
-  private extents = new Fit();
-  /** Counts shades: color layers bake theirs, so a new or animated one draws them again. */
-  private shading = 0;
-  /** Line segments drawn into history, all time. */
-  private segments = 0;
-  /** The window and values the latest fit framed: while both stand, arriving data grows the values. */
-  private fitted?: { readonly x: Domain; readonly y: Domain };
-  /** The latest groups of history images, and of the selection's, and what they were planned for. */
-  private readonly planned = new Map<
-    boolean,
-    { readonly key: readonly unknown[]; readonly groups: readonly Group[] }
-  >();
-  /** The history the canvas shows. */
-  private readonly presentedHistory = surface();
-  /** The history exports draw, such as video, kept until the view presents again. */
-  private exportedHistory?: Surface;
-  /** The history of the latest prepared frame, which `pending` and `animating` follow. */
-  private current = this.presentedHistory;
-  private resizeTimer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
-  private layout?: Axes;
-  private layoutKey = '';
-  /** Axis labels by text: a tick that stays as the window moves keeps its glyphs. */
-  private readonly labels = new kit.TextBank({ label: 'monitor axes' });
-  private shown?: Shown;
-  /** The latest readings found, which stand while the frame they read does. */
-  private inspection?: {
-    readonly point: Point;
-    readonly radius: number;
-    readonly limit: number;
-    readonly shown: Shown;
-    readonly result: readonly Monitor.Reading[];
-  };
-  private drawCalls = 0;
-  /** The hover search: exact readings, a frame later. */
-  private readonly nearest: kit.HoverSearch<Monitor.Reading> = (point, radius, { signal }) =>
-    this.shown ? this.read(point, radius, 1, signal).then((hits) => hits[0] ?? null) : null;
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: Monitor.Config) {
-    super(gpu, config, {
-      name: 'monitor',
-      records: ['traces'],
-      merged: ['camera', 'input', 'limits'],
-      options: Object.keys(DEFAULTS),
-      framed: ['y'],
-      modes: ['inspect', 'navigate', 'none'],
-      style: VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-    });
-    if (!config.camera?.x) fail('A monitor needs the coordinates its camera shows in x');
-    this.start();
-  }
-  private get data(): MonitorData {
-    return this.resolved.data;
-  }
-  private get style(): Style {
-    return this.resolved.style;
-  }
-  private get limits(): Required<Monitor.Limits> {
-    return this.resolved.limits;
-  }
-
-  coordinateAt(point: Point): number | null {
-    const shown = this.shown;
-    return shown && onPlot(shown.plot, point)
-      ? plotCoordinate(shown.plot, shown.window, point[0])
-      : null;
-  }
-  stats(): Monitor.Stats {
-    return {
-      ...super.stats(),
-      rows: this.traces?.reduce((n, trace) => n + trace.count, 0) ?? 0,
-      historyBytes: this.historyBytes(),
-      visible: !!this.presentedHistory.front,
-      refining: !this.presentedHistory.complete,
-      segments: this.segments,
-      drawCalls: this.drawCalls,
-    };
-  }
-  /** Readings frame once; no readings fit the values and show every recorded coordinate. */
-  fit(items?: readonly Monitor.Item[], options: View.SetOptions = {}): void {
-    this.live();
-    // Asked for, a fit is tight.
-    this.fitted = undefined;
-    if (!items?.length) {
-      const recorded = this.recorded();
-      if (recorded) this.moveCamera({ x: recorded }, options);
-    }
-    super.fit(items, options);
-  }
-
-  // ── Monitor.Camera ──
-  protected defaultCamera(): Monitor.Camera {
-    return DEFAULT_CAMERA;
-  }
-  protected resolveCamera(camera: Monitor.Camera): Monitor.Camera {
-    return checkCamera(camera);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Readings frame their coordinates and values; otherwise the values fit the window's data. Either
-   * leaves `fitPaddingPx` clear around what it frames, as every view's fit does.
-   */
-  private framing(
-    items: readonly Monitor.Item[] | undefined,
-    camera: Monitor.Camera,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): Partial<Monitor.Camera> | undefined {
-    const area = plot(viewport, this.style),
-      padding = insets(this.style.fitPaddingPx);
-    if (items) return frameReadings(items, camera, area, padding);
-    const values = this.traces && this.extents.values(this.traces, camera.x);
-    if (!values) return undefined;
-    // A window fits tightly; data arriving in it grows the values with headroom, so a run of new
-    // extremes draws history again a few times, not at each.
-    const tight = expanded(values, padding[2], padding[0], area.height),
-      held = this.fitted,
-      y =
-        held && sameDomain(held.x, camera.x) && sameDomain(held.y, camera.y)
-          ? grown(tight, camera.y)
-          : tight;
-    this.fitted = { x: camera.x, y };
-    return { y };
-  }
-  protected interpolate(from: Monitor.Camera, to: Monitor.Camera, t: number): Monitor.Camera {
-    return mixCamera(from, to, t);
-  }
-  protected panned(
-    camera: Monitor.Camera,
-    dx: number,
-    dy: number,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): Monitor.Camera {
-    return move(camera, dx, dy, plot(viewport, this.style));
-  }
-
-  // ── Items ──
-  /** A reading's point in the latest drawn frame; it lies off the plot outside the window. */
-  protected position(item: Monitor.Item): Point | null {
-    const shown = this.shown,
-      { coordinate, value } = item as Partial<Monitor.Reading>;
-    if (!shown || coordinate === undefined || value === undefined) return null;
-    return [plotX(shown.plot, shown.window, coordinate), plotY(shown.plot, shown.values, value)];
-  }
-  /** A row, or a row of one trace: the line a reading lies on, wherever along it. */
-  protected identify(item: Monitor.Item): string {
-    return itemKey(item, item.trace ?? '');
-  }
-  protected detail(hit: Monitor.Reading): string {
-    return String(hit.frame);
-  }
-  protected accept(item: Monitor.Item): void {
-    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(item.row) || item.row < 0) fail('Invalid selected row');
-    if (!this.table(item)) throw failure('conflict', 'Selection belongs to another source');
-  }
-  /** Rows stay selected while the presented frame draws them, as through appends. */
-  protected contains(item: Monitor.Item): boolean {
-    return !!this.shown?.traces.some((trace) => {
-      if (item.trace !== undefined && trace.name !== item.trace) return false;
-      const table = trace.source.tables[trace.trace.from];
-      return (
-        !!table &&
-        sameIndex(table.index, item.index) &&
-        includes(table.rows, item.row) &&
-        (!trace.rows || includes(trace.rows, item.row))
-      );
-    });
-  }
-  /** The nearest `limit` readings. */
-  protected hits(
-    point: Point,
-    radiusPx: number,
-    options: { readonly limit: number; readonly signal?: AbortSignal },
-  ): Promise<readonly Monitor.Reading[]> {
-    return this.read(point, radiusPx, options.limit, options.signal);
-  }
-  protected pipelines(format: GPUTextureFormat, msaa: 1 | 4, shade: Shade): Promise<Pipelines> {
-    return pipelines(this.gpu, format, msaa, shade.wgsl);
-  }
-  /** A new shade bakes into color layers; value layers shade as they compose. */
-  protected shaded(): void {
-    this.shading++;
-  }
-
-  // ── Config ──
-  protected resolve(config: Monitor.Config): Resolved {
-    const data = monitorData(config);
-    validateData(data);
-    return {
-      config,
-      data,
-      limits: kit.resolveLimits(config.limits, LIMITS, 'monitor'),
-      style: resolveStyle(config, this.sharedStyle(config)),
-    };
-  }
-  protected configure(resolved: Resolved, before: Resolved): void {
-    const { config: next } = resolved,
-      { config: previous } = before;
-    if (previous.source !== next.source) {
-      if (continues(previous.source, next.source)) {
-        // Drawn frames stand, whatever else changed with them: the next frame draws only what
-        // arrived. Traces named by field follow the source; explicit bindings keep theirs.
-        if (this.traces)
-          this.traces = this.traces.map((trace) =>
-            typeof trace.trace.y === 'string' ? { ...trace, source: next.source } : trace,
-          );
-        // New observations change what lies under the pointer.
-        this.refreshHover();
-      } else this.restart();
-    }
-    if (previous.traces !== next.traces) {
-      this.retrace(previous.traces, next.traces);
-      this.pruneSelection();
-    }
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  /** Other data: every trace is described again, as versions no layer holds. */
-  private restart(): void {
-    this.setupStop?.abort(new DOMException('Monitor traces superseded', 'AbortError'));
-    this.setup = undefined;
-    this.traces = undefined;
-    this.stale.clear();
-    this.error = undefined;
-    this.extents = new Fit();
-    this.fitted = undefined;
-  }
-  /** A changed trace looks again when it reads the same, and is described again otherwise. */
-  private retrace(before: MonitorData['traces'], after: MonitorData['traces']): void {
-    for (const [name, trace] of Object.entries(after)) {
-      const was = before[name];
-      if (was === trace) continue;
-      this.stale.set(
-        name,
-        was && this.stale.get(name) !== 'read' && sameReads(was, trace) ? 'look' : 'read',
-      );
-    }
-    for (const name of [...this.stale.keys()]) if (!(name in after)) this.stale.delete(name);
-    // Other reads frame other values: the next fit is tight.
-    if ([...this.stale.values()].includes('read') || Object.keys(before).some((n) => !(n in after)))
-      this.fitted = undefined;
-    if (this.traces) {
-      const named = new Map(this.traces.map((trace) => [trace.name, trace]));
-      this.traces = Object.keys(after).flatMap((name) => named.get(name) ?? []);
-    }
-    // What is underway described the old traces.
-    this.setupStop?.abort(new DOMException('Monitor traces superseded', 'AbortError'));
-    this.setup = undefined;
-    this.error = undefined;
-  }
-  /**
-   * The groups of history images, or of the selection's, kept while their traces, size, and style
-   * stand. Each image keeps looks apart within a share of history memory: a monitor holds up to
-   * four images, the shown one, its replacement, the selection's, and an export's.
-   */
-  private planOf(
-    traces: readonly Binding[],
-    focus: boolean,
-    selection: readonly Monitor.Item[],
-    selected: ReadonlyMap<string, Index.Selection | undefined>,
-    target: Transform,
-  ): readonly Group[] {
-    const drawn = this.drawnWith(focus),
-      baked = this.bakedWith(focus),
-      bytes = this.limits.historyBytes / 4,
-      key = [
-        traces,
-        focus ? selection : undefined,
-        JSON.stringify([drawn, baked, target.width, target.height, target.msaa, bytes]),
-      ],
-      held = this.planned.get(focus);
-    if (held && held.key.every((value, i) => value === key[i])) return held.groups;
-    const groups = plan(
-      focus ? traces.filter((trace) => selected.get(trace.name)) : traces,
-      drawn,
-      baked,
-      target,
-      bytes,
-    );
-    this.planned.set(focus, { key, groups });
-    return groups;
-  }
-  /** What every layer of an image draws lines with: their width, and a selection's glow. */
-  private drawnWith(focus: boolean): unknown {
-    return focus ? [this.style.traceWidthPx, this.style.selectedWidthPx] : this.style.traceWidthPx;
-  }
-  /** What a color layer bakes beyond its traces' colors: the default color, a selection's, and the shade. */
-  private bakedWith(focus: boolean): unknown {
-    return [this.style.traceColor, focus ? this.style.selectedColor : null, this.shading];
-  }
-  /** Admit `bytes` more history, or fail as history past its limit does. */
-  private reserve(bytes: number): void {
-    if (this.historyBytes() + bytes > this.limits.historyBytes)
-      throw failure(
-        'resource-limit',
-        'Monitor history exceeds historyBytes; reduce viewport or MSAA, or increase its limit',
-      );
-  }
-
-  // ── Frames ──
-  protected get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    if (this.closed || this.error) return undefined;
-    if (this.setup) return this.setup;
-    return this.current.complete && !this.stale.size ? undefined : Promise.resolve();
-  }
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return super.animating || (!this.closed && !this.current.complete);
-  }
-  protected async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation): Promise<Prepared | undefined> {
-    this.live();
-    frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    if (this.error) throw this.error as Error;
-    const work = new Work(frame.signal);
-    // Compile while traces resolve.
-    const compiling = this.framePipelines(frame);
-    void compiling.catch(() => {});
-    await this.initialize(work);
-    const traces = this.traces;
-    if (!traces) {
-      this.invalidate();
-      return undefined;
-    }
-    const camera = await this.frameCamera(frame, (items, current, viewport) =>
-      this.framing(items, current, viewport),
-    );
-    // Color layers bake the shade, so an animated one draws them each frame; value layers shade as
-    // they compose.
-    if (this.shadeAnimating) this.shading++;
-    const shading = this.shadeFrame(frame);
-    const pipeline = await work.wait(compiling),
-      area = plot(frame.viewport, this.style),
-      wanted: Transform = {
-        width: Math.max(1, Math.ceil(area.width * frame.viewport.pixelRatio)),
-        height: Math.max(1, Math.ceil(area.height * frame.viewport.pixelRatio)),
-        window: camera.x,
-        values: camera.y,
-        msaa: this.style.msaa,
-      };
-    // Exports draw their own history, so they never replace what the view presents.
-    const history = frame.presented ? this.presentedHistory : (this.exportedHistory ??= surface());
-    this.current = history;
-    if (history.sized.width !== wanted.width || history.sized.height !== wanted.height)
-      history.sized = { width: wanted.width, height: wanted.height, at: frame.timeMs };
-    // A replacement draws behind the shown image; a new size waits until resizing pauses.
-    if (sameTransform(history.front, wanted)) {
-      destroyImage(history.back);
-      history.back = undefined;
-    } else if (!sameTransform(history.back, wanted) && this.resized(history, wanted, frame)) {
-      destroyImage(history.back);
-      history.back = image(wanted);
-    }
-    const selection = this.selection;
-    // The selection draws over the history being drawn, so it follows that image, not the request.
-    const basis = history.back ?? history.front ?? wanted;
-    if (!selection.length) {
-      destroyImage(history.focus);
-      history.focus = undefined;
-    } else if (selection !== history.focusFor || !sameTransform(history.focus, basis)) {
-      destroyImage(history.focus);
-      history.focus = image(basis);
-    }
-    history.focusFor = selection;
-    const effect = this.gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-      layout: pipeline.shade,
-      entries: [{ binding: 0, resource: shading }],
-    });
-    // Each image's layers follow its groups: traces that look alike share one. A shown image whose
-    // replacement draws behind it starts nothing over, as the replacement draws it all.
-    const selected = new Map(
-        traces.map((trace) => [trace.name, focused(selection, trace)] as const),
-      ),
-      images = [
-        [history.front, false],
-        [history.focus, true],
-        [history.back, false],
-      ] as const,
-      plans = new Map<Image, Planned>();
-    for (const [target, focus] of images) {
-      if (!target) continue;
-      const groups = this.planOf(traces, focus, selection, selected, target);
-      plans.set(target, {
-        groups,
-        layers: reconcile(
-          this.gpu,
-          target,
-          groups,
-          (bytes) => this.reserve(bytes),
-          target !== history.front || !history.back,
-        ),
-      });
-    }
-    // What has arrived reaches the shown image first, then the selection, then a replacement.
-    const draws = new Map<Layer, Draw[]>(),
-      advanced: Prepared['advanced'] = [];
-    const budget = new Budget(
-      this.limits.segmentsPerFrame,
-      this.gpu.budget.cpuBytes / 4,
-      // Each block pins its reads, uploads, and pages until the frame is submitted.
-      Math.max(1, Math.floor(this.gpu.budget.entries / 64)),
-    );
-    let segments = 0;
-    fill: for (const [target, focus] of images) {
-      const planned = target && plans.get(target);
-      if (planned)
-        for (const [i, group] of planned.groups.entries()) {
-          const layer = planned.layers[i];
-          if (layer)
-            for (const trace of group.traces) {
-              segments += await this.fill(
-                frame,
-                target,
-                layer,
-                trace,
-                focus ? selected.get(trace.name) : undefined,
-                effect,
-                budget,
-                draws,
-                advanced,
-              );
-              if (budget.spent) break fill;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    bindDraws(this.gpu, frame, pipeline, [...draws.values()].flat());
-    frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    // A replacement shows in the frame that completes it.
-    const display =
-      history.back && complete(history.back, plans.get(history.back)!, advanced)
-        ? history.back
-        : (history.front ?? history.back!);
-    const key = JSON.stringify([frame.viewport, camera.x, camera.y, this.style]);
-    if (!this.layout || key !== this.layoutKey) {
-      this.layout = await axes(
-        this.gpu,
-        frame.viewport,
-        camera.x,
-        camera.y,
-        this.style,
-        frame.signal,
-        this.labels,
-      );
-      this.layoutKey = key;
-    }
-    if (this.historyBytes() > this.limits.historyBytes)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Monitor history exceeds historyBytes');
-    // The selection fades the rest, and draws over it.
-    const fade = history.focus ? this.style.unselectedAlpha : 1,
-      layers: Composited[] = [];
-    for (const [target, focus] of [
-      [display, false],
-      [history.focus, true],
-    ] as const)
-      for (const layer of target?.layers ?? [])
-        layers.push({
-          image: target!,
-          layer,
-          look: layer.look,
-          focus,
-          alpha: focus ? 1 : fade,
-        });
-    const composed = layers.map((entry) => entry.layer);
-    for (const layer of new Set([...composed, ...draws.keys()])) enroll(frame, layer);
-    const hover = this.hoverFrame(frame, this.nearest);
-    const screen = await prepareScreen(
-      this.gpu,
-      frame,
-      pipeline,
-      layers,
-      camera.x,
-      camera.y,
-      this.layout,
-      this.style,
-      frame.at,
-      effect,
-      hover?.point ?? null,
-    );
-    frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    // One object while the same lines stand, as through playback, so readings of it stand too.
-    const drawn: Shown = {
-        source: this.data.source,
-        traces,
-        window: camera.x,
-        values: camera.y,
-        plot: this.layout.plot,
-        widthPx: this.style.traceWidthPx,
-      },
-      last = this.shown;
-    return {
-      surface: history,
-      pipeline,
-      focus: history.focus ? await pipeline.focus : undefined,
-      screen,
-      plans,
-      paint: draws,
-      composed,
-      advanced,
-      segments,
-      shown: last && sameShown(last, drawn) ? last : drawn,
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Draw the frames of a trace its layer is missing; returns the segments drawn. Each read starts at
-   * the last frame drawn, so its first line joins the one before, and draws only its first chunk; a
-   * chunk may stop between row blocks and finish next frame. A hole in the frames held ends a line,
-   * and the next run of frames starts another.
-   */
-  private async fill(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    target: Image,
-    layer: Layer,
-    trace: Binding,
-    rows: Index.Selection | undefined,
-    effect: GPUBindGroup,
-    budget: Budget,
-    draws: Map<Layer, Draw[]>,
-    advanced: Prepared['advanced'],
-  ): Promise<number> {
-    // Only a trace with frames left to draw finds the runs they lie in.
-    const end = shownEnd(trace, target);
-    if (end === undefined) return 0;
-    const before = layer.progress.get(trace.name) ?? {};
-    let { through, chunk } = before;
-    if (!chunk && through !== undefined && through >= end - 1) return 0;
-    const runs = spans(trace, target);
-    const area = plot(frame.viewport, this.style),
-      out = draws.get(layer) ?? [],
-      // Only a focus layer draws a selection of rows.
-      focus = rows !== undefined;
-    draws.set(layer, out);
-    const read = (offset: number, count: number) =>
-      frame.reader.fields({
-        source: this.data.source,
-        from: trace.trace.from,
-        rows: rows ?? trace.rows,
-        fields: trace.fields,
-        window: { kind: 'frames', offset, count },
-      });
-    let segments = 0;
-    runs: for (const [first, last] of runs) {
-      // A run the layer holds already, or one before the chunk it was drawing, adds nothing.
-      if (chunk ? chunk.start >= last : through !== undefined && through >= last - 1) continue;
-      // A line carries on within its run; past a hole, the run's first frame starts another.
-      let joined = through !== undefined && through >= first;
-      while (!budget.spent && (chunk || through === undefined || through < last - 1)) {
-        const start =
-            chunk?.start ??
-            (through === undefined || through < first ? first : joined ? through : through + 1),
-          count = chunk?.frames ?? last - start,
-          // A selection's lines glow where they meet the lines drawn before, so they read the frame
-          // those came from.
-          context = focus && start === through && start > first ? 1 : 0;
-        let length = 0,
-          drawn = chunk?.rows ?? 0,
-          whole = true;
-        for await (const block of read(start - context, count + context)) {
-          if (block.samples!.firstFrame !== start - context) break;
-          length = block.samples!.coordinates.length - context;
-          const after = block.rowOffset + rowCount(block.rows);
-          if (after <= drawn) continue;
-          if (budget.spent) {
-            whole = false;
-            break;
-          }
-          // A lone frame already drawn adds nothing; a frame after a gap draws as a dot.
-          if (length > 1 || start !== through) {
-            const result = traceDraws(
-              frame,
-              block,
-              trace,
-              target,
-              layer,
-              area,
-              this.style,
-              focus,
-              effect,
-              start !== through,
-              context > 0,
-            );
-            out.push(...result.draws);
-            budget.spend(block, result.segments);
-            segments += result.segments;
-          }
-          drawn = after;
-        }
-        if (!length) break runs;
-        if (!whole) {
-          chunk = { start, frames: length, rows: drawn };
-          break runs;
-        }
-        chunk = undefined;
-        if (length === 1 && start === through) {
-          // A gap follows the last frame drawn: continue past it, unjoined.
-          joined = false;
-          continue;
-        }
-        through = start + length - 1;
-        joined = true;
-      }
-      if (budget.spent) break;
-    }
-    if (through !== before.through || chunk !== before.chunk)
-      advanced.push({ layer, trace: trace.name, progress: { through, chunk } });
-    return segments;
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: kit.Encoding, prepared: Prepared | undefined): void {
-    if (!prepared) return;
-    let calls = 0;
-    for (const [layer, draws] of prepared.paint)
-      if (draws.length || layer.fresh)
-        calls += paint(frame, prepared.pipeline, layer, draws, prepared.focus);
-    // A fresh layer on screen with nothing drawn yet still clears.
-    for (const layer of prepared.composed)
-      if (layer.fresh && !prepared.paint.has(layer)) paint(frame, prepared.pipeline, layer, []);
-    this.drawCalls = calls + composite(frame, prepared.pipeline, prepared.screen);
-  }
-  protected submitted(frame: FrameInfo, prepared: Prepared | undefined): void {
-    if (!prepared) return;
-    const { surface: history, plans } = prepared;
-    for (const layer of [...prepared.paint.keys(), ...prepared.composed]) layer.fresh = false;
-    for (const { layer, trace, progress } of prepared.advanced) layer.progress.set(trace, progress);
-    this.segments += prepared.segments;
-    const done = (target: Image | undefined) => {
-      const planned = target && plans.get(target);
-      return !!planned && complete(target, planned);
-    };
-    if (history.back && done(history.back)) {
-      destroyImage(history.front);
-      history.front = history.back;
-      history.back = undefined;
-    }
-    if (!history.front && history.back) {
-      // The first image shows as it draws.
-      history.front = history.back;
-      history.back = undefined;
-    }
-    history.complete =
-      !history.back && done(history.front) && (!history.focus || done(history.focus));
-    // An exported frame leaves what pick and locate read.
-    if (!frame.presented) return;
-    this.shown = prepared.shown;
-    // Presenting again ends the exports, and the history they drew.
-    if (this.exportedHistory) destroySurface(this.exportedHistory);
-    this.exportedHistory = undefined;
-  }
-  protected release(): void {
-    if (this.resizeTimer !== undefined) clearTimeout(this.resizeTimer);
-    this.inspection = undefined;
-    destroySurface(this.presentedHistory);
-    if (this.exportedHistory) destroySurface(this.exportedHistory);
-    this.exportedHistory = undefined;
-    this.shown = undefined;
-    this.layout = undefined;
-    this.labels.clear();
-  }
-
-  // ── History ──
-  /**
-   * Describe what is new: every trace at first and after other data, then only traces that read
-   * differently. A trace whose look alone changed keeps what it reads and resolves its look again.
-   */
-  private async initialize(work: Work) {
-    if (this.traces && !this.stale.size) return;
-    if (!this.setup) {
-      const control = new AbortController();
-      this.setupStop = control;
-      const signal = AbortSignal.any([this.signal, control.signal]),
-        data = this.data,
-        window = this.camera.x,
-        whole = !this.traces,
-        kept = new Map((this.traces ?? []).map((trace) => [trace.name, trace])),
-        stale = new Map(this.stale);
-      const task = (async () => {
-        const reads = this.gpu.reader.open({ signal });
-        try {
-          const names = Object.keys(data.traces),
-            described = await describeBindings(
-              reads,
-              data,
-              window,
-              names.filter((name) => whole || stale.get(name) === 'read' || !kept.has(name)),
-            ),
-            fresh = new Map(described.map((trace) => [trace.name, trace]));
-          for (const [name, kind] of stale)
-            if (kind === 'look' && kept.has(name) && !fresh.has(name))
-              fresh.set(
-                name,
-                await relook(reads, data, kept.get(name)!, data.traces[name], window),
-              );
-          if (control.signal.aborted || this.closed) return;
-          // Frames appended meanwhile belong to traces named by field, as an append's do.
-          const source = this.data.source,
-            traces = names.map((name) => {
-              const trace = fresh.get(name) ?? kept.get(name)!;
-              return typeof trace.trace.y === 'string' && trace.source !== source
-                ? { ...trace, source }
-                : trace;
-            });
-          if (traces.reduce((n, trace) => n + trace.count, 0) > this.limits.rows)
-            throw failure('resource-limit', 'Monitor row limit exceeded');
-          this.traces = traces;
-          this.stale.clear();
-        } catch (error) {
-          if (!control.signal.aborted) this.error = error;
-        } finally {
-          reads.close();
-        }
-      })();
-      this.setup = task;
-      void task.finally(() => {
-        if (this.setup === task) this.setup = undefined;
-      });
-    }
-    await work.wait(this.setup);
-    if (this.error) throw this.error as Error;
-  }
-  /** Whether the plot size has held long enough to draw a replacement for it. */
-  private resized(history: Surface, wanted: Transform, frame: kit.Preparation): boolean {
-    const front = history.front;
-    if (
-      !front ||
-      front.msaa !== wanted.msaa ||
-      front.window[0] !== wanted.window[0] ||
-      front.window[1] !== wanted.window[1] ||
-      front.values[0] !== wanted.values[0] ||
-      front.values[1] !== wanted.values[1]
-    )
-      return true;
-    const waited = frame.timeMs - history.sized.at;
-    if (waited >= RESIZE_MS) return true;
-    if (this.resizeTimer === undefined)
-      this.resizeTimer = setTimeout(() => {
-        this.resizeTimer = undefined;
-        this.invalidate();
-      }, RESIZE_MS - waited);
-    return false;
-  }
-  /** GPU memory the history layers hold, the canvas's and any export's. */
-  private historyBytes(): number {
-    let bytes = 0;
-    for (const history of [this.presentedHistory, this.exportedHistory])
-      for (const value of [history?.front, history?.back, history?.focus])
-        if (value) bytes += imageBytes(value);
-    return bytes;
-  }
-  /** Every recorded coordinate of every trace. */
-  private recorded(): Domain | null {
-    let recorded: Domain | null = null;
-    for (const trace of Object.values(this.data.traces)) {
-      const main = binding(trace.y, this.data.source, trace.from);
-      if (main)
-        recorded = mergeDomain(
-          recorded,
-          sampleDomain(main.source.tables[main.from]?.fields[main.field]),
-        );
-    }
-    return recorded;
-  }
-
-  // ── Inspection ──
-  /** Exact readings near a point in the latest drawn frame, nearest first. */
-  private async read(
-    point: Point,
-    radius: number,
-    limit: number,
-    signal?: AbortSignal,
-  ): Promise<readonly Monitor.Reading[]> {
-    this.live();
-    const shown = this.shown;
-    if (!shown || !onPlot(shown.plot, point)) return [];
-    signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    // The latest answer at this point stands while the frame it read does, as through playback.
-    const cached = this.inspection;
-    if (
-      cached?.shown === shown &&
-      cached.point[0] === point[0] &&
-      cached.point[1] === point[1] &&
-      cached.radius === radius &&
-      cached.limit >= limit
-    )
-      return cached.result.length > limit ? cached.result.slice(0, limit) : cached.result;
-    const reads = this.gpu.reader.open({
-      signal: signal ? AbortSignal.any([signal, this.signal]) : this.signal,
-    });
-    let result: Monitor.Reading[];
-    try {
-      result = await pick(reads, shown, point, radius, limit);
-    } finally {
-      reads.close();
-    }
-    this.inspection = { point: [point[0], point[1]], radius, limit, shown, result };
-    return result;
-  }
-  /** The table of an item's rows among the sources the traces read. */
-  private table(item: Monitor.Item): Data['tables'][string] | undefined {
-    const config = this.config,
-      sources = new Set([config.source]);
-    for (const trace of Object.values(config.traces))
-      if (typeof trace.y === 'object') sources.add(trace.y.source);
-    for (const source of sources) {
-      const table = source.tables[item.index?.type];
-      if (table && sameIndex(table.index, item.index)) return table;
-    }
-    return undefined;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/picking.ts b/packages/monitor/src/picking.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 84bc1377..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/picking.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Point } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import {
-  Work,
-  bitAt,
-  rowCount,
-  rowAt,
-  sampleAt,
-  type Data,
-  type Domain,
-  type Reader,
-  type Column,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Binding } from './bindings.js';
-import { plotCoordinate, plotX, plotY, type Plot } from './axes.js';
-import type { Monitor } from './monitor.js';
-/** What a presented frame drew: what pick, locate, and coordinateAt read. */
-export interface Shown {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly traces: readonly Binding[];
-  readonly window: Domain;
-  readonly values: Domain;
-  readonly plot: Plot;
-  /** The width of traces whose `widthPx` is unset. */
-  readonly widthPx: number;
-}
-/** A sample where its line draws it, in canvas pixels. */
-interface Drawn {
-  readonly x: number;
-  readonly y: number;
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly valid: boolean;
-  readonly frame: number;
-  readonly coordinate: number;
-  readonly value: number;
-}
-interface Found {
-  /** Squared, in pixels. */
-  readonly distance: number;
-  /** Draw order: a later trace, then a later row, draws on top. */
-  readonly order: number;
-  readonly row: number;
-  readonly reading: Monitor.Reading;
-}
-/** The widest a width field draws without a scale, as `traceWidthPx` allows. */
-const WIDEST_PX = 64;
-type Interpolation = NonNullable<Monitor.TraceOptions['interpolation']>;
-
-/**
- * The traces drawn near a point, nearest first: each row's line is hit as `traces.wgsl` strokes it,
- * its steps, width, lone samples, and the plot's edges included, and reads the recorded sample whose
- * value the part it hits shows. One reading for each trace row.
- */
-export async function pick(
-  reads: Reader.Scope,
-  shown: Shown,
-  point: Point,
-  radius: number,
-  limit: number,
-): Promise<Monitor.Reading[]> {
-  const { plot, window: x, values: y } = shown;
-  if (!(plot.width > 0) || !(plot.height > 0) || limit < 1) return [];
-  const widths = shown.traces.map((trace) =>
-    kit.resolveChannel(trace.bound.channels.widthPx, trace.channels.widthPx.scale, shown.widthPx),
-  );
-  // A line reaches the pointer from half its width away, between samples outside the window.
-  const reach = radius + Math.max(0, ...widths.map(widest)) / 2,
-    at = plotCoordinate(plot, x, point[0]),
-    span = (reach / plot.width) * (x[1] - x[0]),
-    between: Domain = [Math.max(x[0], at - span), Math.min(x[1], at + span)],
-    work = new Work(reads.signal, Infinity, 3),
-    found = new Map<number, Found>();
-  let steps = 0;
-  for (const [order, trace] of shown.traces.entries()) {
-    const { y: plotted, visible } = trace.channels,
-      width = widths[order],
-      step: Interpolation = trace.trace.interpolation ?? 'linear',
-      fields = { [plotted.column!]: trace.fields[plotted.column!] };
-    for (const channel of [visible, width])
-      if (channel.column !== undefined) fields[channel.column] = trace.fields[channel.column];
-    const last = new Map<number, Drawn>();
-    for await (const tile of reads.fields({
-      source: shown.source,
-      from: trace.trace.from,
-      rows: trace.rows,
-      fields,
-      window: { kind: 'range', between, context: { before: 1, after: 1 } },
-    })) {
-      const samples = tile.samples!,
-        column = tile.columns[plotted.column!] as Column.Sample,
-        present = tile.presence[plotted.column!];
-      for (let r = 0; r < rowCount(tile.rows); r++) {
-        const row = rowAt(tile.rows, r),
-          key = order * 2 ** 32 + row;
-        /** Keep this leg's hit when it is the row's nearest yet. */
-        const test = (from: Drawn, to: Drawn, sample: Drawn) => {
-          if (!from.valid || !to.valid) return;
-          const half = Math.max(from.width, to.width) / 2,
-            distance = clipped(point, from, to, plot, half + 1);
-          if (distance > (radius + half) ** 2 || (found.get(key)?.distance ?? Infinity) <= distance)
-            return;
-          found.set(key, {
-            distance,
-            order,
-            row,
-            reading: {
-              source: trace.source,
-              index: tile.index,
-              row,
-              field: trace.field,
-              trace: trace.name,
-              frame: sample.frame,
-              coordinate: sample.coordinate,
-              value: sample.value,
-              point: [sample.x, sample.y],
-            },
-          });
-        };
-        let a = last.get(row);
-        for (let f = 0; f < samples.coordinates.length; f++) {
-          if ((steps++ & 1023) === 0) await work.step();
-          const value = sampleAt(column, r, f) ?? NaN,
-            coordinate = samples.coordinates[f];
-          const b: Drawn = {
-            x: plotX(plot, x, coordinate),
-            y: plotY(plot, y, value),
-            width: kit.channelValue(width, tile, r, f),
-            valid:
-              bitAt(present, r) && Number.isFinite(value) && kit.channelOn(visible, tile, r, f),
-            frame: samples.firstFrame + f,
-            coordinate,
-            value,
-          };
-          // Each sample draws at least the dot a lone one does; after another, the legs between.
-          test(b, b, b);
-          if (a?.frame === b.frame - 1) {
-            const nearer = near(point, a) <= near(point, b) ? a : b;
-            if (step === 'linear') test(a, b, nearer);
-            else if (step === 'step-after') {
-              // The earlier value holds until the later sample's coordinate, then steps to it.
-              const corner = { ...a, x: b.x };
-              test(a, corner, a);
-              test(corner, b, nearer);
-            } else {
-              // The value steps at the earlier coordinate, and the later value holds.
-              const corner = { ...a, y: b.y, width: b.width };
-              test(a, corner, nearer);
-              test(corner, b, b);
-            }
-          }
-          a = b;
-        }
-        if (a) last.set(row, a);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Nearest first; a later trace, then a later row, draws on top.
-  return [...found.values()]
-    .sort((p, q) => p.distance - q.distance || q.order - p.order || q.row - p.row)
-    .slice(0, limit)
-    .map((hit) => hit.reading);
-}
-/** The widest a width channel draws: its scale's top, or its constant. */
-function widest(width: kit.ResolvedChannel): number {
-  if (width.column === undefined) return width.fallback;
-  return width.scale ? Math.max(...width.scale.range, width.fallback) : WIDEST_PX;
-}
-/** The squared distance from `point` to a sample, in pixels. */
-function near(point: Point, sample: Drawn): number {
-  return (point[0] - sample.x) ** 2 + (point[1] - sample.y) ** 2;
-}
-/**
- * The squared distance from `point` to the part of a leg that draws on the plot, grown by `margin`
- * on each side; Infinity when none of it does or it does not draw at all.
- */
-function clipped(point: Point, from: Drawn, to: Drawn, plot: Plot, margin: number): number {
-  const dx = to.x - from.x,
-    dy = to.y - from.y;
-  if (![from.x, from.y, dx, dy].every(Number.isFinite)) return Infinity;
-  let first = 0,
-    last = 1;
-  // Liang–Barsky against each side of the grown plot.
-  const side = (p: number, q: number): boolean => {
-    if (p === 0) return q >= 0;
-    const t = q / p;
-    if (p < 0) first = Math.max(first, t);
-    else last = Math.min(last, t);
-    return first <= last;
-  };
-  if (
-    !side(-dx, from.x - plot.x + margin) ||
-    !side(dx, plot.x + plot.width + margin - from.x) ||
-    !side(-dy, from.y - plot.y + margin) ||
-    !side(dy, plot.y + plot.height + margin - from.y)
-  )
-    return Infinity;
-  const length = dx * dx + dy * dy,
-    t = length
-      ? Math.max(
-          first,
-          Math.min(last, ((point[0] - from.x) * dx + (point[1] - from.y) * dy) / length),
-        )
-      : first;
-  return (point[0] - from.x - t * dx) ** 2 + (point[1] - from.y - t * dy) ** 2;
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/axes.wgsl b/packages/monitor/src/rendering/axes.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 812ab6b5..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/axes.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-struct Screen {size:vec4f}
-@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> screen:Screen;
-@group(1) @binding(1) var<storage,read> lines:array<vec4f>;
-@group(1) @binding(2) var<storage,read> anchors:array<vec4f>;
-struct V {@builtin(position) position:vec4f,@location(0) color:vec4f}
-@vertex fn line_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertex:u32,@builtin(instance_index) instance:u32)->V {
- let line=lines[instance*2u];let color=lines[instance*2u+1u];let delta=line.zw-line.xy;let lengthPx=max(0.001,length(delta));let n=vec2f(-delta.y,delta.x)/lengthPx;
- let c=array<vec2f,6>(vec2f(0,-0.5),vec2f(1,-0.5),vec2f(0,0.5),vec2f(0,0.5),vec2f(1,-0.5),vec2f(1,0.5))[vertex];
- let p=mix(line.xy,line.zw,c.x)+n*c.y;var v:V;v.position=vec4f(p/screen.size.xy*vec2f(2,-2)+vec2f(-1,1),0,1);v.color=color;return v;
-}
-@fragment fn line_color(v:V)->@location(0) vec4f{return vec4f(v.color.rgb*v.color.a,v.color.a);}
-struct T {@builtin(position) position:vec4f,@location(0) uv:vec2f,@location(1) color:vec4f}
-@vertex fn text_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertex:u32,@builtin(instance_index) instance:u32)->T {
- let text=textVertex(vertex,instance);let anchor=latkitAnchor(anchors[text.anchor]);var v:T;
- v.position=vec4f((text.position+anchor.position)/screen.size.xy*vec2f(2,-2)+vec2f(-1,1),0,1);
- if(!anchor.shown){v.position=vec4f(2,2,2,1);}
- v.uv=text.uv;v.color=text.color;return v;
-}
-@fragment fn text_color(v:T)->@location(0) vec4f{return textColor(v.uv,v.color,vec4f(0),0.0);}
-/**
- * The reading under the pointer: a dot at its sample in the hover color, `dot.z` CSS pixels across
- * its middle, and its glow `dot.w` past that.
- */
-struct Dot {@builtin(position) position:vec4f,@location(0) local:vec2f,@location(1) @interpolate(flat) size:vec2f,@location(2) @interpolate(flat) color:vec4f}
-@vertex fn dot_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertex:u32)->Dot {
- let dot=lines[0];let c=array<vec2f,6>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(-1,1),vec2f(-1,1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(1,1))[vertex];
- let extent=dot.z+dot.w+1.0;var v:Dot;
- v.position=vec4f((dot.xy+c*extent)/screen.size.xy*vec2f(2,-2)+vec2f(-1,1),0,1);
- v.local=c*extent;v.size=dot.zw;v.color=lines[1];return v;
-}
-@fragment fn dot_color(v:Dot)->@location(0) vec4f{
- let outside=length(v.local)-v.size.x;
- let alpha=max(clamp(0.5-outside,0.0,1.0),glowAlpha(outside,v.size.y)*0.6)*v.color.a;
- return vec4f(v.color.rgb*alpha,alpha);
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/composite.wgsl b/packages/monitor/src/rendering/composite.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 3fd66754..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/composite.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// A layer of history, mapped from its own window and values into the camera's. A color layer
-// holds premultiplied colors. A coverage layer holds coverage alone: its value is where it lies. A
-// value layer holds, premultiplied by coverage, the color value stored against its domain, the
-// shade value, how much carries a color value, and coverage.
-struct Layer {
- size:vec4f,   // canvas width and height, pixel ratio, and the layer's opacity
- plot:vec4f,   // the plot's offset and size
- map:vec4f,    // the image's uv at the plot's: offset, then scale
- base:vec4f,   // the color of values without a color value, or of all of them without a domain
- focus:vec4f,  // the selected color; alpha -1 brightens instead, and -2 draws unselected
- look:vec4f,   // a value's place in the colormap is x*value+y; z colors by it, w clamps
-}
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> layer:Layer;
-@group(0) @binding(1) var history:texture_2d<f32>;
-@group(0) @binding(2) var historySampler:sampler;
-struct V { @builtin(position) position:vec4f,@location(0) uv:vec2f }
-@vertex fn main(@builtin(vertex_index) i:u32)->V {
- let p=array<vec2f,3>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(3,-1),vec2f(-1,3))[i];var v:V;v.position=vec4f(p,0,1);v.uv=p*vec2f(0.5,-0.5)+vec2f(0.5);return v;
-}
-fn plotUv(v:V)->vec2f {return (v.uv*layer.size.xy-layer.plot.xy)/layer.plot.zw;}
-fn texel(uv:vec2f)->vec4f {
- let at=uv*layer.map.zw+layer.map.xy;
- if(any(uv<vec2f(0))||any(uv>vec2f(1))||any(at<vec2f(0))||any(at>vec2f(1))){return vec4f(0);}
- return textureSampleLevel(history,historySampler,at,0.0);
-}
-// The colormap's color for a value, which `look` places.
-fn placed(value:f32)->vec4f {
- var t=value*layer.look.x+layer.look.y;
- if(layer.look.w!=0.0){t=clamp(t,0.0,1.0);}
- return colormapColor(t);
-}
-// A look's color as the screen shows it: selected, shaded, over `coverage`.
-fn shown(color:vec4f,v:V,shadeValue:f32,coverage:f32)->vec4f {
- var tint=color;
- if(layer.focus.a>-1.5){if(layer.focus.a>=0.0){tint=layer.focus;}else{tint=vec4f(min(vec3f(1),tint.rgb*1.25),tint.a);}}
- tint=shade(ShadeFragment(tint,v.position.xy/layer.size.z,shadeValue));
- let alpha=tint.a*min(coverage,1.0)*layer.size.w;
- return vec4f(tint.rgb*alpha,alpha);
-}
-// A color layer fades, and draws as it is.
-@fragment fn color_layer(v:V)->@location(0) vec4f {return texel(plotUv(v))*layer.size.w;}
-// A coverage layer's value is its height in the plot, which `look` places from top to bottom.
-@fragment fn coverage_layer(v:V)->@location(0) vec4f {
- let uv=plotUv(v);let c=texel(uv).r;if(c<=0.0){return vec4f(0);}
- return shown(placed(uv.y),v,0.0,c);
-}
-// A value layer's stored value, colored where it carries one and in the base color where not.
-@fragment fn value_layer(v:V)->@location(0) vec4f {
- let s=texel(plotUv(v));if(s.a<=0.0){return vec4f(0);}
- var tint=layer.base;
- if(layer.look.z!=0.0&&s.b>0.0){tint=mix(layer.base,placed(s.r/s.b),clamp(s.b/s.a,0.0,1.0));}
- return shown(tint,v,s.g/s.a,s.a);
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/history.ts b/packages/monitor/src/rendering/history.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 073246eb..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/history.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
-import { type Gpu, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Domain } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Binding, Look } from '../bindings.js';
-
-/** Where an image's pixels lie: its size, the window and values it spans, and its samples. */
-export interface Transform {
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly window: Domain;
-  readonly values: Domain;
-  readonly msaa: 1 | 4;
-}
-/** How far a trace is drawn into a layer. */
-export interface Progress {
-  /** The last absolute frame drawn for every row; the next lines start from it. */
-  readonly through?: number;
-  /** A chunk drawn for its first `rows` rows, which finishes before anything later. */
-  readonly chunk?: { readonly start: number; readonly frames: number; readonly rows: number };
-}
-/**
- * What a layer holds, which is only what composition cannot recover: the colors of traces whose
- * color is fixed; the coverage of traces colored by what they plot, whose value is where a line
- * lies; or the color values of traces colored by another field.
- */
-export type LayerKind = 'color' | 'coverage' | 'value';
-export const LAYER_FORMATS: Readonly<Record<LayerKind, GPUTextureFormat>> = {
-  color: 'rgba8unorm',
-  coverage: 'r8unorm',
-  value: 'rgba16float',
-};
-const TEXEL_BYTES: Readonly<Record<LayerKind, number>> = { color: 4, coverage: 1, value: 8 };
-/** Traces drawn into one layer, and the look composition gives a value layer. */
-export interface Group {
-  /** What the layer's pixels depend on; a layer of another key starts over. */
-  readonly key: string;
-  readonly kind: LayerKind;
-  readonly traces: readonly Binding[];
-  readonly look: Look;
-}
-/** Pixels a group of traces drew, and how far each trace is drawn. */
-export interface Layer {
-  readonly key: string;
-  readonly kind: LayerKind;
-  /** The domain a value layer's color values store against, unclamped: its look remaps from it. */
-  readonly stored: Domain;
-  readonly texture: kit.TextureResource;
-  readonly msaa?: kit.TextureResource;
-  readonly progress: Map<string, Progress>;
-  /** Cleared by its next pass. */
-  fresh: boolean;
-  /** The look it composes with: its group's, as of the latest frame that kept it. */
-  look: Look;
-}
-/** History for one transform: its layers, in the order they compose. */
-export interface Image extends Transform {
-  layers: readonly Layer[];
-}
-export function sameTransform(a: Transform | undefined, b: Transform): boolean {
-  return (
-    !!a &&
-    a.width === b.width &&
-    a.height === b.height &&
-    a.msaa === b.msaa &&
-    a.window[0] === b.window[0] &&
-    a.window[1] === b.window[1] &&
-    a.values[0] === b.values[0] &&
-    a.values[1] === b.values[1]
-  );
-}
-export function image({ width, height, window, values, msaa }: Transform): Image {
-  return { width, height, window, values, msaa, layers: [] };
-}
-/** Looks an image keeps apart, each a composition pass every frame. */
-const APART = 4;
-/**
- * The layers an image draws, in trace order. Traces whose color is fixed share one layer of their
- * colors. Traces a look maps share a layer for each look, which composition colors, so a new domain
- * or colormap draws nothing: the first few looks, while their layers fit `bytes`. Later looks bake
- * into the color layer, as every look once did, so an image keeps few layers however many looks
- * its traces have.
- */
-export function plan(
-  traces: readonly Binding[],
-  drawn: unknown,
-  baked: unknown,
-  target: Pick<Transform, 'width' | 'height' | 'msaa'>,
-  bytes: number,
-): Group[] {
-  const apart = new Set<string>();
-  let room = bytes - layerBytes(target, 'color');
-  for (const trace of traces) {
-    const kind = trace.look.layer,
-      cost = layerBytes(target, kind);
-    if (kind === 'color' || apart.has(trace.lookKey) || apart.size === APART || cost > room)
-      continue;
-    apart.add(trace.lookKey);
-    room -= cost;
-  }
-  const groups = new Map<string, { kind: LayerKind; traces: Binding[]; look: Look }>();
-  for (const trace of traces) {
-    const kind = apart.has(trace.lookKey) ? trace.look.layer : 'color',
-      by = kind === 'color' ? kind : trace.lookKey;
-    let group = groups.get(by);
-    if (!group) groups.set(by, (group = { kind, traces: [], look: trace.look }));
-    group.traces.push(trace);
-  }
-  return [...groups.values()].map((group) => ({
-    ...group,
-    key: JSON.stringify([
-      group.kind,
-      group.traces.map((trace) => [
-        trace.name,
-        trace.version,
-        ...(group.kind === 'color' ? [trace.look.base, baking(trace) ? trace.lookKey : null] : []),
-      ]),
-      drawn,
-      group.kind === 'color' ? baked : null,
-    ]),
-  }));
-}
-/** Whether a trace's look maps its values, so the color layer bakes that look in. */
-export const baking = (trace: Binding) => trace.look.layer !== 'color';
-/** The domain a look colors over in an image; the values axis is the image's own. */
-export function domainOf(look: Look, target: Transform): Domain | null {
-  return look.domain === 'values' ? target.values : look.domain;
-}
-/**
- * Fit an image's layers to its groups, returning each group's layer: a layer whose key stands keeps
- * its pixels, and the rest start over in textures the image no longer needs, or in new ones
- * `reserve` admits. Without `restart`, as for a shown image whose replacement draws behind it,
- * nothing starts over: layers whose key stands keep up, and the rest show as they are.
- */
-export function reconcile(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  target: Image,
-  groups: readonly Group[],
-  reserve: (bytes: number) => void,
-  restart = true,
-): readonly (Layer | undefined)[] {
-  const standing = new Map(target.layers.map((layer) => [layer.key, layer]));
-  const layers: (Layer | undefined)[] = groups.map((group) => {
-    const layer = standing.get(group.key);
-    if (!layer || (layer.kind === 'value' && drifted(layer.stored, domainOf(group.look, target))))
-      return undefined;
-    standing.delete(group.key);
-    layer.look = group.look;
-    return layer;
-  });
-  if (!restart) return layers;
-  // Layers no group keeps lend their textures to groups starting over; the rest go.
-  const spare = [...standing.values()];
-  for (const [i, group] of groups.entries()) {
-    const j = layers[i] ? -1 : spare.findIndex((layer) => layer.kind === group.kind);
-    if (j >= 0) layers[i] = reuse(spare.splice(j, 1)[0], group, target);
-  }
-  for (const layer of spare) destroyLayer(layer);
-  target.layers = layers.filter((layer) => layer !== undefined);
-  reserve(
-    groups.reduce(
-      (bytes, group, i) => (layers[i] ? bytes : bytes + layerBytes(target, group.kind)),
-      0,
-    ),
-  );
-  const made: Layer[] = [];
-  try {
-    target.layers = groups.map((group, i) => {
-      const kept = layers[i];
-      if (kept) return kept;
-      const layer = createLayer(gpu, target, group);
-      made.push(layer);
-      return layer;
-    });
-  } catch (error) {
-    for (const layer of made) destroyLayer(layer);
-    throw error;
-  }
-  return target.layers;
-}
-/**
- * Whether values stored against `stored` no longer resolve a colormap step of `domain`. Float16
- * keeps 11 bits, so a value `reach` from the stored start is off by `reach / 2048`, against a step
- * of a 256th of the domain; and stored values stay below Float16's largest, 65504.
- */
-function drifted(stored: Domain, domain: Domain | null): boolean {
-  if (!domain || !(domain[1] > domain[0])) return false;
-  const span = stored[1] - stored[0],
-    reach = Math.max(span, Math.abs(domain[0] - stored[0]), Math.abs(domain[1] - stored[0]));
-  return reach > (domain[1] - domain[0]) * 8 || reach > span * 60000;
-}
-/** What a value layer stores against: its look's domain, or the image's values without one. */
-function storage(look: Look, target: Transform): Domain {
-  const domain = domainOf(look, target);
-  return domain && domain[1] > domain[0] ? domain : target.values;
-}
-/** A spare layer's textures, starting over for another group. */
-function reuse(layer: Layer, group: Group, target: Transform): Layer {
-  return {
-    ...layer,
-    key: group.key,
-    stored: storage(group.look, target),
-    progress: new Map(),
-    fresh: true,
-    look: group.look,
-  };
-}
-function createLayer(gpu: Gpu, target: Transform, group: Group): Layer {
-  const size = [target.width, target.height],
-    format = LAYER_FORMATS[group.kind];
-  const texture = gpu.texture({
-    size,
-    format,
-    usage:
-      GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT |
-      GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING |
-      GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC |
-      GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST,
-  });
-  try {
-    return {
-      key: group.key,
-      kind: group.kind,
-      stored: storage(group.look, target),
-      texture,
-      msaa:
-        target.msaa === 4
-          ? gpu.texture({ size, format, sampleCount: 4, usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT })
-          : undefined,
-      progress: new Map(),
-      fresh: true,
-      look: group.look,
-    };
-  } catch (error) {
-    texture.destroy();
-    throw error;
-  }
-}
-export function destroyLayer(value?: Layer): void {
-  value?.texture.destroy();
-  value?.msaa?.destroy();
-}
-export function destroyImage(value?: Image): void {
-  if (!value) return;
-  for (const layer of value.layers) destroyLayer(layer);
-  value.layers = [];
-}
-/** One layer's GPU memory, with four samples a pixel more under MSAA. */
-export function layerBytes(
-  target: Pick<Transform, 'width' | 'height' | 'msaa'>,
-  kind: LayerKind,
-): number {
-  return target.width * target.height * TEXEL_BYTES[kind] * (target.msaa === 4 ? 5 : 1);
-}
-export function imageBytes(value: Image): number {
-  return value.layers.reduce((bytes, layer) => bytes + layerBytes(value, layer.kind), 0);
-}
-/** Hold a layer's textures until this frame's GPU work completes. */
-export function enroll(frame: kit.Preparation, value: Layer): void {
-  frame.texture(value.texture);
-  if (value.msaa) frame.texture(value.msaa);
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/painter.ts b/packages/monitor/src/rendering/painter.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 51fb44ee..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/painter.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,447 +0,0 @@
-import { type Gpu, type Point, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { failure, rowCount, type Domain, type Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Binding, Look } from '../bindings.js';
-import type { Style } from '../config.js';
-import type { Axes, Plot } from '../axes.js';
-import {
-  baking,
-  domainOf,
-  type Image,
-  type Layer,
-  type LayerKind,
-  type Transform,
-} from './history.js';
-import type { Lines, Pipelines } from './pipelines.js';
-
-export function buffer(values: ArrayBufferView, label: string): kit.BufferData {
-  const data = new kit.BufferData({ size: Math.max(16, values.byteLength), label });
-  if (values.byteLength) data.write({ data: values });
-  return data;
-}
-
-export interface Draw {
-  readonly page: kit.GpuPage;
-  /** This draw's view uniforms, bound by `bindDraws`. */
-  readonly uniforms: Uint32Array;
-  view?: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly shade: GPUBindGroup;
-  /** The colormap of a look baked into a color layer. */
-  readonly colors?: GPUBindGroup;
-  /** Instances: a line per row and frame step, two for stepped interpolation. */
-  readonly instances: number;
-  /** The first instance: past a page's first frame when it only shows where lines came from. */
-  readonly first: number;
-  /** Selected lines, which draw with their glow. */
-  readonly focus: boolean;
-}
-/** A draw's view, in one 256-byte slot: its sizes, colors, plot, and interpolation, then six 32-byte channels. */
-const VIEW_BYTES = 4 * 16 + 6 * 32;
-/** Bind every draw's uniforms from shared buffers: one per buffer's worth of draws, not one each. */
-export function bindDraws(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  frame: kit.Preparation,
-  pipelines: Pipelines,
-  draws: readonly Draw[],
-): void {
-  const limits = gpu.device.limits,
-    stride =
-      Math.ceil(VIEW_BYTES / limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment) *
-      limits.minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment,
-    per = Math.max(1, Math.floor(limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize / stride));
-  for (let first = 0; first < draws.length; first += per) {
-    const chunk = draws.slice(first, first + per),
-      packed = new Uint32Array((chunk.length * stride) / 4);
-    chunk.forEach((draw, i) => packed.set(draw.uniforms, (i * stride) / 4));
-    const binding = frame.uniforms(packed);
-    chunk.forEach((draw, i) => {
-      draw.view = gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipelines.view,
-        entries: [
-          {
-            binding: 0,
-            resource: {
-              buffer: binding.buffer,
-              offset: (binding.offset ?? 0) + i * stride,
-              size: VIEW_BYTES,
-            },
-          },
-        ],
-      });
-    });
-  }
-}
-/**
- * Draws for one block of a trace into a layer: a line per row through every frame of each GPU
- * page, whose pages keep all frames of their rows. A single frame draws a dot only when `dots` is set.
- * With `context`, the block's first frame only shows where the lines drawn before came from.
- */
-export function traceDraws(
-  frame: kit.Preparation,
-  block: Block.Fields,
-  trace: Binding,
-  target: Image,
-  layer: Layer,
-  plot: Plot,
-  style: Style,
-  focus: boolean,
-  shade: GPUBindGroup,
-  dots: boolean,
-  context = false,
-): { readonly draws: Draw[]; readonly segments: number } {
-  const pages = frame.upload(block, {
-    select: Object.keys(block.columns),
-    float64: 'relative',
-    maxPageBytes: 256 * 1024,
-  });
-  const { bound, channels } = trace,
-    interpolation = { linear: 0, 'step-before': 1, 'step-after': 2 }[
-      trace.trace.interpolation ?? 'linear'
-    ],
-    width = kit.resolveChannel(bound.channels.widthPx, channels.widthPx.scale, style.traceWidthPx);
-  // The coordinate and values map onto the image as its window and values place them.
-  const x: kit.ResolvedChannel = {
-      component: 0,
-      scale: kit.resolveScale({ clamp: false }, target.window),
-      fallback: NaN,
-    },
-    y: kit.ResolvedChannel = {
-      ...channels.y,
-      scale: kit.resolveScale({ clamp: false }, target.values),
-    },
-    // A value layer stores color values against its domain, unclamped; a color layer baking a look
-    // maps them through it. Rows without one read NaN.
-    baked = layer.kind === 'color' && baking(trace),
-    color: kit.ResolvedChannel = {
-      ...kit.resolveChannel(
-        bound.channels.color,
-        layer.kind === 'value'
-          ? kit.resolveScale({ clamp: false }, layer.stored)
-          : baked
-            ? kit.resolveScale({ clamp: trace.look.clamp }, domainOf(trace.look, target))
-            : null,
-        NaN,
-      ),
-      fallback: NaN,
-    },
-    colors = baked ? frame.colormap(trace.look.colormap) : undefined;
-  const draws: Draw[] = [];
-  let segments = 0;
-  for (const page of pages) {
-    const frames = page.samples!.count,
-      rows = rowCount(page.rows),
-      skip = context && page.samples!.firstFrame === block.samples!.firstFrame ? 1 : 0,
-      steps = rows * (Math.max(1, frames - 1) - skip);
-    if ((frames < 2 && !dots) || steps <= 0) continue;
-    if (page.columns[y.column!]?.kind !== 'value')
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Trace field must be scalar');
-    const uniforms = new Uint32Array(VIEW_BYTES / 4),
-      floats = new Float32Array(uniforms.buffer);
-    floats.set(
-      [target.width, target.height, frame.viewport.pixelRatio, focus ? style.selectedWidthPx : 0],
-      0,
-    );
-    floats.set(trace.look.base ?? style.traceColor, 4);
-    floats.set(
-      focus
-        ? style.selectedColor === 'none'
-          ? [0, 0, 0, -1]
-          : style.selectedColor
-        : [0, 0, 0, -2],
-      8,
-    );
-    floats.set([plot.x, plot.y], 12);
-    // A page that joins lines drawn before draws no dot at its first frame; one that starts a frame
-    // earlier draws nothing from that frame, which only shows where they came from.
-    uniforms[14] = interpolation | (dots ? 0 : 4) | (skip ? 8 : 0);
-    kit.writeChannel(uniforms, 16, x, page.samples!.coordinates);
-    kit.writeChannel(uniforms, 24, y, page);
-    kit.writeChannel(uniforms, 32, color, page);
-    kit.writeChannel(uniforms, 40, width, page);
-    kit.writeChannel(uniforms, 48, channels.visible, page);
-    kit.writeChannel(uniforms, 56, channels.shade, page);
-    const factor = interpolation ? 2 : 1;
-    segments += steps;
-    draws.push({
-      page,
-      uniforms,
-      shade,
-      colors,
-      instances: steps * factor,
-      first: rows * skip * factor,
-      focus,
-    });
-  }
-  return { draws, segments };
-}
-/** Draw into a layer, clearing it first when fresh; selected lines draw with `focus`. */
-export function paint(
-  frame: kit.Encoding,
-  pipelines: Pipelines,
-  layer: Layer,
-  draws: readonly Draw[],
-  focus?: Lines,
-): number {
-  const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-    colorAttachments: [
-      {
-        view: (layer.msaa ?? layer.texture).texture.createView(),
-        ...(layer.msaa ? { resolveTarget: layer.texture.texture.createView() } : {}),
-        loadOp: layer.fresh ? 'clear' : 'load',
-        storeOp: 'store',
-        clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  let pipeline: GPURenderPipeline | undefined;
-  for (const draw of draws) {
-    const lines = draw.focus ? focus! : pipelines,
-      next = draw.colors ? lines.bake : lines.draw[layer.kind];
-    if (next !== pipeline) pass.setPipeline((pipeline = next));
-    pass.setBindGroup(0, draw.page.bindGroup);
-    pass.setBindGroup(1, draw.view!);
-    pass.setBindGroup(2, draw.shade);
-    if (draw.colors) pass.setBindGroup(3, draw.colors);
-    pass.draw(6, draw.instances, 0, draw.first);
-  }
-  pass.end();
-  return draws.length;
-}
-
-/** A layer the screen shows, and how. */
-export interface Composited {
-  readonly image: Image;
-  readonly layer: Layer;
-  readonly look: Look;
-  /** Drawn as selected, over the rest. */
-  readonly focus: boolean;
-  /** Its opacity: the rest fade while something is selected. */
-  readonly alpha: number;
-}
-export interface Screen {
-  /** The background, premultiplied, which the pass clears to. */
-  readonly background: GPUColor;
-  /** Each shown layer in draw order: its kind, image group, and the colormap of one a look maps. */
-  readonly layers: readonly {
-    readonly kind: LayerKind;
-    readonly image: GPUBindGroup;
-    readonly colors?: GPUBindGroup;
-  }[];
-  readonly shade: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly axis: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly cursor?: GPUBindGroup;
-  /** The dot at the reading under the pointer, and the pipeline that draws it. */
-  readonly hover?: { readonly group: GPUBindGroup; readonly pipeline: GPURenderPipeline };
-  /** Each text page's glyphs, with the axis group that holds its anchors. */
-  readonly text: readonly {
-    readonly axis: GPUBindGroup;
-    readonly pages: readonly kit.TextPage[];
-  }[];
-  readonly lines: number;
-  readonly grid: number;
-}
-/** Where an image's pixels fall in the camera's plot: offset and scale of its uv per plot uv. */
-function mapping(image: Transform, window: Domain, values: Domain): readonly number[] {
-  const iw = image.window[1] - image.window[0],
-    iv = image.values[1] - image.values[0];
-  return [
-    (window[0] - image.window[0]) / iw,
-    (image.values[1] - values[1]) / iv,
-    (window[1] - window[0]) / iw,
-    (values[1] - values[0]) / iv,
-  ];
-}
-/**
- * Where a value from 0 to 1 across `stored` falls in the colormap of `domain`: x·value + y; z
- * colors, w clamps. `stored` may run either way.
- */
-function remap(
-  stored: readonly [number, number],
-  domain: Domain | null,
-  clamp: boolean,
-): readonly number[] {
-  if (!domain) return [0, 0, 0, 0];
-  const span = domain[1] - domain[0],
-    clamps = clamp ? 1 : 0;
-  // A domain of one value colors everything at its middle, as a scale does.
-  if (!(span > 0)) return [0, 0.5, 1, clamps];
-  return [(stored[1] - stored[0]) / span, (stored[0] - domain[0]) / span, 1, clamps];
-}
-export async function prepareScreen(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  frame: kit.Preparation,
-  pipelines: Pipelines,
-  layers: readonly Composited[],
-  window: Domain,
-  values: Domain,
-  layout: Axes,
-  style: Style,
-  at: number | undefined,
-  shade: GPUBindGroup,
-  /** Where the reading under the pointer lies, in CSS pixels. */
-  hover: Point | null,
-): Promise<Screen> {
-  const p = layout.plot,
-    selected = style.selectedColor === 'none' ? [0, 0, 0, -1] : style.selectedColor;
-  const shown = layers.map((entry) => {
-    const uniforms = new Float32Array(24),
-      // The values axis a look follows is the camera's, wherever the image was drawn.
-      domain = entry.look.domain === 'values' ? values : domainOf(entry.look, entry.image);
-    uniforms.set([
-      frame.viewport.width,
-      frame.viewport.height,
-      frame.viewport.pixelRatio,
-      entry.alpha,
-    ]);
-    uniforms.set([p.x, p.y, p.width, p.height], 4);
-    uniforms.set(mapping(entry.image, window, values), 8);
-    uniforms.set(entry.look.base ?? style.traceColor, 12);
-    uniforms.set(entry.focus ? selected : [0, 0, 0, -2], 16);
-    // A coverage layer's value is the camera's at its height in the plot, from top to bottom.
-    uniforms.set(
-      remap(
-        entry.layer.kind === 'coverage' ? [values[1], values[0]] : entry.layer.stored,
-        domain,
-        entry.look.clamp,
-      ),
-      20,
-    );
-    return {
-      kind: entry.layer.kind,
-      image: gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipelines.image,
-        entries: [
-          { binding: 0, resource: frame.uniforms(uniforms) },
-          { binding: 1, resource: frame.texture(entry.layer.texture).createView() },
-          { binding: 2, resource: pipelines.sampler },
-        ],
-      }),
-      ...(entry.layer.kind !== 'color' && { colors: frame.colormap(entry.look.colormap) }),
-    };
-  });
-  const cursor =
-    at === undefined
-      ? null
-      : kit.scaleValue(at, kit.resolveScale({ range: [p.x, p.x + p.width], clamp: false }, window));
-  const screen = frame.uniforms(Float32Array.of(frame.viewport.width, frame.viewport.height, 0, 0));
-  // Lines read no anchors, so their groups bind their own data there.
-  const axis = (data: GPUBufferBinding, anchors = data) =>
-    gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-      layout: pipelines.axis,
-      entries: [
-        { binding: 0, resource: screen },
-        { binding: 1, resource: data },
-        { binding: 2, resource: anchors },
-      ],
-    });
-  // Lines and the first page of text share one group, as one page holds every axis label.
-  const lines = frame.buffer(layout.lines),
-    labelled = layout.text.filter((page) => page.runs.length),
-    first = axis(lines, labelled.length ? frame.buffer(labelled[0].anchors) : lines),
-    text: Screen['text'][number][] = [];
-  for (const [i, page] of labelled.entries())
-    text.push({
-      axis: i ? axis(lines, frame.buffer(page.anchors)) : first,
-      pages: await frame.text({ runs: page.runs }),
-    });
-  const [r, g, b, a] = style.background;
-  // Hover lights the reading it finds as hover lights an item everywhere: in its color, glowing as far as its width.
-  const lit =
-    hover &&
-    hover[0] >= p.x &&
-    hover[0] <= p.x + p.width &&
-    hover[1] >= p.y &&
-    hover[1] <= p.y + p.height
-      ? {
-          group: axis(
-            frame.buffer(
-              buffer(
-                Float32Array.of(
-                  ...hover,
-                  Math.max(2.5, style.traceWidthPx * 1.5),
-                  style.hoverWidthPx,
-                  ...style.hoverColor,
-                ),
-                'monitor hover',
-              ),
-            ),
-          ),
-          pipeline: await pipelines.hover,
-        }
-      : undefined;
-  return {
-    background: { r: r * a, g: g * a, b: b * a, a },
-    layers: shown,
-    shade,
-    axis: first,
-    cursor:
-      cursor !== null && cursor >= p.x && cursor <= p.x + p.width
-        ? axis(
-            frame.buffer(
-              buffer(
-                Float32Array.of(cursor, p.y, cursor, p.y + p.height, ...style.cursorColor),
-                'monitor playhead',
-              ),
-            ),
-          )
-        : undefined,
-    text,
-    ...(lit ? { hover: lit } : {}),
-    lines: layout.lineCount,
-    grid: layout.gridCount,
-  };
-}
-export function composite(frame: kit.Encoding, pipelines: Pipelines, screen: Screen): number {
-  const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-    colorAttachments: [
-      { view: frame.target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: screen.background },
-    ],
-  });
-  let calls = 0,
-    kind: LayerKind | undefined;
-  // Lines read nothing in group 0, which they bind all the same.
-  pass.setBindGroup(0, pipelines.none);
-  if (screen.grid) {
-    pass.setPipeline(pipelines.lines);
-    pass.setBindGroup(1, screen.axis);
-    pass.draw(6, screen.grid);
-    calls++;
-  }
-  pass.setBindGroup(2, screen.shade);
-  for (const layer of screen.layers) {
-    if (layer.kind !== kind) pass.setPipeline(pipelines.compose[(kind = layer.kind)]);
-    pass.setBindGroup(0, layer.image);
-    if (layer.colors) pass.setBindGroup(1, layer.colors);
-    pass.draw(3);
-    calls++;
-  }
-  pass.setBindGroup(0, pipelines.none);
-  if (screen.lines) {
-    pass.setPipeline(pipelines.lines);
-    pass.setBindGroup(1, screen.axis);
-    pass.draw(6, screen.lines, 0, screen.grid);
-    calls++;
-  }
-  if (screen.cursor) {
-    pass.setPipeline(pipelines.lines);
-    pass.setBindGroup(1, screen.cursor);
-    pass.draw(6, 1);
-    calls++;
-  }
-  if (screen.hover) {
-    pass.setPipeline(screen.hover.pipeline);
-    pass.setBindGroup(1, screen.hover.group);
-    pass.draw(6, 1);
-    calls++;
-  }
-  pass.setPipeline(pipelines.text);
-  for (const { axis, pages } of screen.text) {
-    pass.setBindGroup(1, axis);
-    for (const page of pages) {
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, page.bindGroup);
-      pass.draw(6, page.count);
-      calls++;
-    }
-  }
-  pass.end();
-  return calls;
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/pipelines.ts b/packages/monitor/src/rendering/pipelines.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6004dec6..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/pipelines.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-import { type Gpu, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import traceCode from './traces.wgsl';
-import compositeCode from './composite.wgsl';
-import axesCode from './axes.wgsl';
-import { LAYER_FORMATS, type LayerKind } from './history.js';
-
-const KINDS = ['color', 'coverage', 'value'] as const satisfies readonly LayerKind[];
-/** Lines into a layer of each kind, and into a color layer in a look baked in. */
-export interface Lines {
-  readonly draw: Readonly<Record<LayerKind, GPURenderPipeline>>;
-  /** Reads a colormap in group 3. */
-  readonly bake: GPURenderPipeline;
-}
-export interface Pipelines extends Lines {
-  /**
-   * Selected lines, lit by their glow: built after the rest, so the first frame never waits on
-   * them.
-   */
-  readonly focus: Promise<Lines>;
-  /** A layer of each kind onto the screen. */
-  readonly compose: Readonly<Record<LayerKind, GPURenderPipeline>>;
-  readonly lines: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly text: GPURenderPipeline;
-  /** The dot at the reading under the pointer: built after the rest, as hover comes later. */
-  readonly hover: Promise<GPURenderPipeline>;
-  readonly view: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly shade: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly image: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly axis: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** The empty group 0 that lines bind. */
-  readonly none: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly sampler: GPUSampler;
-}
-/** Build the pipelines for one target format, MSAA, and shade; the view caches each variant. */
-export async function pipelines(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  format: GPUTextureFormat,
-  msaa: 1 | 4,
-  shade: string,
-): Promise<Pipelines> {
-  const d = gpu.device,
-    both = GPUShaderStage.VERTEX | GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,
-    fragment = GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT;
-  const view = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [{ binding: 0, visibility: both, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } }],
-  });
-  const effects = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [{ binding: 0, visibility: fragment, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } }],
-  });
-  const image = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      { binding: 0, visibility: fragment, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      { binding: 1, visibility: fragment, texture: { sampleType: 'float' } },
-      { binding: 2, visibility: fragment, sampler: { type: 'filtering' } },
-    ],
-  });
-  const axis = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      { binding: 0, visibility: both, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
-      { binding: 1, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-      { binding: 2, visibility: GPUShaderStage.VERTEX, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
-    ],
-  });
-  const empty = d.createBindGroupLayout({ entries: [] });
-  const [module, screen, axes] = await Promise.all([
-    gpu.shaderModule(
-      kit.fieldShader({ group: 0 }) +
-        kit.strokeShader() +
-        kit.shadeShader({ group: 2 }) +
-        kit.colormapShader({ group: 3 }) +
-        kit.outputShader() +
-        shade +
-        traceCode,
-      'monitor traces',
-    ),
-    gpu.shaderModule(
-      kit.colormapShader({ group: 1 }) + kit.shadeShader({ group: 2 }) + shade + compositeCode,
-      'monitor composite',
-    ),
-    gpu.shaderModule(kit.textShader({ group: 0 }) + kit.outputShader() + axesCode, 'monitor axes'),
-  ]);
-  // A color layer composes as it is; the others read a colormap and the shade.
-  const drawn = d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, view, effects] }),
-    looked = d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [image, gpu.colormapLayout, effects] }),
-    composed: Record<LayerKind, GPUPipelineLayout> = {
-      color: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [image] }),
-      coverage: looked,
-      value: looked,
-    },
-    target = { format, blend: kit.premultipliedBlend };
-  const baked = d.createPipelineLayout({
-    bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, view, effects, gpu.colormapLayout],
-  });
-  /** Lines into a layer of a kind, or selected lines with their glow. */
-  const lineInto = (kind: LayerKind, fragment: string, layout: GPUPipelineLayout, focus: boolean) =>
-    gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout,
-      vertex: { module, entryPoint: focus ? 'trace_focus' : 'trace_main' },
-      fragment: {
-        module,
-        entryPoint: fragment + (focus ? '_focus' : '_main'),
-        targets: [{ format: LAYER_FORMATS[kind], blend: kit.premultipliedBlend }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
-      multisample: { count: msaa },
-    });
-  const linesOf = async (focus: boolean): Promise<Lines> => {
-    const [color, coverage, value, bake] = await Promise.all([
-      ...KINDS.map((kind) => lineInto(kind, kind, drawn, focus)),
-      lineInto('color', 'bake', baked, focus),
-    ]);
-    return { draw: { color, coverage, value }, bake };
-  };
-  const [{ draw, bake }, compose, lines, text] = await Promise.all([
-    linesOf(false),
-    Promise.all(
-      KINDS.map((kind) =>
-        gpu.renderPipeline({
-          layout: composed[kind],
-          vertex: { module: screen, entryPoint: 'main' },
-          fragment: { module: screen, entryPoint: kind + '_layer', targets: [target] },
-        }),
-      ),
-    ),
-    gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [empty, axis] }),
-      vertex: { module: axes, entryPoint: 'line_main' },
-      fragment: { module: axes, entryPoint: 'line_color', targets: [target] },
-    }),
-    gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.textLayout, axis] }),
-      vertex: { module: axes, entryPoint: 'text_main' },
-      fragment: { module: axes, entryPoint: 'text_color', targets: [target] },
-    }),
-  ]);
-  // Selected lines' pipelines, and hover's dot, build now, after the rest, so a selection or a
-  // hover rarely waits on them.
-  const focus = linesOf(true);
-  focus.catch(() => undefined);
-  const hover = gpu.renderPipeline({
-    layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [empty, axis] }),
-    vertex: { module: axes, entryPoint: 'dot_main' },
-    fragment: { module: axes, entryPoint: 'dot_color', targets: [target] },
-  });
-  hover.catch(() => undefined);
-  return {
-    draw,
-    bake,
-    focus,
-    compose: { color: compose[0], coverage: compose[1], value: compose[2] },
-    lines,
-    text,
-    hover,
-    view,
-    shade: effects,
-    image,
-    axis,
-    none: d.createBindGroup({ layout: empty, entries: [] }),
-    sampler: d.createSampler({ minFilter: 'linear', magFilter: 'linear' }),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/traces.wgsl b/packages/monitor/src/rendering/traces.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 7dead9b9..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/rendering/traces.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-// One instance per row and frame step of a field page: the line from each frame to the next.
-// One 256-byte slot; the page's rows and frames are its field layout's. A color layer takes each
-// line's fixed color; a value layer its color and shade values, which composition colors.
-struct View {
- size:vec4f,   // target width and height, pixel ratio, and a selected line's glow in CSS pixels
- base:vec4f,   // the trace's color, for rows without one
- focus:vec4f,  // the selected color; alpha -1 brightens instead, and -2 draws unfocused
- plot:vec2f,   // the plot's offset on the canvas
- // The steps in the low two bits; 4 when the page's first drawn frame joins lines drawn before, and
- // 8 when its first frame only shows where those came from, drawing nothing.
- interpolation:u32,
- x:LatkitChannel, y:LatkitChannel, color:LatkitChannel, width:LatkitChannel, visible:LatkitChannel, shade:LatkitChannel,
-}
-@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> view:View;
-/** Where a row's line passes at a frame, and whether it draws there. */
-struct Place {p:vec2f,valid:bool}
-struct Point {p:vec2f,color:f32,shade:f32,width:f32,valid:bool}
-// A selected line's piece also carries where the pieces beside it start and end, as `uv` runs.
-struct Vertex { @builtin(position) position:vec4f, @location(0) uv:vec2f,
- @location(1) length:f32, @location(2) color:f32,@location(3) shade:f32,@location(4) width:f32,@location(5) colored:f32,
- @location(6) @interpolate(flat) beside:vec4f }
-fn place(row:u32,frame:u32)->Place {
- let x=channelNumber(view.x,0u,frame);let y=channelNumber(view.y,row,frame);
- return Place(vec2f(x,1.0-y)*view.size.xy,channelOn(view.visible,row,frame)&&finiteValue(x)&&finiteValue(y));
-}
-fn point(row:u32,frame:u32)->Point {
- let at=place(row,frame);
- return Point(at.p,channelNumber(view.color,row,frame),channelNumber(view.shade,row,frame),channelNumber(view.width,row,frame),at.valid);
-}
-fn corner(vertex:u32)->vec2f {return array<vec2f,6>(vec2f(0,-1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(0,1),vec2f(0,1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(1,1))[vertex];}
-fn stroke(vertex:u32,leg:u32,originalA:Point,originalB:Point)->Vertex {
- var a=originalA;var b=originalB;
- let steps=view.interpolation&3u;
- if(steps!=0u){
-   var middle=a;
-   if(steps==1u){middle.p=vec2f(a.p.x,b.p.y);middle.color=b.color;middle.shade=b.shade;middle.width=b.width;}
-   else{middle.p=vec2f(b.p.x,a.p.y);}
-   if(leg==0u){b=middle;}else{a=middle;}
- }
- var out:Vertex;
- if(!a.valid||!b.valid){out.position=vec4f(2,2,0,1);return out;}
- let delta=b.p-a.p;let lengthPx=length(delta);let direction=select(vec2f(1,0),delta/max(lengthPx,0.0001),lengthPx>0.0001);
- let c=corner(vertex);let width=mix(a.width,b.width,c.x)*view.size.z*0.5;
- // A selected line's quad reaches its glow.
- let extent=width+1.0+view.size.w*view.size.z;
- let p=mix(a.p,b.p,c.x)+(direction*(c.x*2.0-1.0)+vec2f(-direction.y,direction.x)*c.y)*extent;
- out.position=vec4f(p/view.size.xy*vec2f(2,-2)+vec2f(-1,1),0,1);
- out.uv=vec2f(mix(-extent,lengthPx+extent,c.x),c.y*extent);out.length=lengthPx;out.width=width;
- // A row without a color value reads NaN; Float16 holds a stored value within ±60000.
- let colored=finiteValue(a.color)&&finiteValue(b.color);
- out.colored=select(0.0,1.0,colored);
- out.color=select(0.0,clamp(mix(a.color,b.color,c.x),-60000.0,60000.0),colored);
- out.shade=mix(a.shade,b.shade,c.x);return out;
-}
-/** Where a step turns between two places, as `stroke` draws it. */
-fn turn(a:vec2f,b:vec2f,steps:u32)->vec2f {return select(vec2f(b.x,a.y),vec2f(a.x,b.y),steps==1u);}
-/**
- * A piece of a row's line, from a sample to the next. A sample no line leaves draws as a dot, so one
- * between gaps shows; a line reaching it covers it as it covers every joint. A step after holds it
- * instead. Selected lines take `piece`, which keeps what their glow needs; this builds faster alone.
- */
-@vertex fn trace_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertex:u32,@builtin(instance_index) instance:u32)->Vertex {
- let steps=view.interpolation&3u;
- let factor=select(2u,1u,steps==0u);let item=instance/factor;let leg=instance%factor;
- let rows=latkitFields.rows;let row=item%rows;let frame=item/rows;let last=latkitFields.frames-1u;
- let a=point(row,frame);var b=point(row,min(frame+1u,last));
- if(leg==0u&&steps!=2u&&a.valid&&!b.valid){b=a;}
- return stroke(vertex,leg,a,b);
-}
-/** A selected line's piece, as `trace_main` draws it: its vertex, its samples, and whether it draws. */
-struct Piece {out:Vertex,a:Point,b:Point,row:u32,frame:u32,leg:u32,lone:bool,drawn:bool}
-fn piece(vertex:u32,instance:u32)->Piece {
- let steps=view.interpolation&3u;
- let factor=select(2u,1u,steps==0u);let item=instance/factor;let leg=instance%factor;
- let rows=latkitFields.rows;let row=item%rows;let frame=item/rows;let last=latkitFields.frames-1u;
- let a=point(row,frame);var b=point(row,min(frame+1u,last));
- var lone=last==0u;
- if(leg==0u&&steps!=2u&&a.valid&&!b.valid){b=a;lone=true;}
- return Piece(stroke(vertex,leg,a,b),a,b,row,frame,leg,lone,a.valid&&b.valid);
-}
-/**
- * A selected line's piece, which glows once at each pixel from the piece nearest it; a dot glows
- * whole, unless a line reaches it, whose glow covers it. Pages draw apart, so where one ends the
- * line is cut square across it, and the next page cuts it there too.
- */
-@vertex fn trace_focus(@builtin(vertex_index) vertex:u32,@builtin(instance_index) instance:u32)->Vertex {
- var s=piece(vertex,instance);
- if(!s.drawn){return s.out;}
- if(s.lone&&reached(s)){var hidden:Vertex;hidden.position=vec4f(2,2,0,1);return hidden;}
- s.out.beside=beside(s);
- return s.out;
-}
-/** Whether a line drawn before reaches a piece's first sample. */
-fn reached(s:Piece)->bool {
- if(s.frame==0u){return (view.interpolation&4u)!=0u;}
- return place(s.row,s.frame-1u).valid;
-}
-/** Where the pieces beside a selected line's piece start and end, as its `uv` runs. */
-fn beside(s:Piece)->vec4f {
- let steps=view.interpolation&3u;let last=latkitFields.frames-1u;
- let joined=(view.interpolation&4u)!=0u;let first=select(0u,1u,(view.interpolation&8u)!=0u);
- let a=s.a.p;let b=s.b.p;
- let start=select(a,turn(a,b,steps),s.leg==1u);let end=select(b,turn(a,b,steps),s.leg==0u&&steps!=0u);
- let span=end-start;let size=length(span);
- if(s.lone){return vec4f(STROKE_NONE,0.0,STROKE_NONE,0.0);}
- // A leg of no length glows nowhere: the legs beside it cover its point.
- if(size<=0.0001){return vec4f(0.0);}
- let own=span/size;let across=vec2f(-own.y,own.x);
- var before=vec2f(STROKE_NONE,0.0);var after=vec2f(STROKE_NONE,0.0);
- if(s.leg==1u){before=vec2f(dot(a-start,own),dot(a-start,across));}
- else if(s.frame>first){
-   let earlier=place(s.row,s.frame-1u);
-   let back=select(earlier.p,turn(earlier.p,a,steps),steps!=0u)-start;
-   if(earlier.valid){before=vec2f(dot(back,own),dot(back,across));}
- }
- else if(joined){
-   // The piece before was drawn in another page, and cut square across its own direction.
-   var arrived=own;
-   if(s.frame>0u){
-     let earlier=place(s.row,s.frame-1u);
-     let back=a-select(earlier.p,turn(earlier.p,a,steps),steps!=0u);
-     if(earlier.valid&&length(back)>0.0001){arrived=normalize(back);}
-   }
-   before=vec2f(STROKE_CUT,atan2(dot(arrived,across),dot(arrived,own)));
- }
- if(s.leg==0u&&steps!=0u){after=vec2f(dot(b-start,own),dot(b-start,across));}
- else if(s.frame+1u<last){
-   let later=place(s.row,s.frame+2u);
-   let ahead=select(later.p,turn(b,later.p,steps),steps!=0u)-start;
-   if(later.valid){after=vec2f(dot(ahead,own),dot(ahead,across));}
- }
- else{after=vec2f(STROKE_CUT,0.0);}
- return vec4f(before,after);
-}
-/** How much of a pixel a line covers, at a distance from its middle. */
-fn covered(v:Vertex,d:f32)->f32 {return clamp(1.0-smoothstep(v.width-0.7,v.width+0.7,d),0.0,1.0);}
-fn coverage(v:Vertex)->f32 {return covered(v,stroke_distance(v.uv,v.length));}
-/** A selected line's coverage and its glow past it, once at each pixel. */
-fn glowing(v:Vertex)->f32 {
- let d=stroke_distance(v.uv,v.length);let line=covered(v,d);
- if(!stroke_nearest(v.uv,v.length,v.beside.xy,v.beside.zw)){return line;}
- return max(line,glowAlpha(d-v.width,view.size.w*view.size.z));
-}
-// A color layer's line in `color`, selected or not, shaded as it draws.
-fn painted(v:Vertex,color:vec4f,alpha:f32)->vec4f {
- var tint=color;
- if(view.focus.a>-1.5){if(view.focus.a>=0.0){tint=view.focus;}else{tint=vec4f(min(vec3f(1),tint.rgb*1.25),tint.a);}}
- tint=shade(ShadeFragment(tint,v.position.xy/view.size.z+view.plot,v.shade));return outputColor(tint,alpha);
-}
-// A color layer: each line's fixed color.
-fn color(v:Vertex,alpha:f32)->vec4f {if(alpha<=0.0){discard;} return painted(v,view.base,alpha);}
-// A color layer's line in a look baked in, past the looks an image keeps apart.
-fn bake(v:Vertex,alpha:f32)->vec4f {
- if(alpha<=0.0){discard;}
- return painted(v,select(view.base,colormapColor(v.color),v.colored>0.0),alpha);
-}
-// A coverage layer: each line's coverage alone, which composition colors by where it lies.
-fn covering(alpha:f32)->vec4f {if(alpha<=0.0){discard;} return vec4f(alpha,0.0,0.0,alpha);}
-// A value layer: under each line's coverage, its color value, its shade value, and whether it has
-// a color value, premultiplied as colors are so overlapping lines blend.
-fn value(v:Vertex,alpha:f32)->vec4f {
- if(alpha<=0.0){discard;}
- return vec4f(v.color*v.colored,clamp(v.shade,-60000.0,60000.0),v.colored,1.0)*alpha;
-}
-// Each layer's lines, and its selected lines with their glow.
-@fragment fn color_main(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return color(v,coverage(v));}
-@fragment fn color_focus(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return color(v,glowing(v));}
-@fragment fn bake_main(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return bake(v,coverage(v));}
-@fragment fn bake_focus(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return bake(v,glowing(v));}
-@fragment fn coverage_main(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return covering(coverage(v));}
-@fragment fn coverage_focus(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return covering(glowing(v));}
-@fragment fn value_main(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return value(v,coverage(v));}
-@fragment fn value_focus(v:Vertex)->@location(0) vec4f {return value(v,glowing(v));}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/ticks.ts b/packages/monitor/src/ticks.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b49c9d12..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/ticks.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-import type { Domain } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Monitor } from './monitor.js';
-export interface Ticks {
-  readonly items: readonly Monitor.Tick[];
-  readonly offset: number;
-}
-export function ticks(range: Domain, pixels: number, axis: Monitor.AxisOptions): Ticks {
-  if (axis.ticks)
-    return {
-      items: axis.ticks.filter((t) => t.value >= range[0] && t.value <= range[1]),
-      offset: 0,
-    };
-  const span = range[1] - range[0],
-    count = Math.max(1, Math.min(64, Math.floor(pixels / (axis.minSpacingPx ?? 80))));
-  if (!(span > 0) || !Number.isFinite(span)) return { items: [], offset: 0 };
-  const power = 10 ** Math.floor(Math.log10(span / count)),
-    normal = span / count / power;
-  const step = ([1, 2, 2.5, 5, 10].find((n) => n >= normal) ?? 10) * power;
-  // Ticks far from zero label their distance from an offset: the window's start, rounded down to a
-  // power of ten no smaller than its span. It stays short, and stands as the window moves, so the
-  // ticks keep their labels and move with the values.
-  const exponent = Math.ceil(Math.log10(span)),
-    offset =
-      (!axis.format || axis.format === 'auto') && Math.abs(range[0]) > span * 1e5
-        ? Number(
-            (Math.floor(range[0] / 10 ** exponent) * 10 ** exponent).toFixed(
-              Math.min(100, Math.max(0, -exponent)),
-            ),
-          )
-        : 0;
-  const items: Monitor.Tick[] = [];
-  const first = Math.ceil((range[0] - offset) / step) * step;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 128; i++) {
-    const local = first + i * step,
-      value = offset + local;
-    if (value > range[1]) break;
-    if (value >= range[0] && (items.length === 0 || value > items[items.length - 1].value))
-      items.push({ value, label: format(local, step, axis) });
-  }
-  return { items, offset };
-}
-function format(value: number, step: number, axis: Monitor.AxisOptions): string {
-  if (Object.is(value, -0) || Math.abs(value) < step * 1e-9) value = 0;
-  const precision =
-    axis.precision ??
-    Math.min(
-      12,
-      Math.max(
-        0,
-        -Math.floor(Math.log10(step)) +
-          (Math.abs(step / 10 ** Math.floor(Math.log10(step)) - 2.5) < 1e-9 ? 1 : 0),
-      ),
-    );
-  if (axis.format === 'scientific') return value.toExponential(axis.precision ?? 3);
-  if (axis.format === 'engineering' && value) {
-    const exponent = Math.floor(Math.log10(Math.abs(value)) / 3) * 3;
-    return (value / 10 ** exponent).toFixed(axis.precision ?? 3) + 'e' + exponent;
-  }
-  if (axis.format === 'fixed') return value.toFixed(precision);
-  if (value !== 0 && (Math.abs(value) >= 1e7 || Math.abs(value) < 1e-5))
-    return value.toExponential(axis.precision ?? 2);
-  return value.toFixed(precision);
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/src/wgsl.d.ts b/packages/monitor/src/wgsl.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d374483..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/src/wgsl.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-declare module '*.wgsl' {
-  const source: string;
-  export default source;
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/axes.test.ts b/packages/monitor/tests/axes.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 12ed3af2..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/axes.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { kit, type Gpu, type Point, type Viewport } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Domain } from '@latkit/model';
-import { axes, plot } from '../src/axes.js';
-import { resolveStyle, VIEW_DEFAULTS } from '../src/config.js';
-import { ticks } from '../src/ticks.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-import type { Monitor } from '../src/monitor.js';
-// The WebGPU usage flags text pages are made with.
-beforeEach(() => void fakeDevice());
-
-/** Text 0.6 of its size wide a character, as a monospace face lays it. */
-const layoutText = (input: kit.TextLayoutInput): Promise<kit.TextLayout> => {
-  const size = input.size ?? 12;
-  return Promise.resolve({
-    runs: [
-      { text: input.text, font: input.font, color: input.color, size, position: [0, size * 0.8] },
-    ],
-    width: [...input.text].length * 0.6 * size,
-    height: size,
-    baseline: size * 0.8,
-    lineHeight: size,
-    capHeight: size * 0.7,
-    align: input.align ?? 'start',
-  });
-};
-const gpu = { layoutText } as unknown as Gpu,
-  view: Viewport = { width: 400, height: 200, pixelRatio: 1 },
-  // The default font size and padding.
-  size = 12,
-  pad = 12;
-const style = (config: Monitor.Style) =>
-  resolveStyle(config, kit.resolveViewStyle({}, VIEW_DEFAULTS));
-interface Shown {
-  readonly text: string;
-  readonly box: kit.Bounds2D;
-}
-/** What the axes draw over a window and values: the plot, line counts, and each text by key. */
-async function draw(config: Monitor.Style, x: Domain = [0, 10], y: Domain = [0, 1]) {
-  const bank = new kit.TextBank({ label: 'axes' }),
-    add = vi.spyOn(bank, 'add'),
-    drawn = await axes(gpu, view, x, y, style(config), new AbortController().signal, bank);
-  const shown = new Map<string, Shown>(
-    add.mock.calls.map(([key, layout, origin]) => [
-      key as string,
-      { text: layout.runs[0].text, box: kit.textBox(layout, origin as Point) },
-    ]),
-  );
-  return { ...drawn, shown };
-}
-const overlaps = (a: kit.Bounds2D, b: kit.Bounds2D) =>
-  a[0] < b[2] && b[0] < a[2] && a[1] < b[3] && b[1] < a[3];
-
-describe('axes', () => {
-  it('leave room only for what they write, whatever the window', async () => {
-    const area = (config: Monitor.Style) => plot(view, style(config)),
-      column = Math.max(64, size * 7);
-    // Tick labels below and beside the plot.
-    expect(area({})).toEqual({
-      x: pad + column,
-      y: pad,
-      width: view.width - pad - column - pad,
-      height: view.height - pad - pad - size * 1.8,
-    });
-    // Each label adds its row.
-    const titled = area({ xAxis: 'Time', yAxis: 'Value' });
-    expect(titled.y).toBeCloseTo(pad + size * 1.8);
-    expect(titled.height).toBeCloseTo(view.height - pad - size * 1.8 - pad - size * 3);
-    // Without tick labels an axis takes no room but its label's.
-    expect(area({ xAxis: { tickLabels: false }, yAxis: { tickLabels: false } })).toEqual({
-      x: pad,
-      y: pad,
-      width: view.width - 2 * pad,
-      height: view.height - 2 * pad,
-    });
-    expect(area({ xAxis: { label: 'Time', tickLabels: false } }).height).toBeCloseTo(
-      view.height - 2 * pad - size * 1.2,
-    );
-    expect(area({ xAxis: false, yAxis: false })).toEqual(
-      area({ xAxis: { tickLabels: false }, yAxis: { tickLabels: false } }),
-    );
-    // Ticks far from zero share an offset, and the plot keeps its size.
-    const far: Domain = [2 ** 40, 2 ** 40 + 1];
-    expect((await draw({}, far, far)).plot).toEqual((await draw({})).plot);
-  });
-
-  it('keep an axis line and grid without tick labels', async () => {
-    const labelled = await draw({}),
-      bare = await draw({ xAxis: { tickLabels: false }, yAxis: { tickLabels: false } });
-    expect(labelled.shown.size).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(bare.shown.size).toBe(0);
-    expect(bare.lineCount).toBe(2);
-    expect(bare.gridCount).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    // A label stays without them.
-    const titled = await draw({ xAxis: { label: 'Time', tickLabels: false }, yAxis: false });
-    expect([...titled.shown.values()].map((s) => s.text)).toEqual(['Time']);
-  });
-
-  it('write a shared offset where the tick labels end, within their room', async () => {
-    const far: Domain = [2 ** 40, 2 ** 40 + 1],
-      { plot: area, shown } = await draw({}, far, far),
-      bottom = area.y + area.height;
-    const x = shown.get('x offset')!,
-      y = shown.get('y offset')!;
-    expect(x.text).toBe('+' + String(2 ** 40));
-    expect(y.text).toBe('+' + String(2 ** 40));
-    // The x offset ends the tick row at the plot's right, inside the room below the plot.
-    expect(x.box[2]).toBeCloseTo(area.x + area.width);
-    expect(x.box[1]).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(bottom);
-    expect(x.box[3]).toBeLessThanOrEqual(bottom + size * 1.8);
-    // The y offset tops the tick column from its left edge, on the view.
-    expect(y.box[0]).toBe(pad);
-    expect(y.box[1]).toBe(area.y);
-    // Ticks still label where neither offset lies, and none overlaps one.
-    const ticks = [...shown].filter(([key]) => !key.endsWith('offset'));
-    expect(ticks.some(([key]) => key.startsWith('x'))).toBe(true);
-    expect(ticks.some(([key]) => key.startsWith('y'))).toBe(true);
-    for (const [, tick] of ticks)
-      for (const offset of [x, y]) expect(overlaps(tick.box, offset.box)).toBe(false);
-    // A label keeps its own row.
-    const titled = await draw({ xAxis: 'Time' }, far, far);
-    expect(titled.shown.get('x caption')!.text).toBe('Time');
-    expect(titled.shown.get('x offset')!.box[3]).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
-      titled.shown.get('x caption')!.box[1],
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('offset far ticks from a rounded start that stands as the window moves', async () => {
-    const before = ticks([599998.97, 600001.03], 300, {}),
-      after = ticks([599999.42, 600001.48], 300, {});
-    expect(before.offset).toBe(599990);
-    expect(after.offset).toBe(599990);
-    // Ticks fall on their step, so those both windows show keep their labels.
-    const kept = before.items.filter((tick) => after.items.some((t) => t.value === tick.value));
-    expect(kept.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
-    for (const tick of kept)
-      expect(after.items.find((t) => t.value === tick.value)!.label).toBe(tick.label);
-    // Below zero, the offset reads as the number it is.
-    const below = await draw({}, [0, 10], [-600001.03, -599998.97]);
-    expect(below.shown.get('y offset')!.text).toBe('-600010');
-  });
-
-  it('outline the sides of the plot its axes leave open', async () => {
-    const lines = async (config: Monitor.Style) => {
-      const drawn = await draw(config),
-        values = new Float32Array(
-          drawn.lines.bytes.buffer,
-          drawn.lines.bytes.byteOffset,
-          (drawn.gridCount + drawn.lineCount) * 8,
-        );
-      // Axis lines follow the grid: each a segment and its color.
-      return Array.from({ length: drawn.lineCount }, (_, i) =>
-        Array.from(values.subarray((drawn.gridCount + i) * 8, (drawn.gridCount + i) * 8 + 4)),
-      );
-    };
-    expect(await lines({})).toHaveLength(2);
-    const framed = await lines({ outline: true }),
-      area = plot(view, style({})),
-      [right, bottom] = [area.x + area.width, area.y + area.height];
-    expect(framed).toHaveLength(4);
-    expect(framed).toContainEqual([area.x, area.y, right, area.y].map(Math.fround));
-    expect(framed).toContainEqual([right, area.y, right, bottom].map(Math.fround));
-    // Without axes, the outline closes every side.
-    expect(await lines({ outline: true, xAxis: false, yAxis: false })).toHaveLength(4);
-    expect(() => style({ outline: 1 as unknown as boolean })).toThrow('Invalid outline');
-    expect(() => style({ xAxis: { tickLabels: 'no' as unknown as boolean } })).toThrow(
-      'Invalid axis tickLabels',
-    );
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/.gitignore b/packages/monitor/tests/browser/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e0adcc1..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/generated/
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.html b/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b1fb5b4..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" /><link
-    rel="icon"
-    href="data:,"
-  /><title>Latkit Monitor</title>
-  <style>
-    * {
-      box-sizing: border-box;
-    }
-    body {
-      margin: 0;
-      background: #101923;
-      color: #d7e5ef;
-      font: 14px/1.5 system-ui;
-    }
-    main {
-      max-width: 1380px;
-      margin: 24px auto;
-      padding: 0 24px;
-    }
-    h1 {
-      margin: 0;
-      font-size: 30px;
-      letter-spacing: -0.04em;
-    }
-    p {
-      color: #9bafbf;
-    }
-    .bar {
-      display: flex;
-      gap: 14px;
-      align-items: center;
-      flex-wrap: wrap;
-      margin: 18px 0;
-    }
-    select,
-    button,
-    input {
-      font: inherit;
-    }
-    button,
-    select {
-      padding: 7px 12px;
-      background: #243b4d;
-      color: #e0f2fc;
-      border: 1px solid #4c6574;
-      border-radius: 4px;
-    }
-    canvas {
-      display: block;
-      width: 100%;
-      height: 560px;
-      background: #070b11;
-      border: 1px solid #344759;
-      border-radius: 6px;
-    }
-    pre {
-      white-space: pre-wrap;
-      font-size: 12px;
-      color: #adc4d3;
-    }
-    #status {
-      color: #73d0b8;
-      font-weight: 600;
-    }
-    #reading {
-      min-height: 22px;
-      font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-    }
-  </style>
-  <script type="importmap">
-    {
-      "imports": {
-        "culori/fn": "/packages/gpu/node_modules/culori/src/index-fn.js",
-        "@latkit/gpu": "/packages/gpu/dist/index.js",
-        "@latkit/connect": "/packages/connect/dist/index.js",
-        "@latkit/model": "/packages/model/dist/index.js",
-        "@latkit/monitor": "/packages/monitor/dist/index.js"
-      }
-    }
-  </script>
-  <main>
-    <h1>Native signal monitor</h1>
-    <p>
-      Shared GPU fields, scales, colors and text. Resize the panel; click to focus a native
-      observation. Wheel and touch scroll the page.
-    </p>
-    <div class="bar">
-      <label
-        >Workload
-        <select id="workload">
-          <option value="normal">64 rows / 4096 observations</option>
-          <option value="many">100,000 rows / 32 observations</option>
-          <option value="long">1 row / 1,000,000 observations</option>
-          <option value="gaps">Gaps and duplicate coordinates</option>
-        </select></label
-      ><label
-        >Color
-        <select id="palette">
-          <option>viridis</option>
-          <option>turbo</option>
-          <option>plasma</option>
-          <option>magma</option>
-        </select></label
-      ><button id="reset">Reset window</button><button id="clear">Clear focus</button
-      ><button id="append">Append 32</button><button id="stream">Start stream</button
-      ><button id="checks">Run checks</button
-      ><label><input id="axes" type="checkbox" checked />Axes</label
-      ><span id="status">Checking WebGPU...</span>
-    </div>
-    <canvas id="monitor" aria-label="Interactive native signal history"></canvas>
-    <p id="reading">Hover to inspect an exact observation.</p>
-    <pre id="results"></pre>
-  </main>
-  <script type="module" src="./check.js"></script>
-</html>
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.js b/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 73a778ff..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-/* global document, location */
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { verify, benchmark, canvasLatency } from './verify.js';
-import { SignalSource } from './generated/fixture.js';
-const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas'),
-  status = document.querySelector('#status');
-globalThis.monitorCheck = (async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu();
-  const errors = [];
-  gpu.device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (event) => errors.push(event.error.message));
-  const began = performance.now();
-  status.textContent = 'Loading signals...';
-  let source = new SignalSource(64, 4096, { native: true });
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    canvas,
-    source: source.data,
-    traces: {
-      signal: {
-        from: 'signal',
-        y: 'value',
-        color: { field: 'weight', domain: [0, 63], colormap: 'viridis' },
-        widthPx: 1.1,
-      },
-    },
-    camera: { x: [0, 41], y: [-1.4, 1.4] },
-    xAxis: 'Coordinate',
-    yAxis: 'Value',
-    limits: { historyBytes: 96 * 1024 ** 2 },
-  });
-  monitor.on('error', (error) => {
-    status.textContent = String(error);
-    console.error(error);
-  });
-  let firstVisibleMs, readyResolve;
-  const ready = new Promise((resolve) => {
-    readyResolve = resolve;
-  });
-  monitor.on('frame', () => {
-    const stats = monitor.stats();
-    if (stats.visible && firstVisibleMs === undefined) firstVisibleMs = performance.now() - began;
-    status.textContent = stats.refining ? 'Adding signals...' : 'Ready';
-    if (!stats.refining) readyResolve();
-  });
-  monitor.on('hover', (reading) => {
-    document.querySelector('#reading').textContent = reading
-      ? `Row ${reading.row} | frame ${reading.frame} | coordinate ${reading.coordinate.toPrecision(9)} | value ${reading.value.toPrecision(9)}`
-      : 'Hover to inspect an exact observation.';
-  });
-  document.querySelector('#reset').onclick = () =>
-    monitor.set({ camera: { x: [0, source.coordinate(source.frames + 31)] } });
-  document.querySelector('#clear').onclick = () => monitor.select([]);
-  document.querySelector('#append').onclick = () => {
-    source.append(32);
-    monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-  };
-  document.querySelector('#axes').onchange = (event) =>
-    monitor.set({
-      xAxis: event.target.checked ? 'Coordinate' : false,
-      yAxis: event.target.checked ? 'Value' : false,
-    });
-  document.querySelector('#palette').onchange = (event) =>
-    monitor.set({
-      traces: {
-        signal: {
-          color: {
-            field: 'weight',
-            domain: [0, Math.max(1, source.count - 1)],
-            colormap: event.target.value,
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    });
-  document.querySelector('#workload').onchange = (event) => {
-    const value = event.target.value;
-    source = new SignalSource(
-      value === 'many' ? 100000 : value === 'long' ? 1 : value === 'gaps' ? 8 : 64,
-      value === 'many' ? 32 : value === 'long' ? 1000000 : value === 'gaps' ? 512 : 4096,
-      { native: true, gaps: value === 'gaps', duplicates: value === 'gaps' },
-    );
-    monitor.set({
-      source: source.data,
-      traces: {
-        signal: {
-          from: 'signal',
-          y: 'value',
-          color: {
-            field: 'weight',
-            domain: [0, Math.max(1, source.count - 1)],
-            colormap: document.querySelector('#palette').value,
-          },
-          widthPx: value === 'many' ? 0.7 : 1.1,
-        },
-      },
-      camera: { x: [0, source.coordinate(source.frames + 31)] },
-    });
-  };
-
-  globalThis.fixture = {
-    gpu,
-    monitor,
-    get source() {
-      return source;
-    },
-  };
-  const streamButton = document.querySelector('#stream');
-  let streaming;
-  streamButton.onclick = () => {
-    if (streaming) {
-      clearInterval(streaming);
-      streaming = undefined;
-      streamButton.textContent = 'Start stream';
-      return;
-    }
-    source = new SignalSource(8, 0, { native: true });
-    monitor.set({
-      source: source.data,
-      traces: {
-        signal: {
-          from: 'signal',
-          y: 'value',
-          color: { field: 'weight', domain: [0, 7], colormap: 'viridis' },
-          widthPx: null,
-        },
-      },
-      camera: { x: [0, 10] },
-    });
-    streaming = setInterval(() => {
-      source.append(1);
-      monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-    }, 20);
-    streamButton.textContent = 'Stop stream';
-  };
-  await ready;
-  const startup = { firstVisibleMs, completeMs: performance.now() - began };
-  const runChecks = async () => {
-    const result = {
-      startup,
-      checks: await verify(gpu),
-      benchmarks: await benchmark(gpu),
-      canvas: await canvasLatency(gpu),
-      errors,
-    };
-    if (errors.length) throw new Error(errors.join('\n'));
-    document.querySelector('#results').textContent = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
-    status.textContent = 'Ready';
-    return result;
-  };
-  document.querySelector('#checks').onclick = () =>
-    void runChecks().catch((error) => {
-      status.textContent = String(error);
-    });
-  document.querySelector('#results').textContent = JSON.stringify({ startup }, null, 2);
-  if (new URL(location.href).searchParams.has('test')) return runChecks();
-  return { startup };
-})().catch((error) => {
-  status.textContent = String(error);
-  console.error(error);
-  throw error;
-});
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/run.mjs b/packages/monitor/tests/browser/run.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e1b985a..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/run.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-import { createServer } from 'node:http';
-import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
-import { readFile, writeFile, mkdtemp, mkdir, rm } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
-import path from 'node:path';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-
-const root = fileURLToPath(new URL('../../../../', import.meta.url));
-const executable =
-  process.env.LATKIT_BROWSER ??
-  [
-    'C:/Program Files/Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe',
-    'C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft/Edge/Application/msedge.exe',
-    '/usr/bin/chromium',
-    '/usr/bin/google-chrome',
-    '/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome',
-  ].find(existsSync);
-if (!executable) throw new Error('Set LATKIT_BROWSER to a Chromium executable');
-const headed = process.argv.includes('--headed'),
-  keepOpen = process.argv.includes('--keep-open');
-if (keepOpen && !headed) throw new Error('--keep-open requires --headed');
-const profile = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'latkit-monitor-'));
-const server = createServer(async (request, response) => {
-  try {
-    const requested = decodeURIComponent(new URL(request.url, 'http://localhost').pathname);
-    const filename = path.resolve(root, '.' + requested);
-    if (!filename.startsWith(path.resolve(root) + path.sep)) throw new Error('Outside repository');
-    response.setHeader(
-      'content-type',
-      filename.endsWith('.html') ? 'text/html' : 'text/javascript',
-    );
-    response.end(await readFile(filename));
-  } catch {
-    response.statusCode = 404;
-    response.end('not found');
-  }
-});
-await new Promise((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
-const port = server.address().port;
-const child = spawn(
-  executable,
-  [
-    ...(headed ? ['--new-window', '--window-size=1440,1100'] : ['--headless=new']),
-    '--no-first-run',
-    '--disable-background-timer-throttling',
-    '--disable-backgrounding-occluded-windows',
-    '--disable-renderer-backgrounding',
-    '--no-default-browser-check',
-    '--enable-unsafe-webgpu',
-    '--enable-unsafe-swiftshader',
-    '--remote-debugging-port=0',
-    '--user-data-dir=' + profile,
-    'about:blank',
-  ],
-  { stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'pipe'], windowsHide: !headed },
-);
-let stderr = '';
-child.stderr.on('data', (chunk) => {
-  stderr = (stderr + chunk).slice(-16000);
-});
-let socket;
-const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
-try {
-  let debugging;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    try {
-      debugging = (await readFile(path.join(profile, 'DevToolsActivePort'), 'utf8')).split('\n')[0];
-      break;
-    } catch {
-      await sleep(50);
-    }
-  }
-  if (!debugging) throw new Error('Browser did not start: ' + stderr);
-  const tabs = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:' + debugging + '/json/list')).json();
-  socket = new WebSocket(tabs.find((tab) => tab.type === 'page').webSocketDebuggerUrl);
-  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    socket.addEventListener('open', resolve, { once: true });
-    socket.addEventListener('error', reject, { once: true });
-  });
-  let next = 0;
-  const calls = new Map();
-  socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
-    const message = JSON.parse(event.data);
-    if (message.method === 'Runtime.exceptionThrown') console.error(JSON.stringify(message.params));
-    if (message.method === 'Log.entryAdded') console.error(JSON.stringify(message.params));
-    const pending = calls.get(message.id);
-    if (pending) {
-      calls.delete(message.id);
-      message.error ? pending.reject(message.error) : pending.resolve(message.result);
-    }
-  });
-  const call = (method, params = {}) =>
-    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const id = ++next;
-      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
-        calls.delete(id);
-        reject(new Error('CDP timeout: ' + method));
-      }, 240000);
-      calls.set(id, {
-        resolve: (result) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          resolve(result);
-        },
-        reject: (error) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          reject(error);
-        },
-      });
-      socket.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }));
-    });
-  console.log(
-    'Headed monitor URL: http://127.0.0.1:' + port + '/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.html',
-  );
-  console.log('Browser debugging port: ' + debugging);
-  await call('Page.enable');
-  await call('Runtime.enable');
-  await call('Log.enable');
-  await call('Page.navigate', {
-    url: 'http://127.0.0.1:' + port + '/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.html?test',
-  });
-  let ready = false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-      expression: 'typeof globalThis.monitorCheck !== "undefined"',
-      returnByValue: true,
-    });
-    if (result.result.value) {
-      ready = true;
-      break;
-    }
-    await sleep(50);
-  }
-  if (!ready) throw new Error('Browser fixture did not load');
-  const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-    expression: 'globalThis.monitorCheck',
-    awaitPromise: true,
-    returnByValue: true,
-  });
-  if (result.exceptionDetails)
-    throw new Error(
-      result.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? JSON.stringify(result.exceptionDetails),
-    );
-  await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-    expression: 'history.replaceState(null, "", location.pathname)',
-  });
-  await mkdir(path.join(root, 'output'), { recursive: true });
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'output/monitor-browser.json'),
-    JSON.stringify(result.result.value, null, 2) + '\n',
-  );
-  console.log(JSON.stringify(result.result.value, null, 2));
-  await mkdir(path.join(root, 'output/playwright'), { recursive: true });
-  const screenshot = await call('Page.captureScreenshot', {
-    format: 'png',
-    captureBeyondViewport: true,
-  });
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'output/playwright/monitor.png'),
-    Buffer.from(screenshot.data, 'base64'),
-  );
-  if (keepOpen) {
-    console.log(
-      'Visible monitor fixture: http://127.0.0.1:' +
-        port +
-        '/packages/monitor/tests/browser/check.html',
-    );
-    console.log('Browser debugging port: ' + debugging);
-    await new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve));
-  }
-} finally {
-  socket?.close();
-  child.kill();
-  await Promise.race([new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve)), sleep(2000)]);
-  await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
-  if (
-    path.dirname(path.resolve(profile)) === path.resolve(tmpdir()) &&
-    path.basename(profile).startsWith('latkit-monitor-')
-  )
-    await rm(profile, { recursive: true, force: true, maxRetries: 10, retryDelay: 100 });
-  else console.error('Refusing to remove unexpected browser profile path');
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/verify.js b/packages/monitor/tests/browser/verify.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 74a81522..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/browser/verify.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,620 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, selectBatches } from '@latkit/model';
-import { protocol } from '@latkit/connect';
-/* global document, GPUBufferUsage, GPUMapMode, PointerEvent, OffscreenCanvas, createImageBitmap */
-import { createMonitor } from '@latkit/monitor';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { SignalSource } from './generated/fixture.js';
-function assert(value, message) {
-  if (!value) throw new Error(message);
-}
-/** Raw target pixels, for progressive frames a complete image never shows. */
-async function pixels(gpu, target) {
-  const stride = Math.ceil((target.width * 4) / 256) * 256,
-    read = gpu.buffer({
-      size: stride * target.height,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-    });
-  const encoder = gpu.device.createCommandEncoder();
-  encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
-    { texture: target.texture() },
-    { buffer: read.buffer, bytesPerRow: stride },
-    [target.width, target.height],
-  );
-  gpu.device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
-  await read.buffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
-  const data = new Uint8Array(read.buffer.getMappedRange()).slice();
-  read.buffer.unmap();
-  read.destroy();
-  return { data, stride };
-}
-/** A complete image of a view, decoded to RGBA. */
-async function snapshot(view, width = 512, height = 256) {
-  const bitmap = await createImageBitmap(await view.image({ width, height, pixelRatio: 1 }), {
-    colorSpaceConversion: 'none',
-    premultiplyAlpha: 'none',
-  });
-  const context = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height).getContext('2d', {
-    willReadFrequently: true,
-  });
-  context.drawImage(bitmap, 0, 0);
-  bitmap.close();
-  return { data: context.getImageData(0, 0, width, height).data, stride: width * 4 };
-}
-/** The next value a view reports for an event, or undefined after a timeout. */
-function next(view, event, ms = 5000) {
-  return new Promise((resolve) => {
-    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-      off();
-      resolve(undefined);
-    }, ms);
-    const off = view.on(event, (value) => {
-      clearTimeout(timer);
-      off();
-      resolve(value);
-    });
-  });
-}
-function bright(image, x, y, radius = 2) {
-  let max = 0;
-  for (let j = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y - radius)); j <= Math.min(255, Math.ceil(y + radius)); j++)
-    for (
-      let i = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x - radius));
-      i <= Math.min(511, Math.ceil(x + radius));
-      i++
-    )
-      max = Math.max(max, image.data[j * image.stride + i * 4]);
-  return max > 80;
-}
-/** Block queries and field requests made through the Gpu's reader, in order. */
-function record(gpu) {
-  const queries = [],
-    open = gpu.reader.open.bind(gpu.reader);
-  gpu.reader.open = (options) => {
-    const scope = open(options);
-    return {
-      get signal() {
-        return scope.signal;
-      },
-      at: scope.at,
-      get busy() {
-        return scope.busy;
-      },
-      read(data, query) {
-        queries.push(query);
-        return scope.read(data, query);
-      },
-      fields(request) {
-        queries.push({ kind: 'fields', rows: request.rows, window: request.window });
-        return scope.fields(request);
-      },
-      extent: (request) => scope.extent(request),
-      recording: (record) => scope.recording(record),
-      hold: (entries) => scope.hold(entries),
-      close: () => scope.close(),
-    };
-  };
-  return queries;
-}
-export async function verify(gpu) {
-  const queries = record(gpu);
-  const checks = [];
-  globalThis.pixelChecks = checks;
-  const target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 512, height: 256 });
-  const draw = (view, complete = true) =>
-    gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(view), target }],
-      timeMs: 10,
-      ...(complete ? { completion: 'complete' } : {}),
-    });
-  const render = async (source, extra = {}, trace = {}) => {
-    const origin = source.options.valueOrigin ?? 0,
-      lo = source.coordinate(0),
-      hi = source.coordinate(source.frames - 1);
-    const view = createMonitor(gpu, {
-      source: source.data,
-      traces: {
-        a: {
-          from: 'signal',
-          y: 'value',
-          widthPx: 2.5,
-          color: [1, 0.25, 0.05, 1],
-          ...trace,
-        },
-      },
-      camera: { x: [lo, hi], y: [origin - 2, origin + 2] },
-      xAxis: false,
-      yAxis: false,
-      paddingPx: 12,
-      background: [0, 0, 0, 1],
-      ...extra,
-    });
-    globalThis.checkView = view;
-    return {
-      view,
-      image: await snapshot(view),
-      x: (f) => 12 + ((source.coordinate(f) - lo) / (hi - lo)) * 488,
-      y: (v) => 12 + ((origin + 2 - v) / 4) * 232,
-    };
-  };
-  for (const mode of [
-    'raw',
-    'gaps',
-    'relative',
-    'envelope',
-    'fallback',
-    'relative envelope',
-    'msaa',
-  ]) {
-    document.querySelector('#status').textContent = 'Pixel check: ' + mode;
-    const source = new SignalSource(
-      1,
-      mode === 'envelope' || mode === 'fallback' || mode === 'relative envelope' ? 8192 : 128,
-      {
-        native: mode === 'envelope' || mode === 'relative envelope',
-        gaps: mode === 'gaps',
-        coordinateOrigin: mode.startsWith('relative') ? 2 ** 40 : 0,
-        valueOrigin: mode.startsWith('relative') ? 2 ** 40 : 0,
-        reverse: mode === 'raw',
-        blockFrames: mode === 'raw' ? 7 : 1024,
-      },
-    );
-    const out = await render(source, { msaa: mode === 'msaa' ? 4 : 1 });
-    let found = 0,
-      tested = 0;
-    for (let f = 1; f < source.frames - 1; f += Math.max(1, Math.floor(source.frames / 100))) {
-      if (!source.valid(0, f)) continue;
-      tested++;
-      if (bright(out.image, out.x(f), out.y(source.value(0, f)), 3)) found++;
-    }
-    assert(found / tested > 0.93, mode + ': missing native observations ' + found + '/' + tested);
-    if (mode === 'gaps') {
-      for (const f of [48, 49, 50, 51, 52])
-        assert(
-          !bright(out.image, out.x(f), out.y(source.value(0, f)), 1),
-          'Line crosses an invalid observation',
-        );
-    }
-    checks.push({ mode, found, tested });
-    out.view.destroy();
-  }
-  for (const interpolation of ['step-before', 'step-after']) {
-    const source = new SignalSource(1, 2);
-    source.value = (_row, frame) => (frame === 0 ? -0.75 : 0.75);
-    const out = await render(source, {}, { interpolation });
-    const value = interpolation === 'step-before' ? 0.75 : -0.75;
-    assert(bright(out.image, 256, out.y(value), 2), interpolation + ' does not preserve its step');
-    assert(
-      !bright(out.image, 256, out.y(-value), 2),
-      interpolation + ' uses the wrong step orientation',
-    );
-    out.view.destroy();
-    checks.push({ mode: interpolation, passed: true });
-  }
-  const focusSource = new SignalSource(2, 128);
-  focusSource.value = (row) => (row ? 1 : -1);
-  const focused = await render(focusSource, { selectedColor: [0, 1, 0, 1] });
-  const hits = await focused.view.pick([focused.x(64), focused.y(1)], { radiusPx: 3, limit: 1 });
-  assert(
-    hits[0]?.row === 1 && hits[0].frame === focusSource.firstFrame + 64,
-    'Picking lost the exact native observation',
-  );
-  focused.view.select([hits[0]]);
-  const focusedPixels = await snapshot(focused.view);
-  const ix = Math.round(focused.x(64)),
-    iy = Math.round(focused.y(1)),
-    pixel = iy * focusedPixels.stride + ix * 4;
-  assert(
-    focusedPixels.data[pixel + 1] > 100 && focusedPixels.data[pixel] < 30,
-    'Focus did not composite the selected row',
-  );
-  focused.view.destroy();
-  checks.push({ mode: 'native focus and picking', passed: true });
-  // Check every submitted image, including intermediate work and cancelled replacements.
-  const stableSource = new SignalSource(2, 256, { blockFrames: 16 });
-  stableSource.value = (row) => (row ? 1 : -1);
-  const stable = await render(stableSource, { selectedColor: [0, 1, 0, 1] });
-  const stableRenderer = kit.rendererOf(stable.view);
-  stable.view.select([
-    { source: stableSource.data, index: stableSource.index, row: 1, field: 'value' },
-  ]);
-  await draw(stable.view);
-  let checkedFrames = 0;
-  async function checkStable() {
-    const image = await pixels(gpu, target),
-      x = Math.floor(target.width / 2);
-    const color = (fraction, channel) => {
-      const y = 12 + (target.height - 24) * fraction;
-      let max = 0;
-      for (let row = Math.floor(y) - 2; row <= Math.ceil(y) + 2; row++)
-        max = Math.max(max, image.data[row * image.stride + x * 4 + channel]);
-      return max;
-    };
-    assert(color(0.25, 1) > 100, 'Selected history disappeared during replacement');
-    assert(color(0.75, 0) < 100, 'Unselected history flashed to full brightness');
-    checkedFrames++;
-  }
-  const resizeReads = gpu.stats().queries;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
-    target.resize({ width: 512 + i * 4, height: 256 + i * 2 });
-    await draw(stable.view, false);
-    await checkStable();
-  }
-  assert(gpu.stats().queries === resizeReads, 'Resize burst rebuilt source history');
-  await draw(stable.view);
-  await checkStable();
-  const [lo, hi] = stable.view.camera.x,
-    center = { coordinate: (lo + hi) / 2, value: 0 },
-    presented = stable.view.locate(center);
-  stable.view.set({ camera: { x: [0.2, 1.4] } });
-  await draw(stable.view, false);
-  await checkStable();
-  // The axes and the stretched image show the new window at once, and so does locate.
-  const moved = stable.view.locate(center);
-  assert(moved && moved[0] !== presented[0], 'Locate does not follow the drawn camera');
-  stable.view.set({ camera: { x: [0.4, 1.6] } });
-  for (let i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
-    await draw(stable.view, false);
-    await checkStable();
-    const pending = stableRenderer.pending;
-    if (!pending) break;
-    await pending;
-  }
-  assert(!stableRenderer.pending, 'Replacement did not complete');
-  const committed = stable.view.locate({ coordinate: 1, value: 0 });
-  assert(
-    committed && Math.abs(committed[0] - target.width / 2) < 1e-6,
-    'Final window was not committed',
-  );
-  stable.view.set({ msaa: 4 });
-  await draw(stable.view, false);
-  await checkStable();
-  await draw(stable.view);
-  await checkStable();
-  stable.view.destroy();
-  target.resize({ width: 512, height: 256 });
-  checks.push({
-    mode: 'resize, focus, cancellation and window continuity',
-    checkedFrames,
-    passed: true,
-  });
-  // Sampled visibility must refine raw samples instead of misapplying envelope representatives.
-  document.querySelector('#status').textContent = 'Pixel check: visibility';
-  const visibilityStart = queries.length;
-  const visibility = new SignalSource(1, 4096, { native: true });
-  const shown = await render(visibility, {}, { visible: 'visible' });
-  assert(
-    !queries.slice(visibilityStart).some((q) => q.kind === 'envelope'),
-    'Sampled visibility used lossy summaries',
-  );
-  shown.view.destroy();
-  checks.push({ mode: 'sampled visibility', passed: true });
-  // A rejected shader never replaces the working pipeline.
-  document.querySelector('#status').textContent = 'Pixel check: shade';
-  const source = new SignalSource(1, 128);
-  const effect = await render(source, {}, { shade: 'value' });
-  const rejected = next(effect.view, 'error');
-  effect.view.set({ shade: { wgsl: 'not valid WGSL' } });
-  assert(await rejected, 'Invalid shade accepted');
-  effect.view.set({
-    shade: {
-      wgsl: 'fn shade(f:ShadeFragment)->vec4f { return vec4f(0.0,1.0,0.0,f.color.a); }',
-    },
-  });
-  // The working pipeline draws until the new one compiles and asks for a frame.
-  const compiled = new Promise((resolve) => {
-    const off = kit.rendererOf(effect.view).on('invalidate', () => {
-      off();
-      resolve();
-    });
-  });
-  await Promise.race([compiled, next(effect.view, 'error')]);
-  const green = await snapshot(effect.view);
-  let colored = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < green.data.length; i += 4)
-    if (green.data[i + 1] > 100 && green.data[i] < 20) colored++;
-  assert(colored > 100, 'Shared Shade did not affect history');
-  effect.view.destroy();
-  checks.push({ mode: 'transactional shade', passed: true });
-  const local = new SignalSource(3, 128);
-  const bounds = {
-    messageBytes: 1024 * 1024,
-    metadataBytes: 64 * 1024,
-    publicationBatches: 64,
-  };
-  const received = [];
-  for await (const batch of selectBatches(local.data, [{ from: 'signal', select: ['value'] }])) {
-    const frame = protocol.decode(
-      protocol.preparePublication(batch, 1, local.schema, bounds).encode(1),
-      bounds,
-    );
-    received.push(...protocol.decodePublication({ bytes: frame.payload }, local.schema, bounds));
-  }
-  const delivered = createData(local.schema, received);
-  const connected = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    source: delivered,
-    traces: { a: { from: 'signal', y: 'value' } },
-    camera: { x: [0, 1.27], y: [-2, 2] },
-    xAxis: false,
-    yAxis: false,
-  });
-  try {
-    await draw(connected);
-    const coordinate = local.coordinate(60),
-      value = local.value(1, 60);
-    const hits = await connected.pick(
-      [12 + (coordinate / 1.27) * 488, 12 + ((2 - value) / 4) * 232],
-      { radiusPx: 0.25, limit: 3 },
-    );
-    assert(
-      hits.some(
-        (hit) =>
-          hit.source === delivered &&
-          hit.row === 1 &&
-          hit.frame === local.firstFrame + 60 &&
-          hit.value === value,
-      ),
-      'Connected source changed the native reading contract',
-    );
-    connected.destroy();
-    assert(local.data.tables.signal.fields.value.length > 0, 'Application data changed');
-    checks.push({ mode: 'decoded publication ownership', passed: true });
-  } finally {
-    connected.destroy();
-  }
-  target.destroy();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  gpu.trim();
-  return checks;
-}
-function summary(values) {
-  const sorted = [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b);
-  return {
-    medianMs: sorted[Math.floor(sorted.length / 2)],
-    p95Ms: sorted[Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.floor(sorted.length * 0.95))],
-  };
-}
-export async function benchmark(gpu) {
-  const queries = record(gpu);
-  const result = [];
-  globalThis.benchmarkProgress = result;
-  const target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 960, height: 480 });
-  for (const [name, rows, frames] of [
-    ['many rows', 100000, 32],
-    ['long history', 1, 1000000],
-    ['signals', 64, 4096],
-  ]) {
-    const source = new SignalSource(rows, frames, { native: true });
-    const view = createMonitor(gpu, {
-      source: source.data,
-      traces: {
-        signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value', widthPx: 1, color: [0.2, 0.7, 0.9, 0.15] },
-      },
-      camera: { x: [0, source.coordinate(frames + 32)], y: [-1.4, 1.4] },
-      xAxis: 'Coordinate',
-      yAxis: 'Value',
-      limits: { historyBytes: 96 * 1024 ** 2 },
-    });
-    const renderer = kit.rendererOf(view);
-    globalThis.benchmarkView = view;
-    const progress = { name, phase: 'initial', started: performance.now() };
-    result.push(progress);
-    document.querySelector('#status').textContent = 'Benchmark: ' + name;
-    let prepared = [],
-      began = performance.now();
-    const finish = gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer, target }],
-      timeMs: 0,
-      completion: 'complete',
-    });
-    await finish;
-    await gpu.idle();
-    const initialMs = performance.now() - began;
-    progress.phase = 'steady';
-    const reads = gpu.stats().queries,
-      steady = [],
-      moving = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < 45; i++) {
-      began = performance.now();
-      await gpu.render({
-        views: [{ renderer, target, at: source.coordinate(i) }],
-        timeMs: i * 16,
-      });
-      await gpu.idle();
-      if (i >= 5) steady.push(performance.now() - began);
-    }
-    assert(gpu.stats().queries === reads, 'Playhead caused history queries');
-    progress.phase = 'resizing';
-    for (let i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
-      target.resize({ width: 960 + (i % 2) * 4, height: 480 + (i % 2) * 2 });
-      began = performance.now();
-      await gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer, target }], timeMs: i * 16 });
-      await gpu.idle();
-      moving.push(performance.now() - began);
-      prepared.push(view.stats().prepareMs);
-    }
-    assert(gpu.stats().queries === reads, 'Resizing caused history queries before settling');
-    await gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer, target }], timeMs: 1000, completion: 'complete' });
-    progress.phase = 'focus';
-    const q = queries.length;
-    view.select([{ source: source.data, index: source.index, row: 0, field: 'value' }]);
-    began = performance.now();
-    await gpu.render({ views: [{ renderer, target }], timeMs: 1000, completion: 'complete' });
-    await gpu.idle();
-    const focusMs = performance.now() - began;
-    assert(
-      queries
-        .slice(q)
-        .filter((q) => q.kind === 'samples' || q.kind === 'fields')
-        .every((q) => q.rows?.kind === 'range' && q.rows.count === 1),
-      'Focus expanded unrelated rows',
-    );
-    Object.assign(progress, {
-      phase: 'complete',
-      name,
-      rows,
-      observationsPerRow: frames,
-      initialMs,
-      steady: summary(steady),
-      resizing: summary(moving),
-      prepare: summary(prepared),
-      focusMs,
-      historyBytes: view.stats().historyBytes,
-      gpu: gpu.stats(),
-      noQueriesDuringInteraction: true,
-    });
-    view.destroy();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    gpu.trim();
-  }
-  target.destroy();
-  return result;
-}
-
-// Actual requestAnimationFrame scheduling, with canvas pixels checked after each submission.
-export async function canvasLatency(gpu) {
-  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
-  canvas.style.cssText = 'width:640px;height:240px;border:0';
-  document.querySelector('#results').before(canvas);
-  const copy = document.createElement('canvas'),
-    ctx = copy.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true });
-  const source = new SignalSource(64, 4096, { native: true });
-  const events = [];
-  let firstVisibleMs,
-    completeMs,
-    resolve,
-    reject,
-    phase = 'initial',
-    timer,
-    received = 0,
-    focusedAt,
-    focusMs;
-  const finished = new Promise((yes, no) => {
-    resolve = yes;
-    reject = no;
-  });
-  const started = performance.now();
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    canvas,
-    source: source.data,
-    traces: { a: { from: 'signal', y: 'value', color: [0, 1, 0, 1], widthPx: 3 } },
-    camera: { x: [0, 41], y: [-2, 2] },
-    xAxis: false,
-    yAxis: false,
-  });
-  let live,
-    selected = false;
-  monitor.on('error', reject);
-  monitor.on('select', (readings) => {
-    selected = readings.length > 0;
-  });
-  const deadlines = setTimeout(
-    () => reject(new Error('Canvas streaming benchmark timed out')),
-    20000,
-  );
-  function capture() {
-    copy.width = canvas.width;
-    copy.height = canvas.height;
-    ctx.drawImage(canvas, 0, 0);
-    return ctx.getImageData(0, 0, copy.width, copy.height);
-  }
-  function green(image, x, y) {
-    const ratio = canvas.width / 640;
-    let found = false;
-    for (
-      let j = Math.max(0, Math.floor(y * ratio) - 3);
-      j <= Math.min(image.height - 1, Math.ceil(y * ratio) + 3);
-      j++
-    )
-      for (
-        let i = Math.max(0, Math.floor(x * ratio) - 3);
-        i <= Math.min(image.width - 1, Math.ceil(x * ratio) + 3);
-        i++
-      )
-        if (image.data[(j * image.width + i) * 4 + 1] > 100) found = true;
-    return found;
-  }
-  const rendered = () => {
-    const now = performance.now();
-    if (phase === 'initial') {
-      if (monitor.stats().visible && firstVisibleMs === undefined) {
-        const image = capture();
-        assert(
-          image.data.some((v, i) => i % 4 === 1 && v > 100),
-          'Published initial canvas was blank',
-        );
-        firstVisibleMs = now - started;
-      }
-      if (!monitor.stats().refining) {
-        completeMs = now - started;
-        phase = 'focus';
-        focusedAt = now;
-        const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect(),
-          x = 12 + (source.coordinate(250) / 41) * 616,
-          y = 12 + ((2 - source.value(0, 250)) / 4) * 216;
-        for (const type of ['pointerdown', 'pointerup'])
-          canvas.dispatchEvent(
-            new PointerEvent(type, {
-              pointerId: 1,
-              button: 0,
-              clientX: rect.x + x,
-              clientY: rect.y + y,
-              bubbles: true,
-            }),
-          );
-      }
-    } else if (phase === 'focus' && selected && !monitor.stats().refining) {
-      focusMs = now - focusedAt;
-      phase = 'empty';
-      live = new SignalSource(1, 0);
-      live.value = () => 0;
-      monitor.set({ source: live.data, camera: { x: [0, 1] } });
-    } else if (phase === 'empty' && !monitor.stats().refining) {
-      phase = 'stream';
-      timer = setInterval(() => {
-        events.push({ coordinate: live.coordinate(received), receivedAt: performance.now() });
-        received++;
-        live.append(1);
-        monitor.set({ source: live.data });
-        if (received === 40) {
-          clearInterval(timer);
-          timer = undefined;
-        }
-      }, 8);
-    } else if (phase === 'stream') {
-      const image = capture();
-      for (const event of events)
-        if (event.latencyMs === undefined && green(image, 12 + event.coordinate * 616, 120))
-          event.latencyMs = now - event.receivedAt;
-      if (
-        received === 40 &&
-        events.every((e) => e.latencyMs !== undefined) &&
-        !monitor.stats().refining
-      ) {
-        phase = 'done';
-        resolve({
-          firstVisibleMs,
-          completeMs,
-          clickToFocusMs: focusMs,
-          stream: summary(events.map((e) => e.latencyMs)),
-          received,
-          visible: events.length,
-        });
-      }
-    }
-  };
-  monitor.on('frame', () => {
-    try {
-      rendered();
-    } catch (error) {
-      reject(error);
-    }
-  });
-  try {
-    return await finished;
-  } finally {
-    clearTimeout(deadlines);
-    if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
-    monitor.destroy();
-    canvas.remove();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/contract.ts b/packages/monitor/tests/contract.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9237e9c9..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/contract.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import { createMonitor, type Monitor } from '../src/index.js';
-import type { Gpu, Scale } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Data } from '@latkit/model';
-export function usage(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  recording: Data,
-  canvas: HTMLCanvasElement,
-  color: Scale.Color,
-): Monitor {
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    canvas,
-    at: 5,
-    source: recording,
-    traces: { temperature: { from: 'node', y: 'temperature', color } },
-    camera: { x: [0, 10] },
-    yAxis: 'Temperature',
-    hover: 'auto',
-  });
-  monitor.on('select', (readings) => monitor.fit(readings, { animate: true }));
-  monitor.set({ camera: { x: [5, 15] }, traces: { temperature: { color: 'temperature' } } });
-  // @ts-expect-error Frame preparation stays inside the view.
-  void monitor.prepare;
-  // @ts-expect-error Sources are borrowed, never closed by a view.
-  void monitor.close;
-  return monitor;
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/fixture.ts b/packages/monitor/tests/fixture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d20bd07d..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/fixture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-import { appendData, createData, read, type Data, type Schema, type Query } from '@latkit/model';
-/** Values belong to this test application's store, with small independent backing allocations. */
-export class SignalSource {
-  readonly index = { source: 'monitor-fixture', type: 'signal', version: 'rows0' };
-  readonly firstFrame = 2 ** 40;
-  before = 0;
-  private cached?: Data;
-  private storedThrough = 0;
-  constructor(
-    readonly count = 32,
-    public frames = 4096,
-    readonly options: {
-      native?: boolean;
-      coordinateOrigin?: number;
-      valueOrigin?: number;
-      step?: number;
-      gaps?: boolean;
-      reverse?: boolean;
-      blockFrames?: number;
-      duplicates?: boolean;
-    } = {},
-  ) {}
-  coordinate(frame: number) {
-    return (
-      (this.options.coordinateOrigin ?? 0) +
-      (this.options.duplicates ? Math.floor(frame / 2) : frame) * (this.options.step ?? 0.01)
-    );
-  }
-  value(row: number, frame: number, field = 'value') {
-    return (
-      (this.options.valueOrigin ?? 0) +
-      Math.sin(frame * 0.013 + row * 0.071 + (field === 'other' ? 1 : 0)) *
-        (0.35 + (row % 31) / 40) +
-      Math.cos(frame * 0.0031 + row * 0.17) * 0.2
-    );
-  }
-  valid(row: number, frame: number) {
-    return (
-      !this.options.gaps || (!(frame % 127 >= 45 && frame % 127 <= 55) && (row + frame) % 211 !== 0)
-    );
-  }
-  readonly schema: Schema = {
-    axis: { name: 'coordinate' },
-    types: {
-      signal: {
-        fields: {
-          value: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, nullable: true },
-          other: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, nullable: true },
-          weight: { type: 'float64' },
-          visible: { type: 'float64', sampled: true },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  get data(): Data {
-    if (this.cached && this.storedThrough === this.frames) return this.cached;
-    const rows = { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count: this.count },
-      batches: Data.SampleBatch[] = [];
-    const staticBatches: Data.RowBatch[] = [];
-    if (!this.cached)
-      staticBatches.push({
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: this.index,
-        rows,
-        columns: {
-          weight: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: this.count,
-            values: Float64Array.from({ length: this.count }, (_, i) => i),
-          },
-        },
-      });
-    for (let f = this.storedThrough; f < this.frames; f += this.options.blockFrames ?? 64) {
-      const nf = Math.min(this.options.blockFrames ?? 64, this.frames - f);
-      const coordinates = Float64Array.from({ length: nf }, (_, i) => this.coordinate(f + i));
-      for (let r = 0; r < this.count; r += 16) {
-        const nr = Math.min(16, this.count - r);
-        const columns: import('@latkit/model').Data.SampleBatch['columns'] = Object.fromEntries(
-          ['value', 'other', 'visible'].map((name) => {
-            const values = new Float64Array(nr * nf),
-              validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(values.length / 8));
-            for (let j = 0; j < nf; j++)
-              for (let i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
-                const at = j * nr + i;
-                values[at] =
-                  name === 'visible' ? ((f + j) % 23 < 18 ? 1 : 0) : this.value(r + i, f + j, name);
-                if (name === 'visible' || this.valid(r + i, f + j))
-                  validity[at >>> 3] |= 1 << (at & 7);
-              }
-            return [
-              name,
-              {
-                kind: 'numeric',
-                offset: 0,
-                length: values.length,
-                values,
-                validity,
-                rowStride: 1,
-                frameStride: nr,
-              },
-            ];
-          }),
-        );
-        batches.push({
-          kind: 'samples',
-          index: this.index,
-          rows: { kind: 'range', offset: r, count: nr },
-          firstFrame: this.firstFrame + f,
-          coordinates,
-          columns,
-        });
-      }
-    }
-    this.storedThrough = this.frames;
-    this.cached = this.cached
-      ? appendData(this.cached, batches)
-      : createData(this.schema, [...staticBatches, ...batches]);
-    return this.cached;
-  }
-  append(count: number): void {
-    this.frames += count;
-  }
-  query<Q extends Query>(query: Q, options?: Query.Options) {
-    return read(this.data, query, options);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/monitor.test.ts b/packages/monitor/tests/monitor.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 49939823..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/monitor.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,888 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  createData,
-  type Data,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Domain,
-  type Reader,
-  type Index,
-  type Query,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { renderer as testRenderer } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.js';
-import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, kit, pulse, type Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor, type Monitor } from '../src/index.js';
-import { SignalSource } from './fixture.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-import { ticks } from '../src/ticks.js';
-import { expanded } from '../src/config.js';
-
-/** What a call throws. */
-function failure(run: () => void): unknown {
-  try {
-    run();
-  } catch (error) {
-    return error;
-  }
-}
-/** Drive the pointer as input does. */
-const pointer = (monitor: Monitor, point: readonly [number, number] | null) =>
-  (monitor as unknown as { pointer(point: readonly [number, number] | null): void }).pointer(point);
-type History = Record<
-  string,
-  { layers: readonly { kind: string; progress: Map<string, { through?: number }> }[] } | undefined
->;
-const historyOf = (monitor: Monitor, which: 'presentedHistory' | 'exportedHistory') =>
-  (monitor as unknown as Record<string, History | undefined>)[which];
-/** The last frame each image of the presented, or exported, history holds for a trace. */
-const through = (
-  monitor: Monitor,
-  image: 'front' | 'back' = 'front',
-  history: 'presentedHistory' | 'exportedHistory' = 'presentedHistory',
-) =>
-  historyOf(monitor, history)
-    ?.[image]?.layers.find((layer) => layer.progress.has('signal'))
-    ?.progress.get('signal')?.through;
-/** One read the monitor asked of a scope. */
-interface Request {
-  readonly kind: string;
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-  readonly select?: readonly string[];
-  readonly fields?: Readonly<Record<string, FieldInput>>;
-  readonly window?: Query.Window;
-}
-const fieldNames = (fields: Readonly<Record<string, FieldInput>>) =>
-  Object.values(fields).flatMap((input) =>
-    typeof input === 'string' ? [input] : 'field' in input ? [input.field] : [],
-  );
-/** Record every read the monitor makes through the Gpu's reader. */
-function record(gpu: Gpu, requests: Request[]) {
-  const open = gpu.reader.open.bind(gpu.reader);
-  vi.spyOn(gpu.reader, 'open').mockImplementation((options) => {
-    const scope = open(options);
-    const recorded: Reader.Scope = {
-      get signal() {
-        return scope.signal;
-      },
-      at: scope.at,
-      get busy() {
-        return scope.busy;
-      },
-      read(source, query) {
-        requests.push({ source, ...query });
-        return scope.read(source, query);
-      },
-      fields(request) {
-        requests.push({ ...request, kind: 'fields', select: fieldNames(request.fields) });
-        return scope.fields(request);
-      },
-      extent(request) {
-        requests.push({ ...request, kind: 'extent' });
-        return scope.extent(request);
-      },
-      recording: (record) => scope.recording(record),
-      hold: (entries) => scope.hold(entries),
-      close: () => scope.close(),
-    };
-    return recorded;
-  });
-}
-/** Frames reads the monitor made for history, as [first, end). */
-const drawn = (requests: readonly Request[]) =>
-  requests.flatMap((q) =>
-    q.kind === 'fields' && q.window?.kind === 'frames'
-      ? [[q.window.offset, q.window.offset + q.window.count] as const]
-      : [],
-  );
-async function harness(source = new SignalSource(4, 128), options: Partial<Monitor.Config> = {}) {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  const encoder = fake.native.createCommandEncoder.getMockImplementation()!;
-  fake.native.createCommandEncoder.mockImplementation(() =>
-    Object.assign(encoder(), {
-      beginRenderPass: () => ({ setPipeline() {}, setBindGroup() {}, draw() {}, end() {} }),
-    }),
-  );
-  Object.assign(fake.native, { createPipelineLayout: () => ({}) });
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device, validate: true });
-  const target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 512, height: 256 });
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    source: source.data,
-    traces: { signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value' } },
-    camera: {
-      x: [source.coordinate(source.before), source.coordinate(source.frames + 127)],
-      y: [(source.options.valueOrigin ?? 0) - 2, (source.options.valueOrigin ?? 0) + 2],
-    },
-    xAxis: false,
-    yAxis: false,
-    ...options,
-  });
-  const requests: Request[] = [];
-  record(gpu, requests);
-  const renderer = kit.rendererOf(monitor);
-  const render = (complete = true, at?: number) =>
-    gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer, target, at }],
-      timeMs: performance.now(),
-      ...(complete ? { completion: 'complete' as const } : {}),
-    });
-  /** The canvas point of a reading under the latest camera; the plot spans 12 to 500 by 12 to 244. */
-  const point = (frame: number, row = 0) => {
-    const { x: window, y: values } = monitor.camera;
-    return [
-      12 + ((source.coordinate(frame) - window[0]) / (window[1] - window[0])) * 488,
-      12 + ((values[1] - source.value(row, frame)) / (values[1] - values[0])) * 232,
-    ] as const;
-  };
-  return {
-    fake,
-    requests,
-    gpu,
-    target,
-    monitor,
-    renderer,
-    render,
-    source,
-    point,
-    close() {
-      monitor.destroy();
-      target.destroy();
-      gpu.destroy();
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-describe('history', () => {
-  it('draws history across frames never recorded, each run apart', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    const signal = h.source,
-      rows = { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count: signal.count };
-    const run = (first: number, count: number): Data.SampleBatch => ({
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index: signal.index,
-      rows,
-      firstFrame: first,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => signal.coordinate(first + i)),
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(
-        ['value', 'other', 'visible'].map((name) => [
-          name,
-          {
-            kind: 'numeric' as const,
-            offset: 0,
-            length: count * signal.count,
-            rowStride: 1,
-            frameStride: signal.count,
-            values: Float64Array.from({ length: count * signal.count }, (_, k) =>
-              name === 'visible'
-                ? 1
-                : signal.value(k % signal.count, first + Math.floor(k / signal.count), name),
-            ),
-          },
-        ]),
-      ),
-    });
-    // Frames 64 to 299 were never recorded.
-    const gapped = createData(signal.schema, [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: signal.index,
-        rows,
-        columns: {
-          weight: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: signal.count,
-            values: new Float64Array(signal.count),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      run(0, 64),
-      run(300, 64),
-    ]);
-    const errors: unknown[] = [];
-    h.monitor.on('error', (error) => errors.push(error));
-    h.monitor.set({ source: gapped, camera: { x: [0, signal.coordinate(363)] } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(errors).toEqual([]);
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(363);
-    // No read spans the frames never recorded.
-    for (const [first, end] of drawn(h.requests)) expect(end <= 64 || first >= 300).toBe(true);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('draws history once and never reads it again for a playhead', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats()).toMatchObject({ rows: 4, visible: true, refining: false });
-    expect(h.renderer.pending).toBeUndefined();
-    const reads = h.gpu.stats().queries,
-      uploads = h.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-    for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) await h.render(true, i);
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(reads);
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - uploads).toBeLessThan(8192);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('exports into its own history, leaving the presented images and picking as they were', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    await h.render();
-    const [hit] = await h.monitor.pick(h.point(64), { radiusPx: 1, limit: 1 });
-    const front = (h.monitor as unknown as Record<string, { front?: object }>).presentedHistory
-      .front;
-    const exported = kit.createTextureTarget(h.gpu, { width: 256, height: 512 });
-    await h.gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: h.renderer, target: exported, presented: false }],
-      timeMs: performance.now(),
-      completion: 'complete',
-    });
-    // The export drew everything at its own size, and the canvas's history is untouched.
-    expect(through(h.monitor, 'front', 'exportedHistory')).toBe(h.source.firstFrame + 127);
-    expect(
-      (h.monitor as unknown as Record<string, { front?: object }>).presentedHistory.front,
-    ).toBe(front);
-    expect(await h.monitor.pick(h.point(64), { radiusPx: 1, limit: 1 })).toEqual([hit]);
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    // Presenting again lets the export's history go.
-    await h.render();
-    expect(through(h.monitor, 'front', 'exportedHistory')).toBeUndefined();
-    exported.destroy();
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('appends draw only the new frames, joined to the last frame drawn', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    await h.render();
-    const last = through(h.monitor)!;
-    expect(last).toBe(h.source.firstFrame + 127);
-    h.requests.length = 0;
-    h.source.append(8);
-    h.monitor.set({ source: h.source.data });
-    await h.render();
-    const reads = drawn(h.requests);
-    expect(reads.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(reads.every(([first]) => first >= last)).toBe(true);
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(h.source.firstFrame + 135);
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('draws every frame streamed into a fixed window at epoch coordinates', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(16, 1, { coordinateOrigin: 1.7e9, step: 0.1 });
-    const h = await harness(source, {
-      camera: { x: [1.7e9, 1.7e9 + 60], y: [-2, 2] },
-    });
-    await h.render();
-    for (let i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
-      source.append(1);
-      h.monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-      await h.render(false);
-    }
-    await h.render();
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(source.firstFrame + 300);
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    const [hit] = await h.monitor.pick(h.point(300), { radiusPx: 1, limit: 1 });
-    expect(hit).toMatchObject({ row: 0, frame: source.firstFrame + 300 });
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('streams into a monitor created before any samples arrive', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(8, 0);
-    const h = await harness(source, { camera: { x: [0, 4] } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-      source.append(1);
-      h.monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-      await h.render(false);
-      expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(source.firstFrame + i);
-    }
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('keeps drawing arrivals into the shown image while a replacement draws behind it', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(new SignalSource(64, 4096), { limits: { segmentsPerFrame: 4096 } });
-    await h.render();
-    h.monitor.set({ camera: { x: [h.source.coordinate(0), h.source.coordinate(5000)] } });
-    await h.render(false);
-    expect(through(h.monitor, 'back')).toBeLessThan(h.source.firstFrame + 4095);
-    h.source.append(4);
-    h.monitor.set({ source: h.source.data });
-    await h.render(false);
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(h.source.firstFrame + 4099);
-    await h.render();
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(h.source.firstFrame + 4099);
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('pauses a chunk between row blocks and finishes it without drawing a line twice', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(new SignalSource(160, 128), { limits: { segmentsPerFrame: 100 } });
-    const seen = new Map<string, number>();
-    for (let i = 0; i < 400 && h.monitor.stats().refining !== false; i++) {
-      await h.render(false);
-      for (const [first, end] of drawn(h.requests.splice(0)))
-        seen.set(first + ':' + end, (seen.get(first + ':' + end) ?? 0) + 1);
-    }
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(h.source.firstFrame + 127);
-    expect([...seen.keys()].length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('replaces a resized image only once resizing pauses, reusing uploads', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    await h.render();
-    const reads = h.gpu.stats().queries;
-    h.target.resize({ width: 600, height: 300 });
-    await h.render(false);
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(reads);
-    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 130));
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('keeps explicit data bindings when the default source receives more samples', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(2, 128),
-      original = source.data;
-    const h = await harness(source, {
-      traces: {
-        signal: { from: 'signal', y: { source: original, from: 'signal', field: 'value' } },
-      },
-    });
-    await h.render();
-    const last = through(h.monitor);
-    source.append(8);
-    h.monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(last);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('fails explicitly when rows exceed the configured capacity', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    h.monitor.destroy();
-    const view = createMonitor(h.gpu, {
-      source: h.source.data,
-      traces: { a: { from: 'signal', y: 'value' } },
-      camera: { x: [0, 2], y: [-2, 2] },
-      limits: { rows: 1 },
-      xAxis: false,
-      yAxis: false,
-    });
-    await expect(
-      h.gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(view), target: h.target }],
-        completion: 'complete',
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'resource-limit' });
-    view.destroy();
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('marks frames drawn only when their frame is submitted', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(new SignalSource(16, 512));
-    const broken = testRenderer(() => {
-      throw new Error('cancel frame');
-    });
-    await expect(
-      h.gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [
-          { renderer: h.renderer, target: h.target },
-          { renderer: broken, target: h.target },
-        ],
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow('cancel frame');
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBeUndefined();
-    await h.render();
-    expect(through(h.monitor)).toBe(h.source.firstFrame + 511);
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().rows).toBe(16);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('does not submit partial work when another renderer fails', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    await h.render();
-    const n = h.fake.queue.submit.mock.calls.length;
-    const broken = testRenderer(() => {
-      throw new Error('other renderer');
-    });
-    await expect(
-      h.gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [
-          { renderer: h.renderer, target: h.target },
-          { renderer: broken, target: h.target },
-        ],
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow('other renderer');
-    expect(h.fake.queue.submit.mock.calls.length).toBe(n);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('does not redraw shaded history on pointer movement', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(undefined, { hover: 'off' });
-    await h.render();
-    h.monitor.set({ shade: { wgsl: 'fn shade(f:ShadeFragment)->vec4f { return f.color; }' } });
-    await h.render();
-    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 0));
-    await h.render();
-    const reads = h.gpu.stats().queries,
-      uploads = h.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-      pointer(h.monitor, [200 + i, 100]);
-      await h.render(false);
-    }
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(reads);
-    expect(h.renderer.pending).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - uploads).toBeLessThan(8192);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('keeps application observations usable after destroying a monitor', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(2, 32),
-      value = source.data,
-      h = await harness(source);
-    await h.render();
-    h.close();
-    expect(source.data).toBe(value);
-    expect(value.tables.signal.fields.value.at(0)!.column.length).toBe(64);
-  });
-});
-
-describe('looks', () => {
-  /** A trace colored by what it plots, over a domain the application keeps. */
-  const colored = (domain: Domain, colormap: 'viridis' | 'magma' = 'viridis') => ({
-    signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value', color: { field: 'value', domain, colormap } },
-  });
-  it('recolors history without drawing or reading any of it again', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(undefined, { traces: colored([-1, 1]) });
-    await h.render();
-    const { segments } = h.monitor.stats(),
-      queries = h.gpu.stats().queries;
-    expect(segments).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    for (let i = 1; i <= 8; i++) {
-      h.monitor.set({ traces: colored([-1 - i, 1 + i], i % 2 ? 'magma' : 'viridis') });
-      await h.render();
-    }
-    expect(h.monitor.stats()).toMatchObject({ segments, refining: false });
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(queries);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('draws only arrivals when a domain widens with them', async () => {
-    const plain = await harness(),
-      widening = await harness(undefined, { traces: colored([-1, 1]) });
-    await plain.render();
-    await widening.render();
-    const start = [plain.monitor.stats().segments, widening.monitor.stats().segments];
-    for (let i = 1; i <= 16; i++) {
-      plain.source.append(1);
-      widening.source.append(1);
-      plain.monitor.set({ source: plain.source.data });
-      widening.monitor.set({ source: widening.source.data, traces: colored([-1 - i, 1 + i]) });
-      await plain.render();
-      await widening.render();
-    }
-    expect(widening.monitor.stats().segments - start[1]).toBe(
-      plain.monitor.stats().segments - start[0],
-    );
-    expect(through(widening.monitor)).toBe(widening.source.firstFrame + 143);
-    plain.close();
-    widening.close();
-  });
-  it('shades mapped traces as they compose, never in history', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(undefined, { hover: 'off', shade: pulse(), traces: colored([-1, 1]) });
-    await h.render();
-    const { segments } = h.monitor.stats();
-    for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) await h.render(false);
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().segments).toBe(segments);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('shares one layer among fixed colors, and one per look among mapped traces', async () => {
-    const fixed = { from: 'signal', y: 'value' } as const,
-      other = (domain: Domain) => ({ ...fixed, color: { field: 'other', domain } });
-    const h = await harness(undefined, {
-      traces: {
-        a: fixed,
-        b: { ...fixed, color: [1, 0, 0, 1] },
-        c: { ...fixed, color: [0, 1, 0, 1] },
-        d: colored([-1, 1]).signal,
-        e: colored([-1, 1]).signal,
-        f: colored([-2, 2]).signal,
-        g: other([-1, 1]),
-        h: other([-1, 1]),
-      },
-    });
-    await h.render();
-    // Traces colored by what they plot keep coverage alone; by another field, its values.
-    expect(historyOf(h.monitor, 'presentedHistory')?.front?.layers.map((l) => l.kind)).toEqual([
-      'color',
-      'coverage',
-      'coverage',
-      'value',
-    ]);
-    const { segments } = h.monitor.stats();
-    h.monitor.set({ traces: { g: other([-3, 3]), h: other([-3, 3]) } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().segments).toBe(segments);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('keeps a few looks apart and bakes the rest, within the default memory', async () => {
-    const looks = (n: number, shift = 0) =>
-      Object.fromEntries(
-        Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => [
-          't' + i,
-          {
-            from: 'signal',
-            y: 'value',
-            color: { field: 'other', domain: [-1 - i * 0.1 - shift, 1] as const },
-          },
-        ]),
-      );
-    const h = await harness(undefined, { traces: looks(8) });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(historyOf(h.monitor, 'presentedHistory')?.front?.layers.map((l) => l.kind)).toEqual([
-      'value',
-      'value',
-      'value',
-      'value',
-      'color',
-    ]);
-    // A look kept apart recolors as it composes; a baked one draws its layer again.
-    const { segments } = h.monitor.stats();
-    h.monitor.set({ traces: { t0: looks(1, 0.05).t0 } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().segments).toBe(segments);
-    h.monitor.set({ traces: { t5: { ...looks(8, 0.5).t5 } } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().segments).toBeGreaterThan(segments);
-    // Sixteen looks and a new window hold within the default limit.
-    h.monitor.set({ traces: looks(16) });
-    await h.render();
-    h.monitor.set({ camera: { x: [h.source.coordinate(0), h.source.coordinate(200)] } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().refining).toBe(false);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('grows fitted values with headroom as new extremes arrive, drawing history a few times', async () => {
-    /** Values that swing wider each frame, as a disturbance grows. */
-    class Swelling extends SignalSource {
-      value(row: number, frame: number, field = 'value') {
-        return super.value(row, frame, field) * (1 + frame * 0.02);
-      }
-    }
-    const source = new Swelling(4, 32),
-      h = await harness(source, {
-        camera: { x: [source.coordinate(0), source.coordinate(400)] },
-      });
-    await h.render();
-    let redraws = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-      const before = h.monitor.stats().segments;
-      source.append(1);
-      h.monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-      await h.render();
-      // An append draws one segment a row; more draws history again.
-      if (h.monitor.stats().segments - before > 4) redraws++;
-    }
-    expect(redraws).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(redraws).toBeLessThan(20);
-    let lo = Infinity,
-      hi = -Infinity;
-    for (let r = 0; r < 4; r++)
-      for (let f = 0; f < source.frames; f++) {
-        lo = Math.min(lo, source.value(r, f));
-        hi = Math.max(hi, source.value(r, f));
-      }
-    const grownY = h.monitor.camera.y;
-    expect(grownY[0]).toBeLessThan(lo);
-    expect(grownY[1]).toBeGreaterThan(hi);
-    // A new window fits tightly again.
-    h.monitor.set({ camera: { x: [source.coordinate(0), source.coordinate(401)] } });
-    await h.render();
-    const tight = h.monitor.camera.y;
-    expect(tight[0]).toBeLessThan(lo);
-    expect(tight[1]).toBeGreaterThan(hi);
-    expect(tight[1] - tight[0]).toBeLessThan(grownY[1] - grownY[0]);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('draws a trace again when what it reads changes', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(undefined, { traces: colored([-1, 1]) });
-    await h.render();
-    const { segments } = h.monitor.stats();
-    h.monitor.set({
-      traces: { signal: { ...colored([-1, 1]).signal, interpolation: 'step-after' } },
-    });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().segments).toBeGreaterThan(segments);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('keeps history when equal rows arrive as a new array', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(4, 128),
-      rows = () => ({
-        kind: 'indices' as const,
-        index: source.index,
-        values: Uint32Array.of(0, 2),
-      }),
-      h = await harness(source, {
-        traces: { signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value', rows: rows() } },
-      });
-    await h.render();
-    const { segments } = h.monitor.stats();
-    h.monitor.set({ traces: { signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value', rows: rows() } } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().segments).toBe(segments);
-    h.close();
-  });
-});
-
-describe('fitted values', () => {
-  it('fit the window as frames append, and grow without rereading history', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(4, 64);
-    const h = await harness(source, { camera: { x: [0, 2] } });
-    await h.render();
-    const fitted = h.monitor.camera.y;
-    let lo = Infinity,
-      hi = -Infinity;
-    for (let r = 0; r < 4; r++)
-      for (let f = 0; f < 64; f++) {
-        const v = source.value(r, f);
-        if (source.valid(r, f)) [lo, hi] = [Math.min(lo, v), Math.max(hi, v)];
-      }
-    expect(fitted[0]).toBeLessThan(lo);
-    expect(fitted[1]).toBeGreaterThan(hi);
-    h.requests.length = 0;
-    source.append(64);
-    h.monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.requests.filter((q) => q.kind === 'extent' || q.kind === 'aggregate')).toEqual([]);
-    expect(h.monitor.camera.fit).toBe(true);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('fits the window to every recorded coordinate of every trace', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(2, 64, { coordinateOrigin: 3 }),
-      longer = new SignalSource(2, 96, { coordinateOrigin: 3 });
-    const h = await harness(source, {
-      traces: {
-        signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value' },
-        longer: { from: 'signal', y: { source: longer.data, from: 'signal', field: 'value' } },
-      },
-      camera: { x: [0, 1], y: [-2, 2] },
-    });
-    await h.render();
-    h.monitor.fit();
-    expect(h.monitor.camera).toMatchObject({
-      x: [source.coordinate(0), longer.coordinate(95)],
-      fit: true,
-    });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().visible).toBe(true);
-    h.close();
-  });
-});
-
-describe('inspection', () => {
-  it('picks exact Float64 readings and focuses only the selected row', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(3, 32, {
-      coordinateOrigin: 2 ** 40,
-      valueOrigin: 2 ** 40,
-      step: 0.125,
-    });
-    const h = await harness(source);
-    await h.render();
-    const hits = await h.monitor.pick(h.point(10, 1), { radiusPx: 0.5, limit: 4 });
-    const hit = hits.find((item) => item.row === 1)!;
-    expect(hit).toMatchObject({
-      frame: source.firstFrame + 10,
-      value: source.value(1, 10),
-      coordinate: source.coordinate(10),
-      source: h.source.data,
-    });
-    h.requests.length = 0;
-    h.monitor.select([hit]);
-    await h.render();
-    const focused = h.requests.filter((q) => q.kind === 'fields');
-    expect(focused.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(
-      focused.every((q) => q.rows?.kind === 'range' && q.rows.offset === 1 && q.rows.count === 1),
-    ).toBe(true);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('reports exact hover a frame later and reuses it while the pointer rests', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(undefined, { hover: 'on', pickRadiusPx: 200 });
-    const hovered = vi.fn();
-    h.monitor.on('hover', hovered);
-    await h.render();
-    pointer(h.monitor, [256, 128]);
-    await h.render();
-    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 10));
-    expect(hovered).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    expect(hovered).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ trace: 'signal' }));
-    const reads = h.gpu.stats().queries;
-    await h.render(false);
-    await h.render(false);
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(reads);
-    expect(h.monitor.stats().hover).toBe('active');
-    pointer(h.monitor, null);
-    await Promise.resolve();
-    expect(hovered).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(null);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('reuses exact inspection at the same pointer without another query', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    await h.render();
-    const point = [256, 128] as const;
-    const first = await h.monitor.pick(point, { limit: 1 });
-    const reads = h.gpu.stats().queries;
-    expect(await h.monitor.pick(point, { limit: 1 })).toEqual(first);
-    expect(h.gpu.stats().queries).toBe(reads);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('reports camera changes, focuses several rows, and locates readings', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    const cameras = vi.fn();
-    h.monitor.on('camera', cameras);
-    await h.render();
-    expect(cameras).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    const [hit] = await h.monitor.pick([256, 128], { radiusPx: 300, limit: 1 });
-    const point = h.monitor.locate(hit)!;
-    expect(point[0]).toBeCloseTo(hit.point[0], 3);
-    expect(point[1]).toBeCloseTo(hit.point[1], 3);
-    const row = (row: number) => ({ source: h.source.data, index: h.source.index, row });
-    h.requests.length = 0;
-    h.monitor.select([row(2), row(0)]);
-    await h.render();
-    const focused = h.requests.filter((q) => q.kind === 'fields');
-    expect(focused.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-    expect(
-      focused.every((q) => q.rows?.kind === 'indices' && [...q.rows.values].join() === '0,2'),
-    ).toBe(true);
-    h.monitor.set({ camera: { x: [1, 2] } });
-    expect(h.monitor.camera).toMatchObject({ x: [1, 2], fit: false });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(cameras).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ x: [1, 2] }));
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('reads the coordinate under a canvas point of the drawn plot', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    expect(h.monitor.coordinateAt([256, 128])).toBeNull();
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.coordinateAt(h.point(40))).toBeCloseTo(h.source.coordinate(40), 6);
-    expect(h.monitor.coordinateAt([4, 128])).toBeNull();
-    expect(h.monitor.coordinateAt([256, 250])).toBeNull();
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('keeps selected rows through appends and prunes them with their row space', async () => {
-    const source = new SignalSource(3, 32);
-    const h = await harness(source);
-    const selected = vi.fn();
-    h.monitor.on('select', selected);
-    await h.render();
-    const row = { source: source.data, index: source.index, row: 1 };
-    expect(
-      failure(() =>
-        h.monitor.select([{ ...row, index: { ...source.index, source: 'elsewhere' } }]),
-      ),
-    ).toMatchObject({ code: 'conflict' });
-    h.monitor.select([row]);
-    await h.render();
-    source.append(4);
-    h.monitor.set({ source: source.data });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.selection).toEqual([row]);
-    const replaced = Object.assign(new SignalSource(3, 32), {
-      index: { source: 'replacement', type: 'signal', version: 'rows0' },
-    });
-    h.monitor.set({ source: replaced.data });
-    await h.render();
-    await Promise.resolve();
-    expect(h.monitor.selection).toEqual([]);
-    expect(selected).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith([]);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('frames readings once and reveals one outside the window', async () => {
-    const h = await harness();
-    await h.render();
-    const [hit] = await h.monitor.pick([256, 128], { radiusPx: 300, limit: 1 });
-    h.monitor.fit([hit]);
-    await h.render();
-    const framed = h.monitor.camera;
-    expect(framed.fit).toBe(false);
-    expect((framed.x[0] + framed.x[1]) / 2).toBeCloseTo(hit.coordinate, 9);
-    expect(framed.y[0]).toBeLessThan(hit.value);
-    expect(framed.y[1]).toBeGreaterThan(hit.value);
-    h.monitor.set({ camera: { x: [10, 11], y: [-2, 2] } });
-    await h.render();
-    expect(h.monitor.locate(hit)![0]).toBeLessThan(0);
-    h.monitor.reveal(hit);
-    const shown = h.monitor.camera;
-    expect((shown.x[0] + shown.x[1]) / 2).toBeCloseTo(hit.coordinate, 9);
-    expect(shown.x[1] - shown.x[0]).toBeCloseTo(1, 9);
-    h.close();
-  });
-  it('drops selected readings whose trace is no longer drawn', async () => {
-    const h = await harness(undefined, {
-      traces: {
-        signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value' },
-        other: { from: 'signal', y: 'other' },
-      },
-    });
-    const selected = vi.fn();
-    h.monitor.on('select', selected);
-    await h.render();
-    const [hit] = await h.monitor.pick([256, 128], { radiusPx: 300, limit: 1 });
-    const row = { source: h.source.data, index: h.source.index, row: 2, trace: 'other' };
-    h.monitor.select([hit, row]);
-    h.monitor.set({ traces: { [hit.trace]: null } });
-    await h.render();
-    await Promise.resolve();
-    expect(h.monitor.selection).toEqual(hit.trace === 'other' ? [] : [row]);
-    expect(selected).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-    h.close();
-  });
-});
-
-it('rejects unknown options and limits, and invalid cameras', async () => {
-  const h = await harness();
-  expect(() => h.monitor.set({ limits: { frameMs: 3 } as never })).toThrow('Unknown monitor limit');
-  expect(() => h.monitor.set({ detail: 'full' } as never)).toThrow('Unknown monitor option');
-  h.monitor.set({ selectedColor: [0, 1, 0, 1], limits: { segmentsPerFrame: 9 } });
-  expect(failure(() => h.monitor.set({ camera: { x: [2, 1] } }))).toMatchObject({
-    code: 'invalid-input',
-  });
-  expect(failure(() => h.monitor.set({ camera: { follow: 1 } as never }))).toMatchObject({
-    code: 'invalid-input',
-  });
-  await h.render();
-  expect(h.monitor.stats()).toMatchObject({ rows: 4, visible: true, refining: false });
-  h.close();
-});
-it('frames a domain with fitPaddingPx clear on each side, in pixels of the plot', () => {
-  // 100 units across the 100 pixels the padding leaves: one unit a pixel.
-  expect(expanded([0, 100], 10, 20, 130)).toEqual([-10, 120]);
-  expect(expanded([0, 100])).toEqual([0, 100]);
-  // An empty domain grows by a hair, so it still has a span.
-  const [lo, hi] = expanded([5, 5], 10, 10, 100);
-  expect(lo).toBeLessThan(5);
-  expect(hi).toBeGreaterThan(5);
-  expect(hi - lo).toBeLessThan(1e-4);
-});
-it('formats fractional and large-offset ticks without duplicate labels', () => {
-  const small = ticks([0, 0.1], 320, {});
-  expect(new Set(small.items.map((t) => t.label)).size).toBe(small.items.length);
-  expect(small.items.some((t) => t.label === '0.025')).toBe(true);
-  const large = ticks([2 ** 40, 2 ** 40 + 1], 640, {});
-  expect(large.offset).toBe(2 ** 40);
-  expect(large.items.length).toBeGreaterThan(2);
-});
-it('takes a whole config, changing nothing when it repeats the one held', async () => {
-  const h = await harness();
-  const invalidated = vi.fn(),
-    off = h.renderer.on!('invalidate', invalidated);
-  try {
-    const held = h.monitor.config,
-      config = () => ({
-        source: h.source.data,
-        traces: { signal: { from: 'signal', y: 'value' } },
-        xAxis: false as const,
-        yAxis: false as const,
-      });
-    h.monitor.set(config(), { replace: true });
-    expect(h.monitor.config).toBe(held);
-    expect(invalidated).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    h.monitor.set({ ...config(), yAxis: undefined }, { replace: true });
-    expect(h.monitor.config).not.toHaveProperty('yAxis');
-    expect(invalidated).toHaveBeenCalled();
-  } finally {
-    off();
-    h.close();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tests/picking.test.ts b/packages/monitor/tests/picking.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a2403bb..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tests/picking.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-import { appendData, createData, textColumn, type Data, type Schema } from '@latkit/model';
-import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, kit, type Point } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createMonitor, type Monitor } from '../src/index.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-
-const index = { source: 'picking', type: 'Bus', version: '1' };
-const schema: Schema = {
-  axis: { name: 'time' },
-  types: { Bus: { fields: { Vm: { type: 'float64', sampled: true } } } },
-};
-/** Rows sampled at `coordinates`, a list of values each; NaN where a sample is missing. */
-function signals(coordinates: readonly number[], rows: readonly (readonly number[])[]): Data {
-  const count = rows.length,
-    values = new Float64Array(coordinates.length * count);
-  coordinates.forEach((_, f) => rows.forEach((row, r) => (values[f * count + r] = row[f])));
-  const range = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count } as const;
-  const base = createData(schema, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: range,
-      ids: textColumn(rows.map((_, r) => 'Bus/' + r)),
-      columns: {},
-    },
-  ]);
-  return appendData(base, [
-    {
-      kind: 'samples',
-      index,
-      rows: range,
-      firstFrame: 0,
-      coordinates: Float64Array.from(coordinates),
-      columns: {
-        Vm: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          values,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: values.length,
-          rowStride: 1,
-          frameStride: count,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ]);
-}
-/** A monitor 100 by 100 pixels whose plot spans it all: coordinates 0 to 10 across, values 0 to 2 up. */
-async function plotted(source: Data, trace: Partial<Monitor.Config['traces'][string]> = {}) {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  const encoder = fake.native.createCommandEncoder.getMockImplementation()!;
-  fake.native.createCommandEncoder.mockImplementation(() =>
-    Object.assign(encoder(), {
-      beginRenderPass: () => ({ setPipeline() {}, setBindGroup() {}, draw() {}, end() {} }),
-    }),
-  );
-  Object.assign(fake.native, { createPipelineLayout: () => ({}) });
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 100, height: 100 });
-  const monitor = createMonitor(gpu, {
-    source,
-    traces: { a: { from: 'Bus', y: 'Vm', ...trace } },
-    camera: { x: [0, 10], y: [0, 2] },
-    xAxis: false,
-    yAxis: false,
-    paddingPx: 0,
-    hover: 'on',
-  });
-  const render = (at?: number) =>
-    gpu.render({
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(monitor), target, at }],
-      timeMs: 0,
-      completion: 'complete',
-    });
-  await render();
-  const pick = (point: Point, radiusPx = 2) => monitor.pick(point, { radiusPx });
-  return {
-    gpu,
-    monitor,
-    render,
-    pick,
-    close() {
-      monitor.destroy();
-      target.destroy();
-      gpu.destroy();
-    },
-  };
-}
-const as = <T>(monitor: Monitor) => monitor as unknown as T;
-
-describe('picking', () => {
-  it('hits a line between samples farther apart than the pick radius, reading the nearer one', async () => {
-    const m = await plotted(signals([0, 10], [[1, 1]]));
-    expect(await m.pick([50, 50])).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(await m.pick([30, 50])).toMatchObject([{ frame: 0, value: 1, coordinate: 0 }]);
-    expect(await m.pick([70, 50])).toMatchObject([{ frame: 1, value: 1, coordinate: 10 }]);
-    m.close();
-  });
-  it('hits a lone sample as the dot it draws', async () => {
-    const m = await plotted(signals([5], [[1]]));
-    expect(await m.pick([50, 50])).toMatchObject([{ frame: 0 }]);
-    m.close();
-  });
-  it('finds each row once, not the samples near the pointer', async () => {
-    const m = await plotted(signals([4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2], [Array(5).fill(1), Array(5).fill(1)]));
-    const hits = await m.pick([50, 50]);
-    expect(hits.map((hit) => hit.row).sort()).toEqual([0, 1]);
-    m.close();
-  });
-  it('hits steps where they draw, never their diagonal', async () => {
-    const before = await plotted(signals([0, 10], [[0, 2]]), { interpolation: 'step-before' });
-    expect(await before.pick([50, 0])).toMatchObject([{ frame: 1, value: 2 }]);
-    expect(await before.pick([0, 50])).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(await before.pick([50, 50])).toHaveLength(0);
-    before.close();
-    const after = await plotted(signals([0, 10], [[0, 2]]), { interpolation: 'step-after' });
-    expect(await after.pick([50, 100])).toMatchObject([{ frame: 0, value: 0 }]);
-    expect(await after.pick([50, 50])).toHaveLength(0);
-    after.close();
-  });
-  it('joins no samples across a missing one, but holds a step after it', async () => {
-    const linear = await plotted(signals([0, 5, 10], [[1, Number.NaN, 1]]));
-    expect(await linear.pick([25, 50])).toHaveLength(0);
-    linear.close();
-    const held = await plotted(signals([0, 5, 10], [[1, Number.NaN, 1]]), {
-      interpolation: 'step-after',
-    });
-    expect(await held.pick([25, 50])).toMatchObject([{ frame: 0, value: 1 }]);
-    expect(await held.pick([75, 50])).toHaveLength(0);
-    held.close();
-  });
-  it('hits a wide line across its stroke, and none of a line past the values shown', async () => {
-    const thin = await plotted(signals([0, 10], [[1, 1]]));
-    expect(await thin.pick([50, 58])).toHaveLength(0);
-    thin.close();
-    const wide = await plotted(signals([0, 10], [[1, 1]]), { widthPx: 20 });
-    expect(await wide.pick([50, 58])).toHaveLength(1);
-    wide.close();
-    const above = await plotted(signals([0, 10], [[2.04, 2.04]]));
-    expect(await above.pick([50, 0])).toHaveLength(0);
-    above.close();
-  });
-  it('answers again without reading while the drawn lines stand, as through playback', async () => {
-    const m = await plotted(signals([0, 5, 10], [[1, 1, 1]]));
-    const first = await m.pick([30, 50]),
-      read = () => m.gpu.stats().queries + m.gpu.stats().queryHits,
-      before = read();
-    await m.render(2);
-    expect(await m.pick([30, 50])).toEqual(first);
-    expect(read()).toBe(before);
-    m.close();
-  });
-  it('selects a line, wherever along it a click lands, and hovers each reading along it', async () => {
-    const m = await plotted(signals([0, 5, 10], [[1, 1, 1]]));
-    const [hit] = await m.pick([30, 50]);
-    m.monitor.select([hit]);
-    const click = as<{ click(point: Point, modifiers: object): Promise<void> }>(m.monitor);
-    // A toggle on another part of the selected line deselects it.
-    await click.click([90, 50], { shift: true, control: false, meta: false, alt: false });
-    expect(m.monitor.selection).toEqual([]);
-    const hovered = vi.fn<(reading: { readonly frame: number } | null) => void>();
-    m.monitor.on('hover', hovered);
-    const pointer = as<{ pointer(point: Point): void }>(m.monitor),
-      settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 10));
-    // Hover lands a frame after its search.
-    for (const at of [5, 95]) {
-      pointer.pointer([at, 50]);
-      await m.render();
-      await settle();
-      await m.render();
-    }
-    expect(hovered.mock.calls.map(([reading]) => reading?.frame)).toEqual([0, 2]);
-    m.close();
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tsconfig.build.json b/packages/monitor/tsconfig.build.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8635e454..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tsconfig.build.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "noEmit": false,
-    "emitDeclarationOnly": true,
-    "outDir": "dist",
-    "rootDir": "src"
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tsconfig.json b/packages/monitor/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b37c7cb..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types"],
-    "noEmit": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/monitor/tsup.config.ts b/packages/monitor/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d2fa4282..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: { banner: '/// <reference types="@webgpu/types" />' },
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  platform: 'browser',
-  splitting: false,
-  loader: { '.wgsl': 'text' },
-});
diff --git a/packages/monitor/vitest.config.ts b/packages/monitor/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 88f3c0a2..00000000
--- a/packages/monitor/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-import { wgsl } from '../../vitest.wgsl';
-export default defineConfig({
-  plugins: [wgsl],
-  test: { name: '@latkit/monitor', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] },
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/network/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e1f9951..00000000
--- a/packages/network/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,632 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/network
-
-## 0.22.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: Stacked and outlined monitor plots, network restyles that reach laid-out vertices and laned edges, and video coordinates that wait for their data.
-
-  Added
-
-  - monitor: `tickLabels: false` keeps an axis's line and grid without tick labels or their room; `outline` closes the plot on the sides its axes leave open.
-  - video: `at` may resolve later, once the views are ready to draw its coordinate, and receives the export's signal. It is asked while the frame before encodes, so loading overlaps encoding.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - monitor: the plot leaves room only for what its axes write, from the options alone: an x axis without a label no longer reserves a label row. A tick offset ends its axis's tick labels, at the right of the x labels and atop the y labels, instead of joining the axis label.
-  - monitor: a tick offset is the window's start rounded down to a power of ten no smaller than its span, so it stays short and stands as the window moves; ticks fall on their step and move with the values. A negative offset reads `-600010`, not `+-600010`.
-  - monitor: an axis's `grid` and `tickLabels`, and `outline`, must be booleans.
-  - network: a new style draws over vertices layout placed and edges in lanes; they kept the old one.
-
-- 37cad8c: A geography package draws the earth alone or beneath a network, and network edges curve over the globe and pick on every projection.
-
-  Added
-
-  - geography: `createGeography` draws the ground, areas, lines, and labels from Data, `geojson()`, or `tiles()`, flat or on a globe. Data prepares in workers, simplified alike along shared borders, and each frame draws what is in view at the detail it shows.
-  - geography: `geojson()` reads a URL, as a string or a `URL`, as `tiles()` does; a Blob such as a local file; or bytes, gzipped or not; decoded and parsed in a worker.
-  - geography: `tiles()` reads vector tiles from a PMTiles archive by URL, as a local file, or as bytes; a `{z}/{x}/{y}` template; or TileJSON. A feature with an id is one item in every tile and zoom that holds it. `info.schema` holds each layer's fields as the tiles' metadata declares them.
-  - geography: tiles decode only the layers and properties records read, and every tile carries each field read, typed as declared, so a name no feature of a tile holds reads as empty there instead of failing the frame. Tiles share one schema, so what reads them plans once.
-  - geography: a record whose `visible` is false draws its labels alone; nothing of it hovers or picks.
-  - geography: lines take `dash` and `flowPx` as network edges do, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - network: `ground` draws a view beneath the graph, such as a geography, in its pass. Its sun lights the graph, and a gesture the graph leaves reaches it unless its `input` is `'none'`.
-  - network: the `mercator` projection, for geographic data.
-  - network: edges curve over the globe on the GPU, in as many pieces as the screen needs; geodesics also draw on flat and mercator maps.
-  - gpu: `Labels` takes `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx`, for every view that labels in CSS pixels.
-  - gpu: `ProjectedCamera`; `kit.Projector` and `kit.projectionShader`, one projection in TypeScript and WGSL; `kit.layerOf` and the `Layer` types, which draw one view beneath another; `stroke_comet` in `kit.strokeShader`; and `BaseView.paused`, called as a view pauses.
-  - model: `Work` takes a `Work.Priority`; `'background'` work yields to everything else.
-  - model: a `geographic` field may hold lists of positions, as polylines, and lists of those, as rings.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `grid` and `gridColor` draw lines of the data's x and y beneath the graph, as before longitude and latitude for geographic data and now also a plain plane's, the nicest step at least `gridMinSpacingPx` apart; over a ground, the ground's own `grid` draws instead.
-  - network: an edge's `route` defaults to `geodesic` on the globe and `straight` on flat maps.
-  - network: geographic positions start on the mercator plane, as a geography does.
-  - network: picking and hover query hit-test indexes on every projection, built in the background once the positions and the camera hold still. Only rows raised by `z` scan.
-  - network: a dashed edge picks along its whole length, gaps included.
-  - network: a camera move uploads no draw parameters, and a frame draws edges in one render pass.
-  - gpu: `ItemView.Config` holds no `source`; each view's config declares its own.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network: `paths`, `PathOptions`, and `LineOptions`. Draw lines that join no vertices as a geography's `lines`.
-  - network: `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight`, `sunTime`, `nightFloor`, `surfaceNightFloor`, `terminatorWidth`, `pathColor`, and `pathWidthPx`. Set `earthAxis`, `surfaceColor`, `daylight` (a time, `'now'`, or `false`), `nightFloor`, and `terminatorWidth` on a geography, and its `grid` for lines of longitude and latitude.
-  - network: `Camera` and `Projection`. Import `ProjectedCamera` from `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - network: `NetworkLabels`. Its `fontSizePx` and `repeatSpacingPx` are `Labels` options now.
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.19.0
-  - @latkit/model@4.2.0
-
-## 0.21.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 6ebb914: Selected and hovered items glow in every view, picks answer with what the frame draws, and a network draws its selection over the rest, so a crowded region never hides it.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `itemKey(item, ...qualifiers)`, the identity every view's selection builds on.
-  - gpu: `unselectedAlpha` for every view, `glowAlpha` and `stroke_nearest` in the kit shaders, and a view's `detail` hook.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - gpu: `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` color a glow, and `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`, now 6 and 8, set its reach. `'none'` glows in each item's own color.
-  - gpu: clicks, double clicks, and menus answer with what the presented frame draws; a later one supersedes one still finding its hits. Clicking again in place cycles only while the same items lie there.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.touch` takes several ranges as one revision.
-  - network: selected and hovered rows, and the ends of a focused edge, draw over everything but labels. Picks keep one hit per item and take `limit`.
-  - diagram: selected, hovered, and targeted items glow. Selecting a row of another row space throws `conflict`.
-  - monitor: pick and hover hit a line anywhere it draws, one reading per row, and a reading selects its row. A selected trace glows, and a lone sample between gaps draws as a dot.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: its own `unselectedAlpha`, now every view's, and the selected traces' minimum width.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [6ebb914]
-  - @latkit/model@4.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.18.0
-
-## 0.20.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [d36979c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.17.0
-
-## 0.20.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 7e03209: Every view places vertices without a position through one layout: a network spreads them among the vertices they join, where it drew them on a circle, and a diagram ranks them as before.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `LayoutOptions`, `LayoutStrategy`, `LayoutPart`, `LayoutItem`, and `Positions`, shared by the views; `kit.Graph`, `kit.place`, and `kit.layoutOptions`, which place a graph's vertices part by part; `kit.channelValues`, a channel's value at every row of a fields block in one pass.
-  - gpu: the `'stress'` layout, which keeps each part's graph distances, an edge `vertexGap` long, with pinned vertices fixed. It is linear in the part: a 100,000-bus network without positions draws its first frame in under half a second.
-  - network: `layout` in the config, `layoutMs` in `limits`, and `arrange`, which places a network's vertices without drawing: positions by vertex type.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: a type without `x` or `y`, and each row whose position reads no number, is placed by `'stress'` among the positioned vertices it joins, each edge as long as theirs; parts nothing positions pack below. Geographic data may hold such rows. Placed vertices stay where they were as the data changes, until the layout options do, and a network that positions every vertex reads nothing more.
-  - diagram: a `LayoutStrategy` arranges a `LayoutPart`: its vertices and edges by index into a graph, with columns of pins, sizes, end directions, ports, and label room. It returns two numbers a vertex.
-  - diagram: in a group, flow runs from the outputs inside it, so a net whose source is outside orders its other ends only by their own directions.
-  - diagram: layout takes about a tenth less time, and `neighborhood` and drags read each vertex's own edges rather than every edge.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - diagram: `LayoutOptions`, `LayoutStrategy`, and `Positions`, now in `@latkit/gpu`; `LayoutGraph`, `LayoutVertex`, `LayoutEdge`, and `LayoutPort`, which `LayoutPart` replaces.
-  - network: placement on a circle, and the error for geographic data with vertices that have no position.
-
-- 7e03209: A network draws each vertex with a marker: a shape, gauge, pie, or icon, or WGSL of your own, in CSS pixels. Animated changes ease on the GPU, flow moves as comets, and every view that zooms navigates the same way.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `shape`, `gauge`, `pie`, and `icon`, with the `Marker`, `MarkerImage`, and `Shape` types; `pulse`, a shade for rows whose `shade` is positive.
-  - gpu: `kit.checkMarker`, `kit.markerShader`, `kit.shapeShader`, `kit.markerAtlas`, `kit.SHAPES`, and `kit.MARKER_INPUTS`; `kit.readRows`; `kit.Grab`, which a view's `grab` returns to take a press before navigation.
-  - gpu: marker WGSL: `MarkerFragment` and `MarkerColor`, and the shared `shapeDistance`, `filled`, `over`, `gaugeMarker`, `pieMarker`, and `markerImage`. A marker's layers carry their own coverage; its distance is its outline, which halos and shadows follow.
-  - network: a vertex type's `marker`; `flowPx` on edges and paths, with `flowColor` and `flowSpacingPx`; `shadows`, `hoverScale`, and `labelHaloPx`.
-  - network: `edgeSpacingPx`, which draws edges joining the same two vertices apart, straight or geodesic, in drawing, picking, and labels; a type with `bends` follows its own routes.
-  - Every view that zooms: a touch held in place opens the context menu, and two pointers pinch.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: `set(…, { animate: true })` eases positions, colors, sizes, widths, flow, and marker inputs over `animationMs`, on the GPU, the short way round a globe; labels follow as the GPU mixes. Rows new to the drawing ease in from nothing, and a transition the GPU budget cannot hold steps. Per-frame CPU work stays the same.
-  - network: labels' halo takes the color of the ground they lie on, `surfaceColor`, in place of `background`.
-  - network: on a globe, the surface no longer cuts markers and labels where it bulges toward the camera across them.
-  - network: a marker's shade colors what the row draws, and its hover and selected halos draw over that, as a diagram's do; a line's do too.
-  - network: hover grows a vertex's marker by `hoverScale`, 1.25 by default.
-  - network: a vertex's label sits in the widest gap between its edges.
-  - diagram: blocks draw with the shared shapes and shadow, and drag through the views' `grab`.
-  - monitor: a fit leaves `fitPaddingPx` clear around the values, in pixels, as every view's fit does. The monitor has no pointer navigation, so the page keeps wheel and touch scrolling.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - monitor: `domainPadding`; use `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - diagram: `Shape`, now in `@latkit/gpu`.
-  - gpu: `clicks` in a view's definition; a view takes the presses it handles with `grab`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.16.0
-
-## 0.19.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- df714d5: Every per-row option is a channel: one value for every row, a field, or a field through a scale. Positions are `x`, `y`, and `z` channels, every view reads its channels through one shader struct, and a view's defaults are named after the channels they stand in for.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `Channel` and `ColorChannel`; `component` on `Scale` and `ColorScale`, and `missing` on both.
-  - gpu: `kit.bindChannels`, `kit.resolveChannels`, `kit.resolveChannel`, `kit.channelValue`, `kit.channelOn`, `kit.writeChannel`, and `kit.resolveLabels`; `LatkitChannel`, `channelNumber`, `channelOn`, `channelColor`, and `finiteValue` in `kit.fieldShader`.
-  - gpu: `stride` on `BufferData.update`, which compares whole records.
-  - network: `x`, `y`, and `z` on vertices; `x` and `y` on a net, where its star meets; `dash` and `shade` on paths; `pathColor` and `pathWidthPx`; `LineOptions`, the options edges and paths share.
-  - diagram: `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height` on vertices; `Positions`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `y`; `traceColor` and `traceWidthPx`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network, diagram, and monitor: `radiusPx`, `widthPx`, `flowPx`, `visible`, `shade`, `dash`, and `status` each take one value, a field name, or a scale. A `widthPx` field draws each network and monitor line at its own width, and spans 1 to 4 CSS pixels in every view.
-  - `color` takes one color for every row, in place of `baseColor`; a scale's `missing` fills rows its field leaves empty.
-  - A boolean channel is on where it reads true or positive in every view; the diagram and monitor showed negative values.
-  - `null` in a config means unset everywhere: options that used it as a value take `'ends'`, `'now'`, or `'none'`.
-  - A view keeps a field name as given: `config` holds `color: 'load'`, not `{ field: 'load' }`.
-  - diagram: `arrange` and a move proposal's `positions` give each type's `{ x, y }`, to spread into its options.
-  - gpu: `revealPaddingPx` takes insets, like `fitPaddingPx`.
-  - gpu: the views of a composition keep their memoized work apart.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update` records one revision for all it changed, so a consumer uploads those ranges rather than everything.
-  - network: positions that change keep the drawn topology; only a type moving between circle, plane, and geographic placement rebuilds it.
-  - network: each page's uniform stays on the GPU between frames, and a frame uploads only the pages that changed; a frame where nothing moved uploads about an eighth of what it did at a million buses.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `height` to `z`, `sizePx` to `radiusPx`, and an edge's `junction` to `x` and `y`; `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor` (`'ends'` for `null`), `heightScale` to `zScale`, and `graticule` to `grid`; a label's `sizePx` to `fontSizePx`.
-  - diagram: `vertexBaseColor` to `vertexColor`, `edgeBaseColor` to `edgeColor`, `flow` to `flowPx`, and a label's `size` to `fontSize`.
-  - monitor: a trace's `field` to `y`; the camera's `window` and `values` to `x` and `y`; `coordinateAxis` and `valueAxis` to `xAxis` and `yAxis`.
-  - gpu: `selectedColor: null` to `'none'`; network `sunTime: null` to `'now'`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - network and diagram: `position` and `baseColor`. diagram: `size`, now `width` and `height`. monitor: `baseColor`.
-  - gpu: `Position2D`, `kit.Expanded`, `ConfigShape.fields` and `nested`, and `kit.scaleParameters`; `LatkitScale`, `scaleMapped`, `fieldNumber`, `fieldScaled`, and `fieldColor` in shaders.
-  - diagram: `DiagramEvents.open`, which every item view's events already carry.
-
-- df714d5: One text system, spatial index, memo, and change test for every view; schemas state facts and views bind every field; diagram styles on the GPU.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `samePages`; `fieldDefinition`; `geographic` on a position field; `ReadScope.recording` and `ReadScope.hold`, with `ReadRecord`.
-  - gpu: `gpu.layoutText`; `kit.BoxIndex`, `kit.Occupancy`, `kit.sameValues`, and `kit.sameRecords`; `kit.fieldShader({ colormap })` adds `fieldColor`, and the field shader carries the scale WGSL.
-  - gpu: `frame.memo(slot, deps, build)`, reused until its deps, the coordinate of a sampled read, a bound buffer, or held memory change.
-  - gpu: `kit.TextBank`, `kit.textOrigin`, and `kit.textBox`, with `TextCandidate` and `TextPlacement`; `TextAlign` and `TextBaseline`; `align` on `TextLayoutInput`; `baseline`, `lineHeight`, `capHeight`, and `align` on `TextLayout`; `latkitAnchor` and a pixel halo in `kit.textShader`.
-  - gpu: `BufferData.update(values)`, which marks only the words that changed.
-  - monitor: `coordinateAt(point)`, the coordinate under a canvas point of the drawn plot.
-  - network: `repeatSpacingPx` on labels.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - network: positions are bound like every other field; without them, rows sit on a circle. Whether they are longitude and latitude comes from the bound fields' `geographic`.
-  - Text draws from one glyph atlas, one SDF per font and grapheme, and repeated layouts are cached. Lines are the font's ascent and descent tall, so every string of a font shares one baseline, and titles, port names, wire labels, and axis ticks center by their capitals.
-  - Every view draws its labels through `kit.TextBank`: a label's glyphs are prepared once, and frames move or hide only its anchor.
-  - `TextBitmap.ascent` and `descent` are the font's line metrics; the rasterizer reports `fontBoundingBox` values.
-  - `textColor(uv, color, halo, haloPx)` in `kit.textShader` takes a halo.
-  - network: labels try right, left, above, and below a marker, never over another marker, with a halo over lines; line labels center on their line.
-  - network and diagram: field reads, scales, style passes, and scene geometry are memoized, so a frame where nothing changed reads and uploads nothing.
-  - diagram: bound colors, widths, flow, shade, and status are written on the GPU, so restyling or playing them never rereads or reroutes the scene, and styles keep playing during a drag.
-  - diagram: wires route as net trees with separated tracks and rounded bends; ports, arrowheads, and junctions scale with the blocks; blocks draw a header band, outline, status ring, and shadow; titles read on any fill; picking holds typed arrays.
-  - diagram: `msaa` defaults to `1`, since every shape antialiases in its shader.
-  - monitor: a null visibility shows the trace; shade defaults to `0`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - diagram: `portSizePx` to `portSize` and `portFontSizePx` to `portFontSize`, in diagram units.
-  - gpu: `kit.BoxIndex.query` to `kit.BoxIndex.some`, which visits until told to stop and allocates nothing.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - model: `TypeDefinition.spatial`. A position field says whether it is `geographic`, and a view binds its positions itself. Schemas cross connect, so peers upgrade together.
-  - gpu: `TextLayout.ascent` and `descent`; `kit.scaleShader` (in `kit.fieldShader`), `kit.defaultShade`, and `kit.localPoint`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-  - @latkit/model@4.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.15.0
-
-## 0.18.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 35b7171: One failure, one item identity, one view contract, one option vocabulary, and one memory budget, with constant CPU work per frame.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `Item`, `sameItem`, and `itemId`; `FailureCode` and `isFailure`; `createMemory`, `Memory`, `MemoryBudget`, and `MemoryStats`; `Work` and `interruptible`.
-  - gpu: the types an app names at the root, including `ViewConfig`, `ViewEvents`, `Patch`, `FrameInfo`, `Viewport`, `Composition`, `Scale`, `ColorScale`, `Position2D`, `Labels`, and the text types; `kit.resolveLimits` and `kit.clearColor`.
-  - Item views: a click in place cycles through overlapping hits and a modifier toggles the topmost; a double click or Enter reports `open`, and a double click on nothing fits the data.
-  - Compositions route pointer, wheel, menu, and key input to the view under the pointer.
-  - network: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types, and `widthPx` on edge types. diagram: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types.
-  - connect: `protocol.forward(id, bytes)` frames a received publication for another stream without encoding it again.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Every package throws model `Failure`s. A peer's error keeps a code latkit knows, and malformed peer data reports `protocol`.
-  - `kit.BaseView`: `resolve` runs once per config, `configure` receives the resolved configs, and `prepare` returns what `encode` and `submitted` receive. `kit.BaseItemView` builds `pipelines` once per variant for every view of a kind, names the view in `kit.ItemShape`, and rejects options it does not know.
-  - One memory pool bounds the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources: `createReader({ memory })`, and `gpu.stats()` and `reader.stats()` return `MemoryStats`. Its defaults are the former sums.
-  - Frames pack their uniforms into shared buffers written once; upload cache hits allocate nothing; network dash phases hold while the camera moves; diagram drags move in the shader and reroute only the wires they touch, so a drag frame costs the same at any size.
-  - `image({ format, quality })` takes `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`, and video `quality` is a number from 0 to 1, as for images.
-  - connect checks a model before it opens a socket.
-  - Internal dependencies publish as caret ranges, and every package whose types name WebGPU depends on `@webgpu/types`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `size` to `sizePx`, a radius in CSS pixels; label `size` to `sizePx`; `curve: 'linear'` to `route: 'straight'`; `focusEnds` to `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds`; `Labels` to `NetworkLabels`.
-  - diagram: edge `width` to `widthPx`; `Labels` to `DiagramLabels`.
-  - connect limits drop `max`: `messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, and `logs`.
-  - gpu: `createRenderTarget` to `createTextureTarget`; `GpuStats` and `Budget` to model `MemoryStats` and `MemoryBudget`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `GpuError`, `GpuErrorCode`, `DataHit`, `kit.Work`, `kit.wheelDelta`, `kit.createCanvasInput`, and `kit.withinBudget`.
-  - network: `focusEnabled`, `hoverAlpha`, and `selectedAlpha`; the alpha of `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` sets the halos.
-  - monitor: the `pickingBytes` limit.
-  - model: `ReaderStats`; reader `maxBytes`, `maxStagingBytes`, and `maxEntries`; `resolveRows`, `RowMapping`, `samplePages`, `copyBuffers`, `sliceColumn`, and `DEFAULT_BLOCK_BYTES`.
-  - connect: `remoteFailure`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [35b7171]
-  - @latkit/model@3.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.14.0
-
-## 0.17.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: Exports never change a view, item views check every option the same way, and views stop cleanly with their Gpu.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `gpu.signal`: aborts when the Gpu stops, with `device-lost` or `closed`.
-  - `FrameInfo.presented` and `RenderView.presented`: video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, render frames that are not presented.
-  - `kit.ItemShape`: an item view describes its framed camera keys, input modes, and style defaults once.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, draw the view as it is and change nothing: its camera, hover, selection, and picking stay as presented. A monitor draws them into history of its own. A view with neither presents in its images.
-  - Unknown camera and input options, and input modes a view does not have, throw `invalid-input` in every view, and the patch changes nothing.
-  - A mode shorthand merges like the option it names: `set({ input: 'inspect' })` keeps `wheel` and `keyboard`.
-  - The `frame` event reports the frame's `FrameInfo` and nothing it borrowed.
-  - A right click opens the context menu where the button comes up; a right drag never opens it.
-  - Views stop drawing when their Gpu stops: device loss reports one `device-lost` error per view, and destroying the Gpu reports none. The Gpu no longer keeps destroyed views alive.
-  - `image()` and `exportVideo` wait for a canvas frame that cannot stop at once, instead of failing `busy`.
-  - `view.config` is typed without `camera`, which lives on `view.camera`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView` takes `(gpu, config, shape)`; `compileShade` receives the `msaa` to compile for; `kit.BaseView`'s `moveCamera` hook is `cameraMove`, which validates before a patch applies.
-  - Network: `pick`, clicks, and context menus wait for the background hit-test index, starting it at once, instead of building it on the main thread.
-  - Video: an export ends with the Gpu's `device-lost` error.
-  - Model: `sliceColumn` returns exactly its kind's keys, so a point read of a sampled field is a plain column however its pages lie; `selectRows` encodes each requested ID into one reused buffer.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Gpu.lost`; use `gpu.signal`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`'s `framed` and `inputMode` members; use `kit.ItemShape`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-  - @latkit/model@2.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.13.0
-
-## 0.16.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Move the CPU data layer from gpu into model as one bounded `Reader`, and drop the data version.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `createReader`, `Reader`, `ReadScope` in model: memoized reads, joined fields, and extents under one budget.
-  - `sampleDomain(pages)` in model.
-  - `gpu.reader`, `frame.reader`, `kit.fieldScale`, `kit.wiring`.
-  - `protocol` namespace export in connect.
-  - `pixelRatio` option for `exportVideo`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createData(schema, batches)` and `appendData(previous, batches)`.
-  - Reads yield blocks only; `RowsBlock.position` is `rowOffset`; `TableData.ids` is `ColumnPages`.
-  - `FieldInput`, `FieldBinding`, `FieldValues`, `FieldsRequest`, `FieldsBlock` (was `NativeFields`), and `ExtentRequest` live in model; `ExtentRequest` takes `{ source, from, rows, field, window }`.
-  - `frame.upload` takes a `FieldsBlock` or `EnvelopeBlock`; `GpuPage.native` is `GpuPage.block`.
-  - `BufferData` and `TextureData` report `revision`.
-  - App-facing gpu types (`CompositionConfig`, `GpuStats`, `Budget`, `ImageOptions`, `TextOptions`, `ColormapOptions`, `ShadeFrame`, …) moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Field shader header is seven words; kinds are named `FIELD_*` constants.
-  - Connect frames carry no version field; the magic is `LATK` and the opcode is u32. Binary descriptors use `type: 'float32' | …`. `connectLattice` is `connectModel`; `maxBatchBytes` is `maxBlockBytes`.
-  - `exportVideo` keeps the view's `at` when no `at` mapping is given.
-  - Monitor `fit()` with no readings fits the recorded window; following appends no longer scans every page, and cached tiles before the window are pruned as it advances.
-  - Diagram re-reads its scene for a new `at` only when a sampled field is bound, and checks edge-end indices.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Data.version`, `QueryHeader`, block `version` fields, and monitor `Reading.version`.
-  - `Gpu.query`, `Gpu.fields`, `Gpu.envelope`, `frame.query`, `frame.fields`, `frame.envelope`, `frame.extent`, `frame.values`, `frame.scale`, `kit.createNativeReader`, `kit.NativeReader`, `kit.QueryResult`.
-  - The `@latkit/connect/protocol` subpath.
-
-- b958ddc: Network, monitor, and diagram build on one item-view base, so camera, selection, picking, hover, style, input, and events behave the same in each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `ItemView`, `ItemViewConfig`, `ItemEvents`, `ViewCamera`, `ViewInput`, `PickOptions`, `ViewStats`, `ViewStyle`, `viewStyle`, and `Point` in gpu.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`, `kit.resolveViewStyle`, `kit.Attachments`, `kit.Work`, `kit.Expanded`, and `kit.HoverSearch`.
-  - `gpu.shaderModule(code, label)`: validated shader modules, shared by identical code.
-  - `stats()` on every view, with frames, preparation time, draw calls, picking bytes, and hover state and time; `pick(point, { radiusPx, limit, signal })` on every item view.
-  - `selectedColor: null`, which keeps each selected item's own color.
-  - `benchmark/`, with `pnpm bench`, `pnpm bench:update`, `pnpm bench:gate`, and a CI gate.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - One set of shared style options and defaults: `background` (was `backgroundColor`), `hoverWidthPx`, `selectedWidthPx`, `selectedColor`, `msaa`, `hover`, `hoverBudgetMs`, `pickRadiusPx`, `fitPaddingPx`, `revealPaddingPx`, `animationMs`, `motion`, `font`, `fontSizePx`, and `textColor`.
-  - `pick` returns hits nearest first, topmost breaking ties, at most 16 by default.
-  - `fit(items)` frames once; `fit()` and `set({ camera: null })` follow all the data. Moving a framed camera key turns `fit` off.
-  - Events arrive together after each frame, in order: `frame`, `camera`, `hover`, `select`.
-  - Unknown options and limits, and invalid cameras, throw `invalid-input`.
-  - `SetOptions`, `DataHit`, `ContextMenu`, `Modifiers`, and `HoverState` moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Network: `showVertices`, `showEdges`, `showPoles`, `showGraticule`, `showEarthAxis` → `markers`, `lines`, `poles`, `graticule`, `earthAxis`; `graticuleColor` → `gridColor`; `vertexHoverPx`/`edgeHoverPx` → `hoverWidthPx`; `vertexSelectedPx`/`edgeSelectedPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limits `maxVertices`, `maxSegments`, `cpuBytes` → `vertices`, `segments`, `geometryBytes`, `pickingBytes`. Items compare by kind, index, and row.
-  - Diagram: `selectionWidthPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limit `prepareMs` → `layoutMs`.
-  - Monitor: `focusColor` → `selectedColor`; `stats().traces` → `rows`; selection survives appends.
-  - Model: a sampled field bound both by name and as a binding to the request's own source is read once; such reads no longer stall under a frames window.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `kit.HoverOptions`, `NetworkInput`, `MonitorInput`, and monitor `PickOptions`; use `ViewStyle`, `ViewInput`, and `PickOptions`.
-
-- b958ddc: Monitors draw streamed frames reliably: each image keeps what it has drawn and draws only what it is missing. Network picking stays fast at a million vertices.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Progress.domain`: the coordinates a run covers, carried by connect.
-  - `sampleFrames(pages, window)` in model: the frames a sample window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Monitor history draws, each frame, what an image is missing, continuing from the last frame drawn. Arrivals reach the shown image first; a new window or value range redraws behind it while the shown image stretches to the camera's axes. Fixed windows at epoch coordinates, and monitors created before any samples, now stream.
-  - Monitor fitted values come from per-page extents, so appends never read history again.
-  - Monitor limits are `{ rows, segmentsPerFrame, historyBytes, pickingBytes }`; `segmentsPerFrame` bounds the lines drawn per frame.
-  - Network `pick` and hover use a compact hit-test index, built in the background within `limits.pickingBytes`: a million vertices and two million edges fit the default, and pick takes milliseconds instead of seconds. `stats().pickingBytes` counts the index as it builds.
-  - A hover budget miss suspends automatic hover until the scene moves or the view can search faster, as when its index is built.
-  - gpu field pages bind four value buffers, which needs five storage buffers per shader stage; pages keep every frame of their rows; buffers grow with use; cache eviction takes constant time in model and gpu.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - Monitor `camera.follow`, `detail`, `autoDomain`, `limits.frameMs`, `limits.observationsPerFrame`, `stats().pendingBytes`, and pointer pan and zoom.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-  - @latkit/model@2.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.12.0
-
-## 0.15.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- 5f19f4e: Store field pages and sample indexes in persistent balanced collections. Appending shares earlier
-  storage instead of copying and reindexing the full history. TableData.fields now contains readonly
-  ColumnPages: use at() or iteration rather than array indexing and construct columns through
-  createData/appendData. copyBuffers preserves the indexed representation. Add appendedPages,
-  samplePages, and resolveRows for consistent indexed suffix, window, and row-coverage access.
-
-  Compile field bindings in the shared GPU layer independently of Data snapshots. Resolve row
-  identity without gathering bound values, and cache each point field independently so static
-  columns and slower sampled fields remain reusable through playback, including reordered IDs.
-  Index cached reads by their actual dependencies, and reuse network binding records across frames.
-  Monitor append detection now visits only added pages while preserving cancellation and replacement
-  semantics. Application view usage is unchanged.
-
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-  - @latkit/model@1.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.1
-
-## 0.15.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- dc8b6a0: Replace renderer prepare/encode hooks with captured and prepared frame contracts. Ordinary
-  invalidation schedules the latest state without cancelling valid work; canvas playback coalesces
-  requests without adding an extra animation-frame wait. Compositions capture every child before
-  preparation, and images and video share submission and discard behavior.
-
-  Monitor append progress survives cancelled frames and tracks independently sampled fields.
-  Bounded camera-independent tiles reuse geometry and exact bounds for domain changes, with local
-  refinement at summary boundaries and local rereads on cache misses. Models and transport remain
-  free of observation retention and replay.
-
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [70030a4]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.15.0
-
-## 0.15.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 145a02d: Breaking change: remove model retention and historical reads. Models publish one-pass passive
-  transactions, commands are a separate optional capability, and applications own immutable
-  columnar Data. Views consume Data directly and accept updates with set({ source: nextData }).
-  Local read computes rows, samples, aggregates, and envelopes without contacting a producer.
-  Connect protocol 3 removes queryable roots, retained reference trees, and remote exports;
-  upgrade both peers together. Delivered values survive unsubscribe and disconnect. Shared
-  unchanged pages preserve local read caching and GPU uploads.
-- 145a02d: A renderer is its own view: `createX(gpu, config)` draws on the config's canvas, handles its input,
-  and shares one API with every other view.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `View`: `config`, `set(patch, { animate })`, `image(options)`, `on`, `destroy`. Networks,
-    monitors, diagrams, and compositions add `camera`, `selection`, `select(items)`, `pick(point)`,
-    `locate`, `fit(items?)`, `reveal`, and `stats`.
-  - Config keys every view shares: `canvas`, `at`, `paused`, `input`, `camera`, `shade`, `limits`.
-  - `set` merges keyed records per entry, `camera`/`input`/`limits`/`layout` per option, and removes
-    with `null`.
-  - `frame`, `camera`, and `error` events; `select` reports arrays everywhere.
-  - Shorthands: `color: 'load'`, `labels: 'name'`, `colormap: 'viridis'`, `layout: 'layered'`,
-    `valueAxis: 'Temperature'`.
-  - Networks halo any number of selected items.
-  - `kit`: the renderer-authoring namespace of `@latkit/gpu`, with `kit.BaseView`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createNetwork(gpu, config)`, `createMonitor(gpu, config)`, `createDiagram(gpu, config)`,
-    `createComposition(gpu, { views: [{ view, region: [x, y, w, h] }] })`,
-    `exportVideo(view, options)`, and `arrange(gpu, config, { signal })`.
-  - Style options sit on the config; the `data` and `options` buckets are gone.
-  - `pick` is asynchronous everywhere.
-  - Network camera: `center: [x, y]`, plus `fit` and `orbit`. Diagram camera: `{ center, scale, fit }`.
-    Monitor camera: `{ window, values, fit, follow }`, holding the former `data.window`,
-    `valueDomain`, and `follow`.
-  - `@latkit/gpu` exports only the app surface; renderer plumbing moved under `kit`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Network `vertices`/`edges`/`poles`/`graticule`/`earthAxis` options → `showVertices`/`showEdges`/
-    `showPoles`/`showGraticule`/`showEarthAxis`.
-  - `hitTest` → `pick`.
-  - `Limits` → `NetworkLimits`, `MonitorLimits`, `DiagramLimits`; `InputOptions` → `NetworkInput`,
-    `MonitorInput`, `DiagramInput`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `createCanvasView` and `attachNetworkInput`/`attachMonitorInput`/`attachDiagramInput`: views own
-    their canvas and input.
-  - Every `set*` method, `getCamera`, `panBy`/`rotateBy`/`zoomBy`, `orbit()`, `setPointer`, `toData`,
-    and `toDiagram`.
-  - `invalidate`, `fit`, `orbit`, `window`, and `valueDomain` events.
-  - `PROJECTIONS` and the `Options` exports.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-  - @latkit/model@0.14.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.10.0
-
-## 0.14.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 1ade156: Topology is data: a reference field wires each row to a row of another type, and views draw
-  those types as vertices and edges.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `Schema.types` with `TypeDefinition`, and `ReferenceColumn`: row numbers under the referenced
-    type's `Index`, read like any field. `numberAt` reads them.
-  - `direction: 'in' | 'out'` on reference fields.
-  - `ends` on network and diagram edges: the two reference fields a row joins. Without `ends` an edge
-    type is a net, joining the vertices whose references name each row.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `spatial.system` is `'geographic' | 'cartesian'`; the network reads its coordinates from it.
-  - Diagram ports are the reference fields that name a drawn net; `arrows` is a boolean.
-  - `ConnectProposal.replaces` names the net and the port leaving it.
-  - A `reference` parameter takes `to`; problem targets are `row` and `field` with a type.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Diagram: `components`/`connections` → `vertices`/`edges`, `setComponent`/`setConnection` →
-    `setVertex`/`setEdge`, item kinds `component`/`connection` → `vertex`/`edge`,
-    `ComponentOptions`/`ConnectionOptions` → `VertexOptions`/`EdgeOptions`, `EntityRef` → `RowRef`,
-    `ConnectionGesture` → `ConnectProposal`, `RouteEndpoint` → `RouteEnd`, `LayoutNode` →
-    `LayoutVertex`, `Group.components` → `Group.vertices`.
-  - Diagram options and limits: `nodePadding`, `nodeGap`, `componentBaseColor`, `connectionBaseColor`,
-    `connectionWidthPx`, `animationMaxComponents`, `connectionRadiusPx` → `vertexPadding`,
-    `vertexGap`, `vertexBaseColor`, `edgeBaseColor`, `edgeWidthPx`, `animationMaxVertices`,
-    `connectRadiusPx`; `components`/`connections`/`endpoints` → `vertices`/`edges`/`ends`.
-  - Network `focusEndpointMode` → `focusEnds`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `components`, `connections`, and `tables`, with `ComponentDefinition`, `ComponentPort`,
-    `ConnectionDefinition`, `ConnectionRole`, and `TableDefinition`.
-  - The `endpoints` and `links` queries and blocks.
-  - Network `coordinates` and `connectivity`; diagram roles and end ordinals.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies
-- Updated dependencies [1ade156]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.9.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.13.0
-
-## 0.13.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 01975bd: Replace the previous model and rendering APIs with native Queryable data, explicit
-  retained acquisitions, shared GPU rendering, and worker/socket connections.
-
-  Network and monitor use the shared GPU and canvas-view lifecycle. Video exports
-  renderers directly, including composed views. Colors now come from @latkit/gpu.
-  Rewrite usage guides and package READMEs for these APIs.
-
-  This is a breaking pre-1.0 release. Migrate consumers together; the retired port,
-  colormaps, document-session, and scene-snapshot APIs have no compatibility exports.
-  The diagram package remains private and declaration-only.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [01975bd]
-  - @latkit/model@0.12.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.8.0
diff --git a/packages/network/README.md b/packages/network/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a131002f..00000000
--- a/packages/network/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/network
-
-Draw a model's vertices and edges with WebGPU: flat, tilted, or on a globe, over a map.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/gpu @latkit/network
-```
-
-```ts
-import { createGpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-
-const gpu = await createGpu();
-const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-  canvas,
-  source,
-  vertices: {
-    Bus: {
-      x: 'longitude',
-      y: 'latitude',
-      color: { field: 'load', colormap: 'viridis' },
-      labels: 'name',
-    },
-  },
-  edges: { Line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-});
-network.set({ camera: { projection: 'globe' } }, { animate: true });
-```
-
-[Guide](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/network-quickstart.html) ·
-[Views](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/views.html) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/network/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/network/package.json b/packages/network/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 9519f895..00000000
--- a/packages/network/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/network",
-  "version": "0.22.0",
-  "description": "Native model network rendering over the shared Latkit GPU pipeline.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/network"
-  },
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md"
-  ],
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --project @latkit/network",
-    "test:browser": "pnpm --filter @latkit/network... --filter @latkit/geography build && esbuild tests/fixture.ts tests/table-fixture.ts --format=esm --outdir=../../output/network-fixture && node tests/browser/run.mjs",
-    "test:browser:open": "pnpm run test:browser --headed --keep-open"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:^",
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:^",
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71"
-  },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/data.ts b/packages/network/src/data.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 27d520af..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/data.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import { itemKey, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Network } from './network.js';
-/** An item's identity: its kind, row space, and row; appends keep it. */
-export function networkKey(item: Network.Item): string {
-  return itemKey(item, item.kind);
-}
-/** What the renderer draws. Positions are longitude/latitude in degrees for geographic data. */
-export interface NetworkData {
-  readonly source: Data;
-  readonly vertices: Readonly<Record<string, Network.VertexOptions>>;
-  readonly edges?: Readonly<Record<string, Network.EdgeOptions>>;
-}
-/** The drawn records of a config. */
-export function networkData({ source, vertices, edges }: NetworkData): NetworkData {
-  return { source, vertices, edges };
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/geometry/adjacency.ts b/packages/network/src/geometry/adjacency.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b080e481..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/geometry/adjacency.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
-import { rowAt, type FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-
-import type { NetworkData } from '../data.js';
-import type { VertexBank, EdgeBank } from './topology.js';
-import { RowLookup, indexKey } from './rows.js';
-
-import type { Network } from '../network.js';
-/**
- * The drawn graph over renderer-local dense addresses: vertices, then edges. Public results always
- * use native identities.
- */
-export class Adjacency {
-  readonly bytes: number;
-  /** Vertices, and edges by the vertices each joins once. */
-  readonly graph: kit.Graph;
-  /** Lanes by which banks follow their own routes, as `lanes` finds them. */
-  #lanes = new Map<string, ReadonlyMap<EdgeBank, Float32Array>>();
-  #laneValues = new WeakMap<Float32Array, FieldInput.Values>();
-  private readonly vertexRows = new Map<string, RowLookup<VertexBank>>();
-  private readonly edgeRows = new Map<string, RowLookup<EdgeBank>>();
-  constructor(
-    private readonly vertices: readonly VertexBank[],
-    private readonly edges: readonly EdgeBank[],
-    private readonly vertexCount: number,
-    edgeCount: number,
-  ) {
-    const offsets = new Uint32Array(edgeCount + 1),
-      ends = new Uint32Array(edges.reduce((n, bank) => n + bank.incidence.vertices.length, 0));
-    let written = 0;
-    for (const bank of vertices) this.rows(this.vertexRows, bank.index).add(bank.rows, bank);
-    for (const rows of this.vertexRows.values()) rows.seal();
-    for (const bank of edges) {
-      this.rows(this.edgeRows, bank.index).add(bank.rows, bank);
-      const input = bank.incidence.vertices;
-      for (let i = 0; i < bank.count; i++) {
-        const start = bank.incidence.offsets[i],
-          end = bank.incidence.offsets[i + 1];
-        if (end - start <= 2) {
-          if (start < end) ends[written++] = input[start];
-          if (start + 1 < end && input[start + 1] !== input[start])
-            ends[written++] = input[start + 1];
-        } else for (const vertex of new Set(input.subarray(start, end))) ends[written++] = vertex;
-        offsets[bank.base + i + 1] = written;
-      }
-    }
-    for (const rows of this.edgeRows.values()) rows.seal();
-    this.graph = new kit.Graph(vertexCount, {
-      offsets,
-      items: written === ends.length ? ends : ends.slice(0, written),
-    });
-    // Found now, so neighborhoods never wait on it and its bytes count toward the geometry.
-    void this.graph.incident;
-    this.bytes = this.graph.bytes;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Each edge's lane among the edges joining the same two vertices, by bank: 0 alone, else spread
-   * about 0, signed so lanes stay apart whichever end each edge starts from. An edge type with
-   * `bends` follows its own routes: its edges take no lane, nor count toward others'. Found once for
-   * each set of such types, by each edge's own vertices' edges, so linear in the edges for bounded
-   * degree.
-   */
-  lanes(data: NetworkData): ReadonlyMap<EdgeBank, Float32Array> {
-    const routed = new Set(this.edges.filter((bank) => data.edges?.[bank.type]?.bends != null)),
-      key = this.edges.map((bank) => (routed.has(bank) ? 1 : 0)).join('');
-    const cached = this.#lanes.get(key);
-    if (cached) return cached;
-    const { offsets, items } = this.graph.ends,
-      incident = this.graph.incident,
-      out = new Map<EdgeBank, Float32Array>();
-    let own: Uint8Array | undefined;
-    for (const bank of routed)
-      (own ??= new Uint8Array(offsets.length - 1)).fill(1, bank.base, bank.base + bank.count);
-    const pair = (e: number) => offsets[e + 1] - offsets[e] === 2 && !own?.[e];
-    for (const bank of this.edges) {
-      if (routed.has(bank)) continue;
-      let lanes: Float32Array | undefined;
-      for (let i = 0; i < bank.count; i++) {
-        const e = bank.base + i;
-        if (!pair(e)) continue;
-        const a = items[offsets[e]],
-          b = items[offsets[e] + 1],
-          lo = Math.min(a, b),
-          hi = Math.max(a, b);
-        let count = 0,
-          index = 0;
-        for (let k = incident.offsets[lo]; k < incident.offsets[lo + 1]; k++) {
-          const f = incident.items[k];
-          if (!pair(f)) continue;
-          const c = items[offsets[f]],
-            d = items[offsets[f] + 1];
-          if (Math.min(c, d) !== lo || Math.max(c, d) !== hi) continue;
-          if (f < e) index++;
-          count++;
-        }
-        if (count < 2) continue;
-        (lanes ??= new Float32Array(bank.count))[i] =
-          (index - (count - 1) / 2) * (a === lo ? 1 : -1);
-      }
-      if (lanes) out.set(bank, lanes);
-    }
-    this.#lanes.set(key, out);
-    return out;
-  }
-  /** A bank's lanes as values its edges read, when any of them has one. */
-  laneValues(bank: EdgeBank, data: NetworkData): FieldInput.Values | undefined {
-    const lanes = this.lanes(data).get(bank);
-    if (!lanes) return undefined;
-    let found = this.#laneValues.get(lanes);
-    if (!found)
-      this.#laneValues.set(
-        lanes,
-        (found = {
-          index: bank.index,
-          rows: bank.rows,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: lanes.length, values: lanes },
-        }),
-      );
-    return found;
-  }
-  private rows<T>(map: Map<string, RowLookup<T>>, index: VertexBank['index']): RowLookup<T> {
-    const key = indexKey(index);
-    let rows = map.get(key);
-    if (!rows) map.set(key, (rows = new RowLookup()));
-    return rows;
-  }
-  /** An item's dense address, or undefined when it is not drawn. */
-  address(item: Network.Item): number | undefined {
-    if (item.kind === 'vertex') {
-      const found = this.vertexRows.get(indexKey(item.index))?.get(item.row);
-      return found && found.value.base + found.offset;
-    }
-    const found = this.edgeRows.get(indexKey(item.index))?.get(item.row);
-    return found && this.vertexCount + found.value.base + found.offset;
-  }
-  private bank<T extends { readonly base: number; readonly count: number }>(
-    banks: readonly T[],
-    row: number,
-  ): T | undefined {
-    let lo = 0,
-      hi = banks.length;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-      const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-      if (banks[m].base <= row) lo = m + 1;
-      else hi = m;
-    }
-    const b = banks[lo - 1];
-    return b && row < b.base + b.count ? b : undefined;
-  }
-  /** An item and what it joins; the index names its rows, so an item outlives appends. */
-  neighborhood(item: Network.Item, data: NetworkData): readonly Network.Item[] {
-    const found = (item.kind === 'vertex' ? this.vertexRows : this.edgeRows)
-      .get(indexKey(item.index))
-      ?.get(item.row);
-    if (!found) return [];
-    const result: Network.Item[] = [item],
-      seen = new Set<string>([item.kind + ':' + item.index.type + ':' + item.row]);
-    const addVertex = (dense: number) => {
-      if (dense === 0xffffffff) return;
-      const bank = this.bank(this.vertices, dense);
-      if (!bank) return;
-      const row = rowAt(bank.rows, dense - bank.base),
-        key = 'vertex:' + bank.type + ':' + row;
-      if (!seen.has(key)) {
-        seen.add(key);
-        result.push({ kind: 'vertex', source: data.source, index: bank.index, row });
-      }
-    };
-    const addEdge = (dense: number) => {
-      const bank = this.bank(this.edges, dense)!;
-      const row = rowAt(bank.rows, dense - bank.base),
-        key = 'edge:' + bank.type + ':' + row;
-      if (!seen.has(key)) {
-        seen.add(key);
-        result.push({ kind: 'edge', source: data.source, index: bank.index, row });
-      }
-      for (const vertex of this.graph.endsOf(dense)) addVertex(vertex);
-    };
-    const dense = found.value.base + found.offset;
-    if (item.kind === 'edge') addEdge(dense);
-    else for (const edge of this.graph.edgesOf(dense)) addEdge(edge);
-    return result;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/geometry/layout.ts b/packages/network/src/geometry/layout.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ffe6fc43..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/geometry/layout.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,364 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  rowAt,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Work,
-  type Block,
-  type Reader,
-  type Index,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type Layout } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { NetworkData } from '../data.js';
-import {
-  channels,
-  readIdentity,
-  sameIdentity,
-  VERTEX,
-  type FieldRead,
-} from '../rendering/fields.js';
-import { placement, type Geometry, type VertexBank } from './topology.js';
-import { indexKey } from './rows.js';
-import type { Network } from '../network.js';
-/** What layout placed: each bank holding a placed vertex reads every row's position from here. */
-interface Placed {
-  readonly banks: ReadonlyMap<VertexBank, FieldInput.Values>;
-  readonly topology: Geometry;
-  readonly layout: Layout;
-  /** The placed vertices by dense address, and where, two numbers each, for the next to keep. */
-  readonly vertices: Uint32Array;
-  readonly at: Float64Array;
-}
-/** Edge lengths the default gap reads: enough for a steady median, few enough to sort at once. */
-const SAMPLES = 4096;
-
-/**
- * Where a view places each drawn vertex without a position: every row of a type that binds neither
- * x nor y, and each row whose x or y reads no number. It reads the positions a frame read anyway,
- * and places again only when they, the topology, or the layout change; what it placed before stays.
- */
-export class Placement {
-  #last?: { readonly key: readonly unknown[]; readonly placed: Placed };
-  /** Each bank holding a placed vertex, and every row's position, read in place of its x and y. */
-  async prepare(
-    topology: Geometry,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    reads: ReadonlyMap<VertexBank, FieldRead>,
-    layout: Layout,
-    work: Work,
-  ): Promise<ReadonlyMap<VertexBank, FieldInput.Values>> {
-    const key: unknown[] = [topology, layout];
-    for (const bank of topology.vertices) {
-      const read = reads.get(bank);
-      key.push(bank, ...(read ? readIdentity(read) : []));
-    }
-    if (this.#last && sameIdentity(this.#last.key, key)) return this.#last.placed.banks;
-    const positions = topology.vertices.map((bank): PositionRead => {
-        const read = reads.get(bank);
-        return read
-          ? { bank, tiles: read.native, x: read.channels.x, y: read.channels.y }
-          : { bank, tiles: null };
-      }),
-      placed = await place(topology, data, positions, layout, work, this.#last?.placed);
-    this.#last = { key, placed };
-    return placed.banks;
-  }
-}
-/** Place what `reads` leave without a position; what `previous` placed stays with the same layout. */
-async function place(
-  topology: Geometry,
-  data: NetworkData,
-  reads: readonly PositionRead[],
-  layout: Layout,
-  work: Work,
-  previous?: Placed,
-): Promise<Placed> {
-  const { at, free } = positionsOf(reads, topology.vertexCount, false);
-  if (!at) return { banks: new Map(), topology, layout, vertices: free, at: new Float64Array() };
-  if (previous && sameLayout(previous.layout, layout)) keep(at, topology, previous);
-  await arrangeFree(topology, data, at, layout, work);
-  const banks = new Map<VertexBank, FieldInput.Values>();
-  let next = 0;
-  for (const bank of topology.vertices) {
-    while (next < free.length && free[next] < bank.base) next++;
-    if (next === free.length || free[next] >= bank.base + bank.count) continue;
-    const values = at.slice(bank.base * 2, (bank.base + bank.count) * 2);
-    banks.set(bank, {
-      index: bank.index,
-      rows: bank.rows,
-      values: {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: bank.count,
-        size: 2,
-        values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-      },
-    });
-  }
-  const placed = new Float64Array(free.length * 2);
-  free.forEach((v, i) => placed.set(at.subarray(v * 2, v * 2 + 2), i * 2));
-  return { banks, topology, layout, vertices: free, at: placed };
-}
-/** Each drawn vertex's position, those without one placed: two numbers a vertex. */
-export async function arrangeVertices(
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  topology: Geometry,
-  data: NetworkData,
-  layout: Layout,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<Float64Array> {
-  const { at, free } = positionsOf(
-    await readPositions(reader, topology, data),
-    topology.vertexCount,
-    true,
-  );
-  if (free.length) await arrangeFree(topology, data, at!, layout, work);
-  return at!;
-}
-/** Each type's rows where `at` places them, an axis a field. */
-export function positions(topology: Geometry, at: Float64Array): Record<string, Layout.Positions> {
-  const out: Record<string, Layout.Positions> = {};
-  for (const [type, banks] of byType(topology)) {
-    const first = banks[0].base,
-      count = banks.reduce((n, bank) => n + bank.count, 0),
-      rows = joined(banks),
-      axis = (lane: number): FieldInput.Values => {
-        const values = new Float64Array(count);
-        for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) values[i] = at[(first + i) * 2 + lane];
-        return {
-          index: banks[0].index,
-          rows,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: count, values },
-        };
-      };
-    out[type] = { x: axis(0), y: axis(1) };
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-function byType(topology: Geometry): Map<string, VertexBank[]> {
-  const types = new Map<string, VertexBank[]>();
-  for (const bank of topology.vertices) {
-    const banks = types.get(bank.type);
-    if (banks) banks.push(bank);
-    else types.set(bank.type, [bank]);
-  }
-  return types;
-}
-/** A type's rows across its banks: one range when they run on, else their indices. */
-function joined(banks: readonly VertexBank[]): Index.Rows {
-  const count = banks.reduce((n, bank) => n + bank.count, 0),
-    first = banks[0].rows;
-  let next = first.kind === 'range' ? first.offset : -1;
-  for (const { rows } of banks) {
-    if (rows.kind !== 'range' || rows.offset !== next) {
-      next = -1;
-      break;
-    }
-    next += rows.count;
-  }
-  if (first.kind === 'range' && next >= 0) return { kind: 'range', offset: first.offset, count };
-  const values = new Uint32Array(count);
-  let at = 0;
-  for (const bank of banks) for (let i = 0; i < bank.count; i++) values[at++] = rowAt(bank.rows, i);
-  return { kind: 'indices', values };
-}
-/** Where a bank reads its positions: tiles and the channels placing them; none without x or y. */
-interface PositionRead {
-  readonly bank: VertexBank;
-  readonly tiles: readonly Block.Fields[] | null;
-  readonly x?: kit.ResolvedChannel;
-  readonly y?: kit.ResolvedChannel;
-}
-const rowsIn = (tile: Block.Fields) =>
-  tile.rows.kind === 'range' ? tile.rows.count : tile.rows.values.length;
-/**
- * Write a tile's positions into `out` from vertex `first`, both NaN where either reads no number;
- * whether any did.
- */
-function write(read: PositionRead, tile: Block.Fields, out: Float64Array, first: number): boolean {
-  kit.channelValues(read.x!, tile, out, first * 2, 2);
-  kit.channelValues(read.y!, tile, out, first * 2 + 1, 2);
-  let missing = false;
-  for (let i = first * 2, end = (first + rowsIn(tile)) * 2; i < end; i += 2)
-    if (!Number.isFinite(out[i]) || !Number.isFinite(out[i + 1])) {
-      out[i] = out[i + 1] = NaN;
-      missing = true;
-    }
-  return missing;
-}
-/** Each bank's positions through the reader, as a frame's field reads would have them. */
-async function readPositions(
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  topology: Geometry,
-  data: NetworkData,
-): Promise<PositionRead[]> {
-  const reads: PositionRead[] = [];
-  for (const [type, banks] of byType(topology)) {
-    const options = data.vertices[type];
-    if (placement(data.source, type, options) === 'free') {
-      for (const bank of banks) reads.push({ bank, tiles: null });
-      continue;
-    }
-    const bound = channels(options, VERTEX),
-      { x, y } = bound.channels,
-      fields: Record<string, FieldInput> = {};
-    for (const channel of [x, y])
-      if (channel.column !== undefined) fields[channel.column] = bound.fields[channel.column];
-    // An unset axis reads 0, so one bound axis lays rows along it.
-    const resolved = await kit.resolveChannels(
-      reader,
-      { source: data.source, from: type, rows: options.rows },
-      { fields, channels: { x, y } },
-      { x: x.field === undefined ? 0 : NaN, y: y.field === undefined ? 0 : NaN },
-    );
-    for (const bank of banks) {
-      const tiles: Block.Fields[] = [];
-      if (x.column !== undefined || y.column !== undefined)
-        for await (const tile of reader.fields({
-          source: data.source,
-          from: type,
-          rows: { ...bank.rows, index: bank.index },
-          fields,
-        }))
-          tiles.push(tile);
-      reads.push({ bank, tiles, ...resolved });
-    }
-  }
-  return reads;
-}
-/**
- * Every drawn vertex's position as its shader reads it, two numbers each, both NaN where either
- * reads no number; and those vertices, by dense address. Without `all`, no positions when every
- * vertex has one. One linear pass, as reading fields for a frame is, so it runs without yielding.
- */
-function positionsOf(
-  reads: readonly PositionRead[],
-  n: number,
-  all: boolean,
-): { at: Float64Array | null; free: Uint32Array } {
-  // Most networks position every vertex: find one without before holding them all.
-  let any = all,
-    scratch = new Float64Array(0);
-  for (const read of reads) {
-    if (any) break;
-    if (!read.tiles) any = true;
-    else if (!read.tiles.length)
-      any = !Number.isFinite(read.x!.fallback) || !Number.isFinite(read.y!.fallback);
-    else
-      for (const tile of read.tiles) {
-        if (scratch.length < rowsIn(tile) * 2) scratch = new Float64Array(rowsIn(tile) * 2);
-        if ((any = write(read, tile, scratch, 0))) break;
-      }
-  }
-  if (!any) return { at: null, free: new Uint32Array() };
-  const at = new Float64Array(n * 2).fill(NaN);
-  for (const read of reads) {
-    const { bank, tiles } = read;
-    if (!tiles) continue;
-    if (!tiles.length) {
-      if (Number.isFinite(read.x!.fallback) && Number.isFinite(read.y!.fallback))
-        for (let i = 0; i < bank.count; i++) {
-          at[(bank.base + i) * 2] = read.x!.fallback;
-          at[(bank.base + i) * 2 + 1] = read.y!.fallback;
-        }
-      continue;
-    }
-    for (const tile of tiles) write(read, tile, at, bank.base + tile.rowOffset);
-  }
-  let count = 0;
-  for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) if (at[v * 2] !== at[v * 2]) count++;
-  const free = new Uint32Array(count);
-  for (let v = 0, k = 0; v < n; v++) if (at[v * 2] !== at[v * 2]) free[k++] = v;
-  return { at, free };
-}
-/** Pin each vertex `previous` placed, and still without a position, where it was placed. */
-function keep(at: Float64Array, topology: Geometry, previous: Placed): void {
-  const before = previous.topology;
-  previous.vertices.forEach((v, i) => {
-    let d = v;
-    if (before !== topology) {
-      const bank = bankAt(before.vertices, v),
-        found = topology.lookup.get(indexKey(bank.index))?.get(rowAt(bank.rows, v - bank.base));
-      if (!found) return;
-      d = found.value.base + found.offset;
-    }
-    if (at[d * 2] === at[d * 2]) return;
-    at[d * 2] = previous.at[i * 2];
-    at[d * 2 + 1] = previous.at[i * 2 + 1];
-  });
-}
-/**
- * Arrange the vertices `at` holds no position for, in place. Layout runs down the page, so the
- * network's y, which runs up, turns over on the way in and back on the way out.
- */
-async function arrangeFree(
-  topology: Geometry,
-  data: NetworkData,
-  at: Float64Array,
-  layout: Layout,
-  work: Work,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const graph = topology.adjacency.graph,
-    n = graph.vertexCount;
-  for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) at[v * 2 + 1] = -at[v * 2 + 1];
-  const gap = typicalLength(graph, at),
-    placed = await kit.place(
-      graph,
-      {
-        pinned: at,
-        item: (v): Network.Item => {
-          const bank = bankAt(topology.vertices, v);
-          return {
-            kind: 'vertex',
-            source: data.source,
-            index: bank.index,
-            row: rowAt(bank.rows, v - bank.base),
-          };
-        },
-      },
-      kit.layoutOptions(layout, { algorithm: 'stress', vertexGap: gap, rankGap: gap * 3 }),
-      work,
-    );
-  for (let v = 0; v < n; v++) {
-    at[v * 2] = placed[v * 2];
-    at[v * 2 + 1] = -placed[v * 2 + 1];
-  }
-}
-/**
- * How long an edge between positioned vertices runs, at the median of an even sample, so placed
- * ones match them; 1 without any.
- */
-function typicalLength(graph: kit.Graph, at: Float64Array): number {
-  const { offsets, items } = graph.ends,
-    joins = (e: number) =>
-      offsets[e + 1] - offsets[e] >= 2 &&
-      at[items[offsets[e]] * 2] === at[items[offsets[e]] * 2] &&
-      at[items[offsets[e] + 1] * 2] === at[items[offsets[e] + 1] * 2];
-  let count = 0;
-  for (let e = 0; e < graph.edgeCount; e++) if (joins(e)) count++;
-  const step = Math.max(1, Math.floor(count / SAMPLES)),
-    lengths: number[] = [];
-  for (let e = 0, k = 0; e < graph.edgeCount; e++)
-    if (joins(e) && k++ % step === 0) {
-      const a = items[offsets[e]],
-        b = items[offsets[e] + 1],
-        d = Math.hypot(at[a * 2] - at[b * 2], at[a * 2 + 1] - at[b * 2 + 1]);
-      if (d > 0) lengths.push(d);
-    }
-  if (!lengths.length) return 1;
-  lengths.sort((p, q) => p - q);
-  return lengths[lengths.length >> 1];
-}
-function bankAt(banks: readonly VertexBank[], dense: number): VertexBank {
-  let lo = 0,
-    hi = banks.length;
-  while (lo < hi) {
-    const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-    if (banks[m].base <= dense) lo = m + 1;
-    else hi = m;
-  }
-  return banks[lo - 1];
-}
-function sameLayout(a: Layout, b: Layout): boolean {
-  const keys = new Set([...Object.keys(a), ...Object.keys(b)]) as Set<keyof Layout>;
-  return [...keys].every((key) => a[key] === b[key]);
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/geometry/routes.ts b/packages/network/src/geometry/routes.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 29a2cbc8..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/geometry/routes.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,390 +0,0 @@
-import { bitAt, failure, rowAt, type Block, type FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { NetworkData } from '../data.js';
-import {
-  BANK_ROWS,
-  edgeOptions,
-  segmentBatch,
-  type Geometry,
-  type VertexBank,
-  type EdgeBank,
-} from './topology.js';
-import { value, RowLookup } from './rows.js';
-import type { ChannelName, FieldRead } from '../rendering/fields.js';
-import type { Reads } from '../rendering/painter.js';
-import type { Network } from '../network.js';
-type Point = readonly [number, number, number];
-type Address = { bank: VertexBank; offset: number; point: Point };
-const DEG = Math.PI / 180;
-const unit = (p: Point): Point => [
-  Math.cos(p[1] * DEG) * Math.cos(p[0] * DEG),
-  Math.sin(p[1] * DEG),
-  Math.cos(p[1] * DEG) * Math.sin(p[0] * DEG),
-];
-const dot = (a: Point, b: Point) => a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
-const longitude = (x: number) => ((((x + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
-/** Deterministic shortest great-circle interpolation, including antipodal endpoints. */
-export function geodesic(a: Point, b: Point, t: number): Point {
-  const u = unit(a),
-    v = unit(b),
-    cosine = Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, dot(u, v))),
-    angle = Math.acos(cosine);
-  if (angle < 1e-8) return [a[0], a[1], a[2] + (b[2] - a[2]) * t];
-  let tangent: Point = [v[0] - u[0] * cosine, v[1] - u[1] * cosine, v[2] - u[2] * cosine];
-  let n = Math.hypot(...tangent);
-  if (n < 1e-8) {
-    const axis: Point = Math.abs(u[1]) < 0.9 ? [0, 1, 0] : [1, 0, 0];
-    const d = dot(axis, u);
-    tangent = [axis[0] - d * u[0], axis[1] - d * u[1], axis[2] - d * u[2]];
-    n = Math.hypot(...tangent);
-  }
-  const c = Math.cos(angle * t),
-    s = Math.sin(angle * t) / n;
-  const p: Point = [
-    u[0] * c + tangent[0] * s,
-    u[1] * c + tangent[1] * s,
-    u[2] * c + tangent[2] * s,
-  ];
-  return [
-    Math.atan2(p[2], p[0]) / DEG,
-    Math.asin(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, p[1]))) / DEG,
-    a[2] + (b[2] - a[2]) * t,
-  ];
-}
-/**
- * The point `t` of the way along a route between two geographic points: the great circle, or
- * straight in longitude and latitude the short way round, as the GPU draws them.
- */
-export function routePoint(route: 'straight' | 'geodesic', a: Point, b: Point, t: number): Point {
-  if (route === 'geodesic') return geodesic(a, b, t);
-  return [a[0] + longitude(b[0] - a[0]) * t, a[1] + (b[1] - a[1]) * t, a[2] + (b[2] - a[2]) * t];
-}
-/** The degrees of arc between two geographic points. */
-export function arc(a: Point, b: Point): number {
-  return Math.acos(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, dot(unit(a), unit(b))))) / DEG;
-}
-function lookup(read: FieldRead): RowLookup<Block.Fields> {
-  const result = new RowLookup<Block.Fields>();
-  for (const tile of read.native) result.add(tile.rows, tile);
-  result.seal();
-  return result;
-}
-/** Whether a net type centers its stars on its own x and y. */
-function centered(options: Network.EdgeOptions): boolean {
-  return options.x != null || options.y != null;
-}
-function signature(reads: Reads, data: NetworkData): unknown[] {
-  const key: unknown[] = [];
-  const add = (v: unknown): void => {
-    if (ArrayBuffer.isView(v)) {
-      key.push(v.buffer, v.byteOffset, v.byteLength);
-      return;
-    }
-    if (v && typeof v === 'object') {
-      for (const child of Object.values(v)) add(child);
-    } else key.push(v);
-  };
-  /** What a read's channels place: their columns, lanes, scales, and constants. */
-  const channels = (read: FieldRead, names: readonly ChannelName[], lists: readonly string[]) => {
-    const columns = [...lists];
-    for (const name of names) {
-      const channel = read.channel(name);
-      key.push(channel.column, channel.component, channel.fallback);
-      add(channel.scale);
-      if (channel.column !== undefined) columns.push(channel.column);
-    }
-    for (const tile of read.native)
-      for (const name of columns) {
-        add(tile.columns[name]);
-        add(tile.presence[name]);
-      }
-  };
-  for (const read of reads.vertices.values()) channels(read, ['x', 'y', 'z'], []);
-  for (const [bank, read] of reads.edges) {
-    const options = edgeOptions(data, bank);
-    key.push(options.route, centered(options));
-    channels(read, ['x', 'y'], ['bends']);
-  }
-  return key;
-}
-/**
- * Edges that draw through points of their own: bends, and stars meeting at a junction. Their
- * points become private vertex banks, compiled once until what they read changes.
- */
-export class Routes {
-  private cached?: {
-    native: Geometry;
-    key: unknown[];
-    geometry: Geometry;
-    origins: Map<EdgeBank, EdgeBank>;
-  };
-  prepare(
-    native: Geometry,
-    reads: Reads,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    limits: Required<Network.Limits>,
-  ): { geometry: Geometry; origins: ReadonlyMap<EdgeBank, EdgeBank> } {
-    const needed = native.edges.some((bank) => bank.stars || edgeOptions(data, bank).bends);
-    if (!needed) {
-      this.cached = undefined;
-      return { geometry: native, origins: new Map() };
-    }
-    const key = signature(reads, data),
-      cached = this.cached;
-    if (
-      cached?.native === native &&
-      key.length === cached.key.length &&
-      key.every((v, i) => Object.is(v, cached.key[i]))
-    )
-      return cached;
-    const vertices = [...native.vertices],
-      edges: EdgeBank[] = [],
-      origins = new Map<EdgeBank, EdgeBank>();
-    const lookups = new Map(
-      native.vertices.map((bank) => [bank, lookup(reads.vertices.get(bank)!)]),
-    );
-    let bytes = native.bytes,
-      segments = 0,
-      points = 0,
-      branches = 0;
-    const charge = (n: number) => {
-      bytes += n;
-      if (bytes > limits.geometryBytes)
-        throw failure('resource-limit', 'Routes exceed the network CPU budget');
-    };
-    const point = (bank: VertexBank, offset: number): Point => {
-      const read = reads.vertices.get(bank)!,
-        found = lookups.get(bank)!.get(rowAt(bank.rows, offset))!;
-      return [
-        kit.channelValue(read.channels.x, found.value, found.offset),
-        kit.channelValue(read.channels.y, found.value, found.offset),
-        kit.channelValue(read.channels.z, found.value, found.offset),
-      ];
-    };
-    const address = (dense: number): Address => {
-      let lo = 0,
-        hi = native.vertices.length;
-      while (lo < hi) {
-        const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-        if (native.vertices[m].base <= dense) lo = m + 1;
-        else hi = m;
-      }
-      const bank = native.vertices[lo - 1],
-        offset = dense - bank.base;
-      return { bank, offset, point: point(bank, offset) };
-    };
-    for (const original of native.edges) {
-      const options = edgeOptions(data, original);
-      if (!options.bends && !original.stars) {
-        edges.push(original);
-        segments += original.batches.reduce((n, b) => n + b.records.length / 4, 0);
-        continue;
-      }
-      const read = reads.edges.get(original)!,
-        fields = lookup(read);
-      const groups = new Map<
-        string,
-        { a: VertexBank; b: VertexBank; values: number[]; prefixes: number[]; order: number[] }
-      >();
-      let sequence = 0;
-      let coordinates: number[] = [],
-        heights: number[] = [];
-      let active: VertexBank;
-      const allocate = () => {
-        active = {
-          id: vertices.length,
-          type: original.type,
-          index: original.index,
-          rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 0 },
-          count: 0,
-          base: native.vertexCount + points,
-          synthetic: {},
-        };
-        vertices.push(active);
-      };
-      const flush = () => {
-        if (!coordinates.length) return;
-        const count = heights.length,
-          rows = { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count };
-        const values = new Float64Array(coordinates),
-          h = new Float32Array(heights);
-        const position: FieldInput.Values = {
-          index: active.index,
-          rows,
-          values: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: count,
-            size: 2,
-            values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-          },
-        };
-        const height: FieldInput.Values = {
-          index: active.index,
-          rows,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: count, values: h },
-        };
-        Object.assign(active, {
-          rows,
-          count,
-          synthetic: {
-            x: { field: position },
-            y: { field: position, component: 1 },
-            z: { field: height, domain: [0, 1], range: [0, 1] },
-          },
-        });
-        points += count;
-        coordinates = [];
-        heights = [];
-      };
-      const addPoint = (p: Point): Address => {
-        if (!active || heights.length === BANK_ROWS) {
-          flush();
-          allocate();
-        }
-        const offset = heights.length;
-        coordinates.push(p[0], p[1]);
-        heights.push(p[2]);
-        charge(40);
-        return { bank: active, offset, point: p };
-      };
-      /** A segment of an owner's branch, `along` it from where its dashes start. */
-      const segment = (a: Address, b: Address, owner: number, branch: number, along: number) => {
-        if (++segments > limits.segments)
-          throw failure('resource-limit', 'Network segment limit exceeded');
-        charge(52);
-        const key = a.bank.id + ':' + b.bank.id;
-        let group = groups.get(key);
-        if (!group) {
-          group = { a: a.bank, b: b.bank, values: [], prefixes: [], order: [] };
-          groups.set(key, group);
-        }
-        group.values.push(a.offset, b.offset, owner, branch);
-        group.prefixes.push(along);
-        group.order.push(sequence++);
-      };
-      /** How far apart two points lie: degrees of arc on the earth, the data's units on a plane. */
-      const span = (a: Point, b: Point) =>
-        native.geographic ? arc(a, b) : Math.hypot(b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
-      /** A branch of segments through an owner's points, in order, its dashes carrying on along it. */
-      const trace = (controls: (Address | Point)[], owner: number) => {
-        const branch = ++branches;
-        let previous: Address | undefined,
-          along = 0;
-        for (const control of controls) {
-          const target = 'bank' in control ? control : addPoint(control);
-          if (!target.point.every(Number.isFinite)) {
-            previous = undefined;
-            continue;
-          }
-          if (previous) {
-            const a = previous.point,
-              b = target.point;
-            // A straight line on a flat map crosses the antimeridian at the map's edge, as two
-            // segments; the curves the GPU draws split there themselves.
-            if (
-              native.geographic &&
-              options.route !== 'geodesic' &&
-              Math.abs(longitude(a[0]) - longitude(b[0])) > 180
-            ) {
-              const x = longitude(a[0]),
-                y = longitude(b[0]),
-                seam = x > 0 ? 180 : -180,
-                k = (seam - x) / (y + (x > 0 ? 360 : -360) - x),
-                lat = a[1] + (b[1] - a[1]) * k,
-                h = a[2] + (b[2] - a[2]) * k,
-                end = addPoint([seam, lat, h]);
-              segment(previous, end, owner, branch, along);
-              along += span(a, end.point);
-              previous = addPoint([-seam, lat, h]);
-            }
-            segment(previous, target, owner, branch, along);
-            along += span(previous.point, b);
-          }
-          previous = target;
-        }
-      };
-      const list = (tile: Block.Fields, name: string, row: number): Point[] => {
-        const column = tile.columns[name];
-        if (column?.kind !== 'list' || column.values.kind !== 'vector' || column.values.size !== 2)
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Bends require lists of two-component vectors');
-        const at = column.offset + row;
-        if (!bitAt(tile.presence[name], row) || !bitAt(column.validity, at)) return [];
-        const result: Point[] = [];
-        for (let i = column.offsets[at]; i < column.offsets[at + 1]; i++)
-          result.push([value(column.values, i), value(column.values, i, 1), 0]);
-        return result;
-      };
-      for (let row = 0; row < original.count; row++) {
-        const found = fields.get(rowAt(original.rows, row))!;
-        const ends = Array.from(
-          original.incidence.vertices.subarray(
-            original.incidence.offsets[row],
-            original.incidence.offsets[row + 1],
-          ),
-          address,
-        );
-        if (centered(options) ? ends.length : ends.length > 2) {
-          let center: Point;
-          if (centered(options))
-            center = [
-              kit.channelValue(read.channels.x, found.value, found.offset),
-              kit.channelValue(read.channels.y, found.value, found.offset),
-              0,
-            ];
-          else {
-            const valid = ends.filter((end) => end.point.every(Number.isFinite));
-            if (!valid.length) continue;
-            const sum = [0, 0, 0];
-            for (const end of valid) {
-              const p = native.geographic ? unit(end.point) : end.point;
-              for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) sum[i] += p[i];
-            }
-            center = native.geographic
-              ? [
-                  Math.atan2(sum[2], sum[0]) / DEG,
-                  Math.atan2(sum[1], Math.hypot(sum[0], sum[2])) / DEG,
-                  valid.reduce((n, e) => n + e.point[2], 0) / valid.length,
-                ]
-              : [sum[0] / valid.length, sum[1] / valid.length, sum[2] / valid.length];
-            if (native.geographic && Math.hypot(...sum) < 1e-12) center = valid[0].point;
-          }
-          const junction = addPoint(center);
-          for (const end of ends) trace([end, junction], row);
-        } else if (ends.length === 2) {
-          const bends = options.bends ? list(found.value, 'bends', found.offset) : [];
-          for (let i = 0; i < bends.length; i++)
-            bends[i] = [
-              bends[i][0],
-              bends[i][1],
-              ends[0].point[2] +
-                ((ends[1].point[2] - ends[0].point[2]) * (i + 1)) / (bends.length + 1),
-            ];
-          trace([ends[0], ...bends, ends[1]], row);
-        }
-      }
-      flush();
-      charge(sequence * 4);
-      const bank = {
-        ...original,
-        batches: [...groups.values()].map((g) => ({
-          ...segmentBatch(g.a, g.b, Uint32Array.from(g.values)),
-          order: Uint32Array.from(g.order),
-          prefixes: Float32Array.from(g.prefixes),
-        })),
-      };
-      origins.set(bank, original);
-      edges.push(bank);
-    }
-    const geometry: Geometry = {
-      ...native,
-      native,
-      vertices,
-      edges,
-      bytes,
-      segmentCount: segments,
-    };
-    this.cached = { native, key, geometry, origins };
-    return this.cached;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/geometry/rows.ts b/packages/network/src/geometry/rows.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ac41d148..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/geometry/rows.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-import { bitAt, failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Column, Index } from '@latkit/model';
-export function value(column: Column | undefined, row: number, component = 0): number {
-  if (!column || row < 0 || row >= column.length) return NaN;
-  const at = column.offset + row;
-  if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) return NaN;
-  if (column.kind === 'numeric') return column.values[at];
-  if (column.kind === 'boolean') return bitAt(column.values, at) ? 1 : 0;
-  if (column.kind === 'vector')
-    return column.values.values[column.values.offset + at * column.size + component];
-  return NaN;
-}
-export function indexKey(index: Index): string {
-  return JSON.stringify([index.source, index.type, index.version]);
-}
-/** Range lookup is logarithmic and allocation-free per physical row. Sparse rows allocate only their explicit entries. */
-export class RowLookup<T> {
-  private ranges: { offset: number; count: number; value: T }[] = [];
-  private sparse = new Map<number, { value: T; offset: number }>();
-  add(rows: Index.Rows, data: T): void {
-    if (rows.kind === 'range')
-      this.ranges.push({ offset: rows.offset, count: rows.count, value: data });
-    else
-      for (let i = 0; i < rows.values.length; i++) {
-        if (this.sparse.has(rows.values[i]))
-          throw failure('invalid-input', 'Duplicate physical row');
-        this.sparse.set(rows.values[i], { value: data, offset: i });
-      }
-  }
-  seal(): void {
-    this.ranges.sort((a, b) => a.offset - b.offset);
-    for (let i = 1; i < this.ranges.length; i++)
-      if (this.ranges[i].offset < this.ranges[i - 1].offset + this.ranges[i - 1].count)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Overlapping physical rows');
-    for (const row of this.sparse.keys())
-      if (this.range(row)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Duplicate physical row');
-  }
-  private range(row: number): { value: T; offset: number } | undefined {
-    let lo = 0,
-      hi = this.ranges.length;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-      const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-      if (this.ranges[m].offset <= row) lo = m + 1;
-      else hi = m;
-    }
-    const found = this.ranges[lo - 1];
-    return found && row < found.offset + found.count
-      ? { value: found.value, offset: row - found.offset }
-      : undefined;
-  }
-  get(row: number): { value: T; offset: number } | undefined {
-    return this.sparse.get(row) ?? this.range(row);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/geometry/topology.ts b/packages/network/src/geometry/topology.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8568f9e6..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/geometry/topology.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,532 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  bitAt,
-  failure,
-  fieldDefinition,
-  assertIndex,
-  type Column,
-  type Index,
-  type Schema,
-  type Data,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Reader,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type ProjectedCamera } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { NetworkData } from '../data.js';
-import { channels, VERTEX } from '../rendering/fields.js';
-import { Adjacency } from './adjacency.js';
-import { RowLookup, indexKey } from './rows.js';
-import type { Network } from '../network.js';
-/** Rows per bank. A power of two, so a type's dense address splits into bank and offset by shifts. */
-export const BANK_ROWS = 16384;
-const BANK_SHIFT = 14;
-export interface VertexBank {
-  readonly id: number;
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly index: Index;
-  readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-  readonly count: number;
-  readonly base: number;
-  /** An edge's private bends and junctions: they share field upload and projection, but are never model vertices. */
-  readonly synthetic?: Network.VertexOptions;
-}
-export interface SegmentBatch {
-  readonly a: VertexBank;
-  readonly b: VertexBank;
-  /** Each segment's `[end a, end b, owner row, branch]`, in owner order; a routed owner's branches count from 1. */
-  readonly records: Uint32Array;
-  readonly data: kit.BufferData;
-  readonly order?: Uint32Array;
-  /**
-   * A routed edge's segments' distances along it before each, where its dashes carry on from: in
-   * degrees of arc for geographic data, the data's units otherwise.
-   */
-  readonly prefixes?: Float32Array;
-}
-export interface EdgeBank {
-  readonly base: number;
-  readonly type: string;
-  readonly index: Index;
-  readonly rows: Index.Rows;
-  readonly count: number;
-  readonly batches: readonly SegmentBatch[];
-  /** Each row's vertices as dense addresses, compressed by row. */
-  readonly incidence: { readonly offsets: Uint32Array; readonly vertices: Uint32Array };
-  /** Some row joins more than two vertices: a net drawn as stars. */
-  readonly stars?: boolean;
-}
-export interface Geometry {
-  readonly vertices: readonly VertexBank[];
-  readonly edges: readonly EdgeBank[];
-  readonly lookup: ReadonlyMap<string, RowLookup<VertexBank>>;
-  readonly vertexCount: number;
-  readonly edgeCount: number;
-  readonly segmentCount: number;
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  /** Positions are longitude/latitude in degrees. */
-  readonly geographic: boolean;
-  readonly bytes: number;
-  readonly adjacency: Adjacency;
-  readonly native?: Geometry;
-}
-export const DEFAULT_LIMITS = Object.freeze({
-  vertices: 2_000_000,
-  segments: 8_000_000,
-  geometryBytes: 256 * 1024 ** 2,
-  pickingBytes: 64 * 1024 ** 2,
-  layoutMs: 30000,
-});
-export function vertexOptions(data: NetworkData, bank: VertexBank): Network.VertexOptions {
-  return bank.synthetic ?? data.vertices[bank.type];
-}
-export function edgeOptions(data: NetworkData, bank: EdgeBank): Network.EdgeOptions {
-  return data.edges![bank.type];
-}
-/** The route a bank's edges take at a projection: their own, or the shortest way. */
-export function routeOf(
-  data: NetworkData,
-  bank: EdgeBank,
-  projection: ProjectedCamera.Projection,
-): 'straight' | 'geodesic' {
-  return edgeOptions(data, bank).route ?? (projection === 'globe' ? 'geodesic' : 'straight');
-}
-/** Whether a bank's edges draw as curves: every geographic edge on the globe, a geodesic anywhere. */
-export function curvedAt(
-  data: NetworkData,
-  bank: EdgeBank,
-  projection: ProjectedCamera.Projection,
-  geographic: boolean,
-): boolean {
-  return geographic && (projection === 'globe' || routeOf(data, bank, projection) === 'geodesic');
-}
-/**
- * The segments of a batch an owner row draws, `[first, end)`: a batch keeps its records in owner
- * order, so no per-frame index is needed.
- */
-export function ownerSegments(records: Uint32Array, owner: number): readonly [number, number] {
-  const count = records.length / 4;
-  let lo = 0,
-    hi = count;
-  while (lo < hi) {
-    const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-    if (records[m * 4 + 2] < owner) lo = m + 1;
-    else hi = m;
-  }
-  let end = lo;
-  while (end < count && records[end * 4 + 2] === owner) end++;
-  return [lo, end];
-}
-export function segmentBatch(a: VertexBank, b: VertexBank, records: Uint32Array): SegmentBatch {
-  const data = new kit.BufferData({ size: records.byteLength, label: 'network segments' });
-  data.write({ data: records });
-  return { a, b, records, data };
-}
-
-/** A growable Uint32Array: amortized constant pushes with no per-item allocation. */
-class Uints {
-  private values = new Uint32Array(64);
-  length = 0;
-  push(value: number): void {
-    if (this.length === this.values.length) {
-      const grown = new Uint32Array(this.values.length * 2);
-      grown.set(this.values);
-      this.values = grown;
-    }
-    this.values[this.length++] = value;
-  }
-  /** An exact-length copy; the builder stays reusable. */
-  take(): Uint32Array {
-    return this.values.slice(0, this.length);
-  }
-}
-
-/** Whether the fields of a position read longitude and latitude; undefined without a field. */
-function geographic(
-  source: Data,
-  from: string,
-  inputs: readonly (FieldInput | undefined)[],
-): boolean | undefined {
-  const kinds = new Set(
-    inputs.flatMap((input) =>
-      input === undefined ? [] : [fieldDefinition(source, from, input)?.geographic === true],
-    ),
-  );
-  if (kinds.size > 1)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Position axes disagree on whether they are geographic');
-  return kinds.size ? kinds.has(true) : undefined;
-}
-/**
- * Where a vertex type's rows draw: where the layout places them without x or y, or at plane or
- * geographic coordinates. Only a change of this rebuilds the topology; new positions do not.
- */
-export function placement(
-  source: Data,
-  type: string,
-  options: Network.VertexOptions,
-): 'free' | 'plane' | 'geographic' {
-  const { x, y } = channels(options, VERTEX).channels;
-  if ([x, y].every((axis) => axis.field === undefined && axis.constant === undefined))
-    return 'free';
-  return geographic(source, type, [x.field, y.field]) ? 'geographic' : 'plane';
-}
-/** A contiguous run as a range, so ranged reads and lookups never allocate index arrays. */
-function axis(rows: Uint32Array): Index.Rows {
-  const n = rows.length;
-  if (!n) return { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 0 };
-  for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) if (rows[i] !== rows[0] + i) return { kind: 'indices', values: rows };
-  return { kind: 'range', offset: rows[0], count: n };
-}
-
-/** Physical rows of one Index at dense positions from `base`: a direct table, or a map when sparse.
- * Build scratch, like the readers' builders, so it is not charged to the geometry. */
-class Addresses {
-  private readonly table?: Int32Array;
-  private readonly map?: Map<number, number>;
-  constructor(
-    rows: Uint32Array,
-    readonly base = 0,
-    readonly firstBank = 0,
-  ) {
-    let max = -1;
-    for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) if (rows[i] > max) max = rows[i];
-    if (max < rows.length * 4 + 65536) {
-      const table = (this.table = new Int32Array(max + 1).fill(-1));
-      for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
-        if (table[rows[i]] !== -1) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Duplicate physical row');
-        table[rows[i]] = base + i;
-      }
-    } else {
-      const map = (this.map = new Map());
-      for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
-        if (map.has(rows[i])) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Duplicate physical row');
-        map.set(rows[i], base + i);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  /** The row's dense address; -1 when it is not drawn. */
-  get(row: number): number {
-    if (this.table) return row < this.table.length ? this.table[row] : -1;
-    return this.map!.get(row) ?? -1;
-  }
-}
-
-/** The drawn rows of one vertex type. */
-interface Drawn {
-  readonly index?: Index;
-  readonly addresses: Addresses;
-}
-
-function reference(column: Column | undefined, name: string): Column.Reference {
-  if (column?.kind !== 'reference')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Expected a reference column: ' + name);
-  return column;
-}
-
-/** Segment records grouped by the vertex banks they join: [offset a, offset b, local row, 0]. */
-class Segments {
-  private groups = new Map<number, { a: number; b: number; records: Uints }>();
-  private lastKey = -1;
-  private last?: Uints;
-  count = 0;
-  constructor(
-    private readonly vertices: readonly VertexBank[],
-    private readonly limit: number,
-    private readonly total: { count: number },
-  ) {}
-  add(a: number, b: number, offsetA: number, offsetB: number, local: number): void {
-    if (++this.total.count > this.limit)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Network segment limit exceeded');
-    this.count++;
-    const key = a * this.vertices.length + b;
-    if (key !== this.lastKey) {
-      let group = this.groups.get(key);
-      if (!group) {
-        group = { a, b, records: new Uints() };
-        this.groups.set(key, group);
-      }
-      this.lastKey = key;
-      this.last = group.records;
-    }
-    const records = this.last!;
-    records.push(offsetA);
-    records.push(offsetB);
-    records.push(local);
-    records.push(0);
-  }
-  take(): SegmentBatch[] {
-    const batches = [...this.groups.values()].map((g) =>
-      segmentBatch(this.vertices[g.a], this.vertices[g.b], g.records.take()),
-    );
-    this.groups = new Map();
-    this.lastKey = -1;
-    this.last = undefined;
-    this.count = 0;
-    return batches;
-  }
-}
-
-export async function readGeometry(
-  data: NetworkData,
-  reader: Reader.Scope,
-  limits: Required<Network.Limits>,
-): Promise<Geometry> {
-  const vertices: VertexBank[] = [],
-    edges: EdgeBank[] = [],
-    lookup = new Map<string, RowLookup<VertexBank>>(),
-    drawn = new Map<string, Drawn>(),
-    // Whether each drawn position is geographic: every one must agree.
-    kinds = new Set<boolean>(),
-    segments = { count: 0 };
-  let vertexCount = 0,
-    edgeCount = 0,
-    bytes = 0;
-  const schema = data.source.schema;
-  const charge = (n: number) => {
-    bytes += n;
-    if (bytes > limits.geometryBytes)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Network geometry exceeds its CPU budget');
-  };
-  const rowsOf = (source: Data, type: string, selection: Network.VertexOptions['rows']) =>
-    kit.readRows(reader, source, type, selection);
-
-  for (const [type, options] of Object.entries(data.vertices)) {
-    const read = await rowsOf(data.source, type, options.rows);
-    const definition = schema.types[type];
-    if (!definition) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unknown vertex type: ' + type);
-    const placed = placement(data.source, type, options);
-    if (placed !== 'free') kinds.add(placed === 'geographic');
-    if (vertexCount + read.rows.length > limits.vertices)
-      throw failure('resource-limit', 'Network vertex limit exceeded');
-    const addresses = new Addresses(read.rows, vertexCount, vertices.length);
-    drawn.set(type, { index: read.index, addresses });
-    const table = new RowLookup<VertexBank>();
-    for (let first = 0; first < read.rows.length; first += BANK_ROWS) {
-      const rows = axis(read.rows.subarray(first, first + BANK_ROWS));
-      const count = Math.min(BANK_ROWS, read.rows.length - first);
-      const bank: VertexBank = {
-        id: vertices.length,
-        type,
-        index: read.index!,
-        rows,
-        count,
-        base: vertexCount,
-      };
-      vertices.push(bank);
-      table.add(rows, bank);
-      vertexCount += count;
-      charge(256 + (rows.kind === 'indices' ? count * 36 : 0));
-    }
-    table.seal();
-    if (read.index) lookup.set(indexKey(read.index), table);
-  }
-
-  /** The drawn rows a reference column names, checked against its declared vertex type. */
-  const target = (column: Column.Reference): Drawn | undefined => {
-    const found = drawn.get(column.index.type);
-    if (!found) throw failure('invalid-input', 'References must name a vertex type');
-    if (found.index) assertIndex(found.index, column.index);
-    return found.index ? found : undefined;
-  };
-  /** Bank and offset of a dense address within its type, without searching. */
-  const bankOf = (addresses: Addresses, dense: number) =>
-    addresses.firstBank + ((dense - addresses.base) >>> BANK_SHIFT);
-  const offsetOf = (addresses: Addresses, dense: number) =>
-    (dense - addresses.base) & (BANK_ROWS - 1);
-  /** The addresses of the type holding a dense vertex address. */
-  const addressesOf = (dense: number): Addresses => {
-    let lo = 0,
-      hi = vertices.length;
-    while (lo < hi) {
-      const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-      if (vertices[m].base <= dense) lo = m + 1;
-      else hi = m;
-    }
-    return drawn.get(vertices[lo - 1].type)!.addresses;
-  };
-
-  const wiring = kit.wiring(schema, Object.keys(data.vertices), data.edges ?? {});
-  for (const [type, options] of Object.entries(data.edges ?? {})) {
-    const wire = wiring.get(type)!;
-    const pairs = new Segments(vertices, limits.segments, segments);
-    if (wire.kind === 'ends') {
-      const [{ field: a }, { field: b }] = wire.ends;
-      let index: Index | undefined;
-      const rows = new Uints(),
-        offsets = new Uints(),
-        incidence = new Uints();
-      offsets.push(0);
-      const flush = () => {
-        if (!rows.length) return;
-        const count = rows.length;
-        edges.push({
-          base: edgeCount,
-          type,
-          index: index!,
-          rows: axis(rows.take()),
-          count,
-          incidence: { offsets: offsets.take(), vertices: incidence.take() },
-          batches: pairs.take(),
-        });
-        edgeCount += count;
-        charge(256 + count * 16 + incidence.length * 8);
-        rows.length = 0;
-        offsets.length = 0;
-        offsets.push(0);
-        incidence.length = 0;
-      };
-      for await (const block of reader.read(data.source, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: type,
-        select: [a, b],
-        ...(options.rows ? { rows: options.rows } : {}),
-      })) {
-        if (index) assertIndex(index, block.index);
-        else index = block.index;
-        const from = reference(block.columns[a], a),
-          to = reference(block.columns[b], b);
-        const ta = target(from)?.addresses,
-          tb = target(to)?.addresses;
-        const range = block.rows.kind === 'range',
-          offset = range ? block.rows.offset : 0,
-          values = range ? undefined : block.rows.values,
-          n = range ? block.rows.count : values!.length;
-        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-          const local = rows.length;
-          rows.push(range ? offset + i : values![i]);
-          const at = from.offset + i,
-            bt = to.offset + i;
-          const va = ta && bitAt(from.validity, at) ? ta.get(from.values[at]) : -1,
-            vb = tb && bitAt(to.validity, bt) ? tb.get(to.values[bt]) : -1;
-          if (va >= 0) incidence.push(va);
-          if (vb >= 0) incidence.push(vb);
-          offsets.push(incidence.length);
-          if (va >= 0 && vb >= 0) {
-            charge(48);
-            pairs.add(
-              bankOf(ta!, va),
-              bankOf(tb!, vb),
-              offsetOf(ta!, va),
-              offsetOf(tb!, vb),
-              local,
-            );
-          }
-          if (rows.length === BANK_ROWS) flush();
-        }
-      }
-      flush();
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (options.bends) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Bends require ends');
-    const centered = options.x != null || options.y != null;
-    // A net: its ends are the drawn vertices whose references name its rows.
-    const nets = await rowsOf(data.source, type, options.rows);
-    const local = new Addresses(nets.rows);
-    const net = new Uints(),
-      member = new Uints();
-    const ports = new Map<string, string[]>();
-    for (const port of wire.ports)
-      ports.set(port.type, [...(ports.get(port.type) ?? []), port.field]);
-    for (const [vertexType, fields] of ports) {
-      const own = drawn.get(vertexType)!,
-        selection = data.vertices[vertexType].rows;
-      for await (const block of reader.read(data.source, {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        from: vertexType,
-        select: fields,
-        ...(selection ? { rows: selection } : {}),
-      })) {
-        if (own.index) assertIndex(own.index, block.index);
-        const range = block.rows.kind === 'range',
-          offset = range ? block.rows.offset : 0,
-          values = range ? undefined : block.rows.values,
-          n = range ? block.rows.count : values!.length;
-        for (const name of fields) {
-          const column = reference(block.columns[name], name);
-          if (nets.index) assertIndex(nets.index, column.index);
-          for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            const at = column.offset + i;
-            if (!bitAt(column.validity, at)) continue;
-            const v = own.addresses.get(range ? offset + i : values![i]),
-              e = local.get(column.values[at]);
-            if (v < 0 || e < 0) continue;
-            net.push(e);
-            member.push(v);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    // Group members by net with a counting sort, then drop a vertex wired twice to one net.
-    const count = nets.rows.length,
-      starts = new Uint32Array(count + 1),
-      byNet = net.take(),
-      byMember = member.take(),
-      members = new Uint32Array(byNet.length);
-    for (let p = 0; p < byNet.length; p++) starts[byNet[p] + 1]++;
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) starts[i + 1] += starts[i];
-    const cursor = starts.slice(0, count);
-    for (let p = 0; p < byNet.length; p++) members[cursor[byNet[p]]++] = byMember[p];
-    let write = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const begin = starts[i],
-        end = starts[i + 1];
-      starts[i] = write;
-      if (end - begin > 2) members.subarray(begin, end).sort();
-      for (let p = begin; p < end; p++)
-        if (p === begin || members[p] !== members[p - 1]) members[write++] = members[p];
-    }
-    starts[count] = write;
-    for (let first = 0; first < count; first += BANK_ROWS) {
-      const last = Math.min(count, first + BANK_ROWS),
-        base = starts[first];
-      const offsets = Uint32Array.from(starts.subarray(first, last + 1), (s) => s - base);
-      let stars = false;
-      for (let i = first; i < last; i++) {
-        const size = starts[i + 1] - starts[i];
-        // A center draws every net as a star; otherwise only nets of more than two vertices.
-        if (centered ? size > 0 : size > 2) stars = true;
-        else if (size === 2) {
-          const va = members[starts[i]],
-            vb = members[starts[i] + 1];
-          const ta = addressesOf(va),
-            tb = addressesOf(vb);
-          charge(48);
-          pairs.add(bankOf(ta, va), bankOf(tb, vb), offsetOf(ta, va), offsetOf(tb, vb), i - first);
-        }
-      }
-      edges.push({
-        base: edgeCount,
-        type,
-        index: nets.index!,
-        rows: axis(nets.rows.subarray(first, last)),
-        count: last - first,
-        incidence: { offsets, vertices: members.slice(base, starts[last]) },
-        batches: pairs.take(),
-        ...(stars ? { stars } : {}),
-      });
-      edgeCount += last - first;
-      charge(256 + (last - first) * 16 + (starts[last] - base) * 4);
-    }
-  }
-
-  reader.signal.throwIfAborted();
-  if (kinds.size > 1)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Drawn positions mix geographic and plane coordinates');
-  const lonlat = kinds.has(true);
-  const adjacencyBytes =
-    (vertexCount + edgeCount + 2) * 4 +
-    edges.reduce((sum, bank) => sum + bank.incidence.vertices.length * 8, 0);
-  charge(adjacencyBytes);
-  const adjacency = new Adjacency(vertices, edges, vertexCount, edgeCount);
-  bytes -= adjacencyBytes - adjacency.bytes;
-  return {
-    vertices,
-    edges,
-    lookup,
-    vertexCount,
-    edgeCount,
-    segmentCount: segments.count,
-    schema,
-    geographic: lonlat,
-    bytes,
-    adjacency,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/index.ts b/packages/network/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f743ae3f..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-/** Draw a model as a network: vertices and edges, flat, on the mercator plane, tilted, or on a globe. */
-export { createNetwork, arrange } from './network.js';
-export type { Network } from './network.js';
diff --git a/packages/network/src/input.ts b/packages/network/src/input.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 86d22ef1..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/input.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-import type { Point } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Network } from './network.js';
-/** What a network's own gestures drive; the view implements it. */
-export interface Gestures {
-  locate(item: Network.Item): Point | null;
-  neighborhood(item: Network.Item): readonly Network.Item[];
-  reveal(item: Network.Item): void;
-  selection(): readonly Network.Item[];
-  /** Select as the user did, reporting it. */
-  choose(items: readonly Network.Item[]): void;
-}
-
-/** An arrow steps from the selection to its neighbor in that direction, and reveals it. */
-export function step(event: KeyboardEvent, view: Gestures): boolean {
-  const key = event.key;
-  if (key !== 'ArrowLeft' && key !== 'ArrowRight' && key !== 'ArrowUp' && key !== 'ArrowDown')
-    return false;
-  const dx = key === 'ArrowLeft' ? 1 : key === 'ArrowRight' ? -1 : 0,
-    dy = key === 'ArrowUp' ? 1 : key === 'ArrowDown' ? -1 : 0;
-  const selected = view.selection().at(-1),
-    origin = selected && view.locate(selected);
-  if (!selected || !origin) return true;
-  let best: Network.Item | undefined,
-    score = Infinity;
-  for (const item of view.neighborhood(selected)) {
-    const p = view.locate(item);
-    if (!p) continue;
-    const x = p[0] - origin[0],
-      y = p[1] - origin[1],
-      dot = -(x * dx + y * dy);
-    if (dot <= 0) continue;
-    const s = Math.hypot(x, y) ** 2 / dot;
-    if (s < score) {
-      score = s;
-      best = item;
-    }
-  }
-  if (best) {
-    view.choose([best]);
-    view.reveal(best);
-  }
-  return true;
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/network.ts b/packages/network/src/network.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a66f881..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/network.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,940 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  kit,
-  type Gpu,
-  type ItemView,
-  type Point,
-  type ProjectedCamera,
-  type Shade,
-  type View,
-  type FrameInfo,
-  type Viewport,
-  type Layout,
-  type Channel,
-  type Marker,
-  type RGBA,
-  type Labels,
-} from '@latkit/gpu';
-import {
-  Work,
-  failure,
-  sameIndex,
-  type Data,
-  type Schema,
-  type FieldInput,
-  type Index,
-  type Item,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import { networkData, networkKey, type NetworkData } from './data.js';
-import {
-  DEFAULT_LIMITS,
-  placement,
-  readGeometry,
-  vertexOptions,
-  edgeOptions,
-  type EdgeBank,
-  type Geometry,
-  type VertexBank,
-} from './geometry/topology.js';
-import { indexKey } from './geometry/rows.js';
-import { Placement, arrangeVertices, positions } from './geometry/layout.js';
-import { step, type Gestures } from './input.js';
-import { DEFAULTS, VIEW_DEFAULTS, resolveStyle, type Style } from './options.js';
-import { Picking, type PickGeometry } from './picking.js';
-import {
-  LINE,
-  VERTEX,
-  channels,
-  readFields,
-  resolveDomains,
-  type FieldRead,
-} from './rendering/fields.js';
-import { Labels as LabelLayer } from './rendering/labels.js';
-import { Routes } from './geometry/routes.js';
-import { Painter, type Paint, type Reads } from './rendering/painter.js';
-import { pipelines, type Pipelines } from './rendering/pipelines.js';
-
-/** A row of the model, which each of the view's items is; named apart from the view's own Item. */
-type ModelItem = Item;
-const { Projector, PROJECTIONS } = kit;
-/**
- * Each network's grounds as layers. Resolving a config makes them, and resolving runs while the base
- * view constructs, before a network's own fields exist.
- */
-const grounds = new WeakMap<object, Map<View, kit.Layer>>();
-
-type Records = 'vertices' | 'edges';
-type Merged = 'camera' | 'input' | 'limits' | 'layout';
-export interface Network extends ItemView<
-  Network.Config,
-  Network.Item,
-  Network.Item,
-  ProjectedCamera,
-  Network.Events
-> {
-  set(patch: View.Patch<Network.Config, Records, Merged>, options?: View.SetOptions): void;
-  /** Projections the data supports: the globe and the mercator plane need geographic positions. */
-  readonly projections: Readonly<Record<ProjectedCamera.Projection, boolean>>;
-  /** The item, the edges at a vertex or the vertices of an edge, and itself. */
-  neighborhood(item: Network.Item): readonly Network.Item[];
-  stats(): Network.Stats;
-}
-export declare namespace Network {
-  interface Config extends ItemView.Config, Style {
-    /** Borrowed: destroy never closes it. */
-    readonly source: Data;
-    /** Drawn types by model type name. */
-    readonly vertices: Readonly<Record<string, VertexOptions>>;
-    readonly edges?: Readonly<Record<string, EdgeOptions>>;
-    /**
-     * A view drawn beneath the graph, such as a geography: in the graph's pass, with its camera, `at`,
-     * and depth. Its sun lights the graph, and input the graph leaves reaches it, unless its own
-     * `input` is `none`.
-     */
-    readonly ground?: View | null;
-    /**
-     * How vertices without a position are placed: by `stress` by default, each edge as long as the
-     * positioned ones' median, or 1 without any.
-     */
-    readonly layout?: Layout;
-    /** Where the camera starts; `network.camera` is where it is. Fits the data by default. */
-    readonly camera?: Partial<ProjectedCamera>;
-    readonly limits?: Limits;
-  }
-  type Events = ItemView.Events<Item, Item, ProjectedCamera>;
-  interface Stats extends View.Stats {
-    readonly vertices: number;
-    readonly edges: number;
-    /** Logical stroke segments before adaptive GPU tessellation. */
-    readonly segments: number;
-    readonly geometryBytes: number;
-  }
-  /** A drawn row: a vertex or an edge. */
-  interface Item extends ModelItem {
-    readonly kind: 'vertex' | 'edge';
-  }
-  /**
-   * How a type's vertices draw. Each channel takes one value for every row, a field, or a scale:
-   * `color: 'load'`, `radiusPx: { field: 'load', range: [2, 12] }`. A field name labels by that field.
-   */
-  interface VertexOptions {
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    /** Where each row draws, in the data's coordinates; layout places rows without, as `layout` says. */
-    readonly x?: Channel;
-    readonly y?: Channel;
-    /** Height above the drawing, from 0 to 1 of `zScale`; a field spans 0 to 1. */
-    readonly z?: Channel;
-    /** `vertexColor` by default. */
-    readonly color?: Channel.Color;
-    /** Marker radius in CSS pixels; a field spans 2 to 8. `vertexRadiusPx` by default. */
-    readonly radiusPx?: Channel;
-    /** How each row draws in its radius: a disc, `shape('ellipse')`, by default. */
-    readonly marker?: Marker;
-    /** Shown where true or positive; every row by default. */
-    readonly visible?: Channel<boolean>;
-    readonly shade?: Channel;
-    readonly labels?: string | Labels | null;
-  }
-  /** How a type's edges draw. */
-  interface EdgeOptions {
-    readonly rows?: Index.Selection;
-    /**
-     * Two reference fields naming the vertices each row joins, such as a branch's two buses.
-     * Omitted, the type is a net: each row joins the vertices whose references name it, drawn as a
-     * segment between two or a star of more.
-     */
-    readonly ends?: readonly [source: string, target: string];
-    /** Intermediate bends, a native list of two-component floating-point vectors; requires ends. */
-    readonly bends?: FieldInput;
-    /** Where a net's star meets, drawing every net as a star; otherwise the centroid of its ends. */
-    readonly x?: Channel;
-    readonly y?: Channel;
-    /**
-     * How an edge between geographic points runs over the earth: `straight` in longitude and
-     * latitude, or `geodesic` along the great circle. Unset, it takes the shortest way: `geodesic`
-     * on the globe, `straight` on a flat map.
-     */
-    readonly route?: 'straight' | 'geodesic';
-    /** Line width in CSS pixels; a field spans 1 to 4. `edgeWidthPx` by default. */
-    readonly widthPx?: Channel;
-    /** `edgeColor` by default. */
-    readonly color?: Channel.Color;
-    /** Dashed where true or positive. */
-    readonly dash?: Channel<boolean>;
-    /**
-     * How far comets move along the line each second, in CSS pixels, from its first end toward its
-     * second; negative runs the other way, and 0 draws none. A field spans 0 to 40.
-     */
-    readonly flowPx?: Channel;
-    /** Shown where true or positive; every row by default. */
-    readonly visible?: Channel<boolean>;
-    readonly shade?: Channel;
-    readonly labels?: string | Labels | null;
-  }
-  interface Limits {
-    /** Drawn vertices, including edges' bends and junctions. */
-    readonly vertices?: number;
-    /** Logical stroke segments before adaptive GPU tessellation. */
-    readonly segments?: number;
-    /** CPU memory for topology and routes. */
-    readonly geometryBytes?: number;
-    /** CPU memory for hit-test indexes; hover and pick fall back to scans past it. */
-    readonly pickingBytes?: number;
-    /** Time to place vertices without a position, in milliseconds. */
-    readonly layoutMs?: number;
-  }
-  /**
-   * How a network draws, beyond the shared view style; every option has a default. A kind's
-   * defaults are named after the channels they stand in for: `vertexColor` is the vertices' `color`.
-   * Its grid is lines of the data's x and y; over a ground, the ground draws its own instead.
-   */
-  interface Style extends kit.LineStyle, kit.ProjectedStyle, kit.GridStyle {
-    /** Draw vertex markers. */
-    readonly markers?: boolean;
-    /** Draw edges. */
-    readonly lines?: boolean;
-    /** Stems from the ground to raised vertices. */
-    readonly poles?: boolean;
-    readonly vertexColor?: RGBA;
-    readonly vertexRadiusPx?: number;
-    /**
-     * Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart on screen, down to this radius in
-     * CSS pixels; `vertexRadiusPx` or more keeps them one size. Hover grows a marker back.
-     */
-    readonly vertexMinRadiusPx?: number;
-    /** `ends` colors each edge by the vertices it joins. */
-    readonly edgeColor?: RGBA | 'ends';
-    readonly edgeWidthPx?: number;
-    /** How high a `z` of 1 draws: 15% of the data's extent on a plane, and 8% of the globe's radius, times this. */
-    readonly zScale?: number;
-    /** Edges joining the same two vertices draw this many CSS pixels apart; 0 draws them over each other. */
-    readonly edgeSpacingPx?: number;
-    /** Soft shadows below markers, lifting them off the lines. */
-    readonly shadows?: boolean;
-    /** How much hover grows a vertex's marker, eased; 1 keeps its size. */
-    readonly hoverScale?: number;
-    /** Also draw the vertices a selected edge joins over the rest. */
-    readonly selectedEnds?: boolean;
-    /** Also draw the vertices a hovered edge joins over the rest. */
-    readonly hoverEnds?: boolean;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Draw a model's vertices and edges, on a canvas or offscreen. */
-export function createNetwork(gpu: Gpu, config: Network.Config): Network {
-  return new NetworkView(gpu, config);
-}
-/** Place a network's vertices as it would, without drawing: positions by vertex type. */
-export async function arrange(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  config: Network.Config,
-  options: { readonly signal?: AbortSignal } = {},
-): Promise<Readonly<Record<string, Layout.Positions>>> {
-  const data = checkData(config),
-    limits = kit.resolveLimits(config.limits, DEFAULT_LIMITS, 'network'),
-    layout = checkLayout(config.layout),
-    reader = gpu.reader.open({ signal: options.signal, at: config.at ?? undefined });
-  try {
-    const work = new Work(reader.signal, limits.layoutMs),
-      topology = await readGeometry(data, reader, limits);
-    return positions(topology, await arrangeVertices(reader, topology, data, layout, work));
-  } finally {
-    reader.close();
-  }
-}
-
-interface Presented {
-  readonly geometry: Geometry;
-  readonly picking: PickGeometry;
-  /** The frame's camera on its viewport. */
-  readonly projector: kit.Projector;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly data: NetworkData;
-  readonly options: Style;
-}
-interface Pending extends Presented {
-  readonly paint: Paint;
-  /** Whether the frame begins the transition in progress. */
-  readonly begins: boolean;
-}
-/** What a config means to the network: its drawn data, limits, layout, style, and ground. */
-interface Resolved {
-  readonly config: Network.Config;
-  readonly data: NetworkData;
-  readonly limits: Required<Network.Limits>;
-  readonly layout: Layout;
-  readonly style: Style;
-  /** Whether any edge type moves dots along itself. */
-  readonly flowing: boolean;
-  /** The view drawn beneath, as a layer. */
-  readonly ground?: kit.Layer;
-}
-/** Style a transition eases, as rows read it where they have no value of their own. */
-const EASED = ['vertexColor', 'vertexRadiusPx', 'edgeColor', 'edgeWidthPx'] as const;
-/**
- * Hit-test indexes build once the shown positions and the camera have held this long, as hover
- * settles: never while the camera moves, when frames are being drawn and hover waits anyway.
- */
-const INDEX_SETTLE_MS = 150;
-/** Settles `ms` after its latest `touch`, when `now` is called, or as soon as the signal aborts. */
-function settle(
-  ms: number,
-  signal: AbortSignal,
-): { readonly settled: Promise<void>; readonly now: () => void; readonly touch: () => void } {
-  let resolve!: () => void, timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
-  const settled = new Promise<void>((done) => (resolve = done));
-  const touch = () => {
-    clearTimeout(timer);
-    timer = setTimeout(resolve, ms);
-  };
-  const now = () => {
-    clearTimeout(timer);
-    resolve();
-  };
-  touch();
-  signal.addEventListener('abort', now, { once: true });
-  return { settled, now, touch };
-}
-/** Whether two cameras show the same view. */
-function sameView(a: ProjectedCamera, b: ProjectedCamera): boolean {
-  return (
-    a.projection === b.projection &&
-    a.center[0] === b.center[0] &&
-    a.center[1] === b.center[1] &&
-    a.scale === b.scale &&
-    a.pitch === b.pitch &&
-    a.bearing === b.bearing
-  );
-}
-/** The drawn data, checked; the base checks every option name and the source. */
-function checkData(config: Network.Config): NetworkData {
-  if (!config.vertices) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid network data');
-  const data = networkData(config);
-  for (const vertex of Object.values(data.vertices)) {
-    if (vertex.marker !== undefined) kit.checkMarker(vertex.marker);
-    channels(vertex, VERTEX);
-    kit.resolveLabels(vertex.labels);
-  }
-  for (const [type, edge] of Object.entries(data.edges ?? {})) {
-    if (
-      edge.ends &&
-      (edge.ends.length !== 2 ||
-        !edge.ends.every((end) => typeof end === 'string') ||
-        edge.ends[0] === edge.ends[1])
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Edge ends must be two distinct fields: ' + type);
-    if (edge.ends && (edge.x != null || edge.y != null))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'A star center belongs to a net, which has no ends: ' + type);
-    if (!edge.ends && edge.bends) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Bends require ends: ' + type);
-    if (edge.route && !['straight', 'geodesic'].includes(edge.route))
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Invalid route: ' + type);
-    channels(edge, LINE);
-    kit.resolveLabels(edge.labels);
-  }
-  return data;
-}
-const NO_LAYOUT: Layout = Object.freeze({});
-/** The layout options, checked. */
-function checkLayout(layout: Layout | undefined): Layout {
-  kit.layoutOptions(layout, { algorithm: 'stress', vertexGap: 1, rankGap: 3 });
-  return layout ?? NO_LAYOUT;
-}
-/** Whether a net centers its stars on its own x and y. */
-function centered(edge: Network.EdgeOptions | undefined): boolean {
-  return edge?.x != null || edge?.y != null;
-}
-/**
- * Whether drawn rows, their wiring, or how they are placed differ, which rebuilds geometry. New
- * positions of the same kind, as a live simulation binds each frame, never do.
- */
-function rewired(a: NetworkData, b: NetworkData): boolean {
-  return !(
-    kit.sameValues(a.source, b.source, wiring) &&
-    kit.sameRecords(a.vertices, b.vertices, ['rows']) &&
-    kit.sameRecords(a.edges, b.edges, ['rows', 'ends']) &&
-    Object.keys(b.vertices).every(
-      (type) =>
-        placement(a.source, type, a.vertices[type]) === placement(b.source, type, b.vertices[type]),
-    ) &&
-    Object.keys(b.edges ?? {}).every(
-      (type) => centered(a.edges?.[type]) === centered(b.edges![type]),
-    )
-  );
-}
-
-class NetworkView
-  extends kit.ProjectedView<
-    Network.Config,
-    Network.Item,
-    Network.Item,
-    Network.Events,
-    Resolved,
-    Pending,
-    Pipelines,
-    Records,
-    Merged
-  >
-  implements Network
-{
-  private geometry?: Geometry;
-  /** The latest drawn frame: what pick, locate, and selection see. */
-  private shown?: Presented;
-  private readonly painter: Painter;
-  private readonly picking = new Picking();
-  /**
-   * Hit-test indexes building for the shown positions: in the background once they hold still, or
-   * at once for a query that needs them.
-   */
-  private indexing?: {
-    readonly picking: PickGeometry;
-    readonly stop: AbortController;
-    /** Start building now instead of waiting for the positions to settle. */
-    readonly now: () => void;
-    /** Wait a settle again before building: the camera moved. */
-    readonly touch: () => void;
-    /** The camera the latest presented frame showed. */
-    camera: ProjectedCamera;
-    /** Settles when the build ends: built, out of budget, superseded, or failed. */
-    readonly built: Promise<void>;
-    done: boolean;
-  };
-  private readonly routes = new Routes();
-  private readonly placement = new Placement();
-  private readonly labels = new LabelLayer();
-  /** The ground's invalidations, which this view follows. */
-  private following?: () => void;
-  /** The ground captured with this view's frame. */
-  private captured?: kit.CapturedLayer;
-  /** An animated `set` eases its drawn values from what the next presented frame replaces. */
-  private transitionRequested = false;
-  /**
-   * The transition in progress: when it started, where picking saw rows as it did, and whether a
-   * frame has drawn its start.
-   */
-  private transition?: { readonly start: number; readonly from: PickGeometry; begun: boolean };
-  private counts = { vertices: 0, edges: 0, segments: 0, geometryBytes: 0, drawCalls: 0 };
-  private readonly gestures: Gestures = {
-    locate: (item) => this.locate(item),
-    neighborhood: (item) => this.neighborhood(item),
-    reveal: (item) => this.reveal(item),
-    selection: () => this.selection,
-    choose: (items) => this.choose(items),
-  };
-  constructor(gpu: Gpu, config: Network.Config) {
-    super(gpu, config, {
-      name: 'network',
-      records: ['vertices', 'edges'],
-      merged: ['camera', 'input', 'limits', 'layout'],
-      options: [...Object.keys(DEFAULTS), 'ground'],
-      style: VIEW_DEFAULTS,
-    });
-    // A curve that asked for more pieces than its pool held draws again, sized to what it asked.
-    this.painter = new Painter(gpu, () => {
-      if (!this.closed) this.invalidate();
-    });
-    this.ground = this.resolved.ground;
-    this.follow(this.ground);
-    this.start();
-  }
-  private get data(): NetworkData {
-    return this.resolved.data;
-  }
-  protected get style(): Style {
-    return this.resolved.style;
-  }
-  private get limits(): Required<Network.Limits> {
-    return this.resolved.limits;
-  }
-  private get layout(): Layout {
-    return this.resolved.layout;
-  }
-
-  /** The globe and the mercator plane need geographic positions, which their fields declare once read. */
-  get projections(): Readonly<Record<ProjectedCamera.Projection, boolean>> {
-    const geographic = this.shown?.geometry.geographic ?? false;
-    return { flat: true, tilt: true, mercator: geographic, globe: geographic };
-  }
-  neighborhood(item: Network.Item): readonly Network.Item[] {
-    return this.shown?.geometry.adjacency.neighborhood(item, this.shown.data) ?? [];
-  }
-  stats(): Network.Stats {
-    return {
-      ...super.stats(),
-      ...this.counts,
-      pickingBytes: this.shown?.picking.bytes ?? 0,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /** Geographic positions start on the mercator plane, as a geography does; others on the plane. */
-  protected defaultCamera(): ProjectedCamera {
-    const { data } = this.resolved;
-    return Object.entries(data.vertices).some(
-      ([type, options]) => placement(data.source, type, options) === 'geographic',
-    )
-      ? { ...Projector.camera, projection: 'mercator' }
-      : Projector.camera;
-  }
-  /** How a frame's geometry frames items, or all of it. */
-  private framing(
-    geometry: Geometry,
-    picking: PickGeometry,
-    items: readonly Network.Item[] | undefined,
-    camera: ProjectedCamera,
-    viewport: Viewport,
-  ): Partial<ProjectedCamera> {
-    let bounds = picking.bounds;
-    if (items) {
-      let minX = Infinity,
-        minY = Infinity,
-        maxX = -Infinity,
-        maxY = -Infinity;
-      for (const item of items.flatMap((item) =>
-        item.kind === 'vertex'
-          ? [item]
-          : geometry.adjacency
-              .neighborhood(item, this.data)
-              .filter((near) => near.kind === 'vertex'),
-      )) {
-        const found = geometry.lookup.get(indexKey(item.index))?.get(item.row);
-        if (!found) continue;
-        const [x, y] = picking.position(found.value, found.offset);
-        minX = Math.min(minX, x);
-        minY = Math.min(minY, y);
-        maxX = Math.max(maxX, x);
-        maxY = Math.max(maxY, y);
-      }
-      if (minX <= maxX) bounds = [minX, minY, maxX, maxY];
-    }
-    return this.fitted(camera, bounds, viewport);
-  }
-  protected position(item: Network.Item): Point | null {
-    const p = this.shown;
-    return p ? p.picking.locate(item, p.data, p.projector, p.height, p.options) : null;
-  }
-  protected identify(item: Network.Item): string {
-    return networkKey(item);
-  }
-  protected accept(item: Network.Item): void {
-    const table = this.data.source.tables[item.index.type];
-    if (!table || !sameIndex(table.index, item.index))
-      throw failure('conflict', 'Selection belongs to another source');
-  }
-  protected contains(item: Network.Item): boolean {
-    const geometry = this.shown?.geometry;
-    if (!geometry) return false;
-    if (item.kind === 'vertex') return !!geometry.lookup.get(indexKey(item.index))?.get(item.row);
-    return geometry.edges.some(
-      (bank) =>
-        sameIndex(bank.index, item.index) &&
-        (bank.rows.kind === 'range'
-          ? item.row >= bank.rows.offset && item.row < bank.rows.offset + bank.rows.count
-          : bank.rows.values.includes(item.row)),
-    );
-  }
-  /** Hits in the shown frame, once the index its positions are building is ready. */
-  protected async hits(
-    point: Point,
-    radiusPx: number,
-    options: { readonly limit: number; readonly signal?: AbortSignal },
-  ): Promise<readonly Network.Item[]> {
-    const shown = this.shown;
-    if (!shown) return [];
-    const task = this.indexing;
-    if (task && !task.done) {
-      task.now();
-      if (options.signal) await new Work(options.signal).wait(task.built);
-      else await task.built;
-    }
-    const { viewport } = shown.projector;
-    return shown.picking.hit(
-      point,
-      shown.data,
-      shown.projector,
-      shown.height,
-      shown.options,
-      Math.min(radiusPx, Math.hypot(viewport.width, viewport.height)),
-      options.limit,
-    );
-  }
-  protected pipelines(format: GPUTextureFormat, msaa: 1 | 4, shade: Shade): Promise<Pipelines> {
-    return pipelines(this.gpu, format, msaa, shade.wgsl);
-  }
-  /** Inspecting, arrows step to the neighbor in their direction; otherwise they move the camera. */
-  protected key(event: KeyboardEvent, mode: NonNullable<ItemView.Input['mode']>): boolean {
-    return mode === 'inspect' ? step(event, this.gestures) : super.key(event, mode);
-  }
-
-  protected resolve(config: Network.Config): Resolved {
-    return {
-      config,
-      data: checkData(config),
-      limits: kit.resolveLimits(config.limits, DEFAULT_LIMITS, 'network'),
-      layout: checkLayout(config.layout),
-      flowing: Object.values(config.edges ?? {}).some(
-        (line) => line.flowPx != null && line.flowPx !== 0,
-      ),
-      style: resolveStyle(config, this.sharedStyle(config)),
-      ground: this.layerOf(config.ground),
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * A view as a layer, made once for each: a view that cannot be drawn beneath another, or that
-   * presents elsewhere, rejects the config here, before any of it applies.
-   */
-  private layerOf(view: View | null | undefined): kit.Layer | undefined {
-    if (!view) return undefined;
-    let layers = grounds.get(this);
-    if (!layers) grounds.set(this, (layers = new Map<View, kit.Layer>()));
-    let layer = layers.get(view);
-    if (!layer) layers.set(view, (layer = kit.layerOf(view)));
-    return layer;
-  }
-  /** Follow the ground's invalidations, and let go of any ground no longer drawn. */
-  private follow(ground: kit.Layer | undefined): void {
-    this.following?.();
-    this.following = ground?.invalidated(() => this.invalidate());
-    const layers = grounds.get(this);
-    for (const [view, layer] of layers ?? [])
-      if (layer !== ground) {
-        layer.release();
-        layers!.delete(view);
-      }
-  }
-  protected configure(next: Resolved, previous: Resolved, options: View.SetOptions): void {
-    const a = previous.data,
-      b = next.data;
-    if (next.ground !== previous.ground) {
-      this.follow(next.ground);
-      this.ground = next.ground;
-    }
-    if (
-      options.animate &&
-      (a.source !== b.source ||
-        a.vertices !== b.vertices ||
-        a.edges !== b.edges ||
-        previous.layout !== next.layout ||
-        EASED.some((key) => String(previous.style[key]) !== String(next.style[key])))
-    )
-      this.transitionRequested = true;
-    if (
-      rewired(previous.data, next.data) ||
-      Object.entries(next.limits).some(
-        ([key, value]) => previous.limits[key as keyof Network.Limits] !== value,
-      )
-    ) {
-      this.geometry = undefined;
-      this.pruneSelection();
-    }
-    this.invalidate();
-  }
-  /** Orbiting turns the camera, flow moves, transitions and hover ease, and the ground loads. */
-  protected get animating(): boolean {
-    return (
-      super.animating ||
-      !!this.transition ||
-      this.painter.growing ||
-      (this.resolved.flowing && this.style.lines && !this.reducedMotion) ||
-      !!this.resolved.ground?.animating
-    );
-  }
-  protected get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    return this.resolved.ground?.pending;
-  }
-  /** The ground is captured with the network's own frame, and released with it. */
-  protected captureChildren(): readonly { release(): void }[] {
-    const ground = this.resolved.ground;
-    this.ground = ground;
-    this.captured = ground?.capture();
-    return this.captured ? [this.captured] : [];
-  }
-
-  protected async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation): Promise<Pending> {
-    this.live();
-    const { data, style, layout, limits } = this,
-      captured = this.captured;
-    // Edges joining the same two vertices read their lanes once they draw apart.
-    const spaced = style.edgeSpacingPx > 0;
-    const topology =
-      this.geometry?.native ?? this.geometry ?? (await readGeometry(data, frame.reader, limits));
-    // What the data draws: read, scaled, placed, and compiled once, until the data, its bindings,
-    // the layout, or the coordinate of a sampled read change.
-    const { geometry, reads } = await frame.memo(
-      'reads',
-      [
-        topology,
-        data.source,
-        data.vertices,
-        data.edges,
-        layout,
-        this.resolved.config.limits,
-        spaced,
-      ],
-      async (f) => {
-        let geometry = topology;
-        const vertices = new Map<VertexBank, FieldRead>(),
-          edges = new Map<EdgeBank, FieldRead>(),
-          free = new Set(
-            Object.keys(data.vertices).filter(
-              (type) => placement(data.source, type, data.vertices[type]) === 'free',
-            ),
-          );
-        // A type without x or y reads where layout places it, below.
-        for (const bank of geometry.vertices)
-          if (!free.has(bank.type))
-            vertices.set(bank, await readFields(f, data.source, bank, data.vertices[bank.type]));
-        for (const bank of geometry.edges)
-          edges.set(
-            bank,
-            await readFields(
-              f,
-              data.source,
-              bank,
-              edgeOptions(data, bank),
-              spaced ? topology.adjacency.laneValues(bank, data) : undefined,
-            ),
-          );
-        await resolveDomains(f, data.source, vertices, (bank) =>
-          vertexOptions(data, bank as VertexBank),
-        );
-        await resolveDomains(f, data.source, edges, (bank) => edgeOptions(data, bank as EdgeBank));
-        // Each bank holding a vertex without a position reads every row's from layout instead,
-        // scaled as its type's other banks are.
-        const placed = await this.placement.prepare(
-            topology,
-            data,
-            vertices,
-            layout,
-            new Work(f.signal, limits.layoutMs),
-          ),
-          laid = new Map<VertexBank, FieldRead>();
-        for (const [bank, values] of placed) {
-          const read = await readFields(f, data.source, bank, data.vertices[bank.type], values),
-            before = vertices.get(bank);
-          if (before) vertices.set(bank, read.scaled(before.scales));
-          else laid.set(bank, read);
-        }
-        await resolveDomains(f, data.source, laid, (bank) =>
-          vertexOptions(data, bank as VertexBank),
-        );
-        for (const [bank, read] of laid) vertices.set(bank, read);
-        const compiled = this.routes.prepare(topology, { vertices, edges }, data, this.limits);
-        geometry = compiled.geometry;
-        for (const [bank, original] of compiled.origins) edges.set(bank, edges.get(original)!);
-        // An edge's private bends and junctions carry their own positions and heights.
-        const points = new Map<VertexBank, FieldRead>();
-        for (const bank of geometry.vertices)
-          if (bank.synthetic)
-            points.set(bank, await readFields(f, data.source, bank, bank.synthetic));
-        await resolveDomains(f, data.source, points, (bank) =>
-          vertexOptions(data, bank as VertexBank),
-        );
-        for (const [bank, read] of points) vertices.set(bank, read);
-        return { geometry, reads: { vertices, edges } satisfies Reads };
-      },
-    );
-    const picking = this.picking.prepare(geometry, reads, this.limits.pickingBytes);
-    let camera = await this.frameCamera(frame, (items, current, viewport) =>
-      this.framing(geometry, picking, items, current, viewport),
-    );
-    const framed = camera;
-    // The globe and the mercator plane need geographic positions; a plane draws flat.
-    if (PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].geographic && !geometry.geographic)
-      camera = { ...camera, projection: 'flat', pitch: 0 };
-    camera = this.orbited(frame, camera);
-    if (camera !== framed) this.drawCamera(frame, camera);
-    const projector = new Projector(camera, frame.viewport);
-    const height =
-      style.zScale *
-      (camera.projection === 'globe'
-        ? 0.08
-        : Math.max(
-            picking.bounds[2] - picking.bounds[0],
-            picking.bounds[3] - picking.bounds[1],
-            1e-6,
-          ) * 0.15);
-    this.live();
-    frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-    // The first presented frame after an animated change eases from what was shown, as long as the
-    // style's animation lasts; an export draws every value where it is going.
-    const motion = !this.reducedMotion,
-      { presented, timeMs } = frame;
-    if (presented && this.transitionRequested) {
-      this.transitionRequested = false;
-      this.transition =
-        this.shown && motion && style.animationMs > 0
-          ? { start: timeMs, from: this.shown.picking, begun: false }
-          : undefined;
-    }
-    const transition = presented ? this.transition : undefined;
-    let rest = transition
-      ? (1 - Math.min(1, Math.max(0, (timeMs - transition.start) / style.animationMs))) ** 3
-      : 0;
-    // The frame's records, and what a transition eases them from; one the GPU budget cannot hold
-    // steps, as a diagram's does past its geometry budget.
-    const records = this.painter.records(
-      geometry,
-      data,
-      rest > 0 ? { start: !transition!.begun } : null,
-      presented,
-    );
-    if (rest > 0 && !records.easing) rest = 0;
-    if (presented && rest === 0) this.transition = undefined;
-    const labels = await this.labels.prepare(
-      frame,
-      this.gpu,
-      geometry,
-      rest > 0 ? picking.easedFrom(transition!.from, rest, camera.projection === 'globe') : picking,
-      data,
-      projector,
-      height,
-      style,
-    );
-    const previous = this.shown;
-    const moving =
-      !!previous &&
-      (!picking.samePositions(previous.picking) ||
-        height !== previous.height ||
-        Object.keys(data.vertices).some(
-          (key) => data.vertices[key].z !== previous.data.vertices[key]?.z,
-        ));
-    const hover = this.hoverFrame(
-      frame,
-      (point, radius, { check }) =>
-        picking.nearest(point, data, projector, height, style, radius, check),
-      moving || rest > 0,
-    );
-    const painted = await this.painter.prepare(frame, {
-      pipelines: await this.framePipelines(frame),
-      shade: this.shadeFrame(frame),
-      camera,
-      projector,
-      light: captured?.light ?? null,
-      halo: captured?.fill ?? style.background,
-      grounded: !!captured,
-      options: style,
-      data,
-      geometry,
-      reads,
-      selection: this.selection,
-      hover,
-      height,
-      labels,
-      records,
-      motion,
-      markerFit: picking.markerFit(camera, style),
-      transition: rest > 0 ? { rest, start: !transition!.begun } : null,
-    });
-    // The ground beneath: this frame's camera and scene block, and the pointer where the graph
-    // found nothing.
-    const ground = await captured?.prepare(frame, {
-      camera,
-      msaa: style.msaa,
-      pointer: hover ? null : this.pointerPoint,
-      scene: painted.scene,
-    });
-    try {
-      this.live();
-      frame.signal.throwIfAborted();
-      return {
-        geometry,
-        picking,
-        projector,
-        height,
-        data,
-        options: style,
-        paint: ground ? { ...painted, ground } : painted,
-        begins: rest > 0 && !transition!.begun,
-      };
-    } catch (error) {
-      ground?.discard();
-      throw error;
-    }
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: kit.Encoding, pending: Pending): void {
-    this.live();
-    this.painter.encode(frame, pending.paint);
-  }
-  protected discard(pending: Pending): void {
-    pending.paint.ground?.discard();
-    this.painter.discard();
-  }
-  protected submitted(frame: FrameInfo, pending: Pending): void {
-    pending.paint.ground?.submitted();
-    this.painter.submitted();
-    this.geometry = pending.geometry;
-    if (pending.begins && this.transition) this.transition.begun = true;
-    // An exported frame leaves what pick, locate, and selection see.
-    if (!frame.presented) return;
-    this.shown = pending;
-    this.indexLater(pending);
-    this.counts = {
-      vertices: pending.geometry.vertexCount,
-      edges: pending.geometry.edgeCount,
-      segments: pending.geometry.segmentCount,
-      geometryBytes: pending.geometry.bytes,
-      drawCalls: pending.paint.drawCalls,
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Build the shown frame's missing hit-test indexes in cooperative slices, behind the frames, once
-   * its positions and camera hold still, or at once when a query needs them; new positions or
-   * destroy abort the build.
-   */
-  private indexLater({ picking, projector, height, options }: Presented): void {
-    const running = this.indexing,
-      { camera } = projector;
-    if (running && !running.done && running.picking.sameIndexes(picking)) {
-      // A camera still moving holds the build off until it settles.
-      if (!sameView(running.camera, camera)) running.touch();
-      running.camera = camera;
-      return;
-    }
-    running?.stop.abort();
-    this.indexing = undefined;
-    // Raised rows on a tilted camera or a globe are found by scanning, so no index would be asked.
-    if (!picking.indexed(camera.projection, height) || !picking.indexable(options)) return;
-    const stop = new AbortController(),
-      { signal } = stop,
-      { settled, now, touch } = settle(INDEX_SETTLE_MS, signal);
-    const built = settled
-      .then(() => {
-        signal.throwIfAborted();
-        // Behind the frames: no frame waits on an index building.
-        return picking.indexLater(options, new Work(signal, Infinity, 8, 'background'));
-      })
-      .then(
-        () => {
-          task.done = true;
-          // Hover that missed its budget by scanning gets another chance with the index.
-          if (!signal.aborted) this.refreshHover();
-        },
-        (error: unknown) => {
-          task.done = true;
-          if (!signal.aborted) this.fail(error);
-        },
-      );
-    const task = { picking, stop, now, touch, camera, built, done: false };
-    this.indexing = task;
-  }
-  /** A paused network stops building its indexes; its next presented frame starts again. */
-  protected paused(): void {
-    this.indexing?.stop.abort();
-    this.indexing = undefined;
-  }
-  protected release(): void {
-    this.indexing?.stop.abort();
-    this.indexing = undefined;
-    this.shown = undefined;
-    this.geometry = undefined;
-    this.follow(undefined);
-    this.ground = undefined;
-    this.painter.destroy();
-  }
-}
-
-/** A type's wiring: its reference and list fields. */
-function wiring(_: string, definition: Schema.Type): readonly string[] {
-  return Object.keys(definition.fields).filter((field) => {
-    const type = definition.fields[field].type;
-    return typeof type === 'object' && (type.kind === 'reference' || type.kind === 'list');
-  });
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/options.ts b/packages/network/src/options.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index abb3279c..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/options.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Network } from './network.js';
-export type Style = Required<Network.Style> & kit.ResolvedViewStyle;
-export const DEFAULTS: Required<Network.Style> = Object.freeze({
-  ...kit.lineStyle,
-  ...kit.projectedStyle,
-  ...kit.gridStyle,
-  markers: true,
-  lines: true,
-  poles: false,
-  vertexColor: [0.28, 0.75, 0.85, 1] as RGBA,
-  vertexRadiusPx: 4,
-  vertexMinRadiusPx: 1,
-  edgeColor: 'ends',
-  edgeWidthPx: 1.4,
-  zScale: 1,
-  edgeSpacingPx: 0,
-  shadows: false,
-  hoverScale: 1.25,
-  selectedEnds: true,
-  hoverEnds: true,
-});
-/** Shared style a network draws differently: glows translucent over what they surround. */
-export const VIEW_DEFAULTS: Partial<kit.ResolvedViewStyle> = Object.freeze({
-  hoverColor: [1, 0.72, 0.28, 0.65] as RGBA,
-  selectedColor: [1, 0.4, 0.24, 0.9] as RGBA,
-});
-/** Marker radii in CSS pixels that a `radiusPx` field spans by default. */
-export const RADIUS_RANGE: readonly [number, number] = [2, 8];
-/** Line widths in CSS pixels that a `widthPx` field spans by default. */
-export const WIDTH_RANGE: readonly [number, number] = [1, 4];
-/** Speeds in CSS pixels a second that a `flowPx` field spans by default, as in a diagram. */
-export const FLOW_RANGE: readonly [number, number] = [0, 40];
-/** The color of edges their `color` leaves unset; null colors an edge by its ends. */
-export function lineColor(style: Style): RGBA | null {
-  return style.edgeColor === 'ends' ? null : style.edgeColor;
-}
-/** The style a config describes: its own options over the defaults, on the shared view style. */
-export function resolveStyle(config: Network.Style, view: kit.ResolvedViewStyle): Style {
-  return kit.resolveStyle(config, DEFAULTS, { edgeColor: ['ends'] }, view);
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/picking.ts b/packages/network/src/picking.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d3b04bf2..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/picking.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1015 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type ProjectedCamera } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { Work, rowAt, sameIndex, type Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import { networkKey, type NetworkData } from './data.js';
-import {
-  curvedAt,
-  ownerSegments,
-  routeOf,
-  type Geometry,
-  type VertexBank,
-  type EdgeBank,
-  type SegmentBatch,
-} from './geometry/topology.js';
-import { RowLookup } from './geometry/rows.js';
-import type { Adjacency } from './geometry/adjacency.js';
-import { arc, geodesic, routePoint } from './geometry/routes.js';
-import { readIdentity, sameIdentity, type FieldRead } from './rendering/fields.js';
-import type { Reads } from './rendering/painter.js';
-import type { Style } from './options.js';
-import type { Network } from './network.js';
-type Projected = kit.Projected;
-
-/** Where a hit-test index lives: built, or part way with the bytes it already holds. */
-interface Indexed {
-  index?: kit.BoxIndex;
-  building?: { readonly steps: Generator<void, void, void>; readonly bytes: number };
-}
-/** An index a flat hit test queries, and how to build it. */
-interface Wanted {
-  readonly holder: Indexed;
-  readonly count: number;
-  readonly extent: kit.Bounds2D;
-  readonly read: kit.BoxRead;
-}
-/** Start building an index; whoever drives its steps to the end stores it. */
-function begin({ holder, count, extent, read }: Wanted): Generator<void, void, void> {
-  const steps = (function* () {
-    try {
-      holder.index = yield* kit.BoxIndex.build(count, extent, read);
-    } finally {
-      // Built, failed, or stopped, it no longer holds a partial index.
-      holder.building = undefined;
-    }
-  })();
-  holder.building = { steps, bytes: kit.BoxIndex.bytes(count) };
-  return steps;
-}
-interface Spatial extends Indexed {
-  readonly identity: readonly unknown[];
-  readonly bounds: kit.Bounds2D;
-}
-interface CpuBank {
-  readonly bank: VertexBank;
-  readonly read: FieldRead;
-  readonly lookup: RowLookup<Block.Fields>;
-  readonly spatial: Spatial;
-  readonly heightIdentity: readonly unknown[];
-}
-interface CpuEdge {
-  readonly bank: EdgeBank;
-  readonly read: FieldRead;
-  readonly lookup: RowLookup<Block.Fields>;
-}
-interface CpuSegment {
-  readonly batch: SegmentBatch;
-  readonly edge: CpuEdge;
-  readonly a: CpuBank;
-  readonly b: CpuBank;
-  readonly spatial: Indexed;
-}
-function readLookup(read: FieldRead): RowLookup<Block.Fields> {
-  const lookup = new RowLookup<Block.Fields>();
-  for (const tile of read.native) lookup.add(tile.rows, tile);
-  lookup.seal();
-  return lookup;
-}
-function raw(bank: CpuBank, offset: number): readonly [number, number] {
-  const row = rowAt(bank.bank.rows, offset),
-    found = bank.lookup.get(row);
-  if (!found) return [NaN, NaN];
-  const { x, y } = bank.read.channels;
-  return [
-    kit.channelValue(x, found.value, found.offset),
-    kit.channelValue(y, found.value, found.offset),
-  ];
-}
-/** Write a vertex's position into `out` at `at`; NaN when its row has none. */
-function place(bank: CpuBank, offset: number, out: Float64Array, at: number): void {
-  const found = bank.lookup.get(rowAt(bank.bank.rows, offset));
-  if (!found) out[at] = out[at + 1] = NaN;
-  else {
-    const { x, y } = bank.read.channels;
-    out[at] = kit.channelValue(x, found.value, found.offset);
-    out[at + 1] = kit.channelValue(y, found.value, found.offset);
-  }
-}
-/**
- * Grow a segment's box from its ends, `[ax, ay, bx, by]` on entry, to hold every route between them:
- * the straight line, and on the earth the great circle too, a sample a degree.
- */
-function routeBox(box: Float64Array, geographic: boolean): void {
-  const ax = box[0],
-    ay = box[1],
-    bx = box[2],
-    by = box[3];
-  box[0] = Math.min(ax, bx);
-  box[1] = Math.min(ay, by);
-  box[2] = Math.max(ax, bx);
-  box[3] = Math.max(ay, by);
-  if (!geographic || ![ax, ay, bx, by].every(Number.isFinite)) return;
-  const from = [ax, ay, 0] as const,
-    to = [bx, by, 0] as const,
-    steps = Math.ceil(arc(from, to));
-  for (let s = 1; s < steps; s++) {
-    const [x, y] = geodesic(from, to, s / steps),
-      near = x + 360 * Math.round((ax - x) / 360);
-    box[0] = Math.min(box[0], near);
-    box[1] = Math.min(box[1], y);
-    box[2] = Math.max(box[2], near);
-    box[3] = Math.max(box[3], y);
-  }
-}
-/** Edges a spacing samples at most: enough for a steady median, few enough for any frame. */
-const SPACING_SAMPLES = 2048;
-/** How much of an edge's length on screen a marker's radius may span before markers shrink. */
-const MARKER_ROOM = 0.25;
-/** What sizes a marker: its type's radius, and the least it shrinks to. */
-export type MarkerStyle = Pick<Style, 'vertexRadiusPx' | 'vertexMinRadiusPx'>;
-/** The median length of up to SPACING_SAMPLES edges, in the data's units: how far apart joined vertices sit; 0 without edges. */
-function spacingOf(edges: readonly CpuSegment[]): number {
-  let count = 0;
-  for (const { batch } of edges) count += batch.records.length / 4;
-  const step = Math.max(1, Math.floor(count / SPACING_SAMPLES)),
-    lengths: number[] = [],
-    box = new Float64Array(4);
-  let k = 0;
-  for (const { batch, a, b } of edges)
-    for (let i = 0; i < batch.records.length / 4; i++) {
-      if (k++ % step) continue;
-      place(a, batch.records[i * 4], box, 0);
-      place(b, batch.records[i * 4 + 1], box, 2);
-      const length = Math.hypot(box[2] - box[0], box[3] - box[1]);
-      if (length > 0) lengths.push(length);
-    }
-  if (!lengths.length) return 0;
-  lengths.sort((x, y) => x - y);
-  return lengths[lengths.length >> 1];
-}
-/** The largest a channel reads: its range's top, or its fallback. */
-function largest(channel: kit.ResolvedChannel): number {
-  return channel.scale ? Math.max(...channel.scale.range) : channel.fallback;
-}
-function segmentDistance(
-  px: number,
-  py: number,
-  ax: number,
-  ay: number,
-  bx: number,
-  by: number,
-): { distance: number; t: number; length: number } {
-  const dx = bx - ax,
-    dy = by - ay,
-    len = dx * dx + dy * dy,
-    t = len ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, ((px - ax) * dx + (py - ay) * dy) / len)) : 0;
-  return { distance: Math.hypot(px - ax - t * dx, py - ay - t * dy), t, length: Math.sqrt(len) };
-}
-function readBounds(
-  bank: VertexBank,
-  read: FieldRead,
-  lookup: RowLookup<Block.Fields>,
-): kit.Bounds2D {
-  let minX = Infinity,
-    minY = Infinity,
-    maxX = -Infinity,
-    maxY = -Infinity;
-  const { x, y } = read.channels;
-  const include = (tile: Block.Fields, i: number) => {
-    const px = kit.channelValue(x, tile, i),
-      py = kit.channelValue(y, tile, i);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(px) || !Number.isFinite(py)) return;
-    minX = Math.min(minX, px);
-    minY = Math.min(minY, py);
-    maxX = Math.max(maxX, px);
-    maxY = Math.max(maxY, py);
-  };
-  if (bank.rows.kind === 'range' && read.native.every((tile) => tile.rows.kind === 'range')) {
-    for (const tile of read.native) {
-      if (tile.rows.kind !== 'range') continue;
-      const start = Math.max(0, bank.rows.offset - tile.rows.offset);
-      const end = Math.min(tile.rows.count, bank.rows.offset + bank.rows.count - tile.rows.offset);
-      for (let i = start; i < end; i++) include(tile, i);
-    }
-  } else {
-    for (let i = 0; i < bank.count; i++) {
-      const found = lookup.get(rowAt(bank.rows, i));
-      if (found) include(found.value, found.offset);
-    }
-  }
-  return [minX, minY, maxX, maxY];
-}
-/** What places a bank's vertices: the bank, and the fields and lanes its x and y read. */
-function placing(cpu: CpuBank): unknown[] {
-  const x = cpu.read.channel('x'),
-    y = cpu.read.channel('y');
-  return [cpu.bank, x.column, x.component, y.column, y.component];
-}
-export class Picking {
-  private cache = new WeakMap<VertexBank, Spatial>();
-  private segments = new WeakMap<SegmentBatch, { a: Spatial; b: Spatial; spatial: Indexed }>();
-  /**
-   * The vertices' spacing, measured again when the edges, the fields placing their ends, or the
-   * layout's extent change; positions that only move, as a recording plays, keep it.
-   */
-  private spacing: {
-    readonly key: readonly unknown[];
-    readonly extent: number;
-    readonly value: number;
-  } = { key: [], extent: NaN, value: 0 };
-  prepare(
-    geometry: Pick<Geometry, 'vertices' | 'edges' | 'adjacency' | 'geographic'>,
-    reads: Reads,
-    byteLimit: number,
-  ): PickGeometry {
-    const vertices = new Map<VertexBank, CpuBank>(),
-      edges: CpuSegment[] = [];
-    let minX = Infinity,
-      minY = Infinity,
-      maxX = -Infinity,
-      maxY = -Infinity;
-    for (const bank of geometry.vertices) {
-      const read = reads.vertices.get(bank)!,
-        key = readIdentity(read),
-        previous = this.cache.get(bank),
-        lookup = readLookup(read);
-      const spatial =
-        previous && sameIdentity(key, previous.identity)
-          ? previous
-          : { identity: key, bounds: readBounds(bank, read, lookup) };
-      this.cache.set(bank, spatial);
-      vertices.set(bank, {
-        bank,
-        read,
-        lookup,
-        spatial,
-        heightIdentity: readIdentity(read, ['z']),
-      });
-      if (bank.synthetic && geometry.vertices.some((v) => !v.synthetic)) continue;
-      minX = Math.min(minX, spatial.bounds[0]);
-      minY = Math.min(minY, spatial.bounds[1]);
-      maxX = Math.max(maxX, spatial.bounds[2]);
-      maxY = Math.max(maxY, spatial.bounds[3]);
-    }
-    for (const bank of geometry.edges) {
-      const read = reads.edges.get(bank)!,
-        edge = { bank, read, lookup: readLookup(read) };
-      for (const batch of bank.batches) {
-        const a = vertices.get(batch.a)!,
-          b = vertices.get(batch.b)!,
-          previous = this.segments.get(batch);
-        const spatial =
-          previous && previous.a === a.spatial && previous.b === b.spatial ? previous.spatial : {};
-        this.segments.set(batch, { a: a.spatial, b: b.spatial, spatial });
-        edges.push({ batch, edge, a, b, spatial });
-      }
-    }
-    const extent = Math.max(maxX - minX, maxY - minY),
-      key = edges.flatMap(({ batch, a, b }) => [batch, ...placing(a), ...placing(b)]),
-      held = this.spacing;
-    if (
-      key.length !== held.key.length ||
-      key.some((k, i) => k !== held.key[i]) ||
-      (Number.isFinite(extent) && !(Math.abs(Math.log2(extent / held.extent)) < 0.25))
-    )
-      this.spacing = { key, extent, value: spacingOf(edges) };
-    return new PickGeometry(
-      vertices,
-      edges,
-      minX <= maxX ? [minX, minY, maxX, maxY] : [-1, -1, 1, 1],
-      byteLimit,
-      geometry.adjacency,
-      geometry.geographic,
-      this.spacing.value,
-    );
-  }
-}
-interface Hit {
-  readonly item: Network.Item;
-  readonly distance: number;
-  /** 0 for vertices, which draw over edges, 1 for edges. */
-  readonly kind: number;
-  /** Where it draws among its kind: a later bank, then a later instance, draws on top. */
-  readonly order: number;
-}
-/** Nearest first; what draws on top wins ties. */
-function compare(a: Hit, b: Hit): number {
-  return a.distance - b.distance || a.kind - b.kind || b.order - a.order;
-}
-const unchecked = () => {};
-function* offsets(count: number, check: () => void): Iterable<number> {
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    check();
-    yield i;
-  }
-}
-/** The offsets an index finds within `bounds`, or every offset when there is no index to ask. */
-function near(
-  index: kit.BoxIndex | undefined | false,
-  bounds: kit.Bounds2D | undefined,
-  count: number,
-  check: () => void,
-): Iterable<number> {
-  if (!index || !bounds) return offsets(count, check);
-  const out: number[] = [];
-  index.some(bounds, (offset) => void out.push(offset), check);
-  return out;
-}
-/** Where drawing shows vertices, and the anchors of edges' labels. */
-export type Drawn = Pick<PickGeometry, 'projected' | 'edgeAnchor'>;
-/**
- * A transition drawing rows `rest` of the way back to where `from` placed them, mixed as the GPU
- * mixes them: positions, heights, and radii, the short way round on a globe.
- */
-interface Blend {
-  readonly from: PickGeometry;
-  readonly rest: number;
-  readonly globe: boolean;
-}
-export class PickGeometry {
-  /** The lanes drawing reads for the latest data asked about. */
-  private laneCache?: {
-    readonly data: NetworkData;
-    readonly lanes: ReadonlyMap<EdgeBank, Float32Array>;
-  };
-  constructor(
-    private readonly vertices: ReadonlyMap<VertexBank, CpuBank>,
-    private readonly edges: readonly CpuSegment[],
-    readonly bounds: kit.Bounds2D,
-    private readonly byteLimit: number,
-    private readonly adjacency: Adjacency,
-    /** Positions are longitude and latitude, whose edges a globe curves. */
-    private readonly geographic: boolean,
-    /** How far apart joined vertices sit, in the data's units: the median edge's length. */
-    private readonly spacing: number,
-    private readonly blend?: Blend,
-  ) {}
-  private lanes(data: NetworkData): ReadonlyMap<EdgeBank, Float32Array> {
-    if (this.laneCache?.data !== data) this.laneCache = { data, lanes: this.adjacency.lanes(data) };
-    return this.laneCache.lanes;
-  }
-  /** How far an edge draws beside the line between its vertices, in CSS pixels: its lane. */
-  private shift(batch: CpuSegment, row: number, data: NetworkData, options: Style): number {
-    if (!(options.edgeSpacingPx > 0)) return 0;
-    return (this.lanes(data).get(batch.edge.bank)?.[row] ?? 0) * options.edgeSpacingPx;
-  }
-  /** The farthest any edge draws beside the line between its vertices. */
-  private widestShift(data: NetworkData, options: Style): number {
-    if (!(options.edgeSpacingPx > 0)) return 0;
-    let widest = 0;
-    for (const lanes of this.lanes(data).values())
-      for (const lane of lanes) widest = Math.max(widest, Math.abs(lane));
-    return widest * options.edgeSpacingPx;
-  }
-  /**
-   * A row's position and height channel as drawing places it, from 0 to 1 of the height: mixed with
-   * where `from` placed it while a transition eases, as the GPU mixes them.
-   */
-  private coordinates(cpu: CpuBank, offset: number): readonly [number, number, number] {
-    const found = cpu.lookup.get(rowAt(cpu.bank.rows, offset));
-    if (!found) return [NaN, NaN, NaN];
-    const [x, y] = raw(cpu, offset),
-      z = kit.channelValue(cpu.read.channels.z, found.value, found.offset),
-      blend = this.blend,
-      before = blend?.from.vertices.get(cpu.bank);
-    if (!blend || !before) return [x, y, z];
-    const was = blend.from.coordinates(before, offset);
-    if (![x, y, ...was].every(Number.isFinite)) return [x, y, z];
-    let dx = was[0] - x;
-    if (blend.globe) dx -= 360 * Math.round(dx / 360);
-    const { rest } = blend;
-    return [x + dx * rest, y + (was[1] - y) * rest, z + (was[2] - z) * rest];
-  }
-  /** Bytes the hit-test indexes hold, built or part way. */
-  get bytes(): number {
-    let bytes = 0;
-    for (const holder of this.holders())
-      bytes += holder.index?.bytes ?? holder.building?.bytes ?? 0;
-    return bytes;
-  }
-  private *holders(): Iterable<Indexed> {
-    for (const cpu of this.vertices.values()) yield cpu.spatial;
-    for (const cpu of this.edges) yield cpu.spatial;
-  }
-  /** Whether both frames keep their hit-test indexes in the same places, so one build serves both. */
-  sameIndexes(other: PickGeometry): boolean {
-    const mine = [...this.holders()],
-      theirs = [...other.holders()];
-    return mine.length === theirs.length && mine.every((holder, i) => holder === theirs[i]);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Where drawing shows rows while a transition eases them from `from`: `rest` of the way back to
-   * where it placed them, mixed as the GPU mixes them, so labels follow what they name.
-   */
-  easedFrom(from: PickGeometry, rest: number, globe: boolean): Drawn {
-    return new PickGeometry(
-      this.vertices,
-      this.edges,
-      this.bounds,
-      this.byteLimit,
-      this.adjacency,
-      this.geographic,
-      this.spacing,
-      {
-        from,
-        rest,
-        globe,
-      },
-    );
-  }
-  samePositions(previous: PickGeometry): boolean {
-    if (this.vertices.size !== previous.vertices.size) return false;
-    for (const [bank, cpu] of this.vertices) {
-      const old = previous.vertices.get(bank);
-      if (
-        !old ||
-        old.spatial !== cpu.spatial ||
-        !sameIdentity(old.heightIdentity, cpu.heightIdentity)
-      )
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  /** The indexes flat hit tests query, vertices first. */
-  private *wanted(options: Style): Iterable<Wanted> {
-    if (options.markers || options.poles)
-      for (const cpu of this.vertices.values())
-        if (!cpu.bank.synthetic)
-          yield {
-            holder: cpu.spatial,
-            count: cpu.bank.count,
-            extent: cpu.spatial.bounds,
-            read: (i, box) => {
-              place(cpu, i, box, 0);
-              box[2] = box[0];
-              box[3] = box[1];
-            },
-          };
-    if (options.lines)
-      for (const cpu of this.edges) {
-        const records = cpu.batch.records,
-          a = cpu.a.spatial.bounds,
-          b = cpu.b.spatial.bounds;
-        yield {
-          holder: cpu.spatial,
-          count: records.length / 4,
-          // What orders the boxes; a great circle bowing past it still finds its box.
-          extent: [
-            Math.min(a[0], b[0]),
-            Math.min(a[1], b[1]),
-            Math.max(a[2], b[2]),
-            Math.max(a[3], b[3]),
-          ],
-          read: (i, box) => {
-            place(cpu.a, records[i * 4], box, 0);
-            place(cpu.b, records[i * 4 + 1], box, 2);
-            routeBox(box, this.geographic);
-          },
-        };
-      }
-  }
-  /** Whether a queried index is missing and fits what `pickingBytes` leaves. */
-  indexable(options: Style): boolean {
-    const available = this.byteLimit - this.bytes;
-    for (const { holder, count } of this.wanted(options))
-      if (!holder.index && !holder.building && kit.BoxIndex.bytes(count) <= available) return true;
-    return false;
-  }
-  /** Steps to build each missing queried index the budget admits, resuming one part way. */
-  private *builds(options: Style): Iterable<Generator<void, void, void>> {
-    let available = this.byteLimit - this.bytes;
-    for (const want of this.wanted(options)) {
-      const { holder } = want;
-      if (holder.index) continue;
-      if (holder.building) {
-        yield holder.building.steps;
-        continue;
-      }
-      // Each build works in its own storage, so admission is the index's size. Recount to admit:
-      // an earlier build may have finished meanwhile.
-      const size = kit.BoxIndex.bytes(want.count);
-      if (size > available || size > (available = this.byteLimit - this.bytes)) continue;
-      available -= size;
-      yield begin(want);
-    }
-  }
-  /** Build the missing queried indexes in cooperative slices; queries wait for this, never build. */
-  async indexLater(options: Style, work: Work): Promise<void> {
-    for (const steps of this.builds(options)) {
-      // Abort stops the build at once, freeing its bytes.
-      const stop = () => void steps.return();
-      work.signal.addEventListener('abort', stop, { once: true });
-      try {
-        while (!steps.next().done) await work.step();
-      } finally {
-        work.signal.removeEventListener('abort', stop);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  position(bank: VertexBank, offset: number): readonly [number, number] {
-    return raw(this.vertices.get(bank)!, offset);
-  }
-  /**
-   * A vertex as drawing projects it, and its marker's radius when given the style's default; a
-   * vertex a marker hides is not visible unless `marker` is false.
-   */
-  projected(
-    bank: VertexBank,
-    offset: number,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    style?: MarkerStyle,
-    marker = true,
-  ): Projected & { radius: number; visible: boolean } {
-    const cpu = this.vertices.get(bank)!,
-      found = cpu.lookup.get(rowAt(bank.rows, offset))!,
-      [x, y, z] = this.coordinates(cpu, offset);
-    const projected = projector.project(x, y, z * height);
-    const visible = kit.channelOn(cpu.read.channels.visible, found.value, found.offset);
-    return {
-      ...projected,
-      visible: projected.visible && (!marker || visible),
-      radius:
-        style === undefined || bank.synthetic || !visible
-          ? 0
-          : this.markerRadius(
-              this.radius(cpu, offset, style.vertexRadiusPx),
-              projector.camera,
-              style,
-            ),
-    };
-  }
-  /** How much markers shrink at a camera: while edges are too short on screen to hold them apart. */
-  markerFit(camera: ProjectedCamera, style: MarkerStyle): number {
-    const room = this.spacing * camera.scale * MARKER_ROOM;
-    return this.spacing > 0 && room < style.vertexRadiusPx ? room / style.vertexRadiusPx : 1;
-  }
-  /** A marker's radius at a camera, as the shader sizes it: fitted, never under the least the style allows unless its own is. */
-  markerRadius(radius: number, camera: ProjectedCamera, style: MarkerStyle): number {
-    return Math.max(
-      radius * this.markerFit(camera, style),
-      Math.min(radius, style.vertexMinRadiusPx),
-    );
-  }
-  /** A vertex marker's radius, mixed as positions are while a transition eases. */
-  private radius(cpu: CpuBank, offset: number, radiusPx: number): number {
-    const found = cpu.lookup.get(rowAt(cpu.bank.rows, offset))!,
-      now = kit.channelValue(cpu.read.channel('radiusPx', radiusPx), found.value, found.offset),
-      before = this.blend?.from.vertices.get(cpu.bank);
-    if (!this.blend || !before) return now;
-    const was = this.blend.from.radius(before, offset, radiusPx);
-    return Number.isFinite(was) ? now + (was - now) * this.blend.rest : now;
-  }
-  /**
-   * The pieces an edge draws as on screen, in its lane: across a straight line, or along a curve's
-   * normal at each point, so pieces meet as drawing's do. A curve follows its route.
-   */
-  private *stroke(
-    batch: CpuSegment,
-    ao: number,
-    bo: number,
-    eo: number,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    options: Style,
-    check: () => void,
-  ): Iterable<{ a: Projected; b: Projected; first: boolean; last: boolean }> {
-    const shift = this.shift(batch, eo, data, options),
-      { projection } = projector.camera,
-      globe = projection === 'globe',
-      bank = batch.edge.bank;
-    // Strokes need positions only; their markers' radii stay unread.
-    const a = this.projected(batch.a.bank, ao, projector, height, undefined, false),
-      b = this.projected(batch.b.bank, bo, projector, height, undefined, false);
-    if (!curvedAt(data, bank, projection, this.geographic)) {
-      const clip = projector.stroke(a, b);
-      if (!clip) return;
-      // A parallel edge draws in its lane, across the line on screen.
-      const length = Math.hypot(clip[1].x - clip[0].x, clip[1].y - clip[0].y) || 1,
-        sx = (-(clip[1].y - clip[0].y) / length) * shift,
-        sy = ((clip[1].x - clip[0].x) / length) * shift;
-      yield {
-        a: { ...clip[0], x: clip[0].x + sx, y: clip[0].y + sy },
-        b: { ...clip[1], x: clip[1].x + sx, y: clip[1].y + sy },
-        first: true,
-        last: true,
-      };
-      return;
-    }
-    const start = this.coordinates(batch.a, ao),
-      end = this.coordinates(batch.b, bo);
-    const ah = globe ? Math.hypot(a.world[0], a.world[1], a.world[2] + 1) - 1 : a.world[2];
-    const bh = globe ? Math.hypot(b.world[0], b.world[1], b.world[2] + 1) - 1 : b.world[2];
-    if (![...start, ...end, ah, bh].every(Number.isFinite)) return;
-    const route = routeOf(data, bank, projection),
-      from = [start[0], start[1], ah] as const,
-      to = [end[0], end[1], bh] as const,
-      along = (t: number) => routePoint(route, from, to, t),
-      // A piece a degree, as fine as picking needs.
-      steps = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(arc(from, to)));
-    /** The curve's screen normal at `t`, as long as the lane; a flat map's seam is no turn. */
-    const normal = (t: number): readonly [number, number] => {
-      if (!shift) return [0, 0];
-      const before = along(Math.max(0, t - 0.001)),
-        after = along(Math.min(1, t + 0.001)),
-        at = along(t);
-      let dx = after[0] - before[0];
-      dx -= 360 * Math.round(dx / 360);
-      const dy = after[1] - before[1],
-        dz = after[2] - before[2],
-        p = projector.project(at[0] - dx / 2, at[1] - dy / 2, at[2] - dz / 2),
-        q = projector.project(at[0] + dx / 2, at[1] + dy / 2, at[2] + dz / 2),
-        sx = q.x - p.x,
-        sy = q.y - p.y,
-        l = Math.hypot(sx, sy);
-      return l > 1e-9 ? [(-sy / l) * shift, (sx / l) * shift] : [0, 0];
-    };
-    const moved = (p: Projected, n: readonly [number, number]): Projected =>
-      n[0] || n[1] ? { ...p, x: p.x + n[0], y: p.y + n[1] } : p;
-    let previous: Projected = a;
-    let previousXY: readonly [number, number] = start as unknown as readonly [number, number];
-    let previousNormal = normal(0);
-    for (let i = 1; i <= steps; i++) {
-      check();
-      const p = along(i / steps),
-        nextNormal = normal(i / steps);
-      const next = projector.project(p[0], p[1], p[2]);
-      if (!globe && Math.abs(p[0] - previousXY[0]) > 180) {
-        const seam = previousXY[0] > 0 ? 180 : -180,
-          adjusted = p[0] + (seam > 0 ? 360 : -360),
-          t = (seam - previousXY[0]) / (adjusted - previousXY[0]);
-        const lat = previousXY[1] + (p[1] - previousXY[1]) * t,
-          h = previous.world[2] + (p[2] - previous.world[2]) * t;
-        const left = projector.stroke(previous, projector.project(seam, lat, h));
-        const right = projector.stroke(projector.project(-seam, lat, h), next);
-        if (left)
-          yield {
-            a: moved(left[0], previousNormal),
-            b: moved(left[1], previousNormal),
-            first: i === 1,
-            last: false,
-          };
-        if (right)
-          yield {
-            a: moved(right[0], nextNormal),
-            b: moved(right[1], nextNormal),
-            first: false,
-            last: i === steps,
-          };
-      } else {
-        const clip = projector.stroke(previous, next);
-        if (clip)
-          yield {
-            a: moved(clip[0], previousNormal),
-            b: moved(clip[1], nextNormal),
-            first: i === 1,
-            last: i === steps,
-          };
-      }
-      previous = next;
-      previousXY = [p[0], p[1]];
-      previousNormal = nextNormal;
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Whether hit tests at a projection query the indexes: always on a flat camera, which draws no
-   * height; tilted or on the globe, while every row lies on the ground.
-   */
-  indexed(projection: ProjectedCamera.Projection, height: number): boolean {
-    if (!kit.PROJECTIONS[projection].pitched || !(height > 0)) return true;
-    for (const cpu of this.vertices.values()) {
-      const z = cpu.read.channels.z;
-      if (z.column !== undefined || z.fallback !== 0) return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  /**
-   * The box in the data's coordinates, where the indexes live, that a pointer's hits lie in: on a
-   * flat camera, the pixels it reaches at the camera's scale; tilted or on the globe, the ground
-   * under its box. Undefined where only a scan finds them: rows raised off the ground, or a box past
-   * the globe's edge.
-   */
-  private reach(
-    point: readonly [number, number],
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    radius: number,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    options: Style,
-  ): kit.Bounds2D | undefined {
-    let widest = 0;
-    for (const cpu of this.vertices.values())
-      widest = Math.max(widest, largest(cpu.read.channel('radiusPx', options.vertexRadiusPx)));
-    for (const { edge } of this.edges)
-      widest = Math.max(widest, largest(edge.read.channel('widthPx', options.edgeWidthPx)));
-    const px = radius + widest + this.widestShift(data, options),
-      { camera } = projector;
-    if (!kit.PROJECTIONS[camera.projection].pitched) {
-      // A pixel spans at most a scale's worth of the data's units on the plane or the mercator plane.
-      const under = projector.unproject(point);
-      if (!under) return undefined;
-      const reach = px / camera.scale;
-      return [under[0] - reach, under[1] - reach, under[0] + reach, under[1] + reach];
-    }
-    if (!this.indexed(camera.projection, height)) return undefined;
-    const corners = [
-      [0, 0],
-      [-px, -px],
-      [px, -px],
-      [-px, px],
-      [px, px],
-    ].map(([dx, dy]) => projector.unproject([point[0] + dx, point[1] + dy]));
-    if (corners.some((c) => !c)) return undefined;
-    // Longitudes from the first, so a box across the antimeridian stays one span.
-    const x0 = corners[0]![0],
-      xs = corners.map((c) =>
-        camera.projection === 'globe' ? x0 + kit.Projector.turn(x0, c![0]) : c![0],
-      ),
-      ys = corners.map((c) => c![1]),
-      west = Math.min(...xs),
-      east = Math.max(...xs);
-    if (east - west > 180) return undefined;
-    return [west, Math.min(...ys), east, Math.max(...ys)];
-  }
-  hit(
-    point: readonly [number, number],
-    data: NetworkData,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    options: Style,
-    radius: number,
-    limit: number,
-  ): readonly Network.Item[] {
-    // Each item's nearest piece, then the nearest items.
-    const best = new Map<string, Hit>();
-    for (const hit of this.hits(point, data, projector, height, options, radius, unchecked)) {
-      const key = networkKey(hit.item),
-        kept = best.get(key);
-      if (!kept || compare(hit, kept) < 0) best.set(key, hit);
-    }
-    return [...best.values()]
-      .sort(compare)
-      .slice(0, limit)
-      .map((hit) => hit.item);
-  }
-  /** The nearest hit, scanning without building indexes; `check` bounds the scan. */
-  nearest(
-    point: readonly [number, number],
-    data: NetworkData,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    options: Style,
-    radius: number,
-    check: () => void,
-  ): Network.Item | null {
-    let best: Hit | undefined;
-    for (const hit of this.hits(point, data, projector, height, options, radius, check))
-      if (!best || compare(hit, best) < 0) best = hit;
-    return best?.item ?? null;
-  }
-  private *hits(
-    point: readonly [number, number],
-    data: NetworkData,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    options: Style,
-    radius: number,
-    check: () => void,
-  ): Iterable<Hit> {
-    const { camera } = projector,
-      bounds = this.reach(point, projector, height, radius, data, options);
-    // Banks draw in order, each its rows in order.
-    let drawn = 0;
-    if (options.markers || options.poles)
-      for (const [bank, cpu] of this.vertices)
-        if (!bank.synthetic) {
-          const first = drawn;
-          drawn += bank.count;
-          for (const offset of near(cpu.spatial.index, bounds, bank.count, check)) {
-            check();
-            const p = this.projected(bank, offset, projector, height, options);
-            if (!p.visible) continue;
-            let distance = options.markers
-              ? Math.max(0, Math.hypot(point[0] - p.x, point[1] - p.y) - p.radius)
-              : Infinity;
-            if (options.poles) {
-              const [x, y] = raw(cpu, offset),
-                base = projector.project(x, y);
-              if (base.visible)
-                distance = Math.min(
-                  distance,
-                  segmentDistance(point[0], point[1], base.x, base.y, p.x, p.y).distance - 1,
-                );
-            }
-            if (distance <= radius)
-              yield {
-                item: {
-                  kind: 'vertex',
-                  source: data.source,
-                  index: bank.index,
-                  row: rowAt(bank.rows, offset),
-                },
-                distance,
-                kind: 0,
-                order: first + offset,
-              };
-          }
-        }
-    drawn = 0;
-    if (options.lines)
-      for (const batch of this.edges) {
-        const first = drawn;
-        drawn += batch.batch.records.length / 4;
-        for (const offset of near(
-          batch.spatial.index,
-          bounds,
-          batch.batch.records.length / 4,
-          check,
-        )) {
-          check();
-          const records = batch.batch.records,
-            ao = records[offset * 4],
-            bo = records[offset * 4 + 1],
-            eo = records[offset * 4 + 2];
-          const edgeRow = rowAt(batch.edge.bank.rows, eo),
-            ef = batch.edge.lookup.get(edgeRow)!,
-            line = batch.edge.read;
-          if (!kit.channelOn(line.channels.visible, ef.value, ef.offset)) continue;
-          const width = kit.channelValue(
-            line.channel('widthPx', options.edgeWidthPx),
-            ef.value,
-            ef.offset,
-          );
-          const a = this.projected(batch.a.bank, ao, projector, height, options, false);
-          const b = this.projected(batch.b.bank, bo, projector, height, options, false);
-          for (const piece of this.stroke(
-            batch,
-            ao,
-            bo,
-            eo,
-            data,
-            projector,
-            height,
-            options,
-            check,
-          )) {
-            const start = piece.a,
-              end = piece.b;
-            // A dashed line answers along its whole length, gaps included.
-            const hit = segmentDistance(point[0], point[1], start.x, start.y, end.x, end.y);
-            if (hit.distance > radius + width / 2) continue;
-            let world = start.world.map(
-              (v, i) => v + (end.world[i] - v) * hit.t,
-            ) as unknown as Projected['world'];
-            // On the globe every edge curves, lifted onto the surface as drawing lifts it.
-            if (camera.projection === 'globe') {
-              const sphere = [world[0], world[1], world[2] + 1],
-                r = Math.hypot(...sphere),
-                k = Math.max(1, r) / r;
-              world = [sphere[0] * k, sphere[1] * k, sphere[2] * k - 1];
-            }
-            if (!projector.visible(world)) continue;
-            if (
-              options.markers &&
-              ((piece.first && Math.hypot(point[0] - a.x, point[1] - a.y) < a.radius) ||
-                (piece.last && Math.hypot(point[0] - b.x, point[1] - b.y) < b.radius))
-            )
-              continue;
-            yield {
-              item: {
-                kind: 'edge',
-                source: data.source,
-                index: batch.edge.bank.index,
-                row: edgeRow,
-              },
-              distance: Math.max(0, hit.distance - width / 2),
-              kind: 1,
-              order: first + offset,
-            };
-          }
-        }
-      }
-  }
-  locate(
-    item: Network.Item,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    options: Style,
-  ): readonly [number, number] | null {
-    if (item.kind === 'vertex')
-      for (const [bank, cpu] of this.vertices) {
-        if (bank.synthetic || !sameIndex(bank.index, item.index)) continue;
-        const found = cpu.lookup.get(item.row);
-        if (!found) continue;
-        const x = kit.channelValue(cpu.read.channels.x, found.value, found.offset),
-          y = kit.channelValue(cpu.read.channels.y, found.value, found.offset),
-          h = kit.channelValue(cpu.read.channels.z, found.value, found.offset) * height;
-        const p = projector.project(x, y, h);
-        return Number.isFinite(p.x) && Number.isFinite(p.y) ? [p.x, p.y] : null;
-      }
-    const anchor = this.edgeAnchor(item, data, projector, height, options);
-    return anchor ? [anchor.x, anchor.y] : null;
-  }
-  /** Where an edge's label centers: the middle of what it draws on screen, in its lane. */
-  edgeAnchor(
-    item: Network.Item,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    options: Style,
-  ): Projected | null {
-    const { viewport } = projector,
-      segments: { batch: CpuSegment; offset: number }[] = [];
-    for (const batch of this.edges) {
-      const bank = batch.edge.bank;
-      if (item.kind !== 'edge' || !sameIndex(bank.index, item.index)) continue;
-      const owner =
-        bank.rows.kind === 'range'
-          ? item.row - bank.rows.offset
-          : bank.rows.values.indexOf(item.row);
-      if (owner < 0 || owner >= bank.count) continue;
-      const [first, end] = ownerSegments(batch.batch.records, owner);
-      for (let s = first; s < end; s++) segments.push({ batch, offset: s * 4 });
-    }
-    if (!segments.length) return null;
-    if (segments[0].batch.batch.order)
-      segments.sort(
-        (a, b) => a.batch.batch.order![a.offset / 4] - b.batch.batch.order![b.offset / 4],
-      );
-    const branches = new Map<
-      number,
-      { length: number; pieces: { a: Projected; b: Projected; length: number }[] }
-    >();
-    for (const { batch, offset } of segments) {
-      const records = batch.batch.records,
-        ef = batch.edge.lookup.get(item.row)!;
-      if (!kit.channelOn(batch.edge.read.channels.visible, ef.value, ef.offset)) continue;
-      for (const piece of this.stroke(
-        batch,
-        records[offset],
-        records[offset + 1],
-        records[offset + 2],
-        data,
-        projector,
-        height,
-        options,
-        unchecked,
-      )) {
-        const start = piece.a,
-          end = piece.b;
-        if (!projector.visible(start.world) && !projector.visible(end.world)) continue;
-        // Clip to the visible viewport before computing the label's arc-length midpoint.
-        const dx = end.x - start.x,
-          dy = end.y - start.y;
-        let lo = 0,
-          hi = 1;
-        for (const [p, q] of [
-          [-dx, start.x],
-          [dx, viewport.width - start.x],
-          [-dy, start.y],
-          [dy, viewport.height - start.y],
-        ]) {
-          if (p === 0) {
-            if (q < 0) {
-              hi = -1;
-              break;
-            }
-          } else if (p < 0) lo = Math.max(lo, q / p);
-          else hi = Math.min(hi, q / p);
-        }
-        if (lo > hi) continue;
-        const sample = (t: number): Projected => ({
-          ...start,
-          x: start.x + dx * t,
-          y: start.y + dy * t,
-          depth: start.depth + (end.depth - start.depth) * t,
-        });
-        const length = Math.hypot(dx, dy) * (hi - lo),
-          branch = records[offset + 3];
-        const entry = branches.get(branch) ?? { length: 0, pieces: [] };
-        entry.length += length;
-        entry.pieces.push({ a: sample(lo), b: sample(hi), length });
-        branches.set(branch, entry);
-      }
-    }
-    let best:
-      { length: number; pieces: { a: Projected; b: Projected; length: number }[] } | undefined;
-    for (const branch of branches.values()) if (!best || branch.length > best.length) best = branch;
-    if (!best?.length) return null;
-    let remaining = best.length / 2;
-    for (const piece of best.pieces) {
-      if (remaining <= piece.length) {
-        const t = remaining / piece.length;
-        return {
-          ...piece.a,
-          x: piece.a.x + (piece.b.x - piece.a.x) * t,
-          y: piece.a.y + (piece.b.y - piece.a.y) * t,
-          depth: piece.a.depth + (piece.b.depth - piece.a.depth) * t,
-          visible: true,
-        };
-      }
-      remaining -= piece.length;
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/common.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/common.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index d74ad0f8..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/common.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-struct Uniforms {
-  /** The scene block, as `kit.Projector` writes it: the projection, then the light, which the ground beneath binds too. */
-  view: vec4f,
-  pose: vec4f,
-  rotation: vec4f,
-  geo: vec4f,
-  center: vec4f,
-  split: vec4f,
-  /** The sun of the ground beneath, which dims what faces away from it. */
-  light: Light,
-  hoverColor: vec4f,
-  /** Alpha -1 glows in each item's own color. */
-  selectedColor: vec4f,
-  /** How far hover's and the selection's glow reach, and the rest's opacity while something is selected. */
-  glow: vec4f,
-  /** What label halos match: the ground beneath, or the background. */
-  halo: vec4f,
-  flowColor: vec4f,
-  /** How far the camera center moved, in the data's units, since `previous` was drawn. */
-  easeShift: vec2f,
-  /** How much of `previous` a transition still shows: 1 as it starts, 0 at rest. */
-  ease: f32,
-  /** Seconds since the last presented frame, which flow moves by; 0 for an exported frame. */
-  dt: f32,
-  dashPeriodPx: f32,
-  edgeSpacingPx: f32,
-  flowSpacingPx: f32,
-  markers: u32,
-  hoverScale: f32,
-  labelHaloPx: f32,
-  /** The vertex hover grows, and the one it left, by dense address; how far each has grown. */
-  grown: vec2u,
-  growth: vec2f,
-  /** How much markers shrink at this zoom, and the least radius they shrink to, in CSS pixels. */
-  markerFit: f32,
-  vertexMinRadiusPx: f32,
-}
-/** How far toward the camera a focused row draws: over its neighbors, never past the globe. */
-const FOCUS_LIFT: f32 = 0.00002;
-/** How far labels draw toward the camera, over focused rows and their glow. */
-const LABEL_LIFT: f32 = 0.00004;
-fn projectionOf(u: Uniforms) -> Projection { return Projection(u.view, u.pose, u.rotation, u.geo, u.center, u.split); }
-fn project_world(p: vec3f, u: Uniforms) -> vec4f { return projection_clip(p, projectionOf(u)); }
-/** Where the view's ray through `ndc` meets the globe, in the world; a w of 0 where it misses. */
-fn globePoint(ndc: vec2f, u: Uniforms) -> vec4f { return projection_globe_hit(ndc, projectionOf(u)); }
-/** A billboard's depth at a fragment, never behind the globe's surface under it. */
-fn billboardDepth(position: vec4f, u: Uniforms) -> f32 {
-  return projection_billboard_depth(position, projectionOf(u), 0.0);
-}
-fn daylight(normal: vec3f, u: Uniforms) -> f32 { return projection_daylight(normal, u.light); }
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/curve.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/curve.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f05eb30..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/curve.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-/** An edge's ends: their world points, and their longitudes and latitudes from the camera center. */
-struct Ends { a: vec3f, b: vec3f, ra: vec2f, rb: vec2f }
-/** A world point as a direction from the globe's center: on a plane, its longitude and latitude's. */
-fn curve_unit(p:vec3f,u:Uniforms)->vec3f {
-  if(u.view.w>1.5){return normalize(p+vec3f(0,0,1));}
-  var y=p.y+u.center.y;
-  // The mercator plane holds a latitude where mercator stretches it, from the center's place.
-  if(u.geo.w>1.5){y=projection_latitude(p.y+u.pose.z);}
-  let lon=(p.x+u.center.x)*0.017453292519943295;let lat=y*0.017453292519943295;
-  return vec3f(cos(lat)*cos(lon),sin(lat),cos(lat)*sin(lon));
-}
-/** The angle between two world points, seen from the globe's center, in radians. */
-fn curve_angle(a:vec3f,b:vec3f,u:Uniforms)->f32 {return acos(clamp(dot(curve_unit(a,u),curve_unit(b,u)),-1.0,1.0));}
-/** The great circle between two world points, `t` of the way along. */
-fn curve_geodesic(a:vec3f,b:vec3f,t:f32,u:Uniforms)->vec3f {
-  let x=curve_unit(a,u);let y=curve_unit(b,u);let cosine=clamp(dot(x,y),-1.0,1.0);
-  var unit=normalize(mix(x,y,t));
-  if(cosine<0.99985){
-    var tangent=y-x*cosine;var n=length(tangent);
-    if(n<0.000001){var north=vec3f(0,1,0);var east=vec3f(1,0,0);
-    if(u.view.w>1.5){north=vec3f(0,u.geo.y,u.geo.x);east=vec3f(-u.center.z,-u.center.w*u.geo.x,u.center.w*u.geo.y);}
-    let axis=select(east,north,abs(dot(x,north))<0.9);tangent=axis-x*dot(axis,x);n=length(tangent);}
-    let angle=acos(cosine)*t;unit=x*cos(angle)+tangent*(sin(angle)/n);
-  }
-  if(u.view.w>1.5){return unit*mix(length(a+vec3f(0,0,1)),length(b+vec3f(0,0,1)),t)-vec3f(0,0,1);}
-  let latitude=asin(clamp(unit.y,-1.0,1.0))*57.295779513;
-  var plane=latitude-u.center.y;
-  if(u.geo.w>1.5){plane=projection_mercator(latitude)-u.pose.z;}
-  return vec3f(atan2(unit.z,unit.x)*57.295779513-u.center.x,plane,mix(a.z,b.z,t));
-}
-/**
- * A point `t` of the way along an edge's route over the earth: along the great circle, or straight in
- * longitude and latitude, which the globe drapes over its surface and a plane draws as the segment.
- */
-fn curve_world(e:Ends,t:f32,straight:bool,u:Uniforms)->vec3f {
-  if(!straight){return curve_geodesic(e.a,e.b,t,u);}
-  if(u.view.w<1.5){return mix(e.a,e.b,t);}
-  var d=e.rb-e.ra;d.x-=360.0*round(d.x/360.0);
-  let lift=mix(length(e.a+vec3f(0,0,1)),length(e.b+vec3f(0,0,1)),t);
-  return (projection_world(e.ra+d*t,0.0,projectionOf(u))+vec3f(0,0,1))*lift-vec3f(0,0,1);
-}
-
-// Split at the geographic seam before projection; both passes use the same endpoints.
-fn curve_segment(a:vec3f,b:vec3f,side:u32,u:Uniforms)->mat2x3f {
-  if(side==0u){return mat2x3f(a,b);}
-  let x=a.x+u.center.x;let y=b.x+u.center.x;
-  let seam=select(-180.0,180.0,x>0.0);
-  let adjusted=y+select(-360.0,360.0,x>0.0);
-  let middle=mix(a,b,(seam-x)/(adjusted-x));
-  if(side==1u){return mat2x3f(a,vec3f(seam-u.center.x,middle.yz));}
-  return mat2x3f(vec3f(-seam-u.center.x,middle.yz),b);
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/draw.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/draw.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 30de1b11..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/draw.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,362 +0,0 @@
-override NETWORK_CURVES:bool=false;
-/** Whether a marker pipeline draws shadows, beneath every marker, rather than the markers. */
-override MARKER_SHADOWS:bool=false;
-/**
- * Whether a pipeline draws the focused rows, lit by their glow over the rest, rather than the rest.
- * A line's glow takes entry points of its own, `edge_focus` and `fragment_focus`, so the scene's
- * pipelines build without it.
- */
-override FOCUS:bool=false;
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u: Uniforms;
-@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage,read> a: array<vec4f>;
-@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage,read> b: array<vec4f>;
-@group(0) @binding(3) var<storage,read> segments: array<vec4u>;
-@group(0) @binding(4) var<storage,read> styles: array<vec4f>;
-/** A vertex bank's draw: the dense address of its first row, and its rows. */
-struct VertexDraw { base: u32, rows: u32 }
-/**
- * An edge batch's draw: the dense address of its bank's first row; whether its segments read dash
- * prefixes (1) and run straight (2); the dense addresses of its end banks' first rows; and, curved,
- * its first piece.
- */
-struct EdgeDraw { base: u32, flags: u32, aBase: u32, bBase: u32, pieces: u32 }
-@group(0) @binding(5) var<uniform> vertexDraw: VertexDraw;
-@group(0) @binding(5) var<uniform> edgeDraw: EdgeDraw;
-@group(0) @binding(7) var<storage,read> focused:array<u32>;
-@group(0) @binding(8) var<storage,read> curvePieces:array<vec4u>;
-/** A routed edge's segments' distances along it before each, where its dashes carry on from. */
-@group(0) @binding(9) var<storage,read> prefixes:array<f32>;
-struct Varying {
-  @builtin(position) position:vec4f,
-  @location(0) @interpolate(linear) uv:vec2f,
-  @location(1) @interpolate(flat) dimensions:vec4f,
-  @location(2) color:vec4f,
-  @location(3) @interpolate(flat) identity:vec4u,
-  @location(4) world:vec3f,
-  /** Its shade, whether it lies on the globe's surface, how far along its edge it starts, and its opacity. */
-  @location(5) @interpolate(flat) extra:vec4f,
-  /** Each true end's place on screen and the marker radius it clears; a negative radius at a bend. */
-  @location(6) @interpolate(flat) discA:vec3f,
-  @location(7) @interpolate(flat) discB:vec3f,
-  /** Its flow: speed, how far it has moved, and the comets' head radius, in CSS pixels. */
-  @location(8) @interpolate(flat) flow:vec3f,
-  /** A focused piece's neighbors along its line, as `uv` runs: where they start and end. */
-  @location(9) @interpolate(flat) beside:vec4f,
-}
-fn corner(v:u32)->vec2f {
-  let c=array<vec2f,6>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(-1,1),vec2f(-1,1),vec2f(1,-1),vec2f(1,1));
-  return c[v];
-}
-/**
- * Focus of a drawn row: 3 selected, 2 hovered, 1 the end of a focused edge; two bits per row,
- * vertices then edges then paths. Focused rows draw in focus draws only, over the rest.
- */
-fn focus(dense:u32)->u32 {
-  let word=dense>>4u;
-  if(word>=arrayLength(&focused)){return 0u;}
-  return (focused[word]>>((dense&15u)*2u))&3u;
-}
-/** How far a focused row's glow reaches: hover's, the selection's, or none for an edge's end. */
-fn glowReach(f:u32)->f32 {return select(select(0.0,u.glow.x,f==2u),u.glow.y,f==3u);}
-/** A focused row's glow: hover's, or the selection's, in the row's own color for `none`. */
-fn glowTint(f:u32,own:vec4f)->vec4f {
-  if(f==2u){return u.hoverColor;}
-  return select(u.selectedColor,own,u.selectedColor.a<0.0);
-}
-/**
- * A vertex marker's radius: fitted to the zoom, never under the least the style allows unless its
- * own is, and eased back to its own size and past it as hover grows it.
- */
-fn grown(radius:f32,dense:u32)->f32 {
-  var growth=0.0;
-  if(dense==u.grown.x){growth=u.growth.x;}
-  if(dense==u.grown.y){growth=u.growth.y;}
-  let fitted=max(radius*u.markerFit,min(radius,u.vertexMinRadiusPx));
-  return mix(fitted,radius*u.hoverScale,growth);
-}
-fn screen(p:vec4f)->vec2f{return vec2f((p.x/p.w+1.0)*u.view.x*0.5,(1.0-p.y/p.w)*u.view.y*0.5);}
-fn hidden()->Varying { var out:Varying;out.position=vec4f(2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0);return out; }
-/** Where a shadow falls below what casts it, and how far past it it fades, in CSS pixels. */
-const SHADOW_REACH:f32=10.0;
-struct MarkerVarying {
-  @builtin(position) position:vec4f,
-  /** Where in the square, in CSS pixels from the vertex with y up. */
-  @location(0) @interpolate(linear) p:vec2f,
-  /** Its radius, its glow's reach, and its opacity. */
-  @location(1) @interpolate(flat) size:vec3f,
-  @location(2) @interpolate(flat) color:vec4f,
-  @location(3) @interpolate(flat) focus:u32,
-  @location(4) @interpolate(flat) shade:f32,
-  @location(5) @interpolate(flat) inputs0:vec4f,
-  @location(6) @interpolate(flat) inputs1:vec4f,
-}
-/** A vertex's square, reaching its glow and shadow; its marker decides what in it draws. */
-@vertex fn marker_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v:u32,@builtin(instance_index) i:u32)->MarkerVarying {
-  var out:MarkerVarying;
-  let base=i*5u;let p=a[base];let info=a[base+3u];
-  if(info.w<=0.001||p.w<=0.0){out.position=vec4f(2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0);return out;}
-  let dense=vertexDraw.base+i;let f=focus(dense);
-  // Every marker casts its shadow beneath the rest; a focused one draws in a focus draw alone.
-  if(!MARKER_SHADOWS&&(f>0u)!=FOCUS){out.position=vec4f(2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0);return out;}
-  let glow=select(0.0,glowReach(f),FOCUS);
-  let radius=grown(max(0.1,info.x),dense);
-  // Its outline's own edge bounds it, as fill costs: an axis-aligned edge needs no margin to read smooth.
-  let reach=radius+glow+select(0.0,SHADOW_REACH,MARKER_SHADOWS);
-  let q=corner(v);
-  out.position=p+vec4f(q.x*reach*2.0/u.view.x*p.w,q.y*reach*2.0/u.view.y*p.w,0.0,0.0);
-  // A focused marker draws over its neighbors.
-  if(FOCUS){out.position.z=max(0.0,out.position.z-FOCUS_LIFT*p.w);}
-  out.p=q*reach;out.size=vec3f(radius,glow,info.w);out.color=a[base+2u];
-  out.focus=f;out.shade=info.y;
-  let inputs=vertexDraw.rows*5u+i*2u;
-  if(arrayLength(&a)>=inputs+2u){out.inputs0=a[inputs];out.inputs1=a[inputs+1u];}
-  return out;
-}
-/**
- * The marker in its shade; the rest fade while something is selected, and a focused marker draws
- * whole, lit from beneath by its glow. Only what it covers holds depth, so its holes hide nothing.
- */
-@fragment fn marker_fragment(v:MarkerVarying)->PaintOut {
-  let m=marker(markerFragment(v.p,v.size.x,v.color,v.inputs0,v.inputs1));
-  let top=shade(ShadeFragment(m.color,v.position.xy/u.view.z,v.shade));
-  let alpha=top.a*v.size.z*select(u.glow.z,1.0,FOCUS);
-  var color=vec4f(top.rgb*alpha,alpha);
-  if(FOCUS&&v.size.y>0.0){
-    color=color+outputColor(glowTint(v.focus,m.color),glowAlpha(m.distance,v.size.y)*v.size.z)*(1.0-color.a);
-  }
-  if(color.a<=0.001){discard;}
-  var result:PaintOut;result.color=color;
-  result.depth=billboardDepth(v.position,u);
-  return result;
-}
-/**
- * A marker's soft shadow, 2 px below what it covers: drawn beneath every marker, holding no depth,
- * so it darkens lines and ground but never another marker, nor a marker's own holes.
- */
-@fragment fn marker_shadow(v:MarkerVarying)->PaintOut {
-  let below=marker(markerFragment(v.p+vec2f(0.0,2.0),v.size.x,v.color,v.inputs0,v.inputs1));
-  let held=select(1.0,below.color.a,below.distance<0.0);
-  let alpha=shadowAlpha(below.distance)*held*v.size.z*select(u.glow.z,1.0,v.focus>0u);
-  if(alpha<=0.001){discard;}
-  var result:PaintOut;result.color=vec4f(0.0,0.0,0.0,alpha);result.depth=billboardDepth(v.position,u);
-  return result;
-}
-/** Whether a curved draw's segments run straight in longitude and latitude, rather than along great circles. */
-fn straight_route()->bool {return (edgeDraw.flags&2u)!=0u;}
-/** A segment's ends, as its end banks' records hold them; only a curve reads their longitudes and latitudes. */
-fn ends_of(segment:vec4u)->Ends {
-  let ab=segment.x*5u;let bb=segment.y*5u;
-  if(!NETWORK_CURVES){return Ends(a[ab+4u].xyz,b[bb+4u].xyz,vec2f(0.0),vec2f(0.0));}
-  return Ends(a[ab+4u].xyz,b[bb+4u].xyz,a[ab+1u].xy,b[bb+1u].xy);
-}
-/**
- * The screen normal of an edge's curve at `t`, which its lane follows so its pieces meet. A flat
- * map's longitudes jump a turn at the seam, where the curve itself does not.
- */
-fn curve_normal(e:Ends,t:f32)->vec2f {
-  let before=curve_world(e,max(t-0.001,0.0),straight_route(),u);
-  let after=curve_world(e,min(t+0.001,1.0),straight_route(),u);
-  var d=after-before;
-  if(u.view.w<1.5){d.x-=360.0*round(d.x/360.0);}
-  let at=curve_world(e,t,straight_route(),u);
-  let s=screen(project_world(at+d*0.5,u))-screen(project_world(at-d*0.5,u));
-  let l=length(s);
-  if(l<0.000001){return vec2f(0.0);}
-  return vec2f(-s.y,s.x)/l;
-}
-/** A segment's direction on screen: a curve's at `t`, a straight one's from end to end. */
-fn heading(e:Ends,t:f32)->vec2f {
-  if(NETWORK_CURVES){let n=curve_normal(e,t);return vec2f(n.y,-n.x);}
-  let d=screen(project_world(e.b,u))-screen(project_world(e.a,u));let l=length(d);
-  return select(vec2f(0.0),d/l,l>0.000001);
-}
-/**
- * Where a row's line arrives at a segment's start, from the segment before it in the batch, or zero
- * at a true end. A path's points share a bank, so its segments join end to start.
- */
-fn arriving(primitive:u32,segment:vec4u)->vec2f {
-  if(primitive==0u||edgeDraw.aBase!=edgeDraw.bBase){return vec2f(0.0);}
-  let before=segments[primitive-1u];
-  if(before.z!=segment.z||before.y!=segment.x){return vec2f(0.0);}
-  return heading(ends_of(before),1.0);
-}
-/** Where a row's line leaves a segment's end, on the segment after it, or zero at a true end. */
-fn leaving(primitive:u32,segment:vec4u)->vec2f {
-  if(primitive+1u>=arrayLength(&segments)||edgeDraw.aBase!=edgeDraw.bBase){return vec2f(0.0);}
-  let after=segments[primitive+1u];
-  if(after.z!=segment.z||after.x!=segment.y){return vec2f(0.0);}
-  return heading(ends_of(after),0.0);
-}
-/** How far a neighbor along a focused line reaches: as a line of its direction where it meets this one. */
-const ONWARD:f32=10000.0;
-/** A line's piece: its vertex, whether it draws, and where its line runs, for a focused piece's neighbors. */
-struct EdgePiece {out:Varying,drawn:bool,primitive:u32,segment:vec4u,ends:Ends,interval:vec2f,split:u32,clipping:vec2f,dir:vec2f}
-fn edge(v:u32,drawn:u32)->EdgePiece {
-  var piece:EdgePiece;piece.out=hidden();
-  var interval=vec2f(0.0,1.0);var split=0u;var phase=0.0;var primitive=drawn;
-  if(NETWORK_CURVES){
-    let instance=curvePieces[edgeDraw.pieces+drawn];
-    if(instance.x==0xffffffffu){return piece;}
-    primitive=instance.x;interval=vec2f(bitcast<f32>(instance.y),bitcast<f32>(instance.z));split=instance.w&3u;phase=bitcast<f32>(instance.w&0xfffffffcu);
-  }
-  let segment=segments[primitive];
-  var prefix=0.0;if((edgeDraw.flags&1u)!=0u){prefix=prefixes[primitive];}
-  let ab=segment.x*5u;let bb=segment.y*5u;let es=segment.z*3u;
-  var p=a[ab];var q=b[bb];let ai=a[ab+3u];let bi=b[bb+3u];
-  let info=styles[es+1u];let motion=styles[es+2u];
-  if(a[ab+4u].w<0.5||b[bb+4u].w<0.5||motion.w<=0.001){return piece;}
-  let ends=ends_of(segment);
-  var wa=ends.a;var wb=ends.b;
-  // A curve drawn as one piece runs between its ends, already placed; only a curve's pieces are
-  // found along it.
-  if(NETWORK_CURVES&&(interval.x>0.0||interval.y<1.0||split!=0u)){
-    wa=curve_world(ends,interval.x,straight_route(),u);wb=curve_world(ends,interval.y,straight_route(),u);
-    let pair=curve_segment(wa,wb,split,u);wa=pair[0];wb=pair[1];
-    p=project_world(wa,u);q=project_world(wb,u);
-  }
-  let clipping=stroke_clip(p,q);if(clipping.x>clipping.y){return piece;}
-  let start=p;p=mix(start,q,clipping.x);q=mix(start,q,clipping.y);
-  let row=bitcast<u32>(info.z);let f=focus(edgeDraw.base+segment.z);
-  // A focused row draws in a focus draw alone, over the rest.
-  if((f>0u)!=FOCUS){return piece;}
-  let glow=select(0.0,glowReach(f),FOCUS);
-  let width=info.x;
-  // A flowing line's quad reaches its comets' heads, and a focused one its glow.
-  let head=max(info.x*1.6,2.0);
-  let flowing=motion.y!=0.0&&u.flowSpacingPx>0.0;
-  let reach=select(width,max(width,head+1.0),flowing)+glow;
-  // The ends' places on screen, which their markers cover.
-  let ea=screen(p);let eb=screen(q);
-  // Edges joining the same two vertices draw apart, each in its lane across the line between them:
-  // a straight line's normal, or a curve's at each end of the piece.
-  if(motion.x!=0.0){
-    let along=normalize(eb-ea+vec2f(0.000001,0.0));
-    var na=vec2f(-along.y,along.x);var nb=na;
-    if(NETWORK_CURVES){
-      na=curve_normal(ends,interval.x);nb=curve_normal(ends,interval.y);
-      if(split==1u){nb=na;}
-      if(split==2u){na=nb;}
-    }
-    let lane=motion.x*u.edgeSpacingPx;
-    p.x+=na.x*lane*2.0/u.view.x*p.w;p.y-=na.y*lane*2.0/u.view.y*p.w;
-    q.x+=nb.x*lane*2.0/u.view.x*q.w;q.y-=nb.y*lane*2.0/u.view.y*q.w;
-  }
-  let sa=screen(p);let sb=screen(q);let delta=sb-sa;let lengthPx=max(0.001,length(delta));
-  // Earlier segments of a dashed edge, at this piece's own screen scale: on the globe in degrees of
-  // arc, on a plane in its own units. Only a routed edge has any.
-  if(prefix>0.0){
-    var units=length(wb-wa);
-    if(u.view.w>1.5){units=curve_angle(wa,wb,u)*57.295779513;}
-    phase+=prefix*lengthPx/max(units*(clipping.y-clipping.x),0.000001);
-  }
-  let dir=delta/lengthPx;let perpendicular=vec2f(-dir.y,dir.x);let c=corner(v);
-  let t=(c.x+1.0)*0.5;let offset=(dir*c.x+perpendicular*c.y)*reach;
-  var pos=mix(p,q,t);
-  pos.x+=offset.x*2.0/u.view.x*pos.w;pos.y-=offset.y*2.0/u.view.y*pos.w;
-  if(FOCUS){pos.z=max(0.0,pos.z-FOCUS_LIFT*pos.w);}
-  var color=styles[es];if(color.a<0.0){color=(a[ab+2u]+b[bb+2u])*0.5;}
-  var out:Varying;out.position=pos;out.uv=vec2f(mix(-reach,lengthPx+reach,t),c.y*reach);
-  out.dimensions=vec4f(lengthPx,width,glow,info.w);out.color=color;
-  out.identity=vec4u(1u,row,f,0u);out.world=mix(wa,wb,mix(clipping.x,clipping.y,t));
-  out.extra=vec4f(info.y,select(0.0,1.0,NETWORK_CURVES),phase,motion.w);
-  // A marker at a true end, as hover has grown it, hides the line under it, and comets fade before
-  // reaching it.
-  let markerA=select(0.0,grown(ai.x,edgeDraw.aBase+segment.x),u.markers!=0u);
-  let markerB=select(0.0,grown(bi.x,edgeDraw.bBase+segment.y),u.markers!=0u);
-  out.discA=vec3f(ea,select(-1.0,markerA,ai.w>0.5&&interval.x==0.0));
-  out.discB=vec3f(eb,select(-1.0,markerB,bi.w>0.5&&interval.y==1.0));
-  out.flow=vec3f(select(0.0,motion.y,flowing),motion.z,head);
-  return EdgePiece(out,true,primitive,segment,ends,interval,split,clipping,dir);
-}
-@vertex fn edge_main(@builtin(vertex_index) v:u32,@builtin(instance_index) drawn:u32)->Varying {
-  return edge(v,drawn).out;
-}
-/**
- * A focused line's piece, which also carries the pieces beside it along its line: within a curve,
- * along the curve; across a joint, the segment on the other side. A piece clipped, or split at the
- * map's seam, ends there alone.
- */
-@vertex fn edge_focus(@builtin(vertex_index) v:u32,@builtin(instance_index) drawn:u32)->Varying {
-  var piece=edge(v,drawn);
-  if(!piece.drawn){return piece.out;}
-  let dir=piece.dir;let across=vec2f(-dir.y,dir.x);let lengthPx=piece.out.dimensions.x;
-  let ends=piece.ends;let interval=piece.interval;
-  var before=vec2f(STROKE_NONE,0.0);var after=vec2f(STROKE_NONE,0.0);
-  if(piece.split!=2u&&piece.clipping.x==0.0){
-    var arrives=arriving(piece.primitive,piece.segment);
-    if(interval.x>0.0){arrives=heading(ends,interval.x);}
-    if(any(arrives!=vec2f(0.0))){before=-vec2f(dot(arrives,dir),dot(arrives,across))*ONWARD;}
-  }
-  if(piece.split!=1u&&piece.clipping.y==1.0){
-    var leaves=leaving(piece.primitive,piece.segment);
-    if(interval.y<1.0){leaves=heading(ends,interval.y);}
-    if(any(leaves!=vec2f(0.0))){after=vec2f(lengthPx,0.0)+vec2f(dot(leaves,dir),dot(leaves,across))*ONWARD;}
-  }
-  piece.out.beside=vec4f(before,after);
-  return piece.out;
-}
-@vertex fn pole_main(@builtin(vertex_index) v:u32,@builtin(instance_index) i:u32)->Varying {
-  let base=i*5u;let q=a[base];let info=a[base+3u];let world=a[base+4u].xyz;
-  // The ground below: the sphere's surface on a globe, the plane otherwise.
-  var ground=vec3f(world.xy,0.0);
-  if(u.view.w>1.5){ground=normalize(world+vec3f(0.0,0.0,1.0))-vec3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);}
-  let p=project_world(ground,u);
-  if(info.w<=0.001||p.w<=0.0||q.w<=0.0){return hidden();}
-  let sa=screen(p);let sb=screen(q);let d=sb-sa;let l=max(0.001,length(d));let n=vec2f(-d.y,d.x)/l;
-  let c=corner(v);let t=(c.x+1.0)*0.5;var pos=mix(p,q,t);
-  pos.x+=n.x*c.y*2.0/u.view.x*pos.w;pos.y-=n.y*c.y*2.0/u.view.y*pos.w;
-  var out:Varying;out.position=pos;out.uv=vec2f(t*l,c.y);out.dimensions=vec4f(l,1.0,0.0,0.0);
-  out.color=vec4f(a[base+2u].rgb,0.5);out.identity=vec4u(2u,bitcast<u32>(info.z),0u,0u);out.world=world;
-  out.extra=vec4f(0.0,0.0,0.0,info.w);out.discA=vec3f(0.0,0.0,-1.0);out.discB=vec3f(0.0,0.0,-1.0);
-  return out;
-}
-struct PaintOut { @location(0) color:vec4f, @builtin(frag_depth) depth:f32 }
-/** Comets fade in from a true end, clear of its marker. */
-fn clearOf(px:vec2f,end:vec3f)->f32 {
-  if(end.z<0.0){return 1.0;}
-  return smoothstep(end.z+1.0,end.z+8.0,distance(px,end.xy));
-}
-/** A line's color at a pixel, premultiplied, and how far past its edge the pixel lies. */
-struct Lit {color:vec4f,outside:f32}
-fn lit(v:Varying)->Lit {
-  let px=v.position.xy/u.view.z;
-  var distanceTo=length(v.uv);
-  var outer=1.0;
-  if(v.identity.x>0u){
-    distanceTo=stroke_distance(v.uv,v.dimensions.x);
-    outer=v.dimensions.y;
-    if(v.identity.x==1u){
-      if(v.discA.z>0.0&&distance(px,v.discA.xy)<v.discA.z){discard;}
-      if(v.discB.z>0.0&&distance(px,v.discB.xy)<v.discB.z){discard;}
-      if(v.dimensions.w>0.0&&!stroke_dash(v.uv.x+v.extra.z,u.dashPeriodPx)){discard;}
-    }
-  }
-  let aa=max(fwidth(distanceTo),0.01);
-  let line=1.0-smoothstep(outer-aa,outer+aa,distanceTo);
-  var comets=0.0;
-  if(v.identity.x==1u&&v.flow.x!=0.0){
-    comets=stroke_comet(v.uv.x+v.extra.z,v.uv.y,v.identity.y,v.flow.x,v.flow.y,v.flow.z,u.flowSpacingPx,aa)*clearOf(px,v.discA)*clearOf(px,v.discB)*u.flowColor.a;
-  }
-  // The line and its comets in its shade; the rest fade while something is selected, and a focused
-  // line draws whole.
-  var color=vec4f(mix(v.color.rgb,u.flowColor.rgb,comets),mix(v.color.a,1.0,comets));
-  color=shade(ShadeFragment(color,px,v.extra.x));
-  return Lit(outputColor(color,max(line,comets)*v.extra.w*select(u.glow.z,1.0,FOCUS)),distanceTo-outer);
-}
-/** A line's pixel at its depth: a curve's on the globe's surface under the pixel, which it never sinks beneath. */
-fn painted(v:Varying,color:vec4f)->PaintOut {
-  if(color.a<=0.001){discard;}
-  var result:PaintOut;result.color=color;
-  result.depth=v.position.z;
-  if(v.extra.y>0.5){result.depth=projection_ground_depth(v.position,v.world,projectionOf(u),select(0.0,FOCUS_LIFT,FOCUS));}
-  return result;
-}
-@fragment fn fragment_main(v:Varying)->PaintOut {return painted(v,lit(v).color);}
-/** A focused line, lit from beneath by its glow once at each pixel, from the piece nearest it. */
-@fragment fn fragment_focus(v:Varying)->PaintOut {
-  let l=lit(v);var color=l.color;
-  if(v.dimensions.z>0.0&&stroke_nearest(v.uv,v.dimensions.x,v.beside.xy,v.beside.zw)){
-    color=color+outputColor(glowTint(v.identity.z,v.color),glowAlpha(l.outside,v.dimensions.z)*v.extra.w)*(1.0-color.a);
-  }
-  return painted(v,color);
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/fields.ts b/packages/network/src/rendering/fields.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b69032b..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/fields.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,265 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, type Data, type FieldInput, type Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { VertexBank, EdgeBank } from '../geometry/topology.js';
-import { FLOW_RANGE, RADIUS_RANGE, WIDTH_RANGE } from '../options.js';
-import type { Network } from '../network.js';
-/** What a vertex reads, and how: a field spans the range, or reads as it is when raw. */
-export const VERTEX = {
-  x: 'raw',
-  y: 'raw',
-  z: [0, 1],
-  radiusPx: RADIUS_RANGE,
-  color: 'color',
-  visible: 'raw',
-  shade: 'raw',
-  // What a marker reads, its inputs in order.
-  input0: 'raw',
-  input1: 'raw',
-  input2: 'raw',
-  input3: 'raw',
-  input4: 'raw',
-  input5: 'raw',
-  input6: 'raw',
-  input7: 'raw',
-} as const satisfies Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-/**
- * What an edge reads; its x and y center a net's star, and its lane is its place
- * among the edges joining the same two vertices, which the view finds.
- */
-export const LINE = {
-  x: 'raw',
-  y: 'raw',
-  widthPx: WIDTH_RANGE,
-  color: 'color',
-  visible: 'raw',
-  shade: 'raw',
-  dash: 'raw',
-  flowPx: FLOW_RANGE,
-  lane: 'raw',
-} as const satisfies Readonly<Record<string, kit.ChannelKind>>;
-export type ChannelName = keyof typeof VERTEX | keyof typeof LINE;
-const NAMES = [...new Set([...Object.keys(VERTEX), ...Object.keys(LINE)])] as ChannelName[];
-export type Options = Network.VertexOptions | Network.EdgeOptions;
-/** What a row reads without a value: no position, no height, and shown. */
-const FALLBACK: Readonly<Partial<Record<ChannelName, number>>> = {
-  x: NaN,
-  y: NaN,
-  z: 0,
-  visible: 1,
-  shade: 0,
-  dash: 0,
-};
-const UNSET: kit.BoundChannel = { component: 0 };
-
-export type Kinds = typeof VERTEX | typeof LINE;
-const bindings = new Map<Kinds, WeakMap<object, kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName>>>([
-  [VERTEX, new WeakMap()],
-  [LINE, new WeakMap()],
-]);
-/** Banks' channels by their type's, then by what the view found for each bank. */
-const banks = new WeakMap<
-  kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName>,
-  WeakMap<FieldInput.Values, kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName>>
->();
-/** A type's channels, bound once per options object: what checks, placement, and reads share. */
-export function channels(options: Options, kinds: Kinds): kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName> {
-  const cache = bindings.get(kinds)!;
-  let found = cache.get(options);
-  if (!found) cache.set(options, (found = bind(options, kinds)));
-  return found;
-}
-/**
- * A bank's channels: its type's, with what the view finds for the bank itself in place of its own,
- * every vertex's position where layout placed any or every edge's lane. A restyle keeps the layout
- * and lanes, and a new layout keeps the style, so both key the binding.
- */
-export function bankChannels(
-  options: Options,
-  kinds: Kinds,
-  local?: FieldInput.Values,
-): kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName> {
-  const shared = channels(options, kinds);
-  if (!local) return shared;
-  let laid = banks.get(shared);
-  if (!laid) banks.set(shared, (laid = new WeakMap()));
-  let found = laid.get(local);
-  if (!found) {
-    const own =
-      kinds === VERTEX
-        ? { x: { field: local }, y: { field: local, component: 1 } }
-        : { lane: { field: local } };
-    laid.set(local, (found = bind(options, kinds, own)));
-  }
-  return found;
-}
-/**
- * A kind names only its own channels; the others stay unbound. A marker's inputs read as `input0`
- * and on, in the order it names them.
- */
-function bind(options: Options, kinds: Kinds, own: object = {}): kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName> {
-  const marker = 'marker' in options ? options.marker : undefined,
-    inputs = Object.fromEntries(
-      Object.values(marker?.inputs ?? {}).map((channel, i) => ['input' + i, channel]),
-    );
-  return kit.bindChannels(
-    { ...options, ...inputs, ...own },
-    kinds as Readonly<Record<ChannelName, kit.ChannelKind>>,
-  );
-}
-
-export interface ReadPage {
-  readonly page: kit.GpuPage;
-  readonly offset: number;
-}
-/** A bank's fields, uploaded, and its channels ready to read. */
-export class FieldRead {
-  /** Each channel ready to read, rows without a value reading its default. */
-  readonly channels: Readonly<Record<ChannelName, kit.ResolvedChannel>>;
-  /** Channels read with fallbacks of the caller's, such as a style's marker radius. */
-  private readonly custom = new Map<ChannelName, Map<number, kit.ResolvedChannel>>();
-  constructor(
-    readonly pages: readonly ReadPage[],
-    readonly native: readonly Block.Fields[],
-    readonly bound: kit.BoundChannels<ChannelName>,
-    /** Each scaled channel's domain, resolved across its type's banks. */
-    readonly scales: Readonly<Partial<Record<ChannelName, kit.ResolvedScale>>> = {},
-  ) {
-    const channels = {} as Record<ChannelName, kit.ResolvedChannel>;
-    for (const name of NAMES) channels[name] = this.read(name, FALLBACK[name] ?? 0);
-    this.channels = channels;
-  }
-  /** Whether the type binds a channel, to a field or a constant. */
-  has(name: ChannelName): boolean {
-    const channel = this.bound.channels[name];
-    return !!channel && (channel.field !== undefined || channel.constant !== undefined);
-  }
-  /** A channel ready to read; rows without a value read `fallback`, or its default. */
-  channel(name: ChannelName, fallback?: number): kit.ResolvedChannel {
-    if (fallback === undefined) return this.channels[name];
-    let reads = this.custom.get(name);
-    if (!reads) this.custom.set(name, (reads = new Map<number, kit.ResolvedChannel>()));
-    let read = reads.get(fallback);
-    if (!read) reads.set(fallback, (read = this.read(name, fallback)));
-    return read;
-  }
-  /** An unset axis reads 0, so one bound axis lays rows along it. */
-  private read(name: ChannelName, fallback: number): kit.ResolvedChannel {
-    const bound = this.bound.channels[name] ?? UNSET,
-      own = (name === 'x' || name === 'y') && bound.field === undefined ? 0 : fallback;
-    return kit.resolveChannel(bound, this.scales[name], own);
-  }
-  scaled(scales: Readonly<Partial<Record<ChannelName, kit.ResolvedScale>>>): FieldRead {
-    return new FieldRead(this.pages, this.native, this.bound, scales);
-  }
-}
-
-/** The polylines a type draws through: an edge's bends. */
-function lists(options: Options): Record<string, FieldInput> {
-  return 'bends' in options && options.bends ? { bends: options.bends } : {};
-}
-export async function readFields(
-  frame: kit.Preparation,
-  source: Data,
-  bank: VertexBank | EdgeBank,
-  options: Options,
-  local?: FieldInput.Values,
-): Promise<FieldRead> {
-  const bound = bankChannels(options, 'batches' in bank ? LINE : VERTEX, local),
-    select = Object.keys(bound.fields);
-  const pages: ReadPage[] = [],
-    native: Block.Fields[] = [];
-  for await (const tile of frame.reader.fields({
-    source,
-    from: bank.index.type,
-    rows: { ...bank.rows, index: bank.index },
-    fields: { ...bound.fields, ...lists(options) },
-  })) {
-    native.push(tile);
-    const bends = tile.columns.bends;
-    if (
-      bends &&
-      (bends.kind !== 'list' || bends.values.kind !== 'vector' || bends.values.size !== 2)
-    )
-      throw failure('invalid-input', 'Bends require lists of two-component numeric vectors');
-    for (const page of frame.upload(tile, { select, float64: 'relative' }))
-      pages.push({ page, offset: page.rowOffset });
-  }
-  return new FieldRead(pages, native, bound);
-}
-/** Resolve each scaled channel once across a type's banks, never per upload page. */
-export async function resolveDomains(
-  frame: kit.Preparation,
-  source: Data,
-  reads: Map<VertexBank | EdgeBank, FieldRead>,
-  config: (bank: VertexBank | EdgeBank) => Options,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const groups = new Map<Options, (VertexBank | EdgeBank)[]>();
-  for (const bank of reads.keys()) {
-    const options = config(bank),
-      banks = groups.get(options) ?? [];
-    banks.push(bank);
-    groups.set(options, banks);
-  }
-  for (const banks of groups.values()) {
-    const scales: Partial<Record<ChannelName, kit.ResolvedScale>> = {};
-    for (const [name, channel] of Object.entries(reads.get(banks[0])!.bound.channels) as [
-      ChannelName,
-      kit.BoundChannel,
-    ][]) {
-      if (!channel.scale || channel.field === undefined) continue;
-      let lo = Infinity,
-        hi = -Infinity;
-      for (const bank of banks) {
-        const scale = await kit.fieldScale(frame.reader, {
-          ...channel.scale,
-          source,
-          from: bank.index.type,
-          rows: { ...bank.rows, index: bank.index },
-          field: channel.field,
-        });
-        if (scale.domain) {
-          lo = Math.min(lo, scale.domain[0]);
-          hi = Math.max(hi, scale.domain[1]);
-        }
-      }
-      scales[name] = kit.resolveScale(channel.scale, lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : null);
-    }
-    for (const bank of banks) reads.set(bank, reads.get(bank)!.scaled(scales));
-  }
-}
-/** What a read's channels place, by identity: their lanes, scales, constants, and columns. */
-export function readIdentity(
-  read: FieldRead,
-  names: readonly ChannelName[] = ['x', 'y'],
-): unknown[] {
-  const key: unknown[] = [],
-    fields = new Set<string>();
-  const view = (value?: ArrayBufferView) => {
-    key.push(value?.buffer, value?.byteOffset, value?.byteLength, value?.constructor);
-  };
-  for (const name of names) {
-    const channel = read.channel(name);
-    key.push(channel.column, channel.component, channel.fallback, ...(channel.scale?.domain ?? []));
-    key.push(...(channel.scale?.range ?? []), channel.scale?.clamp);
-    if (channel.column !== undefined) fields.add(channel.column);
-  }
-  for (const tile of read.native) {
-    key.push(tile.rows.kind);
-    if (tile.rows.kind === 'range') key.push(tile.rows.offset, tile.rows.count);
-    else view(tile.rows.values);
-    for (const field of fields) {
-      const column = tile.columns[field];
-      key.push(column?.kind, column?.offset, column?.length);
-      view(column?.validity);
-      view(tile.presence[field]);
-      if (column?.kind === 'vector') {
-        key.push(column.size, column.values.offset, column.values.length);
-        view(column.values.values);
-      } else if (column && column.kind !== 'list' && column.kind !== 'text') view(column.values);
-    }
-  }
-  return key;
-}
-export function sameIdentity(a: readonly unknown[], b: readonly unknown[]): boolean {
-  return a.length === b.length && a.every((v, i) => Object.is(v, b[i]));
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/grid.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/grid.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 3da942ea..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/grid.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u:Uniforms;
-/** The grid's color, and where its lines fall, as `kit.gridLines` writes it. */
-struct Grid { color:vec4f, lines:vec4f }
-@group(0) @binding(1) var<uniform> grid:Grid;
-struct GridPoint { @builtin(position) position:vec4f, @location(0) ndc:vec2f }
-struct GridOut { @location(0) color:vec4f, @builtin(frag_depth) depth:f32 }
-@vertex fn grid_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v:u32)->GridPoint {
-  let p=array<vec2f,3>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(3,-1),vec2f(-1,3));var out:GridPoint;out.position=vec4f(p[v],0,1);out.ndc=p[v];return out;
-}
-/**
- * The grid over the ground under each pixel, beneath the graph. On the globe it writes the globe's
- * depth too, so what lies behind the globe hides, as the occluder does without a grid.
- */
-@fragment fn grid_fragment(v:GridPoint)->GridOut {
-  let q=projectionOf(u);
-  let g=projection_ground_point(v.ndc,q);
-  let cover=grid_lines(g.relative,grid.lines)*grid.color.a;
-  if(!g.hit){discard;}
-  var out:GridOut;
-  out.color=vec4f(grid.color.rgb*cover,cover);
-  out.depth=1.0;
-  if(q.view.w>1.5){let clip=projection_clip(g.world,q);out.depth=clip.z/clip.w;}
-  return out;
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/labels.ts b/packages/network/src/rendering/labels.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index daa25ddc..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/labels.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,278 +0,0 @@
-import { failure, textAt, bitAt, assertIndex, rowAt, rowCount, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import { type Gpu, kit, type Labels as LabelOptions } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { NetworkData } from '../data.js';
-import {
-  edgeOptions,
-  vertexOptions,
-  type Geometry,
-  type VertexBank,
-  type EdgeBank,
-} from '../geometry/topology.js';
-import type { Drawn } from '../picking.js';
-import type { Style } from '../options.js';
-
-type Projected = kit.Projected;
-
-export interface LabelBatch {
-  readonly runs: readonly kit.TextRun[];
-  readonly anchors: kit.BufferData;
-}
-interface Entry {
-  /** The labels option as configured: a field name, or labels. */
-  options: string | LabelOptions;
-  /** The style's text defaults the layouts were built with. */
-  defaults: readonly unknown[];
-  revision: number;
-  source: Data;
-  /** Each row's text, laid out once. */
-  layouts: Map<number, kit.TextLayout>;
-  /** The rows' runs, laid into pages once; each frame moves and hides only their anchors. */
-  bank: kit.TextBank;
-}
-/** Room between a marker and its label. */
-const GAP = 4;
-/** Around a marker of radius `r`, best first: right, left, above, below. */
-/** Edges a label's gap reads: enough to see around a vertex, few enough for a hub. */
-const GAP_EDGES = 32;
-/**
- * Where a vertex's label reads clear of its edges: in the widest gap between them on screen, its
- * text leaning away from the vertex; undefined without edges.
- */
-function gapSpot(p: Projected, r: number, angles: number[]): kit.TextCandidate | undefined {
-  if (!angles.length) return undefined;
-  angles.sort((a, b) => a - b);
-  let widest = -1,
-    middle = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < angles.length; i++) {
-    const next = i + 1 < angles.length ? angles[i + 1] : angles[0] + 2 * Math.PI,
-      gap = next - angles[i];
-    if (gap > widest) {
-      widest = gap;
-      middle = angles[i] + gap / 2;
-    }
-  }
-  const cos = Math.cos(middle),
-    sin = Math.sin(middle);
-  return [
-    p.x + (r + GAP) * cos,
-    p.y + (r + GAP) * sin,
-    cos > 0.38 ? 'start' : cos < -0.38 ? 'end' : 'center',
-    sin > 0.38 ? 'top' : sin < -0.38 ? 'bottom' : 'middle',
-  ];
-}
-function around(p: Projected, r: number): kit.TextCandidate[] {
-  return [
-    [p.x + r + GAP, p.y, 'start', 'middle'],
-    [p.x - r - GAP, p.y, 'end', 'middle'],
-    [p.x, p.y - r - GAP, 'center', 'bottom'],
-    [p.x, p.y + r + GAP, 'center', 'top'],
-  ];
-}
-interface Candidate {
-  readonly row: number;
-  readonly p: Projected;
-  /** A marker's radius; zero for a line's label, which centers on its anchor. */
-  readonly r: number;
-  /** A vertex's dense address, whose edges its label keeps clear of. */
-  readonly dense?: number;
-}
-export class Labels {
-  private cache = new WeakMap<object, Entry>();
-  private revisions = new WeakMap<Data, number>();
-
-  async prepare(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    gpu: Gpu,
-    geometry: Geometry,
-    picking: Drawn,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    projector: kit.Projector,
-    height: number,
-    style: Style,
-  ): Promise<readonly LabelBatch[]> {
-    const batches: LabelBatch[] = [],
-      occupied = new kit.Occupancy(),
-      counts = new Map<string, number>(),
-      totals = new Map<string, number>();
-    const banks: (VertexBank | EdgeBank)[] = [
-      ...geometry.vertices.filter((bank) => !bank.synthetic),
-      ...geometry.edges,
-    ];
-    const kind = (bank: VertexBank | EdgeBank) => ('batches' in bank ? 'edge' : 'vertex');
-    const native = geometry.native ?? geometry,
-      graph = native.adjacency.graph;
-    /** The screen angles of the edges at a vertex, toward their other ends. */
-    const angles = (dense: number, p: Projected): number[] => {
-      const out: number[] = [];
-      for (const e of graph.edgesOf(dense).subarray(0, GAP_EDGES))
-        for (const other of graph.endsOf(e)) {
-          if (other === dense) continue;
-          const bank = bankOf(native.vertices, other),
-            q = picking.projected(bank, other - bank.base, projector, height, undefined, false);
-          if (Number.isFinite(q.x) && Number.isFinite(q.y) && (q.x !== p.x || q.y !== p.y))
-            out.push(Math.atan2(q.y - p.y, q.x - p.x));
-        }
-      return out;
-    };
-    for (const bank of banks) {
-      const key = kind(bank) + ':' + bank.type;
-      totals.set(key, (totals.get(key) ?? 0) + bank.count);
-    }
-    // Candidates and their text first: markers claim their room before any label is placed.
-    const pending: {
-      key: string;
-      entry: Entry;
-      candidates: Candidate[];
-      max: number;
-      repeat: number;
-    }[] = [];
-    for (const bank of banks) {
-      const edge = 'batches' in bank,
-        type = kind(bank),
-        key = type + ':' + bank.type;
-      const configured = (edge ? edgeOptions(data, bank) : vertexOptions(data, bank)).labels,
-        options = kit.resolveLabels(configured);
-      if (!configured || !options || (!edge && !style.markers) || (edge && !style.lines)) continue;
-      // Checked when set, by `kit.resolveLabels`.
-      const max = options.maxCount ?? 200,
-        size = options.fontSizePx ?? style.fontSizePx,
-        repeat = options.repeatSpacingPx ?? 0;
-      const count = Math.min(
-        bank.count,
-        Math.ceil((Math.min(8192, max * 8) * bank.count) / totals.get(key)!),
-      );
-      if (!count) continue;
-      const source = data.source,
-        revision = this.revisions.get(source) ?? 0;
-      let entry = this.cache.get(bank.rows);
-      const defaults = [style.font, style.fontSizePx, style.textColor];
-      if (
-        !entry ||
-        entry.options !== configured ||
-        entry.source !== source ||
-        entry.revision !== revision ||
-        entry.defaults.some((value, i) => value !== defaults[i])
-      ) {
-        entry = {
-          options: configured,
-          defaults,
-          source,
-          revision,
-          layouts: new Map(),
-          bank: new kit.TextBank({ label: 'network labels' }),
-        };
-        this.cache.set(bank.rows, entry);
-      }
-      entry.bank.hide();
-      const candidates: Candidate[] = [];
-      // Geometry determines candidates before text is queried; offscreen labels cost no text IO.
-      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        const offset = Math.floor((i * bank.count) / count),
-          row = rowAt(bank.rows, offset);
-        const p = edge
-          ? picking.edgeAnchor(
-              { kind: 'edge', source, index: bank.index, row },
-              data,
-              projector,
-              height,
-              style,
-            )
-          : picking.projected(bank, offset, projector, height, style);
-        if (
-          !p?.visible ||
-          p.x < 0 ||
-          p.y < 0 ||
-          p.x > frame.viewport.width ||
-          p.y > frame.viewport.height
-        )
-          continue;
-        candidates.push({
-          row,
-          p,
-          r: edge ? 0 : 'radius' in p ? (p.radius as number) : style.vertexRadiusPx,
-          ...(edge ? {} : { dense: (bank as VertexBank).base + offset }),
-        });
-      }
-      const missing = candidates.filter((c) => !entry.layouts.has(c.row));
-      if (missing.length) {
-        // Bound retained strings and runs as the view moves; the shared atlas owns glyphs.
-        if (entry.layouts.size + missing.length > count * 4) {
-          entry.layouts.clear();
-          entry.bank.clear();
-          missing.splice(0, missing.length, ...candidates);
-        }
-        const wanted = new Set(missing.map((c) => c.row));
-        for await (const block of frame.reader.fields({
-          source,
-          from: bank.type,
-          rows: {
-            kind: 'indices',
-            index: bank.index,
-            values: Uint32Array.from(missing, (c) => c.row),
-          },
-          fields: { label: options.field },
-        })) {
-          assertIndex(bank.index, block.index);
-          const column = block.columns.label;
-          if (column?.kind !== 'text') throw failure('invalid-input', 'Labels require text fields');
-          for (let i = 0; i < rowCount(block.rows); i++) {
-            const row = rowAt(block.rows, i);
-            if (!wanted.has(row)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unexpected label row');
-            const text = bitAt(block.presence.label, i) ? (textAt(column, i) ?? '') : '';
-            entry.layouts.set(
-              row,
-              await gpu.layoutText(
-                {
-                  text,
-                  font: options.font ?? style.font,
-                  size,
-                  color: options.color ?? style.textColor,
-                },
-                { signal: frame.signal },
-              ),
-            );
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      pending.push({ key, entry, candidates, max, repeat });
-    }
-    // A marker claims its room, so no label covers a vertex it does not name.
-    for (const { candidates } of pending)
-      for (const { p, r } of candidates)
-        if (r > 0) occupied.add([p.x - r, p.y - r, p.x + r, p.y + r]);
-    for (const { key, entry, candidates, max, repeat } of pending) {
-      const named = new Map<string, Projected[]>();
-      for (const { row, p, r, dense } of candidates) {
-        if ((counts.get(key) ?? 0) >= max) break;
-        const layout = entry.layouts.get(row);
-        if (!layout?.runs.length) continue;
-        const text = layout.runs[0].text,
-          twins = repeat > 0 ? (named.get(text) ?? []) : undefined;
-        if (twins?.some((q) => Math.hypot(q.x - p.x, q.y - p.y) < repeat)) continue;
-        // A vertex's label sits in the widest gap between its edges, else on a side of it.
-        const gap = dense === undefined ? undefined : gapSpot(p, r, angles(dense, p)),
-          spots: readonly kit.TextCandidate[] =
-            r > 0 ? [...(gap ? [gap] : []), ...around(p, r)] : [[p.x, p.y, 'center', 'middle']];
-        const depth = Math.max(0, p.depth - 0.000001);
-        if (!entry.bank.place(row, layout, spots, occupied, { margin: 2, depth })) continue;
-        counts.set(key, (counts.get(key) ?? 0) + 1);
-        if (twins) named.set(text, [...twins, p]);
-      }
-      for (const page of entry.bank.flush())
-        if (page.runs.length) batches.push({ runs: page.runs, anchors: page.anchors });
-    }
-    return batches;
-  }
-}
-
-/** The bank holding a dense vertex address. */
-function bankOf(banks: readonly VertexBank[], dense: number): VertexBank {
-  let lo = 0,
-    hi = banks.length;
-  while (lo < hi) {
-    const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-    if (banks[m].base <= dense) lo = m + 1;
-    else hi = m;
-  }
-  return banks[lo - 1];
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/labels.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/labels.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index bceb2506..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/labels.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u:Uniforms;
-@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage,read> anchors:array<vec4f>;
-struct Label { @builtin(position) position:vec4f,@location(0) uv:vec2f,@location(1) color:vec4f }
-@vertex fn label_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v:u32,@builtin(instance_index) i:u32)->Label {
-  let text=textVertex(v,i);let anchor=latkitAnchor(anchors[text.anchor]);
-  let p=anchor.position+text.position;
-  var out:Label;
-  out.position=vec4f(p.x*2.0/u.view.x-1.0,1.0-p.y*2.0/u.view.y,anchor.depth,1.0);
-  if(!anchor.shown){out.position=vec4f(2,2,2,1);}
-  out.uv=text.uv;out.color=text.color;return out;
-}
-struct LabelOut { @location(0) color:vec4f, @builtin(frag_depth) depth:f32 }
-// A halo of the ground the label lies on keeps lines from cutting through it, and the globe's
-// surface never cuts the label. Labels draw over focused rows and their glow.
-@fragment fn label_fragment(v:Label)->LabelOut {
-  var out:LabelOut;out.color=textColor(v.uv,v.color,vec4f(u.halo.rgb,1.0),u.labelHaloPx);
-  out.depth=max(billboardDepth(v.position,u)-LABEL_LIFT,0.0);return out;
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/occlude.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/occlude.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index ed11d3d7..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/occlude.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u:Uniforms;
-struct Occluder { @builtin(position) position:vec4f, @location(0) ndc:vec2f }
-@vertex fn occlude_vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) v:u32)->Occluder {
-  let p=array<vec2f,3>(vec2f(-1,-1),vec2f(3,-1),vec2f(-1,3));var out:Occluder;out.position=vec4f(p[v],0,1);out.ndc=p[v];return out;
-}
-/** The globe's depth where it covers a pixel, so what lies behind it hides; nothing elsewhere. */
-@fragment fn occlude_fragment(v:Occluder)->@builtin(frag_depth) f32 {
-  let hit=globePoint(v.ndc,u);if(hit.w==0.0){discard;}
-  let clip=project_world(hit.xyz,u);return clip.z/clip.w;
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/painter.ts b/packages/network/src/rendering/painter.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d75cbeb..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/painter.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1282 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Gpu, type Marker, type ProjectedCamera, type RGBA } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { failure, rowCount } from '@latkit/model';
-import { networkKey, type NetworkData } from '../data.js';
-import {
-  curvedAt,
-  edgeOptions,
-  ownerSegments,
-  routeOf,
-  vertexOptions,
-  type Geometry,
-  type VertexBank,
-  type EdgeBank,
-  type SegmentBatch,
-} from '../geometry/topology.js';
-import { lineColor, type Style } from '../options.js';
-import type { LabelBatch } from './labels.js';
-import type { FieldRead } from './fields.js';
-import { DISC, gridPipeline, linePipeline, markerPipeline, type Pipelines } from './pipelines.js';
-import type { Network } from '../network.js';
-/** Bytes of a page's uniform slot: its header and seven channels, or a marker's eight inputs. */
-const SLOT = 256;
-const SLOT_WORDS = SLOT / 4;
-/** Bytes a drawn row holds: a vertex's five vec4, its marker's two inputs, an edge's three. */
-const VERTEX_BYTES = 80;
-const INPUT_BYTES = 32;
-const LINE_BYTES = 48;
-/** How long hover takes to grow a vertex, and to let it go. */
-const GROW_MS = 160;
-/** No vertex, as a dense address. */
-const NONE = 0xffffffff;
-/** Focus levels, as draw.wgsl reads them; the higher wins. */
-const END = 1,
-  HOVERED = 2,
-  SELECTED = 3;
-/** Past this many runs of focused instances, a focus draw takes every row, keeping the focused. */
-const RANGES = 64;
-/** Changed focus words this close upload in one write: on the GPU, a write costs about as much. */
-const WRITE_BYTES = 4096;
-/** Instances as `[first, count]` runs; `all` past `RANGES` of them. */
-type Focused = readonly (readonly [number, number])[] | 'all';
-/** The runs of ascending instances. */
-function focusRuns(instances: readonly number[]): Focused | undefined {
-  if (!instances.length) return undefined;
-  const out: [number, number][] = [];
-  for (const i of instances) {
-    const last = out.at(-1);
-    if (last && i <= last[0] + last[1]) last[1] = Math.max(last[1], i + 1 - last[0]);
-    else out.push([i, 1]);
-  }
-  return out.length > RANGES ? 'all' : out;
-}
-const sameHover = (a: Network.Item | null, b: Network.Item | null) =>
-  a === b || (!!a && !!b && networkKey(a) === networkKey(b));
-/** Words of the uniforms' members, as `Uniforms` lays them out: the scene block first. */
-const U = {
-  light: kit.Projector.floats,
-  hoverColor: 32,
-  selectedColor: 36,
-  glow: 40,
-  halo: 44,
-  flowColor: 48,
-  easeShift: 52,
-  ease: 54,
-  dt: 55,
-  dashPeriodPx: 56,
-  edgeSpacingPx: 57,
-  flowSpacingPx: 58,
-  markers: 59,
-  hoverScale: 60,
-  labelHaloPx: 61,
-  grown: 62,
-  growth: 64,
-  markerFit: 66,
-  vertexMinRadiusPx: 67,
-  words: 68,
-} as const;
-/** An edge's private bends and junctions draw no markers. */
-const HIDDEN: kit.ResolvedChannel = { component: 0, fallback: 0 };
-/** The upload origin a raw axis reads relative to; a scaled or constant axis is absolute. */
-function rebase(channel: kit.ResolvedChannel, page: kit.GpuPage): number {
-  const field = channel.column === undefined ? undefined : page.columns[channel.column];
-  return !channel.scale && field?.kind === 'value' ? (field.origin?.[channel.component] ?? 0) : 0;
-}
-/** A type's color for rows without one: its constant, its scale's missing color, or `fallback`. */
-function typeColor(read: FieldRead, fallback: RGBA | null): RGBA {
-  const { constant, missing } = read.bound.channels.color ?? {};
-  if (Array.isArray(constant)) return constant as RGBA;
-  if (Array.isArray(missing)) return missing as RGBA;
-  return fallback ?? [0, 0, 0, -1];
-}
-/** The inputs a marker steps rather than eases, a bit each in the order it names them. */
-function stepsOf(marker: Marker): number {
-  const names = Object.keys(marker.inputs ?? {});
-  return (marker.steps ?? []).reduce((bits, name) => bits | (1 << names.indexOf(name)), 0);
-}
-const easeOut = (t: number) => 1 - (1 - t) ** 3;
-/** How a bank's rows draw: their type's marker, or a disc; an edge's private points as discs. */
-function markerOf(data: NetworkData, bank: VertexBank): Marker {
-  return bank.synthetic ? DISC : (vertexOptions(data, bank).marker ?? DISC);
-}
-const inputCount = (data: NetworkData, bank: VertexBank) =>
-  Object.keys(markerOf(data, bank).inputs ?? {}).length;
-
-export interface Reads {
-  readonly vertices: ReadonlyMap<VertexBank, FieldRead>;
-  readonly edges: ReadonlyMap<EdgeBank, FieldRead>;
-}
-export interface DrawFrame {
-  readonly camera: ProjectedCamera;
-  /** The frame's camera on its viewport, which writes the projection block. */
-  readonly projector: kit.Projector;
-  /** The sun of the ground beneath, which dims the network at night; none without one. */
-  readonly light: kit.Light | null;
-  /** What label halos match: the ground beneath, or the background. */
-  readonly halo: RGBA;
-  /** Whether a ground draws beneath, in this pass, which hides the globe's far side itself. */
-  readonly grounded: boolean;
-  readonly options: Style;
-  readonly data: NetworkData;
-  readonly geometry: Geometry;
-  readonly reads: Reads;
-  /** Replaced whenever it changes. */
-  readonly selection: readonly Network.Item[];
-  readonly hover: Network.Item | null;
-  readonly height: number;
-  readonly pipelines: Pipelines;
-  /** This frame's shade uniforms. */
-  readonly shade: GPUBufferBinding;
-  readonly labels: readonly LabelBatch[];
-  /** Each bank's records, and what a transition eases them from, as `Painter.records` made them. */
-  readonly records: Records;
-  /** Whether flow moves and hover grows over time; false under reduced motion. */
-  readonly motion: boolean;
-  /** How much markers shrink at this frame's zoom, as picking sizes them. */
-  readonly markerFit: number;
-  /**
-   * A transition in progress: how much of what was drawn as it began still shows, from 1 to 0, and
-   * whether it begins with this frame.
-   */
-  readonly transition: { readonly rest: number; readonly start: boolean } | null;
-}
-interface Command {
-  readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly count: number;
-  /** A curved batch's indirect draw, which its tessellation counts. */
-  readonly record?: number;
-  /** A vertex bank's marker; discs draw with the shared vertex pipeline. */
-  readonly pipeline?: GPURenderPipeline;
-  /** Its markers' shadows, drawn beneath every marker when the style casts them. */
-  readonly shadows?: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly focus?: Focus;
-}
-/**
- * A command's focused instances, which draw again over the rest with their pipeline: runs of its
- * instances, or a curved batch's span of focused segments, tessellated alone into its own draw.
- */
-type Focus =
-  | { readonly pipeline: GPURenderPipeline; readonly runs: Focused }
-  | { readonly pipeline: GPURenderPipeline; readonly group: GPUBindGroup; readonly record: number };
-/** The draws a command takes: the scene's, then its focused instances'. */
-function drawsOf(item: Command): number {
-  const focus = item.focus;
-  if (!focus) return 1;
-  return 1 + ('record' in focus || focus.runs === 'all' ? 1 : focus.runs.length);
-}
-/** A curved draw's tessellation: its bound segments, and how many. */
-interface Tessellation {
-  readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly count: number;
-}
-/**
- * Pieces every curved draw has room for past one per segment, beside what its curves asked for last:
- * enough for a few curves split as finely as they go.
- */
-const POOL_PIECES = 256;
-/** How far past what a curved draw asked for its next pool reaches, so a zoom grows it seldom. */
-const POOL_HEADROOM = 1.25;
-/** A curved draw's batch and role, which its pieces' feedback reports for, and the pool it had. */
-interface CurveDraw {
-  readonly batch: SegmentBatch;
-  readonly role: 'scene' | 'focus';
-  readonly pool: number;
-}
-/** Curve pieces a buffer grows by, so a focused span coming and going makes nothing again. */
-const PIECE_STEP = 16384;
-/** What a curved draw's segments read, as `Curves.flags` and `EdgeDraw.flags` hold it. */
-const DASHED = 1,
-  STRAIGHT = 2;
-interface Compute {
-  readonly pipeline: GPUComputePipeline;
-  readonly colors: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly fields: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly group: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly count: number;
-}
-/**
- * What this frame's compute pass eases from, made ready before it: banks' records copied as a
- * transition begins, snapshots cleared for banks new to the drawing, and every bank it eases.
- */
-interface Easing {
-  readonly copies: readonly { readonly from: GPUBuffer; readonly to: GPUBuffer }[];
-  readonly clears: readonly GPUBuffer[];
-  readonly eased: ReadonlySet<object>;
-}
-/** A frame's drawn records: each bank's, and what a transition eases them from. */
-export interface Records {
-  readonly outputs: ReadonlyMap<object, kit.BufferResource>;
-  /** Undefined at rest, and when the GPU budget cannot hold what a transition eases from. */
-  readonly easing?: Easing;
-}
-export interface Paint {
-  readonly pipelines: Pipelines;
-  /** What a transition in progress eases from; undefined at rest, or when the budget cannot hold it. */
-  readonly easing?: Easing;
-  readonly compute: readonly Compute[];
-  readonly vertices: readonly Command[];
-  readonly edges: readonly Command[];
-  readonly labels: readonly { group: GPUBindGroup; pages: readonly kit.TextPage[] }[];
-  /** The ground beneath, drawn first in the pass. */
-  readonly ground?: kit.PreparedLayer;
-  /** The scene block this frame's uniforms begin with, which the ground beneath binds. */
-  readonly scene: GPUBufferBinding;
-  /** The grid, when nothing beneath draws the ground; on the globe it writes the globe's depth too. */
-  readonly grid?: { readonly pipeline: GPURenderPipeline; readonly group: GPUBindGroup };
-  /** The globe's depth alone, when nothing beneath draws the ground or a grid: the uniforms, bound. */
-  readonly occlusion?: GPUBindGroup;
-  readonly depth: GPUTextureView;
-  readonly color?: GPUTextureView;
-  readonly options: Style;
-  readonly globe: boolean;
-  readonly center: readonly [number, number];
-  /** Every curved draw's tessellation, which the compute pass runs, then counts into `indirect`. */
-  readonly curves?: {
-    readonly tessellations: readonly Tessellation[];
-    readonly finish: GPUBindGroup;
-    readonly records: number;
-    readonly indirect: GPUBuffer;
-    /** What each curved draw asked for, read back to size its next pool, in record order. */
-    readonly wanted: GPUBuffer;
-    readonly draws: readonly CurveDraw[];
-  };
-  readonly drawCalls: number;
-}
-/** A vertex hover grows or lets go: its dense address, when it started, and from how far. */
-interface Growth {
-  readonly dense: number;
-  readonly since: number;
-  readonly from: number;
-}
-export class Painter {
-  /** Each bank's drawn records, and a marked bank's inputs after them. */
-  private buffers = new Map<object, kit.BufferResource>();
-  /** What each bank drew as the transition in progress began; released as it ends. */
-  private readonly previous = new Map<object, kit.BufferResource>();
-  /** The banks whose snapshots hold what the transition in progress eases from. */
-  private eased: ReadonlySet<object> = new Set();
-  /** Each marker's images, laid into an atlas once. */
-  private readonly atlases = new WeakMap<readonly Marker.Image[], kit.TextureData>();
-  private readonly noImages = new kit.TextureData({ width: 1, height: 1, format: 'rgba8unorm' });
-  private readonly sampler: GPUSampler;
-  private readonly attachments: kit.Attachments;
-  private readonly dummy: kit.BufferResource;
-  /** Two bits per drawn row: what the selection and hover halo. */
-  private readonly focus = new kit.BufferData({ size: 16, label: 'network focus' });
-  private focusWords = new Map<number, number>();
-  /** The dense addresses of focused rows, ascending. */
-  private focusedRows: readonly number[] = [];
-  private focused?: {
-    readonly geometry: Geometry;
-    readonly selection: readonly Network.Item[];
-    readonly hover: Network.Item | null;
-    readonly options: Style;
-  };
-  /** Each routed batch's dash prefixes, uploaded once. */
-  private readonly prefixes = new WeakMap<SegmentBatch, kit.BufferData>();
-  /** Each bank's and batch's draw words, by role. */
-  private readonly words = new WeakMap<object, Map<string, kit.BufferData>>();
-  /**
-   * Every curved draw's pieces, the pieces each took from its pool, and their indirect draws: grown
-   * as the curves need, and held while they fit.
-   */
-  private curves?: {
-    readonly pieces: kit.BufferResource;
-    readonly taken: kit.BufferResource;
-    readonly wanted: kit.BufferResource;
-    readonly indirect: kit.BufferResource;
-    readonly rooms: kit.BufferData;
-  };
-  /** Pieces past one per segment each batch's curved draws asked for, as the GPU last counted them. */
-  private readonly demand = new WeakMap<SegmentBatch, { scene?: number; focus?: number }>();
-  /** What the GPU counted reaches the painter a frame or two late, without stalling one. */
-  private readonly feedback: kit.Feedback<readonly CurveDraw[]>;
-  /**
-   * Every page's uniform slot, written here each frame and held in chunks of one binding's size,
-   * so a frame uploads only the words that changed.
-   */
-  private slots = new Uint32Array(0);
-  private readonly chunks: kit.BufferData[] = [];
-  /** The camera center the latest encoded frame drew around, and where `previous` was drawn. */
-  private drawnCenter?: readonly [number, number];
-  private easedCenter: readonly [number, number] = [0, 0];
-  /** When the latest presented frame drew, which flow moves on from. */
-  private presentedAt?: number;
-  private grow: Growth = { dense: NONE, since: 0, from: 0 };
-  private shrink: Growth = { dense: NONE, since: 0, from: 0 };
-  /** Whether hover is still growing or letting go of a vertex, as of the latest presented frame. */
-  growing = false;
-  /** `overflowed` asks for another frame, once a curved draw asked for more than its pool held. */
-  constructor(
-    private readonly gpu: Gpu,
-    private readonly overflowed: () => void,
-  ) {
-    this.feedback = new kit.Feedback(
-      gpu,
-      (words, draws) => {
-        let short = false;
-        draws.forEach(({ batch, role, pool }, i) => {
-          const asked = words[i] ?? 0,
-            known = this.demand.get(batch) ?? {};
-          known[role] = asked;
-          this.demand.set(batch, known);
-          if (asked > pool) short = true;
-        });
-        if (short) this.overflowed();
-      },
-      'network curve demand',
-    );
-    this.attachments = new kit.Attachments(gpu);
-    this.dummy = gpu.buffer({
-      size: 80,
-      usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-      label: 'network empty binding',
-    });
-    this.sampler = gpu.device.createSampler({
-      magFilter: 'linear',
-      minFilter: 'linear',
-      label: 'network marker images',
-    });
-  }
-  /** A marker's images as one texture: its atlas, or a clear pixel without images. */
-  private atlas(marker: Marker): kit.TextureData {
-    const images = marker.images;
-    if (!images?.length) return this.noImages;
-    let found = this.atlases.get(images);
-    if (!found) {
-      const { data, width, height } = kit.markerAtlas(images);
-      found = new kit.TextureData({ width, height, format: 'rgba8unorm' });
-      found.write({ x: 0, y: 0, width, height, data });
-      this.atlases.set(images, found);
-    }
-    return found;
-  }
-  /**
-   * A bank's or batch's words in a role, as a uniform: two vec4 held on the GPU, which upload only
-   * the words that changed, so a frame that only moves the camera uploads none.
-   */
-  private wordsOf(key: object, role: string, words: readonly number[]): kit.BufferData {
-    let byRole = this.words.get(key);
-    if (!byRole) this.words.set(key, (byRole = new Map<string, kit.BufferData>()));
-    let found = byRole.get(role);
-    if (!found)
-      byRole.set(
-        role,
-        (found = new kit.BufferData({
-          size: 32,
-          usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-          label: 'network draw',
-        })),
-      );
-    found.update(Uint32Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, i) => words[i] ?? 0));
-    return found;
-  }
-  /** A routed batch's dash prefixes, uploaded once. */
-  private prefixesOf(batch: SegmentBatch): kit.BufferData {
-    let found = this.prefixes.get(batch);
-    if (!found) {
-      found = new kit.BufferData({
-        size: batch.prefixes!.byteLength,
-        label: 'network dash prefixes',
-      });
-      found.write({ data: batch.prefixes! });
-      this.prefixes.set(batch, found);
-    }
-    return found;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Room for a frame's curved draws: `pieces` in all, and each draw's segments and room as `rooms`
-   * pairs them. Buffers are made a step larger than they need, and made again once the curves no
-   * longer fit, or fit in a quarter of them.
-   */
-  private curveBuffers(pieces: number, rooms: readonly number[]): NonNullable<Painter['curves']> {
-    const records = rooms.length / 2,
-      held = this.curves,
-      size = held?.pieces.buffer.size ?? 0;
-    if (
-      !held ||
-      size < pieces * 16 ||
-      size > pieces * 64 + PIECE_STEP * 16 ||
-      held.taken.buffer.size < records * 4
-    ) {
-      const grown = (n: number, step: number) => Math.ceil(Math.max(1, n) / step) * step;
-      this.destroyCurves();
-      const made: kit.BufferResource[] = [];
-      try {
-        const buffer = (size: number, usage: number, label: string) => {
-          const resource = this.gpu.buffer({ size, usage, label });
-          made.push(resource);
-          return resource;
-        };
-        this.curves = {
-          pieces: buffer(
-            grown(pieces, PIECE_STEP) * 16,
-            GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE,
-            'network curve pieces',
-          ),
-          // Zeroed as made, and emptied by each frame's count after.
-          taken: buffer(grown(records, 64) * 4, GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE, 'network curve pools'),
-          // Read back after each frame's tessellation, then cleared.
-          wanted: buffer(
-            grown(records, 64) * 4,
-            GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-            'network curve demand',
-          ),
-          indirect: buffer(
-            grown(records, 64) * 16,
-            GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.INDIRECT,
-            'network curve draws',
-          ),
-          rooms: new kit.BufferData({ size: 8, label: 'network curve rooms' }),
-        };
-      } catch (error) {
-        for (const resource of made) resource.destroy();
-        throw error;
-      }
-    }
-    this.curves!.rooms.update(Uint32Array.from(rooms));
-    return this.curves!;
-  }
-  private destroyCurves(): void {
-    this.curves?.pieces.destroy();
-    this.curves?.taken.destroy();
-    this.curves?.wanted.destroy();
-    this.curves?.indirect.destroy();
-    this.curves = undefined;
-  }
-  /** A bank's drawn records, made again when their size changes. */
-  private output(key: object, bytes: number): kit.BufferResource {
-    const size = Math.max(80, bytes);
-    let result = this.buffers.get(key);
-    if (result?.buffer.size !== size) {
-      result?.destroy();
-      this.previous.get(key)?.destroy();
-      this.previous.delete(key);
-      result = this.gpu.buffer({
-        size,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
-        label: 'network drawn records',
-      });
-      this.buffers.set(key, result);
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-  /**
-   * What each bank's compute pass eases from while a transition runs: what it drew as the transition
-   * began, copied then, or nothing for a bank new to the drawing, whose rows ease in. Undefined when
-   * the GPU budget cannot hold the snapshots, and the change steps instead, as a diagram's does.
-   */
-  private easing(
-    start: boolean,
-    outputs: ReadonlyMap<object, kit.BufferResource>,
-    made: ReadonlySet<object>,
-  ): Easing | undefined {
-    const copies: { from: GPUBuffer; to: GPUBuffer }[] = [],
-      clears: GPUBuffer[] = [],
-      eased = new Set<object>();
-    // The snapshots are work the change can do without: it eases only while they fit the budget.
-    let needed = 0;
-    for (const [bank, output] of outputs)
-      if (!this.previous.has(bank)) needed += output.buffer.size;
-    if (needed && this.gpu.stats().gpuBytes + needed > this.gpu.budget.gpuBytes) {
-      this.release();
-      return undefined;
-    }
-    for (const [bank, output] of outputs) {
-      let into = this.previous.get(bank);
-      if (!into) {
-        into = this.gpu.buffer({
-          size: output.buffer.size,
-          usage: GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
-          label: 'network transition start',
-        });
-        this.previous.set(bank, into);
-      }
-      if (start && !made.has(bank)) copies.push({ from: output.buffer, to: into.buffer });
-      else if (start || made.has(bank) || !this.eased.has(bank)) clears.push(into.buffer);
-      eased.add(bank);
-    }
-    return { copies, clears, eased };
-  }
-  /** Let go of what a finished transition eased from. */
-  private release(): void {
-    for (const buffer of this.previous.values()) buffer.destroy();
-    this.previous.clear();
-    this.eased = new Set();
-  }
-  /**
-   * The vertices hover grows and lets go, and how far each has: grown over `GROW_MS` as motion
-   * allows, at once otherwise. Presented frames move it on; an export draws it as it stands.
-   */
-  private growth(state: DrawFrame, timeMs: number, presented: boolean): readonly number[] {
-    const { options, hover, motion } = state,
-      native = state.geometry.native ?? state.geometry;
-    const at = (g: Growth, toward: number) =>
-      g.dense === NONE
-        ? 0
-        : g.from +
-          (toward - g.from) * easeOut(motion ? Math.min(1, (timeMs - g.since) / GROW_MS) : 1);
-    if (presented && options.hoverScale !== 1) {
-      const dense = hover?.kind === 'vertex' ? (native.adjacency.address(hover) ?? NONE) : NONE;
-      if (dense !== this.grow.dense) {
-        // A vertex hover returns to grows again from where letting go left it.
-        const back = dense === this.shrink.dense ? at(this.shrink, 0) : 0;
-        this.shrink = { dense: this.grow.dense, since: timeMs, from: at(this.grow, 1) };
-        this.grow = { dense, since: timeMs, from: back };
-      }
-      this.growing =
-        motion &&
-        ((this.grow.dense !== NONE && timeMs - this.grow.since < GROW_MS) ||
-          (this.shrink.dense !== NONE && timeMs - this.shrink.since < GROW_MS));
-    } else if (presented) this.growing = false;
-    return [this.grow.dense, this.shrink.dense, at(this.grow, 1), at(this.shrink, 0)];
-  }
-  /**
-   * Each bank's drawn records for a frame, made again when their size changes, and what a
-   * transition eases them from; the transition steps when the GPU budget cannot hold that. A
-   * presented frame at rest lets go of what the last transition eased from.
-   */
-  records(
-    geometry: Geometry,
-    data: NetworkData,
-    transition: { readonly start: boolean } | null,
-    presented: boolean,
-  ): Records {
-    // What the geometry no longer draws lets go first, so its room serves the banks made now, even
-    // when no frame has been submitted since it changed.
-    this.prune(geometry);
-    const outputs = new Map<object, kit.BufferResource>(),
-      made = new Set<object>();
-    const prepare = (bank: VertexBank | EdgeBank, bytes: number) => {
-      const before = this.buffers.get(bank),
-        output = this.output(bank, bytes);
-      if (output !== before) made.add(bank);
-      outputs.set(bank, output);
-    };
-    for (const bank of geometry.vertices)
-      prepare(bank, bank.count * (VERTEX_BYTES + (inputCount(data, bank) ? INPUT_BYTES : 0)));
-    for (const bank of geometry.edges) prepare(bank, bank.count * LINE_BYTES);
-    if (!transition && presented && this.previous.size) this.release();
-    return {
-      outputs,
-      easing: transition ? this.easing(transition.start, outputs, made) : undefined,
-    };
-  }
-  async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation, state: DrawFrame): Promise<Paint> {
-    const { gpu } = this,
-      { camera, options, reads, geometry, data, transition } = state,
-      { presented, timeMs } = frame;
-    const pipeline = state.pipelines;
-    const { color, depth } = this.attachments.prepare(frame, {
-      msaa: options.msaa,
-      depth: 'depth32float',
-    });
-    const f = new Float32Array(U.words),
-      u = new Uint32Array(f.buffer);
-    state.projector.write(f, 0, geometry.geographic, state.height);
-    f.set(options.hoverColor, U.hoverColor);
-    // `none` glows in each item's own color.
-    f.set(
-      options.selectedColor === 'none' ? [0, 0, 0, -1] : options.selectedColor,
-      U.selectedColor,
-    );
-    f.set(
-      [
-        options.hoverWidthPx,
-        options.selectedWidthPx,
-        state.selection.length ? options.unselectedAlpha : 1,
-        0,
-      ],
-      U.glow,
-    );
-    // Only geographic positions face the sun.
-    kit.Projector.light(f, U.light, geometry.geographic ? state.light : null);
-    f.set(state.halo, U.halo);
-    f.set(options.flowColor, U.flowColor);
-    const { outputs, easing } = state.records;
-    if (transition?.start) this.easedCenter = this.drawnCenter ?? camera.center;
-    if (transition && easing) {
-      // Around the center the snapshot was drawn around; on a globe, the short way round.
-      let dx = this.easedCenter[0] - camera.center[0];
-      if (camera.projection === 'globe') dx -= 360 * Math.round(dx / 360);
-      f.set([dx, this.easedCenter[1] - camera.center[1]], U.easeShift);
-      f[U.ease] = transition.rest;
-    }
-    // Flow moves by the time since the latest presented frame, at most a tenth of a second.
-    f[U.dt] =
-      presented && state.motion && this.presentedAt !== undefined
-        ? Math.min(0.1, Math.max(0, (timeMs - this.presentedAt) / 1000))
-        : 0;
-    if (presented) this.presentedAt = timeMs;
-    f[U.dashPeriodPx] = options.dashPeriodPx;
-    f[U.edgeSpacingPx] = options.edgeSpacingPx;
-    f[U.flowSpacingPx] = options.flowSpacingPx;
-    u[U.markers] = options.markers ? 1 : 0;
-    f[U.hoverScale] = options.hoverScale;
-    f[U.labelHaloPx] = options.labelHaloPx;
-    const [grown, left, growth, shrink] = this.growth(state, timeMs, presented);
-    u.set([grown, left], U.grown);
-    f.set([growth, shrink], U.growth);
-    f[U.markerFit] = state.markerFit;
-    f[U.vertexMinRadiusPx] = options.vertexMinRadiusPx;
-    this.updateFocus(state);
-    const focusedBinding = frame.buffer(this.focus);
-    const uniform = frame.uniforms(f),
-      host = state.shade,
-      empty = frame.buffer(this.dummy);
-    const bound = new Map<
-      object,
-      { readonly output: GPUBufferBinding; previous: GPUBufferBinding }
-    >();
-    for (const [bank, output] of outputs)
-      bound.set(bank, {
-        output: frame.buffer(output),
-        previous: easing ? frame.buffer(this.previous.get(bank)!) : empty,
-      });
-    // Write each page's slot, then bind them from the chunks that hold them.
-    const pages: {
-      readonly page: kit.GpuPage;
-      readonly colors: GPUBindGroup;
-      readonly bank: VertexBank | EdgeBank;
-      readonly edge: boolean;
-      /** A marked page's inputs slot. */
-      readonly inputs?: number;
-    }[] = [];
-    let slots = 0;
-    for (const bank of geometry.vertices)
-      slots += reads.vertices.get(bank)!.pages.length * (inputCount(data, bank) ? 2 : 1);
-    for (const bank of geometry.edges) slots += reads.edges.get(bank)!.pages.length;
-    if (this.slots.length < slots * SLOT_WORDS) this.slots = new Uint32Array(slots * SLOT_WORDS);
-    const words = this.slots.subarray(0, slots * SLOT_WORDS).fill(0),
-      floats = new Float32Array(words.buffer, words.byteOffset, words.length);
-    let used = 0;
-    /** One compute dispatch per page: a vertex bank's, or an edge bank's. */
-    const write = (bank: VertexBank | EdgeBank, read: FieldRead, line = false) => {
-      const color = line
-          ? typeColor(read, lineColor(options))
-          : typeColor(read, options.vertexColor),
-        colors = frame.colormap(read.bound.channels.color?.colormap),
-        hidden = 'synthetic' in bank && !!bank.synthetic,
-        marked = !line && inputCount(data, bank as VertexBank) > 0;
-      for (const { page, offset } of read.pages) {
-        const at = used++ * SLOT_WORDS;
-        words[at] = rowCount(page.rows);
-        words[at + 1] = offset;
-        floats.set(color, at + 4);
-        if (line) {
-          pages.push({ page, colors, bank, edge: true });
-          kit.writeChannel(words, at + 8, read.channel('color'), page);
-          kit.writeChannel(words, at + 16, read.channel('widthPx', options.edgeWidthPx), page);
-          kit.writeChannel(words, at + 24, read.channel('visible'), page);
-          kit.writeChannel(words, at + 32, read.channel('shade'), page);
-          kit.writeChannel(words, at + 40, read.channel('dash'), page);
-          kit.writeChannel(words, at + 48, read.channel('flowPx'), page);
-          kit.writeChannel(words, at + 56, read.channel('lane'), page);
-          continue;
-        }
-        // Positions read relative to their upload origin, rebased here to the camera center.
-        const x = read.channel('x'),
-          y = read.channel('y');
-        floats[at + 2] = rebase(x, page) - camera.center[0];
-        floats[at + 3] = rebase(y, page) - camera.center[1];
-        kit.writeChannel(words, at + 8, x, page, 0);
-        kit.writeChannel(words, at + 16, y, page, 0);
-        kit.writeChannel(words, at + 24, read.channel('z'), page);
-        kit.writeChannel(
-          words,
-          at + 32,
-          hidden ? HIDDEN : read.channel('radiusPx', options.vertexRadiusPx),
-          page,
-        );
-        kit.writeChannel(words, at + 40, read.channel('color'), page);
-        kit.writeChannel(words, at + 48, hidden ? HIDDEN : read.channel('visible'), page);
-        kit.writeChannel(words, at + 56, read.channel('shade'), page);
-        if (!marked) {
-          pages.push({ page, colors, bank, edge: false });
-          continue;
-        }
-        // Its inputs' slot: eight channels, read with the page's vertices.
-        const inputs = used++ * SLOT_WORDS;
-        for (let k = 0; k < kit.MARKER_INPUTS; k++)
-          kit.writeChannel(words, inputs + k * 8, read.channel(('input' + k) as 'input0'), page);
-        pages.push({ page, colors, bank, edge: false, inputs: inputs / SLOT_WORDS });
-      }
-    };
-    for (const bank of geometry.vertices) write(bank, reads.vertices.get(bank)!);
-    for (const bank of geometry.edges) write(bank, reads.edges.get(bank)!, true);
-    const perChunk = Math.floor(gpu.device.limits.maxUniformBufferBindingSize / SLOT),
-      held = Math.ceil(slots / perChunk);
-    this.chunks.length = Math.min(this.chunks.length, held);
-    const bindings: GPUBufferBinding[] = [];
-    for (let k = 0; k < held; k++) {
-      const chunk = (this.chunks[k] ??= new kit.BufferData({
-        size: SLOT,
-        usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
-        label: 'network pages',
-      }));
-      chunk.update(
-        words.subarray(k * perChunk * SLOT_WORDS, (k + 1) * perChunk * SLOT_WORDS),
-        SLOT,
-      );
-      bindings.push(frame.buffer(chunk));
-    }
-    const slotBinding = (i: number): GPUBufferBinding => {
-      const chunk = bindings[Math.floor(i / perChunk)];
-      return {
-        buffer: chunk.buffer,
-        offset: (chunk.offset ?? 0) + (i % perChunk) * SLOT,
-        size: SLOT,
-      };
-    };
-    /** Each marked bank's rows and stepped inputs, bound once for all its pages. */
-    const markedBanks = new Map<VertexBank, GPUBufferBinding>();
-    let slot = 0;
-    const compute: Compute[] = pages.map(({ page, colors, bank, edge, inputs }) => {
-      const own = slot;
-      slot += inputs === undefined ? 1 : 2;
-      const { output, previous } = bound.get(bank)!,
-        entries: GPUBindGroupEntry[] = [
-          { binding: 0, resource: uniform },
-          { binding: 1, resource: slotBinding(own) },
-          { binding: 2, resource: output },
-          { binding: 3, resource: previous },
-        ];
-      if (inputs !== undefined) {
-        const vertexBank = bank as VertexBank;
-        let marked = markedBanks.get(vertexBank);
-        if (!marked)
-          markedBanks.set(
-            vertexBank,
-            (marked = frame.uniforms(
-              Uint32Array.of(vertexBank.count, stepsOf(markerOf(data, vertexBank)), 0, 0),
-            )),
-          );
-        entries.push(
-          { binding: 4, resource: slotBinding(inputs) },
-          { binding: 5, resource: marked },
-        );
-      }
-      return {
-        pipeline: edge ? pipeline.edge : inputs === undefined ? pipeline.vertex : pipeline.marked,
-        colors,
-        fields: page.bindGroup,
-        group: gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-          layout: inputs === undefined ? pipeline.compute : pipeline.markedCompute,
-          entries,
-        }),
-        count: rowCount(page.rows),
-      };
-    });
-    /** The focused rows among `count` dense addresses from `base`, as ascending offsets from it. */
-    const focusedIn = (base: number, count: number): readonly number[] => {
-      const rows = this.focusedRows;
-      if (!rows.length) return rows;
-      const out: number[] = [];
-      let lo = 0,
-        hi = rows.length;
-      while (lo < hi) {
-        const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
-        if (rows[m] < base) lo = m + 1;
-        else hi = m;
-      }
-      for (let i = lo; i < rows.length && rows[i] < base + count; i++) out.push(rows[i] - base);
-      return out;
-    };
-    // Each edge batch's draw, and a curved one's region of the pieces: one per segment, then a pool
-    // as large as its curves asked for last, or a quarter more until they have.
-    const rooms: number[] = [],
-      draws: CurveDraw[] = [];
-    let pieces = 0;
-    const region = (batch: SegmentBatch, role: CurveDraw['role'], count: number) => {
-      const asked = this.demand.get(batch)?.[role] ?? count / 4,
-        pool = Math.ceil(asked * POOL_HEADROOM) + POOL_PIECES,
-        room = count + pool,
-        found = { record: rooms.length / 2, base: pieces, room };
-      rooms.push(count, room);
-      draws.push({ batch, role, pool });
-      pieces += room;
-      return found;
-    };
-    const plans = geometry.edges.flatMap((bank) => {
-      if (edgeOptions(data, bank).route === 'geodesic' && !geometry.geographic)
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Geodesics require geographic coordinates');
-      const curved = curvedAt(data, bank, camera.projection, geometry.geographic),
-        dashed = reads.edges.get(bank)!.has('dash'),
-        straight = routeOf(data, bank, camera.projection) === 'straight',
-        owners = focusedIn(geometry.vertexCount + bank.base, bank.count);
-      return bank.batches.map((batch) => {
-        // The segments of focused rows, ascending as their owners are, which draw again over the rest.
-        const focused: number[] = [];
-        for (const owner of owners) {
-          const [first, end] = ownerSegments(batch.records, owner);
-          for (let s = first; s < end; s++) focused.push(s);
-        }
-        const count = batch.records.length / 4,
-          span = focused.length ? focused.at(-1)! - focused[0] + 1 : 0;
-        return {
-          bank,
-          batch,
-          count,
-          focused,
-          dashed,
-          straight,
-          // A curve's pieces come from its tessellation, so its focused span tessellates alone.
-          curve: curved
-            ? {
-                scene: region(batch, 'scene', count),
-                focus: span ? region(batch, 'focus', span) : undefined,
-              }
-            : undefined,
-        };
-      });
-    });
-    const curves = rooms.length ? this.curveBuffers(pieces, rooms) : undefined,
-      piecesBinding = curves ? frame.buffer(curves.pieces) : empty;
-    const noImages = frame.texture(this.noImages).createView();
-    /** A bank's or batch's words in a role, held on the GPU and uploaded only as they change. */
-    const kept = (key: object, role: string, words: readonly number[]) =>
-      frame.buffer(this.wordsOf(key, role, words));
-    /** `draw` is what the shader's `VertexDraw` or `EdgeDraw` reads. */
-    const group = (
-      a: GPUBufferBinding,
-      b: GPUBufferBinding,
-      segments: GPUBufferBinding,
-      styles: GPUBufferBinding,
-      draw: GPUBufferBinding,
-      prefixes?: GPUBufferBinding,
-      images: GPUTextureView = noImages,
-    ) =>
-      gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipeline.draw,
-        entries: [
-          { binding: 0, resource: uniform },
-          { binding: 1, resource: a },
-          { binding: 2, resource: b },
-          { binding: 3, resource: segments },
-          { binding: 4, resource: styles },
-          { binding: 5, resource: draw },
-          { binding: 6, resource: host },
-          { binding: 7, resource: focusedBinding },
-          { binding: 8, resource: piecesBinding },
-          { binding: 9, resource: prefixes ?? empty },
-          { binding: 11, resource: images },
-          { binding: 12, resource: this.sampler },
-        ],
-      });
-    const vertices: Command[] = [],
-      edges: Command[] = [],
-      tessellations: Tessellation[] = [];
-    for (const bank of geometry.vertices) {
-      if (bank.synthetic) continue;
-      const marker = markerOf(data, bank),
-        images = marker.images?.length ? frame.texture(this.atlas(marker)).createView() : noImages,
-        runs = focusRuns(focusedIn(bank.base, bank.count));
-      vertices.push({
-        group: group(
-          bound.get(bank)!.output,
-          empty,
-          empty,
-          empty,
-          kept(bank, 'draw', [bank.base, bank.count]),
-          undefined,
-          images,
-        ),
-        count: bank.count,
-        pipeline: await markerPipeline(pipeline, marker),
-        shadows: options.shadows ? await markerPipeline(pipeline, marker, 'shadows') : undefined,
-        focus: runs && { pipeline: await markerPipeline(pipeline, marker, 'focus'), runs },
-      });
-    }
-    const takenBinding = curves && frame.buffer(curves.taken),
-      wantedBinding = curves && frame.buffer(curves.wanted);
-    for (const { bank, batch, count, focused, dashed, straight, curve } of plans) {
-      const a = bound.get(batch.a)!.output,
-        b = bound.get(batch.b)!.output,
-        segments = frame.buffer(batch.data),
-        prefixes = dashed && batch.prefixes ? frame.buffer(this.prefixesOf(batch)) : undefined,
-        draw = [
-          geometry.vertexCount + bank.base,
-          (prefixes ? DASHED : 0) | (straight ? STRAIGHT : 0),
-          batch.a.base,
-          batch.b.base,
-        ];
-      /** Tessellate `count` segments from `first` into a curved draw's region. */
-      const tessellate = (
-        role: string,
-        count: number,
-        first: number,
-        { record, base, room }: { record: number; base: number; room: number },
-      ) => {
-        tessellations.push({
-          count,
-          group: gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-            layout: pipeline.tessellation,
-            entries: [
-              { binding: 0, resource: uniform },
-              { binding: 1, resource: a },
-              { binding: 2, resource: b },
-              { binding: 3, resource: segments },
-              { binding: 4, resource: piecesBinding },
-              { binding: 5, resource: takenBinding! },
-              { binding: 9, resource: wantedBinding! },
-              {
-                binding: 6,
-                resource: kept(batch, role + ' curves', [
-                  count,
-                  first,
-                  (dashed ? DASHED : 0) | (straight ? STRAIGHT : 0),
-                  base,
-                  room,
-                  record,
-                ]),
-              },
-            ],
-          }),
-        });
-        return group(
-          a,
-          b,
-          segments,
-          bound.get(bank)!.output,
-          kept(batch, role, [...draw, base]),
-          prefixes,
-        );
-      };
-      let focus: Focus | undefined;
-      const runs = focusRuns(focused);
-      if (runs) {
-        const lines = await linePipeline(pipeline, !!curve, 'focus');
-        focus = curve?.focus
-          ? {
-              pipeline: lines,
-              group: tessellate('focus', focused.at(-1)! - focused[0] + 1, focused[0], curve.focus),
-              record: curve.focus.record,
-            }
-          : { pipeline: lines, runs };
-      }
-      edges.push({
-        group: curve
-          ? tessellate('scene', count, 0, curve.scene)
-          : group(a, b, segments, bound.get(bank)!.output, kept(batch, 'scene', draw), prefixes),
-        count,
-        record: curve?.scene.record,
-        focus,
-      });
-    }
-    const labels: { group: GPUBindGroup; pages: readonly kit.TextPage[] }[] = [];
-    for (const { runs, anchors } of state.labels)
-      if (runs.length) {
-        const pages = await frame.text({ runs });
-        labels.push({
-          group: gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-            layout: pipeline.label,
-            entries: [
-              { binding: 0, resource: uniform },
-              { binding: 1, resource: frame.buffer(anchors) },
-            ],
-          }),
-          pages,
-        });
-      }
-    // Without a ground drawn beneath, the grid draws, and the globe still hides what lies behind it.
-    const globe = camera.projection === 'globe',
-      grid = options.grid && !state.grounded ? await this.grid(frame, state, uniform) : undefined,
-      occlusion =
-        globe && !state.grounded && !grid
-          ? gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-              layout: pipeline.occlusion,
-              entries: [{ binding: 0, resource: uniform }],
-            })
-          : undefined;
-    return {
-      pipelines: pipeline,
-      easing,
-      curves: curves && {
-        tessellations,
-        records: rooms.length / 2,
-        indirect: curves.indirect.buffer,
-        wanted: curves.wanted.buffer,
-        draws,
-        finish: gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-          layout: pipeline.finishing,
-          entries: [
-            { binding: 5, resource: takenBinding! },
-            { binding: 7, resource: frame.buffer(curves.rooms) },
-            { binding: 8, resource: frame.buffer(curves.indirect) },
-          ],
-        }),
-      },
-      compute,
-      vertices,
-      edges,
-      labels,
-      scene: { buffer: uniform.buffer, offset: uniform.offset ?? 0, size: kit.Projector.scene * 4 },
-      grid,
-      occlusion,
-      depth: depth!,
-      color,
-      options,
-      globe,
-      center: camera.center,
-      drawCalls:
-        (grid || occlusion ? 1 : 0) +
-        (options.markers
-          ? vertices.reduce((n, item) => n + drawsOf(item), 0) +
-            (options.shadows ? vertices.length : 0)
-          : 0) +
-        (options.poles ? vertices.length : 0) +
-        (options.lines ? edges.reduce((n, item) => n + drawsOf(item), 0) : 0) +
-        labels.reduce((n, v) => n + v.pages.length, 0),
-    };
-  }
-  /** The grid's draw: its pipeline, and the uniforms and where this frame's lines fall, bound. */
-  private async grid(
-    frame: kit.Preparation,
-    state: DrawFrame,
-    uniform: GPUBufferBinding,
-  ): Promise<NonNullable<Paint['grid']>> {
-    const pipeline = await gridPipeline(state.pipelines),
-      { options } = state,
-      words = new Float32Array(8);
-    words.set(options.gridColor, 0);
-    words.set(kit.gridLines(state.camera, options.gridMinSpacingPx, state.geometry.geographic), 4);
-    return {
-      pipeline,
-      group: this.gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-        entries: [
-          { binding: 0, resource: uniform },
-          { binding: 1, resource: frame.uniforms(words) },
-        ],
-      }),
-    };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Rewrite only the focus words that changed, and only when selection, hover, or geometry do; and
-   * list the focused rows, which draw again over the rest.
-   */
-  private updateFocus(state: DrawFrame): void {
-    const { geometry, options, data } = state,
-      native = geometry.native ?? geometry,
-      last = this.focused;
-    if (
-      last?.geometry === native &&
-      last.selection === state.selection &&
-      sameHover(last.hover, state.hover) &&
-      last.options.selectedEnds === options.selectedEnds &&
-      last.options.hoverEnds === options.hoverEnds
-    )
-      return;
-    const next = new Map<number, number>(),
-      adjacency = native.adjacency;
-    const mark = (item: Network.Item, level: number) => {
-      const dense = adjacency.address(item);
-      if (dense === undefined) return;
-      const word = dense >>> 4,
-        shift = (dense & 15) * 2,
-        bits = next.get(word) ?? 0;
-      if (((bits >>> shift) & 3) < level)
-        next.set(word, ((bits & ~(3 << shift)) | (level << shift)) >>> 0);
-    };
-    const focus = (item: Network.Item, level: number) => {
-      mark(item, level);
-      if (item.kind === 'edge' && (level === SELECTED ? options.selectedEnds : options.hoverEnds))
-        for (const vertex of adjacency.neighborhood(item, data))
-          if (vertex.kind === 'vertex') mark(vertex, END);
-    };
-    for (const item of state.selection) focus(item, SELECTED);
-    if (state.hover) focus(state.hover, HOVERED);
-    // Sixteen rows per word, padded to whole 16-byte rows.
-    const rows = native.vertexCount + native.edgeCount,
-      size = Math.max(16, Math.ceil(rows / 64) * 16);
-    if (this.focus.size !== size) this.focus.resize(size);
-    const bytes = this.focus.bytes,
-      words = new Uint32Array(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, size / 4),
-      changed: number[] = [];
-    const write = (word: number, value: number) => {
-      if (word >= words.length || words[word] === value) return;
-      words[word] = value;
-      changed.push(word);
-    };
-    for (const word of this.focusWords.keys()) if (!next.has(word)) write(word, 0);
-    for (const [word, value] of next) write(word, value);
-    // Words far apart, as a selected edge and its ends are, upload apart rather than with every
-    // word between them.
-    changed.sort((x, y) => x - y);
-    const edited: { offset: number; size: number }[] = [];
-    for (const word of changed) {
-      const last = edited.at(-1);
-      if (last && word * 4 - (last.offset + last.size) < WRITE_BYTES)
-        last.size = word * 4 + 4 - last.offset;
-      else edited.push({ offset: word * 4, size: 4 });
-    }
-    if (edited.length) this.focus.touch(edited);
-    this.focusWords = next;
-    const dense: number[] = [];
-    for (const word of [...next.keys()].sort((x, y) => x - y))
-      for (let k = 0, bits = next.get(word)!; k < 16; k++)
-        if ((bits >>> (k * 2)) & 3) dense.push(word * 16 + k);
-    this.focusedRows = dense;
-    this.focused = {
-      geometry: native,
-      selection: state.selection,
-      hover: state.hover,
-      options,
-    };
-  }
-  encode(frame: kit.Encoding, paint: Paint): void {
-    // What each bank drew, kept as a transition begins; the compute pass then eases from it.
-    const easing = paint.easing;
-    if (easing) {
-      for (const { from, to } of easing.copies)
-        frame.encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(from, 0, to, 0, from.size);
-      for (const buffer of easing.clears) frame.encoder.clearBuffer(buffer);
-      this.eased = easing.eased;
-    }
-    this.drawnCenter = paint.center;
-    // What the ground's draw reads, recorded before any pass of the network's.
-    paint.ground?.encode(frame);
-    const compute = frame.encoder.beginComputePass({ label: 'network fields, then curves' });
-    for (const command of paint.compute) {
-      compute.setPipeline(command.pipeline);
-      compute.setBindGroup(0, command.fields);
-      compute.setBindGroup(1, command.group);
-      compute.setBindGroup(2, command.colors);
-      compute.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(command.count / 64));
-    }
-    // Curves tessellate from the geometry just made, each into its region, then count their pieces.
-    const curves = paint.curves;
-    if (curves) {
-      compute.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.tessellate);
-      for (const { group, count } of curves.tessellations) {
-        compute.setBindGroup(0, group);
-        compute.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(count / 64));
-      }
-      compute.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.finish);
-      compute.setBindGroup(0, curves.finish);
-      compute.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(curves.records / 64));
-    }
-    compute.end();
-    // What the curves asked for, read back to size their next pools, then cleared for the next frame.
-    if (curves) {
-      this.feedback.encode(frame.encoder, curves.wanted, curves.records * 4, curves.draws);
-      frame.encoder.clearBuffer(curves.wanted, 0, curves.records * 4);
-    }
-    const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-      label: 'network',
-      colorAttachments: [
-        {
-          view: paint.color ?? frame.target,
-          resolveTarget: paint.color ? frame.target : undefined,
-          loadOp: 'clear',
-          storeOp: 'store',
-          clearValue: kit.clearColor(paint.options.background),
-        },
-      ],
-      depthStencilAttachment: {
-        view: paint.depth,
-        depthClearValue: 1,
-        depthLoadOp: 'clear',
-        depthStoreOp: 'store',
-      },
-    });
-    /** A curved draw's pieces, as its tessellation counted them. */
-    const curve = (pipeline: GPURenderPipeline, group: GPUBindGroup, record: number) => {
-      pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, group);
-      pass.drawIndirect(curves!.indirect, record * 16);
-    };
-    /** A command's focused instances, over the rest. */
-    const over = (item: Command) => {
-      const focus = item.focus;
-      if (!focus) return;
-      if ('record' in focus) return curve(focus.pipeline, focus.group, focus.record);
-      pass.setPipeline(focus.pipeline);
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, item.group);
-      if (focus.runs === 'all') pass.draw(6, item.count);
-      else for (const [first, count] of focus.runs) pass.draw(6, count, 0, first);
-    };
-    // What lies beneath draws first; without it, the grid, or a globe writes its depth alone.
-    if (paint.ground) paint.ground.draw(pass);
-    else if (paint.grid) {
-      pass.setPipeline(paint.grid.pipeline);
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, paint.grid.group);
-      pass.draw(3);
-    } else if (paint.occlusion) {
-      pass.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.occlude);
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, paint.occlusion);
-      pass.draw(3);
-    }
-    if (paint.options.lines)
-      for (const item of paint.edges) {
-        if (item.record !== undefined) {
-          curve(paint.pipelines.curves, item.group, item.record);
-          continue;
-        }
-        pass.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.edges);
-        pass.setBindGroup(0, item.group);
-        pass.draw(6, item.count);
-      }
-    if (paint.options.poles) {
-      pass.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.poles);
-      for (const item of paint.vertices) {
-        pass.setBindGroup(0, item.group);
-        pass.draw(6, item.count);
-      }
-    }
-    if (paint.options.markers) {
-      // Every marker's shadow first, so none darkens another marker.
-      for (const item of paint.vertices)
-        if (item.shadows) {
-          pass.setPipeline(item.shadows);
-          pass.setBindGroup(0, item.group);
-          pass.draw(6, item.count);
-        }
-      for (const item of paint.vertices) {
-        pass.setPipeline(item.pipeline ?? paint.pipelines.vertices);
-        pass.setBindGroup(0, item.group);
-        pass.draw(6, item.count);
-      }
-    }
-    // Focused rows draw again over everything but labels: nothing covers them, and their glow lights
-    // their neighbors.
-    if (paint.options.lines) for (const item of paint.edges) over(item);
-    if (paint.options.markers) for (const item of paint.vertices) over(item);
-    pass.setPipeline(paint.pipelines.text);
-    for (const item of paint.labels) {
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, item.group);
-      for (const page of item.pages) {
-        pass.setBindGroup(1, page.bindGroup);
-        pass.draw(6, page.count);
-      }
-    }
-    pass.end();
-  }
-  /** Let go of the records of banks a geometry no longer draws. */
-  private prune(geometry: Geometry): void {
-    const live = new Set<object>([...geometry.vertices, ...geometry.edges]);
-    for (const map of [this.buffers, this.previous])
-      for (const [key, buffer] of map)
-        if (!live.has(key)) {
-          buffer.destroy();
-          map.delete(key);
-        }
-  }
-  /** The frame was submitted: what its curves asked for reads back. */
-  submitted(): void {
-    this.feedback.submitted();
-  }
-  discard(): void {
-    this.feedback.discard();
-  }
-  destroy(): void {
-    this.feedback.destroy();
-    this.chunks.length = 0;
-    for (const map of [this.buffers, this.previous]) {
-      for (const buffer of map.values()) buffer.destroy();
-      map.clear();
-    }
-    this.attachments.destroy();
-    this.dummy.destroy();
-    this.destroyCurves();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/pipelines.ts b/packages/network/src/rendering/pipelines.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b6b6c906..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/pipelines.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,398 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, shape, type Gpu, type Marker } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import commonSource from './common.wgsl';
-import prepare from './prepare.wgsl';
-import draw from './draw.wgsl';
-import labels from './labels.wgsl';
-import curve from './curve.wgsl';
-import tessellate from './tessellate.wgsl';
-import occlude from './occlude.wgsl';
-import gridSource from './grid.wgsl';
-
-/** The kit's projection, then the network's uniforms over it, which every module includes. */
-const common = kit.projectionShader() + commonSource;
-export interface Pipelines {
-  readonly gpu: Gpu;
-  readonly format: GPUTextureFormat;
-  readonly msaa: 1 | 4;
-  /** The shade's WGSL, which every vertex marker's module includes. */
-  readonly shade: string;
-  /** What a page's pass binds: the uniforms, its page, its bank's records, and what they were. */
-  readonly compute: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** A marked vertex page's: those, its inputs' page, and its bank's rows and stepped inputs. */
-  readonly markedCompute: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** What a curved draw's tessellation binds: the uniforms, its ends and segments, its pieces, its pool, and what it asked for. */
-  readonly tessellation: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly tessellate: GPUComputePipeline;
-  /** What counting every curved draw's pieces binds: their pools, rooms, and indirect draws. */
-  readonly finishing: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly finish: GPUComputePipeline;
-  readonly draw: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly label: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  /** What the globe's depth alone binds: the uniforms. */
-  readonly occlusion: GPUBindGroupLayout;
-  readonly vertex: GPUComputePipeline;
-  /** Vertices with their marker's inputs. */
-  readonly marked: GPUComputePipeline;
-  readonly edge: GPUComputePipeline;
-  /** The draw group's module for discs, the default marker, which lines and poles draw with too. */
-  readonly geometry: GPUShaderModule;
-  /** Vertices drawn as discs. */
-  readonly vertices: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly edges: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly curves: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly poles: GPURenderPipeline;
-  /** The globe's depth alone, where nothing beneath draws the ground. */
-  readonly occlude: GPURenderPipeline;
-  readonly text: GPURenderPipeline;
-}
-/**
- * What a draw of rows paints: the scene, its markers' shadows beneath every marker, or the focused
- * rows over the rest.
- */
-export type Layer = 'scene' | 'shadows' | 'focus';
-/** What a vertex draws without a marker of its own: a disc. */
-export const DISC: Marker = shape('ellipse');
-/** Where a marker's atlas and sampler bind, after the draw group's buffers. */
-const ATLAS = 11;
-/** The columns a marker's atlas holds its images in, as `kit.markerAtlas` lays them out. */
-export function atlasColumns(marker: Marker): number {
-  return Math.max(1, Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(marker.images?.length ?? 0)));
-}
-/** The module a marker draws with: its own WGSL first, then the network's shared geometry. */
-function geometryModule(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  marker: Marker,
-  shade: string,
-  label: string,
-): Promise<GPUShaderModule> {
-  return gpu.shaderModule(
-    kit.markerShader(marker, { group: 0, binding: ATLAS, columns: atlasColumns(marker) }) +
-      common +
-      curve +
-      kit.strokeShader() +
-      kit.shadeShader({ group: 0, binding: 6 }) +
-      kit.outputShader() +
-      draw +
-      shade,
-    label,
-  );
-}
-/**
- * The entry points a draw of rows takes, and whether its lines follow great circles; focused rows
- * take their own where the glow needs more than the rest.
- */
-interface Draws {
-  readonly vertex: string;
-  readonly fragment: string;
-  readonly curved?: boolean;
-  readonly focus?: { readonly vertex: string; readonly fragment: string };
-}
-/** A pipeline of the draw group: rows of a geometry module, drawn in a layer. */
-function geometryPipeline(
-  { gpu, draw, format, msaa }: Pick<Pipelines, 'gpu' | 'draw' | 'format' | 'msaa'>,
-  module: GPUShaderModule,
-  draws: Draws,
-  layer: Layer,
-): Promise<GPURenderPipeline> {
-  const focus = layer === 'focus' ? 1 : 0,
-    entries = (focus && draws.focus) || draws;
-  return gpu.renderPipeline({
-    layout: gpu.device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [draw] }),
-    vertex: {
-      module,
-      entryPoint: entries.vertex,
-      constants: {
-        NETWORK_CURVES: draws.curved ? 1 : 0,
-        MARKER_SHADOWS: layer === 'shadows' ? 1 : 0,
-        FOCUS: focus,
-      },
-    },
-    fragment: {
-      module,
-      entryPoint: entries.fragment,
-      constants: { FOCUS: focus },
-      targets: [{ format, blend: kit.premultipliedBlend }],
-    },
-    primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
-    // Shadows hold no depth, so they darken lines and ground but never another marker.
-    depthStencil: {
-      format: 'depth32float',
-      depthWriteEnabled: layer !== 'shadows',
-      depthCompare: 'less-equal',
-    },
-    multisample: { count: msaa },
-  });
-}
-const MARKERS: Draws = { vertex: 'marker_vertex', fragment: 'marker_fragment' },
-  SHADOWS: Draws = { vertex: 'marker_vertex', fragment: 'marker_shadow' },
-  LINES: Draws = {
-    vertex: 'edge_main',
-    fragment: 'fragment_main',
-    focus: { vertex: 'edge_focus', fragment: 'fragment_focus' },
-  },
-  CURVES: Draws = { ...LINES, curved: true },
-  POLES: Draws = { vertex: 'pole_main', fragment: 'fragment_main' };
-/** Build the network's pipelines; its view caches each variant. */
-export async function pipelines(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  format: GPUTextureFormat,
-  msaa: 1 | 4,
-  shade: string,
-): Promise<Pipelines> {
-  const d = gpu.device,
-    C = GPUShaderStage.COMPUTE,
-    V = GPUShaderStage.VERTEX,
-    F = GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT;
-  const uniform = (binding: number, visibility: number) => ({
-    binding,
-    visibility,
-    buffer: { type: 'uniform' as const },
-  });
-  const storage = (
-    binding: number,
-    visibility: number,
-    type: GPUBufferBindingType = 'read-only-storage',
-  ) => ({ binding, visibility, buffer: { type } });
-  const pageEntries = [uniform(0, C), uniform(1, C), storage(2, C, 'storage'), storage(3, C)];
-  const compute = d.createBindGroupLayout({ entries: pageEntries });
-  const markedCompute = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [...pageEntries, uniform(4, C), uniform(5, C)],
-  });
-  const drawLayout = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      uniform(0, V | F),
-      storage(1, V),
-      storage(2, V),
-      storage(3, V),
-      storage(4, V),
-      uniform(5, V),
-      uniform(6, F),
-      storage(7, V),
-      storage(8, V),
-      storage(9, V),
-      { binding: ATLAS, visibility: F, texture: { sampleType: 'float' as const } },
-      { binding: ATLAS + 1, visibility: F, sampler: { type: 'filtering' as const } },
-    ],
-  });
-  const tessellation = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [
-      uniform(0, C),
-      storage(1, C),
-      storage(2, C),
-      storage(3, C),
-      storage(4, C, 'storage'),
-      storage(5, C, 'storage'),
-      uniform(6, C),
-      storage(9, C, 'storage'),
-    ],
-  });
-  const finishing = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-    entries: [storage(5, C, 'storage'), storage(7, C), storage(8, C, 'storage')],
-  });
-  // Labels read the background in their fragments, for the halo over lines.
-  const label = d.createBindGroupLayout({ entries: [uniform(0, V | F), storage(1, V)] });
-  const occlusion = d.createBindGroupLayout({ entries: [uniform(0, V | F)] });
-  const [tessModule, prep, geometry, occludeModule, text] = await Promise.all([
-    gpu.shaderModule(common + curve + kit.strokeShader() + tessellate, 'network curves'),
-    gpu.shaderModule(
-      common + kit.fieldShader({ group: 0, colormap: 2 }) + prepare,
-      'network field preparation',
-    ),
-    geometryModule(gpu, DISC, shade, 'network geometry'),
-    gpu.shaderModule(common + occlude, 'network globe depth'),
-    gpu.shaderModule(common + kit.textShader({ group: 1 }) + labels, 'network shared text'),
-  ]);
-  const computeLayout = d.createPipelineLayout({
-      bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, compute, gpu.colormapLayout],
-    }),
-    markedLayout = d.createPipelineLayout({
-      bindGroupLayouts: [gpu.fieldLayout, markedCompute, gpu.colormapLayout],
-    });
-  const render = (
-    module: GPUShaderModule,
-    vertex: string,
-    fragment: string,
-    layouts: GPUBindGroupLayout[],
-    depthWriteEnabled = true,
-  ) =>
-    gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: layouts }),
-      vertex: { module, entryPoint: vertex },
-      fragment: {
-        module,
-        entryPoint: fragment,
-        targets: [{ format, blend: kit.premultipliedBlend }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
-      depthStencil: { format: 'depth32float', depthWriteEnabled, depthCompare: 'less-equal' },
-      multisample: { count: msaa },
-    });
-  const scene = (draws: Draws) =>
-    geometryPipeline({ gpu, draw: drawLayout, format, msaa }, geometry, draws, 'scene');
-  const [vertex, edge, marked, vertices, edges, poles, occluder, textPipeline, curves] =
-    await Promise.all([
-      gpu.computePipeline({
-        layout: computeLayout,
-        compute: { module: prep, entryPoint: 'vertices' },
-      }),
-      gpu.computePipeline({
-        layout: computeLayout,
-        compute: { module: prep, entryPoint: 'edges' },
-      }),
-      gpu.computePipeline({
-        layout: markedLayout,
-        compute: { module: prep, entryPoint: 'marked_vertices' },
-      }),
-      scene(MARKERS),
-      scene(LINES),
-      scene(POLES),
-      gpu.renderPipeline({
-        layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [occlusion] }),
-        vertex: { module: occludeModule, entryPoint: 'occlude_vertex' },
-        // Depth alone: the color stays the background's.
-        fragment: {
-          module: occludeModule,
-          entryPoint: 'occlude_fragment',
-          targets: [{ format, writeMask: 0 }],
-        },
-        primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
-        depthStencil: {
-          format: 'depth32float',
-          depthWriteEnabled: true,
-          depthCompare: 'less-equal',
-        },
-        multisample: { count: msaa },
-      }),
-      render(text, 'label_vertex', 'label_fragment', [label, gpu.textLayout], false),
-      scene(CURVES),
-    ]);
-  const [tessPipeline, finish] = await Promise.all([
-    gpu.computePipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [tessellation] }),
-      compute: { module: tessModule, entryPoint: 'tessellate' },
-    }),
-    gpu.computePipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [finishing] }),
-      compute: { module: tessModule, entryPoint: 'finish' },
-    }),
-  ]);
-  const built: Pipelines = {
-    gpu,
-    format,
-    msaa,
-    shade,
-    markedCompute,
-    tessellation,
-    tessellate: tessPipeline,
-    finishing,
-    finish,
-    compute,
-    draw: drawLayout,
-    label,
-    occlusion,
-    vertex,
-    marked,
-    edge,
-    geometry,
-    vertices,
-    edges,
-    curves,
-    poles,
-    occlude: occluder,
-    text: textPipeline,
-  };
-  // The focused rows' pipelines build now, after the scene's, so a selection rarely waits on them.
-  void markerPipeline(built, DISC, 'focus');
-  void linePipeline(built, false, 'focus');
-  void linePipeline(built, true, 'focus');
-  return built;
-}
-
-const variants = new WeakMap<Pipelines, Map<string, Promise<GPURenderPipeline>>>();
-/** A pipeline variant built once for each set of network pipelines; a failed build tries again. */
-function variant(
-  pipelines: Pipelines,
-  key: string,
-  build: () => Promise<GPURenderPipeline>,
-): Promise<GPURenderPipeline> {
-  let byKey = variants.get(pipelines);
-  if (!byKey) variants.set(pipelines, (byKey = new Map<string, Promise<GPURenderPipeline>>()));
-  let found = byKey.get(key);
-  if (!found) {
-    found = build();
-    found.catch(() => byKey.delete(key));
-    byKey.set(key, found);
-  }
-  return found;
-}
-/**
- * The pipeline a marker draws vertices with in a layer: one per distinct marker, sharing the draw
- * group's layout so a bank switches only its pipeline. A marker's focus pipeline builds once its
- * scene pipeline has, so a selection rarely waits on it.
- */
-export function markerPipeline(
-  pipelines: Pipelines,
-  marker: Marker,
-  layer: Layer = 'scene',
-): Promise<GPURenderPipeline> {
-  if (marker === DISC && layer === 'scene') return Promise.resolve(pipelines.vertices);
-  const key = JSON.stringify([
-    marker.wgsl,
-    Object.keys(marker.inputs ?? {}),
-    marker.images?.length ?? 0,
-    layer,
-  ]);
-  return variant(pipelines, key, () => {
-    const module =
-      marker === DISC
-        ? Promise.resolve(pipelines.geometry)
-        : geometryModule(pipelines.gpu, marker, pipelines.shade, 'network marker');
-    const built = module.then((module) =>
-      geometryPipeline(pipelines, module, layer === 'shadows' ? SHADOWS : MARKERS, layer),
-    );
-    if (layer === 'scene')
-      void built.then(() => markerPipeline(pipelines, marker, 'focus')).catch(() => undefined);
-    return built;
-  });
-}
-/**
- * The grid beneath the graph, which writes the globe's depth as the occluder does: built the first
- * time a frame draws a grid, so a network without one compiles none.
- */
-export function gridPipeline(pipelines: Pipelines): Promise<GPURenderPipeline> {
-  return variant(pipelines, 'grid', async () => {
-    const { gpu, format, msaa } = pipelines,
-      d = gpu.device,
-      module = await gpu.shaderModule(common + kit.gridShader() + gridSource, 'network grid'),
-      layout = d.createBindGroupLayout({
-        entries: [0, 1].map((binding) => ({
-          binding,
-          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,
-          buffer: { type: 'uniform' as const },
-        })),
-      });
-    return gpu.renderPipeline({
-      layout: d.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [layout] }),
-      vertex: { module, entryPoint: 'grid_vertex' },
-      fragment: {
-        module,
-        entryPoint: 'grid_fragment',
-        targets: [{ format, blend: kit.premultipliedBlend }],
-      },
-      primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list' },
-      depthStencil: { format: 'depth32float', depthWriteEnabled: true, depthCompare: 'less-equal' },
-      multisample: { count: msaa },
-    });
-  });
-}
-/** The pipeline straight or curved lines draw with in a layer. */
-export function linePipeline(
-  pipelines: Pipelines,
-  curved: boolean,
-  layer: Exclude<Layer, 'shadows'>,
-): Promise<GPURenderPipeline> {
-  if (layer === 'scene') return Promise.resolve(curved ? pipelines.curves : pipelines.edges);
-  return variant(pipelines, JSON.stringify(['lines', curved, layer]), () =>
-    geometryPipeline(pipelines, pipelines.geometry, curved ? CURVES : LINES, layer),
-  );
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/prepare.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/prepare.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a244654..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/prepare.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-// A bank's rows written as drawn records: five vec4 per vertex, then a marked bank's inputs, two
-// vec4 per vertex; three per edge or path row. Each page fits one 256-byte uniform slot.
-struct VertexPage {
-  rows: u32,
-  /** The output row of the page's first. */
-  first: u32,
-  /** The x and y the page's values are relative to, less the camera center. */
-  origin: vec2f,
-  /** The type's color, for rows without one. */
-  color: vec4f,
-  x: LatkitChannel,
-  y: LatkitChannel,
-  z: LatkitChannel,
-  size: LatkitChannel,
-  tint: LatkitChannel,
-  visible: LatkitChannel,
-  shade: LatkitChannel,
-}
-struct LinePage {
-  rows: u32,
-  first: u32,
-  /** The type's color; a negative alpha colors each line by its ends. */
-  color: vec4f,
-  tint: LatkitChannel,
-  width: LatkitChannel,
-  visible: LatkitChannel,
-  shade: LatkitChannel,
-  dash: LatkitChannel,
-  flow: LatkitChannel,
-  lane: LatkitChannel,
-}
-/** A marked bank's page of inputs: eight channels, a slot of their own. */
-struct MarkerPage { inputs: array<LatkitChannel, 8> }
-/** A marked bank's rows, where its inputs begin, and the inputs that step rather than ease, a bit each. */
-struct MarkedBank { rows: u32, steps: u32 }
-@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> u: Uniforms;
-@group(1) @binding(1) var<uniform> vertexPage: VertexPage;
-@group(1) @binding(1) var<uniform> linePage: LinePage;
-@group(1) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> output: array<vec4f>;
-/** What the bank drew as a transition began, as `output` holds it, while one runs. */
-@group(1) @binding(3) var<storage, read> previous: array<vec4f>;
-@group(1) @binding(4) var<uniform> markerPage: MarkerPage;
-@group(1) @binding(5) var<uniform> marked: MarkedBank;
-
-/** How much of `previous` this frame mixes in: none at rest. */
-fn easing() -> f32 { return u.ease; }
-/**
- * Position, then ground and color, size, shade, row, and opacity, and where it is in the world. A
- * transition mixes position, color, size, and opacity from what the bank drew as it began.
- */
-fn vertex(row: u32) {
-  let out = (vertexPage.first + row) * 5u;
-  let x = channelNumber(vertexPage.x, row, 0u);
-  let y = channelNumber(vertexPage.y, row, 0u);
-  let placed = finiteValue(x) && finiteValue(y);
-  var local = vec2f(x, y);
-  var origin = vertexPage.origin;
-  var z = channelNumber(vertexPage.z, row, 0u);
-  var size = channelNumber(vertexPage.size, row, 0u);
-  var opacity = select(0.0, 1.0, channelOn(vertexPage.visible, row, 0u));
-  let remain = easing();
-  if (remain > 0.0) {
-    let before = previous[out + 1u];
-    if (before.w > 0.5 && placed) {
-      // On a globe, the short way round.
-      var delta = before.xy + u.easeShift - local - origin;
-      if (u.view.w > 1.5) { delta.x -= 360.0 * round(delta.x / 360.0); }
-      local = local + origin + delta * remain;
-      origin = vec2f(0.0);
-      z = mix(z, before.z, remain);
-    }
-    let was = previous[out + 3u];
-    size = mix(size, was.x, remain);
-    opacity = mix(opacity, select(0.0, was.w, before.w > 0.5), remain);
-  }
-  let height = z * u.geo.z;
-  var world = vec3f(local + origin, height);
-  var normal = vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-  var facing = true;
-  if (u.view.w > 1.5) {
-    // Angles from the page origin, turned by the origin's own from the camera center.
-    let lon0 = origin.x * 0.017453292519943295;
-    let dlat0 = origin.y * 0.017453292519943295;
-    let sinLat0 = u.geo.x * cos(dlat0) + u.geo.y * sin(dlat0);
-    let cosLat0 = u.geo.y * cos(dlat0) - u.geo.x * sin(dlat0);
-    let dl = local.x * 0.017453292519943295;
-    let lat = local.y * 0.017453292519943295;
-    let sl = sin(dl) * cos(lon0) + cos(dl) * sin(lon0);
-    let cl = cos(dl) * cos(lon0) - sin(dl) * sin(lon0);
-    let sa = sin(lat) * cosLat0 + cos(lat) * sinLat0;
-    let ca = cos(lat) * cosLat0 - sin(lat) * sinLat0;
-    let nx = ca * sl;
-    let ny = sa * u.geo.y - ca * cl * u.geo.x;
-    let nz = sa * u.geo.x + ca * cl * u.geo.y;
-    world = vec3f(nx, ny, nz) * (1.0 + height) - vec3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
-    let cy = -u.rotation.w * u.pose.y;
-    let cz = 1.0 + u.rotation.z * u.pose.y;
-    facing = dot(vec3f(nx, ny, nz), vec3f(-u.rotation.y * cy, u.rotation.x * cy, cz)) > 1.0;
-    let absSl = sl * u.center.w + cl * u.center.z;
-    let absCl = cl * u.center.w - sl * u.center.z;
-    normal = vec3f(ca * absCl, sa, -ca * absSl);
-  } else if (u.geo.w > 0.5) {
-    let lon = (local.x + origin.x + u.center.x) * 0.017453292519943295;
-    let lat = (local.y + origin.y + u.center.y) * 0.017453292519943295;
-    normal = vec3f(cos(lat) * cos(lon), sin(lat), -cos(lat) * sin(lon));
-    // On the mercator plane, a latitude lies where mercator stretches it, from the center's place.
-    if (u.geo.w > 1.5) { world.y = projection_mercator(local.y + origin.y + u.center.y) - u.pose.z; }
-  }
-  var c = channelColor(vertexPage.tint, row, 0u, vertexPage.color);
-  c = vec4f(c.rgb * daylight(normal, u), c.a);
-  if (remain > 0.0) { c = mix(c, previous[out + 2u], remain); }
-  let shown = placed && facing && opacity > 0.001;
-  output[out] = project_world(world, u);
-  output[out + 1u] = vec4f(local + origin, z, select(0.0, 1.0, placed));
-  output[out + 2u] = c;
-  output[out + 3u] = vec4f(size, channelNumber(vertexPage.shade, row, 0u), bitcast<f32>(fieldRow(row)), select(0.0, opacity, shown));
-  output[out + 4u] = vec4f(world, select(0.0, 1.0, placed));
-}
-@compute @workgroup_size(64)
-fn vertices(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
-  if (id.x < vertexPage.rows) { vertex(id.x); }
-}
-/** A marked bank's vertices, and their inputs after its records: eased, unless they step. */
-@compute @workgroup_size(64)
-fn marked_vertices(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
-  let row = id.x;
-  if (row >= vertexPage.rows) { return; }
-  vertex(row);
-  let at = marked.rows * 5u + (vertexPage.first + row) * 2u;
-  let remain = easing();
-  var v: array<f32, 8>;
-  for (var i = 0u; i < 8u; i++) {
-    v[i] = channelNumber(markerPage.inputs[i], row, 0u);
-    if (remain > 0.0 && (marked.steps & (1u << i)) == 0u) {
-      v[i] = mix(v[i], previous[at + i / 4u][i % 4u], remain);
-    }
-  }
-  output[at] = vec4f(v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
-  output[at + 1u] = vec4f(v[4], v[5], v[6], v[7]);
-}
-/**
- * Color; half its width, its shade, its row, and whether dashed; then its lane, its flow speed, how
- * far its flow has moved, and its opacity. Flow moves by its speed each second, so a new speed
- * carries on from where the flow is.
- */
-@compute @workgroup_size(64)
-fn edges(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3u) {
-  let row = id.x;
-  if (row >= linePage.rows) { return; }
-  let out = (linePage.first + row) * 3u;
-  var color = channelColor(linePage.tint, row, 0u, linePage.color);
-  var half = channelNumber(linePage.width, row, 0u) * 0.5;
-  var flow = channelNumber(linePage.flow, row, 0u);
-  var opacity = select(0.0, 1.0, channelOn(linePage.visible, row, 0u));
-  let remain = easing();
-  if (remain > 0.0) {
-    let was = previous[out];
-    // A line colored by its ends mixes only with another.
-    if ((was.a < 0.0) == (color.a < 0.0)) { color = mix(color, was, remain); }
-    half = mix(half, previous[out + 1u].x, remain);
-    let motion = previous[out + 2u];
-    flow = mix(flow, motion.y, remain);
-    opacity = mix(opacity, motion.w, remain);
-  }
-  let spacing = max(u.flowSpacingPx, 1.0);
-  let moved = output[out + 2u].z + flow * u.dt;
-  output[out] = color;
-  output[out + 1u] = vec4f(half, channelNumber(linePage.shade, row, 0u), bitcast<f32>(fieldRow(row)), select(0.0, 1.0, channelOn(linePage.dash, row, 0u)));
-  output[out + 2u] = vec4f(channelNumber(linePage.lane, row, 0u), flow, moved - spacing * floor(moved / spacing), opacity);
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/rendering/tessellate.wgsl b/packages/network/src/rendering/tessellate.wgsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 5eedc841..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/rendering/tessellate.wgsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> u:Uniforms;
-@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage,read> a:array<vec4f>;
-@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage,read> b:array<vec4f>;
-@group(0) @binding(3) var<storage,read> segments:array<vec4u>;
-@group(0) @binding(4) var<storage,read_write> pieces:array<vec4u>;
-/** The pieces past each curve's first that each curved draw took from its pool this frame. */
-@group(0) @binding(5) var<storage,read_write> taken:array<atomic<u32>>;
-/**
- * A curved draw: its segments and the first of them, whether they read dash prefixes (1) and run
- * straight (2), its first piece, the pieces it has room for, and the record it counts into.
- */
-struct Curves { count:u32, first:u32, flags:u32, base:u32, capacity:u32, record:u32 }
-@group(0) @binding(6) var<uniform> params:Curves;
-/** Each curved draw's segments and room, which `finish` counts its pieces from. */
-@group(0) @binding(7) var<storage,read> draws:array<vec2u>;
-struct Indirect { vertices:u32, instances:u32, firstVertex:u32, firstInstance:u32 }
-@group(0) @binding(8) var<storage,read_write> indirect:array<Indirect>;
-/** The pieces past each curve's first that each curved draw asked for, granted or not, which size its next pool. */
-@group(0) @binding(9) var<storage,read_write> wanted:array<atomic<u32>>;
-
-/** A piece that draws nothing: its curve's, where none of the curve shows. */
-const HIDDEN_PIECE=vec4u(0xffffffffu,0u,0u,0u);
-const NONE=0xffffffffu;
-/** How far a piece may stray from its curve on screen, in CSS pixels. */
-const SAG_PX:f32=0.25;
-/** The most pieces a curve draws in. */
-const MOST_PIECES:u32=64u;
-var<workgroup> starts:array<u32,64>;
-var<workgroup> pool:u32;
-
-fn curve_pixels(pair:mat2x3f)->f32 {
-  let p=project_world(pair[0],u);let q=project_world(pair[1],u);
-  let clip=stroke_clip(p,q);if(clip.x>clip.y){return 0.0;}
-  let start=mix(p,q,clip.x);let end=mix(p,q,clip.y);
-  return length((end.xy/end.w-start.xy/start.w)*u.view.xy*0.5);
-}
-/** The pieces a curve needs so none strays past SAG_PX: its angle against the globe's radius on screen. */
-fn pieces_for(e:Ends)->u32 {
-  let radius=projection_pixels(projectionOf(u))*57.295779513;
-  return clamp(u32(ceil(curve_angle(e.a,e.b,u)*sqrt(radius/(8.0*SAG_PX)))),1u,MOST_PIECES);
-}
-/**
- * Whether any of a curve can show: its ends, placed as the prepare pass placed them, and for a curve
- * of several pieces a point past its middle, lie beyond no one side of the view. One piece strays
- * under SAG_PX from the line between its ends, which the margin holds.
- */
-fn shows(e:Ends,ca:vec4f,cb:vec4f,steps:u32,straight:bool)->bool {
-  var c=array<vec4f,3>(ca,cb,ca);
-  if(steps>1u){
-    // As far past the chord's middle again as the curve's middle: the curve lies within these three.
-    let middle=curve_world(e,0.5,straight,u);
-    c[2]=project_world(middle*2.0-(e.a+e.b)*0.5,u);
-  }
-  // A margin of 128 CSS pixels for widths, lanes, and comets.
-  let pad=vec2f(1.0)+256.0/u.view.xy;
-  for(var axis=0u;axis<2u;axis++){
-    var above=true;var below=true;
-    for(var i=0u;i<3u;i++){
-      let p=c[i];let reach=p.w*pad[axis];
-      above=above&&p.w>0.0&&p[axis]>reach;
-      below=below&&p.w>0.0&&p[axis]< -reach;
-    }
-    if(above||below){return false;}
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-@compute @workgroup_size(64)
-fn tessellate(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id:vec3u,@builtin(local_invocation_index) lane:u32) {
-  let straight=(params.flags&2u)!=0u;
-  let i=params.first+id.x;
-  var e:Ends;var steps=0u;var split=NONE;
-  if(id.x<params.count){
-    let segment=segments[i];let ab=segment.x*5u;let bb=segment.y*5u;
-    let x=a[ab+4u];let y=b[bb+4u];
-    // Only a straight route reads its ends' longitudes and latitudes.
-    if(straight){e=Ends(x.xyz,y.xyz,a[ab+1u].xy,b[bb+1u].xy);}
-    else{e=Ends(x.xyz,y.xyz,vec2f(0.0),vec2f(0.0));}
-    if(x.w>0.5&&y.w>0.5){steps=pieces_for(e);}
-    if(steps>0u&&!shows(e,a[ab],b[bb],steps,straight)){steps=0u;}
-    if(steps>0u){
-      // A flat map's longitudes jump a turn where a curve crosses the antimeridian: it splits there.
-      if(u.view.w<1.5){
-        var previous=curve_world(e,0.0,straight,u).x;
-        for(var s=1u;s<=steps;s++){let next=curve_world(e,f32(s)/f32(steps),straight,u).x;if(abs(next-previous)>180.0){split=s-1u;}previous=next;}
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Every segment owns its first piece; the rest come from its draw's pool, a workgroup at a time.
-  starts[lane]=select(0u,steps-1u+select(0u,1u,split!=NONE),steps>0u);
-  workgroupBarrier();
-  if(lane==0u){
-    var total=0u;for(var j=0u;j<64u;j++){let n=starts[j];starts[j]=total;total+=n;}
-    if(total>0u){atomicAdd(&wanted[params.record],total);}
-    pool=atomicAdd(&taken[params.record],total);
-    // Once the pool is full, this workgroup's curves draw a piece each, still lifted onto the globe.
-    if(pool+total>params.capacity-params.count){atomicSub(&taken[params.record],total);pool=NONE;}
-  }
-  workgroupBarrier();
-  if(id.x>=params.count){return;}
-  let own=params.base+id.x;
-  if(steps==0u){pieces[own]=HIDDEN_PIECE;return;}
-  let whole=pool==NONE;
-  let n=select(steps,1u,whole);let cut=select(split,NONE,whole);
-  var next=params.base+params.count+pool+starts[lane];
-  var phase=0.0;
-  for(var s=0u;s<n;s++){
-    let t0=f32(s)/f32(n);let t1=f32(s+1u)/f32(n);
-    let side=select(0u,1u,s==cut);
-    var second=phase;var after=phase;
-    if((params.flags&1u)!=0u){
-      let p=curve_world(e,t0,straight,u);let q=curve_world(e,t1,straight,u);
-      after+=curve_pixels(curve_segment(p,q,side,u));
-      second=after;
-      if(side>0u){after+=curve_pixels(curve_segment(p,q,2u,u));}
-    }
-    var at=own;if(s>0u){at=next;next++;}
-    pieces[at]=vec4u(i,bitcast<u32>(t0),bitcast<u32>(t1),(bitcast<u32>(phase)&0xfffffffcu)|side);
-    if(side>0u){pieces[next]=vec4u(i,bitcast<u32>(t0),bitcast<u32>(t1),(bitcast<u32>(second)&0xfffffffcu)|2u);next++;}
-    phase=after;
-  }
-}
-/** Each curved draw's pieces, as its indirect draw counts them; its pool empties for the next frame. */
-@compute @workgroup_size(64)
-fn finish(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id:vec3u) {
-  if(id.x>=arrayLength(&draws)){return;}
-  let draw=draws[id.x];
-  indirect[id.x]=Indirect(6u,draw.x+min(atomicLoad(&taken[id.x]),draw.y-draw.x),0u,0u);
-  atomicStore(&taken[id.x],0u);
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/src/wgsl.d.ts b/packages/network/src/wgsl.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d374483..00000000
--- a/packages/network/src/wgsl.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-declare module '*.wgsl' {
-  const source: string;
-  export default source;
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/browser/check.html b/packages/network/tests/browser/check.html
deleted file mode 100644
index a942e5d1..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/browser/check.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
-    <title>Latkit | Network foundation</title>
-    <link rel="icon" href="data:," />
-    <style>
-      :root {
-        color-scheme: dark;
-        font: 14px system-ui;
-        background: #080f18;
-        color: #dce7ef;
-      }
-      * {
-        box-sizing: border-box;
-      }
-      body {
-        margin: 0;
-      }
-      header {
-        padding: 22px 28px;
-        border-bottom: 1px solid #263242;
-        display: flex;
-        justify-content: space-between;
-        align-items: center;
-      }
-      h1 {
-        font-size: 22px;
-        margin: 4px 0;
-      }
-      small {
-        color: #8197ac;
-      }
-      .badge {
-        color: #69d6bd;
-        font-size: 12px;
-        letter-spacing: 0.09em;
-      }
-      main {
-        padding: 20px 28px;
-      }
-      .toolbar {
-        display: flex;
-        gap: 10px;
-        align-items: center;
-        flex-wrap: wrap;
-        margin-bottom: 16px;
-      }
-      button,
-      select {
-        background: #162333;
-        color: #e1eaf1;
-        border: 1px solid #344458;
-        border-radius: 5px;
-        padding: 8px 14px;
-        cursor: pointer;
-      }
-      button:hover {
-        background: #23364c;
-      }
-      input[type='number'] {
-        width: 70px;
-        padding: 6px;
-      }
-      #hover-state {
-        color: #a9bbcc;
-      }
-      input {
-        accent-color: #69d6bd;
-      }
-      .canvas-wrap {
-        position: relative;
-        height: 66vh;
-        min-height: 380px;
-        border: 1px solid #2d4054;
-        border-radius: 8px;
-        overflow: hidden;
-        background: #060b12;
-      }
-      canvas {
-        width: 100%;
-        height: 100%;
-        display: block;
-      }
-      .hint {
-        position: absolute;
-        bottom: 14px;
-        left: 18px;
-        font-size: 12px;
-        color: #8a9eae;
-        pointer-events: none;
-      }
-      .stats {
-        display: grid;
-        grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);
-        gap: 12px;
-        margin: 18px 0;
-      }
-      .stat {
-        padding: 14px 16px;
-        background: #111e2c;
-        border: 1px solid #243447;
-        border-radius: 6px;
-      }
-      .stat b {
-        display: block;
-        font-size: 22px;
-        font-weight: 500;
-        margin-bottom: 5px;
-      }
-      .stat span {
-        font-size: 12px;
-        color: #8da4b7;
-      }
-      pre {
-        white-space: pre-wrap;
-        color: #9bb2c5;
-        font-size: 12px;
-        line-height: 1.6;
-        max-height: 360px;
-        overflow: auto;
-      }
-      .status {
-        color: #69d6bd;
-      }
-      #error {
-        color: #ff9d8c;
-      }
-    </style>
-    <script type="importmap">
-      {
-        "imports": {
-          "culori/fn": "/packages/gpu/node_modules/culori/src/index-fn.js",
-          "@latkit/gpu": "/packages/gpu/dist/index.js",
-          "@latkit/model": "/packages/model/dist/index.js",
-          "@latkit/network": "/packages/network/dist/index.js",
-          "@latkit/geography": "/packages/geography/dist/index.js",
-          "earcut": "/packages/geography/node_modules/earcut/src/earcut.js"
-        }
-      }
-    </script>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <header>
-      <div>
-        <div class="badge">LATKIT / NETWORK FOUNDATION</div>
-        <h1>Native data. One rendering pipeline.</h1>
-        <small
-          >Interactive WebGPU checkpoint &middot; native field pages &middot; shared text
-          atlas</small
-        >
-      </div>
-      <div id="status" class="status">Starting WebGPU...</div>
-    </header>
-    <main>
-      <div class="toolbar">
-        <select id="size" aria-label="Graph size">
-          <option value="900">900 vertices</option>
-          <option value="10000">10,000 vertices</option>
-          <option value="100000">100,000 vertices</option>
-        </select>
-        <button id="flat">Flat</button><button id="tilt">Tilt</button
-        ><button id="globe">Globe</button><button id="fit">Fit</button
-        ><button id="orbit">Orbit</button><button id="labels">Labels</button>
-        <label>Recording <input id="time" type="range" min="0" max="15" value="0" /></label
-        ><output id="time-value" for="time">0 s</output>
-        <button id="benchmark">Render benchmark</button>
-        <button id="hover-benchmark">Hover benchmark</button>
-      </div>
-      <div class="toolbar" role="group" aria-label="Recording channels">
-        <span>Recording drives</span>
-        <label><input id="channel-color" type="checkbox" checked /> Color</label>
-        <label><input id="channel-x" type="checkbox" /> X position</label>
-        <label><input id="channel-y" type="checkbox" /> Y position</label>
-        <label><input id="channel-z" type="checkbox" /> Z (height)</label>
-        <small>Combine channels, then scrub the recording. Z uses normalized height.</small>
-      </div>
-      <div class="toolbar" role="group" aria-label="Interaction and display">
-        <label><input id="geodesic" type="checkbox" /> Geodesic edges</label>
-        <label><input id="borders" type="checkbox" /> Detailed borders</label>
-        <button id="features">Geometry features</button>
-        <button id="borders-benchmark">Border benchmark</button>
-        <label><input id="poles" type="checkbox" /> Surface poles</label>
-        <label
-          >Hover
-          <select id="hover-mode">
-            <option value="auto">Automatic</option>
-            <option value="on">Always on</option>
-            <option value="off">Off</option>
-          </select>
-        </label>
-        <label
-          >Budget
-          <input id="hover-budget" type="number" min="0.1" step="0.1" value="2" required />
-          ms</label
-        >
-        <output id="hover-state" aria-live="polite">Ready</output>
-        <small
-          >Automatic hover pauses during motion or when its budget is reached. Click selection stays
-          available.</small
-        >
-      </div>
-      <div class="canvas-wrap">
-        <canvas id="graph" aria-label="Interactive network graph"></canvas>
-        <div class="hint">
-          Drag to pan &middot; wheel to zoom &middot; Shift + drag to rotate &middot; click a vertex
-          to select
-        </div>
-      </div>
-      <div class="stats">
-        <div class="stat"><b id="vertices">&mdash;</b><span>vertices</span></div>
-        <div class="stat"><b id="edges">&mdash;</b><span>edges</span></div>
-        <div class="stat"><b id="prepare">&mdash;</b><span>prepare / frame</span></div>
-        <div class="stat"><b id="memory">&mdash;</b><span>managed GPU memory</span></div>
-        <div class="stat"><b id="queries">&mdash;</b><span>source queries</span></div>
-      </div>
-      <div id="error"></div>
-      <pre id="report">
-Checking shaders, row identity, offscreen pixels, camera uploads and multi-page topology...</pre>
-    </main>
-    <script type="module" src="./check.js"></script>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/browser/check.js b/packages/network/tests/browser/check.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 6fac33db..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/browser/check.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,875 +0,0 @@
-/* global document, OffscreenCanvas, createImageBitmap */
-import { createGpu, colormaps, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createNetwork } from '@latkit/network';
-import { createGeography } from '@latkit/geography';
-import {
-  TableSource,
-  featureSource,
-  references,
-  vectors,
-} from '/output/network-fixture/table-fixture.js';
-import { GraphSource } from '/output/network-fixture/fixture.js';
-
-const el = (id) => document.getElementById(id);
-const errors = [];
-let gpu,
-  network,
-  source,
-  at = 0,
-  geographic = false,
-  labelled = true,
-  borders,
-  earth;
-function fail(error) {
-  errors.push(error.message ?? String(error));
-  el('error').textContent = errors.join('\n');
-}
-function data(source, labels = true) {
-  return {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: {
-      node: {
-        x: 'location',
-        y: { field: 'location', component: 1 },
-        color: { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], colormap: colormaps.viridis },
-        radiusPx: { field: 'weight', domain: [0, 1], range: [2.8, 6] },
-        labels: labels ? { field: 'name', fontSizePx: 11, maxCount: 45 } : null,
-      },
-    },
-    edges: {
-      line: {
-        route: source.geographic && el('geodesic').checked ? 'geodesic' : 'straight',
-        ends: ['from', 'to'],
-        color: { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], colormap: colormaps.viridis },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-function channelBindings() {
-  return {
-    x: el('channel-x').checked ? 'x' : 'baseX',
-    y: el('channel-y').checked ? 'y' : 'baseY',
-    z: el('channel-z').checked ? { field: 'z', domain: [0, 1], range: [0, 1] } : null,
-    color: el('channel-color').checked
-      ? { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], colormap: colormaps.viridis }
-      : null,
-  };
-}
-function recordingControls(enabled) {
-  for (const id of ['channel-color', 'channel-x', 'channel-y', 'channel-z', 'time'])
-    el(id).disabled = !enabled;
-}
-function updateChannels() {
-  network.set({
-    vertices: { node: channelBindings() },
-    edges: {
-      line: {
-        color: el('channel-color').checked
-          ? { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], colormap: colormaps.viridis }
-          : null,
-      },
-    },
-  });
-}
-function update() {
-  const stats = network.stats();
-  el('vertices').textContent = stats.vertices.toLocaleString();
-  el('edges').textContent = stats.edges.toLocaleString();
-  el('prepare').textContent = stats.prepareMs.toFixed(2) + ' ms';
-  el('memory').textContent = (gpu.stats().gpuBytes / 1048576).toFixed(1) + ' MB';
-  el('queries').textContent = source.queries;
-  const hover = {
-    off: 'Off',
-    idle: 'Ready',
-    active: 'Active',
-    moving: 'Paused during motion',
-    budget: 'Paused: budget reached',
-  };
-  el('hover-state').textContent =
-    hover[stats.hover] + (stats.hoverMs ? ' (' + stats.hoverMs.toFixed(2) + ' ms)' : '');
-}
-/** Report the presented network after each frame. */
-function observe(describe) {
-  network.on('error', fail);
-  network.on('frame', update);
-  network.on('select', (items) => {
-    el('status').textContent = describe(items[0]);
-  });
-}
-/** The earth beneath a geographic graph: grid, axis, daylight, and the borders when shown. */
-function ground(lines = el('borders').checked) {
-  earth?.destroy();
-  earth = createGeography(gpu, {
-    grid: true,
-    earthAxis: true,
-    daylight: Date.UTC(2026, 8, 30, 17),
-    ...(lines && borders
-      ? {
-          source: borders.data,
-          lines: { border: { points: 'points', widthPx: 0.8, color: [0.45, 0.62, 0.68, 0.72] } },
-        }
-      : {}),
-  });
-  return earth;
-}
-function show(count = Number(el('size').value), geo = geographic) {
-  network?.destroy();
-  source = new GraphSource(count, 4096, geo);
-  geographic = geo;
-  recordingControls(true);
-  network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...data(source, labelled),
-    canvas: el('graph'),
-    at,
-    camera: { projection: geo ? 'globe' : 'flat', pitch: geo ? 15 : 0 },
-    vertexRadiusPx: count > 10000 ? 1.4 : count > 1000 ? 2 : 4,
-    edgeWidthPx: count > 10000 ? 0.5 : 1.1,
-    ground: geo ? ground() : null,
-    msaa: 4,
-    poles: el('poles').checked,
-    hover: el('hover-mode').value,
-    hoverBudgetMs: Number(el('hover-budget').value),
-  });
-  updateChannels();
-  observe((item) => (item ? 'Selected ' + item.index.type + ' row ' + item.row : 'Interactive'));
-  el('status').textContent = 'Interactive';
-}
-function assert(condition, message) {
-  if (!condition) throw new Error(message);
-}
-const median = (values) => [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b)[Math.floor(values.length / 2)];
-/** Pan by pixels on a flat, unrotated camera, as a drag does. */
-function pan(view, dx, dy) {
-  const { center, scale } = view.camera;
-  view.set({ camera: { center: [center[0] - dx / scale, center[1] + dy / scale] } });
-}
-/** Wait until a view's background hit-test indexes stop growing. */
-async function indexed(view) {
-  for (let last = -1; view.stats().pickingBytes !== last;) {
-    last = view.stats().pickingBytes;
-    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 200));
-  }
-}
-/** RGBA bytes of an offscreen image of the view. */
-async function pixels(view, options) {
-  const bitmap = await createImageBitmap(await view.image(options), {
-    colorSpaceConversion: 'none',
-    premultiplyAlpha: 'none',
-  });
-  const { width, height } = bitmap,
-    context = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height).getContext('2d');
-  context.drawImage(bitmap, 0, 0);
-  bitmap.close();
-  return context.getImageData(0, 0, width, height).data;
-}
-async function benchmark(count = 100000) {
-  network?.set({ paused: true });
-  const baseline = gpu.stats();
-  const fixture = new GraphSource(count, 4096),
-    view = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      ...data(fixture, false),
-      msaa: 1,
-      vertexRadiusPx: 1,
-      edgeWidthPx: 0.6,
-    });
-  const renderer = kit.rendererOf(view),
-    target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 1280, height: 720 });
-  const render = (coordinate) =>
-    gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer, target, at: coordinate }] });
-  try {
-    const start = performance.now();
-    await render(0);
-    await gpu.idle();
-    const coldMs = performance.now() - start;
-    const beforeQueries = fixture.queries,
-      beforeUploads = gpu.stats().uploadedBytes;
-    const cpu = [],
-      complete = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
-      pan(view, i % 2 ? 2 : -2, 0);
-      const t = performance.now();
-      await render(0);
-      cpu.push(performance.now() - t);
-      await gpu.idle();
-      complete.push(performance.now() - t);
-    }
-    const cameraUploads = gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - beforeUploads,
-      cameraQueries = fixture.queries - beforeQueries;
-    const sampled = [];
-    for (let i = 1; i <= 8; i++) {
-      const t = performance.now();
-      await render(i);
-      await gpu.idle();
-      sampled.push(performance.now() - t);
-    }
-    assert(cameraQueries === 0, 'Camera motion queried the source');
-    assert(cameraUploads < 12 * 250000, 'Camera motion reuploaded model-sized arrays');
-    return {
-      vertices: count,
-      edges: fixture.from.length,
-      coldMs,
-      steadySubmitMedianMs: median(cpu),
-      steadyCompleteMedianMs: median(complete),
-      recordingCompleteMedianMs: median(sampled),
-      cameraQueries,
-      cameraUploadedBytes: cameraUploads,
-      drawCalls: view.stats().drawCalls,
-      gpu: {
-        cpuBytes: gpu.stats().cpuBytes,
-        gpuBytes: gpu.stats().gpuBytes,
-        uploadedBytes: gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - baseline.uploadedBytes,
-        stagedBytes: gpu.stats().stagedBytes - baseline.stagedBytes,
-      },
-    };
-  } finally {
-    view.destroy();
-    target.destroy();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    gpu.trim();
-    network?.set({ paused: false });
-  }
-}
-async function benchmarkHover(count = 100000) {
-  network?.set({ paused: true });
-  const fixture = new GraphSource(count, 4096, true);
-  const view = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...data(fixture, false),
-    msaa: 1,
-    vertexRadiusPx: 1.4,
-    edgeWidthPx: 0.5,
-    poles: false,
-  });
-  const renderer = kit.rendererOf(view),
-    target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 1280, height: 720 });
-  const render = (at = 0) => gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer, target, at }] });
-  const results = [];
-  const percentile = (values, fraction) =>
-    [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b)[Math.ceil(values.length * fraction) - 1];
-  try {
-    for (const projection of ['flat', 'tilt', 'globe']) {
-      // The pointer hook input drives; frames search for hover.
-      view.pointer(null);
-      view.set({ camera: { projection, pitch: projection === 'flat' ? 0 : 50, fit: true } });
-      await render();
-      view.set({ camera: { fit: false } });
-      for (const moving of [false, true]) {
-        view.set({
-          vertices: {
-            node: moving
-              ? { x: 'x', y: 'y', z: { field: 'z', domain: [0, 1] } }
-              : { x: 'location', y: { field: 'location', component: 1 }, z: null },
-          },
-        });
-        // Warm the same coordinates for both policies before measuring.
-        view.set({ hover: 'off' });
-        for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) await render(moving ? i : 0);
-        await gpu.idle();
-        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 160));
-        // Positions that hold still get hit-test indexes in the background; hover uses them.
-        if (!moving) await indexed(view);
-        for (const hover of ['auto', 'off']) {
-          view.set({ hover });
-          const pointer = [],
-            submit = [],
-            complete = [],
-            searches = [];
-          const beforeQueries = fixture.queries,
-            beforeEnds = fixture.endsQueries;
-          const states = new Set();
-          for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-            const point = [640 + Math.cos(i * 0.43) * 70, 360 + Math.sin(i * 0.43) * 50];
-            let start = performance.now();
-            view.pointer(point);
-            pointer.push(performance.now() - start);
-            start = performance.now();
-            await render(moving ? i : 0);
-            submit.push(performance.now() - start);
-            await gpu.idle();
-            complete.push(performance.now() - start);
-            searches.push(view.stats().hoverMs);
-            states.add(view.stats().hover);
-          }
-          // Indexes build in the background, never in a hover search, within the default 64 MiB.
-          assert(
-            view.stats().pickingBytes <= 64 * 1024 ** 2,
-            'Hit-test indexes outgrew pickingBytes',
-          );
-          assert(fixture.endsQueries === beforeEnds, 'Hover reread the edge ends');
-          results.push({
-            projection,
-            coordinates: moving ? 'recording XYZ' : 'static',
-            hover,
-            vertices: count,
-            edges: fixture.from.length,
-            samples: pointer.length,
-            pointerMedianMs: median(pointer),
-            pointerP95Ms: percentile(pointer, 0.95),
-            submitMedianMs: median(submit),
-            completeMedianMs: median(complete),
-            completeP95Ms: percentile(complete, 0.95),
-            latestSearchMs: view.stats().hoverMs,
-            maxSearchMs: Math.max(...searches),
-            states: [...states],
-            pickingBytes: view.stats().pickingBytes,
-            sourceQueries: fixture.queries - beforeQueries,
-            endsQueries: fixture.endsQueries - beforeEnds,
-          });
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return results;
-  } finally {
-    view.destroy();
-    target.destroy();
-    await gpu.idle();
-    gpu.trim();
-    network?.set({ paused: false });
-  }
-}
-async function checks() {
-  const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter();
-  assert(adapter, 'WebGPU unavailable');
-  const device = await adapter.requestDevice();
-  device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (e) => fail(e.error));
-  gpu = await createGpu({
-    device,
-    budget: { cpuBytes: 256 * 1024 ** 2, gpuBytes: 512 * 1024 ** 2, entries: 30000 },
-  });
-  show();
-  const checks = [];
-  const fixture = new GraphSource(25, 3),
-    view = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      ...data(fixture, false),
-      msaa: 1,
-      vertexRadiusPx: 8,
-    });
-  const size = { width: 256, height: 256 };
-  try {
-    device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-    const bytes = await pixels(view, { ...size, at: 0 });
-    let bright = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 4) if (bytes[i + 1] > 80 || bytes[i + 2] > 100) bright++;
-    assert(bright > 400, 'Graph did not produce visible pixels');
-    const item = { kind: 'vertex', source: fixture.data, index: fixture.index('node'), row: 12 },
-      located = view.locate(item);
-    assert(located, 'Native vertex could not be located');
-    const hits = await view.pick(located);
-    assert(hits[0]?.kind === 'vertex' && hits[0]?.row === 12, 'Picking lost physical row identity');
-    view.set({ camera: { projection: 'tilt', pitch: 45 } });
-    await view.image({ ...size, at: 1 });
-    const tilt = view.locate(item);
-    assert((await view.pick(tilt))[0]?.row === 12, 'Tilt picking differs from geometry');
-    const ends = fixture.endsQueries;
-    view.set({
-      vertices: { node: { x: 'x', y: 'y', z: { field: 'z', domain: [0, 1] } } },
-    });
-    await view.image({ ...size, at: 2 });
-    const moving = view.locate(item);
-    assert(
-      Math.hypot(moving[0] - tilt[0], moving[1] - tilt[1]) > 1,
-      'Recording positions did not move the vertex',
-    );
-    assert(
-      (await view.pick(moving)).some((hit) => hit.kind === 'vertex' && hit.row === item.row),
-      'Sampled position picking lost row identity',
-    );
-    assert(fixture.endsQueries === ends, 'Changing recording channels reread the edge ends');
-    const error = await device.popErrorScope();
-    assert(!error, error?.message);
-    checks.push(
-      'Real GPU pixels',
-      'Native identity picking',
-      'Tilt projection',
-      'Small native blocks / cross-page fields',
-      'Sampled X / Y / Z position and picking',
-      'Sampled channels keep the edge ends',
-    );
-  } finally {
-    view.destroy();
-  }
-  const features = featureSource();
-  const featureView = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: features.data,
-    vertices: {
-      node: {
-        x: 'position',
-        y: { field: 'position', component: 1 },
-        labels: { field: 'name', maxCount: 4 },
-      },
-    },
-    edges: {
-      route: { ends: ['from', 'to'], route: 'geodesic', labels: { field: 'name' } },
-      star: {},
-      bend: { ends: ['from', 'to'], bends: 'points' },
-    },
-    camera: { center: [-30, 5], scale: 3 },
-    edgeWidthPx: 3,
-  });
-  try {
-    device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-    for (const projection of ['flat', 'tilt', 'globe']) {
-      featureView.set({ camera: { projection, pitch: projection === 'tilt' ? 40 : 0 } });
-      await featureView.image({ width: 512, height: 512 });
-      const item = { kind: 'edge', source: features.data, index: features.index('route'), row: 0 },
-        located = featureView.locate(item);
-      assert(
-        located && (await featureView.pick(located)).some((hit) => hit.index.type === 'route'),
-        'Geodesic picking failed in ' + projection,
-      );
-    }
-    const star = { kind: 'edge', source: features.data, index: features.index('star'), row: 0 };
-    assert(
-      featureView.neighborhood(star).filter((item) => item.kind === 'vertex').length === 4,
-      'Net adjacency lost vertices',
-    );
-    featureView.select([star]);
-    await featureView.image({ width: 512, height: 512 });
-    const error = await device.popErrorScope();
-    assert(!error, error?.message);
-    checks.push(
-      'Adaptive GPU geodesics and matching picking',
-      'Native bends / complete net adjacency',
-      'Shared vertex and edge text anchors',
-    );
-  } finally {
-    featureView.destroy();
-  }
-  const seamSource = new TableSource({
-    node: { position: vectors([170, 20, -170, 20]) },
-    route: {
-      dashed: { kind: 'boolean', offset: 0, length: 1, values: Uint8Array.of(1) },
-      from: references('node', [0]),
-      to: references('node', [1]),
-    },
-  });
-  const seamView = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: seamSource.data,
-    vertices: { node: { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } },
-    edges: { route: { ends: ['from', 'to'], route: 'geodesic' } },
-    camera: { center: [0, 20], scale: 1.2 },
-    markers: false,
-    edgeColor: [1, 1, 1, 1],
-    background: [0, 0, 0, 1],
-    edgeWidthPx: 2,
-    dashPeriodPx: 8,
-    msaa: 1,
-  });
-  try {
-    device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-    const counts = [];
-    for (const dash of [null, 'dashed']) {
-      seamView.set({ edges: { route: { dash } } });
-      const bytes = await pixels(seamView, { width: 512, height: 512 });
-      let left = 0,
-        right = 0,
-        middle = 0;
-      for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 4) {
-        if (bytes[i] < 150 || bytes[i + 1] < 150 || bytes[i + 2] < 150) continue;
-        const x = (i / 4) % 512;
-        if (x < 100) left++;
-        else if (x > 412) right++;
-        else middle++;
-      }
-      assert(
-        left > 10 && right > 10 && middle === 0,
-        'Geodesic must split at the dateline without crossing the map',
-      );
-      counts.push(left + right);
-    }
-    assert(
-      counts[1] < counts[0] * 0.85 && counts[1] > counts[0] * 0.2,
-      'Dashed seam segments did not preserve their screen-space pattern',
-    );
-    const error = await device.popErrorScope();
-    assert(!error, error?.message);
-    checks.push('Dashed geodesic seam pixels / hidden vertex markers');
-  } finally {
-    seamView.destroy();
-  }
-  // A long geodesic over the earth stays on its surface at any pitch: no row of it sinks beneath.
-  const meridianSource = new TableSource({
-    node: { position: vectors([0, -55, 0, 55]) },
-    route: { from: references('node', [0]), to: references('node', [1]) },
-  });
-  const meridianGround = createGeography(gpu, {
-    surfaceColor: [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1],
-    atmosphere: false,
-  });
-  const meridianView = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: meridianSource.data,
-    vertices: { node: { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } },
-    edges: { route: { ends: ['from', 'to'], route: 'geodesic' } },
-    camera: { center: [0, 0], scale: 2.4, projection: 'globe', fit: false },
-    ground: meridianGround,
-    markers: false,
-    edgeColor: [1, 1, 1, 1],
-    background: [0, 0, 0, 1],
-    edgeWidthPx: 3,
-    msaa: 1,
-  });
-  try {
-    device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-    for (const pitch of [0, 30, 70]) {
-      meridianView.set({ camera: { pitch } });
-      const bytes = await pixels(meridianView, { width: 512, height: 512 });
-      const lit = Array.from({ length: 512 }, (_, y) => {
-        let count = 0;
-        for (let x = 0; x < 512; x++) {
-          const i = (y * 512 + x) * 4;
-          if (bytes[i] > 200 && bytes[i + 1] > 200 && bytes[i + 2] > 200) count++;
-        }
-        return count;
-      });
-      const first = lit.findIndex((count) => count > 0),
-        last = lit.findLastIndex((count) => count > 0);
-      assert(first >= 0 && last - first > 40, 'The meridian did not draw at pitch ' + pitch);
-      const empty = lit.slice(first, last + 1).filter((count) => count === 0).length;
-      assert(empty === 0, `The meridian sank into the earth at pitch ${pitch}: ${empty} rows`);
-    }
-    const error = await device.popErrorScope();
-    assert(!error, error?.message);
-    checks.push('Geodesics on the globe stay on its surface at every pitch');
-  } finally {
-    meridianView.destroy();
-    meridianGround.destroy();
-  }
-  // A grid of the data's x and y draws beneath the graph in every projection; a ground draws its own.
-  const gridGround = createGeography(gpu, {
-    surfaceColor: [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1],
-    atmosphere: false,
-    gridColor: [1, 1, 1, 1],
-    gridMinSpacingPx: 32,
-  });
-  const gridView = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: meridianSource.data,
-    vertices: { node: { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } },
-    // Lines fall on pixel centers: the left edge lies 1/16 degree past one.
-    camera: { projection: 'flat', center: [0.0625, 0.0625], scale: 8, fit: false },
-    markers: false,
-    lines: false,
-    grid: true,
-    gridColor: [1, 1, 1, 1],
-    gridMinSpacingPx: 32,
-    background: [0, 0, 0, 1],
-    msaa: 1,
-  });
-  try {
-    device.pushErrorScope('validation');
-    const lit = (bytes, i) => bytes[i] > 150 && bytes[i + 1] > 150 && bytes[i + 2] > 150;
-    // Flat, at 8 pixels a degree, lines want 4 degrees apart: every 5, 40 pixels.
-    let bytes = await pixels(gridView, { width: 512, height: 512 });
-    const columns = [];
-    for (let x = 0; x < 512; x++) {
-      let count = 0;
-      for (let y = 0; y < 512; y++) if (lit(bytes, (y * 512 + x) * 4)) count++;
-      if (count > 400) columns.push(x);
-    }
-    const starts = columns.filter((x, k) => k === 0 || x - columns[k - 1] > 1),
-      gaps = starts.slice(1).map((x, k) => x - starts[k]);
-    assert(
-      starts.length >= 11 && starts.length <= 14 && gaps.every((gap) => Math.abs(gap - 40) <= 1),
-      `The flat grid's lines did not fall every 40 pixels: ${starts.join(', ')}`,
-    );
-    const count = (bytes) => {
-      let n = 0;
-      for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 4) if (lit(bytes, i)) n++;
-      return n;
-    };
-    gridView.set({ camera: { projection: 'tilt', pitch: 60 } });
-    assert(count(await pixels(gridView, { width: 512, height: 512 })) > 2000, 'No tilted grid');
-    gridView.set({ camera: { projection: 'globe', pitch: 0, center: [0, 0], scale: 2.4 } });
-    bytes = await pixels(gridView, { width: 512, height: 512 });
-    let outside = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 4) {
-      const x = (i / 4) % 512,
-        y = Math.floor(i / 4 / 512);
-      if (Math.hypot(x - 256, y - 256) > (2.4 * 180) / Math.PI + 3 && lit(bytes, i)) outside++;
-    }
-    assert(count(bytes) > 1000 && outside === 0, 'The globe grid drew off the globe: ' + outside);
-    // Over a ground, the ground's grid alone draws: none until it asks for one.
-    gridView.set({ ground: gridGround });
-    assert(count(await pixels(gridView, { width: 512, height: 512 })) === 0, 'Grid over a ground');
-    gridGround.set({ grid: true });
-    assert(count(await pixels(gridView, { width: 512, height: 512 })) > 1000, 'No ground grid');
-    const error = await device.popErrorScope();
-    assert(!error, error?.message);
-    checks.push('Grid beneath the graph in every projection, and the ground grid over it');
-  } finally {
-    gridView.destroy();
-    gridGround.destroy();
-  }
-  const result = {
-    adapter: adapter.info
-      ? {
-          vendor: adapter.info.vendor,
-          architecture: adapter.info.architecture,
-          device: adapter.info.device,
-          description: adapter.info.description,
-        }
-      : null,
-    checks,
-    benchmarks: [await benchmark(10000), await benchmark(100000)],
-    interaction: await benchmarkHover(100000),
-    borders: await benchmarkBorders(100000),
-    movingBorders: await benchmarkBorders(100000, true),
-  };
-  assert(!errors.length, errors.join('\n'));
-  el('report').textContent = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
-  el('status').textContent = 'Checks passed - interactive';
-  return result;
-}
-el('size').addEventListener('change', () => show());
-el('flat').onclick = () => {
-  if (geographic && source instanceof GraphSource) show(Number(el('size').value), false);
-  else network.set({ camera: { projection: 'flat', pitch: 0, fit: true } });
-};
-el('tilt').onclick = () => network.set({ camera: { projection: 'tilt', pitch: 50, fit: false } });
-el('globe').onclick = () => {
-  if (source instanceof GraphSource) show(Number(el('size').value), true);
-  else network.set({ camera: { projection: 'globe', pitch: 0, fit: false } });
-};
-el('fit').onclick = () => network.fit(undefined, { animate: true });
-el('orbit').onclick = () => network.set({ camera: { orbit: !network.camera.orbit } });
-el('labels').onclick = () => {
-  labelled = !labelled;
-  network.set({
-    vertices: { node: { labels: labelled ? { field: 'name', size: 11, maxCount: 45 } : null } },
-  });
-};
-el('time').oninput = () => {
-  at = Number(el('time').value);
-  el('time-value').textContent = at + ' s';
-  network.set({ at });
-};
-el('benchmark').onclick = () => {
-  el('status').textContent = 'Benchmarking...';
-  void benchmark(Number(el('size').value)).then((result) => {
-    el('report').textContent = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
-    el('status').textContent = 'Benchmark complete';
-  }, fail);
-};
-for (const channel of ['color', 'x', 'y', 'z'])
-  el('channel-' + channel).addEventListener('change', updateChannels);
-el('poles').onchange = () => network.set({ poles: el('poles').checked });
-el('hover-mode').onchange = () => network.set({ hover: el('hover-mode').value });
-el('hover-budget').onchange = () => {
-  if (el('hover-budget').reportValidity())
-    network.set({ hoverBudgetMs: Number(el('hover-budget').value) });
-};
-el('hover-benchmark').onclick = () => {
-  el('status').textContent = 'Measuring hover in all projections...';
-  void benchmarkHover(Number(el('size').value)).then((result) => {
-    el('report').textContent = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
-    el('status').textContent = 'Hover benchmark complete';
-  }, fail);
-};
-
-async function loadBorders() {
-  if (borders) return borders;
-  const [points, offsets] = await Promise.all(
-    ['points', 'offsets'].map(async (name) => {
-      const response = await fetch('../../../geography/tests/assets/borders.' + name + '.bin');
-      if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Could not load native border fixture');
-      return response.arrayBuffer();
-    }),
-  );
-  const values = new Float32Array(points),
-    lists = new Int32Array(offsets);
-  borders = new TableSource({
-    border: {
-      points: {
-        kind: 'list',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: lists.length - 1,
-        offsets: lists,
-        values: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: values.length / 2,
-          size: 2,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  });
-  return borders;
-}
-async function showFeatures(reset = true) {
-  if (reset) {
-    el('borders').checked = true;
-    el('geodesic').checked = true;
-  }
-  recordingControls(false);
-  await loadBorders();
-  network?.destroy();
-  source = featureSource();
-  geographic = true;
-  network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    canvas: el('graph'),
-    at: 0,
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: {
-      node: { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 }, labels: { field: 'name' } },
-    },
-    edges: {
-      bend: { ends: ['from', 'to'], bends: 'points', labels: { field: 'name' } },
-      star: { labels: { field: 'name' } },
-      route: {
-        ends: ['from', 'to'],
-        route: el('geodesic').checked ? 'geodesic' : 'straight',
-        labels: { field: 'name' },
-      },
-    },
-    ground: ground(),
-    camera: { center: [-35, 5], scale: 4, projection: 'globe', pitch: 0 },
-    poles: el('poles').checked,
-    hover: el('hover-mode').value,
-    hoverBudgetMs: Number(el('hover-budget').value),
-    edgeColor: [0.95, 0.67, 0.25, 1],
-    edgeWidthPx: 2,
-  });
-  observe((item) =>
-    item ? item.kind + ' / ' + item.index.type + ' / row ' + item.row : 'Geometry features',
-  );
-  el('status').textContent =
-    'Bends, four-way junction, geodesic, borders beneath, and shared labels';
-}
-/**
- * Geodesics, and detailed borders beneath: the borders a geography draws in the network's pass,
- * as `main` drew them as network paths, measured the same way.
- */
-async function benchmarkBorders(count = 100000, moving = false) {
-  network?.set({ paused: true });
-  const borders = await loadBorders(),
-    fixture = new GraphSource(count, 4096, true),
-    results = [];
-  const target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 1200, height: 700, format: 'rgba8unorm' });
-  try {
-    for (const route of ['straight', 'geodesic'])
-      for (const detailed of [false, true]) {
-        const input = data(fixture, false);
-        input.edges.line.route = route;
-        if (moving) {
-          input.vertices.node = {
-            ...input.vertices.node,
-            x: 'x',
-            y: 'y',
-            z: { field: 'z', domain: [0, 1] },
-          };
-        }
-        const beneath = detailed
-          ? createGeography(gpu, {
-              source: borders.data,
-              lines: { border: { points: 'points', widthPx: 0.8 } },
-            })
-          : null;
-        const view = createNetwork(gpu, {
-          ...input,
-          ground: beneath,
-          camera: { center: [-65, 5], scale: 4, projection: 'globe', pitch: 15 },
-          hover: 'auto',
-          poles: false,
-          vertexRadiusPx: 1.4,
-          edgeWidthPx: 0.5,
-          msaa: 4,
-        });
-        const renderer = kit.rendererOf(view);
-        const draw = async (i) => {
-          view.set({ camera: { bearing: i * 0.3 } });
-          const start = performance.now();
-          await gpu.render({
-            timeMs: i * 16,
-            views: [{ renderer, target, at: moving ? i % 16 : 0 }],
-          });
-          const submit = performance.now() - start;
-          await gpu.idle();
-          return [submit, performance.now() - start];
-        };
-        try {
-          // The first frame waits for what loads beneath: the borders, prepared in a worker.
-          const started = performance.now();
-          await gpu.render({
-            timeMs: 0,
-            completion: 'complete',
-            views: [{ renderer, target, at: 0 }],
-          });
-          await gpu.idle();
-          const cold = [0, performance.now() - started];
-          for (let i = 0; i < (moving ? 32 : 24); i++) await draw(i);
-          const before = gpu.stats(),
-            queries = fixture.queries + borders.queries,
-            times = [];
-          for (let i = 0; i < 16; i++) times.push(await draw(i));
-          const sorted = times.map((t) => t[1]).sort((a, b) => a - b),
-            submit = times.map((t) => t[0]).sort((a, b) => a - b);
-          results.push({
-            route,
-            moving,
-            detailedBorders: detailed,
-            vertices: count,
-            coldMs: cold[1],
-            submitMedianMs: submit[8],
-            completeMedianMs: sorted[8],
-            completeP95Ms: sorted[15],
-            cameraQueries: fixture.queries + borders.queries - queries,
-            cameraUploadedBytes: gpu.stats().uploadedBytes - before.uploadedBytes,
-            stats: view.stats(),
-            ...(beneath ? { borders: beneath.stats() } : {}),
-          });
-        } finally {
-          view.destroy();
-          beneath?.destroy();
-          await gpu.idle();
-          gpu.trim();
-        }
-      }
-  } finally {
-    target.destroy();
-    network?.set({ paused: false });
-  }
-  return results;
-}
-el('geodesic').onchange = () => {
-  const route = el('geodesic').checked ? 'geodesic' : 'straight';
-  if (!geographic) show(Number(el('size').value), true);
-  else if (source instanceof GraphSource) network.set({ edges: { line: { route } } });
-  else network.set({ edges: { route: { route } } });
-};
-el('borders').onchange = () => {
-  void loadBorders().then(
-    () =>
-      source instanceof GraphSource ? show(Number(el('size').value), true) : showFeatures(false),
-    fail,
-  );
-};
-el('features').onclick = () => {
-  void showFeatures().catch(fail);
-};
-el('borders-benchmark').onclick = () => {
-  el('status').textContent = 'Measuring geodesics and detailed borders...';
-  void benchmarkBorders(Number(el('size').value)).then((result) => {
-    el('report').textContent = JSON.stringify(result, null, 2);
-    el('status').textContent = 'Border benchmark complete';
-  }, fail);
-};
-
-globalThis.networkCheck = checks().catch((error) => {
-  fail(error);
-  throw error;
-});
-globalThis.networkFixture = {
-  get network() {
-    return network;
-  },
-  get gpu() {
-    return gpu;
-  },
-  show,
-  benchmark,
-  benchmarkHover,
-  benchmarkBorders,
-  showFeatures,
-  get source() {
-    return source;
-  },
-};
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/browser/run.mjs b/packages/network/tests/browser/run.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index d4882096..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/browser/run.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-import { createServer } from 'node:http';
-import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
-import { readFile, writeFile, mkdtemp, mkdir, rm } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
-import path from 'node:path';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-
-const root = fileURLToPath(new URL('../../../../', import.meta.url));
-const executable =
-  process.env.LATKIT_BROWSER ??
-  [
-    'C:/Program Files/Google/Chrome/Application/chrome.exe',
-    'C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft/Edge/Application/msedge.exe',
-    '/usr/bin/chromium',
-    '/usr/bin/google-chrome',
-    '/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome',
-  ].find(existsSync);
-if (!executable) throw new Error('Set LATKIT_BROWSER to a Chromium executable');
-const headed = process.argv.includes('--headed'),
-  keepOpen = process.argv.includes('--keep-open');
-if (keepOpen && !headed) throw new Error('--keep-open requires --headed');
-const profile = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'latkit-network-'));
-const server = createServer(async (request, response) => {
-  try {
-    const requested = decodeURIComponent(new URL(request.url, 'http://localhost').pathname);
-    const filename = path.resolve(root, '.' + requested);
-    if (!filename.startsWith(path.resolve(root) + path.sep)) throw new Error('Outside repository');
-    response.setHeader(
-      'content-type',
-      filename.endsWith('.html') ? 'text/html' : 'text/javascript',
-    );
-    response.end(await readFile(filename));
-  } catch {
-    response.statusCode = 404;
-    response.end('not found');
-  }
-});
-await new Promise((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
-const port = server.address().port;
-const child = spawn(
-  executable,
-  [
-    ...(headed ? ['--new-window', '--window-size=1440,1100'] : ['--headless=new']),
-    '--no-first-run',
-    '--no-default-browser-check',
-    '--enable-unsafe-webgpu',
-    '--enable-unsafe-swiftshader',
-    '--remote-debugging-port=0',
-    '--user-data-dir=' + profile,
-    'about:blank',
-  ],
-  { stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'pipe'], windowsHide: !headed },
-);
-let stderr = '';
-child.stderr.on('data', (chunk) => {
-  stderr = (stderr + chunk).slice(-16000);
-});
-let socket;
-const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
-try {
-  let debugging;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    try {
-      debugging = (await readFile(path.join(profile, 'DevToolsActivePort'), 'utf8')).split('\n')[0];
-      break;
-    } catch {
-      await sleep(50);
-    }
-  }
-  if (!debugging) throw new Error('Browser did not start: ' + stderr);
-  const tabs = await (await fetch('http://127.0.0.1:' + debugging + '/json/list')).json();
-  socket = new WebSocket(tabs.find((tab) => tab.type === 'page').webSocketDebuggerUrl);
-  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    socket.addEventListener('open', resolve, { once: true });
-    socket.addEventListener('error', reject, { once: true });
-  });
-  let next = 0;
-  const calls = new Map();
-  socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
-    const message = JSON.parse(event.data);
-    const pending = calls.get(message.id);
-    if (pending) {
-      calls.delete(message.id);
-      message.error ? pending.reject(message.error) : pending.resolve(message.result);
-    }
-  });
-  const call = (method, params = {}) =>
-    new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      const id = ++next;
-      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
-        calls.delete(id);
-        reject(new Error('CDP timeout: ' + method));
-      }, 180000);
-      calls.set(id, {
-        resolve: (result) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          resolve(result);
-        },
-        reject: (error) => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout);
-          reject(error);
-        },
-      });
-      socket.send(JSON.stringify({ id, method, params }));
-    });
-  await call('Page.enable');
-  await call('Runtime.enable');
-  await call('Page.navigate', {
-    url: 'http://127.0.0.1:' + port + '/packages/network/tests/browser/check.html',
-  });
-  let ready = false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
-    const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-      expression: 'typeof globalThis.networkCheck !== "undefined"',
-      returnByValue: true,
-    });
-    if (result.result.value) {
-      ready = true;
-      break;
-    }
-    await sleep(50);
-  }
-  if (!ready) throw new Error('Browser fixture did not load');
-  const result = await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-    expression: 'globalThis.networkCheck',
-    awaitPromise: true,
-    returnByValue: true,
-  });
-  if (result.exceptionDetails)
-    throw new Error(
-      result.exceptionDetails.exception?.description ?? JSON.stringify(result.exceptionDetails),
-    );
-  await mkdir(path.join(root, 'output'), { recursive: true });
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'output/network-browser.json'),
-    JSON.stringify(result.result.value, null, 2) + '\n',
-  );
-  console.log(JSON.stringify(result.result.value, null, 2));
-  await mkdir(path.join(root, 'output/playwright'), { recursive: true });
-  await call('Runtime.evaluate', {
-    expression: 'globalThis.networkFixture.showFeatures()',
-    awaitPromise: true,
-  });
-  await sleep(500);
-  const screenshot = await call('Page.captureScreenshot', {
-    format: 'png',
-    captureBeyondViewport: true,
-  });
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'output/playwright/network-foundation.png'),
-    Buffer.from(screenshot.data, 'base64'),
-  );
-  if (keepOpen) {
-    console.log(
-      'Visible network fixture: http://127.0.0.1:' +
-        port +
-        '/packages/network/tests/browser/check.html',
-    );
-    console.log('Browser debugging port: ' + debugging);
-    await new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve));
-  }
-} finally {
-  socket?.close();
-  child.kill();
-  await Promise.race([new Promise((resolve) => child.once('exit', resolve)), sleep(2000)]);
-  await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
-  if (
-    path.dirname(path.resolve(profile)) === path.resolve(tmpdir()) &&
-    path.basename(profile).startsWith('latkit-network-')
-  )
-    await rm(profile, { recursive: true, force: true, maxRetries: 10, retryDelay: 100 });
-  else console.error('Refusing to remove unexpected browser profile path');
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/domains.test.ts b/packages/network/tests/domains.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 444a941a..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/domains.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.js';
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, type Gpu, type kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-async function draw(gpu: Gpu, prepare: (frame: kit.Preparation) => Promise<void>): Promise<void> {
-  const texture = gpu.device.createTexture({
-    size: [16, 16],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        renderer: { ...snapshotRenderer(prepare, () => {}) },
-        target: {
-          device: gpu.device,
-          width: 16,
-          height: 16,
-          format: 'rgba8unorm',
-          texture: () => texture,
-        },
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  await gpu.idle();
-  texture.destroy();
-}
-import { TableSource, vectors } from './table-fixture.js';
-import { readGeometry, DEFAULT_LIMITS, type VertexBank } from '../src/geometry/topology.js';
-import { readFields, resolveDomains, type FieldRead } from '../src/rendering/fields.js';
-it('uses the whole selected type for automatic domains across native blocks and draw banks', async () => {
-  const count = 20000,
-    source = new TableSource(
-      {
-        node: {
-          position: vectors(Array.from({ length: count * 2 }, (_, i) => i)),
-          weight: {
-            kind: 'numeric',
-            offset: 0,
-            length: count,
-            values: Float32Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => i),
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      311,
-    );
-  const options = {
-    x: 'position',
-    y: { field: 'position', component: 1 },
-    radiusPx: { field: 'weight', range: [8, 2] as const },
-  };
-  const data = { source: source.data, vertices: { node: options } };
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fakeDevice().device });
-  await draw(gpu, async (frame) => {
-    const geometry = await readGeometry(data, frame.reader, DEFAULT_LIMITS),
-      reads = new Map<VertexBank, FieldRead>();
-    expect(geometry.vertices).toHaveLength(2);
-    for (const bank of geometry.vertices)
-      reads.set(bank, await readFields(frame, source.data, bank, options));
-    await resolveDomains(frame, source.data, reads, () => options);
-    for (const read of reads.values()) expect(read.scales.radiusPx?.domain).toEqual([0, count - 1]);
-  });
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/ends.test.ts b/packages/network/tests/ends.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 781758c5..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/ends.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as snapshotRenderer } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.js';
-import { createData } from '@latkit/model';
-import { afterEach, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, type Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import type { Column, Index, Query, Data, Schema, Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createNetwork } from '../src/index.js';
-import type { NetworkData } from '../src/data.js';
-import { readGeometry, DEFAULT_LIMITS, type Geometry } from '../src/geometry/topology.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-
-const lonlat = { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } as const;
-/** Both lanes of a position field. */
-const lonlat2 = { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } as const;
-const bus = { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Bus' }, nullable: true } as const;
-
-/** Buses placed by longitude/latitude, branches wired to two of them, and loads wired to one. */
-class GridSource {
-  readonly positions = Float64Array.of(-100, 40, -99, 40, -98, 41, -97, 42);
-  /** Each branch's buses; -1 leaves an end unwired. */
-  readonly branches: readonly (readonly [number, number])[] = [
-    [0, 1],
-    [1, 2],
-    [2, 3],
-    [3, -1],
-  ];
-  /** Each load's bus and position. */
-  readonly loads: readonly number[] = [0, 0, 2, 2, 2];
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  constructor(system: 'geographic' | 'cartesian' = 'geographic') {
-    this.schema = {
-      types: {
-        Bus: { fields: { position: { type: lonlat, geographic: system === 'geographic' } } },
-        Branch: { fields: { bus1: bus, bus2: bus, rating: { type: 'float64' } } },
-        Load: { fields: { bus, position: { type: lonlat, geographic: true } } },
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  index(type: string): Index {
-    return { source: 'grid', type, version: 'v1' };
-  }
-  private cached?: Data;
-  get data(): Data {
-    if (this.cached) return this.cached;
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [];
-    for (const [from, type] of Object.entries(this.schema.types))
-      for (const block of this.blocks({ kind: 'rows', from, select: Object.keys(type.fields) }))
-        if (block.kind === 'rows')
-          batches.push({
-            kind: 'rows',
-            index: block.index,
-            rows: block.rows,
-            columns: block.columns,
-          });
-    return (this.cached = createData(this.schema, batches));
-  }
-  private *blocks(query: Query, options?: Query.Options): Generator<Block> {
-    options?.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    if (query.kind !== 'rows') throw new Error('Fixture query not implemented: ' + query.kind);
-    const count =
-      query.from === 'Bus' ? 4 : query.from === 'Branch' ? this.branches.length : this.loads.length;
-    const column = (field: string): Column => {
-      if (field === 'position') {
-        const values =
-          query.from === 'Bus'
-            ? this.positions
-            : Float64Array.from(this.loads.flatMap((b, i) => [-100 + b + i * 0.1, 39.5]));
-        return {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          size: 2,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: count,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: count * 2, values },
-        };
-      }
-      const rows =
-        field === 'bus' ? this.loads : this.branches.map((ends) => ends[field === 'bus1' ? 0 : 1]);
-      const validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(count / 8));
-      rows.forEach((row, i) => {
-        if (row >= 0) validity[i >>> 3] |= 1 << (i & 7);
-      });
-      return {
-        kind: 'reference',
-        index: this.index('Bus'),
-        offset: 0,
-        length: count,
-        values: Uint32Array.from(rows, (row) => Math.max(0, row)),
-        validity,
-      };
-    };
-    yield {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index: this.index(query.from),
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count },
-      rowOffset: 0,
-      columns: Object.fromEntries(query.select.map((field) => [field, column(field)])),
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-function device() {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  fake.device.createShaderModule = vi.fn(
-    () =>
-      ({
-        getCompilationInfo: () => Promise.resolve({ messages: [] }),
-      }) as unknown as GPUShaderModule,
-  );
-  fake.device.createPipelineLayout = vi.fn(() => ({}) as GPUPipelineLayout);
-  return fake;
-}
-async function geometryOf(gpu: Gpu, data: NetworkData): Promise<Geometry> {
-  const surface = gpu.device.createTexture({
-    size: [64, 64],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  let geometry!: Geometry;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        target: {
-          device: gpu.device,
-          width: 64,
-          height: 64,
-          format: 'rgba8unorm',
-          texture: () => surface,
-        },
-        renderer: {
-          ...snapshotRenderer(
-            async (frame) => {
-              geometry = await readGeometry(data, frame.reader, DEFAULT_LIMITS);
-            },
-            () => {},
-          ),
-        },
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  return geometry;
-}
-const branches = (source: GridSource): NetworkData => ({
-  source: source.data,
-  vertices: { Bus: { x: 'position', y: { field: 'position', component: 1 } } },
-  edges: { Branch: { ends: ['bus1', 'bus2'] } },
-});
-
-afterEach(() => vi.restoreAllMocks());
-
-it('draws each row between the vertices its two references name', async () => {
-  const source = new GridSource();
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const geometry = await geometryOf(gpu, branches(source));
-  // Buses are placed by their position field, which the schema marks geographic.
-  expect(geometry.geographic).toBe(true);
-  expect(geometry.vertices.map(({ type, count }) => [type, count])).toEqual([['Bus', 4]]);
-  // Every branch is an edge; the one with an end unwired has no segment.
-  expect(geometry.edges.map(({ type, count }) => [type, count])).toEqual([['Branch', 4]]);
-  expect(geometry.segmentCount).toBe(3);
-  const vertex = {
-    kind: 'vertex' as const,
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('Bus'),
-    row: 1,
-  };
-  const around = geometry.adjacency.neighborhood(vertex, branches(source));
-  expect(
-    around
-      .filter((item) => item.kind === 'vertex')
-      .map((item) => item.row)
-      .sort(),
-  ).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
-  expect(
-    around
-      .filter((item) => item.kind === 'edge')
-      .map((item) => item.row)
-      .sort(),
-  ).toEqual([0, 1]);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('draws a net between the vertices whose references name it', async () => {
-  const source = new GridSource();
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const data: NetworkData = { source: source.data, vertices: { Load: {} }, edges: { Bus: {} } };
-  const geometry = await geometryOf(gpu, data);
-  const [bank] = geometry.edges;
-  // Bus 0 joins two loads, bus 2 three, and buses 1 and 3 none.
-  expect([...bank.incidence.offsets]).toEqual([0, 2, 2, 5, 5]);
-  expect([...bank.incidence.vertices]).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
-  expect(bank.stars).toBe(true);
-  expect(geometry.segmentCount).toBe(1);
-  const net = { kind: 'edge' as const, source: source.data, index: source.index('Bus'), row: 2 };
-  expect(
-    geometry.adjacency
-      .neighborhood(net, data)
-      .filter((item) => item.kind === 'vertex')
-      .map((item) => item.row),
-  ).toEqual([2, 3, 4]);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('refuses ends that are not two distinct references to vertex types', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const source = new GridSource();
-  for (const ends of [['bus1', 'bus1'], ['bus1']] as unknown as (readonly [string, string])[])
-    expect(() => createNetwork(gpu, { ...branches(source), edges: { Branch: { ends } } })).toThrow(
-      'Edge ends must be two distinct fields',
-    );
-  expect(() =>
-    createNetwork(gpu, {
-      ...branches(source),
-      edges: { Branch: { ends: ['bus1', 'bus2'], x: 'x' } },
-    }),
-  ).toThrow('A star center belongs to a net');
-  expect(() =>
-    createNetwork(gpu, { ...branches(source), edges: { Bus: { bends: 'route' } } }),
-  ).toThrow('Bends require ends');
-  await expect(
-    geometryOf(gpu, { ...branches(source), edges: { Branch: { ends: ['bus1', 'rating'] } } }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('must reference a vertex type');
-  await expect(
-    geometryOf(gpu, {
-      ...branches(source),
-      edges: { Branch: { ends: ['bus1', 'bus2'] } },
-      vertices: { Load: {} },
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('must reference a vertex type');
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('reads whether positions are geographic from their fields, which must agree', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const planar = new GridSource('cartesian');
-  expect((await geometryOf(gpu, branches(planar))).geographic).toBe(false);
-  await expect(
-    geometryOf(gpu, {
-      ...branches(planar),
-      vertices: { Bus: lonlat2, Load: lonlat2 },
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('mix geographic and plane coordinates');
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/fixture.test.ts b/packages/network/tests/fixture.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d7799d1a..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/fixture.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import { rowAt, rowCount } from '@latkit/model';
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import type { Column, Block } from '@latkit/model';
-import { GraphSource } from './fixture.js';
-
-it('publishes stable native recording axes with double-precision positions', async () => {
-  const source = new GraphSource(25, 3);
-  const read = async (at: number) => {
-    const blocks: Block.Rows[] = [];
-    for await (const block of source.query({
-      kind: 'rows',
-      from: 'node',
-      select: ['baseX', 'baseY', 'x', 'y', 'z'],
-      at,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', index: source.index('node'), offset: 8, count: 5 },
-    }))
-      if (block.kind === 'rows') blocks.push(block);
-    return blocks;
-  };
-  const a = await read(0),
-    b = await read(5),
-    repeated = await read(0);
-  const values = (block: Block.Rows, field: string) =>
-    (block.columns[field] as Column.Numeric).values;
-  expect(
-    a.flatMap((block) =>
-      Array.from({ length: rowCount(block.rows) }, (_, i) => rowAt(block.rows, i)),
-    ),
-  ).toEqual([8, 9, 10, 11, 12]);
-  expect(values(a[0], 'baseX')[0]).toBe(source.positions[16]);
-  expect(values(a[0], 'baseY')[0]).toBe(source.positions[17]);
-  for (const axis of ['x', 'y']) {
-    expect(values(a[0], axis)).toBeInstanceOf(Float64Array);
-    expect(values(a[0], axis).buffer).toBe(values(repeated[0], axis).buffer);
-    expect(values(a[0], axis)[0]).not.toBe(values(b[0], axis)[0]);
-    expect(Math.abs(Number(values(a[0], axis)[0]) - 1e9)).toBeLessThan(50);
-  }
-  expect(values(a[0], 'z')[0]).toBe(source.observations[0][8]);
-  expect(values(b[0], 'z')[0]).toBe(source.observations[5][8]);
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/fixture.ts b/packages/network/tests/fixture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index aad09937..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/fixture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,230 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  createData,
-  read,
-  type Data,
-  validateQuery,
-  type Query,
-  type Block,
-  type Index,
-} from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Schema, Column } from '@latkit/model';
-export class GraphSource {
-  readonly document: string;
-  queries = 0;
-  /** Reads of the lines' ends: topology, which moving positions never re-reads. */
-  endsQueries = 0;
-  private readonly coordinates = new Map<string, Float64Array>();
-  readonly positions: Float64Array;
-  readonly from: Uint32Array;
-  readonly to: Uint32Array;
-  readonly weights: Float32Array;
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  readonly observations: readonly Float32Array[];
-  constructor(
-    readonly count = 1000,
-    readonly blockRows = 4096,
-    readonly geographic = false,
-  ) {
-    this.document = 'fixture-' + count + '-' + geographic;
-    this.positions = new Float64Array(count * 2);
-    this.weights = new Float32Array(count);
-    const width = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(count)),
-      offset = geographic ? 0 : 1e9;
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const x = i % width,
-        y = Math.floor(i / width);
-      this.positions[i * 2] = geographic
-        ? -110 + (x / Math.max(1, width - 1)) * 90
-        : offset + x * 10;
-      this.positions[i * 2 + 1] = geographic
-        ? -35 + (y / Math.max(1, width - 1)) * 85
-        : offset + y * 10;
-      this.weights[i] = (Math.sin(i * 0.73) + 1) / 2;
-    }
-    const pairs: number[] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      if (i % width < width - 1 && i + 1 < count) pairs.push(i, i + 1);
-      if (i + width < count) pairs.push(i, i + width);
-    }
-    this.from = new Uint32Array(pairs.length / 2);
-    this.to = new Uint32Array(pairs.length / 2);
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.from.length; i++) {
-      this.from[i] = pairs[i * 2];
-      this.to[i] = pairs[i * 2 + 1];
-    }
-    this.observations = Array.from({ length: 16 }, (_, f) =>
-      Float32Array.from(
-        { length: Math.max(count, this.from.length) },
-        (_, i) => (Math.sin(i * 0.13 + f * 0.4) + 1) / 2,
-      ),
-    );
-    this.schema = {
-      axis: { name: 'time', unit: 's' },
-      types: {
-        node: {
-          fields: {
-            location: {
-              type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 },
-              geographic,
-            },
-            weight: { type: 'float32' },
-            name: { type: 'text' },
-            signal: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-            baseX: { type: 'float64', geographic },
-            baseY: { type: 'float64', geographic },
-            x: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, geographic },
-            y: { type: 'float64', sampled: true, geographic },
-            z: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-          },
-        },
-        line: {
-          fields: {
-            signal: { type: 'float32', sampled: true },
-            from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'node' } },
-            to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'node' } },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    };
-  }
-  private scalar(field: string, frame: number): Float32Array | Float64Array {
-    if (field === 'weight') return this.weights;
-    if (field === 'signal' || field === 'z') return this.observations[frame];
-    if (!['baseX', 'baseY', 'x', 'y'].includes(field))
-      throw new Error('Unknown fixture field: ' + field);
-    const sampled = field === 'x' || field === 'y';
-    const key = sampled ? field + ':' + frame : field;
-    let values = this.coordinates.get(key);
-    if (!values) {
-      const axis = field === 'y' || field === 'baseY' ? 1 : 0;
-      const width = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(this.count));
-      const amplitude = this.geographic ? 4 : Math.max(1, width - 1) * 0.4;
-      values = Float64Array.from({ length: this.count }, (_, row) => {
-        const phase = (row % width) * 0.11 + Math.floor(row / width) * 0.17 + frame * 0.4;
-        const wave = axis ? Math.cos(phase) : Math.sin(phase);
-        return this.positions[row * 2 + axis] + (sampled ? amplitude * wave : 0);
-      });
-      this.coordinates.set(key, values);
-    }
-    return values;
-  }
-  index(type: string) {
-    return { source: this.document, type, version: type + '-rows-1' };
-  }
-  private cached?: Data;
-  get data(): Data {
-    if (this.cached) return this.cached;
-    const batches: Data.Batch[] = [];
-    for (const [from, type] of Object.entries(this.schema.types)) {
-      const staticFields = Object.keys(type.fields).filter((name) => !type.fields[name].sampled);
-      const sampled = Object.keys(type.fields).filter((name) => type.fields[name].sampled);
-      for (const block of this.blocks({ kind: 'rows', from, select: staticFields }))
-        if (block.kind === 'rows')
-          batches.push({
-            kind: 'rows',
-            index: block.index,
-            rows: block.rows,
-            columns: block.columns,
-          });
-      for (let at = 0; at < 16; at++)
-        for (const block of this.blocks({ kind: 'rows', from, select: sampled, at }))
-          if (block.kind === 'rows')
-            batches.push({
-              kind: 'samples',
-              index: block.index,
-              rows: block.rows,
-              firstFrame: at,
-              coordinates: Float64Array.of(at),
-              columns: Object.fromEntries(
-                Object.entries(block.columns).map(([name, column]) => [
-                  name,
-                  { ...column, rowStride: 1, frameStride: column.length },
-                ]),
-              ) as import('@latkit/model').Data.SampleBatch['columns'],
-            });
-    }
-    return (this.cached = createData(this.schema, batches));
-  }
-  query<Q extends Query>(query: Q, options?: Query.Options) {
-    return read(this.data, query, options);
-  }
-  private *blocks(query: Query, options?: Query.Options): Generator<Block> {
-    const issues = validateQuery(this.schema, query);
-    if (issues.length) throw new Error(JSON.stringify(issues));
-    this.queries++;
-    if (query.kind === 'rows' && query.select.includes('from')) this.endsQueries++;
-    options?.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    const total = query.from === 'node' ? this.count : this.from.length;
-    const selection = 'rows' in query ? query.rows : undefined;
-    if (selection?.kind === 'ids') throw new Error('Fixture does not resolve string ids');
-    const selected = selection?.kind === 'indices' ? selection.values : undefined;
-    const offset = selection?.kind === 'range' ? selection.offset : 0;
-    const count = selected?.length ?? (selection?.kind === 'range' ? selection.count : total);
-    const index = this.index(query.from);
-    const sampled = query.kind === 'rows' ? (query.at ?? 0) : 0,
-      frame = Math.max(0, Math.min(15, Math.floor(sampled)));
-    for (let first = 0; first < count; first += this.blockRows) {
-      const length = Math.min(this.blockRows, count - first);
-      const rows: Index.Rows = selected
-        ? { kind: 'indices', values: selected.subarray(first, first + length) }
-        : { kind: 'range', offset: offset + first, count: length };
-      const row = (i: number) => (rows.kind === 'range' ? rows.offset + i : rows.values[i]);
-      const base = {
-        kind: query.kind,
-        index,
-        rows,
-      };
-      if (query.kind === 'rows') {
-        const columns: Record<string, Column> = {};
-        for (const field of query.select) {
-          if (field === 'from' || field === 'to') {
-            const ends = field === 'from' ? this.from : this.to;
-            columns[field] = {
-              kind: 'reference',
-              index: this.index('node'),
-              offset: 0,
-              length,
-              values: selected
-                ? Uint32Array.from({ length }, (_, i) => ends[row(i)])
-                : ends.subarray(row(0), row(0) + length),
-            };
-          } else if (field === 'location') {
-            const values = selected
-              ? Float64Array.from(
-                  { length: length * 2 },
-                  (_, i) => this.positions[row(i >>> 1) * 2 + (i & 1)],
-                )
-              : this.positions.subarray(row(0) * 2, (row(0) + length) * 2);
-            columns[field] = {
-              kind: 'vector',
-              size: 2,
-              offset: 0,
-              length,
-              values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-            };
-          } else if (field === 'name') {
-            const encoded = Array.from({ length }, (_, i) =>
-                new TextEncoder().encode('Node ' + row(i)),
-              ),
-              offsets = new Int32Array(length + 1);
-            for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) offsets[i + 1] = offsets[i] + encoded[i].length;
-            const bytes = new Uint8Array(offsets[length]);
-            for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) bytes.set(encoded[i], offsets[i]);
-            columns[field] = { kind: 'text', offset: 0, length, bytes, offsets };
-          } else {
-            const values = this.scalar(field, frame);
-            columns[field] = {
-              kind: 'numeric',
-              offset: 0,
-              length,
-              values: selected
-                ? Float32Array.from({ length }, (_, i) => values[row(i)])
-                : values.subarray(row(0), row(0) + length),
-            };
-          }
-        }
-        yield { ...base, kind: 'rows', rowOffset: first, columns };
-      } else throw new Error('Fixture query not implemented: ' + query.kind);
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/motion.test.ts b/packages/network/tests/motion.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a4ee5295..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/motion.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,584 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, gauge, icon, kit, shape, type Marker } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createData, type Column, type Data, type Schema, type FieldInput } from '@latkit/model';
-import { createNetwork, type Network } from '../src/index.js';
-import { readGeometry, DEFAULT_LIMITS, type EdgeBank } from '../src/geometry/topology.js';
-import { LINE, bankChannels, channels } from '../src/rendering/fields.js';
-import type { PickGeometry } from '../src/picking.js';
-import { GraphSource } from './fixture.js';
-import { fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-import { renderer as testRenderer } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.js';
-
-type Fake = ReturnType<typeof fakeDevice>;
-interface FakeBuffer {
-  readonly size: number;
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array;
-  readonly destroyed: boolean;
-}
-/** A device whose passes record nothing, and whose copies and clears are listed. */
-function device(): Fake & {
-  copies: { from: FakeBuffer; to: FakeBuffer }[];
-  clears: FakeBuffer[];
-} {
-  const fake = fakeDevice(),
-    copies: { from: FakeBuffer; to: FakeBuffer }[] = [],
-    clears: FakeBuffer[] = [];
-  fake.device.createPipelineLayout = vi.fn(() => ({}) as GPUPipelineLayout);
-  const original = fake.device.createCommandEncoder.bind(fake.device);
-  fake.device.createCommandEncoder = vi.fn(() => {
-    const encoder = original(),
-      copy = encoder.copyBufferToBuffer.bind(encoder) as (...args: unknown[]) => void;
-    const pass = {
-      setPipeline: vi.fn(),
-      setBindGroup: vi.fn(),
-      dispatchWorkgroups: vi.fn(),
-      draw: vi.fn(),
-      drawIndirect: vi.fn(),
-      end: vi.fn(),
-    };
-    encoder.clearBuffer = vi.fn(
-      (buffer: GPUBuffer) => void clears.push(buffer as unknown as FakeBuffer),
-    );
-    encoder.beginComputePass = vi.fn(() => pass as unknown as GPUComputePassEncoder);
-    encoder.beginRenderPass = vi.fn(() => pass as unknown as GPURenderPassEncoder);
-    encoder.copyBufferToBuffer = ((...args: unknown[]) => {
-      copies.push({ from: args[0] as FakeBuffer, to: args[2] as FakeBuffer });
-      copy(...args);
-    }) as GPUCommandEncoder['copyBufferToBuffer'];
-    return encoder;
-  });
-  return Object.assign(fake, { copies, clears });
-}
-/** The buffers made with a label. */
-function made(fake: Fake, label: string): FakeBuffer[] {
-  const calls = fake.native.createBuffer.mock;
-  return calls.results
-    .filter((_, i) => calls.calls[i][0].label === label)
-    .map((result) => result.value as FakeBuffer);
-}
-/** A buffer's label, as it was made. */
-function labelOf(fake: Fake, buffer: unknown): string | undefined {
-  const made = fake.native.createBuffer.mock;
-  const at = made.results.findIndex((result) => result.value === buffer);
-  return at < 0 ? undefined : made.calls[at][0].label;
-}
-type Group = {
-  readonly layout: { descriptor?: GPUBindGroupLayoutDescriptor };
-  readonly entries: GPUBindGroupEntry[];
-};
-/** The latest of `values` that `test` takes. */
-function last<T>(values: readonly T[], test: (value: T) => boolean): T | undefined {
-  for (let i = values.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (test(values[i])) return values[i];
-  return undefined;
-}
-const groups = (fake: Fake) =>
-  fake.native.createBindGroup.mock.calls.map(([descriptor]) => descriptor as unknown as Group);
-/** The network's uniforms as its latest frame wrote them, by word. */
-function uniforms(fake: Fake): { readonly f: Float32Array; readonly u: Uint32Array } {
-  // Every draw binds the uniforms first, to its vertex and fragment stages.
-  const draw = last(groups(fake), (group) => {
-    const first = group.layout.descriptor?.entries ? [...group.layout.descriptor.entries][0] : null;
-    return first?.binding === 0 && first.visibility === 3 && first.buffer?.type === 'uniform';
-  })!;
-  const { buffer, offset = 0 } = draw.entries[0].resource as GPUBufferBinding,
-    bytes = (buffer as unknown as FakeBuffer).bytes.slice(offset, offset + 272);
-  return { f: new Float32Array(bytes.buffer), u: new Uint32Array(bytes.buffer) };
-}
-/** Words of `Uniforms`, as the painter writes them. */
-const SHIFT = 52,
-  EASE = 54,
-  DT = 55,
-  GROWN = 62,
-  GROWTH = 64;
-const NONE = 0xffffffff;
-function target(gpu: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof createGpu>>) {
-  const texture = gpu.device.createTexture({
-    size: [400, 300],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  return {
-    device: gpu.device,
-    width: 400,
-    height: 300,
-    format: 'rgba8unorm' as const,
-    texture: () => texture,
-  };
-}
-async function view(
-  fake: Fake,
-  config: (source: GraphSource) => Partial<Network.Config> = () => ({}),
-  geographic = false,
-) {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    source = new GraphSource(25, 8, geographic),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      source: source.data,
-      vertices: { node: { x: 'location', y: { field: 'location', component: 1 } } },
-      edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-      motion: 'full',
-      animationMs: 300,
-      ...config(source),
-    } as Network.Config),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const render = (timeMs: number, presented = true) =>
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0, presented }],
-    });
-  return { gpu, source, network, render };
-}
-const animating = (network: Network) => (network as unknown as { animating: boolean }).animating;
-/** Drive the pointer as input does. */
-const pointer = (network: Network, point: readonly [number, number] | null) =>
-  (network as unknown as { pointer(point: readonly [number, number] | null): void }).pointer(point);
-afterEach(() => vi.restoreAllMocks());
-beforeEach(() => void fakeDevice());
-
-it('eases an animated change from what was drawn, on the GPU, for as long as the style says', async () => {
-  const fake = device(),
-    { gpu, network, render } = await view(fake);
-  await render(0);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBe(0);
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { radiusPx: 7 } } }, { animate: true });
-  fake.copies.length = 0;
-  await render(100);
-  // Each bank that drew is copied as the transition begins: the vertices, then the lines.
-  expect(fake.copies.map(({ to }) => labelOf(fake, to))).toEqual([
-    'network transition start',
-    'network transition start',
-  ]);
-  expect(fake.copies.every(({ from, to }) => from.size === to.size)).toBe(true);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBe(1);
-  const previous = (group: Group) =>
-    labelOf(
-      fake,
-      (group.entries.find((entry) => entry.binding === 3)?.resource as GPUBufferBinding).buffer,
-    );
-  const computeGroups = () =>
-    groups(fake).filter((group) => group.entries.length === 4 && group.entries[3].binding === 3);
-  expect(computeGroups().slice(-2).map(previous)).toEqual([
-    'network transition start',
-    'network transition start',
-  ]);
-  await render(250);
-  expect(fake.copies).toHaveLength(2);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBeCloseTo(0.125);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(true);
-  // An export draws every value where it is going.
-  await render(260, false);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBe(0);
-  await render(400);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBe(0);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(false);
-  // At rest a bank eases from nothing, and what the transition eased from is let go.
-  expect(computeGroups().slice(-2).map(previous)).toEqual([
-    'network empty binding',
-    'network empty binding',
-  ]);
-  expect(made(fake, 'network transition start').every((buffer) => buffer.destroyed)).toBe(true);
-  // Without `animate`, a change steps.
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { radiusPx: 5 } } });
-  await render(500);
-  expect(fake.copies).toHaveLength(2);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBe(0);
-  // Reduced motion steps too.
-  network.set({ motion: 'reduce' });
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { radiusPx: 6 } } }, { animate: true });
-  await render(600);
-  expect(fake.copies).toHaveLength(2);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('eases rows new to the drawing in from nothing, and steps when the budget cannot hold the start', async () => {
-  const fake = device(),
-    { gpu, network, render } = await view(fake);
-  await render(0);
-  // A marker that reads inputs makes the vertices' records anew: they ease in, as the lines ease on.
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { marker: gauge({ fill: 'signal' }) } } }, { animate: true });
-  await render(100);
-  expect(fake.copies.map(({ to }) => labelOf(fake, to))).toEqual(['network transition start']);
-  expect(fake.clears.map((buffer) => labelOf(fake, buffer))).toEqual(['network transition start']);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBe(1);
-  await render(500);
-  // A start the GPU budget has no room for steps: nothing is copied and nothing eases.
-  const stats = gpu.stats.bind(gpu);
-  vi.spyOn(gpu, 'stats').mockImplementation(() => ({
-    ...stats(),
-    gpuBytes: gpu.budget.gpuBytes,
-  }));
-  fake.copies.length = 0;
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { radiusPx: 9 } } }, { animate: true });
-  await render(600);
-  expect(fake.copies).toHaveLength(0);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[EASE]).toBe(0);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(false);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('eases around the globe the short way', async () => {
-  const fake = device(),
-    { gpu, source, network, render } = await view(
-      fake,
-      () => ({
-        camera: { projection: 'globe', center: [180, 0], scale: 200, fit: false },
-      }),
-      true,
-    );
-  void source;
-  await render(0);
-  network.set({ camera: { center: [-179, 0] } });
-  await render(10);
-  // The camera crosses the seam at once while the vertices ease from where they drew.
-  network.set({ camera: { center: [179, 0] } });
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { radiusPx: 6 } } }, { animate: true });
-  await render(20);
-  // The shift the snapshot eases across is two degrees, not three hundred and fifty-eight.
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[SHIFT]).toBeCloseTo(2, 3);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('moves flow by the time between presented frames, and holds it still under reduced motion', async () => {
-  const fake = device(),
-    { gpu, network, render } = await view(fake, () => ({
-      edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'], flowPx: 20 } },
-    }));
-  await render(1000);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[DT]).toBe(0);
-  await render(1050);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[DT]).toBeCloseTo(0.05);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(true);
-  // An export moves nothing; a stall moves a tenth of a second at most.
-  await render(1060, false);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[DT]).toBe(0);
-  await render(3000);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[DT]).toBeCloseTo(0.1);
-  network.set({ motion: 'reduce' });
-  await render(3050);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[DT]).toBe(0);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(false);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('grows the hovered vertex, eased, and lets it go the same way', async () => {
-  const fake = device(),
-    { gpu, source, network, render } = await view(fake, () => ({ hover: 'on' }));
-  await render(0);
-  const point = network.locate({
-    kind: 'vertex',
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    row: 12,
-  })!;
-  pointer(network, point);
-  await render(10);
-  expect([...uniforms(fake).u.subarray(GROWN, GROWN + 2)]).toEqual([12, NONE]);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[GROWTH]).toBe(0);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(true);
-  await render(90);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[GROWTH]).toBeCloseTo(1 - 0.5 ** 3);
-  await render(200);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[GROWTH]).toBe(1);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(false);
-  pointer(network, null);
-  await render(210);
-  expect([...uniforms(fake).u.subarray(GROWN, GROWN + 2)]).toEqual([NONE, 12]);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[GROWTH + 1]).toBe(1);
-  await render(400);
-  expect(uniforms(fake).f[GROWTH + 1]).toBe(0);
-  expect(animating(network)).toBe(false);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-/** Three stations, two lines joining the first two each way and a third, and one onward. */
-function parallel(): Data {
-  const index = (type: string) => ({ source: 'parallel', type, version: '1' });
-  const reference = (values: number[]): Column => ({
-    kind: 'reference',
-    index: index('Station'),
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    values: Uint32Array.from(values),
-  });
-  return createData(
-    {
-      types: {
-        Station: { fields: { location: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } } } },
-        Line: {
-          fields: {
-            from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Station' } },
-            to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'Station' } },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('Station'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 3 },
-        columns: {
-          location: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            size: 2,
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 3,
-            values: {
-              kind: 'numeric',
-              offset: 0,
-              length: 6,
-              values: Float64Array.of(0, 0, 10, 0, 20, 0),
-            },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('Line'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 4 },
-        columns: { from: reference([0, 1, 0, 1]), to: reference([1, 0, 1, 2]) },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-}
-
-it('reads each edge’s lane among parallel ones as a channel, once edges draw apart', async () => {
-  const source = parallel(),
-    fake = device(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    config = {
-      source,
-      vertices: { Station: { x: 'location', y: { field: 'location', component: 1 } } },
-      edges: { Line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] as const } },
-    };
-  let lanes: FieldInput.Values | undefined,
-    bank!: EdgeBank,
-    bent = -1;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        target: target(gpu),
-        renderer: testRenderer(async (frame) => {
-          const geometry = await readGeometry(config, frame.reader, DEFAULT_LIMITS);
-          bank = geometry.edges[0];
-          lanes = geometry.adjacency.laneValues(bank, config);
-          // A type with bends follows its own routes: it takes no lanes.
-          bent = geometry.adjacency.lanes({
-            ...config,
-            edges: { Line: { ends: ['from', 'to'], bends: 'route' } },
-          }).size;
-        }),
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  // Spread about 0 and signed by direction, so the line drawn back stays apart; alone reads 0.
-  const values = lanes!.values as { values: Float32Array };
-  expect([...values.values].map((v) => v + 0)).toEqual([-1, 0, 1, 0]);
-  expect(lanes).toMatchObject({ index: bank.index, rows: bank.rows });
-  expect(bent).toBe(0);
-  const bound = bankChannels(config.edges.Line, LINE, lanes);
-  expect(Object.values(bound.fields)).toContain(lanes);
-  expect(channels(config.edges.Line, LINE).channels.lane?.field).toBeUndefined();
-  // Bound once for these options and lanes; new options bind again over the same lanes.
-  expect(bankChannels(config.edges.Line, LINE, lanes)).toBe(bound);
-  const wider = { ...config.edges.Line, widthPx: 4 };
-  expect(bankChannels(wider, LINE, lanes).channels.widthPx?.constant).toBe(4);
-  // The line page's lane reads a field only once edges draw apart: its slot names one.
-  const laneSlot = async (edgeSpacingPx: number) => {
-    const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...config, edgeSpacingPx, canvas: undefined });
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-    });
-    // The vertex page's slot, then the line page's; its seventh channel is the lane.
-    const slots = (network as unknown as { painter: { slots: Uint32Array } }).painter.slots,
-      slot = slots[64 + 8 + 6 * 8 + 4];
-    network.destroy();
-    return slot;
-  };
-  expect(await laneSlot(0)).toBe(NONE);
-  expect(await laneSlot(6)).not.toBe(NONE);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('reads a marked bank’s inputs with its vertices, after their records, stepping only what steps', async () => {
-  const fake = device(),
-    image = {
-      width: 1,
-      height: 1,
-      data: Uint8ClampedArray.of(255, 0, 0, 255),
-    } as unknown as Marker.Image,
-    { gpu, network, render } = await view(fake, () => ({
-      vertices: {
-        node: {
-          x: 'location',
-          y: { field: 'location', component: 1 },
-          marker: icon({ images: [image], image: 'signal' }),
-        },
-      },
-    }));
-  await render(0);
-  const marked = last(groups(fake), (group) => group.entries.length === 6)!;
-  const output = marked.entries.find((entry) => entry.binding === 2)!.resource as GPUBufferBinding,
-    bank = marked.entries.find((entry) => entry.binding === 5)!.resource as GPUBufferBinding;
-  // Five vec4 of records and two of inputs a row.
-  expect((output.buffer as unknown as FakeBuffer).size).toBe(25 * (80 + 32));
-  const words = new Uint32Array(
-    (bank.buffer as unknown as FakeBuffer).bytes.slice(bank.offset ?? 0, (bank.offset ?? 0) + 8)
-      .buffer,
-  );
-  expect([...words]).toEqual([25, 1]);
-  expect(
-    fake.native.createComputePipelineAsync.mock.calls.some(
-      ([descriptor]) => descriptor.compute.entryPoint === 'marked_vertices',
-    ),
-  ).toBe(true);
-  // A marker without inputs draws with the plain pass, its records alone.
-  const before = groups(fake).length;
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { marker: shape('diamond') } } });
-  await render(10);
-  const after = groups(fake).slice(before);
-  expect(after.some((group) => group.entries.length === 6)).toBe(false);
-  expect(after.some((group) => group.entries.length === 4)).toBe(true);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('picks a geodesic edge in its lane, which follows the curve as drawing does', async () => {
-  const index = (type: string) => ({ source: 'routes', type, version: '1' });
-  const reference = (values: number[]): Column => ({
-    kind: 'reference',
-    index: index('City'),
-    offset: 0,
-    length: values.length,
-    values: Uint32Array.from(values),
-  });
-  const source = createData(
-    {
-      types: {
-        City: {
-          fields: {
-            at: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 }, geographic: true },
-          },
-        },
-        Route: {
-          fields: {
-            from: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'City' } },
-            to: { type: { kind: 'reference', to: 'City' } },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('City'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-        columns: {
-          at: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            size: 2,
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 2,
-            values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 4, values: Float64Array.of(0, 0, 10, 0) },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('Route'),
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 2 },
-        columns: { from: reference([0, 0]), to: reference([1, 1]) },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      source,
-      vertices: { City: { x: 'at', y: { field: 'at', component: 1 } } },
-      edges: { Route: { ends: ['from', 'to'], route: 'geodesic' } },
-      edgeSpacingPx: 20,
-      markers: false,
-      camera: { projection: 'flat', center: [5, 0], scale: 30, fit: false },
-    });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-  });
-  // Along the equator the curve runs straight across: lanes sit 10 px above and below it.
-  const rowAt = async (y: number) =>
-    (await network.pick([200, y], { radiusPx: 3 })).find((hit) => hit.kind === 'edge')?.row;
-  expect(await rowAt(140)).toBe(0);
-  expect(await rowAt(160)).toBe(1);
-  expect(await rowAt(150)).toBeUndefined();
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-const stations: Schema = {
-  types: {
-    Station: {
-      fields: { at: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 }, geographic: true } },
-    },
-  },
-};
-/** One station at a longitude on the equator, geographic, in the same row space every time. */
-function station(lon: number): Data {
-  const index = { source: 'station', type: 'Station', version: '1' };
-  return createData(stations, [
-    {
-      kind: 'rows',
-      index,
-      rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 1 },
-      columns: {
-        at: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          size: 2,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 1,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 2, values: Float64Array.of(lon, 0) },
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  ]);
-}
-
-it('places labels as the GPU eases what they name: in the data, the short way round a globe', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      source: station(179),
-      vertices: { Station: { x: 'at', y: { field: 'at', component: 1 } } },
-      camera: { projection: 'globe', center: [180, 0], scale: 200, fit: false },
-    });
-  type Shown = {
-    readonly picking: PickGeometry;
-    readonly geometry: { readonly vertices: readonly Parameters<PickGeometry['projected']>[0][] };
-    readonly projector: kit.Projector;
-    readonly height: number;
-  };
-  const shown = () => (network as unknown as { shown: Shown }).shown;
-  const draw = (timeMs: number) =>
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-    });
-  await draw(0);
-  const before = shown().picking;
-  network.set({ source: station(-179) });
-  await draw(10);
-  const { picking, geometry, projector, height } = shown(),
-    eased = picking
-      .easedFrom(before, 0.5, true)
-      .projected(geometry.vertices[0], 0, projector, height),
-    seam = projector.project(180, 0, 0);
-  expect(eased.x).toBeCloseTo(seam.x, 3);
-  expect(eased.y).toBeCloseTo(seam.y, 3);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/network.test.ts b/packages/network/tests/network.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e4749146..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/network.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1523 +0,0 @@
-import { renderer as testRenderer } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/public-render.js';
-import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { createGpu, kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { createData, type FieldInput, type Column } from '@latkit/model';
-import { arrange, createNetwork, type Network } from '../src/index.js';
-import type { NetworkData } from '../src/data.js';
-import { readGeometry, DEFAULT_LIMITS } from '../src/geometry/topology.js';
-import { PickGeometry } from '../src/picking.js';
-import { featureSource } from './table-fixture.js';
-import { GraphSource } from './fixture.js';
-import { deferred, fakeDevice } from '../../gpu/tests/fixtures/device.js';
-
-/** Both lanes of a two-component position field. */
-const lanes = (field: FieldInput) => ({ x: field, y: { field, component: 1 } });
-function fixture(count = 25, blockRows = 8) {
-  const source = new GraphSource(count, blockRows);
-  const data: NetworkData = {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: { node: { ...lanes('location'), color: { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1] } } },
-    edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-  };
-  return { source, data };
-}
-function device() {
-  const fake = fakeDevice();
-  fake.device.createShaderModule = vi.fn(
-    () =>
-      ({
-        getCompilationInfo: () => Promise.resolve({ messages: [] }),
-      }) as unknown as GPUShaderModule,
-  );
-  fake.device.createPipelineLayout = vi.fn(() => ({}) as GPUPipelineLayout);
-  const original = fake.device.createCommandEncoder.bind(fake.device);
-  fake.device.createCommandEncoder = vi.fn(() => {
-    const encoder = original();
-    const pass = {
-      setPipeline: vi.fn(),
-      setBindGroup: vi.fn(),
-      dispatchWorkgroups: vi.fn(),
-      draw: vi.fn(),
-      drawIndirect: vi.fn(),
-      end: vi.fn(),
-    };
-    encoder.clearBuffer = vi.fn();
-    encoder.beginComputePass = vi.fn(() => pass as unknown as GPUComputePassEncoder);
-    encoder.beginRenderPass = vi.fn(() => pass as unknown as GPURenderPassEncoder);
-    return encoder;
-  });
-  return fake;
-}
-function target(gpu: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof createGpu>>) {
-  const texture = gpu.device.createTexture({
-    size: [800, 600],
-    format: 'rgba8unorm',
-    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-  });
-  return {
-    device: gpu.device,
-    width: 800,
-    height: 600,
-    format: 'rgba8unorm' as const,
-    texture: () => texture,
-  };
-}
-/** Drive the pointer as input does. */
-const pointer = (network: Network, point: readonly [number, number] | null) =>
-  (network as unknown as { pointer(point: readonly [number, number] | null): void }).pointer(point);
-/** Pan by pixels on a flat, unrotated camera, as a drag does. */
-function pan(network: Network, dx: number, dy: number): void {
-  const { center, scale } = network.camera;
-  network.set({ camera: { center: [center[0] - dx / scale, center[1] + dy / scale] } });
-}
-const invalidations = (network: Network) => kit.rendererOf(network).on!.bind(null, 'invalidate');
-afterEach(() => {
-  vi.restoreAllMocks();
-  vi.useRealTimers();
-});
-beforeEach(() => {
-  device();
-});
-
-it('keeps model identities across pages and uses CSR neighborhoods', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(100, 3),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  let geometry!: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof readGeometry>>;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [
-      {
-        target: target(gpu),
-        renderer: testRenderer(async (frame) => {
-          geometry = await readGeometry(data, frame.reader, DEFAULT_LIMITS);
-        }),
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  expect(geometry.vertices.length).toBe(1); // Native query blocks do not become draw banks.
-  expect(geometry.segmentCount).toBe(source.from.length);
-  const item = {
-    kind: 'vertex' as const,
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    row: 55,
-  };
-  const neighbors = geometry.adjacency.neighborhood(item, data);
-  expect(
-    neighbors
-      .filter((item) => item.kind === 'vertex')
-      .map((item) => item.row)
-      .sort((a, b) => a - b),
-  ).toEqual([45, 54, 55, 56, 65]);
-  expect(neighbors.filter((item) => item.kind === 'edge')).toHaveLength(4);
-  // The index names the rows, so an item from an earlier Data value, as before an append, has them.
-  expect(geometry.adjacency.neighborhood({ ...item, source: { ...source.data } }, data)).toEqual(
-    neighbors,
-  );
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('draws the scene as before and each focused row again, over the rest', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(100, 3),
-    fake = device(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, data),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const render = () =>
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-    });
-  /** The latest frame's draws: instances, the first one, and the pipeline each draws with. */
-  const draws = () => {
-    const encoders = vi.mocked(fake.device.createCommandEncoder).mock.results,
-      encoder = encoders.at(-1)!.value as GPUCommandEncoder,
-      pass = vi.mocked(encoder.beginRenderPass).mock.results.at(-1)!.value as GPURenderPassEncoder,
-      set = vi.mocked(pass.setPipeline).mock,
-      drawn = vi.mocked(pass.draw).mock;
-    return drawn.calls.map(([, instances = 1, , first = 0], k) => {
-      let pipeline: unknown;
-      set.invocationCallOrder.forEach((at, j) => {
-        if (at < drawn.invocationCallOrder[k]) pipeline = set.calls[j][0];
-      });
-      return { instances, first, pipeline };
-    });
-  };
-  await render();
-  const plain = draws(),
-    scene = new Set(plain.map((draw) => draw.pipeline));
-  network.select([{ kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row: 12 }]);
-  await render();
-  const focused = draws();
-  // The scene's draws stand, its shader leaving out row 12, which a focus pipeline draws again.
-  expect(focused.filter((draw) => scene.has(draw.pipeline))).toEqual(plain);
-  expect(
-    focused
-      .filter((draw) => !scene.has(draw.pipeline))
-      .map(({ instances, first }) => ({ instances, first })),
-  ).toEqual([{ instances: 1, first: 12 }]);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('uses one submission and preserves camera-only native cache hits', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(100, 9),
-    fake = device(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, data);
-  const surface = target(gpu),
-    render = () =>
-      gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-      });
-  await render();
-  const queries = source.queries;
-  pan(network, 10, 5);
-  await render();
-  expect(source.queries).toBe(queries);
-  expect(fake.queue.submit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  expect(network.stats().vertices).toBe(100);
-  network.destroy();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  expect(gpu.stats().cpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('picks the submitted frame and does not publish a cancelled candidate', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, data);
-  const surface = target(gpu);
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-  });
-  const item = {
-      kind: 'vertex' as const,
-      source: source.data,
-      index: source.index('node'),
-      row: 12,
-    },
-    point = network.locate(item)!;
-  expect((await network.pick(point))[0]?.row).toBe(12);
-  pan(network, 100, 0);
-  await expect(
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 1,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-      encode() {
-        throw new Error('cancel composition');
-      },
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('cancel composition');
-  expect(network.locate(item)).toEqual(point);
-  expect(network.stats().frames).toBe(1);
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 2,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-  });
-  expect(network.locate(item)![0]).toBeCloseTo(point[0] + 100);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('rebinds immutable live positions without rereading topology and picks immediately', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, data);
-  const surface = target(gpu);
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-  });
-  network.set({ camera: { fit: false } });
-  const values = source.positions.slice();
-  values[24] += 3;
-  values[25] += 2;
-  const position: FieldInput.Values = {
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 25 },
-    values: {
-      kind: 'vector',
-      size: 2,
-      offset: 0,
-      length: 25,
-      values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-    },
-  };
-  const requests = source.queries,
-    topology = (network as unknown as { geometry?: object }).geometry;
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: lanes(position) } });
-  // Positions of the same kind keep the topology.
-  expect((network as unknown as { geometry?: object }).geometry).toBe(topology);
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 1,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-  });
-  expect(source.queries).toBe(requests);
-  const item = {
-    kind: 'vertex' as const,
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    row: 12,
-  };
-  expect((await network.pick(network.locate(item)!))[0]?.row).toBe(12);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('preserves an explicit initial camera and rejects incompatible position identities', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const camera = { center: [1e9 + 10, 1e9 + 20] as const, scale: 2, fit: false };
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, camera }),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-  });
-  expect(network.camera).toMatchObject(camera);
-  network.set({
-    vertices: {
-      node: lanes({
-        index: { ...source.index('node'), version: 'wrong' },
-        rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 25 },
-        values: {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          size: 2,
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 25,
-          values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 50, values: source.positions },
-        },
-      }),
-    },
-  });
-  await expect(
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 1,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'conflict' });
-  expect(network.camera).toMatchObject(camera);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('enforces geometry admission limits and keeps borrowed sources open', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, limits: { vertices: 10 } });
-  await expect(
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'resource-limit' });
-  network.destroy();
-  expect(source.data).toBe(data.source);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('rejects invalid options atomically and falls back from the globe for Cartesian data', async () => {
-  const { data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, data),
-    config = network.config;
-  expect(() => network.set({ edgeWidthPx: NaN })).toThrow();
-  expect(() => network.set({ motion: 'broken' as 'auto' })).toThrow();
-  expect(() => network.set({ unknown: 1 } as never)).toThrow('Unknown network option');
-  expect(() => network.set({ camera: { zoom: 2 } as never })).toThrow('Unknown camera option');
-  expect(() => network.set({ input: 'edit' })).toThrow('Unsupported input mode');
-  expect(() => network.set({ layout: { vertexGap: -1 } })).toThrow('Invalid vertexGap');
-  expect(() => network.set({ layout: { algorithm: 'circle' as 'stress' } })).toThrow();
-  expect(network.config).toBe(config);
-  expect(network.camera).not.toHaveProperty('zoom');
-  network.set({ camera: { projection: 'globe' } });
-  expect(network.camera.projection).toBe('globe');
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-  });
-  expect(network.projections.globe).toBe(false);
-  expect(network.camera.projection).toBe('flat');
-  network.destroy();
-  expect(() => network.set({ lines: false })).toThrow('destroyed');
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('exports frames without moving what pick, locate, and the orbit see', async () => {
-  const { data, source } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, hover: 'off' }),
-    surface = target(gpu),
-    vertex = { kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row: 12 } as const;
-  const camera = vi.fn();
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-  });
-  const point = network.locate(vertex)!;
-  network.on('camera', camera);
-  network.set({ camera: { orbit: true } });
-  const turned = network.camera;
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 5000,
-    views: [
-      {
-        renderer: kit.rendererOf(network),
-        target: surface,
-        at: 1,
-        viewport: { width: 200, height: 600, pixelRatio: 1 },
-        presented: false,
-      },
-    ],
-  });
-  await Promise.resolve();
-  expect(network.locate(vertex)).toEqual(point);
-  expect(network.camera).toBe(turned);
-  expect(camera).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect((await network.pick(point))[0]).toMatchObject({ row: 12 });
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('cleans up a source read when destruction interrupts preparation', async () => {
-  const { data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, data),
-    render = gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-    });
-  await Promise.resolve();
-  network.destroy();
-  await expect(render).rejects.toBeDefined();
-  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
-  await gpu.idle();
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('coalesces pointer movement into one committed hover search that never builds an index', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['setTimeout', 'clearTimeout', 'performance'] });
-  const { source, data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, hover: 'on' }),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const render = () =>
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-    });
-  const nearest = vi.spyOn(PickGeometry.prototype, 'nearest'),
-    hover = vi.fn();
-  network.on('hover', hover);
-  await render();
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(0);
-  const point = network.locate({
-    kind: 'vertex',
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    row: 12,
-  })!;
-  pointer(network, [0, 0]);
-  pointer(network, [10, 10]);
-  pointer(network, point);
-  expect(nearest).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  await render();
-  expect(nearest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(hover).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ row: 12, kind: 'vertex' }));
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(0);
-  expect((await network.pick(point))[0]).toMatchObject({ row: 12 });
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  network.set({ hover: 'off' });
-  await render();
-  expect(hover).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(null);
-  const invalidate = vi.fn();
-  invalidations(network)(invalidate);
-  pointer(network, [1, 2]);
-  pointer(network, null);
-  expect(invalidate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(nearest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect((await network.pick(point))[0]).toMatchObject({ row: 12 });
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('aborts automatic searches without a partial hit and suspends them until positions move', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['setTimeout', 'clearTimeout', 'performance'] });
-  const { data, source } = fixture(1000, 1000),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...data,
-    vertices: {
-      node: {
-        ...data.vertices.node,
-        x: 'x',
-        y: 'y',
-        z: { field: 'z', domain: [0, 1] },
-      },
-    },
-    camera: { projection: 'tilt', pitch: 45 },
-  });
-  const surface = target(gpu),
-    render = (at = 0) =>
-      gpu.render({
-        timeMs: at,
-        views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at }],
-      });
-  await render();
-  const nearest = vi.spyOn(PickGeometry.prototype, 'nearest'),
-    projected = vi.spyOn(PickGeometry.prototype, 'projected');
-  const hover = vi.fn();
-  network.on('hover', hover);
-  pointer(
-    network,
-    network.locate({ kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row: 0 })!,
-  );
-  let clock = performance.now();
-  const now = vi.spyOn(performance, 'now').mockImplementation(() => ++clock);
-  await render();
-  expect(nearest.mock.results[0].type).toBe('throw');
-  expect(projected.mock.calls.length).toBeLessThan(1000);
-  expect(hover).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(network.stats()).toMatchObject({ hover: 'budget', pickingBytes: 0 });
-  now.mockRestore();
-  // A miss suspends automatic hover across pointer moves while the scene holds still.
-  const invalidation = vi.fn();
-  invalidations(network)(invalidation);
-  for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) pointer(network, [400 + i, 300]);
-  expect(invalidation).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  await render();
-  expect(nearest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(network.stats().hover).toBe('budget');
-  // A recording change moves the positions; search resumes once they settle.
-  await render(1);
-  expect(network.stats().hover).toBe('moving');
-  expect(nearest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(151);
-  expect(invalidation).toHaveBeenCalled();
-  await render(1);
-  expect(nearest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  expect(nearest.mock.results[1].type).toBe('return');
-  // Raised rows on a tilted view are found by scanning, so no index builds for them.
-  expect(network.stats()).toMatchObject({ hover: 'active', pickingBytes: 0 });
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('pauses auto hover during coordinate and camera motion, then wakes after settling', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['setTimeout', 'clearTimeout', 'performance'] });
-  const { data, source } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const movingData: NetworkData = {
-    ...data,
-    vertices: { node: { ...data.vertices.node, x: 'x', y: 'y' } },
-  };
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, movingData),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const render = (at: number) =>
-    gpu.render({ timeMs: at, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at }] });
-  await render(0);
-  const nearest = vi.spyOn(PickGeometry.prototype, 'nearest'),
-    invalidate = vi.fn();
-  invalidations(network)(invalidate);
-  pointer(network, [400, 300]);
-  await render(1);
-  expect(network.stats()).toMatchObject({ hover: 'moving', pickingBytes: 0 });
-  expect(nearest).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  invalidate.mockClear();
-  pointer(network, [401, 300]);
-  expect(invalidate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(151);
-  expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  await render(1);
-  expect(nearest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(network.stats().hover).toBe('active');
-  const ends = source.endsQueries;
-  pan(network, 10, 0);
-  await render(1);
-  expect(network.stats().hover).toBe('moving');
-  expect(source.endsQueries).toBe(ends);
-  invalidate.mockClear();
-  network.destroy();
-  invalidate.mockClear();
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(200);
-  expect(invalidate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('does not publish hover from a failed composition or restore it after pointer exit', async () => {
-  const { data, source } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, hover: 'on' }),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const views = [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }];
-  await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views });
-  const hover = vi.fn();
-  network.on('hover', hover);
-  pointer(
-    network,
-    network.locate({ kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row: 12 })!,
-  );
-  await expect(
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views,
-      encode() {
-        throw new Error('failed');
-      },
-    }),
-  ).rejects.toThrow('failed');
-  expect(hover).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  const invalidate = vi.fn();
-  invalidations(network)(invalidate);
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views,
-    encode() {
-      pointer(network, null);
-    },
-  });
-  expect(hover).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(invalidate).toHaveBeenCalledWith();
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('falls back to exact scanning when explicit indexes cannot fit the picking budget', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, limits: { pickingBytes: 1 }, hover: 'off' });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-  });
-  const point = network.locate({
-    kind: 'vertex',
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    row: 12,
-  })!;
-  expect((await network.pick(point))[0]).toMatchObject({ row: 12 });
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(0);
-  expect(() => network.set({ hoverBudgetMs: 0 })).toThrow();
-  expect(() => network.set({ hoverBudgetMs: Infinity })).toThrow();
-  expect(() => network.set({ hover: 'invalid' as 'auto' })).toThrow();
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('builds hit-test indexes in the background once positions hold, within pickingBytes', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['setTimeout', 'clearTimeout', 'performance'] });
-  const { data, source } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    surface = target(gpu),
-    full = kit.BoxIndex.bytes(25) + kit.BoxIndex.bytes(source.from.length);
-  const build = vi.spyOn(kit.BoxIndex, 'build'),
-    query = vi.spyOn(kit.BoxIndex.prototype, 'some'),
-    hover = vi.fn();
-  const show = async (config: Partial<Network.Config> = {}) => {
-    const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, hover: 'on', ...config });
-    const render = (at = 0) =>
-      gpu.render({
-        timeMs: at,
-        views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at }],
-      });
-    await render();
-    return { network, render };
-  };
-  const { network, render } = await show(),
-    vertex = { kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row: 12 } as const,
-    point = network.locate(vertex)!;
-  network.on('hover', hover);
-  pointer(network, point);
-  await render();
-  // Drawing and hover never build; hover scans until an index is ready.
-  expect(hover).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ row: 12 }));
-  expect(build).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(0);
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(150);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(full);
-  pointer(network, [point[0] + 1, point[1]]);
-  await render();
-  expect(query).toHaveBeenCalled();
-  expect(hover).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  // Positions that move again before they hold build nothing; the last ones build once settled.
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: { x: 'x', y: 'y' } } });
-  await render(1);
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100);
-  await render(2);
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(149);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(0);
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4);
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(full);
-  // An explicit pick starts the build at once and waits for it, leaving nothing for later.
-  network.set({ vertices: { node: lanes('location') } });
-  await render();
-  expect((await network.pick(point))[0]).toMatchObject({ row: 12 });
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(6);
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(150);
-  expect(build).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(6);
-  network.destroy();
-  // Only what fits is admitted; destroy stops a build that has not started.
-  const bounded = await show({ limits: { pickingBytes: kit.BoxIndex.bytes(25) } });
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(150);
-  expect(bounded.network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(kit.BoxIndex.bytes(25));
-  await bounded.network.pick(point);
-  expect(bounded.network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(kit.BoxIndex.bytes(25));
-  bounded.network.destroy();
-  const destroyed = await show();
-  build.mockClear();
-  destroyed.network.destroy();
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(150);
-  expect(build).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('keeps hover active across color-only samples and reuses a valid spatial index', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['setTimeout', 'clearTimeout', 'performance'] });
-  const { data, source } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, data),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const render = (at: number) =>
-    gpu.render({ timeMs: at, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at }] });
-  await render(0);
-  const point = network.locate({
-    kind: 'vertex',
-    source: source.data,
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    row: 12,
-  })!;
-  await network.pick(point);
-  const bytes = network.stats().pickingBytes;
-  pointer(network, point);
-  const hover = vi.fn();
-  network.on('hover', hover);
-  await render(1);
-  expect(network.stats()).toMatchObject({ hover: 'active', pickingBytes: bytes });
-  expect(hover).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ row: 12 }));
-  await render(2);
-  expect(network.stats()).toMatchObject({ hover: 'active', pickingBytes: bytes });
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('renders bends, nets as stars, and geodesics with original identities', async () => {
-  const source = featureSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const data: NetworkData = {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: { node: lanes('position') },
-    edges: {
-      bend: { ends: ['from', 'to'], bends: 'points' },
-      star: {},
-      route: { ends: ['from', 'to'], route: 'geodesic' },
-    },
-  };
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, camera: { center: [-40, 0], scale: 5 } });
-  const surface = target(gpu),
-    render = () =>
-      gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface }] });
-  await render();
-  expect(network.stats().vertices).toBe(4);
-  expect(network.stats().edges).toBe(3);
-  const star = { kind: 'edge' as const, source: source.data, index: source.index('star'), row: 0 };
-  expect(
-    network
-      .neighborhood(star)
-      .filter((item) => item.kind === 'vertex')
-      .map((item) => item.row)
-      .sort(),
-  ).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3]);
-  const bend = { kind: 'edge' as const, source: source.data, index: source.index('bend'), row: 0 };
-  const anchor = network.locate(bend)!;
-  expect(anchor).not.toBeNull();
-  expect(
-    (await network.pick(anchor)).some((item) => item.kind === 'edge' && item.index.type === 'bend'),
-  ).toBe(true);
-  const queries = source.queries;
-  pan(network, 3, 2);
-  await render();
-  expect(source.queries).toBe(queries);
-  network.destroy();
-  await gpu.idle();
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBe(0);
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('keeps edges pickable when only their vertex markers are hidden', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(4),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const hidden: FieldInput.Values = {
-    index: source.index('node'),
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 4 },
-    values: { kind: 'boolean', offset: 0, length: 4, values: Uint8Array.of(0) },
-  };
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...data,
-    vertices: { node: { ...data.vertices.node, visible: hidden } },
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-  });
-  const item = { kind: 'edge' as const, source: source.data, index: source.index('line'), row: 0 },
-    point = network.locate(item)!;
-  expect((await network.pick(point)).some((hit) => hit.kind === 'edge' && hit.row === 0)).toBe(
-    true,
-  );
-  expect((await network.pick(point)).some((hit) => hit.kind === 'vertex')).toBe(false);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('reads every channel as one value for all rows, a field, or a field through a scale', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(2),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...data,
-    // A constant axis lays rows along the other; a constant visibility hides every marker.
-    vertices: { node: { x: 'location', y: 0, visible: false } },
-    // Each line draws as wide as its own field's value: row 0's signal maps to 6 CSS pixels.
-    edges: {
-      line: { ends: ['from', 'to'], widthPx: { field: 'signal', domain: [0, 1], range: [0, 12] } },
-    },
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-  });
-  const vertex = (row: number) =>
-      ({ kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row }) as const,
-    line = { kind: 'edge', source: source.data, index: source.index('line'), row: 0 } as const;
-  const [a, b] = [network.locate(vertex(0))!, network.locate(vertex(1))!],
-    middle = network.locate(line)!;
-  expect(a[1]).toBeCloseTo(b[1]);
-  expect(middle[1]).toBeCloseTo(a[1]);
-  const hit = async (dy: number) =>
-    (await network.pick([middle[0], middle[1] + dy], { radiusPx: 0 })).map((item) => item.kind);
-  expect(await hit(0)).toEqual(['edge']);
-  expect(await hit(2.5)).toEqual(['edge']);
-  expect(await hit(4.5)).toEqual([]);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('picks a geodesic arc at its visible arc-length midpoint in every projection', async () => {
-  const source = featureSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: { node: lanes('position') },
-    edges: { route: { ends: ['from', 'to'], route: 'geodesic' } },
-    camera: { center: [-30, 5], scale: 4 },
-    markers: false,
-    edgeWidthPx: 3,
-  });
-  const surface = target(gpu),
-    item = { kind: 'edge' as const, source: source.data, index: source.index('route'), row: 0 };
-  for (const projection of ['flat', 'tilt', 'globe'] as const) {
-    network.set({ camera: { projection, pitch: projection === 'tilt' ? 40 : 0 } });
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface }],
-    });
-    const point = network.locate(item)!;
-    expect(point).not.toBeNull();
-    expect((await network.pick(point)).some((hit) => hit.index.type === 'route')).toBe(true);
-  }
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('builds its hit-test indexes only once the camera rests', async () => {
-  vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['setTimeout', 'clearTimeout', 'performance'] });
-  const { data } = fixture(400, 64),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, hover: 'off' }),
-    surface = target(gpu),
-    render = () =>
-      gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-      });
-  await render();
-  // A frame every 50 ms, each moving the camera: the settle never ends while it moves.
-  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-    pan(network, 3, 0);
-    await render();
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(50);
-  }
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBe(0);
-  await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(400);
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('draws a network larger than the GPU budget, then gives the room back for a smaller one', async () => {
-  const small = fixture(4),
-    large = fixture(50000, 4096);
-  // What the small network needs, with a megabyte to spare and the large one's 4 MB of vertices too much.
-  const probe = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    measured = createNetwork(probe, small.data);
-  await probe.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(measured), target: target(probe), at: 0 }],
-  });
-  const needed = probe.stats().gpuBytes;
-  measured.destroy();
-  probe.destroy();
-  const gpu = await createGpu({
-      device: device().device,
-      budget: { gpuBytes: needed + 1024 ** 2 },
-    }),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, large.data),
-    surface = target(gpu),
-    render = () =>
-      gpu.render({
-        timeMs: 0,
-        views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-      });
-  // What a frame draws is never refused: the pool runs over the budget while the network holds it.
-  await expect(render()).resolves.toBeUndefined();
-  expect(network.stats().vertices).toBe(50000);
-  expect(gpu.stats().peakGpuBytes).toBeGreaterThan(gpu.budget.gpuBytes);
-  network.set(small.data, { replace: true });
-  await expect(render()).resolves.toBeUndefined();
-  expect(network.stats().vertices).toBe(4);
-  gpu.trim();
-  expect(gpu.stats().gpuBytes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(gpu.budget.gpuBytes);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('curves every edge over the globe in one render pass, and only geodesics on a flat map', async () => {
-  const source = featureSource(),
-    fake = device(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: { node: lanes('position') },
-    edges: { bend: { ends: ['from', 'to'], bends: 'points' }, route: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-    camera: { projection: 'globe', center: [-40, 10], scale: 3 },
-  });
-  const surface = target(gpu),
-    encoders = fake.device.createCommandEncoder as unknown as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
-  /** What a frame records: its render passes, and its curved and straight draws. */
-  const frame = async () => {
-    const before = encoders.mock.results.length;
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface }],
-    });
-    const made = encoders.mock.results
-      .slice(before)
-      .map((result) => result.value as GPUCommandEncoder);
-    const passes = made.flatMap((encoder) =>
-      (encoder.beginRenderPass as unknown as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>).mock.results.map(
-        (result) => result.value as { drawIndirect: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> },
-      ),
-    );
-    return {
-      passes: passes.length,
-      curves: new Set(passes).values().next().value!.drawIndirect.mock.calls.length,
-    };
-  };
-  // The bend's three batches, node to bend, bend to bend, and bend to node, and the route.
-  expect(await frame()).toEqual({ passes: 1, curves: 4 });
-  network.set({ camera: { projection: 'flat' } });
-  expect((await frame()).curves).toBe(0);
-  network.set({ edges: { route: { route: 'geodesic' } } });
-  expect((await frame()).curves).toBe(1);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('answers along a dashed line, its gaps included', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(2),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...data,
-    vertices: { node: { x: 'location', y: 0 } },
-    edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'], dash: true } },
-    dashPeriodPx: 40,
-    markers: false,
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-  });
-  const vertex = (row: number) =>
-      ({ kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row }) as const,
-    [a, b] = [network.locate(vertex(0))!, network.locate(vertex(1))!];
-  for (let t = 0.2; t <= 0.8; t += 0.01) {
-    const point = [a[0] + (b[0] - a[0]) * t, a[1] + (b[1] - a[1]) * t] as const;
-    expect((await network.pick(point, { radiusPx: 0 })).map((item) => item.kind)).toEqual(['edge']);
-  }
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('picks on the globe through its hit-test indexes', async () => {
-  const source = featureSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: { node: lanes('position') },
-    edges: { route: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-    camera: { projection: 'globe', center: [-30, 10], scale: 3 },
-    markers: false,
-    edgeWidthPx: 3,
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu) }],
-  });
-  const item = { kind: 'edge' as const, source: source.data, index: source.index('route'), row: 0 },
-    point = network.locate(item)!;
-  expect((await network.pick(point)).some((hit) => hit.index.type === 'route')).toBe(true);
-  expect(network.stats().pickingBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('routes an edge through its bends in a segment each, its dashes carrying on by degrees of arc', async () => {
-  const source = featureSource(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    source: source.data,
-    vertices: { node: lanes('position') },
-    edges: { bend: { ends: ['from', 'to'], bends: 'points', dash: true } },
-    camera: { projection: 'globe', center: [-50, 0], scale: 3 },
-  });
-  await gpu.render({
-    timeMs: 0,
-    views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu) }],
-  });
-  const geometry = (
-      network as unknown as { geometry: import('../src/geometry/topology.js').Geometry }
-    ).geometry,
-    batches = geometry.edges.find((bank) => bank.type === 'bend')!.batches,
-    prefixes = batches.flatMap((batch) => [...batch.prefixes!]).sort((x, y) => x - y);
-  // West (-70, -20), its bends (-60, 0) and (-40, 0), then East (-30, -10): three segments.
-  const arc = (a: readonly number[], b: readonly number[]) => {
-    const r = Math.PI / 180,
-      cosine =
-        Math.sin(a[1] * r) * Math.sin(b[1] * r) +
-        Math.cos(a[1] * r) * Math.cos(b[1] * r) * Math.cos((b[0] - a[0]) * r);
-    return Math.acos(Math.min(1, cosine)) / r;
-  };
-  const first = arc([-70, -20], [-60, 0]);
-  expect(prefixes).toHaveLength(3);
-  expect(prefixes[0]).toBe(0);
-  expect(prefixes[1]).toBeCloseTo(first, 4);
-  expect(prefixes[2]).toBeCloseTo(first + arc([-60, 0], [-40, 0]), 4);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('lights every selected item and draws its ends over the rest, binds field names, and reports camera changes', async () => {
-  const { source, data } = fixture(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-    ...data,
-    vertices: { node: { ...lanes('location'), color: { field: 'signal', colormap: 'viridis' } } },
-    edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'], color: 'signal' } },
-  });
-  const render = () =>
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-    });
-  const cameras = vi.fn();
-  network.on('camera', cameras);
-  await render();
-  expect(cameras).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  expect(cameras.mock.lastCall?.[0]).toMatchObject({ fit: true, orbit: false });
-  const level = (dense: number) => {
-    const focus = (network as unknown as { painter: { focus: kit.BufferData } }).painter.focus;
-    const words = new Uint32Array(focus.bytes.buffer, focus.bytes.byteOffset, focus.size / 4);
-    return (words[dense >>> 4] >>> ((dense & 15) * 2)) & 3;
-  };
-  const node = (row: number) =>
-      ({ kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row }) as const,
-    line = { kind: 'edge', source: source.data, index: source.index('line'), row: 0 } as const;
-  network.select([node(12), node(20), line]);
-  await render();
-  // Vertices come first, then edges: line 0 is dense address 25. Selected rows are level 3, and
-  // the ends a selected edge joins level 1: they draw over the rest without a glow of their own.
-  expect([12, 20, 25, source.from[0], source.to[0]].map(level)).toEqual([3, 3, 3, 1, 1]);
-  network.select([node(20)]);
-  await render();
-  expect([12, 20, 25].map(level)).toEqual([0, 3, 0]);
-  expect(network.selection).toEqual([node(20)]);
-  expect(cameras).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-  network.set({ camera: { scale: network.camera.scale * 2 } });
-  expect(network.camera.fit).toBe(false);
-  await render();
-  expect(cameras).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-  network.set({ camera: null });
-  expect(network.camera.fit).toBe(true);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-
-it('submits a captured network while batches coalesce into the next snapshot', async () => {
-  const first = fixture(20),
-    fake = device(),
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: fake.device });
-  const entered = deferred<void>(),
-    gate = deferred<void>(),
-    original = gpu.renderPipeline.bind(gpu);
-  vi.spyOn(gpu, 'renderPipeline').mockImplementation(async (...args) => {
-    entered.resolve();
-    await gate.promise;
-    return original(...args);
-  });
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, first.data),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const draw = () =>
-    gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface, at: 0 }],
-    });
-  const rendering = draw();
-  await entered.promise;
-  for (let n = 21; n <= 30; n++) network.set({ source: fixture(n).source.data });
-  gate.resolve();
-  await rendering;
-  expect(network.stats().frames).toBe(1);
-  expect(network.stats().vertices).toBe(20);
-  await draw();
-  expect(network.stats().frames).toBe(2);
-  expect(network.stats().vertices).toBe(30);
-  network.destroy();
-  gpu.destroy();
-});
-it('takes a whole config, changing nothing when it repeats the one held', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    { data } = fixture();
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, { ...data, vertexColor: [1, 0, 0, 1] });
-  const invalidated = vi.fn(),
-    off = invalidations(network)(invalidated);
-  try {
-    const held = network.config;
-    // Built afresh the same way, as an application builds its config on every change.
-    network.set(
-      { ...fixture().data, source: data.source, vertexColor: [1, 0, 0, 1] },
-      { replace: true },
-    );
-    expect(network.config).toBe(held);
-    expect(invalidated).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    network.set(data, { replace: true });
-    expect(network.config).not.toHaveProperty('vertexColor');
-    expect(network.config.vertices).toBe(held.vertices);
-    expect(invalidated).toHaveBeenCalled();
-  } finally {
-    off();
-    network.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-
-/**
- * Four buses a degree apart along latitude 30, joined in a line by branches, and three plants
- * without a position: the first feeds bus 0, the second bus 3, the third nothing.
- */
-function stations() {
-  const index = (type: string) => ({ source: 'stations', type, version: '1' }),
-    rows = (count: number) => ({ kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count }),
-    reference = (type: string, values: number[]) => ({
-      kind: 'reference' as const,
-      index: index(type),
-      offset: 0,
-      length: values.length,
-      values: Uint32Array.from(values),
-    }),
-    to = (type: string) => ({ type: { kind: 'reference' as const, to: type } });
-  const source = createData(
-    {
-      types: {
-        bus: {
-          fields: {
-            location: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 }, geographic: true },
-          },
-        },
-        plant: { fields: { output: { type: 'float32' } } },
-        branch: { fields: { from: to('bus'), to: to('bus') } },
-        feed: { fields: { plant: to('plant'), bus: to('bus') } },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('bus'),
-        rows: rows(4),
-        columns: {
-          location: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            size: 2,
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 4,
-            values: {
-              kind: 'numeric',
-              offset: 0,
-              length: 8,
-              values: Float64Array.of(-100, 30, -99, 30, -98, 30, -97, 30),
-            },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('plant'),
-        rows: rows(3),
-        columns: {
-          output: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 3, values: Float32Array.of(1, 2, 3) },
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('branch'),
-        rows: rows(3),
-        columns: { from: reference('bus', [0, 1, 2]), to: reference('bus', [1, 2, 3]) },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('feed'),
-        rows: rows(2),
-        columns: { plant: reference('plant', [0, 1]), bus: reference('bus', [0, 3]) },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-  const config: Network.Config = {
-    source,
-    vertices: { bus: lanes('location'), plant: {} },
-    edges: { branch: { ends: ['from', 'to'] }, feed: { ends: ['plant', 'bus'] } },
-  };
-  return { source, config, index };
-}
-/** A row's position as arrange placed it. */
-function placedAt(
-  positions: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof arrange>>,
-  type: string,
-  row: number,
-): [number, number] {
-  const { x, y } = positions[type];
-  return [(x.values as Column.Numeric).values[row], (y.values as Column.Numeric).values[row]];
-}
-it('places vertices without a position by their edges, among geographic ones that stay', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    { config } = stations();
-  try {
-    const placed = await arrange(gpu, config);
-    expect([0, 1, 2, 3].map((row) => placedAt(placed, 'bus', row))).toEqual([
-      [-100, 30],
-      [-99, 30],
-      [-98, 30],
-      [-97, 30],
-    ]);
-    // Each fed plant sits about a branch from its bus, a branch being a degree.
-    for (const [plant, bus] of [
-      [0, 0],
-      [1, 3],
-    ]) {
-      const [px, py] = placedAt(placed, 'plant', plant),
-        [bx, by] = placedAt(placed, 'bus', bus);
-      expect(Math.hypot(px - bx, py - by)).toBeGreaterThan(0.3);
-      expect(Math.hypot(px - bx, py - by)).toBeLessThan(3);
-    }
-    // The plant nothing feeds packs below the rest, and every placement is the same.
-    const lowest = Math.min(...[0, 1].map((row) => placedAt(placed, 'plant', row)[1]), 30);
-    expect(placedAt(placed, 'plant', 2)[1]).toBeLessThan(lowest);
-    expect(await arrange(gpu, config)).toEqual(placed);
-    // Drawn, the positions stay geographic, and start on the mercator plane as a geography does.
-    const network = createNetwork(gpu, config);
-    await gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: target(gpu), at: 0 }],
-    });
-    expect(network.projections.globe).toBe(true);
-    expect(network.camera.projection).toBe('mercator');
-    expect(network.stats().vertices).toBe(7);
-    network.destroy();
-  } finally {
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('places each row whose position reads no number among its positioned neighbours', async () => {
-  const source = new GraphSource(25, 8);
-  // The middle of the five by five grid, whose four neighbours sit 10 away.
-  source.positions[24] = NaN;
-  const data: NetworkData = {
-      source: source.data,
-      vertices: { node: lanes('location') },
-      edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-    },
-    gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device });
-  try {
-    const placed = await arrange(gpu, data),
-      [x, y] = placedAt(placed, 'node', 12);
-    expect(Math.hypot(x - (1e9 + 20), y - (1e9 + 20))).toBeLessThan(5);
-    for (let row = 0; row < 25; row++)
-      if (row !== 12)
-        expect(placedAt(placed, 'node', row)).toEqual([
-          source.positions[row * 2],
-          source.positions[row * 2 + 1],
-        ]);
-    const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-        ...data,
-        camera: { center: [1e9 + 20, 1e9 + 20], scale: 4, fit: false },
-      }),
-      surface = target(gpu),
-      draw = (timeMs: number) =>
-        gpu.render({ timeMs, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface }] }),
-      node = (row: number) =>
-        network.locate({ kind: 'vertex', source: source.data, index: source.index('node'), row })!;
-    await draw(0);
-    // Drawn where arrange places it: 4 pixels a unit, y down the screen.
-    expect(node(12)[0] - node(13)[0]).toBeCloseTo((x - source.positions[26]) * 4, 3);
-    expect(node(12)[1] - node(13)[1]).toBeCloseTo((source.positions[27] - y) * 4, 3);
-    // Given a position, the row draws there.
-    const values = source.positions.slice();
-    values[24] = 1e9 + 25;
-    network.set({
-      vertices: {
-        node: lanes({
-          index: source.index('node'),
-          rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 25 },
-          values: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            size: 2,
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 25,
-            values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 50, values },
-          },
-        }),
-      },
-    });
-    await draw(1);
-    expect(node(12)[0] - node(13)[0]).toBeCloseTo(-20);
-    expect(node(12)[1]).toBeCloseTo(node(13)[1]);
-    network.destroy();
-  } finally {
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('keeps placed vertices as the drawing changes, and places them anew for new layout options', async () => {
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    { config, source, index } = stations(),
-    surface = target(gpu);
-  const network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      ...config,
-      edges: { branch: config.edges!.branch },
-      camera: { center: [-98.5, 28], scale: 20, fit: false },
-    }),
-    draw = (timeMs: number) =>
-      gpu.render({ timeMs, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface }] }),
-    vertex = (type: string, row: number) =>
-      network.locate({ kind: 'vertex', source, index: index(type), row })!;
-  try {
-    await draw(0);
-    const loose = vertex('plant', 0);
-    // New edges keep the plants where they were.
-    network.set({ edges: config.edges });
-    await draw(1);
-    expect(vertex('plant', 0)).toEqual(loose);
-    // New layout options place them anew, beside the buses they feed.
-    network.set({ layout: { vertexGap: 0.5 } });
-    await draw(2);
-    const fed = vertex('plant', 0),
-      bus = vertex('bus', 0);
-    expect(fed).not.toEqual(loose);
-    expect(Math.hypot(fed[0] - bus[0], fed[1] - bus[1])).toBeLessThan(30);
-  } finally {
-    network.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('draws a new style over placed vertices and edges in lanes', async () => {
-  const index = (type: string) => ({ source: 'pair', type, version: '1' }),
-    rows = (count: number) => ({ kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count }),
-    reference = (type: string, values: number[]) => ({
-      kind: 'reference' as const,
-      index: index(type),
-      offset: 0,
-      length: values.length,
-      values: Uint32Array.from(values),
-    }),
-    to = (type: string) => ({ type: { kind: 'reference' as const, to: type } });
-  // Two buses ten apart joined by two lines, which draw in lanes, and a plant layout places.
-  const source = createData(
-    {
-      types: {
-        bus: { fields: { location: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } } } },
-        plant: { fields: { output: { type: 'float32' } } },
-        line: { fields: { from: to('bus'), to: to('bus') } },
-        feed: { fields: { plant: to('plant'), bus: to('bus') } },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('bus'),
-        rows: rows(2),
-        columns: {
-          location: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            size: 2,
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 2,
-            values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 4, values: Float64Array.of(0, 0, 10, 0) },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('plant'),
-        rows: rows(1),
-        columns: { output: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 1, values: Float32Array.of(1) } },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('line'),
-        rows: rows(2),
-        columns: { from: reference('bus', [0, 0]), to: reference('bus', [1, 1]) },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('feed'),
-        rows: rows(1),
-        columns: { plant: reference('plant', [0]), bus: reference('bus', [0]) },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-  const style = (
-    radiusPx: number,
-    widthPx: number,
-  ): Pick<Network.Config, 'vertices' | 'edges'> => ({
-    vertices: { bus: lanes('location'), plant: { radiusPx } },
-    edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'], widthPx }, feed: { ends: ['plant', 'bus'] } },
-  });
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    surface = target(gpu),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      source,
-      ...style(3, 2),
-      edgeSpacingPx: 8,
-      camera: { center: [5, 0], scale: 20, fit: false },
-    }),
-    draw = (timeMs: number) =>
-      gpu.render({ timeMs, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface }] }),
-    vertex = (type: string, row: number) =>
-      network.locate({ kind: 'vertex', source, index: index(type), row })!,
-    /** Whether a point hits a row of `type`. */
-    hits = async (point: readonly [number, number], type: string) =>
-      (await network.pick(point, { radiusPx: 0 })).some((item) => item.index.type === type);
-  try {
-    await draw(0);
-    const plant = vertex('plant', 0),
-      [a, b] = [vertex('bus', 0), vertex('bus', 1)],
-      // Between the lanes, which run 4 pixels either side of the buses' line.
-      between = [(a[0] + b[0]) / 2, (a[1] + b[1]) / 2] as const,
-      beside = [plant[0], plant[1] + 6] as const;
-    expect(await hits(between, 'line')).toBe(false);
-    expect(await hits(beside, 'plant')).toBe(false);
-    // The layout and the lanes stay; the new style draws over both.
-    network.set(style(9, 12));
-    await draw(1);
-    expect(vertex('plant', 0)).toEqual(plant);
-    expect(await hits(between, 'line')).toBe(true);
-    expect(await hits(beside, 'plant')).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    network.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
-it('shrinks markers zoomed out to keep them apart, down to vertexMinRadiusPx', async () => {
-  const index = (type: string) => ({ source: 'fit', type, version: '1' }),
-    rows = (count: number) => ({ kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count }),
-    reference = (values: number[]) => ({
-      kind: 'reference' as const,
-      index: index('bus'),
-      offset: 0,
-      length: values.length,
-      values: Uint32Array.from(values),
-    }),
-    to = { type: { kind: 'reference' as const, to: 'bus' } };
-  // Two buses one apart, joined by a line.
-  const source = createData(
-    {
-      types: {
-        bus: { fields: { location: { type: { kind: 'vector', items: 'float64', size: 2 } } } },
-        line: { fields: { from: to, to } },
-      },
-    },
-    [
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('bus'),
-        rows: rows(2),
-        columns: {
-          location: {
-            kind: 'vector',
-            size: 2,
-            offset: 0,
-            length: 2,
-            values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: 4, values: Float64Array.of(0, 0, 1, 0) },
-          },
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        kind: 'rows',
-        index: index('line'),
-        rows: rows(1),
-        columns: { from: reference([0]), to: reference([1]) },
-      },
-    ],
-  );
-  const gpu = await createGpu({ device: device().device }),
-    surface = target(gpu),
-    network = createNetwork(gpu, {
-      source,
-      vertices: { bus: lanes('location') },
-      edges: { line: { ends: ['from', 'to'] } },
-      vertexRadiusPx: 8,
-      camera: { center: [0.5, 0], scale: 20, fit: false },
-    }),
-    draw = (timeMs: number) =>
-      gpu.render({ timeMs, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(network), target: surface }] }),
-    /** Whether a point six pixels below the first bus hits it. */
-    hits = async () => {
-      const [x, y] = network.locate({ kind: 'vertex', source, index: index('bus'), row: 0 })!;
-      return (await network.pick([x, y + 6], { radiusPx: 0 })).some(
-        (item) => item.kind === 'vertex',
-      );
-    };
-  try {
-    // The line runs 20 pixels, so markers shrink to a quarter of it: a radius of 5.
-    await draw(0);
-    expect(await hits()).toBe(false);
-    network.set({ vertexMinRadiusPx: 8 });
-    await draw(1);
-    expect(await hits()).toBe(true);
-    // Zoomed in, the line holds them apart at their own size.
-    network.set({ vertexMinRadiusPx: 1, camera: { scale: 100 } });
-    await draw(2);
-    expect(await hits()).toBe(true);
-  } finally {
-    network.destroy();
-    gpu.destroy();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/picking.test.ts b/packages/network/tests/picking.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d059c885..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/picking.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { Work, type Block, type Index } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { VertexBank } from '../src/geometry/topology.js';
-import type { Style } from '../src/options.js';
-import { FieldRead, VERTEX, channels } from '../src/rendering/fields.js';
-import { kit } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { Picking, type PickGeometry } from '../src/picking.js';
-import { Adjacency } from '../src/geometry/adjacency.js';
-
-/** No edges: nothing to draw apart. */
-const adjacency = new Adjacency([], [], 0, 0);
-
-/** A two-lane position field, read as the column of its x. */
-const position = channels({ x: 'p', y: { field: 'p', component: 1 } }, VERTEX);
-it.each<Index.Rows>([
-  { kind: 'range', offset: 1, count: 2 },
-  { kind: 'indices', values: Uint32Array.of(2, 1) },
-])('fits only displayed rows when native tiles span a larger range: $kind', (rows) => {
-  const index = { source: 'fixture', type: 'node', version: '1' };
-  const bank: VertexBank = { id: 0, type: 'node', index, rows, count: 2, base: 0 };
-  const native: Block.Fields = {
-    kind: 'fields',
-    index,
-    rows: { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count: 4 },
-    presence: {},
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    columns: {
-      x: {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: 4,
-        size: 2,
-        values: {
-          kind: 'numeric',
-          offset: 0,
-          length: 8,
-          values: Float64Array.of(999, 999, 1, 2, 3, 4, -999, -999),
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const read = new FieldRead([], [native], position);
-  const result = new Picking().prepare(
-    { vertices: [bank], edges: [], adjacency, geographic: false },
-    { vertices: new Map([[bank, read]]), edges: new Map() },
-    0,
-  );
-  expect(result.bounds).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4]);
-  expect(result.position(bank, 0)).toEqual(rows.kind === 'range' ? [1, 2] : [3, 4]);
-  expect(result.bytes).toBe(0);
-});
-
-it('builds an index in cooperative slices and frees one aborted part way', async () => {
-  const count = 20000,
-    index = { source: 'fixture', type: 'node', version: '1' },
-    rows = { kind: 'range', offset: 0, count } as const;
-  const bank: VertexBank = { id: 0, type: 'node', index, rows, count, base: 0 };
-  const values = Float64Array.from({ length: count * 2 }, (_, i) => i);
-  const native: Block.Fields = {
-    kind: 'fields',
-    index,
-    rows,
-    presence: {},
-    rowOffset: 0,
-    columns: {
-      x: {
-        kind: 'vector',
-        offset: 0,
-        length: count,
-        size: 2,
-        values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: values.length, values },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const read = new FieldRead([], [native], position);
-  const style = { markers: true, lines: false } as Style;
-  // Each build pauses after every step.
-  const start = () => {
-    const picking = new Picking().prepare(
-        { vertices: [bank], edges: [], adjacency, geographic: false },
-        { vertices: new Map([[bank, read]]), edges: new Map() },
-        64 * 1024 ** 2,
-      ),
-      stop = new AbortController();
-    const later = picking.indexLater(style, new Work(stop.signal, Infinity, 0));
-    return { picking, stop, later };
-  };
-  const pause = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
-  /** Which stage the bank's index is in. */
-  const stage = (picking: PickGeometry) => {
-    const { spatial } = (
-      picking as unknown as {
-        vertices: Map<VertexBank, { spatial: { index?: kit.BoxIndex; building?: object } }>;
-      }
-    ).vertices.get(bank)!;
-    return spatial.index ? 'built' : spatial.building ? 'building' : 'missing';
-  };
-  const finished = start();
-  await pause();
-  expect(stage(finished.picking)).toBe('building');
-  expect(finished.picking.bytes).toBe(kit.BoxIndex.bytes(count));
-  expect(finished.picking.indexable(style)).toBe(false);
-  await finished.later;
-  expect(stage(finished.picking)).toBe('built');
-  expect(finished.picking.bytes).toBe(kit.BoxIndex.bytes(count));
-  const aborted = start();
-  await pause();
-  expect(aborted.picking.bytes).toBe(kit.BoxIndex.bytes(count));
-  aborted.stop.abort();
-  expect(stage(aborted.picking)).toBe('missing');
-  expect(aborted.picking.bytes).toBe(0);
-  await expect(aborted.later).rejects.toThrow();
-  expect(aborted.picking.indexable(style)).toBe(true);
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/tests/table-fixture.ts b/packages/network/tests/table-fixture.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 591ca1f6..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tests/table-fixture.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-import { createData, read, type Data } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { Column, Query, Schema, Index } from '@latkit/model';
-
-/** Immutable application data used by unit tests and the headed browser check. */
-export class TableSource {
-  readonly schema: Schema;
-  queries = 0;
-  constructor(
-    readonly tables: Readonly<Record<string, Readonly<Record<string, Column>>>>,
-    readonly blockRows = 256,
-  ) {
-    const type = (column: Column): import('@latkit/model').Schema.FieldType => {
-      if (column.kind === 'list') return { kind: 'list', items: type(column.values) };
-      if (column.kind === 'vector')
-        return {
-          kind: 'vector',
-          size: column.size,
-          items: column.values.values instanceof Float64Array ? 'float64' : 'float32',
-        };
-      if (column.kind === 'numeric')
-        return column.values instanceof Float64Array ? 'float64' : 'float32';
-      if (column.kind === 'reference') return { kind: 'reference', to: column.index.type };
-      return column.kind;
-    };
-    this.schema = {
-      types: Object.fromEntries(
-        Object.entries(tables).map(([name, columns]) => [
-          name,
-          {
-            fields: Object.fromEntries(
-              Object.entries(columns).map(([name, column]) => [
-                name,
-                {
-                  type: type(column),
-                  nullable: !!column.validity,
-                  ...(name === 'position' || name === 'points' ? { geographic: true } : {}),
-                },
-              ]),
-            ),
-          },
-        ]),
-      ),
-    };
-  }
-  index(type: string): Index {
-    return { source: 'table-fixture', type, version: 'rows-1' };
-  }
-  private cached?: Data;
-  get data(): Data {
-    return (this.cached ??= createData(
-      this.schema,
-      Object.entries(this.tables).map(([type, columns]) => ({
-        kind: 'rows' as const,
-        index: this.index(type),
-        rows: { kind: 'range' as const, offset: 0, count: Object.values(columns)[0].length },
-        columns,
-      })),
-    ));
-  }
-  query<Q extends Query>(query: Q, options?: Query.Options) {
-    return read(this.data, query, options);
-  }
-}
-
-export function vectors(values: readonly number[]): import('@latkit/model').Column.Vector {
-  const data = Float64Array.from(values);
-  return {
-    kind: 'vector',
-    offset: 0,
-    length: data.length / 2,
-    size: 2,
-    values: { kind: 'numeric', offset: 0, length: data.length, values: data },
-  };
-}
-export function lists(paths: readonly (readonly number[])[]): import('@latkit/model').Column.List {
-  const offsets = new Int32Array(paths.length + 1);
-  for (let i = 0; i < paths.length; i++) offsets[i + 1] = offsets[i] + paths[i].length / 2;
-  return {
-    kind: 'list',
-    offset: 0,
-    length: paths.length,
-    offsets,
-    values: vectors(paths.flatMap((p) => [...p])),
-  };
-}
-export function strings(values: readonly string[]): import('@latkit/model').Column.Text {
-  const encoded = values.map((v) => new TextEncoder().encode(v)),
-    offsets = new Int32Array(values.length + 1);
-  for (let i = 0; i < encoded.length; i++) offsets[i + 1] = offsets[i] + encoded[i].length;
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(offsets[values.length]);
-  encoded.forEach((v, i) => bytes.set(v, offsets[i]));
-  return { kind: 'text', offset: 0, length: values.length, offsets, bytes };
-}
-export function references(
-  type: string,
-  rows: readonly number[],
-): import('@latkit/model').Column.Reference {
-  return {
-    kind: 'reference',
-    index: { source: 'table-fixture', type, version: 'rows-1' },
-    offset: 0,
-    length: rows.length,
-    values: Uint32Array.from(rows),
-  };
-}
-/** Nodes wired to one star net; bend and route each join two nodes by their ends. */
-export function featureSource(): TableSource {
-  return new TableSource(
-    {
-      node: {
-        position: vectors([-70, -20, -30, -10, -60, 30, 20, 40]),
-        name: strings(['West', 'East', 'North', 'Distant']),
-        star: references('star', [0, 0, 0, 0]),
-      },
-      bend: {
-        points: lists([[-60, 0, -40, 0]]),
-        name: strings(['Bent connection']),
-        from: references('node', [0]),
-        to: references('node', [1]),
-      },
-      star: { name: strings(['Four-way junction']) },
-      route: {
-        name: strings(['Great circle']),
-        from: references('node', [0]),
-        to: references('node', [3]),
-      },
-      seam: { points: lists([[170, 20, -170, 20]]), name: strings(['Dateline']) },
-    },
-    2,
-  );
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/tsconfig.json b/packages/network/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index de7a4069..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types", "node"],
-    "noEmit": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/network/tsup.config.ts b/packages/network/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d2fa4282..00000000
--- a/packages/network/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: { banner: '/// <reference types="@webgpu/types" />' },
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  platform: 'browser',
-  splitting: false,
-  loader: { '.wgsl': 'text' },
-});
diff --git a/packages/network/vitest.config.ts b/packages/network/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c39abb46..00000000
--- a/packages/network/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-import { wgsl } from '../../vitest.wgsl';
-export default defineConfig({
-  plugins: [wgsl],
-  test: { name: '@latkit/network', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] },
-});
diff --git a/packages/video/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/video/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e84da835..00000000
--- a/packages/video/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,433 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/video
-
-## 0.7.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 37cad8c: Stacked and outlined monitor plots, network restyles that reach laid-out vertices and laned edges, and video coordinates that wait for their data.
-
-  Added
-
-  - monitor: `tickLabels: false` keeps an axis's line and grid without tick labels or their room; `outline` closes the plot on the sides its axes leave open.
-  - video: `at` may resolve later, once the views are ready to draw its coordinate, and receives the export's signal. It is asked while the frame before encodes, so loading overlaps encoding.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - monitor: the plot leaves room only for what its axes write, from the options alone: an x axis without a label no longer reserves a label row. A tick offset ends its axis's tick labels, at the right of the x labels and atop the y labels, instead of joining the axis label.
-  - monitor: a tick offset is the window's start rounded down to a power of ten no smaller than its span, so it stays short and stands as the window moves; ticks fall on their step and move with the values. A negative offset reads `-600010`, not `+-600010`.
-  - monitor: an axis's `grid` and `tickLabels`, and `outline`, must be booleans.
-  - network: a new style draws over vertices layout placed and edges in lanes; they kept the old one.
-
-- 37cad8c: Every package names its types under what they belong to, every view resolves its style one way, and lines on the globe stay on its surface.
-
-  Added
-
-  - gpu: `kit.ProjectedView`, the camera network and geography share: fitting from `fitPitch` and `fitBearing`, turning, and orbiting at `orbitRate`.
-  - gpu: `kit.resolveStyle`, the one style resolver every view uses, and `kit.LineStyle`, `kit.ProjectedStyle`, and `kit.GridStyle` with their defaults.
-  - gpu: `kit.gridLines` and `kit.gridShader`, the grid network and geography draw, and `projection_ground_point` in `kit.projectionShader`, the ground under a pixel.
-  - gpu: `kit.Feedback`, words the GPU writes read back without stalling a frame.
-  - geography: `orbit`, `fitPitch`, `fitBearing`, `orbitRate`, `labelHaloPx`, `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx`; arrows pan, and Shift and the arrows turn.
-  - network: `vertexMinRadiusPx`. Zoomed out, markers shrink to stay a quarter of an edge apart, down to it.
-  - diagram: `dashPeriodPx`, `flowColor`, and `flowSpacingPx`.
-  - model: `sampleRuns`, the runs of recorded frames a window covers.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - every package: types live under a root, so one import brings them all: `Network.Config`, `Network.VertexOptions`, `Geography.LineOptions`, `Tiles.Options`, `Diagram.Camera`, `Diagram.GroupOptions` (was `Group`), `Monitor.TraceOptions` (was `Trace`), `Connection.Options`; `View.Config`, `ItemView.Style`, `ItemView.ContextMenu`, `ProjectedCamera.Projection`, `Layout` (was `LayoutOptions`), `Layout.Positions`, `Scale.Color`, `Channel.Color`, `Colormap.Name`, `Marker.Image`, `Gpu.Options`; `Column.Numeric`, `Index.Rows` (was `RowAxis`), `Index.Selection`, `Data.Batch`, `Data.Pages`, `Data.Location` (was `SampleLocation`), `Schema.Field`, `Schema.FieldType` (was `DataType`), `Query.Samples`, `Query.Selection` (was `FieldSelection`), `Query.Window`, `Block.Rows`, `Block.Fields`, `Reader.Scope`, `Reader.Dependencies` (was `ReadRecord`), `Memory.Entry`, `FieldInput.Binding`, `Failure.Code`, `Model.Publication`, `Command.Context`, `Command.Input` (was `InputValue`).
-  - model, gpu: a memory budget bounds what the pool keeps, never what views draw. To make room the pool lets go of what no one holds, least recently used first, and what is held runs over the budget until it is let go, so no frame fails with `CPU or entry budget exceeded by held results`, a GPU budget, or a staging budget.
-  - gpu: text holds the atlas pages it shapes onto, so no page goes while a frame still needs it.
-  - gpu: a view drawn beneath another takes only the input its own `input` allows: under `'none'` it hovers, selects, and reports nothing, and searches for no hover. Over neither view's items, the host reports a menu itself, and a click on the host's items clears the selection beneath.
-  - diagram: `Diagram.Style` takes `grid`, `gridColor`, and `gridMinSpacingPx` from `kit.GridStyle`.
-  - model: a sampled field read at a coordinate before a row's first observation reads that row as absent, instead of failing with `Query did not cover the requested draw rows`.
-  - network, geography: a line on the globe draws on the surface under each of its pixels, so no curve sinks into the earth at any pitch, and its pieces no longer dim each other where they meet.
-  - network: a transition the GPU budget has no room for steps instead of easing.
-  - network: each curve's pool of pieces holds what it asked for the frame before, read back from the GPU; a curve asking for more draws again at once.
-  - diagram: flowing wires carry comets, as network and geography lines do; under reduced motion they hold still.
-  - geography: hover and selection glow past a line by `hoverWidthPx` and `selectedWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: the hovered reading draws a dot in `hoverColor`, glowing by `hoverWidthPx`.
-  - monitor: history over frames never recorded draws each run of frames apart, instead of failing.
-  - gpu: `pulse` and `spotlight` take an RGBA `color`; its alpha is how far they tint.
-  - every view: options of one kind check alike: a color is RGBA, a boolean a boolean, and a number finite and not negative unless it says otherwise. `fitBearing` and `orbitRate` may be negative, and `fitPitch` is at most 80.
-  - network, geography: an orbit holds still under reduced motion, including one that began before.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `viewStyle` and the text layout types at the top level; use `kit.viewStyle` and `kit.TextLayout`.
-  - gpu: `strength` of `pulse` and `spotlight`; set the color's alpha.
-  - model: `sameItem`; compare `itemKey`s. `ReadResult`; use `Block.Of`. `RequestOptions`, `Version`, `Scalar`, and `Value`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-- Updated dependencies [37cad8c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.19.0
-  - @latkit/model@4.2.0
-
-## 0.6.4
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [6ebb914]
-  - @latkit/model@4.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.18.0
-
-## 0.6.3
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [d36979c]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.17.0
-
-## 0.6.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-- Updated dependencies [7e03209]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.16.0
-
-## 0.6.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-- Updated dependencies [df714d5]
-  - @latkit/model@4.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.15.0
-
-## 0.6.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 35b7171: One failure, one item identity, one view contract, one option vocabulary, and one memory budget, with constant CPU work per frame.
-
-  Added
-
-  - model: `Item`, `sameItem`, and `itemId`; `FailureCode` and `isFailure`; `createMemory`, `Memory`, `MemoryBudget`, and `MemoryStats`; `Work` and `interruptible`.
-  - gpu: the types an app names at the root, including `ViewConfig`, `ViewEvents`, `Patch`, `FrameInfo`, `Viewport`, `Composition`, `Scale`, `ColorScale`, `Position2D`, `Labels`, and the text types; `kit.resolveLimits` and `kit.clearColor`.
-  - Item views: a click in place cycles through overlapping hits and a modifier toggles the topmost; a double click or Enter reports `open`, and a double click on nothing fits the data.
-  - Compositions route pointer, wheel, menu, and key input to the view under the pointer.
-  - network: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types, and `widthPx` on edge types. diagram: `baseColor` on vertex and edge types.
-  - connect: `protocol.forward(id, bytes)` frames a received publication for another stream without encoding it again.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Every package throws model `Failure`s. A peer's error keeps a code latkit knows, and malformed peer data reports `protocol`.
-  - `kit.BaseView`: `resolve` runs once per config, `configure` receives the resolved configs, and `prepare` returns what `encode` and `submitted` receive. `kit.BaseItemView` builds `pipelines` once per variant for every view of a kind, names the view in `kit.ItemShape`, and rejects options it does not know.
-  - One memory pool bounds the reader's cache, uploads, and GPU resources: `createReader({ memory })`, and `gpu.stats()` and `reader.stats()` return `MemoryStats`. Its defaults are the former sums.
-  - Frames pack their uniforms into shared buffers written once; upload cache hits allocate nothing; network dash phases hold while the camera moves; diagram drags move in the shader and reroute only the wires they touch, so a drag frame costs the same at any size.
-  - `image({ format, quality })` takes `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`, and video `quality` is a number from 0 to 1, as for images.
-  - connect checks a model before it opens a socket.
-  - Internal dependencies publish as caret ranges, and every package whose types name WebGPU depends on `@webgpu/types`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - network: vertex `size` to `sizePx`, a radius in CSS pixels; label `size` to `sizePx`; `curve: 'linear'` to `route: 'straight'`; `focusEnds` to `selectedEnds` and `hoverEnds`; `Labels` to `NetworkLabels`.
-  - diagram: edge `width` to `widthPx`; `Labels` to `DiagramLabels`.
-  - connect limits drop `max`: `messageBytes`, `metadataBytes`, `bufferedBytes`, `bufferedMessages`, `streams`, `publicationBatches`, and `logs`.
-  - gpu: `createRenderTarget` to `createTextureTarget`; `GpuStats` and `Budget` to model `MemoryStats` and `MemoryBudget`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - gpu: `GpuError`, `GpuErrorCode`, `DataHit`, `kit.Work`, `kit.wheelDelta`, `kit.createCanvasInput`, and `kit.withinBudget`.
-  - network: `focusEnabled`, `hoverAlpha`, and `selectedAlpha`; the alpha of `hoverColor` and `selectedColor` sets the halos.
-  - monitor: the `pickingBytes` limit.
-  - model: `ReaderStats`; reader `maxBytes`, `maxStagingBytes`, and `maxEntries`; `resolveRows`, `RowMapping`, `samplePages`, `copyBuffers`, `sliceColumn`, and `DEFAULT_BLOCK_BYTES`.
-  - connect: `remoteFailure`.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [35b7171]
-  - @latkit/model@3.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.14.0
-
-## 0.5.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- 96f79d2: Exports never change a view, item views check every option the same way, and views stop cleanly with their Gpu.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `gpu.signal`: aborts when the Gpu stops, with `device-lost` or `closed`.
-  - `FrameInfo.presented` and `RenderView.presented`: video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, render frames that are not presented.
-  - `kit.ItemShape`: an item view describes its framed camera keys, input modes, and style defaults once.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - Video, and images of a view on a canvas or in a composition, draw the view as it is and change nothing: its camera, hover, selection, and picking stay as presented. A monitor draws them into history of its own. A view with neither presents in its images.
-  - Unknown camera and input options, and input modes a view does not have, throw `invalid-input` in every view, and the patch changes nothing.
-  - A mode shorthand merges like the option it names: `set({ input: 'inspect' })` keeps `wheel` and `keyboard`.
-  - The `frame` event reports the frame's `FrameInfo` and nothing it borrowed.
-  - A right click opens the context menu where the button comes up; a right drag never opens it.
-  - Views stop drawing when their Gpu stops: device loss reports one `device-lost` error per view, and destroying the Gpu reports none. The Gpu no longer keeps destroyed views alive.
-  - `image()` and `exportVideo` wait for a canvas frame that cannot stop at once, instead of failing `busy`.
-  - `view.config` is typed without `camera`, which lives on `view.camera`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView` takes `(gpu, config, shape)`; `compileShade` receives the `msaa` to compile for; `kit.BaseView`'s `moveCamera` hook is `cameraMove`, which validates before a patch applies.
-  - Network: `pick`, clicks, and context menus wait for the background hit-test index, starting it at once, instead of building it on the main thread.
-  - Video: an export ends with the Gpu's `device-lost` error.
-  - Model: `sliceColumn` returns exactly its kind's keys, so a point read of a sampled field is a plain column however its pages lie; `selectRows` encodes each requested ID into one reused buffer.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Gpu.lost`; use `gpu.signal`.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`'s `framed` and `inputMode` members; use `kit.ItemShape`.
-
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-- Updated dependencies [96f79d2]
-  - @latkit/model@2.1.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.13.0
-
-## 0.5.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Move the CPU data layer from gpu into model as one bounded `Reader`, and drop the data version.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `createReader`, `Reader`, `ReadScope` in model: memoized reads, joined fields, and extents under one budget.
-  - `sampleDomain(pages)` in model.
-  - `gpu.reader`, `frame.reader`, `kit.fieldScale`, `kit.wiring`.
-  - `protocol` namespace export in connect.
-  - `pixelRatio` option for `exportVideo`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createData(schema, batches)` and `appendData(previous, batches)`.
-  - Reads yield blocks only; `RowsBlock.position` is `rowOffset`; `TableData.ids` is `ColumnPages`.
-  - `FieldInput`, `FieldBinding`, `FieldValues`, `FieldsRequest`, `FieldsBlock` (was `NativeFields`), and `ExtentRequest` live in model; `ExtentRequest` takes `{ source, from, rows, field, window }`.
-  - `frame.upload` takes a `FieldsBlock` or `EnvelopeBlock`; `GpuPage.native` is `GpuPage.block`.
-  - `BufferData` and `TextureData` report `revision`.
-  - App-facing gpu types (`CompositionConfig`, `GpuStats`, `Budget`, `ImageOptions`, `TextOptions`, `ColormapOptions`, `ShadeFrame`, …) moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Field shader header is seven words; kinds are named `FIELD_*` constants.
-  - Connect frames carry no version field; the magic is `LATK` and the opcode is u32. Binary descriptors use `type: 'float32' | …`. `connectLattice` is `connectModel`; `maxBatchBytes` is `maxBlockBytes`.
-  - `exportVideo` keeps the view's `at` when no `at` mapping is given.
-  - Monitor `fit()` with no readings fits the recorded window; following appends no longer scans every page, and cached tiles before the window are pruned as it advances.
-  - Diagram re-reads its scene for a new `at` only when a sampled field is bound, and checks edge-end indices.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `Data.version`, `QueryHeader`, block `version` fields, and monitor `Reading.version`.
-  - `Gpu.query`, `Gpu.fields`, `Gpu.envelope`, `frame.query`, `frame.fields`, `frame.envelope`, `frame.extent`, `frame.values`, `frame.scale`, `kit.createNativeReader`, `kit.NativeReader`, `kit.QueryResult`.
-  - The `@latkit/connect/protocol` subpath.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- b958ddc: Network, monitor, and diagram build on one item-view base, so camera, selection, picking, hover, style, input, and events behave the same in each.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `ItemView`, `ItemViewConfig`, `ItemEvents`, `ViewCamera`, `ViewInput`, `PickOptions`, `ViewStats`, `ViewStyle`, `viewStyle`, and `Point` in gpu.
-  - `kit.BaseItemView`, `kit.resolveViewStyle`, `kit.Attachments`, `kit.Work`, `kit.Expanded`, and `kit.HoverSearch`.
-  - `gpu.shaderModule(code, label)`: validated shader modules, shared by identical code.
-  - `stats()` on every view, with frames, preparation time, draw calls, picking bytes, and hover state and time; `pick(point, { radiusPx, limit, signal })` on every item view.
-  - `selectedColor: null`, which keeps each selected item's own color.
-  - `benchmark/`, with `pnpm bench`, `pnpm bench:update`, `pnpm bench:gate`, and a CI gate.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - One set of shared style options and defaults: `background` (was `backgroundColor`), `hoverWidthPx`, `selectedWidthPx`, `selectedColor`, `msaa`, `hover`, `hoverBudgetMs`, `pickRadiusPx`, `fitPaddingPx`, `revealPaddingPx`, `animationMs`, `motion`, `font`, `fontSizePx`, and `textColor`.
-  - `pick` returns hits nearest first, topmost breaking ties, at most 16 by default.
-  - `fit(items)` frames once; `fit()` and `set({ camera: null })` follow all the data. Moving a framed camera key turns `fit` off.
-  - Events arrive together after each frame, in order: `frame`, `camera`, `hover`, `select`.
-  - Unknown options and limits, and invalid cameras, throw `invalid-input`.
-  - `SetOptions`, `DataHit`, `ContextMenu`, `Modifiers`, and `HoverState` moved from `kit` to the root export.
-  - Network: `showVertices`, `showEdges`, `showPoles`, `showGraticule`, `showEarthAxis` → `markers`, `lines`, `poles`, `graticule`, `earthAxis`; `graticuleColor` → `gridColor`; `vertexHoverPx`/`edgeHoverPx` → `hoverWidthPx`; `vertexSelectedPx`/`edgeSelectedPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limits `maxVertices`, `maxSegments`, `cpuBytes` → `vertices`, `segments`, `geometryBytes`, `pickingBytes`. Items compare by kind, index, and row.
-  - Diagram: `selectionWidthPx` → `selectedWidthPx`; limit `prepareMs` → `layoutMs`.
-  - Monitor: `focusColor` → `selectedColor`; `stats().traces` → `rows`; selection survives appends.
-  - Model: a sampled field bound both by name and as a binding to the request's own source is read once; such reads no longer stall under a frames window.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `kit.HoverOptions`, `NetworkInput`, `MonitorInput`, and monitor `PickOptions`; use `ViewStyle`, `ViewInput`, and `PickOptions`.
-
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-- Updated dependencies [b958ddc]
-  - @latkit/model@2.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.12.0
-
-## 0.4.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-- Updated dependencies [5f19f4e]
-  - @latkit/model@1.0.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.1
-
-## 0.4.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- dc8b6a0: Replace renderer prepare/encode hooks with captured and prepared frame contracts. Ordinary
-  invalidation schedules the latest state without cancelling valid work; canvas playback coalesces
-  requests without adding an extra animation-frame wait. Compositions capture every child before
-  preparation, and images and video share submission and discard behavior.
-
-  Monitor append progress survives cancelled frames and tracks independently sampled fields.
-  Bounded camera-independent tiles reuse geometry and exact bounds for domain changes, with local
-  refinement at summary boundaries and local rereads on cache misses. Models and transport remain
-  free of observation retention and replay.
-
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [dc8b6a0]
-- Updated dependencies [70030a4]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.11.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.15.0
-
-## 0.4.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 145a02d: Breaking change: remove model retention and historical reads. Models publish one-pass passive
-  transactions, commands are a separate optional capability, and applications own immutable
-  columnar Data. Views consume Data directly and accept updates with set({ source: nextData }).
-  Local read computes rows, samples, aggregates, and envelopes without contacting a producer.
-  Connect protocol 3 removes queryable roots, retained reference trees, and remote exports;
-  upgrade both peers together. Delivered values survive unsubscribe and disconnect. Shared
-  unchanged pages preserve local read caching and GPU uploads.
-- 145a02d: A renderer is its own view: `createX(gpu, config)` draws on the config's canvas, handles its input,
-  and shares one API with every other view.
-
-  Added
-
-  - `View`: `config`, `set(patch, { animate })`, `image(options)`, `on`, `destroy`. Networks,
-    monitors, diagrams, and compositions add `camera`, `selection`, `select(items)`, `pick(point)`,
-    `locate`, `fit(items?)`, `reveal`, and `stats`.
-  - Config keys every view shares: `canvas`, `at`, `paused`, `input`, `camera`, `shade`, `limits`.
-  - `set` merges keyed records per entry, `camera`/`input`/`limits`/`layout` per option, and removes
-    with `null`.
-  - `frame`, `camera`, and `error` events; `select` reports arrays everywhere.
-  - Shorthands: `color: 'load'`, `labels: 'name'`, `colormap: 'viridis'`, `layout: 'layered'`,
-    `valueAxis: 'Temperature'`.
-  - Networks halo any number of selected items.
-  - `kit`: the renderer-authoring namespace of `@latkit/gpu`, with `kit.BaseView`.
-
-  Changed
-
-  - `createNetwork(gpu, config)`, `createMonitor(gpu, config)`, `createDiagram(gpu, config)`,
-    `createComposition(gpu, { views: [{ view, region: [x, y, w, h] }] })`,
-    `exportVideo(view, options)`, and `arrange(gpu, config, { signal })`.
-  - Style options sit on the config; the `data` and `options` buckets are gone.
-  - `pick` is asynchronous everywhere.
-  - Network camera: `center: [x, y]`, plus `fit` and `orbit`. Diagram camera: `{ center, scale, fit }`.
-    Monitor camera: `{ window, values, fit, follow }`, holding the former `data.window`,
-    `valueDomain`, and `follow`.
-  - `@latkit/gpu` exports only the app surface; renderer plumbing moved under `kit`.
-
-  Renamed
-
-  - Network `vertices`/`edges`/`poles`/`graticule`/`earthAxis` options → `showVertices`/`showEdges`/
-    `showPoles`/`showGraticule`/`showEarthAxis`.
-  - `hitTest` → `pick`.
-  - `Limits` → `NetworkLimits`, `MonitorLimits`, `DiagramLimits`; `InputOptions` → `NetworkInput`,
-    `MonitorInput`, `DiagramInput`.
-
-  Removed
-
-  - `createCanvasView` and `attachNetworkInput`/`attachMonitorInput`/`attachDiagramInput`: views own
-    their canvas and input.
-  - Every `set*` method, `getCamera`, `panBy`/`rotateBy`/`zoomBy`, `orbit()`, `setPointer`, `toData`,
-    and `toDiagram`.
-  - `invalidate`, `fit`, `orbit`, `window`, and `valueDomain` events.
-  - `PROJECTIONS` and the `Options` exports.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-- Updated dependencies [145a02d]
-  - @latkit/model@0.14.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.10.0
-
-## 0.3.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies
-- Updated dependencies [1ade156]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.9.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.13.0
-
-## 0.3.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- 01975bd: Replace the previous model and rendering APIs with native Queryable data, explicit
-  retained acquisitions, shared GPU rendering, and worker/socket connections.
-
-  Network and monitor use the shared GPU and canvas-view lifecycle. Video exports
-  renderers directly, including composed views. Colors now come from @latkit/gpu.
-  Rewrite usage guides and package READMEs for these APIs.
-
-  This is a breaking pre-1.0 release. Migrate consumers together; the retired port,
-  colormaps, document-session, and scene-snapshot APIs have no compatibility exports.
-  The diagram package remains private and declaration-only.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [01975bd]
-  - @latkit/model@0.12.0
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.8.0
-
-## 0.2.0
-
-- Replace scene serialization and the internal worker with `exportVideo({ gpu, renderer, duration, at, output })` over the native shared GPU renderer.
-- Add bounded WebCodecs encoding, streamed positional output, MP4/WebM muxing, complete progressive preparation, cancellation, and explicit borrowed ownership.
-- Move reusable renderer composition into `@latkit/gpu`; remove dependencies on specific renderer packages.
-
-## 0.1.2
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies [be20b0b]
-- Updated dependencies [be20b0b]
-  - @latkit/monitor@0.7.1
-  - @latkit/model@0.11.0
-  - @latkit/port@0.8.0
-  - @latkit/diagram@0.3.2
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.7.1
-  - @latkit/network@0.12.2
-
-## 0.1.1
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- f694ea4: Render Monitor ticks, labels, gridlines, and playheads on the GPU, with serializable axis formatting and custom ticks. Live views and video exports share one plot assembly, including layout and captured glyphs. Add `Monitor.seek()` and `Monitor.toData()`; axes are enabled by default and can be hidden with null axis options.
-
-  Move Diagram's SDF glyph infrastructure into GPU's root API. Textures track their own upload revisions, snapshots preserve glyph appearance across realms, and bounded atlases fail explicitly on exhaustion. Diagram retains its anchor-based glyph positioning and culling.
-
-  Reuse Monitor upload buffers, bound folded-history carry storage, coalesce hover requests, and cache the latest sampled frame within a byte budget. Keep retained-image remapping during resize and enforce texture and buffer limits. Offscreen preparation uses the same awaitable sampling scheduler as interactive rendering.
-
-  Add opt-in drag/pinch/wheel navigation, anchored `zoom`, CSS-pixel `pan`, and `fit` to Monitor.
-  Retained textures respond immediately; the latest view refines after gestures settle, with exact
-  readings against displayed ranges. Add asynchronous `setShade` composition with the same host
-  uniform and snapshot conventions as Network and Diagram. Share shader failure diagnostics
-  through GPU and preserve animated WGSL in video exports without rereading history.
-
-- Updated dependencies [f694ea4]
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.7.0
-  - @latkit/monitor@0.7.0
-  - @latkit/diagram@0.3.1
-  - @latkit/network@0.12.1
-
-## 0.1.0
-
-### Minor Changes
-
-- Add renderer-owned scene snapshots and deterministic worker video exports. `@latkit/video` composes network, diagram, and monitor views on the GPU, reads pinned series through bounded port requests, and encodes MP4 or WebM with cancellation, progress, and optional streamed output. Shared render targets and awaitable channel preparation reuse existing renderer engines. Diagram snapshots retain layout and glyphs; monitor exports reuse history rendering and add a synchronized playhead.
-
-  Validate series state before publishing it, preserve failed connection errors, and reject malformed sample blocks before transport. Video cancellation releases resources even when a destination stalls.
-
-### Patch Changes
-
-- Updated dependencies
-  - @latkit/gpu@0.6.0
-  - @latkit/port@0.7.0
-  - @latkit/model@0.10.1
-  - @latkit/network@0.12.0
-  - @latkit/diagram@0.3.0
-  - @latkit/monitor@0.6.0
diff --git a/packages/video/LICENSE b/packages/video/LICENSE
deleted file mode 100644
index 62d07c9b..00000000
--- a/packages/video/LICENSE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-MIT License
-
-Copyright (c) 2026 Luke Lowery
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/packages/video/README.md b/packages/video/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ac45754..00000000
--- a/packages/video/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# @latkit/video
-
-Record any Latkit view to MP4 (H.264) or WebM (VP9) with WebCodecs.
-
-```sh
-npm install @latkit/video
-```
-
-```ts
-import { exportVideo } from '@latkit/video';
-
-await exportVideo(network, {
-  output, // WritableStream<VideoWrite>
-  width: 1920,
-  height: 1080,
-  duration: 10,
-  at: (seconds) => 20 + seconds,
-});
-```
-
-[Guide](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/video.html) ·
-[API](https://latkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/reference/video/index.html)
diff --git a/packages/video/package.json b/packages/video/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 07c87e42..00000000
--- a/packages/video/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@latkit/video",
-  "version": "0.7.0",
-  "description": "Bounded video export through the shared Latkit GPU renderer.",
-  "type": "module",
-  "license": "MIT",
-  "sideEffects": false,
-  "files": [
-    "dist",
-    "README.md"
-  ],
-  "exports": {
-    ".": {
-      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    }
-  },
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-  "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
-    "test": "vitest run --config vitest.config.ts"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "@latkit/gpu": "workspace:^",
-    "@latkit/model": "workspace:^",
-    "@webgpu/types": "^0.1.71",
-    "mediabunny": "^1.60.0"
-  },
-  "repository": {
-    "type": "git",
-    "url": "git+https://github.com/lukelowry/latkit.git",
-    "directory": "packages/video"
-  },
-  "publishConfig": {
-    "access": "public"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/src/encoding.ts b/packages/video/src/encoding.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 46de58f3..00000000
--- a/packages/video/src/encoding.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import {
-  canEncodeVideo,
-  Mp4OutputFormat,
-  WebMOutputFormat,
-  Quality,
-  Output,
-  StreamTarget,
-  VideoSampleSource,
-  type VideoSample,
-  type StreamTargetChunk,
-} from 'mediabunny';
-import type { settings } from './timing.js';
-export async function encoding(config: ReturnType<typeof settings>) {
-  if (
-    typeof VideoEncoder === 'undefined' ||
-    typeof VideoFrame === 'undefined' ||
-    typeof OffscreenCanvas === 'undefined'
-  )
-    throw failure('unavailable', 'Video export requires WebCodecs and OffscreenCanvas');
-  const codec: 'avc' | 'vp9' = config.format === 'mp4' ? 'avc' : 'vp9';
-  const options = {
-    codec,
-    quality: new Quality(
-      config.bitrate === undefined ? config.quality : { bitrate: config.bitrate },
-    ),
-    keyFrameInterval: 1,
-    latencyMode: 'quality' as const,
-    hardwareAcceleration: 'no-preference' as const,
-    alpha: 'discard' as const,
-  };
-  if (
-    !(await canEncodeVideo(codec, {
-      ...options,
-      width: config.width,
-      height: config.height,
-      frameRate: config.frameRate,
-    }))
-  )
-    throw failure(
-      'unavailable',
-      `Cannot encode ${config.format} at ${config.width}x${config.height}, ${config.frameRate} fps`,
-    );
-  let output: Output | undefined, source: VideoSampleSource | undefined;
-  return {
-    open(stream: WritableStream<StreamTargetChunk>) {
-      output = new Output({
-        // Fragments bound MP4 media/metadata storage independently of total duration.
-        format:
-          config.format === 'mp4'
-            ? new Mp4OutputFormat({ fastStart: 'fragmented', minimumFragmentDuration: 1 })
-            : new WebMOutputFormat({ minimumClusterDuration: 1 }),
-        target: new StreamTarget(stream, { chunked: true, chunkSize: 256 * 1024 }),
-      });
-      source = new VideoSampleSource(options);
-      // Track frameRate quantizes durations, including the shorter final frame. Preserve explicit sample timing.
-      output.addVideoTrack(source);
-    },
-    start: () => output!.start(),
-    // Awaited add bounds the library's encoder queue (four frames) and propagates write pressure.
-    add: (sample: VideoSample, keyFrame: boolean) => source!.add(sample, { keyFrame }),
-    async finish() {
-      source!.close();
-      await output!.finalize();
-    },
-    async cancel() {
-      await output?.cancel();
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/src/index.ts b/packages/video/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 64f48dc9..00000000
--- a/packages/video/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-export { exportVideo } from './video.js';
-export type { VideoOptions, VideoWrite, VideoResult, VideoProgress } from './video.js';
diff --git a/packages/video/src/output.ts b/packages/video/src/output.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c30a8a6..00000000
--- a/packages/video/src/output.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import { Work } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { StreamTargetChunk } from 'mediabunny';
-import type { VideoWrite } from './video.js';
-/** Private muxer stream owns neither the application's destination nor its close/abort policy. */
-export function destination(output: WritableStream<VideoWrite>, work: Work) {
-  const writer = output.getWriter();
-  let byteLength = 0;
-  const stream = new WritableStream<StreamTargetChunk>(
-    {
-      async write(chunk) {
-        work.signal.throwIfAborted();
-        // Encoded bytes are small relative to raw frames. An independent slice also survives cancellation
-        // while a caller-owned write is still pending; no raw image or model data is copied here.
-        const bytes = chunk.data.slice();
-        await work.wait(writer.write({ position: chunk.position, bytes }));
-        byteLength = Math.max(byteLength, chunk.position + bytes.byteLength);
-      },
-    },
-    { highWaterMark: 1 },
-  );
-  return {
-    stream,
-    get byteLength() {
-      return byteLength;
-    },
-    release() {
-      writer.releaseLock();
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/src/timing.ts b/packages/video/src/timing.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 112b8622..00000000
--- a/packages/video/src/timing.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-import { failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import type { VideoOptions } from './video.js';
-/** Validated options; sizes are bounded by the device's texture dimension. */
-export function settings(options: VideoOptions, maxDimension: number) {
-  const frameRate = options.frameRate ?? 60;
-  for (const [name, value] of [
-    ['width', options.width],
-    ['height', options.height],
-  ] as const)
-    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value < 1 || value > maxDimension)
-      throw failure('invalid-input', `Invalid video ${name}`);
-  const pixelRatio = options.pixelRatio ?? 1;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(pixelRatio) || pixelRatio <= 0)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Video pixelRatio must be positive');
-  if (!Number.isFinite(frameRate) || frameRate < 1 || frameRate > 240)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Video frameRate must be between 1 and 240');
-  const durationUs = Math.round(options.duration * 1e6);
-  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(durationUs) || durationUs < 1)
-    throw failure(
-      'invalid-input',
-      'Video duration must be finite, positive and representable in microseconds',
-    );
-  const format = options.format ?? 'mp4',
-    quality = options.quality ?? 0.75;
-  if (!['mp4', 'webm'].includes(format)) throw failure('invalid-input', 'Unsupported video format');
-  if (!(quality >= 0 && quality <= 1))
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Video quality must be between 0 and 1');
-  if (
-    options.bitrate !== undefined &&
-    (!Number.isSafeInteger(options.bitrate) || options.bitrate < 1 || options.quality !== undefined)
-  )
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Specify a positive bitrate or quality, not both');
-  if (!options.output || options.output.locked)
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Video output must be an unlocked WritableStream');
-  if (options.at !== undefined && typeof options.at !== 'function')
-    throw failure('invalid-input', 'Video at must be a coordinate function');
-  // Count frame starts strictly before the rounded end; avoid a spurious frame at float boundaries.
-  let frames = Math.ceil((durationUs * frameRate) / 1e6);
-  if (Math.round(((frames - 1) * 1e6) / frameRate) >= durationUs) frames--;
-  return {
-    width: options.width,
-    height: options.height,
-    pixelRatio,
-    frameRate,
-    frames,
-    durationUs,
-    format,
-    quality,
-    bitrate: options.bitrate,
-    keyFrames: Math.max(1, Math.round(frameRate)),
-  };
-}
-export function timeline(config: { frameRate: number; durationUs: number }, frame: number) {
-  const timestamp = Math.round((frame * 1e6) / config.frameRate);
-  const end = Math.min(config.durationUs, Math.round(((frame + 1) * 1e6) / config.frameRate));
-  return { seconds: frame / config.frameRate, timestamp, duration: end - timestamp };
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/src/video.ts b/packages/video/src/video.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e11bedf..00000000
--- a/packages/video/src/video.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-import { Work, failure } from '@latkit/model';
-import { kit, type View } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { VideoSample } from 'mediabunny';
-import { settings, timeline } from './timing.js';
-import { encoding } from './encoding.js';
-import { destination } from './output.js';
-
-/** Positional writes. Bytes remain immutable after write resolves; the destination owns retention. */
-export interface VideoWrite {
-  readonly position: number;
-  readonly bytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
-}
-export interface VideoProgress {
-  readonly phase: 'rendering' | 'finalizing';
-  readonly completedFrames: number;
-  readonly totalFrames: number;
-}
-export interface VideoOptions {
-  /** Stops the export; it rejects with the signal's reason. */
-  readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
-  readonly width: number;
-  readonly height: number;
-  /** Output duration in seconds, including a possibly shorter final frame. */
-  readonly duration: number;
-  /** Defaults to 60. */
-  readonly frameRate?: number;
-  /** Pixels per layout pixel, as for images. Defaults to 1. */
-  readonly pixelRatio?: number;
-  /**
-   * The model coordinate a frame at output `seconds` draws; omit to keep the view's. It may resolve
-   * later, once the views are ready to draw it, such as with data loaded a part at a time; it is
-   * asked while the frame before encodes. Effects still receive output time.
-   */
-  readonly at?: (seconds: number, signal: AbortSignal) => number | PromiseLike<number>;
-  /** `mp4` by default. */
-  readonly format?: 'mp4' | 'webm';
-  /** From 0 to 1, as for images; 0.75 by default. */
-  readonly quality?: number;
-  /** Explicit target bits/second, instead of quality. */
-  readonly bitrate?: number;
-  /** Borrowed writer lock. The caller closes or aborts the destination. */
-  readonly output: WritableStream<VideoWrite>;
-  readonly onProgress?: (progress: VideoProgress) => void;
-}
-export interface VideoResult {
-  readonly frames: number;
-  readonly duration: number;
-  readonly byteLength: number;
-  readonly mediaType: string;
-}
-const active = new WeakSet<object>();
-/**
- * Record a view: one bounded pipeline of frame preparation, capture, encoding and destination
- * backpressure. The view's canvas pauses until the export settles; the export draws the view as it
- * is and changes none of it, while `at` may set the views each frame draws before it resolves.
- */
-export async function exportVideo(view: View, options: VideoOptions): Promise<VideoResult> {
-  const gpu = kit.gpuOf(view),
-    renderer = kit.rendererOf(view),
-    config = settings(options, gpu.device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
-  if (active.has(view)) throw failure('busy', 'View is already exporting');
-  options.signal?.throwIfAborted();
-  active.add(view);
-  const stop = new AbortController();
-  // A Gpu that stops, as on device loss, ends the export with its reason.
-  const signal = AbortSignal.any([
-    stop.signal,
-    gpu.signal,
-    ...(options.signal ? [options.signal] : []),
-  ]);
-  const work = new Work(signal);
-  const error = (event: GPUUncapturedErrorEvent) => stop.abort(event.error);
-  gpu.device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', error);
-  let release: (() => void) | undefined;
-  let presentation: kit.Presentation | undefined;
-  let sink: ReturnType<typeof destination> | undefined;
-  let media: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof encoding>> | undefined;
-  try {
-    // Negotiate before acquiring a destination or allocating capture textures.
-    media = await work.wait(encoding(config));
-    const holding = kit.hold(view);
-    // A hold granted after cancellation is released at once.
-    release = await work.wait(holding).catch((cause: unknown) => {
-      void holding.then((late) => late());
-      throw cause;
-    });
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    sink = destination(options.output, work);
-    media.open(sink.stream);
-    const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(config.width, config.height);
-    const viewport = {
-      width: config.width / config.pixelRatio,
-      height: config.height / config.pixelRatio,
-      pixelRatio: config.pixelRatio,
-    };
-    presentation = kit.createPresentation(gpu, { canvas, alphaMode: 'opaque' });
-    await work.wait(media.start());
-    /**
-     * The coordinate frame `i` draws, once the views are ready to draw it. Asked ahead of its
-     * frame, a failure surfaces where the frame awaits it, or goes unread when the export stops
-     * first.
-     */
-    const coordinate = (i: number): Promise<number | undefined> => {
-      const asked = (async () =>
-        options.at
-          ? await work.wait(Promise.resolve(options.at(timeline(config, i).seconds, signal)))
-          : (view.config.at ?? undefined))();
-      asked.catch(() => {});
-      return asked;
-    };
-    let reported = -Infinity,
-      next = coordinate(0);
-    for (let i = 0; i < config.frames; i++) {
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      const frame = timeline(config, i),
-        at = await next;
-      if (at !== undefined && !Number.isFinite(at))
-        throw failure('invalid-input', 'Video coordinate must be finite');
-      await gpu.render({
-        completion: 'complete',
-        signal,
-        timeMs: frame.seconds * 1000,
-        views: [{ renderer, target: presentation, at, viewport, presented: false }],
-      });
-      signal.throwIfAborted();
-      const sample = new VideoSample(canvas, {
-        timestamp: frame.timestamp / 1e6,
-        duration: frame.duration / 1e6,
-      });
-      // The sample holds this frame's pixels, so the next coordinate readies the views as it
-      // encodes.
-      if (i + 1 < config.frames) next = coordinate(i + 1);
-      try {
-        await work.wait(media.add(sample, i % config.keyFrames === 0));
-      } finally {
-        sample.close();
-      }
-      const now = performance.now();
-      if (now - reported >= 100 || i + 1 === config.frames) {
-        reported = now;
-        options.onProgress?.({
-          phase: 'rendering',
-          completedFrames: i + 1,
-          totalFrames: config.frames,
-        });
-      }
-    }
-    options.onProgress?.({
-      phase: 'finalizing',
-      completedFrames: config.frames,
-      totalFrames: config.frames,
-    });
-    await work.wait(media.finish());
-    signal.throwIfAborted();
-    return {
-      frames: config.frames,
-      duration: config.durationUs / 1e6,
-      byteLength: sink.byteLength,
-      mediaType: config.format === 'mp4' ? 'video/mp4' : 'video/webm',
-    };
-  } catch (cause) {
-    stop.abort(cause);
-    // Our private stream rejects pending writes on abort, even if a borrowed destination stalls.
-    await media?.cancel().catch(() => {});
-    throw signal.aborted ? signal.reason : cause;
-  } finally {
-    presentation?.destroy();
-    sink?.release();
-    gpu.device.removeEventListener('uncapturederror', error);
-    release?.();
-    active.delete(view);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/tests/browser/check.ts b/packages/video/tests/browser/check.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 589beeac..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tests/browser/check.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,386 +0,0 @@
-import { ownership, throughput } from './scaling.js';
-import { createGpu, createComposition, type Gpu, type View } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { view } from './views.js';
-import { exportVideo, type VideoWrite } from '../../src/index.js';
-import { Input, BlobSource, ALL_FORMATS, VideoSampleSink } from 'mediabunny';
-const assert = (test: unknown, message: string) => {
-  if (!test) throw new Error(message);
-};
-function solid(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  color: readonly [number, number, number, number],
-  progressive = false,
-): View {
-  let time = -1,
-    steps = 0;
-  return view(gpu, {
-    pending: () => (progressive && steps < 3 ? Promise.resolve() : undefined),
-    prepare(frame) {
-      if (frame.timeMs !== time) {
-        time = frame.timeMs;
-        steps = 0;
-      }
-      steps++;
-    },
-    encode(frame) {
-      const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-        colorAttachments: [
-          {
-            view: frame.target,
-            loadOp: 'clear',
-            storeOp: 'store',
-            clearValue: progressive && steps < 3 ? [0, 0, 0, 1] : color,
-          },
-        ],
-      });
-      pass.end();
-    },
-  });
-}
-function memory() {
-  let size = 0,
-    writes = 0,
-    peakWrite = 0;
-  const chunks: VideoWrite[] = [];
-  const stream = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-    write(chunk) {
-      chunks.push(chunk);
-      writes++;
-      peakWrite = Math.max(peakWrite, chunk.bytes.byteLength);
-      size = Math.max(size, chunk.position + chunk.bytes.byteLength);
-    },
-  });
-  return {
-    stream,
-    blob(type: string) {
-      const bytes = new Uint8Array(size);
-      for (const c of chunks) bytes.set(c.bytes, c.position);
-      return new Blob([bytes], { type });
-    },
-    stats: () => ({ size, writes, peakWrite }),
-  };
-}
-async function rejects(promise: Promise<unknown>, word: string) {
-  let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
-  try {
-    await Promise.race([
-      promise.then(
-        () => {
-          throw new Error('Unexpected success');
-        },
-        (error) => {
-          assert(String(error).includes(word), `Unexpected rejection: ${error}`);
-        },
-      ),
-      new Promise((_, reject) => {
-        timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('Cancellation did not settle')), 5000);
-      }),
-    ]);
-  } finally {
-    clearTimeout(timer!);
-  }
-}
-/**
- * An async `at` readies each frame's views before the frame draws, and is asked while the frame
- * before encodes; a coordinate that fails ends the export, leaking nothing.
- */
-async function readied(
-  gpu: Gpu,
-  open: () => number,
-  onEncode: (hook: () => void) => void,
-): Promise<unknown> {
-  let color = [1, 0, 0, 1];
-  const shown = view(gpu, {
-    encode(frame) {
-      frame.encoder
-        .beginRenderPass({
-          colorAttachments: [
-            { view: frame.target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: color },
-          ],
-        })
-        .end();
-    },
-  });
-  try {
-    let asked = 0,
-      askedBeforeEncode = 0;
-    onEncode(() => {
-      askedBeforeEncode ||= asked;
-    });
-    const output = memory();
-    const result = await exportVideo(shown, {
-      output: output.stream,
-      width: 320,
-      height: 180,
-      duration: 1,
-      frameRate: 30,
-      at: async (seconds, signal) => {
-        asked++;
-        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2));
-        signal.throwIfAborted();
-        color = seconds < 0.5 ? [1, 0, 0, 1] : [0, 0, 1, 1];
-        return seconds;
-      },
-    });
-    const input = new Input({
-      source: new BlobSource(output.blob(result.mediaType)),
-      formats: ALL_FORMATS,
-    });
-    try {
-      const sink = new VideoSampleSink((await input.getPrimaryVideoTrack())!),
-        canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(320, 180),
-        context = canvas.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })!;
-      for (const [at, red] of [
-        [0.2, true],
-        [0.8, false],
-      ] as const) {
-        const sample = await sink.getSample(at);
-        assert(sample, 'Missing decoded sample');
-        try {
-          sample!.draw(context, 0, 0);
-          const [r, , b] = context.getImageData(160, 90, 1, 1).data;
-          assert(
-            red ? r! > 180 && b! < 70 : b! > 180 && r! < 70,
-            'A frame drew before its coordinate was ready',
-          );
-        } finally {
-          sample?.close();
-        }
-      }
-    } finally {
-      input.dispose();
-    }
-    assert(askedBeforeEncode >= 2, 'The next coordinate waited for the frame before to encode');
-    // A coordinate failing at the first frame, or at a later one while the one before encodes.
-    for (const failsAt of [0, 0.5]) {
-      const broken = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>();
-      await rejects(
-        exportVideo(shown, {
-          output: broken,
-          width: 320,
-          height: 180,
-          duration: 1,
-          frameRate: 30,
-          at: async (seconds) => {
-            if (seconds >= failsAt) throw new Error('samples missing');
-            return seconds;
-          },
-        }),
-        'samples missing',
-      );
-      assert(!broken.locked && open() === 0, 'A failed coordinate leaked writer or encoder');
-    }
-    return { readied: 'passed', frames: result.frames, askedBeforeEncode };
-  } finally {
-    shown.destroy();
-  }
-}
-export async function check() {
-  const NativeEncoder = globalThis.VideoEncoder;
-  const encoders = new Set<VideoEncoder>();
-  let peakQueue = 0,
-    encoded: (() => void) | undefined;
-  globalThis.VideoEncoder = class extends NativeEncoder {
-    constructor(config: VideoEncoderInit) {
-      super(config);
-      encoders.add(this);
-    }
-    override encode(frame: VideoFrame, options?: VideoEncoderEncodeOptions) {
-      encoded?.();
-      super.encode(frame, options);
-      peakQueue = Math.max(peakQueue, this.encodeQueueSize);
-    }
-    override close() {
-      try {
-        super.close();
-      } finally {
-        encoders.delete(this);
-      }
-    }
-  };
-  const report: unknown[] = [],
-    errors: string[] = [];
-  const gpu = await createGpu();
-  gpu.device.addEventListener('uncapturederror', (e) => errors.push(e.error.message));
-  try {
-    const top = solid(gpu, [1, 0, 0, 1], true),
-      bottom = solid(gpu, [0, 1, 0, 1]);
-    const composed = createComposition(gpu, {
-      views: [
-        { view: top, region: [0, 0, 1, 0.5] },
-        { view: bottom, region: [0, 0.5, 1, 0.5] },
-      ],
-    });
-    try {
-      for (const format of ['mp4', 'webm'] as const) {
-        const output = memory(),
-          seen: number[] = [];
-        const result = await exportVideo(composed, {
-          output: output.stream,
-          width: 320,
-          height: 180,
-          duration: 1.015,
-          frameRate: 30,
-          format,
-          at: (seconds) => {
-            seen.push(seconds);
-            return 10 + seconds;
-          },
-        });
-        assert(!output.stream.locked, 'Writer lock leaked');
-        assert(
-          result.frames === 31 && result.byteLength === output.stats().size,
-          'Wrong output extent',
-        );
-        const blob = output.blob(result.mediaType);
-        const input = new Input({ source: new BlobSource(blob), formats: ALL_FORMATS });
-        try {
-          const track = await input.getPrimaryVideoTrack();
-          assert(track?.displayWidth === 320 && track.displayHeight === 180, 'Dimensions');
-          // WebM SimpleBlock omits final packet duration; the segment stores the output end.
-          const duration =
-            format === 'webm'
-              ? await input.getDurationFromMetadata()
-              : await input.computeDuration();
-          assert(
-            Math.abs(duration! - 1.015) < 0.003,
-            `Fractional duration (${format}): ${duration}`,
-          );
-          const sink = new VideoSampleSink(track!),
-            canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(320, 180),
-            context = canvas.getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })!;
-          for (const at of [0, 0.5, 1.01]) {
-            const frame = await sink.getSample(at);
-            assert(frame, 'Missing decoded sample');
-            try {
-              frame!.draw(context, 0, 0);
-              const red = context.getImageData(160, 30, 1, 1).data,
-                green = context.getImageData(160, 140, 1, 1).data;
-              assert(
-                red[0]! > 180 && red[1]! < 70 && green[1]! > 180 && green[0]! < 70,
-                'Composition or progressive completion failed',
-              );
-            } finally {
-              frame?.close();
-            }
-          }
-          report.push({ format, frames: result.frames, duration, ...output.stats() });
-        } finally {
-          input.dispose();
-        }
-        assert(seen[0] === 0 && seen[30] === 1, 'Coordinate scheduling drift');
-        assert(encoders.size === 0, 'Encoder leaked after success');
-      }
-      report.push(
-        await readied(
-          gpu,
-          () => encoders.size,
-          (hook) => (encoded = hook),
-        ),
-      );
-      encoded = undefined;
-      for (const duration of [1, 10]) {
-        let peakWrite = 0,
-          writes = 0,
-          active = 0,
-          peakActive = 0;
-        const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-          async write(chunk) {
-            active++;
-            peakActive = Math.max(peakActive, active);
-            writes++;
-            peakWrite = Math.max(peakWrite, chunk.bytes.length);
-            await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2));
-            active--;
-          },
-        });
-        const begin = performance.now();
-        const result = await exportVideo(composed, {
-          output,
-          width: 1920,
-          height: 1080,
-          duration,
-          frameRate: 30,
-        });
-        assert(peakActive === 1 && peakWrite <= 256 * 1024, 'Unbounded writer queue');
-        report.push({
-          benchmark: '1080p composed progressive',
-          duration,
-          frames: result.frames,
-          elapsedMs: performance.now() - begin,
-          peakWrite,
-          writes,
-          gpu: gpu.stats(),
-        });
-      }
-      const stop = new AbortController();
-      let entered!: () => void;
-      const writing = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-        entered = resolve;
-      });
-      let release!: () => void;
-      const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-        write() {
-          entered();
-          return new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-            release = resolve;
-          });
-        },
-      });
-      const pending = exportVideo(composed, {
-        output,
-        width: 320,
-        height: 180,
-        duration: 10,
-        signal: stop.signal,
-      });
-      const observed = rejects(pending, 'stalled');
-      await writing;
-      stop.abort(new Error('stalled'));
-      await observed;
-      assert(!output.locked && encoders.size === 0, 'Cancellation leaked writer or encoder');
-      release();
-      const broken = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-        write() {
-          throw new Error('disk full');
-        },
-      });
-      await rejects(
-        exportVideo(composed, { output: broken, width: 320, height: 180, duration: 1 }),
-        'disk full',
-      );
-      assert(!broken.locked && encoders.size === 0, 'Failed write leaked resources');
-      await rejects(
-        exportVideo(composed, {
-          output: new WritableStream(),
-          width: 320,
-          height: 180,
-          duration: 1,
-          onProgress() {
-            throw new Error('progress failed');
-          },
-        }),
-        'progress failed',
-      );
-      assert(encoders.size === 0, 'Progress failure leaked encoder');
-      await ownership(gpu);
-      report.push(...(await throughput(gpu)));
-      assert(peakQueue <= 4, `Encoder queue exceeded bound: ${peakQueue}`);
-      report.push({
-        cancellation: 'passed',
-        failedWrites: 'passed',
-        progressFailure: 'passed',
-        peakQueue,
-      });
-    } finally {
-      composed.destroy();
-      top.destroy();
-      bottom.destroy();
-    }
-    assert(!errors.length, errors.join('\n'));
-    return report;
-  } finally {
-    gpu.destroy();
-    globalThis.VideoEncoder = NativeEncoder;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/tests/browser/scaling.ts b/packages/video/tests/browser/scaling.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d87546c9..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tests/browser/scaling.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-import { createComposition, kit, type Gpu } from '@latkit/gpu';
-import { exportVideo, type VideoWrite } from '../../src/index.js';
-import { view } from './views.js';
-const assert = (value: unknown, message: string) => {
-  if (!value) throw new Error(message);
-};
-
-export async function ownership(gpu: Gpu) {
-  let release!: () => void,
-    entered!: () => void,
-    destroyed = false;
-  const gate = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-    release = resolve;
-  });
-  const ready = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-    entered = resolve;
-  });
-  const child = view(gpu, {
-    async prepare() {
-      entered();
-      await gate;
-    },
-    encode(frame) {
-      frame.encoder
-        .beginRenderPass({
-          colorAttachments: [
-            { view: frame.target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1] },
-          ],
-        })
-        .end();
-    },
-    release() {
-      destroyed = true;
-    },
-  });
-  const composition = createComposition(gpu, { views: [{ view: child, region: [0, 0, 1, 1] }] });
-  const target = kit.createTextureTarget(gpu, { width: 32, height: 32 });
-  try {
-    const rendering = gpu.render({
-      timeMs: 0,
-      views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(composition), target }],
-    });
-    await ready;
-    try {
-      let busy = false;
-      try {
-        await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(child), target }] });
-      } catch (error) {
-        busy = String(error).includes('in progress');
-      }
-      assert(busy, 'Composed child was allowed concurrent preparation');
-    } finally {
-      release();
-      await rendering;
-    }
-    composition.destroy();
-    assert(!destroyed, 'Composition destroyed its borrowed child');
-    await gpu.render({ timeMs: 0, views: [{ renderer: kit.rendererOf(child), target }] });
-  } finally {
-    release();
-    composition.destroy();
-    target.destroy();
-    child.destroy();
-  }
-}
-
-/** Deliberately difficult to compress: changing spatial detail, generated entirely on the GPU. */
-export async function throughput(gpu: Gpu): Promise<unknown[]> {
-  const module = gpu.device.createShaderModule({
-    code: `
-@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> phase: vec4f;
-@vertex fn vertex(@builtin(vertex_index) i: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4f {
-  let p = vec2f(f32((i << 1u) & 2u), f32(i & 2u));
-  return vec4f(p * 2. - 1., 0., 1.);
-}
-@fragment fn fragment(@builtin(position) p: vec4f) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-  let xy = floor(p.xy / 4.);
-  let v = fract(sin(dot(xy, vec2f(12.9898, 78.233)) + phase.x * 0.04) * 43758.5453);
-  return vec4f(v, fract(v * 3.7), fract(v * 7.1), 1.);
-}`,
-  });
-  const pipelines = new Map<GPUTextureFormat, GPURenderPipeline>();
-  let pipeline: GPURenderPipeline, binding: GPUBindGroup;
-  const scene = view(gpu, {
-    async prepare(frame) {
-      let cached = pipelines.get(frame.format);
-      if (!cached) {
-        cached = await gpu.renderPipeline({
-          layout: 'auto',
-          vertex: { module, entryPoint: 'vertex' },
-          fragment: { module, entryPoint: 'fragment', targets: [{ format: frame.format }] },
-        });
-        pipelines.set(frame.format, cached);
-      }
-      pipeline = cached;
-      binding = gpu.device.createBindGroup({
-        layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
-        entries: [
-          { binding: 0, resource: frame.uniforms(new Float32Array([frame.timeMs, 0, 0, 0])) },
-        ],
-      });
-    },
-    encode(frame) {
-      const pass = frame.encoder.beginRenderPass({
-        colorAttachments: [
-          { view: frame.target, loadOp: 'clear', storeOp: 'store', clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1] },
-        ],
-      });
-      pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
-      pass.setBindGroup(0, binding);
-      pass.draw(3);
-      pass.end();
-    },
-    release() {
-      pipelines.clear();
-    },
-  });
-  const report = [];
-  try {
-    for (const duration of [1, 10]) {
-      let writes = 0,
-        peakWrite = 0,
-        active = 0,
-        peakActive = 0;
-      const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-        async write(chunk) {
-          writes++;
-          active++;
-          peakActive = Math.max(peakActive, active);
-          peakWrite = Math.max(peakWrite, chunk.bytes.length);
-          await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
-          active--;
-        },
-      });
-      const start = performance.now();
-      const result = await exportVideo(scene, {
-        output,
-        width: 1920,
-        height: 1080,
-        duration,
-        frameRate: 30,
-        bitrate: 12_000_000,
-      });
-      assert(
-        writes > 2 && peakActive === 1 && peakWrite <= 256 * 1024,
-        'Detailed workload did not exercise bounded output',
-      );
-      report.push({
-        benchmark: '1080p changing detail with slow sink',
-        duration,
-        frames: result.frames,
-        elapsedMs: performance.now() - start,
-        byteLength: result.byteLength,
-        writes,
-        peakWrite,
-        gpu: gpu.stats(),
-      });
-    }
-  } finally {
-    scene.destroy();
-  }
-  return report;
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/tests/browser/views.ts b/packages/video/tests/browser/views.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 279277dc..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tests/browser/views.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-import { kit, type Gpu, type View } from '@latkit/gpu';
-interface Hooks {
-  prepare?(frame: kit.Preparation): Promise<void> | void;
-  encode(frame: kit.Encoding): void;
-  pending?(): Promise<void> | undefined;
-  release?(): void;
-}
-class HookView extends kit.BaseView<View.Config, View.Events> {
-  constructor(
-    gpu: Gpu,
-    private readonly hooks: Hooks,
-  ) {
-    super(gpu, {});
-    this.start();
-  }
-  protected configure(): void {}
-  protected async prepare(frame: kit.Preparation): Promise<void> {
-    await this.hooks.prepare?.(frame);
-  }
-  protected encode(frame: kit.Encoding): void {
-    this.hooks.encode(frame);
-  }
-  protected get pending(): Promise<void> | undefined {
-    return this.hooks.pending?.();
-  }
-  protected release(): void {
-    this.hooks.release?.();
-  }
-}
-/** A view drawn by the given hooks, for checks. */
-export function view(gpu: Gpu, hooks: Hooks): View {
-  return new HookView(gpu, hooks);
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/tests/contract.ts b/packages/video/tests/contract.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f8d438c..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tests/contract.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-import { exportVideo, type VideoWrite } from '../src/index.js';
-import type { View } from '@latkit/gpu';
-export function usage(view: View, output: WritableStream<VideoWrite>) {
-  return exportVideo(view, {
-    output,
-    width: 1920,
-    height: 1080,
-    frameRate: 60,
-    duration: 10,
-    at: (seconds) => 20 + seconds,
-  });
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/tests/output.test.ts b/packages/video/tests/output.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3905cb8d..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tests/output.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-import { Work } from '@latkit/model';
-import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { destination } from '../src/output.js';
-import type { VideoWrite } from '../src/video.js';
-describe('borrowed destination', () => {
-  it('preserves positional writes, byte extent and caller-owned lifetime', async () => {
-    const writes: VideoWrite[] = [],
-      close = vi.fn(),
-      abort = vi.fn();
-    const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-      write: (chunk) => {
-        writes.push(chunk);
-      },
-      close,
-      abort,
-    });
-    const sink = destination(output, new Work(new AbortController().signal)),
-      writer = sink.stream.getWriter();
-    const data = Uint8Array.of(1, 2, 3);
-    await writer.write({ type: 'write', position: 100, data });
-    data.fill(9);
-    await writer.write({ type: 'write', position: 0, data: Uint8Array.of(4) });
-    await writer.close();
-    writer.releaseLock();
-    sink.release();
-    expect(sink.byteLength).toBe(103);
-    expect([...writes[0].bytes]).toEqual([1, 2, 3]);
-    expect(output.locked).toBe(false);
-    expect(close).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    expect(abort).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  });
-  it('cancels a stalled write without aborting the caller stream', async () => {
-    let resolve!: () => void;
-    const abort = vi.fn();
-    const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-      write: () =>
-        new Promise<void>((r) => {
-          resolve = r;
-        }),
-      abort,
-    });
-    const stop = new AbortController(),
-      sink = destination(output, new Work(stop.signal)),
-      writer = sink.stream.getWriter();
-    const write = writer.write({ type: 'write', position: 0, data: Uint8Array.of(1) });
-    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 0));
-    stop.abort(new Error('stopped'));
-    await expect(write).rejects.toThrow('stopped');
-    sink.release();
-    expect(output.locked).toBe(false);
-    expect(abort).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    resolve();
-    await writer.closed.catch(() => {});
-    writer.releaseLock();
-  });
-  it('propagates write failures', async () => {
-    const output = new WritableStream<VideoWrite>({
-      write() {
-        throw new Error('disk full');
-      },
-    });
-    const sink = destination(output, new Work(new AbortController().signal)),
-      writer = sink.stream.getWriter();
-    await expect(
-      writer.write({ type: 'write', position: 0, data: Uint8Array.of(1) }),
-    ).rejects.toThrow('disk full');
-    sink.release();
-    await writer.closed.catch(() => {});
-    writer.releaseLock();
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/video/tests/timing.test.ts b/packages/video/tests/timing.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 32aa2c5f..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tests/timing.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { settings, timeline } from '../src/timing.js';
-import type { VideoOptions } from '../src/video.js';
-const options = (patch: Partial<VideoOptions> = {}) =>
-  ({
-    output: new WritableStream(),
-    width: 1280,
-    height: 720,
-    duration: 10,
-    ...patch,
-  }) as VideoOptions;
-describe('video timing', () => {
-  it('derives precise fractional-rate timestamps without accumulated drift', () => {
-    const config = settings(options({ duration: 3600, frameRate: 30000 / 1001 }), 8192);
-    expect(config.frames).toBe(107893);
-    let through = 0;
-    for (let i = 0; i < config.frames; i++) {
-      const frame = timeline(config, i);
-      expect(frame.timestamp).toBe(through);
-      expect(frame.duration).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-      through += frame.duration;
-    }
-    expect(through).toBe(3_600_000_000);
-  });
-  it('does not add an extra frame at exact duration boundaries', () => {
-    for (const rate of [24, 30, 60, 30000 / 1001]) {
-      const config = settings(options({ duration: 600 / rate, frameRate: rate }), 8192);
-      expect(config.frames).toBe(600);
-    }
-  });
-  it('rejects invalid dimensions, rates, destinations and ambiguous quality', () => {
-    for (const patch of [
-      { width: 0 },
-      { height: 9000 },
-      { frameRate: NaN },
-      { duration: Infinity },
-      { duration: 0 },
-      { bitrate: 1000, quality: 0.75 },
-      { quality: 1.5 },
-    ])
-      expect(() => settings(options(patch), 8192)).toThrow();
-    const output = new WritableStream();
-    const writer = output.getWriter();
-    expect(() => settings(options({ output }), 8192)).toThrow();
-    writer.releaseLock();
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/video/tsconfig.build.json b/packages/video/tsconfig.build.json
deleted file mode 100644
index d7333769..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tsconfig.build.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "noEmit": false,
-    "emitDeclarationOnly": false,
-    "outDir": "dist",
-    "rootDir": "src"
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/tsconfig.json b/packages/video/tsconfig.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b37c7cb..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tsconfig.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
-    "types": ["@webgpu/types"],
-    "noEmit": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "tests/**/*.ts", "*.config.ts"]
-}
diff --git a/packages/video/tsup.config.ts b/packages/video/tsup.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3689af8e..00000000
--- a/packages/video/tsup.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
-export default defineConfig({
-  entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-  format: ['esm'],
-  dts: { banner: '/// <reference types="@webgpu/types" />' },
-  sourcemap: true,
-  clean: true,
-  target: 'es2022',
-  platform: 'browser',
-});
diff --git a/packages/video/vitest.config.ts b/packages/video/vitest.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 801fc5a9..00000000
--- a/packages/video/vitest.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
-export default defineConfig({
-  test: { name: '@latkit/video', include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'] },
-});
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index b5511aeb..4e06317c 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@ importers:
       '@types/node':
         specifier: ^26.1.1
         version: 26.1.1
-      '@vitest/coverage-v8':
-        specifier: 3.2.7
-        version: 3.2.7(vitest@3.2.7(@types/node@26.1.1)(jsdom@26.1.0)(yaml@2.9.0))
       esbuild:
         specifier: ^0.28.1
         version: 0.28.1
@@ -38,15 +35,6 @@ importers:
       prettier:
         specifier: ^3.9.4
         version: 3.9.4
-      tsup:
-        specifier: ^8.0.0
-        version: 8.5.1(postcss@8.5.16)(typescript@5.9.3)(yaml@2.9.0)
-      typedoc:
-        specifier: ^0.28.20
-        version: 0.28.20(typescript@5.9.3)
-      typedoc-plugin-markdown:
-        specifier: ^4.12.0
-        version: 4.12.0(typedoc@0.28.20(typescript@5.9.3))
       typescript:
         specifier: ^5.7.0
         version: 5.9.3
@@ -59,113 +47,16 @@ importers:
 
   benchmark:
     dependencies:
-      '@latkit/connect':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../packages/connect
-      '@latkit/diagram':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../packages/diagram
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../packages/gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../packages/model
-      '@latkit/monitor':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../packages/monitor
-      '@latkit/network':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../packages/network
+      latkit:
+        specifier: link:../npm
+        version: link:../npm
     devDependencies:
-      '@types/ws':
-        specifier: ^8.18.2
-        version: 8.18.2
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      ws:
-        specifier: 8.21.0
-        version: 8.21.0
-
-  examples/colors:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/gpu
-    devDependencies:
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      typescript:
-        specifier: ^5.7.0
-        version: 5.9.3
-      vite:
-        specifier: ^7.0.0
-        version: 7.3.6(@types/node@26.1.1)(yaml@2.9.0)
-
-  examples/diagram:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/diagram':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/diagram
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/model
-    devDependencies:
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      typescript:
-        specifier: ^5.7.0
-        version: 5.9.3
-      vite:
-        specifier: ^7.0.0
-        version: 7.3.6(@types/node@26.1.1)(yaml@2.9.0)
-
-  examples/linked:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/model
-      '@latkit/monitor':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/monitor
-      '@latkit/network':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/network
-    devDependencies:
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      typescript:
-        specifier: ^5.7.0
-        version: 5.9.3
-      vite:
-        specifier: ^7.0.0
-        version: 7.3.6(@types/node@26.1.1)(yaml@2.9.0)
-
-  examples/monitor:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/model
-      '@latkit/monitor':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/monitor
-    devDependencies:
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
+      '@types/node':
+        specifier: ^26.1.1
+        version: 26.1.1
+      playwright-core:
+        specifier: 1.64.0
+        version: 1.64.0
       typescript:
         specifier: ^5.7.0
         version: 5.9.3
@@ -173,55 +64,24 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^7.0.0
         version: 7.3.6(@types/node@26.1.1)(yaml@2.9.0)
 
-  examples/network:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/geography':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/geography
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/model
-      '@latkit/network':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/network
+  npm:
     devDependencies:
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
       typescript:
         specifier: ^5.7.0
         version: 5.9.3
-      vite:
-        specifier: ^7.0.0
-        version: 7.3.6(@types/node@26.1.1)(yaml@2.9.0)
 
-  examples/video:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/model
-      '@latkit/monitor':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/monitor
-      '@latkit/network':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/network
-      '@latkit/video':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../packages/video
+  npm/examples:
+    dependencies:
+      latkit:
+        specifier: link:..
+        version: link:..
     devDependencies:
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      mediabunny:
-        specifier: ^1.60.0
-        version: 1.60.0
+      '@types/node':
+        specifier: ^26.1.1
+        version: 26.1.1
+      playwright-core:
+        specifier: 1.64.0
+        version: 1.64.0
       typescript:
         specifier: ^5.7.0
         version: 5.9.3
@@ -229,140 +89,15 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^7.0.0
         version: 7.3.6(@types/node@26.1.1)(yaml@2.9.0)
 
-  packages/connect:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../model
-    devDependencies:
-      '@types/ws':
-        specifier: ^8.18.2
-        version: 8.18.2
-      ws:
-        specifier: 8.21.0
-        version: 8.21.0
-
-  packages/diagram:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../model
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-
-  packages/geography:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../model
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      earcut:
-        specifier: ^3.2.4
-        version: 3.2.4
-
-  packages/gpu:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../model
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      culori:
-        specifier: 4.0.2
-        version: 4.0.2
-    devDependencies:
-      '@latkit/connect':
-        specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../connect
-      '@types/culori':
-        specifier: ^4.0.1
-        version: 4.0.1
-
-  packages/model: {}
-
-  packages/monitor:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../model
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-
-  packages/network:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../model
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-
-  packages/video:
-    dependencies:
-      '@latkit/gpu':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../gpu
-      '@latkit/model':
-        specifier: workspace:^
-        version: link:../model
-      '@webgpu/types':
-        specifier: ^0.1.71
-        version: 0.1.71
-      mediabunny:
-        specifier: ^1.60.0
-        version: 1.60.0
-
 packages:
 
-  '@ampproject/remapping@2.3.0':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-30iZtAPgz+LTIYoeivqYo853f02jBYSd5uGnGpkFV0M3xOt9aN73erkgYAmZU43x4VfqcnLxW9Kpg3R5LC4YYw==}
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-    hasBin: true
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-  '@babel/types@7.29.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
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@@ -446,312 +181,156 @@ packages:
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [ppc64]
-    os: [aix]
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [ppc64]
     os: [aix]
 
-  '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.27.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [android]
-
   '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.28.1':
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [android]
 
-  '@esbuild/android-arm@0.27.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm]
-    os: [android]
-
   '@esbuild/android-arm@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-0k2F129Xdio1TdJfzJ8sy1Q47vUD2NnwdhiAf7drUN1EBTfPf4hsFCtmMgu/6m8JSzsBrlmVjudMBQqOfG8usQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm]
     os: [android]
 
-  '@esbuild/android-x64@0.27.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [android]
-
   '@esbuild/android-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-dbwY7ltSMDWsRatcRpCnES4F+im88OCUgGZjy52shC7GqHRE/cYlxNbB4Z4UpJswpcc4Qxd2oE/ufM0p61IKng==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [android]
 
-  '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-5lckdqeuBPlKUwvoCXIgI2D9/ABmPq3Rdp7IfL70393YgaASt7tbju3Ac+ePVi3KDH6N2RqePfHnXkaDtY9fkw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [darwin]
-
   '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-TZbWkQY7kvTAXbXUT7uVACR5cMHsDiSz9z7ZKAX/RTq/WJEk3QyRr0wZpNhBDX+/0CtdqUIJlOiodQcta6tY3Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [darwin]
 
-  '@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.27.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [darwin]
-
   '@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-zfdzgK9ACBNZLI/CyHTOx81SyNbM6YXn7rxSgX97VjyiPl9W1i4Ka4fgKECEoFCKGpvBj5qArWIGgQjOwkgskQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [darwin]
 
-  '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-B48PqeCsEgOtzME2GbNM2roU29AMTuOIN91dsMO30t+Ydis3z/3Ngoj5hhnsOSSwNzS+6JppqWsuhTp6E82l2w==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [freebsd]
-
   '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wG2EA8ENdEI0qhkSZMjfqrdY+ziCYCPMmtZjjIwOmXFjmyzEHn+UUxk5of+SYsjtfs3VpnlC7QLzSI5hY/rOAw==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [freebsd]
 
-  '@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.27.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [freebsd]
-
   '@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-i7dZ9vQgnvSCzi/rYCXNgtF/U+eKZNJBzu3eTQbRgHnM7tNSizLOkRFAl3qzVc/Op/u5YkHHa4pf/3DOYHthLQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [freebsd]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.27.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-yHs+0uc8+nvEAfAfxrWQKK5peSNzBc4PegcMO0EJ2hT71uA7vB8Ihg2e77R2P7SG5uYjPbHlLLmve4LLLRCf0g==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-arm@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RkT/YXYBTSULo3+af8Ib0ykH8u2MBh57o7q/DAs3lTJlyVQkgQvlrPTnjIzzRPQyavxtPtfg0EopvDyIt0j1rA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-arm@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qVXBOHQS+d5Y722GwJzJUtOLlX7km3CraOaGormF1pDtPd2C/l1SHRPgjLunLGe51Sh5YYWKMFDyV4SxgMQYTQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-GA48aKNkyQDbd3KtkplYWT102C5sn/EZTY4XROkxONgruHPU72l+gW+FfF8tf2cFjeHaRbWpOYa/uRBz/Xq1Pg==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [ia32]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-d1z4ZuP0ajrfz/FhGT4vv278rX8KnPPJx8i5+AtK7TYbx9Le9F1hyzurZpkEyjkGa9dUGhQow4C1NmeGvqxN2w==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [ia32]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-a4POruNM2oWsD4WKvBSEKGIiWQF8fZOAsycHOt6JBpZ+JN2n2JH9WAv56SOyu9X5IqAjqSIPTaJkqN8F7XOQ5Q==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [loong64]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-M5sRjUVZrkm1OAPR3dlOYzNmN+loZKGVi1VUQGrwuqLcbR6qeAz+famMhjASeH3YVKvZz+zT1jlh/keC3Rj/lg==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [loong64]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-KabT5I6StirGfIz0FMgl1I+R1H73Gp0ofL9A3nG3i/cYFJzKHhouBV5VWK1CSgKvVaG4q1RNpCTR2LuTVB3fIw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [mips64el]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-mRObBZeHh2OxcBFPWE/FjylkRgZdYuiTR3vaTozquCGOH14iP9oN4x4Ge81CoIDYQrXmIxpFumJBu5MtZpnQJQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [mips64el]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.27.7':
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [ppc64]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.28.1':
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [ppc64]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-hL25LbxO1QOngGzu2U5xeXtxXcW+/GvMN3ejANqXkxZ/opySAZMrc+9LY/WyjAan41unrR3YrmtTsUpwT66InQ==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [riscv64]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-kw0owk1o0GFETUJyW0jc0G4Yzs0BHZn0JDZ8JRT088vjJYX777BAs1fDGxAC+q831qOs2DTC96mNsG2opdfyyQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [riscv64]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-2k8go8Ycu1Kb46vEelhu1vqEP+UeRVj2zY1pSuPdgvbd5ykAw82Lrro28vXUrRmzEsUV0NzCf54yARIK8r0fdw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [s390x]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/lAIjX8aYFRByhh6L5rYtPEDRqa9de/4V/juOXcta5frjvzXO4/sqEtyytse0g3zZFuWu5cDN0MkLz2qRDD2Ag==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [s390x]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-x64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-hzznmADPt+OmsYzw1EE33ccA+HPdIqiCRq7cQeL1Jlq2gb1+OyWBkMCrYGBJ+sxVzve2ZJEVeePbLM2iEIZSxA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [linux]
-
   '@esbuild/linux-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-u/anNYF2mmVOEDwLtnQ1wOr3EZ9sTNGLWrsYGYwHWzGA3Si84IOkHXlbWTD1NB+9/1lcnweYKO54uhxZydNzfA==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [linux]
 
-  '@esbuild/netbsd-arm64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-b6pqtrQdigZBwZxAn1UpazEisvwaIDvdbMbmrly7cDTMFnw/+3lVxxCTGOrkPVnsYIosJJXAsILG9XcQS+Yu6w==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [netbsd]
-
   '@esbuild/netbsd-arm64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-oks0DYbLwWMmaakTsCb+zL4E+aHRVLom9IJZOAthMQEPiQmydXHkziYEsGYRx0uNV/IjEKGAV941JzH02pflqw==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [netbsd]
 
-  '@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-OfatkLojr6U+WN5EDYuoQhtM+1xco+/6FSzJJnuWiUw5eVcicbyK3dq5EeV/QHT1uy6GoDhGbFpprUiHUYggrw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [netbsd]
-
   '@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-aeL6lAnN89Hz43Mlh1G8ARasbuoYvSITDEx0tHh5b7jJnHcssqgjy9Yx430GDpmCa6OyrKoS0aNRjKundRizGg==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [netbsd]
 
-  '@esbuild/openbsd-arm64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-AFuojMQTxAz75Fo8idVcqoQWEHIXFRbOc1TrVcFSgCZtQfSdc1RXgB3tjOn/krRHENUB4j00bfGjyl2mJrU37A==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [openbsd]
-
   '@esbuild/openbsd-arm64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-MEFJe5C3R8pwXdZ5Y21oo6m7ePiS0d9pWucn99O/wvyJZChoIQKrQDxKrGeW8F5+T0okTHesAmDeiHDTIq0V/Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [openbsd]
 
-  '@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-+A1NJmfM8WNDv5CLVQYJ5PshuRm/4cI6WMZRg1by1GwPIQPCTs1GLEUHwiiQGT5zDdyLiRM/l1G0Pv54gvtKIg==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [openbsd]
-
   '@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-i/ZLIOafE0Z8cI/XANJAixoJL/uRAoS2xOA3rb0xN+KK0K177cMAsQYkzHtBrtMXAKuAc7HGgcWiZ/sRC1Nxgw==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [openbsd]
 
-  '@esbuild/openharmony-arm64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-+KrvYb/C8zA9CU/g0sR6w2RBw7IGc5J2BPnc3dYc5VJxHCSF1yNMxTV5LQ7GuKteQXZtspjFbiuW5/dOj7H4Yw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [openharmony]
-
   '@esbuild/openharmony-arm64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ge+Z7EXFNt2BO1oAMsVpiQ8EwndV9i1xXerAeTIK7AtPs3bKFXQM7nlRxDSIUIMeueR1CNXxqztLzdNeReKBJg==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [openharmony]
 
-  '@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ikktIhFBzQNt/QDyOL580ti9+5mL/YZeUPKU2ivGtGjdTYoqz6jObj6nOMfhASpS4GU4Q/Clh1QtxWAvcYKamA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [sunos]
-
   '@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-BEjgtECkL3vY+SaSQ6nzVfiALUeFxpawyp8Jmf5PtYhf1Ug40N1h/hxlhts+f1FvSvarEigdxS3BlSMI2PJLcQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [sunos]
 
-  '@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-7yRhbHvPqSpRUV7Q20VuDwbjW5kIMwTHpptuUzV+AA46kiPze5Z7qgt6CLCK3pWFrHeNfDd1VKgyP4O+ng17CA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [arm64]
-    os: [win32]
-
   '@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-lCv9eK/H6ZJWbE7bh2nw54CZ9M2nupBxJcTsdk/QQnWkdSjKGuxmmH8/GWrlT1eMmZfn4dGcCjRte397WqfQXA==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [win32]
 
-  '@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-SmwKXe6VHIyZYbBLJrhOoCJRB/Z1tckzmgTLfFYOfpMAx63BJEaL9ExI8x7v0oAO3Zh6D/Oi1gVxEYr5oUCFhw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [ia32]
-    os: [win32]
-
   '@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-zvb/mB2bSCoJOpoCBgYKKpX6YM6mJBlBUVUtVj41DlZJVEB6/0CKlRYxP5wWl1C1ILiCoAU5wZZ4q1P3qeS6Eg==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     cpu: [ia32]
     os: [win32]
 
-  '@esbuild/win32-x64@0.27.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-56hiAJPhwQ1R4i+21FVF7V8kSD5zZTdHcVuRFMW0hn753vVfQN8xlx4uOPT4xoGH0Z/oVATuR82AiqSTDIpaHg==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    cpu: [x64]
-    os: [win32]
-
   '@esbuild/win32-x64@0.28.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-bm4Mowrv+GXMlpWX++EcXw/iLyd1o3+bJkC2DkWXYVvgZCqD/bSj9ctZeAMC3cIxgjRVR2Dufaiu4YPxr5gW1A==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
@@ -797,9 +376,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: ^20.19.0 || ^22.13.0 || >=24}
 
-  '@gerrit0/mini-shiki@3.23.0':
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     cpu: [arm]
@@ -1016,45 +570,18 @@ packages:
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     os: [win32]
 
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     engines: {node: ^18.18.0 || ^20.9.0 || >=21.1.0}
@@ -1166,15 +687,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: ^18.18.0 || ^20.9.0 || >=21.1.0}
 
-  '@vitest/coverage-v8@3.2.7':
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-    peerDependencies:
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-      vitest: 3.2.7
-    peerDependenciesMeta:
-      '@vitest/browser':
-        optional: true
-
   '@vitest/expect@3.2.7':
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     peerDependencies:
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-    engines: {node: '>=12'}
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-    engines: {node: '>=8'}
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-  ansi-styles@6.2.3:
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-    engines: {node: '>=12'}
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   argparse@1.0.10:
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     engines: {node: '>=12'}
 
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-
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   balanced-match@4.0.4:
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@@ -1289,12 +774,6 @@ packages:
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-    engines: {node: ^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
-    peerDependencies:
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-
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     engines: {node: '>=8'}
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@@ -1340,10 +797,6 @@ packages:
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-    engines: {node: ^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
@@ -1375,26 +828,10 @@ packages:
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-  emoji-regex@8.0.0:
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     engines: {node: '>=8.6'}
 
-  entities@4.5.0:
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     engines: {node: '>=0.12'}
@@ -1406,11 +843,6 @@ packages:
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-  esbuild@0.27.7:
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-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    hasBin: true
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
@@ -1530,9 +962,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=10'}
 
-  fix-dts-default-cjs-exports@1.0.1:
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-
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     engines: {node: '>=16'}
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-    engines: {node: '>=14'}
-
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     engines: {node: '>=6 <7 || >=8'}
@@ -1568,11 +993,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=10.13.0'}
 
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-    deprecated: Old versions of glob are not supported, and contain widely publicized security vulnerabilities, which have been fixed in the current version. Please update. Support for old versions may be purchased (at exorbitant rates) by contacting i@izs.me
-    hasBin: true
-
   globals@17.7.0:
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
@@ -1584,10 +1004,6 @@ packages:
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-    engines: {node: '>=8'}
-
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -1596,9 +1012,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
 
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-
   http-proxy-agent@7.0.2:
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     engines: {node: '>= 14'}
@@ -1639,10 +1052,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
 
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-    engines: {node: '>=8'}
-
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     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
@@ -1665,35 +1074,9 @@ packages:
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-    engines: {node: '>=8'}
-
-  istanbul-lib-report@3.0.1:
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-    engines: {node: '>=10'}
-
-  istanbul-lib-source-maps@5.0.6:
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-    engines: {node: '>=10'}
-
-  istanbul-reports@3.2.0:
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-    engines: {node: '>=8'}
-
-  jackspeak@3.4.3:
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-
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-  joycon@3.1.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-34wB/Y7MW7bzjKRjUKTa46I2Z7eV62Rkhva+KkopW7Qvv/OSWBqvkSY7vusOPrNuZcUG3tApvdVgNB8POj3SPw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=10'}
-
-  js-tokens@10.0.0:
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-
   js-tokens@9.0.1:
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@@ -1736,20 +1119,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.8.0'}
 
-  lilconfig@3.1.3:
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-    engines: {node: '>=14'}
-
-  lines-and-columns@1.2.4:
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-
-  linkify-it@5.0.2:
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-
-  load-tsconfig@0.2.5:
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-    engines: {node: ^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
-
   locate-path@5.0.0:
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     engines: {node: '>=8'}
@@ -1767,29 +1136,9 @@ packages:
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-
   magic-string@0.30.21:
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-  magicast@0.3.5:
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-
-  make-dir@4.0.0:
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-    engines: {node: '>=10'}
-
-  markdown-it@14.3.0:
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-    hasBin: true
-
-  mdurl@2.0.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Lf+9+2r+Tdp5wXDXC4PcIBjTDtq4UKjCPMQhKIuzpJNW0b96kVqSwW0bT7FhRSfmAiFYgP+SCRvdrDozfh0U5w==}
-
-  mediabunny@1.60.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-CRQ/2D+qUF9w2IyjbjTxxSLEG+PeWeD4whb43UpUBpeNomWb/ffn+ngKgqJSPZ+bmO66MX2yBJQITZ6ijfRjug==}
-
   merge2@1.4.1:
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     engines: {node: '>= 8'}
@@ -1802,17 +1151,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: 18 || 20 || >=22}
 
-  minimatch@9.0.9:
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-    engines: {node: '>=16 || 14 >=14.17'}
-
-  minipass@7.1.3:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-tEBHqDnIoM/1rXME1zgka9g6Q2lcoCkxHLuc7ODJ5BxbP5d4c2Z5cGgtXAku59200Cx7diuHTOYfSBD8n6mm8A==}
-    engines: {node: '>=16 || 14 >=14.17'}
-
-  mlly@1.8.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-d+ObxMQFmbt10sretNDytwt85VrbkhhUA/JBGm1MPaWJ65Cl4wOgLaB1NYvJSZ0Ef03MMEU/0xpPMXUIQ29UfA==}
-
   mri@1.2.0:
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     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -1820,9 +1158,6 @@ packages:
   ms@2.1.3:
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-  mz@2.7.0:
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-
   nanoid@3.3.15:
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     engines: {node: ^10 || ^12 || ^13.7 || ^14 || >=15.0.1}
@@ -1834,10 +1169,6 @@ packages:
   nwsapi@2.2.24:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7YRhZ3jS45LwmSCT4b2sVFHt/WuovaktDU07QrtOBY2PXskss5a9jfmR9jptyumwXST+rFjrmppMY1KT/yn35A==}
 
-  object-assign@4.1.1:
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-    engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
-
   optionator@0.9.4:
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.8.0'}
@@ -1873,9 +1204,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=6'}
 
-  package-json-from-dist@1.0.1:
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-
   package-manager-detector@0.2.11:
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@@ -1893,10 +1221,6 @@ packages:
   path-parse@1.0.7:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-LDJzPVEEEPR+y48z93A0Ed0yXb8pAByGWo/k5YYdYgpY2/2EsOsksJrq7lOHxryrVOn1ejG6oAp8ahvOIQD8sw==}
 
-  path-scurry@1.11.1:
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-    engines: {node: '>=16 || 14 >=14.18'}
-
   path-type@4.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-gDKb8aZMDeD/tZWs9P6+q0J9Mwkdl6xMV8TjnGP3qJVJ06bdMgkbBlLU8IdfOsIsFz2BW1rNVT3XuNEl8zPAvw==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
@@ -1923,30 +1247,10 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=6'}
 
-  pirates@4.0.7:
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-    engines: {node: '>= 6'}
-
-  pkg-types@1.3.1:
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-
-  postcss-load-config@6.0.1:
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-    engines: {node: '>= 18'}
-    peerDependencies:
-      jiti: '>=1.21.0'
-      postcss: '>=8.0.9'
-      tsx: ^4.8.1
-      yaml: ^2.4.2
-    peerDependenciesMeta:
-      jiti:
-        optional: true
-      postcss:
-        optional: true
-      tsx:
-        optional: true
-      yaml:
-        optional: true
+  playwright-core@1.64.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-T9r+MZkTECl2+oUcZ26YgZzTrYidTsIhYYkJix+6iDOymOb1FB2RLLSOxRGnZGv5DStt+aduIVbt+E8WygXYpg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20'}
+    hasBin: true
 
   postcss@8.5.16:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-vuwillviilfKZsg0VGj5R/YwwcHx4SLsIOI/7K6mQkWx+l5cUHTjj5g0AasTBcyXsbfTgrwsUNmVUb5xVwyPwg==}
@@ -1966,10 +1270,6 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=14'}
     hasBin: true
 
-  punycode.js@2.3.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-uxFIHU0YlHYhDQtV4R9J6a52SLx28BCjT+4ieh7IGbgwVJWO+km431c4yRlREUAsAmt/uMjQUyQHNEPf0M39CA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=6'}
-
   punycode@2.3.1:
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     engines: {node: '>=6'}
@@ -1984,10 +1284,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=6'}
 
-  readdirp@4.1.2:
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-    engines: {node: '>= 14.18.0'}
-
   require-from-string@2.0.2:
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     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
@@ -2051,10 +1347,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
 
-  source-map@0.7.6:
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-    engines: {node: '>= 12'}
-
   spawndamnit@3.0.1:
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@@ -2067,22 +1359,10 @@ packages:
   std-env@3.10.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-5GS12FdOZNliM5mAOxFRg7Ir0pWz8MdpYm6AY6VPkGpbA7ZzmbzNcBJQ0GPvvyWgcY7QAhCgf9Uy89I03faLkg==}
 
-  string-width@4.2.3:
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-    engines: {node: '>=8'}
-
-  string-width@5.1.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-HnLOCR3vjcY8beoNLtcjZ5/nxn2afmME6lhrDrebokqMap+XbeW8n9TXpPDOqdGK5qcI3oT0GKTW6wC7EMiVqA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=12'}
-
   strip-ansi@6.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Y38VPSHcqkFrCpFnQ9vuSXmquuv5oXOKpGeT6aGrr3o3Gc9AlVa6JBfUSOCnbxGGZF+/0ooI7KrPuUSztUdU5A==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
-  strip-ansi@7.2.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-yDPMNjp4WyfYBkHnjIRLfca1i6KMyGCtsVgoKe/z1+6vukgaENdgGBZt+ZmKPc4gavvEZ5OgHfHdrazhgNyG7w==}
-    engines: {node: '>=12'}
-
   strip-bom@3.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-vavAMRXOgBVNF6nyEEmL3DBK19iRpDcoIwW+swQ+CbGiu7lju6t+JklA1MHweoWtadgt4ISVUsXLyDq34ddcwA==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -2090,15 +1370,6 @@ packages:
   strip-literal@3.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-8r3mkIM/2+PpjHoOtiAW8Rg3jJLHaV7xPwG+YRGrv6FP0wwk/toTpATxWYOW0BKdWwl82VT2tFYi5DlROa0Mxg==}
 
-  sucrase@3.35.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-DhuTmvZWux4H1UOnWMB3sk0sbaCVOoQZjv8u1rDoTV0HTdGem9hkAZtl4JZy8P2z4Bg0nT+YMeOFyVr4zcG5Tw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=16 || 14 >=14.17'}
-    hasBin: true
-
-  supports-color@7.2.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-qpCAvRl9stuOHveKsn7HncJRvv501qIacKzQlO/+Lwxc9+0q2wLyv4Dfvt80/DPn2pqOBsJdDiogXGR9+OvwRw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=8'}
-
   supports-preserve-symlinks-flag@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ot0WnXS9fgdkgIcePe6RHNk1WA8+muPa6cSjeR3V8K27q9BB1rTE3R1p7Hv0z1ZyAc8s6Vvv8DIyWf681MAt0w==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -2110,17 +1381,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wK0Ri4fOGjv/XPy8SBHZChl8CM7uMc5VML7SqiQ0zG7+J5Vr+RMQDoHa2CNT6KHUnTGIXH34UDMkPzAUyapBZg==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
-  test-exclude@7.0.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-u9E6A+ZDYdp7a4WnarkXPZOx8Ilz46+kby6p1yZ8zsGTz9gYa6FIS7lj2oezzNKmtdyyJNNmmXDppga5GB7kSw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-
-  thenify-all@1.6.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RNxQH/qI8/t3thXJDwcstUO4zeqo64+Uy/+sNVRBx4Xn2OX+OZ9oP+iJnNFqplFra2ZUVeKCSa2oVWi3T4uVmA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=0.8'}
-
-  thenify@3.3.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RVZSIV5IG10Hk3enotrhvz0T9em6cyHBLkH/YAZuKqd8hRkKhSfCGIcP2KUY0EPxndzANBmNllzWPwak+bheSw==}
-
   tinybench@2.9.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-0+DUvqWMValLmha6lr4kD8iAMK1HzV0/aKnCtWb9v9641TnP/MFb7Pc2bxoxQjTXAErryXVgUOfv2YqNllqGeg==}
 
@@ -2162,55 +1422,16 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-hdF5ZgjTqgAntKkklYw0R03MG2x/bSzTtkxmIRw/sTNV8YXsCJ1tfLAX23lhxhHJlEf3CRCOCGGWw3vI3GaSPw==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
 
-  tree-kill@1.2.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-L0Orpi8qGpRG//Nd+H90vFB+3iHnue1zSSGmNOOCh1GLJ7rUKVwV2HvijphGQS2UmhUZewS9VgvxYIdgr+fG1A==}
-    hasBin: true
-
   ts-api-utils@2.5.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-OJ/ibxhPlqrMM0UiNHJ/0CKQkoKF243/AEmplt3qpRgkW8VG7IfOS41h7V8TjITqdByHzrjcS/2si+y4lIh8NA==}
     engines: {node: '>=18.12'}
     peerDependencies:
       typescript: '>=4.8.4'
 
-  ts-interface-checker@0.1.13:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Y/arvbn+rrz3JCKl9C4kVNfTfSm2/mEp5FSz5EsZSANGPSlQrpRI5M4PKF+mJnE52jOO90PnPSc3Ur3bTQw0gA==}
-
-  tsup@8.5.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-xtgkqwdhpKWr3tKPmCkvYmS9xnQK3m3XgxZHwSUjvfTjp7YfXe5tT3GgWi0F2N+ZSMsOeWeZFh7ZZFg5iPhing==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    hasBin: true
-    peerDependencies:
-      '@microsoft/api-extractor': ^7.36.0
-      '@swc/core': ^1
-      postcss: ^8.4.12
-      typescript: '>=4.5.0'
-    peerDependenciesMeta:
-      '@microsoft/api-extractor':
-        optional: true
-      '@swc/core':
-        optional: true
-      postcss:
-        optional: true
-      typescript:
-        optional: true
-
   type-check@0.4.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-XleUoc9uwGXqjWwXaUTZAmzMcFZ5858QA2vvx1Ur5xIcixXIP+8LnFDgRplU30us6teqdlskFfu+ae4K79Ooew==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.8.0'}
 
-  typedoc-plugin-markdown@4.12.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-eJDEMAfxCmede22c/Jw7d0FA13ggAQv+KkwQYKYCdqI02cin6Rc9QRwbG/7XvvHWinuFejySnZVUWDtvGk3Vbg==}
-    engines: {node: '>= 18'}
-    peerDependencies:
-      typedoc: 0.28.x
-
-  typedoc@0.28.20:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-uSKqkh8Cr48vllnEy+jdaAgOeR6Y+QCBW7usgUsKj7gJEfR7stw9U/fE49LBnj2tPRKPY0c0EBJSWe9Appmplg==}
-    engines: {node: '>= 18', pnpm: '>= 10'}
-    hasBin: true
-    peerDependencies:
-      typescript: 5.0.x || 5.1.x || 5.2.x || 5.3.x || 5.4.x || 5.5.x || 5.6.x || 5.7.x || 5.8.x || 5.9.x || 6.0.x
-
   typescript-eslint@8.63.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-xgwXyzG4sK9ALkBxbyGkTMMOS+imnW65iPhxCQMK83KhxyoDNW7l+IDqEf9vMdoUidHpOoS967RCq4eMiTexwQ==}
     engines: {node: ^18.18.0 || ^20.9.0 || >=21.1.0}
@@ -2223,12 +1444,6 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=14.17'}
     hasBin: true
 
-  uc.micro@2.1.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ARDJmphmdvUk6Glw7y9DQ2bFkKBHwQHLi2lsaH6PPmz/Ka9sFOBsBluozhDltWmnv9u/cF6Rt87znRTPV+yp/A==}
-
-  ufo@1.6.4:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-JFNbkD1Svwe0KvGi8GOeLcP4kAWQ609twvCdcHxq1oSL8svv39ZuSvajcD8B+5D0eL4+s1Is2D/O6KN3qcTeRA==}
-
   undici-types@8.3.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-j375ScV60dom+YkPFIfTLcOiPxkN/buHz5GobjLhixFuANaNs3C9l4GmrWqejgXWJ7BbJcFYpTEUkS1Ge8bpZQ==}
 
@@ -2347,14 +1562,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-BN22B5eaMMI9UMtjrGd5g5eCYPpCPDUy0FJXbYsaT5zYxjFOckS53SQDE3pWkVoWpHXVb3BrYcEN4Twa55B5cA==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
 
-  wrap-ansi@7.0.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-YVGIj2kamLSTxw6NsZjoBxfSwsn0ycdesmc4p+Q21c5zPuZ1pl+NfxVdxPtdHvmNVOQ6XSYG4AUtyt/Fi7D16Q==}
-    engines: {node: '>=10'}
-
-  wrap-ansi@8.1.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-si7QWI6zUMq56bESFvagtmzMdGOtoxfR+Sez11Mobfc7tm+VkUckk9bW2UeffTGVUbOksxmSw0AA2gs8g71NCQ==}
-    engines: {node: '>=12'}
-
   ws@8.21.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Vsp28b7DRcimFQvrqu2Wek3z1iYxDCWqHYB8Qsnk/S4RfaCQzPGPyBNuVjJV3cd6UiKtUtp6sNM77gWvzcCH+g==}
     engines: {node: '>=10.0.0'}
@@ -2385,11 +1592,6 @@ packages:
 
 snapshots:
 
-  '@ampproject/remapping@2.3.0':
-    dependencies:
-      '@jridgewell/gen-mapping': 0.3.13
-      '@jridgewell/trace-mapping': 0.3.31
-
   '@asamuzakjp/css-color@3.2.0':
     dependencies:
       '@csstools/css-calc': 2.1.4(@csstools/css-parser-algorithms@3.0.5(@csstools/css-tokenizer@3.0.4))(@csstools/css-tokenizer@3.0.4)
@@ -2397,25 +1599,10 @@ snapshots:
       '@csstools/css-parser-algorithms': 3.0.5(@csstools/css-tokenizer@3.0.4)
       '@csstools/css-tokenizer': 3.0.4
       lru-cache: 10.4.3
-    optional: true
-
-  '@babel/helper-string-parser@7.29.7': {}
-
-  '@babel/helper-validator-identifier@7.29.7': {}
-
-  '@babel/parser@7.29.7':
-    dependencies:
-      '@babel/types': 7.29.7
+    optional: true
 
   '@babel/runtime@7.29.7': {}
 
-  '@babel/types@7.29.7':
-    dependencies:
-      '@babel/helper-string-parser': 7.29.7
-      '@babel/helper-validator-identifier': 7.29.7
-
-  '@bcoe/v8-coverage@1.0.2': {}
-
   '@changesets/apply-release-plan@7.1.1':
     dependencies:
       '@changesets/config': 3.1.4
@@ -2584,159 +1771,81 @@ snapshots:
   '@csstools/css-tokenizer@3.0.4':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/aix-ppc64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/aix-ppc64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/android-arm@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/android-arm@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/android-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/android-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-arm@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-arm@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/linux-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/linux-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/netbsd-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/netbsd-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/openbsd-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/openbsd-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/openharmony-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/openharmony-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
-  '@esbuild/win32-x64@0.27.7':
-    optional: true
-
   '@esbuild/win32-x64@0.28.1':
     optional: true
 
@@ -2774,14 +1883,6 @@ snapshots:
       '@eslint/core': 1.2.1
       levn: 0.4.1
 
-  '@gerrit0/mini-shiki@3.23.0':
-    dependencies:
-      '@shikijs/engine-oniguruma': 3.23.0
-      '@shikijs/langs': 3.23.0
-      '@shikijs/themes': 3.23.0
-      '@shikijs/types': 3.23.0
-      '@shikijs/vscode-textmate': 10.0.2
-
   '@humanfs/core@0.19.2':
     dependencies:
       '@humanfs/types': 0.15.0
@@ -2805,31 +1906,8 @@ snapshots:
     optionalDependencies:
       '@types/node': 26.1.1
 
-  '@isaacs/cliui@8.0.2':
-    dependencies:
-      string-width: 5.1.2
-      string-width-cjs: string-width@4.2.3
-      strip-ansi: 7.2.0
-      strip-ansi-cjs: strip-ansi@6.0.1
-      wrap-ansi: 8.1.0
-      wrap-ansi-cjs: wrap-ansi@7.0.0
-
-  '@istanbuljs/schema@0.1.6': {}
-
-  '@jridgewell/gen-mapping@0.3.13':
-    dependencies:
-      '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
-      '@jridgewell/trace-mapping': 0.3.31
-
-  '@jridgewell/resolve-uri@3.1.2': {}
-
   '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec@1.5.5': {}
 
-  '@jridgewell/trace-mapping@0.3.31':
-    dependencies:
-      '@jridgewell/resolve-uri': 3.1.2
-      '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
-
   '@manypkg/find-root@1.1.0':
     dependencies:
       '@babel/runtime': 7.29.7
@@ -2867,9 +1945,6 @@ snapshots:
       '@nodelib/fs.scandir': 2.1.5
       fastq: 1.20.1
 
-  '@pkgjs/parseargs@0.11.0':
-    optional: true
-
   '@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi@4.62.2':
     optional: true
 
@@ -2945,49 +2020,17 @@ snapshots:
   '@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc@4.62.2':
     optional: true
 
-  '@shikijs/engine-oniguruma@3.23.0':
-    dependencies:
-      '@shikijs/types': 3.23.0
-      '@shikijs/vscode-textmate': 10.0.2
-
-  '@shikijs/langs@3.23.0':
-    dependencies:
-      '@shikijs/types': 3.23.0
-
-  '@shikijs/themes@3.23.0':
-    dependencies:
-      '@shikijs/types': 3.23.0
-
-  '@shikijs/types@3.23.0':
-    dependencies:
-      '@shikijs/vscode-textmate': 10.0.2
-      '@types/hast': 3.0.5
-
-  '@shikijs/vscode-textmate@10.0.2': {}
-
   '@types/chai@5.2.3':
     dependencies:
       '@types/deep-eql': 4.0.2
       assertion-error: 2.0.1
 
-  '@types/culori@4.0.1': {}
-
   '@types/deep-eql@4.0.2': {}
 
-  '@types/dom-mediacapture-transform@0.1.12':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/dom-webcodecs': 0.1.13
-
-  '@types/dom-webcodecs@0.1.13': {}
-
   '@types/esrecurse@4.3.1': {}
 
   '@types/estree@1.0.9': {}
 
-  '@types/hast@3.0.5':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/unist': 3.0.3
-
   '@types/json-schema@7.0.15': {}
 
   '@types/node@12.20.55': {}
@@ -2996,12 +2039,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       undici-types: 8.3.0
 
-  '@types/unist@3.0.3': {}
-
-  '@types/ws@8.18.2':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 26.1.1
-
   '@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin@8.63.0(@typescript-eslint/parser@8.63.0(eslint@10.6.0)(typescript@5.9.3))(eslint@10.6.0)(typescript@5.9.3)':
     dependencies:
       '@eslint-community/regexpp': 4.12.2
@@ -3144,25 +2181,6 @@ snapshots:
       '@typescript-eslint/types': 8.63.0
       eslint-visitor-keys: 5.0.1
 
-  '@vitest/coverage-v8@3.2.7(vitest@3.2.7(@types/node@26.1.1)(jsdom@26.1.0)(yaml@2.9.0))':
-    dependencies:
-      '@ampproject/remapping': 2.3.0
-      '@bcoe/v8-coverage': 1.0.2
-      ast-v8-to-istanbul: 0.3.12
-      debug: 4.4.3
-      istanbul-lib-coverage: 3.2.2
-      istanbul-lib-report: 3.0.1
-      istanbul-lib-source-maps: 5.0.6
-      istanbul-reports: 3.2.0
-      magic-string: 0.30.21
-      magicast: 0.3.5
-      std-env: 3.10.0
-      test-exclude: 7.0.2
-      tinyrainbow: 2.0.0
-      vitest: 3.2.7(@types/node@26.1.1)(jsdom@26.1.0)(yaml@2.9.0)
-    transitivePeerDependencies:
-      - supports-color
-
   '@vitest/expect@3.2.7':
     dependencies:
       '@types/chai': 5.2.3
@@ -3205,8 +2223,6 @@ snapshots:
       loupe: 3.2.1
       tinyrainbow: 2.0.0
 
-  '@webgpu/types@0.1.71': {}
-
   acorn-jsx@5.3.2(acorn@8.17.0):
     dependencies:
       acorn: 8.17.0
@@ -3234,16 +2250,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   ansi-regex@5.0.1: {}
 
-  ansi-regex@6.2.2: {}
-
-  ansi-styles@4.3.0:
-    dependencies:
-      color-convert: 2.0.1
-
-  ansi-styles@6.2.3: {}
-
-  any-promise@1.3.0: {}
-
   argparse@1.0.10:
     dependencies:
       sprintf-js: 1.0.3
@@ -3254,24 +2260,12 @@ snapshots:
 
   assertion-error@2.0.1: {}
 
-  ast-v8-to-istanbul@0.3.12:
-    dependencies:
-      '@jridgewell/trace-mapping': 0.3.31
-      estree-walker: 3.0.3
-      js-tokens: 10.0.0
-
-  balanced-match@1.0.2: {}
-
   balanced-match@4.0.4: {}
 
   better-path-resolve@1.0.0:
     dependencies:
       is-windows: 1.0.2
 
-  brace-expansion@2.1.2:
-    dependencies:
-      balanced-match: 1.0.2
-
   brace-expansion@5.0.7:
     dependencies:
       balanced-match: 4.0.4
@@ -3280,11 +2274,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       fill-range: 7.1.1
 
-  bundle-require@5.1.0(esbuild@0.27.7):
-    dependencies:
-      esbuild: 0.27.7
-      load-tsconfig: 0.2.5
-
   cac@6.7.14: {}
 
   chai@5.3.3:
@@ -3299,22 +2288,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   check-error@2.1.3: {}
 
-  chokidar@4.0.3:
-    dependencies:
-      readdirp: 4.1.2
-
-  color-convert@2.0.1:
-    dependencies:
-      color-name: 1.1.4
-
-  color-name@1.1.4: {}
-
-  commander@4.1.1: {}
-
-  confbox@0.1.8: {}
-
-  consola@3.4.2: {}
-
   cross-spawn@7.0.6:
     dependencies:
       path-key: 3.1.1
@@ -3327,8 +2300,6 @@ snapshots:
       rrweb-cssom: 0.8.0
     optional: true
 
-  culori@4.0.2: {}
-
   data-urls@5.0.0:
     dependencies:
       whatwg-mimetype: 4.0.0
@@ -3352,21 +2323,11 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       path-type: 4.0.0
 
-  earcut@3.2.4: {}
-
-  eastasianwidth@0.2.0: {}
-
-  emoji-regex@8.0.0: {}
-
-  emoji-regex@9.2.2: {}
-
   enquirer@2.4.1:
     dependencies:
       ansi-colors: 4.1.3
       strip-ansi: 6.0.1
 
-  entities@4.5.0: {}
-
   entities@6.0.1:
     optional: true
 
@@ -3374,35 +2335,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   es-module-lexer@1.7.0: {}
 
-  esbuild@0.27.7:
-    optionalDependencies:
-      '@esbuild/aix-ppc64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/android-arm': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/android-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/android-x64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/darwin-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/darwin-x64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/freebsd-x64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-arm': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-ia32': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-loong64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-mips64el': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-ppc64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-riscv64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-s390x': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/linux-x64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/netbsd-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/netbsd-x64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/openbsd-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/openbsd-x64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/openharmony-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/sunos-x64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/win32-arm64': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/win32-ia32': 0.27.7
-      '@esbuild/win32-x64': 0.27.7
-
   esbuild@0.28.1:
     optionalDependencies:
       '@esbuild/aix-ppc64': 0.28.1
@@ -3564,12 +2496,6 @@ snapshots:
       locate-path: 6.0.0
       path-exists: 4.0.0
 
-  fix-dts-default-cjs-exports@1.0.1:
-    dependencies:
-      magic-string: 0.30.21
-      mlly: 1.8.2
-      rollup: 4.62.2
-
   flat-cache@4.0.1:
     dependencies:
       flatted: 3.4.2
@@ -3577,11 +2503,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   flatted@3.4.2: {}
 
-  foreground-child@3.3.1:
-    dependencies:
-      cross-spawn: 7.0.6
-      signal-exit: 4.1.0
-
   fs-extra@7.0.1:
     dependencies:
       graceful-fs: 4.2.11
@@ -3607,15 +2528,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       is-glob: 4.0.3
 
-  glob@10.5.0:
-    dependencies:
-      foreground-child: 3.3.1
-      jackspeak: 3.4.3
-      minimatch: 9.0.9
-      minipass: 7.1.3
-      package-json-from-dist: 1.0.1
-      path-scurry: 1.11.1
-
   globals@17.7.0: {}
 
   globby@11.1.0:
@@ -3629,8 +2541,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   graceful-fs@4.2.11: {}
 
-  has-flag@4.0.0: {}
-
   hasown@2.0.4:
     dependencies:
       function-bind: 1.1.2
@@ -3640,8 +2550,6 @@ snapshots:
       whatwg-encoding: 3.1.1
     optional: true
 
-  html-escaper@2.0.2: {}
-
   http-proxy-agent@7.0.2:
     dependencies:
       agent-base: 7.1.4
@@ -3681,8 +2589,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   is-extglob@2.1.1: {}
 
-  is-fullwidth-code-point@3.0.0: {}
-
   is-glob@4.0.3:
     dependencies:
       is-extglob: 2.1.1
@@ -3700,39 +2606,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   isexe@2.0.0: {}
 
-  istanbul-lib-coverage@3.2.2: {}
-
-  istanbul-lib-report@3.0.1:
-    dependencies:
-      istanbul-lib-coverage: 3.2.2
-      make-dir: 4.0.0
-      supports-color: 7.2.0
-
-  istanbul-lib-source-maps@5.0.6:
-    dependencies:
-      '@jridgewell/trace-mapping': 0.3.31
-      debug: 4.4.3
-      istanbul-lib-coverage: 3.2.2
-    transitivePeerDependencies:
-      - supports-color
-
-  istanbul-reports@3.2.0:
-    dependencies:
-      html-escaper: 2.0.2
-      istanbul-lib-report: 3.0.1
-
-  jackspeak@3.4.3:
-    dependencies:
-      '@isaacs/cliui': 8.0.2
-    optionalDependencies:
-      '@pkgjs/parseargs': 0.11.0
-
   jju@1.4.0: {}
 
-  joycon@3.1.1: {}
-
-  js-tokens@10.0.0: {}
-
   js-tokens@9.0.1: {}
 
   js-yaml@3.15.0:
@@ -3793,16 +2668,6 @@ snapshots:
       prelude-ls: 1.2.1
       type-check: 0.4.0
 
-  lilconfig@3.1.3: {}
-
-  lines-and-columns@1.2.4: {}
-
-  linkify-it@5.0.2:
-    dependencies:
-      uc.micro: 2.1.0
-
-  load-tsconfig@0.2.5: {}
-
   locate-path@5.0.0:
     dependencies:
       p-locate: 4.1.0
@@ -3815,40 +2680,13 @@ snapshots:
 
   loupe@3.2.1: {}
 
-  lru-cache@10.4.3: {}
-
-  lunr@2.3.9: {}
+  lru-cache@10.4.3:
+    optional: true
 
   magic-string@0.30.21:
     dependencies:
       '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
 
-  magicast@0.3.5:
-    dependencies:
-      '@babel/parser': 7.29.7
-      '@babel/types': 7.29.7
-      source-map-js: 1.2.1
-
-  make-dir@4.0.0:
-    dependencies:
-      semver: 7.8.5
-
-  markdown-it@14.3.0:
-    dependencies:
-      argparse: 2.0.1
-      entities: 4.5.0
-      linkify-it: 5.0.2
-      mdurl: 2.0.0
-      punycode.js: 2.3.1
-      uc.micro: 2.1.0
-
-  mdurl@2.0.0: {}
-
-  mediabunny@1.60.0:
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/dom-mediacapture-transform': 0.1.12
-      '@types/dom-webcodecs': 0.1.13
-
   merge2@1.4.1: {}
 
   micromatch@4.0.8:
@@ -3860,29 +2698,10 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       brace-expansion: 5.0.7
 
-  minimatch@9.0.9:
-    dependencies:
-      brace-expansion: 2.1.2
-
-  minipass@7.1.3: {}
-
-  mlly@1.8.2:
-    dependencies:
-      acorn: 8.17.0
-      pathe: 2.0.3
-      pkg-types: 1.3.1
-      ufo: 1.6.4
-
   mri@1.2.0: {}
 
   ms@2.1.3: {}
 
-  mz@2.7.0:
-    dependencies:
-      any-promise: 1.3.0
-      object-assign: 4.1.1
-      thenify-all: 1.6.0
-
   nanoid@3.3.15: {}
 
   natural-compare@1.4.0: {}
@@ -3890,8 +2709,6 @@ snapshots:
   nwsapi@2.2.24:
     optional: true
 
-  object-assign@4.1.1: {}
-
   optionator@0.9.4:
     dependencies:
       deep-is: 0.1.4
@@ -3927,8 +2744,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   p-try@2.2.0: {}
 
-  package-json-from-dist@1.0.1: {}
-
   package-manager-detector@0.2.11:
     dependencies:
       quansync: 0.2.11
@@ -3944,11 +2759,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   path-parse@1.0.7: {}
 
-  path-scurry@1.11.1:
-    dependencies:
-      lru-cache: 10.4.3
-      minipass: 7.1.3
-
   path-type@4.0.0: {}
 
   pathe@2.0.3: {}
@@ -3963,20 +2773,7 @@ snapshots:
 
   pify@4.0.1: {}
 
-  pirates@4.0.7: {}
-
-  pkg-types@1.3.1:
-    dependencies:
-      confbox: 0.1.8
-      mlly: 1.8.2
-      pathe: 2.0.3
-
-  postcss-load-config@6.0.1(postcss@8.5.16)(yaml@2.9.0):
-    dependencies:
-      lilconfig: 3.1.3
-    optionalDependencies:
-      postcss: 8.5.16
-      yaml: 2.9.0
+  playwright-core@1.64.0: {}
 
   postcss@8.5.16:
     dependencies:
@@ -3990,8 +2787,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   prettier@3.9.4: {}
 
-  punycode.js@2.3.1: {}
-
   punycode@2.3.1: {}
 
   quansync@0.2.11: {}
@@ -4005,8 +2800,6 @@ snapshots:
       pify: 4.0.1
       strip-bom: 3.0.0
 
-  readdirp@4.1.2: {}
-
   require-from-string@2.0.2: {}
 
   resolve-from@5.0.0: {}
@@ -4081,8 +2874,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   source-map-js@1.2.1: {}
 
-  source-map@0.7.6: {}
-
   spawndamnit@3.0.1:
     dependencies:
       cross-spawn: 7.0.6
@@ -4094,46 +2885,16 @@ snapshots:
 
   std-env@3.10.0: {}
 
-  string-width@4.2.3:
-    dependencies:
-      emoji-regex: 8.0.0
-      is-fullwidth-code-point: 3.0.0
-      strip-ansi: 6.0.1
-
-  string-width@5.1.2:
-    dependencies:
-      eastasianwidth: 0.2.0
-      emoji-regex: 9.2.2
-      strip-ansi: 7.2.0
-
   strip-ansi@6.0.1:
     dependencies:
       ansi-regex: 5.0.1
 
-  strip-ansi@7.2.0:
-    dependencies:
-      ansi-regex: 6.2.2
-
   strip-bom@3.0.0: {}
 
   strip-literal@3.1.0:
     dependencies:
       js-tokens: 9.0.1
 
-  sucrase@3.35.1:
-    dependencies:
-      '@jridgewell/gen-mapping': 0.3.13
-      commander: 4.1.1
-      lines-and-columns: 1.2.4
-      mz: 2.7.0
-      pirates: 4.0.7
-      tinyglobby: 0.2.17
-      ts-interface-checker: 0.1.13
-
-  supports-color@7.2.0:
-    dependencies:
-      has-flag: 4.0.0
-
   supports-preserve-symlinks-flag@1.0.0: {}
 
   symbol-tree@3.2.4:
@@ -4141,20 +2902,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   term-size@2.2.1: {}
 
-  test-exclude@7.0.2:
-    dependencies:
-      '@istanbuljs/schema': 0.1.6
-      glob: 10.5.0
-      minimatch: 10.2.5
-
-  thenify-all@1.6.0:
-    dependencies:
-      thenify: 3.3.1
-
-  thenify@3.3.1:
-    dependencies:
-      any-promise: 1.3.0
-
   tinybench@2.9.0: {}
 
   tinyexec@0.3.2: {}
@@ -4192,59 +2939,14 @@ snapshots:
       punycode: 2.3.1
     optional: true
 
-  tree-kill@1.2.2: {}
-
   ts-api-utils@2.5.0(typescript@5.9.3):
     dependencies:
       typescript: 5.9.3
 
-  ts-interface-checker@0.1.13: {}
-
-  tsup@8.5.1(postcss@8.5.16)(typescript@5.9.3)(yaml@2.9.0):
-    dependencies:
-      bundle-require: 5.1.0(esbuild@0.27.7)
-      cac: 6.7.14
-      chokidar: 4.0.3
-      consola: 3.4.2
-      debug: 4.4.3
-      esbuild: 0.27.7
-      fix-dts-default-cjs-exports: 1.0.1
-      joycon: 3.1.1
-      picocolors: 1.1.1
-      postcss-load-config: 6.0.1(postcss@8.5.16)(yaml@2.9.0)
-      resolve-from: 5.0.0
-      rollup: 4.62.2
-      source-map: 0.7.6
-      sucrase: 3.35.1
-      tinyexec: 0.3.2
-      tinyglobby: 0.2.17
-      tree-kill: 1.2.2
-    optionalDependencies:
-      postcss: 8.5.16
-      typescript: 5.9.3
-    transitivePeerDependencies:
-      - jiti
-      - supports-color
-      - tsx
-      - yaml
-
   type-check@0.4.0:
     dependencies:
       prelude-ls: 1.2.1
 
-  typedoc-plugin-markdown@4.12.0(typedoc@0.28.20(typescript@5.9.3)):
-    dependencies:
-      typedoc: 0.28.20(typescript@5.9.3)
-
-  typedoc@0.28.20(typescript@5.9.3):
-    dependencies:
-      '@gerrit0/mini-shiki': 3.23.0
-      lunr: 2.3.9
-      markdown-it: 14.3.0
-      minimatch: 10.2.5
-      typescript: 5.9.3
-      yaml: 2.9.0
-
   typescript-eslint@8.63.0(eslint@10.6.0)(typescript@5.9.3):
     dependencies:
       '@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin': 8.63.0(@typescript-eslint/parser@8.63.0(eslint@10.6.0)(typescript@5.9.3))(eslint@10.6.0)(typescript@5.9.3)
@@ -4258,10 +2960,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   typescript@5.9.3: {}
 
-  uc.micro@2.1.0: {}
-
-  ufo@1.6.4: {}
-
   undici-types@8.3.0: {}
 
   universalify@0.1.2: {}
@@ -4379,19 +3077,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   word-wrap@1.2.5: {}
 
-  wrap-ansi@7.0.0:
-    dependencies:
-      ansi-styles: 4.3.0
-      string-width: 4.2.3
-      strip-ansi: 6.0.1
-
-  wrap-ansi@8.1.0:
-    dependencies:
-      ansi-styles: 6.2.3
-      string-width: 5.1.2
-      strip-ansi: 7.2.0
-
-  ws@8.21.0: {}
+  ws@8.21.0:
+    optional: true
 
   xml-name-validator@5.0.0:
     optional: true
@@ -4399,6 +3086,7 @@ snapshots:
   xmlchars@2.2.0:
     optional: true
 
-  yaml@2.9.0: {}
+  yaml@2.9.0:
+    optional: true
 
   yocto-queue@0.1.0: {}
diff --git a/pnpm-workspace.yaml b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
index 5ab402f3..1a83a049 100644
--- a/pnpm-workspace.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 packages:
-  - 'packages/*'
-  - 'examples/*'
+  - 'npm'
+  - 'npm/examples'
   - 'benchmark'
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dcc33be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "1.99.0"
+targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"]
+components = ["clippy", "rustfmt"]
diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c775577e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+max_width = 120
+use_small_heuristics = "Max"
diff --git a/scripts/normalize-typedoc-links.mjs b/scripts/normalize-typedoc-links.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index 689b2b59..00000000
--- a/scripts/normalize-typedoc-links.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { readdir, readFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import path from 'node:path';
-
-const referenceRoot = path.resolve('docs/api/reference');
-
-async function* markdownFiles(dir) {
-  for (const entry of await readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
-    const fullPath = path.join(dir, entry.name);
-    if (entry.isDirectory()) yield* markdownFiles(fullPath);
-    else if (entry.isFile() && entry.name.endsWith('.md')) yield fullPath;
-  }
-}
-
-function toPosixPath(value) {
-  return value.split(path.sep).join('/');
-}
-
-/** MyST registers headings up to this depth as link targets (`myst_heading_anchors` in conf.py). */
-const HEADING_ANCHOR_DEPTH = 3;
-
-/** The slug MyST assigns a heading: lowercase, punctuation dropped, spaces to hyphens. */
-function headingSlug(text) {
-  return text
-    .toLowerCase()
-    .replace(/[^\w\s-]/g, '')
-    .trim()
-    .replace(/\s+/g, '-');
-}
-
-const headingCache = new Map();
-
-/** The heading anchors a reference page exposes to cross-page links. */
-async function headingAnchors(file) {
-  let anchors = headingCache.get(file);
-  if (!anchors) {
-    anchors = new Set();
-    const pattern = new RegExp(`^#{1,${HEADING_ANCHOR_DEPTH}}\\s+(.+?)\\s*#*$`, 'gm');
-    for (const match of (await readFile(file, 'utf8')).matchAll(pattern)) {
-      anchors.add(headingSlug(match[1].replace(/[`*_]/g, '')));
-    }
-    headingCache.set(file, anchors);
-  }
-  return anchors;
-}
-
-async function normalizeLinkTarget(target, file) {
-  // MyST resolves fragments only to headings, on this page as on others.
-  if (target.startsWith('#'))
-    return (await headingAnchors(file)).has(target.slice(1)) ? target : path.basename(file);
-  if (target.startsWith('http:') || target.startsWith('https:') || target.startsWith('mailto:')) {
-    return target;
-  }
-
-  const normalized = target.replaceAll('\\', '/');
-  const hashIndex = normalized.indexOf('#');
-  const pathname = hashIndex >= 0 ? normalized.slice(0, hashIndex) : normalized;
-  const hash = hashIndex >= 0 ? normalized.slice(hashIndex) : '';
-  if (!pathname.endsWith('.md')) return normalized;
-
-  const candidates = [
-    path.resolve(path.dirname(file), pathname),
-    path.resolve(referenceRoot, pathname),
-  ];
-  const referenceAbsolute = candidates.find(
-    (candidate) => candidate.startsWith(referenceRoot) && existsSync(candidate),
-  );
-  if (!referenceAbsolute) return normalized;
-
-  // TypeDoc anchors table rows with raw `<a id>` tags, which MyST does not resolve across
-  // pages. Keep a fragment only when the target page has a heading for it; otherwise link
-  // to the page.
-  const fragment = hash && (await headingAnchors(referenceAbsolute)).has(hash.slice(1)) ? hash : '';
-  const relative = toPosixPath(path.relative(path.dirname(file), referenceAbsolute));
-  return `${relative || path.basename(referenceAbsolute)}${fragment}`;
-}
-
-async function normalizeLinkTargets(markdown, file) {
-  const links = [...markdown.matchAll(/\]\(([^)\n]+)\)/g)];
-  const targets = await Promise.all(links.map((link) => normalizeLinkTarget(link[1], file)));
-  let index = 0;
-  return markdown.replace(/\]\(([^)\n]+)\)/g, (match, target) => {
-    const normalized = targets[index++];
-    return normalized === target ? match : `](${normalized})`;
-  });
-}
-
-for await (const file of markdownFiles(referenceRoot)) {
-  const before = await readFile(file, 'utf8');
-  const after = await normalizeLinkTargets(before, file);
-  if (after !== before) await writeFile(file, after);
-}
diff --git a/tsconfig.base.json b/tsconfig.base.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a830318..00000000
--- a/tsconfig.base.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2022",
-    "module": "ESNext",
-    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
-    "strict": true,
-    "declaration": true,
-    "declarationMap": true,
-    "sourceMap": true,
-    "isolatedModules": true,
-    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,
-    "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true
-  }
-}
diff --git a/tsconfig.eslint.json b/tsconfig.eslint.json
index 8489384c..d345aa5a 100644
--- a/tsconfig.eslint.json
+++ b/tsconfig.eslint.json
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 {
-  "extends": "./tsconfig.base.json",
   "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
     "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
-    "types": ["node"]
+    "types": ["node"],
+    "strict": true,
+    "declaration": true,
+    "declarationMap": true,
+    "sourceMap": true,
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true
   },
-  "include": [
-    "*.ts",
-    "*.mts",
-    "*.cts",
-    "*.js",
-    "*.mjs",
-    "*.cjs",
-    "packages/*/tsup.config.ts",
-    "examples/*/vite.config.ts"
-  ]
+  "include": ["*.ts", "*.mts", "*.cts", "*.js", "*.mjs", "*.cjs"]
 }
diff --git a/typedoc.json b/typedoc.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 508c9fe7..00000000
--- a/typedoc.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "$schema": "https://typedoc.org/schema.json",
-  "name": "Latkit API",
-  "entryPointStrategy": "packages",
-  "entryPoints": [
-    "packages/model",
-    "packages/gpu",
-    "packages/diagram",
-    "packages/monitor",
-    "packages/network",
-    "packages/geography",
-    "packages/connect",
-    "packages/video"
-  ],
-  "packageOptions": {
-    "entryPoints": ["src/index.ts"],
-    "excludeInternal": true,
-    "excludePrivate": true,
-    "readme": "none"
-  },
-  "out": "docs/api/reference",
-  "plugin": ["typedoc-plugin-markdown"],
-  "readme": "none",
-  "excludeInternal": true,
-  "excludePrivate": true,
-  "disableSources": true,
-  "hideGenerator": true,
-  "hideBreadcrumbs": true,
-  "hidePageHeader": true,
-  "entryFileName": "index",
-  "excludeScopesInPaths": true,
-  "indexFormat": "table",
-  "interfacePropertiesFormat": "table",
-  "parametersFormat": "table",
-  "propertyMembersFormat": "table",
-  "typeAliasPropertiesFormat": "table",
-  "typeDeclarationFormat": "table",
-  "membersWithOwnFile": ["Class", "Interface"],
-  "tableColumnSettings": {
-    "hideSources": true,
-    "leftAlignHeaders": true
-  }
-}
diff --git a/vitest.config.ts b/vitest.config.ts
index 740f3e07..769de788 100644
--- a/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/vitest.config.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,14 @@
 import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 
-const root = fileURLToPath(new URL('.', import.meta.url));
-
+// The example pages' models, run in node against the built package: `node npm/build.mjs compile npm`
+// first.
 export default defineConfig({
-  root,
+  root: fileURLToPath(new URL('.', import.meta.url)),
   test: {
-    projects: [
-      'packages/*',
-      'examples/monitor',
-      'examples/network',
-      'examples/diagram',
-      'benchmark',
-    ],
-    coverage: {
-      provider: 'v8',
-      reporter: ['text', 'html', 'lcov'],
-      reportsDirectory: './coverage',
-      include: ['packages/*/src/**/*.ts'],
-      exclude: ['packages/*/src/**/*.d.ts'],
-      all: true,
-    },
+    include: ['npm/examples/src/**/*.test.ts'],
+    setupFiles: ['npm/examples/test/setup.ts'],
+    // The bunny's simulations take seconds alone, and longer beside the other suites.
+    testTimeout: 30_000,
   },
 });
diff --git a/vitest.wgsl.ts b/vitest.wgsl.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ea198ccf..00000000
--- a/vitest.wgsl.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
-
-/** Load a `.wgsl` file as its source text in tests, as tsup's text loader does in builds. */
-export const wgsl = {
-  name: 'wgsl',
-  async load(id: string): Promise<string | undefined> {
-    if (id.endsWith('.wgsl')) return 'export default ' + JSON.stringify(await readFile(id, 'utf8'));
-  },
-};
diff --git a/xtask/Cargo.toml b/xtask/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bdedb93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xtask/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "xtask"
+description = "Repository tasks: `cargo xtask check`, `browser`, `wasm`, `examples`."
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+publish = false
+
+[dependencies]
+toml_edit.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/xtask/src/main.rs b/xtask/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51209aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xtask/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+//! Repository tasks, run as `cargo xtask <task>`.
+//!
+//! - `check`: CI's checks in its order, GPU tests required: format, lint, test, document, and package
+//!   the crates, check that `native` stays out of browser builds, then format, lint, type-check, and
+//!   test the npm workspace over a fresh `wasm --dev`; then the browser gate.
+//! - `browser`: the browser gate (`npm/examples/gate/gate.ts`) over a fresh `wasm --dev`: every
+//!   shader variant's pipelines compile in Chrome within budget, and every example page draws and
+//!   answers the pointer without errors or stalls. On `SwiftShader`, as Linux always is, only that
+//!   every pipeline compiles: pages and times need a GPU.
+//! - `bench [--quick] [--only a,b] [--repeats n] [--update] [--software]`: the
+//!   benchmark (`benchmark/`) over a release `wasm`: every scenario up its sizes in Chrome while the
+//!   last one fits, each phase's time, GPU time, stalls, and exact work, held to how it may grow with
+//!   size, to the committed work, and to the times taken on this machine; a lost device stops the
+//!   sweep. `--quick` runs each scenario once at its smallest size. See `benchmark/run.ts`.
+//! - `wasm [--dev]`: build `latkit-js`, bind it with the `wasm-bindgen` CLI matching `Cargo.lock`,
+//!   and compile the npm wrapper. `--dev` builds faster, without link-time optimization.
+//! - `version`: give the crates the npm package's version, as changesets set it.
+//! - `package`: build an isolated, optimized npm tarball, the one `pnpm release` publishes, and
+//!   report its sizes and hashes.
+//! - `package-test`: install the latest tarball into a consumer and verify it in Chrome.
+//! - `examples [--open]`: `wasm --dev`, then serve the example suite at <http://127.0.0.1:5200>;
+//!   `--open` opens it in the browser once it is ready.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::{Command, ExitCode, Stdio};
+
+fn main() -> ExitCode {
+    let task = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
+    let dev = std::env::args().any(|a| a == "--dev");
+    let result = match task.as_str() {
+        "check" => check(),
+        "browser" => browser(),
+        "bench" => wasm(false).and_then(|()| {
+            let flags: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(2).collect();
+            let mut args = vec!["benchmark/run.ts"];
+            args.extend(flags.iter().map(String::as_str));
+            run("node", &args)
+        }),
+        "wasm" => wasm(dev),
+        "version" => version(),
+        "package" => package(),
+        "package-test" => package_test(),
+        "release" => run("node", &["npm/release.mjs"]),
+        "examples" => wasm(true).and_then(|()| {
+            let mut vite = vec!["--dir", "npm/examples", "exec", "vite"];
+            if std::env::args().any(|a| a == "--open") {
+                vite.push("--open");
+            }
+            pnpm(&vite)
+        }),
+        _ => {
+            eprintln!(
+                "usage: cargo xtask <check|browser|bench [flags]|wasm [--dev]|version|package|package-test|release|examples [--open]>"
+            );
+            return ExitCode::FAILURE;
+        }
+    };
+    match result {
+        Ok(()) => ExitCode::SUCCESS,
+        Err(error) => {
+            eprintln!("xtask {task}: {error}");
+            ExitCode::FAILURE
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type Result<T = ()> = std::result::Result<T, String>;
+
+fn root() -> PathBuf {
+    Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).parent().expect("xtask sits in the workspace root").to_path_buf()
+}
+
+fn run(program: &str, args: &[&str]) -> Result {
+    run_with(program, args, &[])
+}
+
+fn run_with(program: &str, args: &[&str], env: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Result {
+    eprintln!("$ {program} {}", args.join(" "));
+    let mut command = Command::new(program);
+    command.args(args).current_dir(root()).envs(env.iter().copied());
+    let status = command.status().map_err(|e| format!("{program}: {e}"))?;
+    if status.success() { Ok(()) } else { Err(format!("{program} exited with {status}")) }
+}
+
+fn cargo(args: &[&str]) -> Result {
+    run(env!("CARGO"), args)
+}
+
+fn pnpm(args: &[&str]) -> Result {
+    run(if cfg!(windows) { "pnpm.cmd" } else { "pnpm" }, args)
+}
+
+/// What `.github/workflows/ci.yml` checks, in its order, then the browser gate.
+fn check() -> Result {
+    let gpu = [("LATKIT_REQUIRE_GPU", "1")];
+    cargo(&["fmt", "--all", "--check"])?;
+    cargo(&["clippy", "--locked", "--workspace", "--all-targets", "--all-features", "--", "-D", "warnings"])?;
+    cargo(&["clippy", "--locked", "-p", "latkit", "--no-default-features", "--all-targets", "--", "-D", "warnings"])?;
+    cargo(&["clippy", "--locked", "-p", "latkit-js", "--target", "wasm32-unknown-unknown", "--", "-D", "warnings"])?;
+    run_with(env!("CARGO"), &["test", "--locked", "--workspace"], &gpu)?;
+    run_with(env!("CARGO"), &["test", "--locked", "-p", "latkit", "--no-default-features"], &gpu)?;
+    run_with(
+        env!("CARGO"),
+        &["doc", "--locked", "-p", "latkit", "--no-deps", "--all-features"],
+        &[("RUSTDOCFLAGS", "-D warnings")],
+    )?;
+    // CI's tree is clean; here uncommitted work is packaged as it stands.
+    cargo(&["package", "--locked", "--allow-dirty", "-p", "latkit"])?;
+    cargo(&[
+        "package",
+        "--locked",
+        "--allow-dirty",
+        "-p",
+        "latkit",
+        "--target",
+        "wasm32-unknown-unknown",
+        "--features",
+        "web",
+    ])?;
+    cargo(&["check", "--locked", "-p", "latkit", "--target", "wasm32-unknown-unknown", "--features", "native,web"])?;
+    wasm(true)?;
+    pnpm(&["format:check"])?;
+    pnpm(&["lint"])?;
+    run("node", &["npm/docs.mjs", "--check"])?;
+    pnpm(&["typecheck"])?;
+    pnpm(&["test"])?;
+    browser_gate()
+}
+
+/// Builds the package for the browser, then runs the gate over the shaders the build linked.
+fn browser() -> Result {
+    wasm(true)?;
+    browser_gate()
+}
+
+fn browser_gate() -> Result {
+    let shaders = shaders_dir()?;
+    run("node", &["npm/examples/gate/gate.ts", &shaders])
+}
+
+/// The directory `latkit`'s build script wrote the linked shaders and `shaders.json` to.
+fn shaders_dir() -> Result<String> {
+    eprintln!("$ cargo check --locked -p latkit --message-format=json-render-diagnostics");
+    let output = Command::new(env!("CARGO"))
+        .args(["check", "--locked", "-p", "latkit", "--message-format=json-render-diagnostics"])
+        .current_dir(root())
+        .stderr(Stdio::inherit())
+        .output()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("cargo: {e}"))?;
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        return Err(format!("cargo check exited with {}", output.status));
+    }
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+    stdout
+        .lines()
+        .filter_map(|line| serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(line).ok())
+        .find(|message| {
+            message["reason"] == "build-script-executed"
+                && message["package_id"].as_str().is_some_and(|id| id.contains("/crates/latkit#"))
+        })
+        .and_then(|message| message["out_dir"].as_str().map(str::to_owned))
+        .ok_or_else(|| "cargo did not report latkit's build output".to_owned())
+}
+
+fn wasm(dev: bool) -> Result {
+    build_wasm(dev, "npm")
+}
+
+fn build_wasm(dev: bool, output: &str) -> Result {
+    let profile = if dev { "wasm-dev" } else { "wasm" };
+    cargo(&["build", "--locked", "-p", "latkit-js", "--profile", profile, "--target", "wasm32-unknown-unknown"])?;
+    let lock = std::fs::read_to_string(root().join("Cargo.lock")).map_err(|e| format!("Cargo.lock: {e}"))?;
+    let version = locked_version(&lock, "wasm-bindgen").ok_or("wasm-bindgen is not in Cargo.lock")?;
+    let installed = Command::new("wasm-bindgen").arg("--version").output().ok();
+    let installed = installed.and_then(|o| String::from_utf8(o.stdout).ok()).unwrap_or_default();
+    if installed.split_whitespace().nth(1) != Some(version.as_str()) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "wasm-bindgen CLI {version} is required (found {:?}); run `cargo install wasm-bindgen-cli --version {version}`",
+            installed.trim()
+        ));
+    }
+    let wasm = format!("target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/{profile}/latkit_js.wasm");
+    let pkg = format!("{output}/pkg");
+    let bind = [wasm.as_str(), "--target", "web", "--weak-refs", "--out-dir", &pkg, "--out-name", "latkit"];
+    run("wasm-bindgen", &bind)?;
+    run("node", &["npm/build.mjs", "compile", output])
+}
+
+fn package() -> Result {
+    let stamp =
+        std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?.as_nanos();
+    let stage = format!("target/npm/stage-{stamp}");
+    run("node", &["npm/build.mjs", "prepare", &stage, env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")])?;
+    build_wasm(false, &stage)?;
+    run(
+        if cfg!(windows) { "npm.cmd" } else { "npm" },
+        &["pack", &format!("./{stage}"), "--ignore-scripts", "--pack-destination", "target/npm"],
+    )?;
+    run("node", &["npm/build.mjs", "report", &stage])
+}
+
+fn package_test() -> Result {
+    // Preparation prints the isolated consumer path into a stable manifest for the browser runner.
+    run("node", &["npm/build.mjs", "consumer"])?;
+    let report = std::fs::read_to_string(root().join("target/npm/package.json")).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let report: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&report).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let tarball = report["tarball"].as_str().ok_or("package report has no tarball")?;
+    let consumer = report["consumer"].as_str().ok_or("package report has no consumer")?;
+    run(
+        if cfg!(windows) { "npm.cmd" } else { "npm" },
+        &[
+            "install",
+            "--prefix",
+            consumer,
+            "--ignore-scripts",
+            "--no-audit",
+            "--no-fund",
+            "--no-package-lock",
+            "--offline",
+            tarball,
+        ],
+    )?;
+    run("node", &["npm/examples/gate/package.ts"])?;
+    run("node", &["npm/build.mjs", "verified"])
+}
+
+/// Gives the crates the npm package's version, which changesets sets: one version for everything
+/// released together.
+fn version() -> Result {
+    let manifest = std::fs::read_to_string(root().join("npm/package.json")).map_err(|e| format!("npm: {e}"))?;
+    let manifest: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&manifest).map_err(|e| format!("npm: {e}"))?;
+    let version = manifest["version"].as_str().ok_or("npm/package.json has no version")?;
+    let path = root().join("Cargo.toml");
+    let toml = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).map_err(|e| format!("Cargo.toml: {e}"))?;
+    let mut manifest = toml.parse::<toml_edit::DocumentMut>().map_err(|e| format!("Cargo.toml: {e}"))?;
+    manifest["workspace"]["package"]["version"] = toml_edit::value(version);
+    manifest["workspace"]["dependencies"]["latkit"]["version"] = toml_edit::value(version);
+    std::fs::write(&path, manifest.to_string()).map_err(|e| format!("Cargo.toml: {e}"))?;
+    cargo(&["update", "--workspace", "--offline"])
+}
+
+/// The version of `package` in a `Cargo.lock`.
+fn locked_version(lock: &str, package: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut lines = lock.lines();
+    while let Some(line) = lines.next() {
+        if line == format!("name = \"{package}\"") {
+            let version = lines.next()?.strip_prefix("version = \"")?.strip_suffix('"')?;
+            return Some(version.to_owned());
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}